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13455 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20triangle | Pink triangle | The pink triangle is one of the two big symbols of the LGBT community. The other is the rainbow flag.
The pink triangle was first used in Nazi Germany to mark homosexual prisoners. There was also a black triangle that marked anti-social women. Many but not all of these women were lesbians. Jews wore the famous yellow star of David. If a prisoner was both Jewish and gay, he would wear a yellow triangle overlapped by a pink triangle, creating a star of David.
Homosexuality was illegal in Nazi Germany under a law called Paragraph 175, which made it a felony (a "very serious" crime). About 100,000 people were arrested, with about 50,000 sent to prison. Some were sent to mental hospitals. Some were castrated (had their testicles removed). Some homosexual men were also sent to concentration camps, especially Jewish homosexuals. Between 15,000 and 600,000 homosexual men were sent to concentration camps. Most of them died there. We are not sure of the real number. Prisoners who were Jewish and homosexual may not have been counted as homosexual.
Homosexual prisoners were treated worse than other prisoners. Their death rates were higher than other anti-social groups. One story by a gay man who lived in a concentration camp shows how it was. Pierre Seel was sent to the Schirmeck concentration camp. The Nazis said a public execution would happen. A man was brought out. Seel saw that the man was his 18 year old lover. The Nazis took all the clothes of Seel's lover and put a bucket over his head. Then Seel had to watch as the Nazis let German Shepherds (dogs) maul his lover to death.
After World War II, homosexual men were still not treated well in Germany. The law continued. It was used to hurt homosexuals and to put them in prison. Many spent years in prison.
The pink triangle observes the memory of the homosexual people who died in the Holocaust. It is important not to ignore these deaths. The killing of homosexuals both during WWII and after WWII ended is the secret story of the Holocaust. Using the pink triangle symbol puts these victims in the public view. It is in respect for those who died.
LGBT |
13456 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat%20room | Chat room | A chat room is a virtual place on the Internet where people can get together and type messages to each other using text. People use programs like IRC to join a chat room and type messages or send pictures to the other people within that chat. There are also other programs called instant messengers to stay in contact with friends, colleagues and other people. Websites on the Internet often have types of chat rooms built into them, and lots of chat rooms also use .
Chat rooms are normally used as tools to talk with people that are far away, but many people still use them to talk to people who live near them, because it's very convenient.
Related pages
Chat
Internet communication
Messaging |
13458 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Wake | Alan Wake | Alan Wake is a video game made by Remedy Entertainment. It is a "thriller" game and was voted best game of E3 in 2005. It was released on Xbox 360 in May 2010 and Microsoft Windows in February 16, 2012.
Other websites
Official site
Official forums
Official Community site
2008 video games
Xbox 360 games
Windows games |
13459 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%20May%20Cry%204 | Devil May Cry 4 | Devil May Cry 4 is the fourth video game in the series of Devil May Cry. It was released on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on February 5 2008. Before to this game, all Devil May Cry games had only been released on the PlayStation video game consoles. This one was the first game to be released on the Xbox as well as The PlayStation. In January, gamers could download a demo at the PlayStation Store and Xbox Live Marketplace .
One big difference in this game is that Dante is no longer the main character. A new character named Nero is the new hero. Lady and Trish from older games return in this game. This game has more new characters, such as Kyrie, Credo, Agnus, Gloria, and Sanctus and new demons and bosses for the player to fight.
This game is just like the first games. It follows the usual Devil May Cry gameplay using a variety of melee and long-range weapons
References
2008 video games
Devil May Cry
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games |
13460 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/50%20Cent | 50 Cent | 50 Cent (also known as Fitty" or "Fifty") is an American rapper, actor, entrepreneur and executive producer. He was born in Queens, New York City on July 6, 1975. 50 Cent is his public name, but his birth name is Curtis Jackson. Growing up, he never knew his father and his mother were murdered when he was just 8 years old. He grew up in a neighborhood called STP. He learned how to play basketball and football. He got shot nine times in STP. Before becoming a rapper he was a drug dealer.
Career
50 Cent first became successful in rap music in 2002. He was helped by his fellow gang boss Rijaan D. M. (the same person who helped him release track "Wanksta"). Since then, he has sold millions of records. His first album, "Get Rich Or Die Tryin'" broke music records and went multi-platinum. It was number one right away on the Billboard 200. It sold 872,000 copies in the first four days. 50 and the album both won an American Music Award. He won the first Sound of... award by the BBC for new artists. He also won the BET Award for Best New Artist.
In the summer of 2005, 50 Cent had a fight (or "beef") with The Game, a rapper in his G-Unit group. After this, The Game left G-Unit, and made some diss songs about 50 Cent. 50 Cent answered with songs like "Mr. Potato Head" and "300 shots" featuring G-Unit. 50 Cent was also the first to sign onto a joint effort between Eminem's Shady Records and Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment. 50 Cent also mentions Rijaan D.M. in many of his tracks e.g. 'Candy Shop', 'Down On Me FT Jeremih' etc. As a teen 50 Cent's role model was Tupac Shakur so, from the start his ambition was to be a gangster rapper. 50 Cent rapped on "Monster" on Michael Jackson's 2010 album Michael.
Albums
2003: Get Rich or Die Tryin'
2005: The Massacre
2007: Curtis
2009: Before I Self Destruct
2014: Animal Ambition
2017: Street King Immortal (in production)
Awards
Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded each year by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. 50 Cent has been nominated 14 times and won once.
World Music Awards
The World Music Awards is a yearly international awards show. It honors recording artists based on their worldwide sales figures. The figures are provided by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. 50 Cent has won six awards.
Filmography
References
Other websites
50 Cent (Note: needs Adobe Flash)
50 Cent
1975 births
Living people
50 Cent
Actors from Queens
African American actors
American crime victims
American movie actors
Rap musicians from New York
Criminals from New York City
Drug dealers
Grammy Award winners
Movie producers from New York City
Musicians from Queens
Singers from New York City
African-American rappers
American composers
American fashion designers
American hip hop singers
American people convicted of drug offenses
American philanthropists
American record labels
American record producers
Brit Award winners
Businesspeople from New York City
Gangsta rappers
Pseudonyms
Writers from New York City |
13463 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk | Talk | Talking is communication using language and speech. See also chat and vocal chords. Talking is used to express feelings, emotions and thoughts.
linguistics |
13464 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject%20%28school%29 | Subject (school) | Subjects are the parts into which learning can be divided. At school, each lesson usually covers one subject only. Some of the most common subjects at school are English, history, mathematics, physical education and science.
Examples
Primary school subjects: (ages 4–11)
Art
Citizenship
Geography
History
Languages (French, German, Spanish)
Literacy
Music
Natural history
Personal, social and health education (PSHE)
Science
Arithmetic
Social Studies
Reading
Writing
Math
Secondary school subjects: (ages 11–16)
Art
Business studies
Citizenship
Critical reading
Dance
Design & technology
Drama
English
Geography
History
Information and communication technology (ICT)
Languages
Mathematics
Modern studies
Music
PE: Physical education
P.S.H.E: Personal, social and health education (PSHE)
RE: Religious education
Science
Study skills
Other subjects include:
Ancient Greek
Animal husbandry
Art
Biology
Chemistry
Commerce
Computer studies.
Design technology
Drama
Ethic(s)
Food technology
Foreign languages: Spanish, French, German, Irish, Welsh, Italian etc.
Geography
Health and hygiene
Home economics
Latin
Literature
Music
Physics
Psychology
Religion
Sociology
Woodwork
Design Technology (Paper and Board, Resistant Materials, Food Technology, Textiles)
Other websites
Education |
13466 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning%20English | Learning English | Learning English is what people do when they want to use the English language. In language learning, we often talk about language skills and language systems. Language skills include: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Language systems include vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.
A lot of people learn English at school, where English is a common subjects. Many people also want to spend their own personal time to learn English. Some of these people may not know any English, where others will have learned some English in school, and will want to advance their knowledge of it.
Learning in schools
English is taught in many schools. It may be a required course for graduation, or students may choose to study it. For profit language schools are also common in many countries. These businesses sell English lessons.
Individual learning
Other people try to learn English on their own, or in a less formal setting than in a group of people with a teacher.
People might meet with others who are trying to learn English, in order to practice speaking.
People can also listen to radio broadcasts in English, or watch television programmes in English to help them improve their listening ability. A popular channel to listen to the radio on is broadcast by the BBC, called the BBC World Service .
People can also study English by reading books, or listening to English courses on recorded CDs or cassettes.
Online learning
The internet boom has created lot of avenues for learning. People can get lot of ideas on how to improve English communication skills using search engines like Google, Yahoo, etc. Especially during the lockdown due to Covid-19, online classes and courses became a main source of learning. The BBC World Service has a free website for people who are learning English as a second or foreign language called BBC Learning English.
Testing
Related pages
English as an additional language
Wikipedia: Basic English picture wordlist, 200 words in Basic English with pictures
Other websites
BBC English learning center
Learning
English language |
13467 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical%20tradition | Ethical tradition | An ethical tradition is a group of things that one group of people think are right and wrong. People believe that these things are right and wrong because other people think that way and they have thought that way for a long time.
An ethical tradition can be like a set of laws because most people agree with it and only do what it says is right. However an ethical tradition is not normally written down and is not enforced by a police force.
The branch of philosophy called ethics is not the same as an ethical tradition. This is because ethics is about asking questions and not just thinking what other people think. However some ethical philosophers want to know why people follow ethical traditions. They also want to know what ethical traditions are the same for different groups of people. This type of ethics is sometimes called the science of morals.
Religious ethics |
13469 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dildo | Dildo | A dildo is a sex toy. It is most often used in place of an actual penis for sexual reasons. Dildos come in many different shapes, sizes, and materials (most often glass, plastic, rubber, metal, or wood) for different looks and feels, different uses, and to provide the best stimulation for different people. Some dildos vibrate and pivot for extra pleasure.
Uses
Both men and women can use dildos. They are most often put into the vagina or anus, but are sometimes used in oral sex. Since dildos are very simple toys, they can be used in many different ways. They can produce arousal to the point of an orgasm. For this reason, dildos are commonly used for masturbation.
Other websites
SexInfo's "Guide to Dildos and Anal Plugs"
Sex toys |
13472 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien | Alien | Alien might mean:
Extraterrestrial life, a living being that is not from Earth, appearing in fiction
Alien (movie), a movie by Ridley Scott |
13473 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics | Bioinformatics | Bioinformatics or computational biology is the study of large amounts of biological information or genome. It focuses on molecules like DNA. It is done often with the help of computers.
Foundation
As species of living things change over time, the DNA contained in their cells change, because of evolution. If we can extract the information from living things today, and compare them to each other, we can see which living things are most closely related, the most similar can be thought to be the most closely related in time. Biologists can then construct family trees, or phylogenies. By combining each tree, a grand tree connecting all living things can be made, this is called the "Tree of Life". Bioinformatics uses integration of mathematical, statistical and computational method to analyze biological, biochemical and biophysical data.
The process
All of the information needed by a cell is provided in its DNA. When a cell wants to build a protein, it finds the appropriate piece of DNA, makes a copy of it (called RNA), and uses the instructions in the copy to make the protein.
Proteins can perform many functions like transportation, structural support, movement and metabolism. Proteins are made from amino acids. There are twenty different amino acids that are used to build millions of different protein molecules.
These molecules can be studied using computers to analyze the DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences from which they are created. Because there are so many different molecules, the best way we have of understanding how the entire system works is to use bioinformatics.
Computers in bioinformatics
Chemists have developed ways to understand the shape and behavior of small molecules, using mathematical analysis. They might use computers to study these molecules. The DNA contained in just one cell of an organism is far too large to be read by any person, and to compare the DNA between two (or more) organisms, be they in the brother and sister, or of a completely different species, requires comparing large amounts of information to find differences. Computers are better suited to such comparisons, and computer programmers have worked with biologists to create very very large databases to store all the DNA information that has ever been learned.
Related pages
Sequence analysis
Branches of biology
Computer science |
13476 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20India | Economy of India | The Economy of India is the sixth
largest in the world with a GDP (a year's goods and services) of $2.94 trillion (U.S.). If you consider PPP (purchasing power parity: how much that money can buy in India compared to other countries), the economy is third largest (worth $10.51 trillion U.S.). However, due to India's huge population, the economy was still only $6,209 (considering PPP) per person per year in 2015.
India's economy includes agriculture, handicrafts, industries, and a lot of services. The service sector is the main source of economic growth in India today, though two-thirds of Indian people earn their living directly or indirectly through agriculture. In recent times, due to its many well-educated people who can speak English, India became a pioneer in information technology.
For most of India's independent history, it had strict government controls in many areas such as telecommunications (communication over long distances), banking and foreign direct investment. Since the early 1990s, India has slowly opened up its markets by reducing government control on foreign trade and investment.This was started by Manmohan Singh under the leadership of P.V.Narasimha Rao.From then, the Indian Economy grew at a rapid pace.
The social and economic problems India faces are the increasing population, poverty, lack of infrastructure (buildings, roads, etc.) and growing unemployment. Although poverty has gone down 10% since the 1980s, a quarter of India's citizens still cannot pay for enough food. |
13479 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle | Testicle | Testicles are parts that are found on the bodies of male creatures. Male mammals, including humans, have two testicles, supported in a sac of skin below the penis called the scrotum. Along with the penis, testicles are called reproductory organs or "sex organs". Only males have testicles; females have ovaries.
Testicles are a type of organ called glands. Like other glands, testicles make chemical substances, called hormones that keep the body working. Testicles also make sperm, which can join with ova to make new life.
Most glands, like women's ovaries, are inside the body, but testicles are outside the main part of the body. This is because the testicles work better if they are cooler than the inside of the body. In cold weather, testicles pull up nearer to the body to keep warm.
Description
The testicles are firm, oval-shaped glands. Most testicles match in size, but some testicles are much larger or smaller than others. Normal sized testicles are between 14 cm³ to 35 cm³.
Most men have one testicle that hangs lower than the other one. Scientists think this may be so that they do not hit against each other. It is usually, but not always, the left testicle that hangs lower.
The testicles hang in the scrotum by the spermatic cord. They are outside the body because they need to be cooler than the temperature inside the body, in order to make sperm. If a man's testicles get cold, they are automatically pulled closer to the body. The spermatic cord is tightened by the cremasteric muscle. When this muscle contracts (pulls tighter), the cord gets shorter, which pulls the testicles closer to the body. If the testicles are too warm, the cremasteric muscle relaxes (gets longer.) This lowers the testicles to keep them cooler. This is how the testicles are kept at the right temperature. This is called the cremasteric reflex. (A reflex is something your body automatically does without you thinking about it.)
There are other uses for the cremasteric reflex apart from making the testicles the right temperature. Stress can also make the cremasteric reflex work. If a male human or mammal gets into a fight, then its testicles are in danger. They automatically pull up close to the body. The cremasteric reflex also happens during sexual intercourse.
Function
Testicles have two important jobs in the body. They are part of two of the body's systems, the endocrine system which keeps the body working, and the reproductive system which makes new life.
Making hormones
Testicles are a type of organ called glands. (This makes them part of the body's endocrine system.) The human body has many types of glands. The job of glands within a body is to make chemical substances, and put them out into the body's system. A body has lots of different systems that keep it in good working order all the time, and that also provide for a body's special needs. Some of the body's special needs happen when a person gets angry, frightened or sick, or if the person wants to have sexual intercourse. At these times a body uses more of some types of chemical substance, so the glands that make them work harder.
Testicles make several types of chemical substances. They are not simple chemicals, but are very complicated and very important to life. Making these substances is controlled by the pituitary gland which is a small gland in the brain.
One substance made by the testicles is a type of substance known as a hormone. It is the hormone testosterone. Testosterone is important in a male person's body, because it makes him grow into a man and feel like a man during puberty. (Women's bodies make some testosterone too, but they make more female hormone called estrogen.)
Making sperm
As well as being chemical-producing glands, testicles are gonads. (This makes them part of the body's reproductive system.) Apart from hormones, the other important substances made by the testicles are spermatozoa, which are generally just called sperm. (The word "sperm" is plural, so you do not add an "s" and say "sperms".) The sperm are tiny living cells which can join with another cell, called an "ovum" (or egg) inside a female, to start a new human life. Scientists call making sperm spermatogenesis. Boys begin making sperm when they start growing into men, at a time of life called puberty.
Females do not have testicles. The glands in their bodies that do the same sort of jobs as testicles are called ovaries. They have two ovaries, but unlike testicles, ovaries are inside the body, on either side of the uterus. They release ova (or eggs) and female hormones. Ovaries and testicles are sometimes called "gonads".
Details of how testicles are constructed and how they work
(See the picture, right)
The testicles, inside the scrotum, are covered with a tough type of white protective skin called a membrane.
The inner part of the testicles have many small tubes called seminiferous tubules which are coiled (or twisted around). Sperm are made inside the seminiferous tubules.
The sperm pass through some small tubes called ducts into another part at the back of the testicle, called the epididymis, which is where the sperm cells finish maturing.
The sperm cells then travel along a tube called the vas deferens until they reach the urethra.
The urethra is the main tube in the penis and leads to the opening at the end called the urethral opening. The urethral opening is also the way that urine leaves the body from the bladder.
When a man feels sexual desire, sperm cells go through the ejaculatory duct. They are combined with liquid called seminal fluid from a gland called the prostate. The prostate also has muscles that push the sperm and fluid into the urethra.
During sexual intercourse, seminal fluid containing the sperm comes out through the urethral opening when a man ejaculates.
If the sperm from the testicles enters the vagina of a woman during sexual intercourse, it may pass into the uterus and join with a mature ovum (or egg) to begin a new baby.
Health issues
Size
Size in animals
Studying animals can help in understanding things about people. In mammals, testicles can be very big or very small in relation to the size of the animal itself. The size has to do with the amount of sperm that the male animal needs to make. Some types of male animal generally only have one sexual partner at a time and are called monogamous. Some types of animals generally live in a herd or flock where one male will have many female sexual partners. These males are called polygamous. More sperm is needed by polygamous males than by monogamous males. Polygamous males generally have larger testicles than monogamous males. The testicles grow larger to make more sperm.
Size in men
Most men's testicles are from 14 cm³ to 35 cm³. This is a measure of volume. Sometimes Doctors need to measure a man's testicles to see if there is a problem. Doctors can measure the volume of testicles in two ways:
Orchidometer – This is a set of small objects that look like eggs. They are many different sizes. The doctor picks the one that is the size of the testicle. Doctors know what size the orchidometer is. Then they know the size of the testicle.
Measuring the size – with a ruler, calipers, or ultrasound. Then these lengths are used to calculate the volume.
Sometimes the size of a man's testicles changes.
Some reasons why testicles get smaller are:
If a man takes testosterone, the testicles do not have to work to make testosterone, so they become smaller.
If a man's testicles are kept more warm than usual, they make less sperm. So if they are kept too warm, they get smaller.
If testicles are injured(hurt) they can become smaller.
Some reasons why testicles get bigger are:
If a man takes hormones from the pituitary gland, (called gonadotropins), it can make testicles bigger. Gonadtropins are the hormones that tell the testicles to make sperm and testosterone.
Some diseases cause testicles to swell.
Diseases
The most important diseases of testicles are:
Inflammation of the testicles. This is called orchitis
Testicular cancer
Fluid around a testicle. This is called a hydrocele
Inflammation of the epididymis. This is called epididymitis
Spermatic cord torsion. This is also called Testicular torsion. It is a medical emergency. It is when the cord that the testicle hangs from gets twisted. It can happen when running.
Varicocele - swollen veins to the testes. Varicocele happens more on the left.
Loss and injury
Most boys are born with two testicles in the scrotum. The testicles have formed inside the baby's body, but moved into the scrotum before the birth. Sometimes one or both the testicles are still inside when the baby is born. Sometimes an operation is needed to fix this.
If a testicle is injured, it is extremely painful. Sometimes testicles get crushed. Sometimes it is necessary for a doctor to remove one or both the testicles. This operation is called an orchidectomy. If a man loses a testicle, a doctor can put a testicular prosthesis (false testicle) into the scrotum. It looks and feels like a testicle.
If a male loses both his testicles it's called castration. Because the man cannot produce sperm or testosterone, it has a big effect on the man's life. Because he cannot make sperm, he cannot have children. And because he cannot make the male hormone testosterone, he becomes less like a male. He may lose some of his muscles, and put on weight. A man who has lost his testicles may take testosterone medicine so that he does not have these changes.
Until the 1700s in Europe, and more recently in some countries, there was a custom to castrate young male slaves and boys. Young slaves were castrated so that they could be used as guards over the wives of rich men. It meant that the wives would not fall in love with their guards. Sometimes young boys who had beautiful singing voices were castrated before puberty. This meant that their voices would stay high all their lives. These singing men were called castrati.
Castrating animals
It is very common to castrate (remove the testicles from) male domestic animals. Male dogs and cats that are castrated do not fight so much, and do not stray around looking for females to mate with.
Male horses are usually castrated so that they become more calm and safer to ride. A castrated male horse is called a gelding. A male horse that is not castrated is a stallion.
Male animals that are used for meat are generally castrated because it makes them fatter and also makes them quieter to keep because they do not fight each other. Most male cattle are castrated.
Other names for testicles
Testicles can also be called "testes" or "gonads".
There are many slang words for testicles, like balls, nuts, bollocks, nads, crown jewels, testies, marbles, ding dangs, boy toys, nicnaks, plums,tattay (in Urdu) etc. Slang words are other names that are used for fun or to be vulgar (rude).
Related pages
Cryptorchidism (cryptorchismus)
Infertility
List of homologues of the human reproductive system
Orchidometer
Spermatogenesis
Sterilization (surgical procedure), vasectomy
References
Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Glands |
13480 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Screwtape%20Letters | The Screwtape Letters | The Screwtape Letters is a book written by author and Christian scholar C. S. Lewis. It appeared in installments in The Guardian newspaper and was later published as a book in 1942. It is a series of letters written by a devil named Screwtape to his apprentice and nephew Wormwood. The letters are filled with advice for the young demon on how to tempt men. Screwtape tells Wormwood how to undo the work of God and work against Him.
The Screwtape Letters were greatly popular. It was published in 1941, and after that, it has sold very well around the world. Because it is funny and easy to read and understand, many people read it easily and have been influenced by it.
Main Characters
The two main characters that are inside the letters are Wormwood, a demon that has the job of leading his "patient" away from Christianity (or at least making him a useless Christian). Screwtape is Wormwood's uncle and a "high" demon.
Screwtape
Screwtape, a devil and the uncle of Wormwood, helps Satan and everything he stands for. He calls the devil our Father. He also fights against everything God stands for, calling God The Enemy. Wrong to him is right and right to him is wrong. Through these backhanded references, we see temptation from a different light. Because Screwtape sees the world in reverse, we ought always to ask ourselves the questions which Wormwood must never let the patient ask, or to carefully consider the things which the patient must never think.
Lewis writes, in the Preface, that he did not perceive Hell and the "Lowerarchy" as an exact antithesis to God, who is Good for His own sake, but rather to a "thoroughly nasty business concern" in which each individual is out for his own ends. We see an example of this in letter 23, when Screwtape reveals his true nature to Wormwood.
