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13165 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargard | Stargard | Stargard Szczeciński (German: Stargard in Pommern) is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland, with 71,400 inhabitants (2003). Situated on the Ina river, it is the capital of Stargard County in West Pomeranian Voivodship.
Towns in Poland
Hanseatic League |
13168 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%20%28disambiguation%29 | Disney (disambiguation) | Disney can mean either:
In entertainment:
The Walt Disney Company and its related companies
Walt Disney Pictures, which it also owns
The name also refers to several members of the Disney Family, such as:
Walt Disney, co-founder of the Walt Disney Company
Roy Oliver Disney, Walt's brother and co-founder of the company
Roy Edward Disney, son of Roy Oliver and leader of the Save Disney campaign
Other
Disney, Oklahoma, a small town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma |
13169 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby%20slippers | Ruby slippers | Ruby slippers are red shoes that are worn by the character Dorothy (Judy Garland) in the movie The Wizard of Oz. They are an important part of the story. Many pairs of slippers were made for the movie. One pair can be seen at the Smithsonian Institution in the United States. The others are owned by private collectors.
Plot
Dorothy gets the slippers after her house falls on the Wicked Witch of the East, killing the witch. The witch's sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, wants the ruby slippers. She attacks Dorothy many times during her journey down the yellow brick road. The Wicked Witch of the West wants the slippers for herself so she can become the most powerful witch in all of the land of Oz.
Dorothy knows that the slippers are powerful, but she does not know why. At the end of the movie, she learns their power: click your heels together three times, and repeat "There's no place like home."
Movie industry |
13172 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%20John%20XXIII | Pope John XXIII | Saint Pope John XXIII (; ), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (25 November 1881 - 3 June 1963), was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 262nd Pope from 1958 to 1963.
Early life
Roncalli was born in Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII in northern Italy.
Priest
In 1904 he was ordained as a priest in the Roman Church of Santa Maria. Later in 1905, the new Bishop of Bergamo, Giacomo Maria Radini Tedeschi, appointed Angelo his secretary. Angelo went with Bishop Giacomo to all his pastoral visits. Angelo also helped him with many other tasks like managing the diocesan bulletin, going on pilgrimages, and social works. Angelo did more than just that while in the seminary; using his very good preaching skills he taught history, patrology, and apologetics. It was in the seminary he met the two future saints that would affect his life dramatically. These two Saints were St. Charles Borromeo and St. Francis de Sales, who were both very good pastors in the same seminary, and had a kind of apprentice like relationship. Father Angelo was extremely devoted to Bishop Giacomo until his death in 1914. After Bishop Giacomo’s death, Father Angelo continued teaching in the seminary, but was dragged into World War I and served as a medical corps sergeant after the war started Italy’s first home for poor young students. His life after the war started changing dramatically, and he even got the attention of Pope Pius XI.
Bishop
From 1925 to 1944, Roncalli was a papal representative in the Balkans and the Mideast.
Pope Pius XI named him Apostolic Visitator in Bulgaria, which brought him to the episcopate with the titular Diocese of Areopolis. He chose a motto, Oboedientia et Pax, which was his motto for the rest of his life.
Cardinal
Roncalli was Patriarch of Venice from 1953 to 1958. Venice is the see of a cardinal.
Pope
Cardinal Roncalli was elected pope on October 29, 1958. His coronation was televised in Europe, and filmed for viewing in other parts of the world.
Pope John expanded the College of Cardinals by naming the first African Cardinal, the first Japanese Cardinal, the first Filipino Cardinal. and the first Venezuelan Cardinal.
He was the first Pope to make an official visit to the President of the Italian Republic at the Quirinal Palace.
Second Vatican Council
Pope John brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called Vatican Council II. It was ended by the Pope's death.
After his death
John XXIII is buried with other popes in a crypt below St. Peter's Basilica. According to the official news agency of the Soviet Union, the pope's reign "was marked by fruitful activity for the sake of consolidating peace and peaceful cooperation among nations."
On September 3, 2000, Pope John XXIII was beatified and given the title of "Blessed John XXIII". On April 27, 2014, Pope John XXIII was canonized by Pope Francis and declared a new Saint of the Catholic Church given the title of "Saint John XXIII" alongside Pope John Paul II now known as "Saint John Paul II".
Related pages
List of popes
References
Other websites
Vatican webpage, John XXIII biography
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul IV
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Roncalli
1881 births
1963 deaths
Italian popes
Beatified people
Time People of the Year
People from Lombardy |
13173 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty | Beauty | Beauty is a subjective concept. Something is beautiful if it is nice to look at it, hear it, feel it, taste it, smell it or think about it. It is also the name of a feeling that is hard to describe. The nature of this feeling varies from person to person and culture to culture. It is not known if only humans can feel it.
There are many ideas about what beauty is. Some people say that beauty is:
The similarity between a real object and an object of art. For example, a beautiful picture might be one that looks very lifelike.
The similarity between any object and what you think it 'should' look like. For example, a beautiful tree might be one with a straight brown trunk and lots of green leaves, or beautiful clouds might be those that are white and fluffy (like wool).
The way an object makes us feel: happy, sad, angry, or something else (emotional). For example, a beautiful piece of music might be one which makes people feel very happy or very sad.
The quality of an object. For example, a beautiful story might be very well written.
In regards to writing, a piece may be beautiful through use of intricacies and depth which gives the reader a mental image or a certain feeling or feelings of emotion. Poetry is one example of writing that can be considered beautiful in the way it "paints" a picture or brings about an emotional response.
There are many other theories. Some things that people say are beautiful are not explained by any of these ideas.
Related pages
Aesthetics
Physical attractiveness
Sublime
References
Everyday life
Psychology |
13174 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s | 2020s | The 2020s (pronounced "twenty-twenties" or "two thousand twenties") is the current decade that began on January 1, 2020 and will end on December 31, 2029. When the decade began, the COVID-19 pandemic spread around the world, causing many disruptions.
Events
2020
In 2020, the United Kingdom left the European Union (Brexit)
Starting in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has been spreading around the world. Over 200 million people have been infected, and more than 4 million have died. The economic caused many dispute, which led to a recession.
November 3 – Joe Biden is elected as 46th President of the United States, defeating incumbent Donald Trump.
2021
January 21 – Joe Biden is sworn in as 46th President of the United States.
The 2020 Summer Olympics happened in 2021 instead. They were moved a year later because of the COVID-19 pandemic
Future predictions
In 2004, then President of the United States George W. Bush said that people would try to fly to Mars some time in this decade.
In 2027, the autopsy (study of a dead body to find out how that person died) of Elvis Presley will be published.