Ironically, even though many of the things he says are Biblically wrong, some of the things he says are, according to the Bible, true. He talks about the glory of heaven when the patient is taken up there, though he does not understand why God gives them to men. He admits to Wormwood that he does not know about his Enemy well enough. Screwtape cannot understand love and says in Letter 18 that he believes that God must have another, hidden reason to save men, since everybody is selfish and cannot love.
Screwtape is always afraid that God will step in and stop Wormwood's temptations. Screwtape says that when the patient prays to God for help, God always comes, so Screwtape is fearful.
At first, Screwtape thinks the patient's soul will go to hell. However, he is angry when Wormwood makes more and more mistakes. He feels that God is "winning the battle".
Quotes from the book
Several noteworthy phrases arise in the course of the patient's temptation:
"Indeed the safest road to Hell is the gradual one—the gentle slope, soft underfoot, without sudden turnings, without milestones, without signposts."
"It is funny how mortals always picture us as putting things into their minds: in reality our best work is done by keeping things out."
"Our cause is never more in danger than when a human, no longer desiring, but still intending, to do our Enemy’s will, looks round upon a universe from which every trace of Him seems to have vanished, and asks why he has been forsaken, and still obeys."
Setting
The book is set during the early years of World War II. This was the time when it was actually written. Lewis was living in England during the war. He went through many of the things that the patient goes through in The Screwtape Letters. Many of his first readers did, too. The book, however, focuses more on the spiritual battle between demons and their patient.
Books by C. S. Lewis
1942 books |
13483 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer%20video%20game | Multiplayer video game | Multiplayer is a term for games, usually video games, meaning more than one person can play it. It was popularized by gaming systems like the Nintendo 64 that allowed four joysticks to be plugged into a home console unit for head-to-head play, competitive, or cooperative play.
Types of video games
Video game gameplay |
13485 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird%20Al%22%20Yankovic | "Weird Al" Yankovic | Alfred Matthew "Weird Al" Yankovic (born October 23, 1959) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, parodist, record producer, satirist, music video director, movie producer, actor, and author. He is known mainly for his parodies of popular songs. He has also starred in the movie called UHF (1989). Yankovic had a children's program for a short time. It was named The Weird Al Show. He has made parodies of songs such as "American Pie" (his ever popular "The Saga Begins"), "Ridin'" ("White and Nerdy"), "Bad" ("Fat"), "Like a Virgin" ("Like a Surgeon") and "Gangster's Paradise" ("Amish Paradise").
He also has a band to help him perform his songs. His band members are: Jim West (guitar), Steve Jay (bass), Rubén Valtierra (piano), and Jon Schwartz (drums).
Yankovic has also written a children's book titled When I Grow Up.
Early life
Alfred was born in Downey, California. He was raised in the town of Lynwood, California. He is the only child of Nick Louis Yankovic (June 4, 1917 – April 9, 2004) and Mary Elizabeth Yankovic (née Vivalda; February 7, 1923 – April 9, 2004). His father was born in Kansas City, Kansas, of Yugoslavian ancestry, and began living in California after serving during World War II; he believed "the key to success" was "doing for a living whatever makes you happy" and often reminded his son of this philosophy. Nick Yankovic married Mary Elizabeth Vivalda in 1949. Mary, who was of Italian and English descent, and had come to California from Kentucky, gave birth to Alfred ten years later.
References
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
American movie actors
Singer-songwriters from California
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
Musicians from Los Angeles County, California
Singers from Los Angeles County, California
1959 births
Living people
People from Downey, California |
13486 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertramp | Supertramp | Supertramp is a British rock band. They were created and managed by a Dutch millionaire and were very popular in the 1970s. The members of Supertramp included Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, who wrote most of the songs. The band's best-known songs include "Dreamer", "Give a Little Bit", "The Logical Song", "Take the Long Way Home", and "It's Raining Again".
Albums
Supertramp (1970)
Indelibly Stamped (1971)
Crime of the Century (1974)
Crisis? What Crisis? (1975)
Even in the Quietest Moments... (1977)
Breakfast in America (1979)
...Famous Last Words... (1982)
Brother Where You Bound (1985)
Free as a Bird (1987)
Some Things Never Change (1997)
Slow Motion (2002)
British rock bands |
13487 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tissue (disambiguation) | Tissue can mean different things.
Tissue, a part of an organ or organism. It is a group of cells of the same type, such as 'muscle tissue'.
Tissue paper, a type of thin paper.
Facial tissue, a thin, soft, piece of paper used to wipe the nose. |
13490 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Mexico | New Mexico | New Mexico is a state of the United States of America. It is considered part of the American Southwest and is bordered by Texas to the east, Oklahoma to the northeast, Colorado to the north, and Arizona to the west. The northwest corner of the state also touches Utah. This area is known as the Four Corners because four states meet there. The state has the nickname Land of Enchantment. It has been inhabited since ancient times by the Pueblo people, it was first named and founded as Nuevo México (New Mexico) in the 1500s by Spain. The state’s ancient Native American and Hispanic history have given New Mexico a unique food type called New Mexican cuisine, and a distinct music style called New Mexico music.
New Mexico became a state on 6 January 1912 and became the 47th state accepted into the United States. The state capital is Santa Fe. New Mexico's population is 2,096,829 as of the July 1, 2019 population estimate from the U.S. Census Bureau. Most of the people live in the biggest city, Albuquerque. New Mexico is home to one of the longest trams in the world, the Sandia Peak Tramway, in Albuquerque and one of worlds longest zip lines, the Apache Eagle ZipRider, in Ruidoso.
Climate
The climate for most of the state is generally semi-arid. In the summer it can be very hot in southern New Mexico. The temperature is sometimes over 100 °F (37.8 °C) with lows over 70 °F (21.1 °C). It occasionally snows in the northern part of the state in the winter. It is drier in the southern portion of the state, and it rarely snows. New Mexico is usually affected by the North American monsoon from mid June to late September.
History
New Mexico is the long-time home of the Pueblo people, a group of Native Americans. The area was named Nuevo México (New Mexico) by the Spanish in the mid-1500s and officially settled in 1598, its capital Santa Fe was selected in 1610. In the late 1600s, the Pueblo people revolted against the Spanish. The Spanish returned twelve years later, and made a better attempt at giving the Pueblos better representation in New Mexico’s society and government. One such Spanish governor of New Mexico, that is most well known for his work with Native Americans, was named Tomás Vélez Cachupín.
When Mexico became independent in the early 1800s, New Mexico was part of it. Mexico wasn’t successful in representing the New Mexican people, which lead to another revolt called the Chimayo Rebellion.
In 1846, the United States and Mexico went to war over a border dispute in Texas (a former state of Mexico that, after being its own country for a time joined the US), and the United States won the war. The peace treaty the two countries signed gave what is now the American Southwest to the United States. While most of what was then Northern Mexico did not have a large amount of people living in it, New Mexico had population centers in Pueblo and Spanish towns, especially along the Rio Grande river and in the Sangre de Cristo mountains. The New Mexican citizens living there were allowed to stay if they agreed to become US Citizens; over 90% did.
After some time as a territory, the area became a state in 1912.
Related pages
Colleges and universities in New Mexico
List of counties in New Mexico
References
Other websites
New Mexico Indian Tribes
New Mexico Monuments
New Mexico National Parks
Gila National Forest
1912 establishments in the United States |
13491 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1471 | 1471 |
Events
March – The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.
April 14 – Battle of Barnet – Edward defeats the Lancastrian army under Warwick, who is killed.
May 4 – Battle of Tewkesbury – King Edward defeats a Lancastrian army under Queen Margaret and her son, Edward of Westminster the Prince of Wales, who is killed. This practically destroys the Lancastrian cause.
May 20 – Henry VI of England is murdered in the Tower of London and Edward IV becomes sole King of England.
October 10 – Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm. The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder with help of farmers and miners repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.
First Inca Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui.
Pedro Escobar and João Gomes first visit São Tomé and Principe. |
13492 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting | Sting | Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner (born 2 October 1951) better known as Sting, is an English singer and musician. He first became famous as a member of the band, The Police.
As a solo musician and a member of the Police, Sting has received 17 Grammy Awards: he won Song of the Year for "Every Breath You Take", three Brit Awards, including Best British Male Artist in 1994 and Outstanding Contribution in 2002, a Golden Globe, an Emmy and four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2019, he received a BMI Award for "Every Breath You Take" becoming the most played song in radio history. In 2002, Sting received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors and was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Police in 2003. In 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording. In 2003, Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music. He was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014, and was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017.
With the Police, Sting became one of the world's best-selling music artists. Solo and with the Police combined, he has sold over 100 million records. In 2006, Paste ranked him 62nd of the 100 best living songwriters. He was 63rd of VH1's 100 greatest artists of rock, and 80th of Q magazine's 100 greatest musical stars of the 20th century. He has collaborated with other musicians on songs such as "Money for Nothing" with Dire Straits, "Rise & Fall" with Craig David, "All for Love" with Bryan Adams and Rod Stewart, "You Will Be My Ain True Love" with Alison Krauss, and introduced the North African music genre raï to Western audiences through the hit song "Desert Rose" with Cheb Mami. In 2018, he released the album 44/876, a collaboration with Jamaican musician Shaggy, which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 2019.
Studio albums
The Dream of the Blue Turtles (1985)
Bring On the Night (1986)
...Nothing Like the Sun (1987)
The Soul Cages (1991)
Ten Summoner’s Tales (1993)
Mercury Falling (1996)
Brand New Day (1999)
Sacred Love (2003)
Songs from the Labyrinth (2006)
If on a Winter’s Night... (2009)
Symphonicities (2010)
The Last Ship (2013)
57th & 9th (2016)
Sting & Shaggy: 44/876 (2018)
My Songs (2019)
The Bridge (2021)
1951 births
Living people
English guitarists
English movie actors
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
English television actors
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire |
13493 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks | Starbucks | Starbucks is a chain of stores that sell coffee. A chain is many stores owned by the same company. Many of the stores look the same, and all stores sell the same items, often at the same prices. As well as coffee, Starbucks sells beverages and baked goods.
Starbucks started in Seattle in the United States in 1971. The number of stores has grown quickly. There are over 9,000 Starbucks stores all over the world. Most of these stores are in the United States. Some large cities in the U.S. have many Starbucks stores. Sometimes they open so many stores in one city that there are two Starbucks within a few blocks of each other.
Starbucks sells many kinds of drinks. There are 5 sizes: short, tall, grande, venti and trenta. There are many ways to customize each drink. A frappuccino, for example, is a cold drink. Flavored syrup and cream is added to coffee or juice and stirred with ice.
Some stores sell special items, such as mugs related to the city they are located in.
International growth
The first Starbucks in Japan opened in Ginza in 1996. There were 985 stores in Japan in 2012.
References
American food companies
Coffee houses
1971 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Washington (state)
Companies based in Seattle, Washington |
13494 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frasier | Frasier | Frasier is an American sitcom starring Kelsey Grammer. The series aired on NBC from 1993-2004. It was a spin-off from Cheers. Story based upon the intellectual, mild mannered psychiatrist and his life. Revolving around his personal life and hilarious interpersonal interactions with his father (Martin Crane, an ex-cop who got shot in the hip, so he needs a cane), his eccentric brother Niles, who is also a psychiatrist, his father's attractive English health care worker Daphne Moon and a host of folks he regularly runs into / works with at the radio station (including his producer Roz Doyle) where he hosts a community psychiatric call-in show.
Cast :
Dr. Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer)
Daphne Moon (Jane Leeves)
Dr. Niles Crane (David Hyde Pierce)
Roz Doyle (Peri Gilpin)
John Mahoney (Martin Crane)
Other websites
1993 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
2000s American sitcoms
American television spin-offs
NBC network shows
Television series about brothers
Television series about families
Television series set in Seattle, Washington
English-language television programs |
13495 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off | Spin-off | A spin-off is something new that comes from something already present. If military technology finds civilian use, for example, that is one kind of spin-off. It is often used for video games, movies, and television programmes, but it can also be used when talking about companies or organisations. A spin-off may have the same people, places, themes or ideas as the original.
Spin-offs in television
Frasier (spin-off from Cheers)
Angel (spin-off from Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
The Facts of Life (spin-off of Diff'rent Strokes)
She-Ra: Princess of Power (spin-off from He-Man and the Masters of the Universe)
Daria (spin-off from Beavis and Butthead, which was a spin-off from Liquid Television)
The Simpsons (spin-off from The Tracey Ullman Show)
Torchwood (spin-off from Doctor Who)
Jack and the Pack and All Engines Go (spin-off from Thomas and Friends)
A.N.T. Farm (spin-off from Kids Incorporated)
Sam & Cat (spin-off from iCarly and Victorious)
The Jeffersons (spin-off from All in the Family)
Entertainment |
13497 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia | Pedophilia | Pedophilia (Paedophilia in British English) is a psychiatric disorder when a person 16 years of age or older is primarily or exclusively sexually attracted to children who have not begun puberty (Usually under 13 years old).
Terminology
A person with pedophilia (adults and older adolescents who are sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children) is called a pedophile. The child must be at least five years younger than the person in the case of adolescent pedophiles before the attraction can be called pedophilia. Adults whose primary or exclusive sexual attraction is for pubescent early adolescents (ages 11 to 14) are properly called Hebephiles, not pedophiles. Adults whose primary or exclusive sexual attraction is for late to post-pubescent teens (ages 15 to 19) are properly called Ephebophiles, but ephebophilia is not considered abnormal by mental health professionals. The opposite of pedophilia is Teleiophilia (the sexual attraction to young adults). A narrower sub-type of pedophilia is called Nepiophilia or Infantophilia (the sexual attraction to pre-pubescent children restricted to babies/toddlers).
Condition
Medically, this condition is classified by the American Psychiatric Association as a mental disorder. Some pedophiles have sex with children or use children in a sexual way. This is called "child sexual abuse" because by law, children are unable to truly agree to sexual acts with an adult. Some adults have pedophilic feelings but do not act by sexually abusing children. Some adults who are not pedophiles commit sexual abuse against children.
Not all pedophiles feel or act in the same way. Since the 1880s, psychologists have studied and shown that different pedophiles might act in different ways:
Some pedophiles are only sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children. They are called exclusive pedophiles.
Some pedophiles have a sexual preference for pre-pubescent children but are sexually attracted to adults as well. They are called preferential pedophiles.
Some adults who prefer adult sexual partners are also sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children.
Studies
General
For pedophiles who commit child sexual abuse, some studies have shown that pedophiles who are only attracted to children may abuse more children than pedophiles who also have adult sexual partners.
The people who abuse children are often known to them—such as parents, other relatives, and friends—and are not strangers. One research study found that half the adults convicted of child sexual abuse of children outside of their family were also sexually abusing their own children.
Is it common?
Medical researchers do not know how many people in the population are pedophiles. This is because it is hard to study people's feelings and desires unless they actually show that they have those feelings. Generally, the only pedophiles who can be studied are those who have both broken the law and been caught and convicted of child sexual abuse. A second reason is that when an adult or teenager sexually abuses a child, people often call the abuser a "pedophile", but it is possible that the abuse happened for a different reason, such as the unavailability of an adult partner. Experts generally define a person as a pedophile only if they are primarily or exclusively sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children. If a person sexually abuses a pre-pubescent child to frighten or punish them, for example, then it may not be true pedophile behavior.
Some sources, such as the Mayo Clinic, report that most child sexual abuse of pre-pubescent children is committed by pedophiles, while other studies report that most people who sexually abuse children are not pedophiles. According to some studies, about 1% of all adult males may be pedophiles.
Treatment
As of 2008, most doctors believe that pedophilia cannot be cured. The current approach to deal with pedophiles who have been convicted of sexual abuse is to try to change their behavior. It does not change their sexual attraction. Using this treatment, it is believed that some sex offenders can be prevented from offending again. Medications such as Depo-Provera can be used to treat pedophilia.
References
Child sexual abuse
Paraphilias |
13500 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous%20rock | Igneous rock | Igneous rock is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic rock.
Igneous rocks are rocks formed from molten magma. The material is made liquid by the heat inside the Earth's mantle.
When magma comes out onto the surface of the Earth, it is called lava. Lava cools down to form rocks such as tuff and basalt. Intrusive rocks are made when the magma slowly cools to form rocks under the surface. Granite is one of these.
The word 'igneous' derives from the Latin word Ignis which is called fire in English.
Geological significance
The upper 16 km (10 miles) of the Earth's crust is composed of about 95% igneous rocks with only a thin, widespread covering of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Igneous rocks are geologically important because:
their absolute ages may be determined from various forms of radiometric dating. This gives information about the dating of adjacent non-igneous geological strata;
their features are usually characteristic of a specific tectonic environment (see plate tectonics);
in some special circumstances they host important mineral deposits (ores): for example, tungsten, tin, and uranium are commonly associated with granites and diorites, whereas ores of chromium and platinum are commonly associated with gabbros.
Two types
Igneous rock occurs in two ways.
Igneous rock formed from magma that has become solid inside the earth is called intrusive igneous rock. Examples of intrusive igneous rock types are gabbro, diorite, and granite.
Igneous rock formed from lava that has become solid on the outside of the Earth is called extrusive igneous rock. This can happen because of the eruption of a volcano. Some extrusive igneous rock types are basalt, andesite, rhyolite, tuff, obsidian, and pumice.
Magma is made from my bhosda temperature fluid substance. Temperatures of most magmas are in the range 700 plutonic), or forced out to the surface (extrusion or volcanic) as lava, or blown out in exposions which include rock pieces (tephra).
Magma is made up of atoms and molecules of melted minerals. When magma cools the atoms and molecules rearrange to form mineral grains. Rock forms when mineral grains (often crystals) grow together. Granite, diorite, gabbro and basalt are a few types of igneous rock. Quartz is one of the chief minerals produced by igneous action; it is made of silica (SiO2), the most common molecule in igneous minerals. Some examples of igneous volcanic rock are pumice, obsidian (volcanic glass), and scoria and much more.
Minerals
Most of the minerals that make up igneous rock are of these types:p12
Olivines
Pyroxenes
Amphiboles
Micas
Feldspars & feldspathoids
Quartz
Oxides
Chemical make-up
Igneous rocks can be classified according to their chemistry. The main types are:
Mafic: a silicate mineral or igneous rock which is rich in magnesium and iron.
Felsic: silicate minerals, magma, and igneous rocks which are rich in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium.
The first six minerals in the list are silicates. Oxides are mostly of iron.
Related pages
List of rocks
List of minerals
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock
Geology
References
Rocks |
13501 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite | Bauxite | Bauxite is the main ore of aluminium. It is mostly aluminium oxide.
Bauxite is the most important aluminium ore. It is largely made up of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH)3, Boehmite γ-AlO(OH), and Diaspore α-AlO(OH), together with the iron oxides Goethite and Hematite, the clay mineral Kaolinite and small amounts of Anatase TiO2. It was named after the village Les Baux-de-Provence in southern France, where it was first discovered in 1821 by geologist Pierre Berthier. Today the four biggest producers are Australia, Brazil, China and India.
Kinds
There are two main kinds of bauxite ores: carbonate bauxites (karst bauxites), and silicate bauxites (lateritic bauxites). Carbonate bauxites were discovered earlier, and occur mainly in Europe and Jamaica above carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite.
Lateritic bauxites occur in many countries of the tropical belt. They were formed from various silicate rocks such as granite, gneiss, basalt, syenite, and shale.
For bauxite to be created there must be intense weathering conditions and very good drainage. Bauxite deposits with highest aluminium content are frequently located below an iron-bearing surface layer. In lateritic bauxite, the aluminum hydroxide contained in laterite deposits is almost entirely a form called gibbsite.
Rocks
Ores |
13502 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopyrite | Chalcopyrite | Chalcopyrite is the main ore of copper. It is mostly copper iron sulfide. It is also known as peacock ore or peacock copper. It is often mistaken for bornite.
Minerals
Copper compounds |
13503 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite | Hematite | Hematite or haematite is the main ore of iron. It is mostly iron(III) oxide. Millions of tons are dug up every year. This is usually to feed to blast furnaces to make steel. It is a mineral related to corundum. It is an oxide.
It has a metallic luster. It has no cleavage (the way a mineral breaks). It has a fracture. The fracture is irregular and uneven. Hematite on the hardness scale is 5 to 6. It has a bright red to dark red streak. To find the streak, you take the mineral and run it across a plate of unglazed porcelain. The colours can be metallic grey to a dark, rough and earthy red colour. Hematite has the chemical formula of Fe2O3.
Related pages
Corundum
Iron(III) oxide
Rust
Minerals
Ores
Iron compounds |
13504 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena | Galena | Galena is the main ore of lead. It is mostly lead(II) sulphide.
Galena is one of the most common and widely used sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms. It is often found with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite.
Minerals
Ores |
13505 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Dole | Bob Dole | Robert Joseph Dole (July 22, 1923 – December 5, 2021) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the United States Senator from Kansas between 1969 to 1996 as a member of the Republican Party. He was the Republican Leader of the United States Senate during the final eleven years of his Senate career from 1985 until 1996. Before his senate career, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1961 to 1969. Dole was the Republican nominee for Vice President in the 1976 election and for President in the 1996 election.
Dole was born and raised in Russell, Kansas, where he began with a legal career after serving in the United States Army during World War II. He was the Russell County Attorney for a short time until he won election to the House of Representatives in 1960. In 1968, Dole was elected to the Senate, where he was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1971 to 1973 and chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1981 to 1985. He was the Senate Majority Leader from 1985 to 1987 and from 1995 to 1996.
President Gerald Ford chose Dole as his running mate in the 1976 election after Vice President Nelson Rockefeller did not want to continue being Ford's vice president. Ford lost the election to Democrat Jimmy Carter in the general election. Dole ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 1980 but quickly dropped out of the race. He ran again for the nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries but lost to Vice President George H. W. Bush. Dole won the Republican nomination in 1996, however lost in the general election to President Bill Clinton. He resigned from the Senate during the 1996 campaign and did not run for public office again after the election.
After retiring from the Senate, Dole appeared in commercials and television programs. In 2012, Dole unsuccessfully supporting Senate passing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Dole is currently a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and special counsel at the Washington, D.C., office of law firm Alston & Bird. On January 17, 2018, Dole was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. He was married to former U.S. Senator Elizabeth Dole of North Carolina.
Early life
Dole was born on July 22, 1923, in Russell, Kansas, the son of Bina M. (née Talbott; 1904–1983) and Doran Ray Dole (1901–1975). The Doles lived in a house at 1035 North Maple in Russell and it remained his official residence during his political career.
Dole graduated from Russell High School in the spring of 1941 and went to the University of Kansas. While at the University of Kansas, Dole played for the basketball team, the track team, and the football team. In 1942 he was a teammate of former Tennessee Titans owner Bud Adams, Adams's only season playing football at Kansas. While in college, Dole joined the Kappa Sigma fraternity.
During his college years, Dole enlisted in the United States Army during World War II in 1942. In April 1945, while in combat near Castel d'Aiano southwest of Bologna, Italy, Dole was seriously wounded by German machine gun fire, being struck in his upper back and right arm. His recovery was slow as he had many health problems caused by his injured. Dole recovered from his wounds and was honored three times, receiving two Purple Hearts for his injuries, and the Bronze Star with valor for his attempt to help a radioman. The injuries left him with limited mobility in his right arm and numbness in his left arm.
Dole later went to the University of Arizona from 1948 to 1949, before transferring to Washburn University and graduating with both undergraduate and law degrees in 1952.
Early political career
Dole ran for office for the first time in 1950 and was elected to the Kansas House of Representatives, being a member for a two-year term. In 1952, he became the County Attorney of Russell County. In 1960, Dole was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Kansas' 6th congressional district. After his first term, Kansas lost a congressional district, and most of Dole's district was merged with the 2nd district to form a new 1st district. Dole was elected from this district in 1962 and was reelected two more times.
During his time as a U.S. Representative, Dole voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
U.S. Senate, 1969–1996
In 1968, Dole won the United States Senate election against former Kansas Governor William H. Avery for the Republican nomination to replaced retiring Senator Frank Carlson. Dole was re-elected in 1974, 1980, 1986, and 1992.
While in the Senate, Dole was a strong supporter of the Vietnam War and attacked Democratic Senator George McGovern for not supporting the war. He was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1971 until 1973, the ranking Republican on the Agriculture Committee from 1975 until 1978, and the chairman of the Finance Committee from 1981 until 1985. In November 1984, Dole was elected Senate Majority leader, beating Ted Stevens by 28 to 25 votes, in the fourth round of voting.
In 1976, Dole ran unsuccessfully for vice president on a ticket headed by President Gerald Ford. During the Vice Presidential debate with Walter Mondale, "I figured it up the other day: If we added up the killed and wounded in Democrat wars in this century, it would be about 1.6 million Americans — enough to fill the city of Detroit".
Over time in the Senate, Dole was seen by some as having a moderate voting record, meaning he often voted with the Democrats. During the 1970s, he worked with Senator McGovern to help pass a law making food stamps easier to access. In 1982, The New York Times called Dole as changing from becoming strictly a conservative to "mainstream" Republican.
The Republicans won both the Senate and House of Representatives in 1994 and Dole became Senate Majority Leader for the second time.
In October 1995, Dole and Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich led the Republican-controlled Congress to pass a spending bill that President Clinton vetoed, leading to the federal government shutdown from 1995–96. The following month Republican and Democratic leaders, including Vice President Al Gore, Dick Armey, and Dole, met to try to fix the budget and were unable to reach an agreement. By January 1996, Dole was more open to talk about ending the shutdown, but was not supported by other Republicans who wanted to continue until their demands were met. Gingrich and Dole had a hard time working together as they were possible rivals for the 1996 Republican nomination.
In a January 1996 address, during the shutdown, President Bill Clinton said that Dole was a good lawmaker for "working together in good faith" to reopen the government.
In June 1996, Dole resigned from the Senate to focus on his presidential campaign because he was the Republican Party's presidential nominee for the 1996 election.
Presidential politics
Dole first ran for President of the United States in 1980 for the Republican nomination, eventually won by Ronald Reagan. He finished behind Reagan, George H. W. Bush and four others in Iowa and New Hampshire, receiving only 2.5% and 0.4% of votes cast in those contests. Dole ended his campaign after New Hampshire and announced his formal withdrawal from the race on March 15, instead being re-elected to his third term as Senator that year.
Dole announced his second campaign in 1988, formally announcing his candidacy in his hometown of Russell, Kansas, on November 9, 1987. Dole started out strongly by beating Vice President George H. W. Bush in the Iowa caucus.
However, Bush would beat Dole in the New Hampshire primary a week later. During the New Hampshire primaries, Dole lost his temper in a television interview with Tom Brokaw, saying Bush should "stop lying about my record", in response to a Bush commercial which accused Dole laying about his tax ideas.
Dole lost to Bush again in South Carolina in early March and several days later, every southern state voted for Bush in a Super Tuesday sweep. He eventually lost Illinois to Bush and afterwards dropped out of the race.
1996 presidential campaign
On April 10, 1995, Dole announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for president, in his third campaign for the presidency. Dole was the early front-runner for the nomination. At least eight candidates ran for the nomination, such as the more conservative Senator Phil Gramm of Texas and more moderate Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania. Pat Buchanan upset Dole in the early New Hampshire primary, however, with Dole finishing second and former Tennessee governor Lamar Alexander finishing third. Many believed that Dole was not doing good at first because he was not "conservative enough".
Dole eventually won the nomination in May after winning all the Midwestern primaries, becoming the oldest first-time presidential nominee at the age of 73 years. If elected, he would have been the oldest president to take office.
In his acceptance speech, Dole said: "Let me be the bridge to an America that only the unknowing call myth. Let me be the bridge to a time of tranquillity, faith, and confidence in action". President Bill Clinton responded, "We do not need to build a bridge to the past, we need to build a bridge to the future".
Dole hoped to use his long experience in Senate to boost his odds against an incumbent president. On June 11, 1996, Dole resigned his seat to focus on the campaign, saying he had "nowhere to go but the White House or home".
Dole promised a 15% reduction in income tax rates and made former Congressman and supply side supporter Jack Kemp his running mate for vice president. Clinton said Dole was a clone of unpopular then-House Speaker Newt Gingrich. He warned that Dole would work with the Republican Congress to cut popular social programs, like Medicare and Social Security. Dole's tax-cut plan found itself under attack from the White House, who said it would "blow a hole in the deficit".
Some people were worried about Dole's age and on September 18, 1996 at a rally in Chico, California, he was reaching down to shake the hand of a supporter, when the railing on the stage gave way and he tumbled four feet. Many compared the fall between Dole to a younger Clinton, making it clear that Dole's age was becoming an issue.
Towards the end of October 1996, Dole and his advisers knew that they would lose the election, but in the last four days of the campaign they went on the "96-hour victory tour" to help Republican Congressional candidates.
Dole lost to incumbent President Clinton, with a 379–159 Electoral College landslide. Clinton won 49.2% of the vote against Dole's 40.7% and Ross Perot's 8.4%. Many believe that the strong economy during the Clinton president helped the president win a second term.
Retirement
After the 1996 election, Dole began to focus on writing, being a lawyer, public speaking, and television appearances. He became a television commercial spokesman for Viagra, Visa, Dunkin' Donuts and Pepsi-Cola. He was also a political commentator on the interview program Larry King Live, and has been a guest a number of times on Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. Dole was, for a short time, a commentator with Bill Clinton on CBS's 60 Minutes. He also made a cameo appearance on Saturday Night Live making fun of himself.
From 1998 to 2002, Dole was head of the Federal City Council in Washington, D.C. Dole later joined the Washington, D.C. firm Verner, Liipfert, Bernhard, McPherson and Hand, where he became a lobbyist. Dole joined the Washington, D.C. law and lobbying firm Alston & Bird LLP.
Dole was also involved in many voluntary organizations. He served as national chairman of the World War II Memorial Campaign, which raised funds for the building of the National World War II Memorial. He also worked with former President Clinton on the Families of Freedom Foundation, a scholarship fund campaign to pay for college educations for the families of 9/11 victims.
In 2007, President George W. Bush appointed Dole and Donna Shalala, former Secretary of Health and Human Services, as co-chairs of the commission to investigate problems at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. That same year, Dole joined fellow former Senate majority leaders Howard Baker, Tom Daschle, and George Mitchell to found the Bipartisan Policy Center, to create ideas for bipartisan support.
On December 4, 2012, Dole made an appearance on the Senate floor to support the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, however Republicans rejected the bill.
Trump presidency
In 2015, Dole supported former Florida governor Jeb Bush in his presidential campaign. After Bush ended his campaign following the South Carolina primary, Dole supported Florida senator Marco Rubio's campaign. During the campaign, Dole criticized Texas senator Ted Cruz questioning his support of Republican ideas. Dole later supported Donald Trump after Trump won the Republican nomination. He was the only former Republican presidential nominee to go to the 2016 Republican National Convention.
Former Dole advisers, including Paul Manafort, played a major role in Trump's presidential campaign. After Trump won the 2016 election, Dole worked with the Trump campaign and presidential transition team to set up meetings with the government of Taiwan.
Dole was worried about the Commission on Presidential Debates were biased against President Trump and his reelection campaign in a public statement on October 9, 2020, saying how he knew all the Republicans on the Commission and feared that "none of them support[ed]" the president. After Trump lost the election, he made false claims about voter fraud and that the election was stolen. Dole did not agree with Trump and said there was no fraud in the many lawsuits that Trump claimed there was.
Personal life
Dole married Phyllis Holden in 1948, three months after they met. The couple only had one daughter, Robin. Dole and Holden divorced January 11, 1972. Dole met his second wife, Elizabeth, in 1972. The couple were married in 1975 and had no children.
Dole was a Freemason. He was known for speaking to himself in the third person in conversation.
Health and death
After prostate surgery, Dole had erectile dysfunction and made a public service announcement speaking up about it. In 2001, Dole, at age 77, was treated for an aortic aneurysm.
In January 2005, Dole had bleeding inside his head. Dole spent 40 days at Walter Reed Army Medical Center and the bleeding left him with mobility problems.
In February 2010, Dole was hospitalized for pneumonia after having knee surgery. He spent ten months at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, recovering from the surgery, and had pneumonia three times. He was released from the hospital in November 2010. In January 2011, however, Dole was hospitalized again to Walter Reed Army Medical Center and spent about six days there, being treated for a fever and an infection.
Dole was hospitalized in November 2012 at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.
On September 13, 2017, Dole was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center for low blood pressure. He stayed for 24 hours before returning home.
In February 2021, Dole announced he was diagnosed with stage IV lung cancer. In July 2021, he began getting immunotherapy, instead of chemotherapy because of its negative effects on his body. Dole died from the disease in his sleep on the morning of December 5, 2021 at his home in Washington, D.C. at the age of 98.
After his death, many politicians honored Dole, and President Joe Biden ordered flags be flown at half-staff until December 11. Dole lay in state at the U.S. Capitol on December 9. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.
Awards and honors
In 1989, Dole was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Ronald Reagan. In 1997, he was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton for his service in the military and his political career.
In 1997, Dole received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official.
For his lobbying work on behalf of Kosovo Albanians before, during and after the Kosovo War, in May 2017, Albanian President Bujar Nishani awarded Dole Albania's highest civilian honor, the National Flag Order medal.
On January 17, 2018, Dole was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for his service to the nation as a "soldier, legislator and statesman".
In 2019, the United States Congress passed a bill promoting the 95-year-old Dole from captain to colonel for his service during World War II.
More readings
Immelman, Aubrey. "The political personalities of 1996 U.S. presidential candidates Bill Clinton and Bob Dole." Leadership Quarterly 9.3 (1998): 335-366. online
References
Other websites
Bob Dole's remarks at the dedication of the Dole Institute of Politics at the University of Kansas
Bob Dole's 1996 campaign website
The Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics
Bob Dole's biography on Alston & Bird's website
CNN AllPolitics review of Bob Dole's early life
1923 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
US Republican Party politicians
United States senators from Kansas
Minority leaders of the United States Senate
Majority leaders of the United States Senate
1980 United States presidential candidates
1988 United States presidential candidates
1996 United States presidential candidates
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
20th-century American politicians
Kansas Republicans
People from Lawrence, Kansas
American military personnel of World War II
Lawyers from Kansas
Businesspeople from Kansas
American political activists
State legislators of the United States
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Lobbyists
Anti-Communists
American autobiographers
American political writers
American political commentators
Writers from Kansas |
13507 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%20Richie | Lionel Richie | Lionel Richie (born June 20, 1949) is an American R&B singer-songwriter. He is best known for his 1980s songs.
Early life
Richie was born in Tuskegee, Alabama. His family is of African American, Cherokee Native American, English, French-Canadian and Scottish descent. He spent his childhood there. He spent his teenage years in Joliet, Illinois.
Career
He started his career with The Commodores; between him and the band, Three Times a Lady is their best remembered song. His self-titled debut album was one of the biggest music successes of 1982. More successful was its follow-up, Can't Slow Down.
In 1984, as a surprise guest, he sang All Night Long to a worldwide audience of over two billion at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
After a few years break, Richie returned to the music industry in 1996 with Louder than Words. Another album of his, Renaissance, came out four years later and featuring the song Angel.
Richie made a dramatic comeback to the top of the charts in 2012 with Tuskegee, a country album made up of new versions of many of his biggest hit songs, each featuring a different guest artist. It became his first Number 1 album on the Billboard 200 chart since 1986, and also reached Number 1 on the Billboard country album chart. Tuskegee also became his first album since 1986 to be certified as platinum (more than 1 million copies sold) by the Recording Industry Association of America.
Personal life
In 1990, Richie adopted Nicole Escovedo. Her name is now Nicole Richie. She co-starred on Fox's The Simple Life with Paris Hilton.
Television
American Idol (2018) - Judge
References
Other websites
1949 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
African American musicians
American pianists
American pop musicians
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
Golden Globe Award winning composers
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Alabama
Singers from Illinois
People from Joliet, Illinois |
13509 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt%20Disney%20Pictures | Walt Disney Pictures | Walt Disney Pictures is a movie studio from the United States that makes family-friendly movies with a G and PG rating from the MPAA, like Pinocchio and The Nightmare Before Christmas. The only non-G/PG rated Disney movies are 2003's Pirates of the Caribbean, which was given a PG-13 rating, its sequels, and John Carter, which were also rated PG-13.
Walt Disney Pictures started as a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Studios in 1985. Before that, Disney movies were released under the Walt Disney Productions name.
Part of film distributor Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group, the studio also has Walt Disney Feature Animation and Disney MovieToons.
Related pages
List of Disney movies
List of Disney animated movies
Other websites
The Official Site
The Big Cartoon DataBase page for Disney animated movies
Movie studios
American animation studios
Disney companies
1929 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Burbank, California |
13510 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrotum | Scrotum | The scrotum is the bag that holds the testicles (commonly called balls) in male mammals. It is made of skin and muscle and is found between the penis and anus. It is often covered in pubic hair and becomes tight when the male is aroused.
Use
The function of the scrotum is to keep the testicles less warm than the rest of the body. Human testicles work best at 36.8 degrees Celsius (98 degrees Fahrenheit) when normal body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher temperatures than 36.8 degrees will damage the sperm inside the testicles.
The temperature is controlled by moving the testicles closer to the abdomen when they are too cold, and away when too hot. This is done by muscles contracting or relaxing. This lifts and lowers the testicles inside the scrotum. The scrotum will usually tighten during erection. The testicles can also be lifted by tightening the anus and pelvic muscles.
Temperature
The best temperature for the testes varies between species, but usually it is a bit cooler than body temperature. This means that the testicles have to be held outside of the body in most male mammals.
Protection
The scrotum may move the testes closer to the abdomen when in danger. Testes are extremely sensitive, and hitting or injuring them causes extreme pain. Males avoid this by involunatirly moving the testes closer.
Another explanation for the location of the scrotum is to that their exterior location protects the testes from jolts and being crushed inside the body. Animals that have slow movements - such as elephants, whales, and moles - have internal testes and no scrotum.
When the scrotum is hanging loosely, the testicular cords that the testicle hangs from can get twisted. This is especially prone to happen during exercise. This is called testicular_torsion. It is a medical emergency.
Gallery
Related pages
Sex organ
Castration
Penis
References
Anatomy of the male reproductive system |
13511 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20%28band%29 | Ministry (band) | Ministry is an American industrial metal band from Chicago, Illinois. It was started in 1981 by musician Al Jourgensen. After 27 years and 11 albums, Al disbanded the group in 2008. However, the band reformed in 2011 for a new album and tour.
1981 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1980s establishments in Illinois
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Electronic music bands
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from Chicago
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
2008 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in Illinois
Musical groups established in 2011
2011 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in Illinois |
13512 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European | Indo-European | Indo-European may refer to:
Indo-European languages
Indo-European people, the native speakers of Indo-European languages
Aryan race, a 19th and early 20th century term for those peoples
Proto-Indo-European language, the reconstructed common ancestor of all Indo-European languages
Proto-Indo-Europeans, an ancient ethnic group speaking the Proto-Indo-European language |
13513 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingot | Ingot | Ingots are bars of metal, formed by pouring the molten metal into a mould. This is done after it has been purified from the ore. Gold ingots are often seen in movies.
Metals |
13514 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlife | Westlife | Westlife is an Irish boy band who formed in 1998. Its members once were Shane Filan, Kian Egan, Nicky Bryne, and Mark Feehily. Then Bryan McFadden left the band on March 9, 2004 to give more of his time to his family life with the British TV personality and former Atomic Kitten member Kerry Katona, although he has subsequently separated from her and changed the spelling of his first name back to 'Brian'.
Westlife did not manage success in America, although their debut single, "Swear It Again" was a minor hit on mainstream radio and MTV. Its video made MTV's Total Request Live briefly, and it managed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 2000, going up to No. 20 on the chart. Their debut American album was also released in 2000, but flopped. Beyond Europe and the USA, Westlife's fan base is truly global, including Canada, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Australia.
Like most other boy bands, Westlife was primarily marketed to teenagers, besides girls there were approximately 20% of Westlife fans are male. They also had a large following among gay men, and performed numerous times at gay venues in the UK.
It was announced in October 2011 that Westlife would split in 2012. They had their last concert in Dublin, Ireland in 2012. Tickets for it sold out in 5 minutes.
Members
Shane Filan
Nicky Byrne
Mark Feehily
Kian Egan
Past members
Brian McFadden
Success
The band has been very successful since it was started and is popular in both Ireland and United Kingdom, with hits like:
"Swear It Again" (1999)
"If I Let You Go" (1999)
"Flying Without Wings" featuring BoA (appeared on the Pokémon 2000 soundtrack) (1999)
"I Have A Dream"/"Seasons In The Sun" (covers of ABBA and Terry Jacks respectively) (1999)
"Fool Again" (2000)
"Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)" (with Mariah Carey) (cover of Phil Collins) (2000)
"My Love" (2000)
"Uptown Girl" (cover of Billy Joel) (2001)
"Queen Of My Heart" (2001)
"World of Our Own" (2002)
"Unbreakable" (2002)
"Mandy" (cover of Barry Manilow) (2003)
"You Raise Me Up" (2005)
"The Rose" (2006)
Not every single of theirs has gone to No. 1 in the UK:
"What Makes a Man" (2000) #2
"Bop Bop Baby" (2002) #5
"Hey Whatever" (2003) #4
"Obvious" (2004) #3
"Home" (2007) #3
"Us Against The World" (2008) #8
"What About Now" (2004) #2
"Safe" (2010) #10
The band have also won ITV's Record of the Year competition on a record four occasions, with "Flying Without Wings", "My Love", "Mandy" and "You Raise Me Up".
Discography
1999 "Westlife" #2 UK, #129 US
2000 "Coast to Coast" #1 UK
2001 "World of Our Own" #1 UK
2002 "Unbreakable - The Greatest Hits - Vol. 1" #1 UK
2003 "Turnaround" #1 UK
2004 "Allow Us To Be Frank" #3 UK
2005 "Face to Face" #1 UK
2006 "The Love Album" #1 UK
2007 "Back Home" #1 UK
2009 "Where We Are" #2 UK
2010 "Gravity" #3 UK
2011 "Greatest Hits" #4 UK
1990s Irish music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Boy bands
Irish pop music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical quartets
Musical quintets |
13516 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcer | Ulcer | An ulcer is a kind of open wound. Ulcers can be on surfaces of the body. They can be on skin. They can be mucous membranes like the surface of the stomach or inside the mouth.
Ulcers start when the top layer (surface) of skin or mucous membrane is damaged. The top layer dies. When it dies, the skin or mucous membrane and opens. This leaves an open sore called an ulcer.
Ulcers can be from infection with germs.
Ulcers can be from pressure on a part of the skin. Ulcers can be from substances that will burn skin or mucous membranes. Peptic ulcers are sometimes from burning by the acid in the stomach. Ulcers can be from cancer. Ulcers can be from diseases of blood vessels. If not enough blood goes to a body part, it can get an ulcer. Stress can also sometimes cause ulcers. Ulcers are often very painful.
diseases
Dermatology |
13518 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic%20ulcer | Peptic ulcer | A peptic ulcer is an ulcer of the stomach or duodenum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestines. It is the tube that food goes through when it leaves the stomach. Peptic means talking about the stomach.
Gastric ulcers are peptic ulcers in the stomach.
Duodenal ulcers are peptic ulcers in the duodenum.
Causes of peptic ulcers
Most ulcers are caused by an infection from bacteria. This bacteria is called Helicobacter pylori. 90% of gastric ulcers and 75% of duodenal ulcers are from Helicobacter pylori infection.
Other things can make ulcers worse. But these things are less important than Helicobacter pylori. These other things are:
Taking some drugs called NSAIDs (acronym means Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug) – These are medicines used for pain and inflammation, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen.
Smoking cigarettes
Old age
Stress from diseases or injuries like pneumonia and burns
If someone in a family has a duodenal ulcer
Symptoms of peptic ulcers
A symptom is a change in the body that tells someone that they have a disease. The biggest symptom is pain in the stomach. Pain is usually in the top of the abdomen below the ribs. Some people also feel pain go up to the chest.
Other symptoms are:
Vomiting
Blood in vomit – this can be red. This can also look like coffee grounds (the black substance that is left after making coffee.)
Black stools
Waves of Pain or Burning
Diagnosis of peptic ulcers
Diagnosing is how doctors see if someone has a disease. They do this by running tests. Peptic ulcers are diagnosed by three ways:
Endoscopy – looking inside someones stomach with a camera that goes through their mouth and down to their stomach
Test on the air someone breathes out to look for Helicobacter pylori infection
Blood test to look for Helicobacter pylori infection
The best way is endoscopy. But this costs more money. Endoscopy is done by a medical specialist called a gastroenterologist (a doctor who knows much about the digestive system.)
A good thing about endoscopy is finding other diseases if there is no peptic ulcer. The symptoms of peptic ulcer can be from other diseases. Endoscopy can diagnose these other diseases.
Treatment of peptic ulcers
The most important treatment is to stop the Helicobacter pylori infection. This is usually done with antibiotics and can now also be done through the use of natural products.
Antibiotics are medicines that kill germs like bacteria. Usually three different antibiotics are used, and because the Helicobacter pylori bacteria is so resistant, successful treatment is not guaranteed. The number of people turning to natural remedies is increasing. Natural remedies have none of the side effects common to antibiotic treatment.
It is also important to make less acid in the stomach. There are two types of medicines that Doctors normally prescribe to stop the acid. These are called antacids:
PPI (acronym) proton pump inhibitors
H2-Blockers – block the Histamine-2 receptor
Both of these medicines make the cells in the stomach stop making acid. There is a problem in unnaturally stopping the production of acid, because acid is vital to ensure proper digestion of foods. When a patient stops taking antacids, the stomach naturally starts producing acid again and usually more than normal because the antacids had unnaturally stopped this process. The result is that there is now too much acid, the whole problem starts again. It is considered better and safer to control acid levels by consuming water and by eliminating foods that may cause excessive acid.