References |
13183 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar | Guitar | The guitar is a string instrument which is played by plucking the strings. The main parts of a guitar are the body, the fretboard, the headstock and the strings. Guitars are usually made from wood or plastic. Their strings are made of steel or nylon.
The guitar strings are plucked with the fingers and fingernails of the right hand (or left hand, for left handed players), or a small pick made of thin plastic. This type of pick is called a "plectrum" or guitar pick. The left hand holds the neck of the guitar while the fingers pluck the strings. Different finger positions on the fretboard make different notes.
Guitar-like plucked string instruments have been used for many years. In many countries and at many different time periods, guitars and other plucked string instruments have been very popular, because they are light to carry from place to place, they are easier to learn to play than many other instruments. Guitars are used for many types of music, from Classical to Rock. Most pieces of popular music that have been written since the 1950s are written with guitars.
There are many different types of guitars, classified on how they are made and the type of music they are used for. All traditional types of guitar have a body which is hollow. This makes the sound of the strings louder, and gives the guitar its quality. This type of guitar is called "acoustic". (An acoustic instrument is one that makes its own dynamics.)
From the 1930s, people started making and playing guitars that used electricity and amplifiers to control the loudness. These guitars, which are often used in popular music, are called electric guitars. They do not need to have a hollow body. This is because they do not use acoustics to amplify the sound.
Most guitars have six strings, but there are also guitars with four, seven, eight, ten, or twelve strings. More strings make the instrument sound fuller. The neck of a guitar has bars or marks called frets. Frets help a guitarist know where to put his or her fingers to get the right pitch when playing. Standard tuning defines the string pitches as E, A, D, G, B, and E, from lowest (low E2) to highest (high E4). Standard tuning is used by most guitarists, and frequently used tunings can be understood as variations on standard tuning.
Word origin
The word guitar was adopted into English from Spanish word guitarra in the 1600s. In the Middle Ages the word gitter or gittern was used in England. Both guitarra and gitter came from the Latin word cithara. The word cithara came from the earlier Greek word kithara. Kithara could have come from the Persian word sehtār. seh meaning "three" and tār meaning "string". There is also a similar but two-stringed Persian instrument named dotār. do means "two" in Persian. The Indian sitar instrument was named after the Persian sehtār. The sihtar itself is related to the Indian instrument, the sitar.
A person who plays a guitar is called a guitarist. A person who makes or fixes guitars is a luthier, which comes from the word "lute". The word "lute", comes from the Arabic "Al-Uud", a stringed instrument from the Middle East.
The guitar appears to be derived from earlier instruments known in ancient central Asia as the Sitara. Instruments very similar to the guitar appear in ancient carvings and statues recovered from the old Iranian capitol of Susa. The modern word, guitar, was adopted into English from the Spanish word guitarra, which came from the older Greek word kithara. Possible sources for various names of musical instruments that guitar could be derived from appear to be a combination of two Indo-European roots: guit-, similar to Sanskrit sangeet meaning "music", and -tar a widely found root meaning "cord" or "string".
The word guitar is a word that the Iberian Arabic language took from the Persian language. The word qitara is an Arabic name for various members of the lute family that preceded the Western guitar. The word guitarra was introduced into Spanish when such instruments were brought into Iberia by the Moors after the 10th century.
History
There have been instruments like the guitar for at least 5,000 years. The guitar may have come from older instruments known as the sitara from ancient India and central Asia. The oldest known picture of a guitar-like instrument is a 3300 year old stone carving of a Hittite bard. The oldest guitar-like instrument that is still complete is the "Warwick Gittern" in the British Museum. It belonged to Elizabeth I of England and probably to her father Henry VIII before it was given to her. It is about 500 years old.
The design of the modern guitar began with the Roman cithara. The cithara was brought by the Romans to Hispania (Spain) around 40 AD. In the 8th century the Moors brought the four-stringed oud into Spain. The introduction to the oud caused changes to the design of the cithara. In other parts of Europe, the six-string Scandinavian lut (lute) became popular wherever the Vikings had been. By 1200 AD, there were two types of the four string "guitar": the guitarra morisca (Moorish guitar) from Spain which had a rounded back, wide fingerboard and several soundholes, and the guitarra latina (Latin guitar) which was more like the modern guitar with one sound hole and a narrower neck.
The Spanish vihuela, of the 16th century, was another instrument similar to the guitar. It had lute-style tuning and a body that was like a guitar. The vihuela was only popular for a short amount of time. It is not known whether it was simply a design that combined features of the oud and lute or a transition from the Renaissance instrument to the modern guitar.
The Vinaccia family from Naples, Italy were famous mandolin makers. It is thought that they also made the oldest six-string guitar that still exists. There is a guitar built that was signed and dated 1779 on the label by Gaetano Vinaccia (1759 - after 1831) Although there are many fakes that have dates on them from that time, this guitar is believed by experts to be genuine (real).
The guitar's design was improved (made better) by the famous Spanish luthier, Antonio Torres Jurado (1817-1892) and by Louis Panormo of London.
The electric guitar was made by George Beauchamp in 1936. Beauchamp co-founded a company called Rickenbacher to make guitars. However, Danelectro was the first to produce electric guitars for the public to use.
Different kinds of guitars
A guitar was described by Dr. Michael Kasha as an instrument that had "a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides".
Modern guitars come in four main types. The classical guitar is used for classical music. The term acoustic guitar is generally used for a guitar used for popular music, even though a classical guitar is also an acoustic instrument. There are many other different types of acoustic guitars from different parts of the world.
A electric guitar can be flat, hollow, or semi-hollow (solid with hollow pockets on the sides), and produces sound through its pickups, which are wire-wound magnets that are screwed onto the guitar. Some guitars combine the hollow acoustic body with amplified sound. Bass guitars are designed to make a low bass rhythm.
A special electric folding travel guitar called the Foldaxe (briefly manufactured by Hoyer in 1977) was invented for Chet Atkins (in Atkins' book "Me and My Guitars") by inventor and guitarist Roger Field, featuring a built-in way to keep the string tension and tuning the same even when folded, and ready to play when unfolded. Atkins demonstrated his several times on US television, and also on The Today Show with Les Paul, who was with him as a guest.
Guitar music
Guitars are used in many different genres of music, such as traditional, regional, and folk to modern punk, rock, metal or pop. Guitars are used as rhythm instruments, lead instruments, and sometimes both.
Capo
A capo is a device which can be placed on any of the guitar's frets which don't lie on the body itself. This enables the user to change key without changing the tuning of the guitar strings. There are multiple types of capos, some latch around the whole guitar neck and some just clamp onto the back and fret board.
Related pages
Guitarist
Electric guitar
References
Other websites
Guitar physics
International Guitar Research Archive
The first rock guitars
Online Guitar Tuner - Standard Tuning.
Modern Guitarist - News, reviews and articles.
Guitars
String instruments |
13184 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20guitarists | List of guitarists | A guitarist is a person who plays the guitar. A guitar is a type of musical instrument.
Noted guitarists
Classical
Baroque (XVII & XVIII century)
Antoine Carré
Francesco Corbetta (ca 1615-1681)
Giovanni Battista Granata
Francisco Guerau
Girolamo Montesardo
Alonso Mudarra (1510-1580)
Santiago de Murcia (Around 1682 or 1685-1732) (Spain)
Gaspar Sanz (1640-1710) (Spain)
Robert de Visée (ca 1658-1725) (France)
XIX century
Dionisio Aguado (1784-1849) (Spain)
Matteo Carcassi (1792-1853) (Italy)
Ferdinando Carulli (1770-1841) (Italy)
Napoléon Coste (1806-1883) (France)
Adam Darr (1811-1866) (Germany)
José Ferrer (1835-1916)
Francois de Fossa (1775-1849) (Spain-France)
Mauro Giuliani (1781-1829) (Italy)
Johann Kaspar Mertz (1806-1856) (Austrian-based, born in Slovakia.)
Francesco Molino (1775–1847)
Niccolò Paganini (1782-1840) (Italian)
Giulio Regondi (Italian)
Luis T. Romero(1854-1893)(American)
Fernando Sor (1778-1839) (Spanish)
Andrei Osipovich Sychra (1773 or 1776 - 1850) (Russia)
Francisco Tárrega (1852—1909) (Spanish)
XX century
Laurindo Almeida (1917-1995)(Brasil)
María Luisa Anido (1907-1996) (Argentina, Spain)
Agustín Pío Barrios (1885-1944) (Paraguay)
Abel Carlevaro (1916-2001) (Uruguay)
Leif Christensen 1950-1988
Alirio Diaz (b. 1923)
Dimitri Fampas (1921-1996)
Sila Godoy (b. 1919)
Alexandre Lagoya (1929-1999)
Antonio Lauro (1917-1986)
Miguel Llobet (1878-1938)
Gustavo Lopez 1920-1979
Sergei Orekhov (1935–1998)
Emilio Pujol (1886-1980)
Ida Presti (1924-1967)
Celedonio Romero (1913-1996)
Regino Sainz de la Maza (1896-1981, Spain)
Andrés Segovia (1893-1987, Spain)
José Tomás (1934-2001)
Narciso Yepes (1927-1997)
Contemporary
Lily Afshar (b. 19--) (Iran / U.S.)
Adnan Ahmedic (b.1975) (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Cesar Amaro (b. 1948) (Uruguay)
Magnus Andersson (b. 1955) (Sweden)
Sergio Assad (b. 1952) (Brazil)
Denis Azabagić (b. 1972) (Bosnia-Herzegovina)
Manuel Barrueco (b. 1952) (Cuba)
Gilbert Biberian (b. 1944)
Dušan Bogdanović (b. 1955) (Yugoslavia now Serbia / U.S.)
Liona Boyd (b. 1949)
Julian Bream (b. 1933) (United Kingdom)
Leo Brouwer (b. 1939) (Cuba)
Charo (b. 1951) (Spain)ffz
Máximo Diego Pujol
Carlo Domeniconi (b. 1947) (Italy)
Juanjo Domínguez (b. 1951) (Argentina)
Zoran Dukic (b. 1969) (Croatia)
Roland Dyens (b. 1955) (France)
Gabriel Estarellas (Spain)
Roberto Fabbri (b.1964) (Italy)
Eva Fampas (b. 1964) (Greece)
Oliver Fartach-Naini (b. 1964) (Germany)
Eliot Fisk (b. 1958) (U.S. / Austria)
Yorgos Foudoulis (Greece)
José González (Sweden)
Kostas Grigoreas (b. 1957) (Greece)
Robin Hill (b. 1953) (United Kingdom)
Adam Holzman (b. 1960)
Tilman Hoppstock (b. 1961) (Germany)
Simone Iannarelli (b. 1970) (Italy)
Sharon Isbin (b. 1956) (U.S.)
Ólavur Jakobsen (b. 1964) Faroe Islands
Maria Kämmerling (b. 1946)
William Kanengiser (U.S.)
Nikita Koshkin (b. 1956) (Russia)
Goran Krivokapić (b. 1979) (Serbia)
David Leisner (b. 1953) (U.S.
Stephen Marchionda 1967 (U.S. / Spain)
Carlo Marchione (b. 1964) (Italy)
Martha Masters (b. 1972) (U.S.)
Pablo Márquez (b. 1967) (Argentina)
Jaime Mirtenbaum Zenamon
Gentil Montaña (b. 1942) (Colombia)
Jorge Morel (b. 1931)
Erling Møldrup (b. 1943)
Thomas Müller-Pering (b. 1958)
Gordon O'Brien (b. 1966)
Erkan Ogur (b. 1954) (Turkey)
Christopher Parkening (b. 1947)
Marco Pereira
Robert Phillips (b. 1953) (U.S.)
Álvaro Pierri (Uruguay)
Alberto Ponce (b. 1935), (Spain / France)
Stanko Prek
Štěpán Rak (b. 1945) (Czech Republic)
Angel Romero (b. 1946) (Spain)
Pepe Romero (b. 1944) (Spain)
David Russell (b. 1953) (United Kingdom (Scotland))
Stephan Schmidt (Germany / Switzerland based)
John Schneider
María Isabel Siewers
Göran Söllscher
David Starobin (b. 1951) (U.S.)
Pavel Steidl (b. 1961), (Czechoslovakia (now in the Czech Republic)/Netherlands)
David Tanenbaum (b. 1956) (U.S.)
Scott Tennant (b. 1962) (U.S.)
Ana Vidović (b. 1980) (Croatia)
Jerry Willard
John Williams (b. 1941) (Australia)
Alan Banks (Australia)
Kazuhito Yamashita (b. 1961) (Japan)
Andrew York (U.S.)