To stop peptic ulcers people must use antacids and antibiotics, or a natural product. The strategy is to kill off the Helicobacter pylori. Controlling the acid levels let the open ulcers in the stomach lining heal quicker.
Once the Helicobacter pylori infection is removed, the ulcer should heal. It can come back if the person is reinfected with Helicobacter pylori again.
Diseases and disorders of the digestive system |
13519 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptom | Symptom | Symptoms are used in diagnosis. The term is used in medicine, and in other fields such as fault-finding in engineering.
In medicine, it refers to things the patient feels or notices. It contrasts with signs, which are changes which a doctor sees in a patient. What a patient feels is subjective, whereas what a doctor sees is objective.
In diagnosis, all symptoms and signs are brought together to make a hypothesis as to what is going wrong. This might suggest further investigation or treatment. A complete investigation ends with a diagnosis that summarizes all this.
Pain is a symptom, and red color a sign, of a skin burn.
Feeling sick is a symptom, and vomiting and diarrhea are signs, of food poisoning, cholera and other causes.
Pain in the chest is a symptom, and cyanosis (blue color of skin) is a sign, of heart disease.
Headaches, aching muscles and nausea are symptoms of influenza.
Similar terms
Symptomatic: having or showing symptoms.
Asymptomatic: not showing symptoms.
Asymptomatic carrier has the disease but shows no symptoms. |
13520 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20diagnosis | Medical diagnosis | A medical diagnosis (an. Greek δια-γνωστικος — able to recognize) is when a doctor finds out what is making someone sick. Sometimes doctors can diagnose a sickness by asking the person questions and looking at the person's body. Sometimes doctors do tests. Tests can mean taking a small bit of blood, urine, or tissue which is sent to a hospital laboratory where it is tested. X-rays are another form of test. Tests are ways to see how the body is working.
When a diagnosis has been made, the doctor may recommend treatment.
Process
The process of diagnosis begins from the very beginning of the patient's examination in a medical institution or during a call to the doctor at the patient's place of residence. Diagnosis of the disease begins with the collection of medical history. After collecting the anamnesis, the doctor examines the patient, during which he performs percussion and auscultation of the patient, palpation of the disease, measures the patient's blood pressure, heart rate and respiration rate, and measures the patient's body temperature.
Laboratory examination methods include general clinical tests, which include a general blood test, a general urine test, and a stool test. Laboratory methods of examination also include biochemical methods of examination, during which the level of glucose, creatinine, urea, bilirubin, liver enzymes, blood lipids is determined; coagulogram, which analyzes the indicators of blood clotting; blood hormone tests; determination of tumor markers; tests of blood and other biological materials for infectious diseases; allergological, toxicological, cytological and parasitological examinations.
Instrumental methods of examination include X-ray, endoscopic, ultrasound, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs (including ECG and EEG) and a number of other methods of examination.
To diagnose disorders of some systems and organs, methods of recording the electrical activity of organs are used, which include, in particular, ECG and EEG.
References
Medicine |
13521 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%20Jesus%20Church | True Jesus Church | The True Jesus Church is a Christian church. It was started during the early 20th century. It is an independent Church. It split from the Pentecostal movement in China. The Pentecostal movement is an evangelical movement within Christianity.
This group practices faith healing, speaking in tongues, baptism by putting a person completely under water, feet washing and the Saturday Sabbath. By 1949 they claimed 120,000 members; those members met in 700 churches.
The True Jesus Church was banned in the People's Republic of China in 1958 along with all the other Christian churches, but they were allowed to reopen in 1985. Since then, they have grown quickly and have spread across the whole country. They are strongest in Jiangsu, Hunan and Fujian provinces.
They say that daily prayer is very important, both private and public. They engage in vigorous evangelism.
Currently their churches are found in forty eight countries and six continents. Followers of the Church believe that God has only a divine nature, so they therefore reject the idea of the Trinity.
Christian holidays were often near the dates of pagan ones. This is also true for Easter, Christmas and Good Friday. The feast of Sol invictus was on the 25th of December. It was a very important holiday in Ancient Rome. Because of the pagan origins of the holidays, the True Jesus Church does not celebrate Easter and Christmas. The movement has between 1.5 and 2.5 million followers.
References
Pentecostalism
Protestant denominations
Religion in China |
13525 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon%20%28video%20game%20series%29 | Pokémon (video game series) | Pokémon is a Japanese video game franchise created by Satoshi Tajiri for Nintendo in the 1990s. It is known as Pocket Monsters in Japan. It is now made up of animated television programs (anime), Japanese comic books (manga), trading cards, and toys but, most importantly, the video games. There are currently 898 monsters, with Pokémon Sword and shield. Pikachu is the most well-known. When the idea was invented, there were only 150, which was upgraded to 151 (including Mew) when the Blue version in Japan was released. In the United States and Europe, the number of Pokémon was 151 from the beginning. There are now over 800 altogether.
The Pokémon games involve making decisions about what to do and when to do it. They allow the player to catch the monsters, train them to make them better and attack other monsters so that they get better abilities and possibly evolve into different Pokémon. It is also possible to trade Pokémon with a friend. The Pokémon in the battles never bleed or die; they only faint. All Pokémon love human beings, except for Shadow Pokémon - the doors to their hearts have been artificially closed. The game's slogan in the U.S. was "Gotta catch 'em all!", although now it is not used officially any more. The Japanese slogan is "Let's get Pokémon" Over one hundred million (100,000,000) of the games have been sold so far, not counting the ones released for the Nintendo 64 and the Nintendo GameCube. This makes it the second best-selling video game series of all time (after Nintendo's Mario series).
Fifteen versions of the animated television series exist, from 1998 until now on Kids WB and Cartoon Network. Additionally, sixteen full-length movies have been made since 1999.
Pokémon video games (by year)
there is a sequence of games that is considered to be the "main series" in this line of games. These games are RPG style games, and are always feature new Pokémon, in a new region, with a new Protagonist, or are a remake in some way of a previous man series game. They are marked below with an *
Pocket Monsters: Red and Green(Game Boy)
*Pocket Monsters: Blue (Game Boy)
*Pokémon Red and Blue (Game Boy)
(Nintendo 64)
*Pokémon Yellow (Game Boy)
Pokémon Trading Card Game (Game Boy Color)
Pokémon Gold and Silver (Game Boy Color)
Pokémon Stadium 2 – known as Pokémon Stadium in US and Europe (Nintendo 64)
*Pokémon Crystal (Game Boy Color)
Pokémon Snap (Nintendo 64)
Pokémon Puzzle Challenge (Game Boy Color)
Pokémon Puzzle League (Nintendo 64)
Hey You, Pikachu! (Nintendo 64)
Pokémon Stadium Kin Gin – known as Pokémon Stadium 2 in US and Europe (Nintendo 64)
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (Game Boy Advance)
Pokémon Colosseum (Nintendo GameCube)
*Pokémon Box: Ruby and Sapphire (Nintendo GameCube)
Pokémon Channel (Nintendo GameCube)
*Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen (Game Boy Advance)
*Pokémon Emerald (Game Boy Advance)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Red Rescue Team (Game Boy Advance)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team (Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Dash (Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Trozei! (Nintendo DS)
Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness (Nintendo GameCube)
Pokémon Ranger (Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Battle Revolution (Wii)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time (Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Darkness (Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia'' (Nintendo DS)
My Pokémon Ranch (Wii)
*Pokémon Platinum (Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky (Nintendo DS)
Poképark Wii(Wii)
Pokémon Rumble(Wii)
Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver (Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Black and White (Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Conquest (Nintendo DS)
*Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 (Nintendo DS)
*Pokémon X and Y (Nintendo 3DS)
*Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire (Nintendo 3DS)
*Pokémon Sun and Moon (Nintendo 3DS)
*Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon (Nintendo 3DS)
*Pokémon Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee! (Nintendo Switch)
*Pokemon Sword and Shield! (Nintendo Switch)
History
The first games, released in 1998, were Pokémon Red and Blue, which became big hits and are still among the best-selling video games of all time. They followed the adventures of the player, a Pokémon trainer who catches, raises, and battles with Pokémon, collects badges from the 8 Gym Leaders, explores all over Kanto (the region), and trades Pokémon with other people who have the game by using the Game Boy's Game Link Cable. Later, a sequel to Red and Blue was released: Pokémon Yellow. In this game, the player's character design is similar to Ash Ketchum (from the anime.) Also, instead of the Pokémon given to the player at the start of Red and Blue (the player can choose Bulbasaur, Charmander, or Squirtle) in Yellow the only possible choice is Pikachu, which represents the Pokémon Ash started with in the anime.
When Nintendo realized how popular Red, Blue, and Yellow had become, they decided to support the production and release of more games. After Yellow came Pokémon Gold and Silver, released in 2000, which had a total of 251 catchable Pokémon, as opposed to only 151 previously. A sequel to the two games was released, Pokémon Crystal, which had several new features that were not on Gold and Silver: Pokémon had animated sprites when they came into battle, there was a subplot within the games relating to the different letter shapes of the Pokémon Unown, and there was a new building called the Battle Tower, where players could battle very strong Pokémon to win items and set records. Once the player has beaten the Elite Four, they can go to Kanto, the region in Red, Blue, and Yellow.
In 2003, Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire were released. They were the first Pokémon games on the Game Boy Advance, and this upset many players because they could not trade Pokémon with Red, Blue, Yellow, Gold, Silver, or Crystal. However, there were 135 new Pokémon, bringing the total to 386. There were many new features, like a PokéNav (a new item used for many ingame tasks), many more kinds of Poké Balls, a far bigger region (Hoenn) than in previous games (Kanto and Johto), and a Battle Tower different from the one in Crystal. Players could also create Secret Bases, small hideouts hidden in trees and rock walls.
Later in 2004, Pokémon Fire Red & Leaf Green were released. They did not take place in a new region, and they did not have any new Pokémon. They were simply remakes of Pokémon Red & Blue, adding a new "extra region" called the Sevii Islands, and a few new features. However, they made it possible for players of Ruby and Sapphire to get earlier Pokémon in their games. If a person had Ruby, Sapphire, Colosseum, FireRed, and LeafGreen (which many fans of the games did), they could have all 386 Pokémon, which made many players happy.
In 2005, Pokémon Emerald was released. It is a sequel to Ruby and Sapphire. It was the first "main" Pokémon game since Crystal where Pokémon had battle animations instead of static images. There was also a new place called the Battle Frontier where players could go after they beat the Elite Four. It was similar to the Battle Tower in Crystal, Ruby, and Sapphire, except it was eight different facilities, all with different rules. Players earned Battle Points which could be used to buy items for Secret Bases, items for Pokémon, and other things.
In 2007, Pokémon Diamond and Pearl were released. They take place in a new region called Sinnoh. They had 107 new Pokémon, which brought the total to 493. Another noticeable difference from the previous games was that Diamond and Pearl did not capitalize all the letters in names of Pokémon, people, towns, items, and other things that were important to the games. For example, Lugia would appear as "LUGIA" in previous games, but in Diamond and Pearl it would just say "Lugia." This cleared up a lot of players' confusion, because many thought that a sentence like "LUGIA is found in the WHIRL ISLANDS" looked unusual. A sequel to Diamond and Pearl, Pokémon Platinum was released in the United States in March 2009. In May 2009 it was released in the UK.
In 2010, Pokémon HeartGold & SoulSilver were released. They did not take place in a new region, or have any new Pokémon. They were simply remakes of Pokémon Gold and Silver. Like Pokémon Yellow, the player's Pokémon can follow them. The games come with a pedometer like device, called the Poké Walker, that can let players walk with their Pokémon, and gain Watts, which can be used to fight Pokémon, or dowse for items.
Later in 2010, Pokémon Black and White were released. They take place in a new region called Unova. They had 156 new Pokémon, bringing the total to 649. They introduced seasons, where areas appear differently depending on the season, and some areas can only be reached during certain seasons.
In 2012, Pokémon Black 2 & White 2 were released. They are sequels to Pokémon Black and White. They had a number of new areas and characters, as well as characters from Black and White.
In 2013, Pokémon X & Y were released. They are the first ever 3D games in the main Pokémon series. They take place in a new region called Kalos. There are many new features, including the Mega Evolution, where some Pokémon like Mewtwo, Blaziken, and Lucario are be able to evolve into stronger forms during a battle if they are holding a Mega Stone. There is also a new type called Fairy, which is strong against Dragon-type Pokémon.
in 2014, Pokémon Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire were released, which were remakes of ruby and sapphire. it added more mega evolutions, including the other hoenn starters, beedrill, Sableye, etc. tons of features were also added.
In 2016, Pokémon Sun & Moon were released, which introduced people to a new region, Alola. there were a total of 803 (including mythical's). however, only 403 are in the alolan pokedex, with the others being able to be transferred from past games. rotom is now your pokedex, called the rotomdex, and z moves were introduced. z moves does a lot of damage,but can only be done once per battle. gyms, and gym leaders were taken out, and were replaced with totem pokemons, and island kahunas. a lot of features were added including SOS battles, where a wild Pokémon send out help to exactly the same Pokémon (or evolutions) to help when weakened.
In 2017, Pokémon Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon were released, which was like sun & moon, but more features were added. it increased the Pokémon number to 807, and added ultra wormholes, where different Pokémon are seen and caught, which made shiny hunting very easy and accessible.
Other websites
The Official Site (United States) (Note: Requires Adobe Flash.)
The Official Site (Japan)
Pokémon |
13526 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer%20Simpson | Homer Simpson | Homer Simpson is a cartoon character in the animated television series The Simpsons. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta. He first appeared, along with the other members of the Simpson family on The Tracey Ullman Show in the Simpson Short "Good Night". He is the father of Bart Simpson, Lisa Simpson, and Maggie Simpson. He is also the husband of Marge Simpson. He lives in the fictional town known as Springfield.
Characteristics
Homer is clumsy, fat and very lazy. He is also an alcoholic, and is not very intelligent. He works as a Safety Inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. Homer is one of the most popular and famous fictional characters and is thought of as one of the greatest comedic animated characters of modern times. Although Homer seems selfish, he does actually care for his family. In one episode he entered Lisa in a beauty contest so she could feel better about herself. He is often heard saying "D'oh!" which has become an often used word when things go wrong. He likes to drink beer and is often seen hanging out at Moe's Tavern with his best friends Carl Carlson, Lenny Leonard, and Barney Gumble.
Creation
Homer’s name derives from the Greek Homeros (Ὅμηρος). Homer is the name of the Greek poet who wrote the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. Matt Groening first drew the Simpson family in the lobby of James L. Brooks' office. After he had decided not to do his "Life in Hell" cartoon series, he quickly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, with Homer being named after his father. Homer's middle initial "J," which was discovered to stand for "Jay", was a "tribute" to Bullwinkle J. Moose from Rocky and Bullwinkle, a show Matt Groening loved as a child. In a TV Guide poll, Homer was named as the second greatest cartoon character, behind Bugs Bunny.
Homer Simpson syndrome
A five-year study of more than 2,500 middle-aged people in France found a possible connection between weight and brain function, named as the "Homer Simpson syndrome". Results from a word memory test showed that people with a BMI of 20 (considered to be a healthy level) remembered an average of 9 out of 16 words. Meanwhile, people with a BMI of 30 (inside the obese range) remembered an average of 7 out of 16 words.
References
Other websites
Biography from the official Simpsons website
Fictional characters introduced in 1987
The Simpsons characters
ja:ザ・シンプソンズの登場人物#シンプソン家とその親類 |
13527 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium | Calcium | Calcium is a chemical element. Its symbol on the periodic table (a list of all the elements) is Ca. Its atomic number is 20. (The atomic number says where Calcium sits in the periodic table.) It has 20 protons and 20 electrons (if is an atom, see ion). The most common isotopes are Ca-40 and Ca-44. Its mass number is about 40.08.
Calcium is very important in the human body, for making bones and for other purposes.
Properties
Physical properties
Calcium is a soft white-gray metal. It is a solid and is opaque. It is an alkaline earth metal. Its melting point is hotter than most other reactive metals. It is a little harder than lead. It has two allotropes. It does not conduct electricity as well as copper, but is much lighter in weight.
Chemical properties
It reacts with water to produce hydrogen and calcium hydroxide. It reacts with water very fast when it is powdered. When it is in a chunk, it starts reacting slowly because calcium hydroxide makes a coating that does not dissolve on the calcium. If a little acid is added to calcium hydroxide, it dissolves it, making the calcium react very fast. It burns when powdered to make a reddish flame. This makes calcium oxide. It also makes calcium nitride when heated. It can react with halogens to make calcium halides like calcium chloride with chlorine.
Calcium compounds
Calcium forms chemical compounds in the +2 oxidation state. Calcium compounds are colorless. Most calcium compounds are not toxic. They are needed in the human body, actually. They are unreactive as far as calcium ions go. Calcium oxide was used to make limelights, which have a flame heating calcium oxide and makes it glow very bright.
Calcium bromate
Calcium carbonate
Calcium chloride
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium nitrate
Calcium nitride
Calcium oxide
Calcium permanganate
Calcium phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate
Monocalcium phosphate
Isotopes
Calcium has 6 naturally occuring isotopes (40Ca, 42Ca, 43Ca, 44Ca, 46Ca and 48Ca), of which 48Ca is very slightly radioactive with a half-life about 6.4×1019 years. Traces of 41Ca, 45Ca and 47Ca are made by cosmic rays striking atoms, and are called cosmogenic nuclides. 41Ca is made by the neutron activation of 40Ca in the upper layers of the Earth's crust and has a half-life of 102,000 years. Since it decays to potassium-41, it is a critical indicator of solar system anomalies.
Calcium-40 is the most abundant isotope (96% of all natural calcium), since it comes from radiogenic 40K, which has a half-life of 1.25 billion years. However, along with calcium-46, it is theoretically unstable but with a half-life so long it has never been observed to decay.
Occurrence
In the ground
Calcium is not found as a metal in the ground; it is too reactive. Calcium carbonate, also known as calcite, is the most common calcium mineral.
Calcium in cells
It is important to know how cells work. Many cells have calcium channels on their surface. These are openings where calcium ions can enter the cell. The cell is told to act and it opens the channels. Once in the cell calcium ions activates many proteins to do specific things. For example, when it goes into muscle cells, it makes them contract (shorten so the muscle pulls.) When it goes into nerve cells, it triggers electrical impulses that send a messages. When it goes into white blood cells it makes them fight germs.
Calcium ions are important to cells, but too many calcium ions can be bad. If a cell gets more calcium ion than it needs it can die. This is why the amount of calcium ion in cells is highly regulated. Conversely, not enough calcium ion is bad. Cells must have the right amount to function properly.
Sometimes cells are unhealthy and need to die in for the body to replace them with new, healthy cells. This keeps the whole organism healthy. Cells know when they should die and can trigger reactions to end their life cycles in many ways. When this happens it is called apoptosis, also known as a 'programmed cell death' (planned cell death.) One way cells accomplish apoptosis by taking in toxic levels of calcium ions.
Calcium is very important for the human body.
Calcium storage
Bones contain most of the calcium ion in the human body. If we need more calcium for our blood, muscles, or other tissue, it comes from the bones. If we have extra calcium it goes into bones.
Calcium as an element is not found in the human body, just calcium ions in the form of chemical compounds.
Calcium regulation
Organisms need to keep calcium ion levels very well controlled. High calcium levels are bad, and low calcium levels are bad.
The body controls this by changing
how much calcium we get from the food we eat
how much calcium we lose in urine
how much calcium is put in bones
The control of calcium in the body is called calcium metabolism. Too little calcium can cause osteoporosis.
The body controls calcium levels with many hormones. Calcitonin, Parathyroid hormone (acronym PTH), and Vitamin D are the most important hormones in calcium metabolism. (Vitamin D works as a hormone but it is called a vitamin.)
Preparation
Calcium metal is made by electrolysis of melted calcium chloride. It has to be very hot to melt it. The calcium metal is liquid.
Uses
As an element
Calcium is used in the reduction of other metals. It can also be used to make alloys with other metals.
As chemical compounds
Calcium compounds are also important in chemistry. It is important for making things. It is a part of cement which is needed to make concrete (a hard substance that many buildings are made from.)
Calcium is part of calcium oxide. Calcium oxide is used to make paper, pottery, food, and to purify water (make it good to drink.) Calcium carbonate is used as a calcium supplement. Calcium permanganate can be used as a rocket propellant.
Safety
Calcium is toxic as an element. It reacts with water and makes a strong base, calcium hydroxide. Calcium compounds are not toxic unless the anion is toxic. Calcium permanganate is only toxic because of the permanganate, not the calcium. Like other alkaline earth metals calcium burns easily and brightly.
Related pages
Calcium compounds
Sources
Other websites
Calcium -Citizendium
Alkaline earth metals |
13528 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Series%20of%20Unfortunate%20Events | A Series of Unfortunate Events | A Series of Unfortunate Events is a series of 13 books written for children by the author Lemony Snicket. They tell the story of three unlucky orphans (Violet Baudelaire, Klaus Baudelaire, and Sunny Baudelaire) and their lives after the death of their parents. The main villain of the books is Count Olaf who wants to steal Baudelaires' inheritance (the money their parents left behind). Count Olaf uses many disguises to get their fortune.
In other media
In 2004, there was a movie version, "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events," from Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon movies, starring Jim Carrey as Count Olaf.
In 2012, a new series from Lemony Snicket named All the Wrong Questions was written. The series tells the story of Lemony Snicket, a member of a group named V.F.D which is an important part of the series, when he was a child.
In 2016, the series was broadcast through Netflix (children's section).
Other websites
Lemony Snicket's website
Children's books
2004 movies
Paramount movies
Black comedy |
13529 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane | Membrane | A membrane is a thin soft layer of material. A membrane separates two things.
In biology a membrane can mean two things: a tissue membrane or the membranes of a cell. The membranes of cells are very small, while tissue membranes are larger.
Tissue membranes
A membrane can mean a thin layer of cells or tissue. This layer covers the body or an organ, or separates, or lines a body cavity. An example is the mucous membrane that is the skin that lines the inside of your nose and mouth. An epithelial membrane has two parts, one part is epithelial tissue and the other is connective tissue.
Membranes of cells
There are many different types of membranes in a cell. The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, covers one cell. Membranes also divide the cell into different spaces called organelles. Organelles are special areas of the cell that do different work. For example, the nucleus holds the DNA in a cell. The mitochondria make energy for the cell.
Membranes in cells are made of lipids (fats) and protein. The lipids keep the inside of the cell or the organelle separate from the outside. The proteins do many things. Plasma membranes give the cell messages from outside. They let some things (like glucose, calcium, and potassium) go into and out of the cell.
Cell biology
Plant anatomy |
13531 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire | Voltaire | François-Marie Arouet (also known as Voltaire) was a French philosopher. He was born in 1694 and grew up in Poitou. He died in Paris in 1778.