Laura Young (Canada)
Yang Xuefei (b. 1977) (People's Republic of China)
Simon Cheong (b. 1959) (Malaysia)
Country music
Chet Atkins
Albert Lee
Jerry Douglas
B.J. Cole
Bonnie Raitt
Leo Kottke
Arlen Roth
Danny Gatton
Jerry Donahue
Will Ray
John Jorgenson
Steve Wariner
Brent Mason
James Burton
Scotty Anderson
Roy Buchanan
Jerry Reed
Carl Perkins
Buddy Holly
Scotty Moore
Ry Cooder
Merle Travis
Roy Clark
Tony Rice
Doc Watson
Norman Blake
Clarence White
Vince Gill
Keith Urban
Dan Crary
Joe Maphis
Mark O'Connor
Hank Snow
Les Paul
Luther Perkins
Pete Drake
Don Reno
Speedy West
Bob Wootton
Buddy Emmons
Jerry Byrd
Leon McAuliffe
Glen Campbell
Flamenco
Paco de Lucía
Jazz
Danny Barker
Charlie Christian
Franco Cerri
Eddie Condon
Al Di Meola
Bill Frisell
Frank Gambale
Jim Hall
Scott Henderson
Allan Holdsworth
Charlie Hunter
Stanley Jordan
Enver Izmailov
Barney Kessel
Eddie Lang
Tony Macalpine
Pat Martino
John McLaughlin
Pat Metheny
Wes Montgomery
Randy Napoleon
Joe Pass
Andreas Paolo Perger
Snoozer Quinn
Django Reinhardt
Marc Ribot
John Scofield
Mike Stern
Andy Summers
Martin Taylor
Szabó Gábor
Herb Ellis
Folk and acoustic
William Ackerman
Dan Ar Braz
Chet Atkins
Joan Baez
Martin Carthy
Ry Cooder
Jim Croce
John Denver
Ani DiFranco
Nick Drake
Doyle Dykes
Bob Dylan
Dave Ellis
John Fahey
Gordon Giltrap
Davey Graham
Michael Hedges
Bert Jansch
Nic Jones
Leo Kottke
Adrian Legg
John Martyn
Ellen McIlwaine
Tony McManus
Joni Mitchell
Tom Paxton
Al Perkins
John Renbourn
Stochelo Rosenberg
Art Paul Schlosser
Patrick Beverley
Paul Simon (Simon and Garfunkel)
James Taylor
Richard Thompson
Doc Watson
Hank Williams
Francois Luambo Makiadi "Franco"
Pierre Bensusan
Blues
Luther Allison
Duane Allman
Blind Blake
Michael Bloomfield
Doyle Bramhall
Big Bill Broonzy
Roy Buchanan
Chris Cain
Eric Clapton
Albert Collins
Ry Cooder
Robert Cray
Steve 'The Colonel' Cropper
Robben Ford
Jesse Fuller
Lowell Fulson
Rory Gallagher
Guitar Shorty
Guitar Slim
Buddy Guy
John Hammond, Jr.
Jimi Hendrix
John Lee Hooker
Son House
Mississippi John Hurt
Elmore James
Skip James
Blind Lemon Jefferson
Lonnie Johnson
Luther 'Guitar Junior' Johnson
Robert Johnson
Albert King
B.B. King
Freddie King
Little Jimmy King
Sonny Landreth
Leadbelly
J.B. Lenoir
Mance Lipscomb
Lonnie Mack
Taj Mahal
Mississippi Fred McDowell
Brownie McGhee
Blind Willie McTell
Little Milton
Memphis Minnie
Coco Montoya
Gary Moore
Keb' Mo'
Matt 'Guitar' Murphy
Charlie Patton
Bonnie Raitt
Tampa Red
Jimmy Reed
Robert Ross
Otis Rush
Kenny Wayne Shepherd
Hubert Sumlin
Sister Rosetta Tharpe
Jimmy Vaughan
Stevie Ray Vaughan
Joe Louis Walker
T-Bone Walker
Muddy Waters
Bukka White
Josh White
Johnny Winter
Howlin' Wolf
Pat Megroin
Tommy O'Brien
Peter(The Beard) Longjohn
Rock/pop
Jim Adkins (Jimmy Eat World)
Duane Allman (Derek and the Dominos, Allman Brothers Band)
Matt Bellamy (Muse)
Trey Anastasio (Phish)
Michael Angelo Batio
Billie Joe Armstrong (Green Day)
Nick Thompson (Retravox)
Chet Atkins
Perry Bamonte
David Bates
Jeff Beck
Adrian Belew (Frank Zappa, King Crimson, The Bears)
Chuck Berry
Ritchie Blackmore (Deep Purple)
Lindsey Buckingham (Fleetwood Mac)
Charlie Christian
Eric Clapton (The Yardbirds, Cream, Derek and the Dominos, Blind Faith)
Kurt Cobain (Nirvana)
Warren Cuccurullo (Frank Zappa, Missing Persons, and Duran Duran)
Dick Dale
Bo Diddley
Duane Eddy
Mattias "IA" Eklundh (Freak Kitchen)
David Evans aka The Edge (U2)
Ace Frehley (Kiss)
Robert Fripp (King Crimson)
John Frusciante (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
Noel Gallagher (Oasis)
Jerry Garcia (the Grateful Dead)
David Gilmour (Pink Floyd)
Paul Gilbert (Mr. Big)
George Harrison (The Beatles)
Jimi Hendrix (The Jimi Hendrix Experience)
Buddy Holly
Steve Howe (Yes)
Chrissie Hynde (The Pretenders)
Phil Keaggy
Mark Knopfler (Dire Straits and Notting HillBillies)
Robby Krieger (The Doors)
Goktan Kural (Hazerfan)
Shawn Lane
Tweke Lewis (Man Wild Turkey Tyla Gang)
Alex Lifeson (Rush)
Tom Linton (Jimmy Eat World)
Hank B. Marvin (The Shadows)
Johnny Marr (The Smiths)
Mick Mars (Mötley Crüe)
Brian May (Queen)
John Mayer
Mike McCready (Pearl Jam)
Roger McGuinn (The Byrds)
Barry Melton (Country Joe and the Fish, The Dinosaurs)
Midoru
Kim Mitchell
Vinnie Moore
Tom Morello (Rage Against The Machine)
Steve Morse
Dave Navarro (Jane's Addiction, Red Hot Chili Peppers)
Ted Nugent
Jimmy Page (Led Zeppelin, The Yardbirds
Les Paul
Joe Perry (Aerosmith)
Tom Petty (Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers)
Elvis Presley
Prince
Johnny Ramone (Ramones)
Chris Rea
Sheldon Reynolds (Earth, Wind & Fire, solo artist)
Keith Richards (The Rolling Stones)
Michael Roe
Michael Monarch (Steppenwolf)
Mick Ronson (played with David Bowie)
Richie Sambora (Bon Jovi)
Carlos Santana
Joe Satriani
Neal Schon (Journey )
James Honeyman-Scott (The Pretenders)
Brian Setzer (The Stray Cats, The Brian Setzer Orchestra)
Paul Simon (Simon and Garfunkel)
Slash (Slash's Snakepit, Guns N' Roses, and Velvet Revolver)
Robert Smith
Billy Squier
John Squire
Izzy Stradlin (Guns N' Roses)
Andy Summers (The Police)
Porl Thompson
Pete Townshend (The Who)
Steve Vai (Frank Zappa, Alcatrazz, David Lee Roth, and Whitesnake)
Eddie Van Halen (Van Halen)
Tom Verlaine (Television)
Jack White (The White Stripes)
Jason White (Pinhead Gunpowder)
Nancy Wilson (Heart)
Angus Young (AC/DC)
Malcolm Young (AC/DC)
Neil Young (Buffalo Springfield, Crazy Horse, CSN&Y, The Esquires, The Stray Gators)
Frank Zappa (among other things, played with The Mothers of Invention)
Blues Saraceno
Chad Kroeger (NickelBack)
Synyster Gates (Avenged Sevenfold)
Ryan Ross (Panic! at the Disco)
Heavy metal
Kiko Loureiro (solo artist, Angra, Megadeth)
Jeff Loomis (Nevermore)
Mikael Åkerfeldt (Opeth
Michael Amott (Arch Enemy)
Jason Becker (solo artist, Cacophony, David Lee Roth)
Nuno Bettencourt (Extreme)
Buckethead (solo artist, Guns N' Roses, Primus)
Bumblefoot (Ron Thal)
Dimebag Darrell (Pantera, Rebel Meets Rebel, Damageplan)
Chris DeGarmo (Queensrÿche)
K. K. Downing (Judas Priest)
Todd Duane (solo artist)
Marty Friedman (solo artist, Cacophony, Megadeth)
Kirk Hammett (Metallica)
James Hetfield (Metallica)
Kenny Hickey (Type O Negative)
Scott Ian (Anthrax)
Chris Impellitteri (solo artist)
Tony Iommi (Black Sabbath)
Matthias Jabs (Scorpions)
Adam Jones (Tool)
Kerry King (Slayer)
Alexi Laiho (Children of Bodom)
Herman Li (DragonForce)
George Lynch (Dokken, Lynch Mob)
Yngwie Malmsteen (solo artist, Alcatrazz, Steeler)
Jim Martin (Faith No More)
Borislav Mitic (solo artist)
Tom Morello (Audioslave and Rage Against the Machine)
James Murphy (solo artist, Death, Disincarnate, Testament)
Dave Murray (Iron Maiden)
Dave Mustaine (Metallica)(Megadeth)
John Petrucci (Megadeth)(Dream Theater)
Randy Rhoads (Quiet Riot, Ozzy Osbourne)
Michael Romeo (Symphony X)
Michael Schenker (solo artist, UFO)
Rudolph Schenker (Scorpions)
Chuck Schuldiner (Death, Control Denied)
Slash (Guns N' Roses), (Slash's Snakepit), (Velvet Revolver)
Adrian Smith (Iron Maiden)
Bill Steer (Carcass)
Joe Stump
Izzy Stradlin (Guns N' Roses), (Velvet Revolver)
Katherine "The Great Kat" Thomas
Glenn Tipton (Judas Priest)
Steve Vai (Frank Zappa, Alcatrazz, David Lee Roth, Whitesnake)
Eddie Van Halen (Van Halen)
Tony S Velasquez(solo artist)
Rich Ward (Stuck Mojo), (Sick Speed), (Fozzy), {The Duke)
Michael Wilton (Queensrÿche)
Zakk Wylde (Black Label Society, Ozzy Osbourne), Black Sabbath, Pride and Glory, Solo Artist)
Dweezil Zappa
Benjamin Weinman (The Dillinger Escape Plan)
Mai Kanbe (solo artist, Jack's Big Music Show, Sera Myu)
References
Lists of musicians
https://guitartrap.blogspot.com/ |
13185 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Sea%20Power | British Sea Power | British Sea Power is an indie rock band from England. They formed in 2000. Many band members come from Cumbria, but they are based in Brighton. They have released six albums and six EPs. They released their sixth album Machineries of Joy in April 2013.
Studio albums
The Decline Of British Sea Power (2003)
Open Season (2005)
Do You Like Rock Music? (2007)
Valhalla Dancehall (2010)
Machineries Of Joy (2013)
Sea of Brass (2015)
Let the Dancers Inherit the Party (2017)
2000 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Brighton
English rock bands
Indie rock bands
Musical groups established in 2000 |
13186 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Eat%20World | Jimmy Eat World | Jimmy Eat World is an alternative rock band. They formed in Mesa, Arizona in 1994. To date, they have released six studio albums. They may record one more album on their label for a 2009 release, but after that will consider self-releasing. They have released many singles, including Sweetness, The Middle, Bleed American, Rockstar, and Let It Happen.
They used to be part of the emo scene and many would still call them that. However, the band has never liked that term and do not even understand that. While their albums do have considerable emo influences, the album Future brought on a change of sound and a different fanbase.
Albums
Studio albums
Jimmy Eat World - 1994
Static Prevails - 1996
Clarity - 1999
Bleed American - 2001
Futures - 2004
Chase This Light - 2007
Invented - 2010
Damage - 2013
EPS
One Two Three - 1994
Jimmy Eat World (EP) - 1998
Firestarter - 2000
Good To Go - 2002
Stay On My Side Tonight - 2005
References
Other websites
Jimmy Eat World's Official website
American rock bands
American punk bands
Emo bands
Musical groups from Arizona
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
People from Mesa, Arizona
Musical groups established in 1993
1993 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Arizona |
13188 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phish | Phish | Phish is an American rock band. They formed in Vermont in 1983, broke up in 2004, and reformed in 2009. Their lead singer is Trey Anastasio. Phish was often compared to the Grateful Dead, and had a similar following of "Phish Heads" following the band on tour. They went on a 5-year-long hiatus from 2004 to 2009. Their hiatus ended when they played shows on March 6, 7 and 8 at the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, VA. The band surprised the audience with longer sets than usual.
Their music has a lot of improvisation, so when they play live, their songs are sometimes a lot longer. They use elements from many genres, including rock, jazz, funk, progressive rock, bluegrass, country, reggae, blues, Latin, and psychedelic rock.
Discography
Studio albums
The White Tape (1986)
The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday (1987)
Junta (1989)
Lawn Boy (1990)
A Picture of Nectar (1992)
Rift (1993)
Hoist (1994)
Billy Breathes (1996)
The Story of the Ghost (1998)
The Siket Disc (1999)
Farmhouse (2000)
Round Room (2002)
Undermind (2004)
Joy (2009)
Fuego (2014)
Big Boat (2016)
Sigma Oasis (2020)
References
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1983
2004 disestablishments in the United States
Burlington, Vermont
1983 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Vermont |
13189 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Day | Green Day | Green Day is an American rock band that formed in 1986. The members of the band are Billie Joe Armstrong (vocals, guitar), Mike Dirnt (bass guitar, vocals), and Tré Cool (drums, percussion), Jason White (guitar/vocals) and Jason Freese (keyboard). Jason Freese only participates in concert tours. Green Day is often celebrated as one of the best punk rock bands currently performing.