Voltaire did not like France at the time because he thought that it was old fashioned. He also did not like the Church and thought that people should be allowed to believe what they want. However he did not like democracy either and thought that a country needed to be led by a wise and strong king. Voltaire had to live in exile in England for three years from 1726 to 1729 where these ideas were more common. He liked the philosophy of John Locke.
Voltaire was also a writer. He wrote many books, poems and plays, some of which are still liked today. A lot of his work was against France and the Church. This meant that he was unpopular at first but became more popular towards the time of the French Revolution. He also studied science and wrote a lot about people and places he knew. His writings later led to the Terror of the French revolution, where there was no liberty and the population was condemned on a whim of the political leaders.
Voltaire believed in a God but did not believe in a God personally involved in people's lives, like the Christian God. This is called Deism. When he died in Paris, Voltaire was not allowed to be buried in a church because he did not believe in the Christian God.
Note
Other websites
An analysis of Voltaire's texts (in the "textes" topic) (in French)
Voltaire's writings from Philosophical Dictionary
Société Voltaire
Voltaire's Candide and Leibniz
VisitVoltaire.com
Voltaire, his work in audio version
1694 births
1778 deaths
17th-century philosophers
French deists
French philosophers
Pen names |
13536 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri | Missouri | Missouri is one of the 50 states in the United States. Its capital is Jefferson City. Its largest cities are Kansas City and Saint Louis. Some other cities are Columbia (which is where the University of Missouri is), and Springfield.
Missouri officially became a state on August 10, 1821.
Missouri's edges touch a total of eight states: Iowa lies to the north; to the east, across the Mississippi River, are Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee; Arkansas lies to the south; and on the west are Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska (Kansas and Nebraska are across the Missouri River).
History
Native Americans first settled in Missouri before the arrival of Europeans.
Related pages
List of counties in Missouri
References
Other websites
Missouri State Guide, from the Library of Congress
1821 establishments in the United States |
13538 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Dakota | South Dakota | South Dakota is a state in the United States. South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. Its capital is Pierre and largest city is Sioux Falls. Other important cities are Rapid City and Aberdeen. Famous attractions include Mount Rushmore, the Black Hills, and the Wall Drug Store. The Corn Palace is also famous, and it is in Mitchell.
South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota, to the south by Nebraska, to the east by Iowa and Minnesota, and to the west by Wyoming and Montana.
There are Nine Native American tribes that live in South Dakota.
Related pages
Colleges and universities in South Dakota
List of counties in South Dakota
References
Other websites
The Official Home Page of South Dakota
1889 establishments in the United States |
13539 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon%2C%20London | Wimbledon, London | Wimbledon is a suburb in the London Borough of Merton, in the south west of London, England. The Wimbledon Championships, a tennis competition, is held there every summer. Also in Wimbledon are New Wimbledon Theatre, and Wimbledon Common, one of the largest areas of common land in London. Wimbledon F.C., a famous football club, started in Wimbledon, then moved to Milton Keynes and changed their name to Milton Keynes Dons F.C. however after this move AFC Wimbledon was created and now plays at Kings medow in Kingston. People live in two different areas. The High Street area is called the "village", and the area near the railway station is called the "town". The High Street area is part of the original Middle Ages village, and the "town" area is modern - houses were first built there in 1838.
History
People are known to have lived in Wimbledon since the Iron Age when the hill fort on Wimbledon Common was built. At the time the Domesday Book was written (about 1087), Wimbledon belonged to the lord of the manor of Mortlake. The ownership of the manor of Wimbledon changed between various rich families many times during its history, and the area also attracted other wealthy families who built large houses such as Eagle House, Wimbledon House and Warren House. The people in the village were either poor people who worked on the land or they were rich and important people. The rich and poor people lived together happily. In the 18th century the Dog and Fox public house became a stop on the stagecoach run from London to Portsmouth, then in 1838 the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) opened a station to the south east of the village at the bottom of Wimbledon hill. After the station was built, new houses were built near to it, and many people began living near the station. In the second half of the 19th century the number of people living in Wimbledon grew quickly. At the start of the 19th century there were about 1,000 people living in Wimbledon; then in 1911 there were about 55,000 people. During this time large numbers of villas and terraced houses were built out along the roads from the centre towards neighbouring Putney, Merton Park and Raynes Park.
Geography
Wimbledon lies in the south west area of London, south of Wandsworth, and east of Kingston upon Thames on the outskirts of Greater London. It is south-west of the centre of London at Charing Cross. It is considered an rich suburb with a mix of grand Victorian houses, modern housing and low rise apartments. The residential area is split into two sections known as the village and the town, with the village around the High Street being part of the original medieval village, and now a prime residential area of London commanding high prices, and the "town" being part of the modern development since the building of the railway station in 1838.
The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
The population consists around 57,000 adults, the majority in the ABC1 social group. The population grew from around 1,000 at the start of the 19th century to around 55,000 in 1911, a figure which has remained reasonably stable since.
Governance
Originally Wimbledon had its own borough of Wimbledon and was within the county of Surrey; it was absorbed into the London Borough of Merton as part of the creation of Greater London in 1965. It is in the Parliamentary constituency of Wimbledon, and since 2005 it has been represented by Conservative MP Stephen Hammond.
Wimbledon Football Club
Wimbledon Football Club was began in Wimbledon in 1889. In 2002 it moved to Milton Keynes and it 2004 it changed its name to Milton Keynes Dons F.C. Many football fans in Wimbledon did not agree with the move. They decided to start a new club there, which is called AFC Wimbledon.
The club played in the English Football League and won the FA Cup in 1988. It was a professional football club, which means that the players get paid to play.
References
Other websites
Local authorities
merton.gov.uk
Community
wimbledon-village.com
History
british-history.ac.uk The Environs of London: Volume 1: County of Surrey, 1792, "Wimbledon", pp. 519–540, Daniel Lysons
british-history.ac.uk A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4, 1912, "Parishes: Wimbledon", pp. 120–125, H.E. Malden (editor)
London Borough of Merton |
13540 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey%20Beat | Mersey Beat | The Mersey Beat or Mersey Sound or Liverpool Sound is the name for a type of music that came out in the city of Liverpool, England in the early 1960s.
Maybe the first group to be thought of as a part of genre were Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes. The most famous group of this genre were The Beatles. Other important groups include Gerry and the Pacemakers, The Searchers and the female singer Cilla Black.
Other websites
http://www.merseybeat.co.uk/
http://www.merseybeatnostalgia.co.uk/
http://www.merseybeatabd.co.uk/
Newsreel footage of The Fourmost
Short news story on Mersey Sound
Music genres
The Beatles
Liverpool, Merseyside |
13541 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1078 | 1078 | Year 1078 (MLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
Events
The Tower of London is built.
Philaretos Brachamios does not keep his claim to the Byzantine Empire after he becomes duke of Antioch.
August 7 – Battle of Mellrichstadt between Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and the German anti-king Rudolf of Swabia |
13584 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1766 | 1766 |
Events
March 18 – Britain repeals the Stamp Act after American protests.
Births
February 14 – Thomas Malthus, English demographer and economist (died 1834)
April 6 – Charles Louis de Fourcroy, Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, French Mathematician and Scholar
April 22 – Anne Louise Germaine de Stael, French writer (died 1817)
May 30 – Robert Darwin, Medical doctor and father of Charles Darwin (died 1848)
July 8 – Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon (died 1842)
August 6 – William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist (died 1828)
September 6 – John Dalton, English chemist and physicist (died 1844)
October 23 – Emmanuel, marquis de Grouchy, French marshal (died 1847)
November 2 – Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Austrian field marshal (died 1858)
December 3 – Barbara Fritchie, U.S. patriot in Civil War (died 1862)
Deaths |
13585 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventures%20of%20Pete%20and%20Pete | The Adventures of Pete and Pete | The Adventures of Pete and Pete was an American television show on the Nickelodeon network in the early 1990s. It was about two brothers with the same first name who grow up together.
Other websites
The Website of Pete and Pete
Comedy television series
Nickelodeon television series
1993 American television series debuts
1996 American television series endings
1990s television series
American comedy television series
American comedy-drama television series
American drama television series
English-language television programs |
13586 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/427%20BC | 427 BC | Year 427 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.
Events
Sparta's King Archidamus II is succeeded by his son Agis II.
Cleon says Mytilene must be destroyed. He decides not to kill the people.
Plataea surrenders to the Spartans and Thebans. Over 200 prisoners are put to death and Plataea is destroyed.
The civil war in Corcyra results in a victory of the democrats over the oligarchs.
The Quaestorship is opened to the Plebs.
Births
Plato, Greek philosopher (d. c. 347 BC)
Xenophon, Greek historian, soldier, mercenary and an admirer of Socrates (d. 354 BC)
Deaths
Archidamus II, king of Sparta |
13587 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle | Motorcycle | A motorcycle (or motorbike) is a vehicle used to transport people from one place to another. It does not have 4 wheels like a car. It has 2 wheels like a bicycle. But it has a motor like a car. A motorcycle is usually driven by one person. A passenger can also ride on the back of the motorcycle. Some motorcycles have a sidecar that can carry another passenger.
In 1901, the first successful motorcycle was made by "Indian motorcycles" in Springfield, Massachusetts. Since then, many other companies have made them. Major manufacturers include Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha. A well known American manufacturer of motorcycles is Harley-Davidson.
Since motorcycles can be lighter than cars, they can accelerate more quickly. But it also makes them not as safe as cars, because they do not have a protecting chassis around them like cars. Very often motorcycle riders are injured heavily in accidents. A motorcycle rider can wear a helmet and clothing that has armor. This special clothing may reduce the rider's injuries in an accident. Motorcycles also do not protect riders against wind and rain. That makes it difficult to drive in winter or during bad weather.
In poor countries, motorcycles are used by many as a cheap method of transportation. Many people who do not have the money to buy a car can afford a small motorcycle. In rich countries, large powerful motorcycles are used more as a hobby or sport.
Off road
On-road bikes (ones that are allowed on public roads) require the rider to have a special type of driver's license to be ridden legally. Off-road bikes are not allowed to be driven on public roads.
Speed and stunts are the main goals for off-road bike sports. Many on-road bikes are much faster than off-road bikes and can be used in sports such as motorbike racing.
Motocross is a form of motorcycle racing. It is on an off-road circuit. The sport came from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom.
References
Springfield, Massachusetts |
13588 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1585 | 1585 |
Births
December 4 – John Cotton, American Puritan leader |
13589 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea%20pig | Guinea pig | Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are a kind of rodent. They are not pigs and are not from Guinea. They are domesticated animals which originated in the Andes.
Studies on biochemistry and hybridization suggest they are descendants of a closely related species of cavy. They do not occur naturally in the wild.
Guinea pigs as pets
In many parts of the world, people keep them as pets. In Peru, Bolivia, and several other countries, they are raised for food. The first people who domesticated the animals, did it for food. Besides being a pet and a source of food, in some places people think guinea pigs keep bad spirits away. In Quechua, the language of some the native tribes of Peru, they are called . The Spanish-speaking people of the region call them cuy (plural: cuyes).
Name
This perception of pigginess occurred in many languages other than English; the German word for them is Meerschweinchen, literally "little sea pigs" (sailing ships stopping to reprovision in the New World would pick up stores of guinea pigs, which provided an easily transportable source of fresh meat), the Russian and Polish word for them is similar, "morskaya svinka" (Морская свинка) and "świnka morska" respectively, meaning also "little sea pig" (it comes from archaic use of the word to mean "overseas"). However, this perception of pigginess is not universal to all languages or cultures. For example, the common Spanish term is 'conejillo de Indias' (Indian bunny rabbit).
Housing and breeding guinea pigs
Guinea pigs need large open air cages in which to romp and frolic. They should have a diet of 1/8 cup of high quality grass-based guinea-pig pellets daily, as per manufacturer’s instructions. They should also have unlimited grass hay, and at least one cup of a variety of veggies. Guinea pigs like to be held in hand.
Guinea pigs should be kept in cages larger than 7.5 square feet or 10.5 square feet for 2 pigs. They should always have a friend as guinea pigs are social animals.
Breeding guinea pigs are not recommended as the rate of pregnancy complications is high.
For their diet guinea pigs generally prefer fresh fruits and vegetables.
Other uses of the term
Guinea pig is also slang for a person who is the first to try something. It can also mean the subject of an experiment. This is because guinea pigs are used by biologists as model organisms.
References
rodents
pets
Domesticated animals |
13592 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1531 | 1531 |
Events
The Spanish arrive in Peru.
Death of Protestant reformer Huldrych Zwingli |
13593 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Glass | Philip Glass | Philip Morris Glass (born January 31, 1937) is an American composer of modern music. He is one of the most influential music makers of the late 20th century.
Glass has created operas, music for quartets, dance, and much more. He is known for writing minimalist music.
Glass has described himself instead as a composer of "music with repetitive structures". Though his early music shares much with what is called "minimalist", he has since evolved stylistically.
References
Other websites
Official website
1937 births
Living people
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers |
13635 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audioslave | Audioslave | Audioslave is an American rock band. The band is made up of Chris Cornell (vocals), who was with Soundgarden until 1997, and Tom Morello (guitar), Tim Commerford (electric bass) and Brad Wilk (drums), who were with Rage Against The Machine until 2000.
Their first album Audioslave was released in 2002 and the next one, named Out of Exile, followed in 2005. On May 6, 2005 Audioslave became the first American rock group to play in Cuba. Because of American laws against trade with Cuba, this concert had to be allowed by US authorities.
Studio albums
Audioslave (2002)
Out of Exile (2005)
Revelations (2006)
Other websites
Official website
2000s American music groups
American rock bands
American hard rock bands
Post-grunge bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
2007 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in California |
13637 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment | Environment | Environment means anything that surrounds us. It can be living (biotic) or non-living (abiotic) things. It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces. Living things live in their environment. They constantly interact with it and adapt themselves to conditions in their environment. In the environment there are different interactions between animals, plants, soil, water, and other living and non-living things.
Since everything is part of the environment of something else, the word environment is used to talk about many things. People in different fields of knowledge use the word environment differently. Electromagnetic environment is radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation and magnetic fields. The environment of galaxy refers to conditions of interstellar medium.
In psychology and medicine, a person's environment is the people, physical things and places that the person lives with. The environment affects the growth and development of the person. It affects the person's behavior, body, mind and heart.
The living conditions of living organisms in an environment are affected by the weather or climate changes in the environment.
Natural environment
In biology and ecology, the environment is all of the natural materials and living things, If those things are natural, it is a natural environment.
Environment includes the living and nonliving things that an organism interacts with, or has an effect on it. Living elements that an organism interacts with are known as biotic elements: animals, plants, etc., abiotic elements are non living things which include air, water, sunlight etc. Studying the environment means studying the relationships among these various things. An example of interactions between non-living and living things is plants getting their minerals from the soil and making food using sunlight. Predation, an organism eating another, is an example of interaction between living things.
Some people call themselves environmentalists. They think we must protect the natural environment, to keep it safe. Things in the natural environment that we value are called natural resources. For example; fish, insects, and forests. These are renewable resources because they come back naturally when we use them. Non-renewable resources are important things in the environment that are limited for example, ores and fossil fuels after a few thousand years. Some things in the natural environment can kill people, such as lightning.
Ecological units which are natural systems without much human interference. These include all vegetation, microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural events.
Universal natural resources and physical phenomenon which lack clear-cut boundaries. These include climate, air, water, energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism.
Related pages
Environmental chemistry
Environmental factor
Environmental revitalization
Environmentalism
Ecology |
13638 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth | Tooth | A tooth is one of the hard, white things in the mouth. Teeth (plural) are used to help the mastication process by chewing food. Chew means to break up and crush food so it can be swallowed (pushed down into the stomach).
Most vertebrates have teeth. Birds are the biggest group that do not. Many invertebrates have mouthparts which, to some extent, act like teeth. Different animals have different kinds of teeth because they eat different foods. Some animals use teeth as a weapon. Human adults usually have 32 teeth. Human children usually have 20 teeth.
Natal teeth
Some human babies are born with teeth. Natal teeth are teeth that are present at birth. These are different from neonatal teeth which are teeth that emerge during the first month of life. Natal teeth are not common. They occur in about 1 out of every 2–3 thousand births. They are usually found on the lower jaw. Natal teeth are usually not well attached and may easily wobble.
Teeth eruption
Deciduous teeth or milk teeth or temporary teeth are the first set of teeth for most mammals. Humans have 20 of them. The first teeth (called "primary teeth") start to erupt (come through the gums of the jaw) when a baby is about 6 months old. When these teeth erupt it can really hurt. Babies chew on things to make the pain better. This is called teething (verb: to teethe). Most children have all 20 teeth by two or three years of age.
At age 6–7 the permanent teeth start to erupt. By the age of 11–12 most children have 28 adult teeth. The last four teeth, called 'wisdom teeth' or third molars come in by age 17–21 in most people. Some people never grow wisdom teeth. Or they may have only two instead of four.
Teeth structure
The outside white part of teeth is called the enamel. The enamel is made of calcium phosphate and is very hard. Under the enamel is the dentine. The dentine is softer than the hard enamel. So it is hurt more by tooth decay (cavities). Under the dentine is the pulp which has the nerves and blood vessels that go to the tooth. This is the part that causes the pain of a toothache. Cementum is outside the dentine where there is no enamel. Cementum holds the tooth to the bone of the jaw.
Types of teeth
Incisor
Canine tooth
Premolar
Molar
Healthy teeth
If they are protected and kept clean, teeth should stay for a person's whole life. Many people lose their teeth early because they do not do the right things to keep teeth healthy.
Some things people can do to keep teeth healthy:
Brush teeth after every meal and at bedtime with a soft-bristled brush.
Floss after every meal (but at least once a day at bedtime). Flossing should be done before brushing!
Drink water with fluoride before brushing. Or, use a fluoride mouthrinse (but not for children under age 6).
See a dentist every 6 months for a tooth exam and tooth cleaning.
Eat a healthy diet.
Sugars like sucrose and glucose are bad for teeth.
Milk and cheese are good for teeth because they have calcium.
However, milk contains lactose which can cause cavities. Due to this, drinking a lot of milk can still cause cavities.
Unsweetened (no sugar) chewing gum helps clean teeth, and makes salvia and removes food particles.
Nothing with flavor in-between meals, give your saliva the two to three hours it needs to clean teeth. The saliva can not do that if there is a continuous food film being put on to the teeth.
Dehydration leads to less saliva production. Drink plenty of water every day.
Disease of teeth
Plaque is the soft white substance that forms on teeth when they are not cleaned. It has bacteria in it that hurt enamel. If plaque is not cleaned off, after 2 days it can become tartar. Tartar is a hard substance that forms on teeth (mostly near the gums). Tartar makes gums unhealthy and makes more bacteria grow on the teeth.
Plaque is cleaned off with a toothbrush. If tartar forms on teeth, a dentist must clean it off.
The bacteria that are on teeth eat into the enamel. Cleaning and flossing teeth, eating good foods, and having a dentist take off plaque make less bacteria on teeth. If there is too much bacteria, they eat enamel faster than teeth make enamel. This makes holes in enamel called cavities. When a person gets cavities, he has the disease dental caries. Making cavities in enamel happens slowly. But once cavities go through enamel, the soft dentine is hurt much faster. Cavities may be fixed by dentists.
Related pages
Dental formula
Dentition
Dentures
References
Other websites
The New Student's Reference Work Wikisource
Tooth Citizendium
Basic English 850 words |
13646 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petula%20Clark | Petula Clark | Petula Clark, CBE (born 15 November 1932) is a British singer, actress and composer. She was born in Epsom, Surrey. She began her career as a child and was popular in Britain during World War II. In the 1950s, she became a successful pop singer, first in the UK, then in continental Europe, and finally in the United States in the mid-1960s. Her most famous song is "Downtown," which was recorded in four languages and sold nearly five million copies worldwide. Her films include The Card (1952), The Runaway Bus (1956), Finian's Rainbow (1968), and Goodbye, Mr. Chips. She continues to record and perform in concert.
Other websites
Actors from Surrey
British child actors
British child singers
English movie actors
English pop singers
English television actors
Singers from Surrey
1932 births
Living people
Warner Bros. Records artists |
13647 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Jones%20%28singer%29 | Tom Jones (singer) | Sir Thomas John Woodward (born 7 June 1940), known professionally as Tom Jones, is a Welsh singer. He has won Grammy Awards. Jones is particularly noted for his powerful voice. He released his first album Along Came Jones in 1965. He has released thirty-nine studio albums since then. He released his most recent album Spirit in the Room in 2012.
Early life
He was born at 57, Kingsland Terrace, Treforest, Pontypridd, South Wales.
Personal life
Jones was married to Linda from 1957 until she died of cancer in 2016. He has a son (born 1957) by Linda. He has a son (born 1988) by another woman.
Other websites
References
1940 births
Living people
Brit Award winners
British R&B musicians
British soul musicians
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Glamorgan
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Welsh pop singers
Knights Bachelor |
13648 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade | Slade | Slade is an English Hard rock /Glam rock band. The band started in 1966 and were popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The band released fifteen studio albums and four live albums.
With worldwide success, particularly in the UK and Europe, the band scored six number one singles on the UK chart, and a total of 24 top forty singles in the country. The original line-up split in 1992 which led guitarist Dave Hill and drummer Don Powell to form Slade II, with new members. The new line-up continues to tour today.
In 1975, the band made a film titled Slade in Flame.
Members
Noddy Holder - Vocals / guitars / bass guitar
Dave Hill - Guitars / vocals / bass guitar
Jim Lea - Bass guitar / vocals / keyboards / violin / guitars
Don Powell - Drums / percussion
Albums
Beginnings (as Ambrose Slade, 1969)
Play It Loud (1970)
Slade Alive! (1972)
Slayed? (1972)
Sladest (1973)
Old New Borrowed and Blue (1974)
Slade in Flame (1974)
Nobody's Fools (1976)
Whatever Happened to Slade (1977)
Slade Alive Vol. 2 (1978)
Return to Base (1979)
We'll Bring the House Down (1981)
Till Deaf Do Us Part (1981)
Slade on Stage (1982)
The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome (1983)
Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply (1984)
Rogues Gallery (1985)
Crackers – The Christmas Party Album (1985)
You Boyz Make Big Noize (1987)
Wall of Hits (1991)
Keep on Rockin''' (1994) (as Slade II)
Cum On Let's Party (2000) (as Slade II'')
English rock bands |
13649 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1776 | 1776 |
Events
July 4 – the United States of America say that they are no longer part of England (the Declaration of Independence)
July 12 – Captain James Cook starts his third, and final, voyage to the Pacific Ocean
The city of San Francisco is founded in California, USA (San Francisco was then part of Spain).
The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith is published. It is an important book in the history of economics.
Births
January 24 – E.T.A. Hoffmann, German writer, composer, and painter (died 1822)
February 11 – Joannis Capodistrias, Greek governor of Troezen (died 1831)
March 10 – Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Prussia (died 1810)
April 1 – Sophie Germain, French mathematician (died 1831)
June 11 – John Constable, English painter (died 1837)
August 9 – Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist (died 1856)
Muttusvami Dikshitar, Indian composer
Deaths
August 25 – David Hume, Scotish philosopher |
13650 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20Purple | Deep Purple | Deep Purple are a rock band started in Hertford, England, in 1968. Their best known song is "Smoke on the Water" from the album "Machine Head". Some of their other albums like "Deep Purple in Rock" where a great hit and was rated #1 in Germany. Deep Purple are one of the pioneering bands and founders of the hard rock and heavy metal genre.