At first, Green Day was part of the punk rock culture at 924 Gilman Street in Berkeley, California. Its album Dookie (1994) became a success. Soon, it sold more than ten million copies in the United States alone, and 20 million copies worldwide. The album was well reviewed and the band were praised for its music and sales. Green Day had three more albums after that, Insomniac, Nimrod and Warning. They were still successful albums, reaching double platinum, double platinum, and gold status respectively. However none of these albums sold as well as their third album, Dookie. Green Day's 2004 rock opera American Idiot sold six million copies in the United States.
Green Day has sold over 85 million records worldwide, 32 million of them in the United States alone. They also have won four Grammy Awards, Best Alternative Album for Dookie, Best Rock Album for American Idiot, Record of the Year for the song "Boulevard of Broken Dreams, Best Rock Album for 21st Century Breakdown and have also been inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame.
Band history
Formation and Lookout years (1987–1993)
In 1987, Lookout! released Green Day's first album 39/Smooth. Green Day recorded two EPs: Slappy and Sweet Children. Lookout! Records released 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, an album that had the 39/Smooth, Slappy, and 1,000 Hours EPs in it. In late 1990, shortly after the band's first worldwide tour, Sobrante left the band. The Lookouts drummer Tré Cool became a replacement, and then became a permanent replacement because Sobrante did not want to come back. Green Day was on tour for most of 1992 and 1993, and played a lot of shows overseas in Europe. Its second album, Kerplunk, sold about 50,000 copies in the U.S., which was a lot for the punk band in 1992.
Breakthrough success (1994–1996)
Kerplunk's success made major record labels interested in Green Day, and they soon left Lookout! and signed with Reprise Records after getting the attention of producer Rob Cavallo. Signing to Reprise made many punk rock fans think Green Day as sellouts. After signing with Reprise, the band went to work on making its major label debut, Dookie.
Released in February of 1994, and recorded in 3 weeks, Dookie became a commercial success, making it to MTV for the videos of the songs "Longview", "Basket Case", and "When I Come Around", all of which made it to the number one position on the Modern Rock Tracks charts.
Insomniac was a darker, more punk release for the band than the rocking Dookie. Insomniac earned 4 out of 5 stars from Rolling Stone Magazine, which said "In punk, the good stuff actually unfolds and gains meaning as you listen without sacrificing any of its electric, haywire immediacy. And Green Day are as good as this stuff gets." Insomniac won the band award nominations for Favorite Artist, Favorite Hard Rock Artist, and Favorite Alternative Artist at the 1996 American Music Awards. The video for "Walking Contradiction" got the band a Grammy nomination for Best Video, Short Form, and a Best Special Effects nomination at the MTV Video Music Awards.
In 1995, a new single for the Angus soundtrack was released, titled "J.A.R.". The single went straight to number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. After that, Insomniac, Green Day's new album, was released in the fall of 1995. After that, the band stopped from going on a European tour so they could rest for a while.
Nimrod and Warning (1997–2000)
In 1997, Green Day began to work on a new album. They came up with Nimrod. The new album was released in October 1996. The success of "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" won the band an MTV Video Award for Best Alternative Video.
In 2000, Green Day released Warning, an album that had types of songs that Nimrod did. Though the Warning made the hit "Minority" and a smaller hit with "Warning", some observers thought that the band was losing popularity. Warning was certified gold by the RIAA.
At the 2001 California Music Awards, Green Day won all eight awards that they were nominated for.
American Idiot
In the summer of 2003, the band went into a studio to write and record new songs for a new album titled Cigarettes and Valentines. After making 20 tracks, the master tapes were stolen from the studio. The band was upset and chose not to try to re-create the stolen album, but instead start over with a vow to be even better than before. In this same year, Green Day went with Iggy Pop on two tracks for his album Skull Ring. They took "band therapy," talking for a long time to work out the members' differences after accusations from Dirnt and Cool that Armstrong was "the band's Nazi" and a show-off bent on taking the limelight from the other band members.
The 2004 album, American Idiot, was number one on the Billboard charts, the band's first ever album to top the chart, even with success of the album's first single, "American Idiot.
Through 2005, the band toured for about 150 days— visiting Japan, Australia, the United States and the UK, where they had a crowd of 130,000 people in only two days. While touring for American Idiot, they filmed and recorded the two concerts at the Milton Keynes National Bowl in England, which was voted 'The Best Show On Earth' in a Kerrang! Magazine Poll.
These recordings were released as a live CD and DVD called Bullet in a Bible on November 15, 2005. The DVD had a behind-the-scenes footage of the band, and showed how the band prepared to put on the show. The final shows of its 2005 world tour were in Sydney, Australia, and Melbourne, Australia, on December 14 and 17. On January 10, 2006 the band was awarded with a People's Choice Award for favorite group.
In 2006, Green Day won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year for "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" which spent 16 weeks at the number one position of Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks.
In an interview with Kerrang!, Billie Joe said that 2008 would "be a fair estimate of the release date of their new Untitled Eighth Studio Album." In October 2007, Billie Joe said more on this new album, saying he had been writing new songs on the piano, and had around 45 of them. He said he wanted the new music to dig into what he's feeling during that time - which is middle-aged.
In 2009 Kerrang! named American Idiot the best album of the decade, NME ranked it #60 in a similar list, and Rolling Stone ranked it 22nd.
21st Century Breakdown
In an interview with Kerrang!, Armstrong said that 2009 would "be a fair estimate of the release date of their new untitled eighth studio album for Green Day." It was revealed that Butch Vig would be producing the upcoming album in an interview with Carson Daly. The gap of nearly five years between their previous album, American Idiot, and their newest release was the longest gap in Green Day's career. While the band had been working on new music since January 2006, by October 2007 Armstrong had written 45 songs, the band showed no further signs of being close to releasing a new album until October 2008, when a video of the group recording with producer Butch Vig in the studio was posted on YouTube.
Their newest album, titled 21st Century Breakdown, was released on May 15, 2009. Called "Green Day at their best" by Seattle Weekly's Krist Novoselic, the album has received mostly positive reviews. Rating website Metacritic reported a rating of 70% as of July 2009, based on 30 reviews. After it was released, 21st Century Breakdown reached #1 on the charts in fourteen different countries.
Music style and influences
Green Day's sound is often compared to first wave punk rock bands such as the Ramones, The Clash, Sex Pistols, The Jam, and the Buzzcocks. Stylistically, the group is characterized as punk rock, pop punk and alternative rock.
Most of their songs are fast and under the average song length of four minutes (4:00), though some of their songs run on longer such as "Jesus of Suburbia" which runs for nine minutes. Billie Joe Armstrong said that some of his biggest influences are alternative rock bands Husker Dü and The Replacements. Armstrong's lyrics mostly describe alienation, hysteria, girls, growing up, and what happens to someone if they take drugs. The Ramones had lyrical themes that were also close to Green Day's lyrics such as hysteria, alienation, girls, and drugs. Green Day has covered Ramones songs a few times, such as recording "Outsider" for the tribute album We're a Happy Family, and performing "Blitzkrieg Bop" and "Teenage Lobotomy" when the Ramones made it into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002.
Band members
Current members
Billie Joe Armstrong – vocals, guitar (1986–present)
Mike Dirnt - bass guitar, backing vocals (1986–present)
Tré Cool – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1990–present)
Jason White - lead guitar, rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2012–present; touring member 1999–Present)
Former members
John Kiffmeyer – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1987–1990)
Current touring musicians
Jason Freese – keyboards, piano, acoustic guitar, trombone, saxophone, accordion, backing vocals (2004–present)
Former touring musicians
Kurt Lohmiller – trumpet, timpani, percussion, vocals (1999–2004)
Gabrial McNair – trombone, tenor saxophone (1999–2001)
Garth Schultz - trombone, trumpet
Ronnie Blake – trumpet, timpani, percussion, backing vocals (2004–present)
Mike Pelino – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2004–present)
Session musicians
Rob Cavallo – piano on American Idiot (2004)
Stephen Bradley – trumpet on Warning (2000) and Nimrod (1997)
Petra Haden – violin on Nimrod (1997)
Gabrial McNair – trombone on Nimrod (1997)
Discography
Studio albums
39/Smooth (1990)
Kerplunk (1992)
Dookie (1994)
Insomniac (1995)
Nimrod (1997)
Warning (2000)
American Idiot (2004)
21st Century Breakdown (2009)
¡Uno! (2012)
¡Dos! (2012)
¡Tré! (2013)
Revolution Radio (2016)
Father of All Motherfuckers (2020)
References
Spitz, Marc. Nobody Likes You: Inside the Turbulent Life, Times, and Music of Green Day. New York: Hyperion, 2006.
The Green Day Story (Broadcast on Radio 1 Mon 20 June 2005) (Different link )
Notes
Other websites
Green Day Official website
Green Day Idiot Club Official fanclub
The Green Day Wiki A Wikia project Green Day wiki.
1986 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1980s establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Musicians from Berkeley, California
Musical groups established in 1986
Musical groups from California
People's Choice Award winners
American Music Awards |
13190 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20album | Live album | A live album is an album that has live songs. These live songs are played on stage at a concert, instead of recorded in a studio. People record the songs and put them on a CD. |
13191 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album%20%28disambiguation%29 | Album (disambiguation) | An album is a collection of songs on a CD or LP.
It may also refer to:
A photo album is usually a book with pictures inside it
A Stamp album is a book with series of postage stamps |
13194 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin%20Gaye | Marvin Gaye | Marvin Gaye (born Marvin Pentz Gay, Jr., April 2, 1939 - April 1, 1984) was an American soul and R&B singer and songwriter. He was a famous artist recording on the Motown label in the 1960s and 1970s. He became an independent artist when he released his 1971 album, What's Going On. After living in Europe in the late 1970s, Gaye had a comeback hit with 1982's "Sexual Healing". The record won him two Grammy Awards and became his biggest hit. He died on April 1, 1984 when he was killed by his father, Marvin Gay, Sr.. After he died, he was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Biography
Early life and career
Marvin Pentz Gay, Jr. was the eldest son of a Pentecostal minister and the second of four children. His family lived in a mostly African-American community in Washington, D.C. When he was a child, Gaye was abused by his father. He used music to help him cope with the abuse, playing instruments and singing gospel music in his father's church. When he was a teenager, Gaye became a fan of doo-wop and joined several groups before he left high school at the start of his senior year.
In 1956, when he was seventeen years old, Gaye left home and enlisted in (joined) in the United States Air Force. He was honorably discharged the following year. Gaye moved back to Washington D.C. and formed a group called The Marquees. The group was discovered by musician Bo Diddley and they recorded the songs "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl" and "Wyatt Earp". They then met Harvey Fuqua and joined with his group The Moonglows. They released a song called "Mama Loocie" in 1959. This was the first song recorded with Gaye singing as lead vocalist. The following year, the new Moonglows split up and with Fuqua as his mentor, Gaye traveled to Detroit, Michigan where they met Berry Gordy, who had formed Motown Records. Gordy was impressed by Marvin's talent as a piano player and drummer and signed him as a session drummer for Motown. Gaye played drums on most of Motown's early hits for artists like The Marvelettes, Mary Wells, the Miracles and Stevie Wonder. In 1961, Gordy signed Gaye as a recording artist and released The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye. The album did not sell well.
Early stardom
Gaye's first became successful when he co-wrote the Marvelettes' top twenty hit, "Beechwood 4-5789". In 1962 he released his own song called "Stubborn Kind of Fellow". It was partly about his own life and got into the top fifty of the pop chart and number eight on the R&B side. His first top 40 single, "Hitch Hike", and his first top ten hit, "Pride & Joy", made him a teen idol. These early singles and those on his second release, That Stubborn Kind of Fellow, featured Martha and the Vandellas in the backGaye had more successful songs like early success continued with "Can I Get a Witness", "Baby Don't You Do It", "You Are a Wonderful One" and "Try It Baby". In late 1964, Gaye recorded "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)", which peaked at the top ten of the American pop charts and became one of his first hits abroad reaching the top fifty in the United Kingdom. Gaye also worked with his friend, singer Smokey Robinson to write number-one singles, "I'll Be Doggone" and "Ain't That Peculiar".
Duets with female artists
After his early success, which Marvin had struggles with, Motown began to widen his role as a ladies man, having him record duet albums with Mary Wells, Kim Weston and Diana Ross. His first album with Wells, Together, became Marvin's first charted album, and yielded two popular hits, while his single with Weston, the Sylvia Moy-penned "It Takes Two", hit the top twenty on both sides of the Atlantic. But it would be his collaboration with Philadelphia R&B singer Tammi Terrell that landed him his biggest known success in his duet work. Building on songs written by Ashford & Simpson, the team of Marvin and Tammi scored a multitude of hits including their original version of "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", "Your Precious Love", "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" and "You're All I Need to Get By". Their success would be short-lived following Tammi's collapse during a show at Virginia in October of 1967. Having complained of headaches, Tammi was rushed to the hospital that night and was diagnosed with a brain tumor. Terrell braved it out but by the release of their third and last album together, Easy, was losing her fight with the tumor. Tammi died in March of 1970 at the age of 24 from complications of her brain cancer. Marvin was said to be so devastated by Tammi's death that he said he felt a piece of him died with her, and reports state at her funeral, Marvin talked to her remains as if she was gonna respond. Promising not to tour again and not to record another duet album after that, Marvin went into a self-imposed seclusion that ended briefly. In 1973, Marvin would work on his final duet album with Diana Ross. Their recording was hampered by arguments between them as Marvin refused to stop smoking marijuana in the studio as Diana was then pregnant. The resulting album, Diana and Marvin, became a top twenty U.S. success and reached the top ten in the U.K.