History
Forming, and Mark I (1967 - 1969)
In 1967, a drummer called Chris Curtis was putting a new band together, where members would only be part of it when it suited them (or would "get on and off"). Because of this format, the band was called Roundabout. The first musicians to be hired were guitar player Ritchie Blackmore and keyboard player Jon Lord. Curtis behaved in a disorderly way, and so was fired from his own project. Blackmore and Lord wanted to continue, and so finished putting the band together themselves, with singer Rod Evans, bass player Nick Simper, and drummer Ian Paice. They renamed the band "Deep Purple" after a song Blackmore's mother liked, disliking the name "Roundabout".
This band lineup, known as "Mark I", released three albums, called "Shades of Deep Purple" (1968), "The Book of Taliesyn" (1968) and a self-titled (1969). They released a fairly popular single called "Hush", thought to be radio friendly in America, but, apart from that, did not have any success. Eventually, Blackmore and Lord decided to change the style of music the band would play from soft progressive rock to hard rock. While Ian Paice agreed to the change, they decided Evans and Simper would not fit this new style, and were let go from the band.
Mark II and success (1969 - 1973)
The band found a new singer called Ian Gillan and a new bass player called Roger Glover, forming Mark II. Jon Lord used to play in orchestras, and at this time, wanted to go back to them and base the Deep Purple sound around that. Whilst the band did perform as an orchestra (with new singer Ian Gillan writing lyrics) gaining the band some publicity, Gillan and Blackmore were not happy about the band being associated with orchestras, and were firm about Deep Purple being a hard rock band, though Jon Lord would write another orchestral piece for the band.
The band eventually got back to their plans of playing hard rock, and released "Deep Purple in Rock" in 1970, which became a big success. The famous album cover shows the band members' faces engraved into Mount Rushmore. The album itself had popular songs such as "Speed King" "Child in Time" and "Bloodsucker" (which was later re-recorded by the band in 1998). Critics and fans were pleased with new singer Ian Gillan's high pitched singing and screaming, and the album has since been considered a classic of the time, along with Black Sabbath's "Paranoid" and Led Zeppelin's "Led Zeppelin II".
The band followed "In Rock" up with "Fireball" in 1971, which did show hints of creative progressive rock but was still as heavy as the last album. Just weeks later, the band started working on the next album, which would become "Machine Head". An incident at a Frank Zappa & the Mothers of Invention concert would inspire the band to write their most popular song, "Smoke on the Water" which ended up on the album. "Machine Head", released in 1972, was another success and featured several other popular songs like "Highway Star" and "Space Truckin'".
Mark II's last album was "Who Do We Think We Are" in 1973, and it featured another hit song for the band, "Woman from Tokyo". Ian Gillan left the band that year as he did not like the band's touring and recording schedule, because at the time he wanted a break. He was also arguing with Ritchie Blackmore. Roger Glover left shortly after, also because of arguing with Blackmore.
Marks III and IV (1973 - 1976)
David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes were hired to replace Ian Gillan and Roger Glover. Glenn Hughes also had singing talent so it was decided he would act as lead singer on some of the band's songs too. In fact, since Hughes was hired first, the band considered performing as a 4-piece from then on, with Hughes singing full-time as well as playing bass.
Mark III's first album, "Burn", released in 1974, was successful and seemed to point a positive picture for the band's future without Gillan or Glover. The singing harmonies from Coverdale and Hughes had something of a blues and funk style to them. These styles were explored more on the band's next album, "Stormbringer", released later the same year. Ritchie Blackmore left after he became more unhappy with this style of music, feeling it was just "shoeshine music".
Although many fans were wondering if Deep Purple could carry on without Blackmore, who had been their highly regarded guitar player from their formation up until this point, they chose to continue, and hired American guitar player Tommy Bolin (forming mark IV). The next album, "Come Taste The Band", showed Bolin bringing a further funk influence into the band's music, having a more creative output than Blackmore did when he left the band.
Breakup, and other projects (1976 - 1984)
Ian Paice and Jon Lord, the last remaining founding members, agreed to end Deep Purple in 1976 after touring was over, but did not inform any other members. Shortly after, Coverdale informed them he was leaving the band, and only then did Jon Lord tell him: "David, there's no band to leave!" Glenn Hughes and Tommy Bolin were excited about the next Deep Purple album before they too were told that Paice and Lord had ended the band.
David Coverdale started a band of his own called Whitesnake, and Ian Paice and Jon Lord were members for a period of time. Ian Gillan had been performing in a solo band since he left in 1973. Ritchie Blackmore had started a band called Rainbow after leaving in 1975, releasing some successful albums with Ronnie James Dio as lead singer, who would carry on his fame in Black Sabbath and Dio (his own solo band). However, Tommy Bolin would only release one more solo album before he died in 1976, due to drug use.
Rod Evans put together a band and tried to perform as "Deep Purple", advertising it as a reunion although he was the only member who had ever been part of the band during its initial time together. Legal action was taken against him by the real representatives of Deep Purple, who sued him for using the band name without permission.
Mark II reformations and Marks V and VI (1984 - 1994)
A real Deep Purple reunion happened in 1984 when the Mark II lineup got back together, and released the album "Perfect Strangers" that same year. It sold very well and was well received from fans who were excited about the return of the band's iconic lineup. The songs "Knockin' At Your Back Door" and "Perfect Strangers" were popular. The band also enjoyed success on tour.
"The House of Blue Light" was the next album to come from the band, in 1987. Some fans noticed that the band sounded more "modern" on this album than before, which led to mixed opinions. A new version of the band's 1968 minor hit "Hush" was re-recorded in 1988 by the Mark II lineup to mark the 20th anniversary of Deep Purple. However, Ian and Ritchie started arguing again over the future of the band, and their differences had torn their working relationship too far apart, meaning Gillan was fired in 1989. Blackmore seemed to want to make the band sound more commercial (something he had tried to do with his band Rainbow back in the early 1980s). He hired Joe Lynn Turner (also a former Rainbow singer) to replace Gillan, and the Mark V band released "Slaves and Masters" in 1990.
However, the band's popularity was declining, and Turner was forced out in 1992 by the record company, who wanted the iconic lineup with Gillan back for the band's 25th anniversary. And so, the Mark II lineup released one more album together in 1993 called "The Battle Rages On...". However, during the tour, audience attendances were getting lower, and problems between band members arose, with Ritchie Blackmore walking out on the band for good. Joe Satriani filled in for the rest of the tour, but did not become a full-time member afterwards, due to his label commitments. The band decided to hire American Steve Morse in 1994.
Revival with Steve Morse and Jon Lord's retirement (Marks VII and VIII) (1994 - present)
With Steve Morse in the band, Deep Purple enjoyed renewed success on tour. Ian Gillan was especially pleased that Ritchie Blackmore was no longer in the band, as he felt his departure saved them from a breakup. Since 1994, Deep Purple have enjoyed more success touring than with their studio albums, although their material written with Morse has received good reviews, with fans and critics feeling the band has more creativity again. Mark VII released two albums, "Purpendicular" (1996) and "Abandon" (1998), before Jon Lord retired in 2002, feeling the need to step down from the band's hard touring schedule. He was replaced by Don Airey.
Over the next few years, Deep Purple released two more albums, "Bananas" (2003) and "Rapture of the Deep" (2005). Their next tour, the "Rapture of the Deep tour" started in 2006, and finished in 2011, making it their longest tour to date. In 2012, Jon Lord died after battling cancer at the age of 71. The band continue to record as well as tour, and released their nineteenth and latest album, "Now What?!", in 2013.
Band members
Current
Ian Gillan - Vocals (1969 - 1973, 1984 - 1989, 1992 - present)
Steve Morse - Guitar (1994 - present)
Roger Glover - Bass (1969 - 1973, 1984 - present)
Ian Paice - Drums (1968 - 1976, 1984 - present)
Don Airey - Keyboards, organ (2002 - present)
Former
Ritchie Blackmore - Guitar (1968 - 1975, 1984 - 1993)
Jon Lord - Keyboards, organ, vocals (1968 - 1976, 1984 - 2002)
David Coverdale - Vocals (1973 - 1976)
Glenn Hughes - Bass, vocals (1973 - 1976)
Rod Evans - Vocals (1968 - 1969)
Tommy Bolin - Guitar, vocals (1975 - 1976)
Joe Lynn Turner - Vocals (1989 - 1992)
Joe Satriani - Guitar
Nick Simper - Bass, vocals
Lineups
Ian Paice is the only member to be in all of the band's lineups.
Mark I (1) (1968 - 1969):
The first complete lineup of the band. They released a single that was fairly successful in America called "Hush". Rod Evans and Nick Simper were fired as the other members wanted to play heavier rock music and did not think they would play this style of music well.
Lead singer - Rod Evans
Guitar player - Ritchie Blackmore
Bass player - Nick Simper
Drummer - Ian Paice
Keyboard player - Jon Lord
Mark II (2) (1969 - 1973, 1984 - 1989, 1992 - 1993):
This is the band's most famous lineup, releasing albums such as "Deep Purple in Rock" and songs such as "Smoke on the Water". In 1973, Ian Gillan left the band as he did not like the band's touring and recording schedule, because at the time he wanted a break. He was also arguing with Ritchie Blackmore. Roger Glover left shortly after, also because of arguing with Blackmore.
In 1984, this lineup of the band got back together. However, Ian and Ritchie started arguing again over the future of the band, meaning Gillan was fired in 1989. He rejoined in 1992, bringing this band lineup together for the third time, although Blackmore left a year later, this time, for good.
Lead singer - Ian Gillan
Guitar player - Ritchie Blackmore
Bass player - Roger Glover
Drummer - Ian Paice
Keyboard player - Jon Lord
Mark III (3) (1973 - 1975):
David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes were hired to replace Ian Gillan and Roger Glover. Glenn Hughes also had singing talent so it was decided he would act as lead singer on some of the band's songs too. Ritchie Blackmore left after he became more unhappy with the style of music of the band, which was more funk rock at this time.
Lead singer - David Coverdale
Guitar player - Ritchie Blackmore
Bass player - Glenn Hughes (also occasional lead singer)
Drummer - Ian Paice
Keyboard player - Jon Lord
Mark IV (4) (1975 - 1976):
After making the hard decision to carry the band on without Blackmore, the band hired American guitar player Tommy Bolin and carried on the funk-rock music style Blackmore was unhappy about.
Lead singer - David Coverdale
Guitar player - Tommy Bolin
Bass player - Glenn Hughes
Drummer - Ian Paice
Keyboard player - Jon Lord
Mark V (5) (1989 - 1992)
Ritchie Blackmore had before played with Joe Lynn Turner in Blackmore's solo band called Rainbow, and suggested he join the band to replace Ian Gillan, who was brought back 3 years later because of record label pressures, as the band's 25th anniversary was coming up and they wanted the iconic Mark II lineup together again.
Lead singer - Joe-Lynn Turner
Guitar player - Ritchie Blackmore
Bass player - Roger Glover
Drummer - Ian Paice
Keyboard player - Jon Lord
Mark VI (6) (1993 - 1994):
The band still needed to play concerts after Ritchie Blackmore, so they hired American guitar player Joe Satriani, although he did not stay with the band after the tour.
Lead singer - Ian Gillan
Guitar player - Joe Satriani
Bass player - Roger Glover
Drummer - Ian Paice
Keyboard player - Jon Lord
Mark VII (7) (1994 - 2002):
Joe Satriani turned down the chance to be a member of Deep Purple, so the band found another American guitar player called Steve Morse. In 2002, Jon Lord retired from the band after 26 years with them (not counting the 8 years the band was split up) leaving Ian Paice as the only founding member left. He was replaced with Don Airey.
Lead singer - Ian Gillan
Guitar player - Steve Morse
Bass player - Roger Glover
Drummer - Ian Paice
Keyboard player - Jon Lord
Mark VIII (8) (2002 - present)
This has remained the lineup since Jon Lord's departure from Deep Purple and the hiring of Don Airey to replace him.
Lead singer - Ian Gillan
Guitar player - Steve Morse
Bass player - Roger Glover
Drummer - Ian Paice
Keyboard player - Don Airey
Discography
Studio albums
Shades of Deep Purple (1968)
The Book of Taliesyn (1968)
Deep Purple (1969)
Deep Purple in Rock (1970)
Fireball (1971)
Machine Head (1972)
Who Do We Think We Are (1973)
Burn (1974)
Stormbringer (1974)
Come Taste the Band (1975)
Perfect Strangers (1984)
The House of Blue Light (1987)
Slaves and Masters (1990)
The Battle Rages On... (1993)
Purpendicular (1996)
Abandon (1998)
Bananas (2003)
Rapture of the Deep (2005)
Now What! (2013)
Infinite (2017)
Whoosh! (2020)
Turning to Crime (2021)
Other websites
Deep Purple Official Website www.deeppurple.org
The Highway Star
1968 establishments in England
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Blues bands
English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1968
Warner Bros. Records artists |
13670 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt | Yogurt | Yogurt, or yoghurt is a milk product made by bacterial fermentation of milk. The lactose in the milk becomes lactic acid when it is fermented. Lactic acid acts on the protein in the milk to make yoghurt thick and sour. The milk is heated to about 80 °C to kill any bacteria present, and to change the milk proteins so that they set together instead of becoming curd. After it is cooled to about 45 °C, the bacteria culture is added, and the milk is kept at that temperature for 4 to 7 hours to ferment. Yogurt can also be made from plant milks such as almond milk, soy milk, and coconut milk.
Yogurt is one of the oldest produced foods in human history. No one knows for sure how long yogurt has been around. Today, it is eaten all over the world. It is rich in protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12.
Spelling
Yogurt derives romfrom the Turkish word yoğurt and in English, the word can be spelled either 'yogurt' or 'yoghurt'. In Canada 'yogourt' is also common. It can be spoken with either a short or a long 'o'.
History
The earliest yogurts were probably made by wild bacteria (yeast infections) and happened by chance.
The oldest writings mentioning yogurt were by Pliny the Elder, who said that some people knew how to thicken the milk into something which was sour but tasty.
Stamen Grigorov (1878–1945), a Bulgarian student of medicine in Geneva, first examined the bacteria in Bulgarian yogurt. In 1905 he said that it contained a round and a rod-like lactic acid-producing bacteria. In 1907 the rod-like bacteria was called Lactobacillus bulgaricus (now Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus). The Russian Nobel laureate biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, from the Pasteur Institute in Paris, was influenced by Grigorov's work and made a hypothesis that eating yoghurt regularly was the reason why Bulgarian peasants lived for so long. Mechnikov believed that Lactobacillus was needed for good health, and worked to make yoghurt popular through Europe.
Nutrition
Yoghurt has a lot of protein, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 in it. It is healthier than milk is. Many people who are lactose-intolerant can enjoy yoghurt, because much of the lactose in the milk has been changed into lactic acid.
Yoghurt also has medical uses, such as preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
References
Dairy products
Desserts |
13678 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon%20Brando | Marlon Brando | Marlon Brando, Jr. (April 3, 1924 – July 1, 2004) was an American actor and movie director. He is best known for his roles in the movies A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), The Wild One (1953), On the Waterfront (1954), The Godfather (1972), Superman (1978), Apocalypse Now (1979) and The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996). Brando died of respiratory failure from pulmonary fibrosis and congestive heart failure at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center on July 1, 2004.
Other websites
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
American movie actors
American movie directors
American stage actors
American television actors
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Deaths from respiratory failure
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
1924 births
2004 deaths |
13700 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician%20language | Galician language | Galician (Galician: ) is a modern language that is spoken in Galicia, a region of Spain in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Galician is closely related to Portuguese because they split from the same language, which is now called Galician-Portuguese or Medieval Galician. Some even say that Galician and Portuguese are two dialects of the same language but with different accents. However, most scholars say that the differences are now so great since both languages separated in the Middle Ages that they are now truly different languages. Galician is also very similar to the Leonese language.
Galician is a Romance language that evolved from Vulgar Latin, the Latin of common people in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The area is now Galicia, the western parts of Asturias and Castile-Leon and the Norte region in northern Portugal.
Galician took most of its words from Latin, many from Spanish but some from Germanic and Celtic.
Galician comes from Galician-Portuguese, spoken during the Middle Ages in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia. Today, Galician is spoken only in Galicia and by some people in North America, South America and Western Europe. In Jalisco, Mexico, Galician still leaves traces in the accent and words.
Dialect or language?
Some people say Galician and Portuguese are really two dialects of the same language because there are not a lot of differences between them, but they are officially two separate languages. Most scholars say they that have become so different over hundreds of years that they are now two different languages.
People who speak Portuguese in northern Portugal, which is close to Galicia, and people who speak Galician in Galicia, say that they can understand a lot each other, but that is less true in the south of Portugal.
References
Languages of Europe
Romance languages
Galicia |
13702 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Khaldun | Ibn Khaldun | Ibn Khaldun (; , ; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406) was an influential Arab thinker of the 14th century. His family were from Andalusia. Khaldun served the governments of the day in many ways. He was sometimes in prison. He lived in Marrakesh in Morocco for a time, and in Granada. Then he moved to Cairo, where he was a judge.
The most famous book Khaldun wrote is the Kitāb al-ʻIbar (Book of Lessons), a history of the world. The first part, Muqaddimah (Introduction) is often used alone. This book is often credited as inventing sociology. He also wrote his autobiography.
Ibn Khaldun lived a life in search of stability and influence. He came from a family of scholars and politicians and he intended to live up to both expectations. He would succeed in the field of scholarship much more so than in any other field. He died on 17 March 1406, one month after his sixth selection for the office of the Maliki qadi (Judge).
Historians
1332 births
1406 deaths
People from Tunis |
13703 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian%20Jura | Swabian Jura | The Swabian Jura (German: Schwäbische Alb, Bavarian: Schwobm Alb) is a plateau in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The Swabian Jura is situated between the Black Forest (West), Stuttgart (North), Bavaria (East) and Lake Constance (South). A lot of fossils are found here. The highest mountain is the Lemberg (1015 m).
Tourist information
There are many castles, monasteries, churches, ruins, caves and old towns in the region.
The river Danube nearly disappears in the porous limestime near Immendingen.
Important Towns:
Albstadt
Balingen
Hechingen
Münsingen
Reutlingen (the "gateway" to the Swabian Jura)
Sigmaringen
Ulm
A National Scenic Byway (Schwäbische Albstraße) leads you from the South West (Trossingen/Tuttlingen) to the North East (Aalen/Nördlingen) - length: over 200 kilometres.
Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Mountain ranges of Germany |
13704 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve | Nerve | A nerve is a group of special nerve cells grouped together in parallel. Another word for nerve cell is neuron. The special neurons grouped together in nerves take information (messages) to and from the human body to the central nervous system. The central nervous system (acronym) CNS is the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord is the big cord that goes from the brain into the back. It carries all the information that goes from the brain to the nerves in the body.
All the nerves in the body make the peripheral nervous system (acronym PNS). The brain and spinal cord are the CNS. All the nerves that come from the spinal cord are the PNS. Together the CNS and PNS are the nervous system.
Nerve Structure
Nervous system contains neurons and cells called glia. Glia cells keep the neurons safe and healthy. Neurons take messages to and from the CNS to the rest. The dendrite and axon are fibers that go out from the cell body. Axons take information away from the cell body. Dendrites take information to the cell body.
Types of nerves
Afferent nerves take messages to the CNS (brain) from the body. They take messages about sensation from the skin. They take messages about the position of the body from the muscles. They take messages about the function of organs like the heart and stomach.
Efferent nerves take messages from the CNS to the body. They take messages that tell muscles to move. They take messages to glands. They tell glands like sweat glands to make sweat (the water that comes out of your skin when you are hot.)
Diseases of nerves
There are many diseases of nerves. A disease of nerves is also called a neuropathy.
Trauma - nerves can be hurt by injury like being cut with a knife or being crushed when a bone is broken (fractured.)
Toxins – nerves can be hurt by toxins. These are substances also called poisons that can hurt an organism. Some toxins that hurt nerves are: alcohol, lead, and some drugs and medicines.
Infections – nerves can be hurt by infections.
Diseases – nerves can be hurt from having some diseases. The most common disease to cause a neuropathy is diabetes. This is called diabetic neuropathy.
References
Article about the nerve from Encyclopedia Britannica
Basic English 850 words
Anatomy of the nervous system |
13707 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine | Vaccine | A vaccine is an invented preparation. It is given to prevent a specific infectious disease. It only protects against the particular microorganism which it is prepared for. It is usually given by an injection called vaccination. At its best, It gives immunity to an infectious disease caused by a particular microorganism (bacteria or virus). For example, the flu vaccine makes it very much less likely that a person will get the flu.
At first, vaccines were usually made from something that is alive, or was alive. Now they may be built up by viral biochemistry. Each vaccine has its own history, and what is true of one might not be true of another.
The word "vaccine" comes from the Latin words vaccīn-us (from the word vacca, meaning "cow"). In 1796, Edward Jenner used a milkmaid infected with cowpox (variolae vaccinae) to protect people against smallpox. The use of vaccines is called vaccination.
History
Scientist Edward Jenner created the first vaccine in the 1770s. At this time, smallpox was a deadly disease. Jenner noticed that people who had already had cowpox (a disease that is related to smallpox) usually did not get smallpox. He thought that getting cowpox protected people against smallpox.
To test this idea, Jenner gave a boy cowpox. Then he infected the boy with smallpox. The boy did not get sick because he had already had cowpox. Jenner was right: having cowpox protected people against smallpox.
Because cowpox inoculation made fewer people sick than smallpox inoculation, England made smallpox inoculation illegal in 1840. In 1853, they made another law that said every child had to be vaccinated against smallpox using Jenner's vaccine.
In the 19th century, Louis Pasteur made a rabies vaccine.
In the 20th century, scientists created vaccines to protect people against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella. In the 1950s, Jonas Salk created the polio vaccine.
However, vaccines still do not exist for many important diseases, like malaria and HIV.
Many countries have passed compulsory vaccination laws – laws that require certain people to get vaccinated. For example, in many countries, children have to be vaccinated against certain diseases in order to go to public school.
Types of vaccines
There are many different types of vaccines.
One common type of vaccine is a "live vaccine." This type of vaccine contains a small amount of a live virus or bacteria. Before the vaccine is given, scientists weaken the virus or bacteria so it cannot make a person sick. When a person gets a live vaccine, their immune system learns to recognize and fight off that virus or bacteria. Then, if the person is exposed to the virus or bacteria in the future, their immune system will already "know" how to fight it off. Examples of live vaccines include vaccines for measles, mumps, and chickenpox.
Another common type of vaccine is an "inactivated vaccine." These vaccines contain dead viruses or bacteria. These do not cause the immune system to react as strongly as live vaccines. Because of this, people may need "booster shots" – extra doses of the vaccine, given at certain times, so their immune system can "learn" how to fight off the infection. Examples of inactivated vaccines include vaccines for pertussis (whooping cough), rabies, and hepatitis B.
In other vaccines, only a protein molecule from the virus or bacterium is injected into the patient. The protein is enough for the patient's immune system to recognize the whole germ.
With messenger RNA vaccines, only the messenger RNA (mRNA), which acts as a blueprint or recipe for the protein, is injected into the patient. The first mRNA vaccines were made in the 1990s, but scientists did not make large numbers of them until the 2010s. Some mRNA vaccines work against cancer and can make tumors smaller.
Scientists can make some types of vaccines in a laboratory.
Effectiveness
Vaccines do not guarantee complete protection from a disease. In other words, a person can get a disease that they were vaccinated against.
Sometimes, this happens because the person's immune system did not respond to the vaccine (it did not "learn" how to fight off the disease after the person got the vaccine). This may happen because the person's immune system is already weak (for example, because of diabetes, HIV infection, old age, or steroid use). It may also happen because the person's immune system cannot make the particular B cells which make the antibodies that stick to the pathogen.
Some vaccines work better than others at protecting people from a disease. The decrease in getting the disease is called efficacy. For example, if 80% fewer vaccinated people get the disease, 80% is the efficacy. There are many reasons for different efficacy:
Vaccination works better for some diseases than for others
The vaccine may be for a certain strain of a disease. If a person gets a different strain of the disease, they can still get sick.
Vaccines usually do not have permanent effects, so a person might need many different vaccinations on a schedule. If a person missed a scheduled vaccine, they might lose their protection against a disease.
Some people are "non-responders" to certain vaccines. This means that their immune systems just do not create antibodies to fight off a disease, even after they are vaccinated correctly.
Other things, like ethnicity, age, and genetics, can affect how a person reacts to a vaccine. In some cases, larger doses are used for older people (50–75 years and up), whose immune response to a given vaccine is not as strong.
Controversy
Since vaccines first existed, there have been people who did not agree with the idea of using vaccines. Around the world, most scientists and doctors agree that the benefits of using vaccines are much greater than the risks. The adverse effects from vaccines are rare. Not vaccinating people is a much greater risk, because vaccines prevent suffering and death from infectious diseases.
There have been controversies over using vaccines such as whether vaccines are safe, the amount of research and whether it is morally right to force people to get vaccinated.
Some religious groups do not allow uses of vaccines.
Some political groups argue that people should be able to choose whether or not to get vaccinated. They argue that laws requiring people to get vaccinated violate individual rights. In response, one study says: "Vaccine refusal not only increases the individual risk of disease but also increases the risk for the whole community".
Some parents choose not to follow the regular vaccine schedule for their children. One study looked at parents of children ages six months to six years old. It found that 13% of these parents reported following an alternative vaccination schedule. However, of these parents, less than 1 out of every 5 reported refusing all vaccines. Most refused only certain vaccines, and/or delayed some vaccines until the child was older.
Parents who delay vaccines until their children are older are often concerned about their child's immune system being too young and weak to handle getting many vaccines at once.
Economics of development and patents
One challenge in developing vaccines is economic. The diseases that most need vaccines today – HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis – exist mostly in poor countries. Companies that make vaccines would not make much money because many of the people who need them are too poor to pay for them. There would also be financial and other risks to these companies if they tried making new vaccines for these diseases.
Throughout history, most vaccines have been developed by governments, universities, and non-profit organizations. Many vaccines have been highly cost-effective and good for public health. In recent decades, the number of vaccines given throughout the world has increased dramatically. This increase, particularly in the number of different vaccines given to children before they start school, may be due to laws and support from governments.
Another obstacle to making new vaccines is that when a new vaccine is made, the maker usually files a patent on their vaccine. These patents can limit the process used to make the vaccine to the maker (in practice the right can be subcontracted). That way the patent makes money for the originator.
Additional components in vaccines
Vaccines often contain other things besides the active vaccine (the weakened or dead virus or bacteria). For example, vaccines may contain:
Aluminum salts or gels. These are added to help the immune system respond earlier, and more strongly, to the vaccine. They allow a lower dose of the vaccine to be given.
Antibiotics are added to some vaccines to prevent bacteria from growing while the vaccine is being made or stored.
Egg protein is present in influenza and yellow fever vaccines, because they are made using chicken eggs. Vaccines may also contain other proteins.
Formaldehyde is used to kill bacteria for certain vaccines. It is also used to kill unwanted viruses and bacteria that might get into the vaccine while it is being made.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and 2-phenoxyethanol are used as stabilizers in a few vaccines to make sure the vaccine does not change if it is exposed to heat, light, acidity, or humidity.
Thimerosal is a preservative that contains mercury. It is added to vials of vaccine that contain more than one dose, to keep harmful bacteria from growing in the vaccine.
Preservatives in vaccines, such as thiomersal, phenoxyethanol, and formaldehyde, prevent serious adverse effects. Thiomersal is more effective against bacteria, lasts longer in storage, and makes the vaccine stronger, safer, and more stable (less likely to be changed by things like heat). However, in the United States, the European Union, and a few other developed countries, it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines because it contains mercury. Some people have argued that thimerosal contributes to autism. However, there is no convincing scientific evidence for this opinion.
If no preservative is added to a vaccine, harmful bacteria may grow in the vaccine. For example, in 1928, Staphylococcus bacteria grew in a diphtheria vaccine that had no preservative in it. Of 21 children who got that vaccine, 12 died.
Most versions of anti-coronavirus are kept at very low temperature before use. That helps preserve the vaccine in its most effective state.
Use in veterinary medicine
Animals are vaccinated to keep them from getting diseases, and to keep them from infecting humans with diseases. Pets as well as livestock are routinely vaccinated.
In some instances, populations of wild animals may be vaccinated. Sometimes, wild animals are vaccinated by spreading vaccine-laced food in a disease-prone area. This method has been used to try to control rabies in raccoons. Where rabies occurs, laws may require dogs to get rabies vaccinations.
Dogs can also be vaccinated against many other diseases, including canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, adenovirus-2, leptospirosis, bordatella, canine parainfluenza virus, and Lyme disease.
Several trends in vaccine development
Nowadays, vaccines are given to people of all ages.
Combinations of vaccines are becoming more common. Vaccines containing five or more parts are used in many parts of the world.
New methods of giving vaccines are being developed. Some of these new delivery systems include skin patches, aerosols given through inhalation devices, and eating genetically engineered plants.
Scientists are designing vaccines to make people's natural immune responses stronger.
Scientists are trying to make vaccines to help cure chronic infections, instead of only preventing disease.
Public health officials might change their strategies for giving vaccines based on differences in how men, women, and pregnant women react to vaccines.
Scientists are also working on vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders. For example, the experimental vaccine CYT006-AngQb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure.
References
Related pages
Virology
Other websites
Vaccine –Citizendium
Infectious diseases
Virology
Immunization |
13712 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury | Injury | Injury means a harm or hurt.
Usually an injury is when the body or a part of the body is damaged by something outside of the body. Another word for injury to a body is trauma.
Injury can be by:
Environmental – Burns from heat or injury from cold
Penetrating injury – when a sharp object like a knife pierces the body
Blunt injury – when something hits the body (like punching someone or falling from a tree)
Chemical – being hurt by chemicals like burns from acid
Injury can be accidental or intentional. In an intentional injury a person tries to hurt another. (Intentional injury is also called non-accidental injury). Accidental injury is without meaning to hurt someone. A traffic collision for example may injure someone accidentally. |
13722 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz | Mercedes-Benz | Mercedes-Benz () is a brand of cars, trucks, buses and coaches from the Daimler AG company of Germany. The company was once known as Daimler-Benz and is still sometimes called just "Mercedes." Mercedes-Benz is the world's oldest car maker and the cars they make cost a lot of money. The symbol of Mercedes-Benz is very famous. It is a three-pointed star inside of a circle and was designed by one of the men who started the company, Gottlieb Daimler. The three points of the star stand for land, air and sea because Daimler's engines were used not only in cars and trucks but in airplanes and boats. The symbol was first used in 1909.
Mercedes-Benz cars are an important part of the history of the car with many "firsts”. They were the first to build a diesel-powered car in the 1930s, the first to build a car with fuel injection in the 1950s and the first to offer antilock brakes in the 1970s. Mercedes-Benz cars have also been important in auto racing history.
Early days
The Benz Patent-Motorwagen was the company's first production car, built by Rheinische Gasmotorenfabrik Benz & Cie (known today as Mercedes-Benz) it was built in 1885 or 1886. It is often considered the first real gasoline -powered car. By 1901, the cars had become very popular among the rich, mostly because of the efforts of Emil Jellineck.
Models
Models
A-Class – Hatchback / Sedan
B-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)
C-Class – Sedan/Saloon, Estate, Coupé and Cabriolet
CLA – 4-Door Coupé and Estate
CLS – 4-Door Coupé and Estate
E-Class – Sedan/Saloon, Estate, Coupé and Cabriolet
G-Class – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
GLA – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
GLB – Crossover
GLC – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
GLE – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV)
GLS – Sports Utility Vehicle (SUVS
R-Class -- Station wagon/ Crossover
S-Class – Sedan/Saloon, Coupé & Cabriolet
SL – Grand Tourer
SLC – Roadster
V-Class – Multi Purpose Vehicle (MPV)/ Van
AMG GT – Sports car
AMG GT4 – Sports Sedan/Saloon
X-Class - Pickup Truck
EQC - Electric Vehicle
EQV - Electric Transport Vehicle
Vans
Mercedes-Benz builds a range of vans such as the Citan, Vito, and Sprinter
Trucks
Mercedes-Benz Trucks and Daimler Trucks builds trucks together, They build buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van.
Buses
Mercedes-Benz has been building buses from 1895 in Mannheim in Germany. Mercedes-Benz produces a wide range of buses and coaches.
Other websites
Mercedes Benz global homepage
1886 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in Germany |
13733 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record%20label | Record label | A record label or record company makes and sells audio and video recordings, on various formats including compact discs, LPs, DVD-Audio, SACDs, and cassettes. The name "record label" is from the paper label at the center of a gramophone record (what is also known as a "phonograph record" in American English).
Most major record labels are owned by a few large multinational companies (Big Four record labels) that make up the almost all of the global recording industry, although there is a recent resurgence in independent record labels.
Labels as brands
Recording companies often spend a lot of time and money in discovering new musicians or developing the talent of artists they already have signed up with a contract. The association of the brand with the artists helps define the image of both the brand and the artist.
In spite of the fact that both parties need each other to survive, the relationship between record labels and artists can, at times, be a difficult one. Many artists have had albums changed or censored in some way by the labels before they are released—songs being edited, artwork or titles being changed, etc. Record labels generally do this because they believe that the album will sell better if the changes are made. Often the record label's decisions are correct ones from a commercial perspective, but this typically frustrates the artist who feels that their artwork is being destroyed.
In the early days of the recording industry, record labels were absolutely necessary for the success of any artist. The first goal of any new artist or band was to get signed to a contract as soon as possible. In the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, many artists were so desperate to sign a contract with a record company that they usually ended up signing a bad contract, sometimes giving away the rights to their music in the process. Entertainment lawyers are used by some to look over any contract before it is signed.
Industry consolidation
In the 1970s and 1980s, there was a phase of consolidation in the record industry that led to almost all major labels being owned by a very few multinational companies, who in turn were members of the RIAA.
The resurgence of independent labels
In the 1990s, due to the widespread use of home studios, consumer CD recorders, and the Internet, independent labels began to become more commonplace. Independent labels are typically artist-owned (although not always), with a focus usually on making good music and not necessarily on the business aspects of the industry or making lots of money. Because of this, independent artists usually receive less radio play and sell fewer CDs than artists signed to major labels. However, they usually have more control over the music and packaging of the released product.
On occasion established artists, once their record contract has finished, move to an independent label. This often gives the combined advantage of name recognition and more control over one's music. Singers Dolly Parton, Aimee Mann and Prince, among others, have achieved this.
While there are many independent labels, folk singer Ani DiFranco's Righteous Babe Records is often cited as an ideal example. The singer turned down lucrative contracts from several top-name labels in order to establish her own New-York-based company. Constant touring resulted in noteworthy success for an act without significant major funding. Ani and others from the company have spoken on several occasions about their business model in hopes of encouraging others.
Some independent labels become successful enough that major record companies negotiate contracts to either distribute music for the label or in some cases, purchase the label completely.
On the punk rock scene, the DIY punk ethic encourages bands to self-publish and self-distribute. This approach has been around since the early 1980s, in an attempt to stay true to the punk ideals of doing it yourself and not selling out to corporate profits and control. Such labels have a reputation for being fiercely uncompromising and especially unwilling to cooperate with the Big Five record labels at all.
The emergence of net labels
Main Article: net label
With the Internet now being a viable source for music, net labels emerge. Depending on the ideals of the net label, music files from the artists may be downloaded free of charge or for a fee that is paid via PayPal or an online payment system. Some of these labels also offer hard copy CDs in addition to direct download (for example, Baltimore's Schismatik record label ships CDs for a nominal charge). Most net labels acknowledge the Creative Commons licensing system thus reserving certain rights for the artist.
The emergence of open-source labels
Main Article: Open source record label
The new century brings the phenomenon of open-source or open-content record label. These are inspired by the free software and open-source movement and the success of GNU/Linux.
Examples are
LOCA Records
Magnatune
Opsound
References |
13735 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipette | Pipette | A pipette is a glass tube used for moving a specific volume of a solution.
A smaller, less accurate version, known as a teat pipette is made of plastic and is filled by squeezing a plastic bubble at the top.
A pipette used for the delivery of small fractions of a milliliter of a liquid is called a micropipette.
Accurate pipettes
Piston-driven air displacement pipettes, or 'micropipettes', are the most accurate and precise pipettes. They handle liquid in the microliter scale, and are used in biology and biochemistry,
Laboratory equipment |
13744 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle | Muscle | Muscle is a tissue in animal bodies. Their main purpose is to help us to move our body parts. They are one of the major systems of human and animal bodies. When a muscle is activated it contracts, making itself shorter and thicker, thereby pulling its ends closer.
Types of muscles
There are three kinds of muscles:
Skeletal muscle, the muscle attached to bones. They pull on bones to make movements.
Smooth muscle, for example, the muscle in blood vessels and the bladder
Cardiac muscle, the muscle of the heart
Muscle action can be classified as being either voluntary or involuntary.
The skeletal muscles move the limbs (arms and legs). They move the jaw up and down so that food can be chewed. Skeletal muscles are the only voluntary muscles, the only ones that we can choose to move.
The cardiac muscle is the muscle in the heart. When this muscle contracts it pushes blood through the circulatory system. The cardiac muscle is not voluntary.
The smooth muscles are the other muscles in the body that are involuntary. Smooth muscles are in many places. They are in:
The gastrointestinal system – this includes the stomach and intestines. This is how food moves through us and we take energy from it.
Blood vessels – smooth muscles make blood vessels smaller or bigger. This controls blood pressure.
Hairs – smooth muscle in hair follicles makes your hair stand up when you are scared or get cold.
Muscle structure
Muscles are made of many muscle cells. The cells contract together to make the muscle get shorter. The muscle cells know to do this together because many of them get information sent to them by nerves. The cells that get the message from nerves tell other cells that are near them. They tell the other cells by sending an electrical current.
Muscle cells are filled with proteins called actin and myosin. These are the proteins that make the muscle contract (get shorter.)
Muscle contraction
When a nerve tells a muscle to contract, the muscle opens holes in its cell membrane. These holes are proteins that are called calcium channels. The calcium ions rush into the cell. Calcium also comes out of a special place in the cell called the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This calcium sticks to the specialized proteins actin and myosin. This triggers these proteins to contract the muscle.
Contraction also needs ATP. This is the energy that your cells use. It is made from using glucose in the cell. It takes a lot of energy to release contracted muscles. They use most of the energy for building muscles.
Exercise
Exercise makes muscles get bigger (see hypertrophy). Exercise also makes muscles stronger. If a person does not exercise, their muscles become smaller and weaker. This is called muscle atrophy.
Diseases of muscles
There are many different kinds of muscle diseases. There are three big groups of diseases:
Neuromuscular diseases – these are problems with how the nerves tell the muscles to move. Strokes, cerebral palsy, and Parkinson's disease are neuromuscular diseases.
Motor endplate diseases – these are problems with the place where the nerve tells the muscle to move. Tetanus and myasthenia gravis are motor endplate diseases.
Myopathies – these are problems with the structure of the muscle. Muscular dystrophy, cancers like Ewing's sarcoma, and cardiomyopathy are myopathies.
Related pages
Bodybuilding
Strength training
Trapezius muscle
References
Basic English 850 words
Animal tissues
Muscular system |
13745 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20Boy | Game Boy | The , is an 8-bit handheld video game console, first released in Japan in April 1989. It was later released in North America in July 1989 and then in Europe in September 1990. It is Nintendo's first handheld. The Game Boy is also the first portable console to use game cartridges, meaning the games are interchangeable. The Game Boy family eventually extended to include the Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Advance SP and Game Boy Micro.
The Game Boy has a green screen that displays four shades of dark green (gray for the Game Boy Pocket). Like the NES, the Game Boy has four buttons and a cross-shaped direction pad. The console has a single speaker, and it can be used with stereo headphones. As many as four Game Boys can be connected together with the Game Boy Link Cable.
The Game Boy was invented by Gunpei Yokoi, who also was responsible for creating the unsuccessful Virtual Boy and the successful Game & Watch games.
Recently, the Game Boy was compared to all Nintendo handhelds and systems released between 1989 and 2016 to see how long each one's battery life lasted, and the Game Boy beat all the other systems with 30 hours of battery life. The Game Boy provided the most game play at its time, and currently still does.
Best-selling games
Super Mario Land
Tetris (Included with the Game Boy)
Alleyway
Baseball
Tennis
Sources |
13746 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach | Stomach | The stomach is part of the digestive system. It is an internal organ between the esophagus and the small intestines. The stomach is the third stage in the digestive process. It holds food after ingestion. Food in the stomach then passes through to the small intestine where most of the food's nutrition is absorbed.
The stomach contains hydrochloric acid made by stomach cells. As a useful side-effect, the acid kills bacteria in the food. However, its main function is to help the protein-digesting enzymes called proteases work. In general, the food is churned, squeezed and mixed. This prepares it for digestion. The partially digested food is called chyme.
The stomach acid may cause problems. It can make peptic ulcers worse. It can also cause heartburn—pain in the chest when acid from the stomach refluxes (backs up into) the oesophagus. These can usually be treated by neutralizing the acid. Vomiting occurs when food goes back up the oesophagus and out the mouth. Vomiting can be a symptom of disease.
Stomachs of other mammals work differently to human stomachs. Ruminants, for example, have a stomach with multiple compartments.
In that system, food goes through the first part of the digestive system twice, and the work of digesting the grass is done by bacteria.
Other words for stomach include belly and tummy.
References
Basic English 850 words
Anatomy of the digestive system |
13750 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain | Pain | Pain is a symptom of being hurt or sick. It is a bad sensation that is physical and emotional.
Most pain starts when part of the body is hurt. Nerves in that part send messages through senses to the brain. Those messages tell the brain that the body is being damaged. Pain is not just the message the nerve sends to the brain. It is the bad emotion felt because of that damage.
The message that the nerve sends to the brain is called nociception. What is experienced because of the nociception is pain.
Kinds of pain
Pain can be acute or chronic. Acute means it only happens a short time. Chronic means the pain lasts a long time.
Pain can be from different types of injury:
Cutaneous pain is from damage to the skin. This is the pain a person feels when their wrist is cut with a knife.
Visceral pain is from damage to the organs inside the body – like the stomach, kidney, and heart. This is the pain a person feels when they have an ulcer.
Somatic pain is from muscles, bones, and joints. This is the pain a person feels when they sprain (twist) a joint like the ankle.
Pain can also happen when there is no underlying injury or cause. Pain can happen just because the nerves do not work right. This is called neuropathic pain.
Treatments for pain
For most pain, the best treatment is to stop the damage that makes the pain. If the ankle is sprained, doctors tell the person not to walk on it. They tell them to put ice on it. This helps the injury stop. For an ulcer in the stomach, doctors stop the acid made in the stomach. This helps the ulcer to heal.
But many kinds of pain also need medicines to feel better. There are many different kinds of medicines for pain:
NSAIDs (acronym for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug). These medicines decrease the inflammation where the person is hurt. They also work in the brain to decrease pain. Examples are aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. These medicines can make someone sleepy but they are not addictive. They can cause problems with kidneys and with peptic ulcers.
Opioids are narcotic pain relievers. They do not have the kidney and stomach problems that NSAIDs have. But they can make someone very sleepy and have other potential side effects, such as lack of coordination, inability to concentrate, blurred vision, and weight gain. They can be addictive.
Acetaminophen (e.g. Tylenol) is not a narcotic or an NSAID. So it is much safer than either one, but can cause liver damage.
Anti-seizure medicines (also called antiepileptics or anti-convulsants) – many of these medicines work for chronic neuropathic pain. Other pain medicines may not work at all for those kinds of pain. Examples are carbamazepine and gabapentin.
Anti-depression medicines can also help chronic pain, even if it is not neuropathic pain. This is partly because of an affect on pain itself. But it also helps, because living in chronic pain can cause depression.
There are doctors who specialize in pain management. These are usually anesthesiologists but may also have any one of a number of underlying areas of specialization, such as neurology, physiatry, or internal medicine.
Chronic pain
A new genetic method of treating chronic pain is in the research stage. The idea is to inactivate (turn off) gene HCN2, which plays a key role in chronic pain. Experiments on mice suggest this will work.
Related pages
Back pain
Chronic pain
Migraine
Peripheral neuropathy
Myalgia
References
Other websites
American Pain Foundation
Back Pain, Neck Pain, Lower Back Pain - Spine-health.com
Pain Management
Back Pain - spinehealthlife.com
Basic English 850 words |
13755 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain | Drain | A drain is found in the ground and lets water go through (usually rainwater) to avoid the street or farmland getting flooded.
Basic English 850 words
Water infrastructure |
13756 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Mario%2064 | Super Mario 64 | Super Mario 64 is a 1996 video game created by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. The game was the first in the Mario series that used 3D graphics. Many fans and critics think that it is one of the best video games ever made.
Story
Princess Peach makes a special cake and invites Mario to her castle in Mushroom Kingdom. As Mario arrives, he learns that Bowser took over the castle and kidnapped Peach. To defeat Bowser and rescue Peach, Mario enters each worlds on painting walls. The main hub of the game is Peach's castle. The player can unlock doors by collecting stars. There are 120 of them scattered among 15 maps and some secret maps. The player can get each of the stars by completing each of the achievements per level. One world requires two stars, for instance. Each locked door leads to more levels and challenges. Mario can also leave the castle and explore the small courtyard.
Development
Super Mario 64 was made in less than two years, but it was reported that Shigeru Miyamoto had thought about a 3D Mario game, called Super Mario FX, five years before, while working on Star Fox. Miyamoto came up with most of the ideas during the era of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) and thought about using the Super FX chip to make it a SNES game, but decided to build it for the Nintendo 64 due to the SNES's technical limitations. On his Twitter Dylan Cuthbert stated that there was never a Super Mario FX game ever made, and that "Super Mario FX" was the internal code name of the FX chip.
Nintendo started making the game with the creation of the characters and camera system. Miyamoto and the other designers were initially unsure of which direction the game should take; months were spent selecting a camera view and layout that would be appropriate. The original concept involved the game having fixed path much like an isometric type game (similar to Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars), before the choice was made to settle on a free-roaming 3D design. Although the majority of Super Mario 64 would end up featuring the free-roaming design, elements of the original fixed path concept would remain in certain parts of the game, particularly in the three Bowser encounters. One of the programmers of Super Mario 64, Giles Goddard, explained that these few linear elements survived to force players into Bowser's lair rather than to encourage exploration. The development team placed a great amount of attention, time, and effort on getting Mario's movements right. Before levels were created, the team was testing and perfecting Mario's animations on a simple grid. The first test scenario used to try out controls and physics involved Mario and a golden rabbit named "MIPS" by the developers (named for the MIPS-type CPU used by the Nintendo 64), the latter of which was included in the final release of the game as a way to find two of the Power Stars. At first, the developers tried to make the game split screen co-op using both Mario and Luigi. Initially, the two characters would start at separate points in the castle and work their way through the game together. However, developers were unable to make the gameplay work.
Shigeru Miyamoto's guiding design philosophy behind Super Mario 64 was to "include more details" than found in games prior to the Nintendo 64. Some details were inspired by real life. For example, the Boos are based on assistant director Takashi Tezuka's wife, who, as Miyamoto explained, "is very quiet normally, but one day she exploded, maddened by all the time Tezuka spent at work. In the game, there is now a character which shrinks when Mario looks at it, but when Mario turns away, it will grow large and menacing." Super Mario 64 is also known for having more puzzles than earlier Mario games. It was developed at the same time as The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, but as Ocarina of Time was released more than two years later, some puzzles were taken from that game for Super Mario 64.
Information about Super Mario 64 first leaked out in November 1995, and a playable version of the game was presented days later as part of the world premiere for the Nintendo 64 (then known as Nintendo's "Ultra 64") at Nintendo Space World. The basic controls had at this point been set in place, and the game was reportedly 50% finished, although most of the course design remained. Thirty-two courses were made for the game. Miyamoto thought he would create more, up to 40 courses, not including bonus levels. The actual number turned out much lower in the final game, though, as only 15 courses could fit.
Appearances in other games
In the original Super Smash Bros. for the Nintendo 64 console, Princess Toadstool's castle is a playable stage in which the fighters fight on top of the roof.
In Mario Party, Peach's stage is a large birthday cake which the player can travel through.
Sequel and remake
In 1999, a sequel, titled Super Mario 64 2, was planned to be released for the Nintendo 64DD (N64 Disk Drive), but it was cancelled, due to the commercial failure of the Nintendo 64DD and unlike its predecessor, Luigi was going to be playable and there would be a multiplayer mode. Super Mario 64 DS is a 2004 enhanced remake made for the Nintendo DS console. In this game Mario, Luigi, and Wario all get a letter saying Peach baked a cake for them. Bowser has kidnapped Princess Peach, Mario, Luigi, and Wario and has jailed them in Princess Peach's castle, by Gomboss, King Boo, and Chief Chilly. Yoshi is told that he must save them. Yoshi finds a rabbit and unlocks the door to the castle. When the player finds keys, they save a character, and can play as them. Super Mario 64 DS also has a multiplayer wireless versus mode where up to four players can play and minigames which are unlocked by getting keys from rabbits. Here, there are 150 stars, 30 more than the original game.
References
Nintendo 64 games
1996 video games
3D platform games
Mario platform games |
13757 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3 | MP3 | MPEG-1 and/or MPEG-2 Audio Layer 3 (MP3) is a lossy data compression format for audio. Using it makes smaller computer files containing digitized music and other sounds.
Overview
The format is a lossy compression format. This means that each time something is compressed with it, some information is lost. This information can not be recovered. When encoding to MP3 converting some audio data to it), the encoder is smart. The human ear can not hear certain sounds if they are masked by other sounds. This means that when encoding certain sound samples, some sounds can be left out as they will not be heard. This makes it possible to compress audio by a factor of about 5, without noticeable change to the sound of the music. With slight audible changes to the sound, compression factors of about 10 are possible.
Many people like to use MP3 files to copy music so they can listen to it on their computer. Record companies do not like it when people use the Internet to share these MP3 files with each other. They think it is a violation of their copyright. The record industries have a trade group called the RIAA that has taken people to court for sharing music. An Internet website called Napster was shut down because of this. Napster has since re-opened, but does not let people share MP3 files anymore.
Other formats for audio compression are Ogg Vorbis, and FLAC. Ogg Vorbis is very similar to MP3, although it has many improvements. FLAC is a lossless compression meaning no information is lost, and gets compression rates of 2-3.
History
In the 1980s, Dieter Seitzer started the development of a code for audio format of high-quality. Together with his team at the German Fraunhofer Institut in Erlangen, the professor had the idea to create code with a low bit-rate. The German institute received the patent for MP3 in 1989. MP3 was then passed to the International Organisation for Standardisation. In the same year the MP3 was included into MPEG-1 specification. (MPEG means Moving Picture Experts Group).
The first player for the MP3 format was designed by the same Fraunhofer Institute in 1990's. A Croatian student named Tomislav Uzelac developed AMP MP3 Playback Engine in 1997. After the player appeared on the Internet, two students named Justin Frankel and Dmitry Boldyrev transformed it into Winamp. They took the engine of the original player and added the interface of the famous Windows.
When Winamp was launched into the net for free use it became successful at once. This way began the era of free music download. Soon various programmers started creating additional features for the MP3 player. Very often they created new encoders, rippers (software for transforming audio tracks into MP3 files) and players.
MP3 players
Because there is no need to pay licensing fees in order to build the player, today many software MP3 players are free. Some companies claim to have patents covering the MP3 format, but the validity of these patents is questionable because the format specification was published more than 20 years ago, meaning that any relevant patents would have expired. The most famous MP3 players are Winamp, Sonique, iTunes and MusicMatch. The main feature of an MP3 player is to turn the MP3 files into standard audio form and then send them to the soundcard of the computer. The soundcard then outputs the files into speaker so the user can hear them. Every MP3 player interprets music differently, though each one of them uses the same code for playing the MP3 files. There are also stand-alone (without a computer) MP3 players. These may be portable, or they may be built-into a stereo system or car stereo. According to the MPEG standards, MP3 players are supposed to also be able to play MP1 and MP2 files, although many don't.
Technical details
When compressing, for each frame a small section of audio, the encoder first splits the audio into 32 different parts using a filter bank, similar to MP2. The audio is then split further into either 192 or 576 different parts (depending on the complexity of the audio being compressed more complex audio is split into fewer parts using the modified discrete cosine transform. The MP3 encoder then removes parts that it thinks the human ear cannot hear. The remaining parts are then compressed using Huffman coding. Decompression does these same steps except removal of parts of the audio in reverse.
Timeline
1987 The German Frauhofer Institute starts its research on Digital Audio Broadcasting
1988 MPEG is established as part of the ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
1989 MP3 is patented in Germany
1993 MPEG-1 was published
1994 MPEG-2 was designed; The first MP3 encoder for the PC (L3enc) was released.
1995 MPEG-2 was published
1996 MP3 is patented in United States
1998 The LAME encoder is released.
1999 Music in MP3 format is for the first time distributed, the distributor was SubPop; the first portable MP3 player appeared.
2017 The last MP3 patents expire.
Related pages
Discrete cosine transform
MPEG-4
Other websites
MP3 Players and Their Variety - Find out more about MP3 players, their types and their functions
The Features of MP3 Format and MP3 Player - How does MP3 work?
Computer file formats for audio |
13759 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Crimson | King Crimson | King Crimson are a progressive rock band. They formed in England in 1969. Their music is usually called progressive rock, but they also have jazz, gamelan, classical music, heavy metal and experimental music in their sound. They are not very popular, but they have a loyal group of fans. Their music has influenced a lot of bands and styles of music. King Crimson are most well known for their first album, In the Court of the Crimson King, which helped create progressive rock. Only one person has been in the band since they started, guitarist Robert Fripp. Right now, the people in the band are Robert Fripp, Mel Collins, Gavin Harrison, Jakko Jakszyk, Bill Rieflin, Jeremy Stacey, Tony Levin, and Pat Mastelotto.
History
1960's
In 1967, drummer Michael Giles and his brother, Peter, a bass guitar player, started a band with Robert Fripp. They recorded one album called The Cheerful Insanity of Giles, Giles and Fripp. This album did not do very well, and a lot of critics wrote bad reviews of it. After this, Ian Mcdonald joined playing keyboards, reeds, and woodwind instruments. Ian McDonald's friend, Peter Sinfield, joined to write lyrics, and Greg Lake replaced Peter Giles on bass guitar. Then they bought a mellotron, which helped them sound more like classical music. They changed their name to King Crimson, and did their first show in Hyde Park, London in 1969. Their first CD, In the Court of the Crimson King, was a huge success. Their original style impressed fans and critics.
1970's
Micheal Giles and Ian Mcdonald left the band to do solo work. The three of them still in the band, Robert Fripp, Peter Sinfield, and Greg Lake, released the single Catfood/Groon. On the next album, woodwind player Mel Collins, singer Gordon Haskell, and Peter Giles all helped record a few songs with the band. King Crimson released their second album, In the Wake of Poseidon, in 1970. It was not very popular because it sounded too much like the first album.
Discography
Studio albums
In the Court of the Crimson King (1969)
In the Wake of Poseidon (1970)
Lizard (1970)
Islands (1971)
Larks' Tongues in Aspic (1973)
Starless and Bible Black (1974)
Red (1974)
Discipline (1981)
Beat (1982)
Three of a Perfect Pair (1984)
THRAK (1995)
The ConstruKction of Light (2000)
The Power to Believe (2003)
English rock bands
English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
New wave bands
Progressive rock bands
Musical groups from London |
13761 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood%20Mac | Fleetwood Mac | Fleetwood Mac are a British-American rock band that formed in London, England in 1967. The group was started by Peter Green. The original group included Mick Fleetwood, John McVie, Jeremy Spencer and Bob Brunning. In 1968 Danny Kirwan joined the band. He was then an 18-year-old guitarist and singer. Peter Green left and, in 1971 was replaced by Christine and John McVie plus Bob Welch. When Welch left he was replaced by Americans Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks. The band became famous with the release of the album Fleetwood Mac.
Discography
Studio albums
Fleetwood Mac (1968)
Mr. Wonderful (1968)
Then Play On (1969)
Kiln House (1970)
Future Games (1971)
Bare Trees (1972)
Penguin (1973)
Mystery to Me (1973)
Heroes Are Hard to Find (1974)
Fleetwood Mac (1975)
Rumours (1977)
Tusk (1979)
Mirage (1982)
Tango in the Night (1987)
Behind the Mask (1990)
Time (1995)
Say You Will (2003)
References
1967 establishments in England
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups from London
Warner Bros. Records artists |
13762 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Yardbirds | The Yardbirds | The Yardbirds are a English blues band. They formed in the 1960s. They are famous for having the guitarists, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page. Eric Clapton left the band after they turned from a blues band to a pop band, in keeping with the moving trend of music in the 1960s. He suggested Jimmy Page, who had been a studio musician at the time (performing on records for many stars but not being a member of a specific band). Unwilling to give up his career as a studio musician, Page suggested Jeff Beck. Shortly thereafter, Page joined the band, playing bass and lead guitar.
Towards the end of the '60s, the Yardbirds broke up while in the middle of a tour. Page wanted to keep the band going, and eventually put together a band called "The New Yardbirds" consisting of vocalist Robert Plant, bassist John Paul Jones, and drummer John "Bonzo" Bonham. This group would soon gain a new name, allegedly taken from a quote by Who drummer Keith Moon. Moon had said previously said that their band would go over "like a lead zeppelin," and the name "Led Zeppelin" stuck.
Other websites
Musical groups from London |
13763 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful%20Dead | Grateful Dead | The Grateful Dead was a rock band that formed in Palo Alto, California, United States in the 1965. They are known for their concerts, and devoted followers called "Deadheads". The band and their music are sometimes associated with the hippie and drug cultures. Their music style is psychedelic rock combined with other kinds of music like blues, country, folk, and bluegrass. They are also known for their artwork and logos, which include skeletons and dancing bears.
They were named number 57 on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. They have sold more than 35 million records worldwide and they have played for 25 million people, more than any other band.
The group were together from 1965 to 1995, when Jerry Garcia, the group's lead guitarist and singer, who was seen by many people as the group's leader, died. The other members were Bob Weir (guitar and singing), Phil Lesh (bass guitar), Ron "Pigpen" McKernan (keyboards, harmonica, and singing) and Bill Kreutzmann (drums). All of these members were in the group the entire time, they were together, except for McKernan who died in 1973. Other main members of the band were Mickey Hart (drums 1967 to 1971 and 1974 to 1995), Keith Godchaux (keyboards 1971 to 1979), his wife Donna Godchaux (singing 1972 to 1979), Brent Mydland (keyboards 1979 to 1990), and Vince Welnick (keyboards 1990 to 1995).
The group was known for their stage shows, which included improvising or "jamming" with their song and instruments, some Deadheads have recorded and collected many of these shows on tape.
Musical groups from San Francisco
American rock bands
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s music groups
1990s American music groups
Warner Bros. Records artists
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees |
13764 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Winter | Johnny Winter | John Dawson Winter III (February 23, 1944 – July 16, 2014) was an American albino blues musician from Beaumont, Texas. His brother, Edgar Winter, is also a famous musician. He also worked as producer and produced two Grammy winning albums of Muddy Waters (Hard again, I´m ready).
He died in his hotel room in Zurich, Switzerland, aged 70. It happened two days after his last performance there. The cause of his death is currently unknown.
Discography
Official albums
First Winter (1969, Buddha)
The Progressive Blues Experiment (1968, Sonobeat)
Johnny Winter (1969)
Second Winter (1969)
Johnny Winter And (1970)
Live Johnny Winter And (1971)
Roadwork (1972) - with Edgar Winter's White Trash
Still Alive and Well (1973)
Saints & Sinners (1974)
John Dawson Winter III (1974)
Captured Live! (1976)
Together (1976) with Edgar Winter
Nothin' But the Blues (1977)
White, Hot and Blue (1978)
Raisin' Cain (1980)
Guitar Slinger (1984)
Serious Business (1985)
Third Degree (1986)
The Winter of '88 (1988)
Let Me In (1991)
Hey, Where's Your Brother? (1992)
Scorchin' Blues (1992)
Live In NYC '97 (1998)
I'm A Bluesman (2004)
The Johnny Winter Anthology (2009) via Shout! Factory
The Woodstock Experience (2009)
Compilation albums
The Johnny Winter Story (1969)
About Blues (1970)
Early Times (1970)
Before The Storm (1970)
Birds Can't Row Boats (1988)
The Texas Tornado (1992)
A Rock n' Roll Collection (1994)
White Hot Blues (1997)
Winter Blues (1997)
Texas Blues: The Early Years (1998)
The Return of Johnny Guitar - best of 1984-86 (2000)
Deluxe Edition (Alligator) (2001)
The Best of Johnny Winter (Sony) (2002)
Non-official albums
Austin, TX also known as The Progressive Blues Experiment (1972)
Dervish Blues (live San Bernardino, Ca.) (1975)
Whole Lotta Love (1978)
Ready for Winter (1981)
Still Blues After All These Years/Live In Chicago (1990)
A Lone Star Kind of Day (Relix- Roy C. Ames production) (1991)
Jack Daniels Kind of Day (1992)
White Lightning (1996)
Back in Beaumont (2000)
Blues'N' Tattoo (recorded Live at Central Park New York - 1980-07-27)
References
Other websites
Official website
1944 births
2014 deaths
American guitarists
American record producers
Blues guitarists
People from Beaumont, Texas
Musicians from Texas
Musicians from Mississippi |
13765 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Winter | Edgar Winter | Edgar Holland Winter (born December 28, 1946) is an albino musician and record producer from Beaumont, Texas. He is the brother of Johnny Winter who is also a famous musician. He mostly plays keyboards and the saxophone.
Other websites
http://www.edgarwinter.com/bio.php
Blues musicians
1946 births
Living people |
13767 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism | Albinism | Albinism is a condition some people, animals, and plants are born with. This condition is caused by a lack of pigment melanin (colour) in their hair, eyes, and skin. A person or animal with albinism is called an albino. Many albino people prefer to be called a "person with albinism". There are ten different types of albinism.
People with albinism can have white or light blonde hair. They can have very pale skin. Their eyes are blue, or rarely pink-ish. People with albinism can have problems such as bad vision, increased sweat and getting sunburnt easily. This is because people with albinism have less pigments in their eyes, skin and hair.
Albinism is rare in the United States. One out of every 20,000 people in the United States has albinism. There are about 15,945 people in the United States who have albinism.
Vision problems in albinism include nystagmus (irregular fast movements of the eyes), strabismus (where the eyes fail to balance) and refractory errors (like being near-sighted or far-sighted).
In most environments, Albino animals are more easily seen and so may be attacked by predators. They lack the camouflage that the non-albino members of their species have. Also, where colour is a factor in mate selection, they may be at a disadvantage there, too.
Genetics of albinism
Albinism is a hereditary condition. It is usually inherited in a recessive pattern; it means, both parents have to give the albinism gene to a child to cause albinism. Parents pass on pairs of genes to their children. One of the pairs of genes is in charge of making melanin. If both of these genes are flawed, then little or no pigment is made. If only one gene is flawed then pigment can still be made.
Famous people with albinism
Edgar Winter-musician
Johnny Winter-musician
Salif Keita-musician
Other websites
National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (U.S.-based)
Albinism in Popular Culture
References
Genetic disorders |
13768 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco%20de%20Luc%C3%ADa | Paco de Lucía | Paco de Lucia (real name: Francisco Sanchez Gomez, (21 December 1947 25 February 2014) was a Spanish Flamenco guitar player. He was born in Algeciras, Andalusia. He died in Cancún, Mexico from a heart attack.
1947 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Entertainers from Andalusia
Guitarists
Spanish musicians
Latin Grammy Award winners |
13772 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing | Hearing | Hearing is one of the five senses. Ears detect vibrations in the air. These vibrations are sounds. Most animals can hear. Most land vertebrates hear through ears. Fish hear in several different ways. Many use their swim bladder to hear, and many use their lateral line.
In mammals, sound travels through three main parts of the ear to be heard. These are the outer, middle and inner ear.
Outer Ear - This is the part of the ear that we can see called the pinna as well as the inside of the ear called the ear canal. Sound first travels through the pinna and ear canal then to the eardrum at the end of the canal which the sound makes vibrate.
Middle Ear - Sound continues to travel deeper into the ear and is helped by three of the smallest bones in the body - hammer, anvil and stirrup - to reach the inner ear.
Inner Ear - Here the sound reaches a small tube shaped like a snail shell, called the cochlea. Inside the cochlea is a fluid, which moves tiny hairs that send signals to the brain which interprets sounds for you to understand and hear
References
Basic English 850 words
Perception |
13773 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan | Bhutan | Bhutan (officially called Kingdom of Bhutan) is a small landlocked country in the Himalaya mountains of South Asia. It is ruled by King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, who has been king since 2006. Bhutan was founded in 1644 by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyel. The Bhutanese people are proud that they have always been an independent country. Bhutan's capital city is Thimphu. The official language is Dzongkha.
About 700,000 people live in Bhutan. The people and government of Bhutan are proud of their culture which is based on Tibetan Buddhism. 97% of Bhutan's people are Buddhist.
Until 1974, Bhutan was closed to the outside world. Now people can visit the country, but only in small numbers. The only airport is in Paro District. The country is bordered on the south by the Republic of India and on the north by China. The Indian state of Sikkim separates Bhutan and Nepal. The main export of Bhutan is hydroelectricity which is sold to India. The economy of Bhutan is very small but is growing quickly. The currency is the Ngultrum, which is pegged at par with the Indian rupee.
Bhutan is the only carbon-neutral and carbon-negative country in the entire world.
National symbols of Bhutan
Landscape
Military
The Royal Bhutan Army is Bhutan's military service. It includes the Royal Bodyguard and the Royal Bhutan Police. Membership is voluntary, and the minimum age for recruitment is 18. The standing army numbers about 16,000 and is trained by the Indian Army. Being a landlocked country, Bhutan has no navy. It also has no air force or army aviation corps. The Army relies on Eastern Air Command of the Indian Air Force for air assistance.
Wildlife
More than 770 species of bird and 5,400 species of plants are known to occur throughout the kingdom. Bhutan has a rich primate life with rare species such as the golden langur.
Administrative divisions
Bhutan is divided into 20 districts. Locally these are named dzongkhags. The districts are:
Bumthang
Chhukha
Dagana
Gasa
Haa
Lhuentse
Mongar
Paro
Pema Gatshel
Punakha
Samdrup Jongkhar
Samtse
Sarpang
Thimphu
Trashigang
Trashi Yangtse
Trongsa
Tsirang
Wangdue Phodrang
Zhemgang
Cities
The major cities of Bhutan are:
Thimphu, the largest city and capital of Bhutan
Damphu, the administrative headquarters of Tsirang District
Jakar, the administrative headquarters of Bumthang District and the place where Buddhism entered Bhutan
Mongar, the eastern commercial hub of the country
Paro, site of the international airport
Phuentsholing, Bhutan's commercial hub
Punakha, the old capital
Samdrup Jongkhar The south eastern town on the border with India
Trashigang, administrative headquarters of Trashigang District the most populous district in the country
Trongsa, in central Bhutan which has the largest and the most magnificent of all the dzongs in Bhutan
Sports
Bhutan's national sport is archery. Competitions are held regularly in most villages. Cricket has gained popularity in Bhutan, particularly since the introduction of television channels from India. The Bhutan national cricket team is one of the more successful affiliate nations in the region. Football is also an increasingly popular sport.
Related pages
Bhutan at the Olympics
Bhutan national football team
List of rivers of Bhutan
References
Other websites
Current monarchies
Least developed countries |
13784 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian%20race | Caucasian race | Caucasoid was a word for a person from Europe, West Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, or the Horn of Africa. The group of these persons was called "Caucasoid race" or Caucasian race. In former times, many people divided human beings into three races. These races were called Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid. Today, scientists agree that there is only one human race. Modern genetic research has shown that the idea of three races was wrong.
German anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752 – 1840) invented the name Caucasian race because he saw a connection to the Caucasus Mountains.
In the United States, white people are often called "Caucasian". But the "Caucasian race" included people with a skin from white to dark brown.
Pictures
Some persons in the pictures have white skin, others have brown skin. But in former times, scientists saw all persons in the pictures as members of the "Caucasian race".
References
Anthropology
Race |
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