Breakthrough from Motown
In 1968, Marvin returned to the top of the charts as a solo act with the Norman Whitfield-penned "I Heard It Through the Grapevine". The song, originally recorded in 1967, was initially blocked from release since Berry Gordy disapproved of the song. Instead, one of its cover versions by Gladys Knight & the Pips was released, and it ended up reaching number-two. Whitfield was determined to get Gordy to release Marvin's, and in October 1968, Motown finally issued "Grapevine" as a single where it eventually reached number-one in December of that year, it also reached number one in the U.K. and became the biggest-selling single in Motown history during the sixties. During this period, Marvin used his "Grapevine" success to produce a collection of singles for his background group the Originals. Those songs, "Baby I'm for Real" and "The Bells" became top 40 recordings. After two more top ten hits that followed, Marvin began working on a more personal production. Inspired by Tammi Terrell's death, his brother Frankie's Vietnam stories, footage of the Vietnam War and race riots in the U.S., Marvin's success with his first productions and a rough draft of a song composed by Four Tops member Obie Benson, Marvin recorded an introspective single titled "What's Going On". Like "Grapevine", Motown refused to release it due to it being "uncommercial" and "risky" since Gordy could not find a song to match anything with and also because Gordy was against anyone in his company to talk openly about serious issues. In spite of releases by the Temptations, the Supremes and Edwin Starr, which opened about inner city struggle, illegitimate pregnancy and wars respectively, Motown was afraid the song would ruin Marvin's squeaky-clean teen pop image. Marvin, confident in his own abilities, stood his ground, and in January of 1971, the song was released quickly becoming a hit single reaching number two on the Billboard pop chart and number one on the Cashbox pop chart, also hitting number-one on the Billboard R&B chart. A follow-up album of the same name was quickly released that May and with accompanying top ten singles "Mercy Mercy Me" and "Inner City Blues", songs that also talked about social issues including environmentalism, the album sold over a million copies and permanently made Marvin one of the first independent artists on the label. Inspired by Marvin's success, Stevie Wonder refused to renew his contract with Motown in May of 1971 after releasing the non-Motown approved Where I'm Coming From, an album that also dealt with social issues. In 1972, Motown signed Marvin to a $1 million contract, making him at the time the highest-paid black recording artist in music history. Marvin celebrated the contract by releasing the pro-political single "You're the Man", which attacked the Nixon administration. Moving from Detroit to Los Angeles that year, he recorded the soundtrack to the movie, "Trouble Man". The soundtrack and its title track became top twenty and top ten hits on the charts respectively. In 1973, Marvin dramatically changed direction from social topics to sexual politics with the release of "Let's Get It On". The song became Marvin's second number-one Billboard hit and was the biggest-selling R&B single of that year. Its subsequent album became another critical milestone as What's Going On had been and with his new look as a wool hat-wearing, studded jean outfit, bearded "messiah", Marvin had become an icon of early seventies soul music.
Decline
In 1974, Marvin returned officially to touring after a four-year sabbatical following the death of Tammi Terrell and began to suffer from the effects of a long-developing cocaine addiction, which started in the late sixties. Marvin went a year without producing a record though through yet another new Motown contract, he built a recording studio in the middle of Sunset Boulevard. In 1976, Marvin released the erotic I Want You album, an album that had been delayed by his first wife, Anna Gordy's divorce case against him. The divorce was finalized after Marvin agreed to remit a portion of his royalties from his next album to Ms. Gordy. The result was the controversial Here, My Dear project, which came out in early 1979 after two years of holding the project from release. Marvin recorded a disco hit in 1977 titled "Got to Give It Up". The song hit number-one marking his third pop hit to reach the spot and his twelfth on the R&B side. It would end up being his last major hit with the Motown label. Following the release of Here, My Dear, the album tanked and Marvin, already run dry by dwindling finances, numerous lawsuits, a troubling marriage to a second wife and an even more troubling cocaine addiction, eventually left his wife, three children, and the U.S. settling first in Hawaii and then settling in London in 1980 after a European promoter advised him to tour Europe. Recording most of his final Motown release, In Our Lifetime, in London, the album was rush-released by Motown in early 1981 much to Marvin's chagrin: he complained that the label had edited certain songs, including one that seemed unfinished, and had taken off a question mark that he put at the end of the title to ask a question about life. Marvin stated he would no longer record for Motown and was granted his wish when CBS Records brought him out of his contract in April of 1982.
Return from exile
In 1981, Marvin settled in Ostend, Belgium thanks to a former Belgian sports promoter and with his encouragement began rebuilding his life cutting away from drugs and also rebuilding his music career. After a successful European tour, Marvin signed with CBS Records and began work on a new album in his adopted home. After his friend and biographer David Ritz arrived to interview him, Marvin and David collaborated on a reggae-styled track in which Ritz titled "Sexual Healing" after a conversation between the two evolved into pornography. The song was one of eight Marvin worked on to fit into his comeback release, Midnight Love. Boosted by its Caribbean flavor, the song returned Marvin to the top of the charts, hitting number-one on the R&B chart for a period of ten weeks and also becoming a top ten hit in several countries including number-three in the U.S. pop chart and number-four in England. It also hit number-one in New Zealand. Selling over two million copies, it became Marvin's biggest-selling single to date and won him his first couple of Grammys in 1983. Marvin's comeback was cemented with his emotional performance of the national anthem at the NBA All Star Game and a reunited showcase at Motown 25, where Marvin was reunited with his old Motown buddies. Marvin's performance consisted of him playing piano while speaking on the illustrious history of black music before singing "What's Going On" to a receptive audience. That year, Marvin went on the road to promote the Midnight Love album. It would end up being his final tour.
Death and aftermath
Settling in his parents' Los Angeles home after the tour, Marvin reportedly struggled with drug abuse and his troubling relationship with his father continued spiraling downwards. On the morning of April 1, 1984, Marvin and his father got into an argument after his father verbally assaulted Marvin's mother while they were arguing over misplaced business documents. The two men clashed and Marvin reportedly shoved his father to the ground during the struggle. After returning to his room, Marvin's father reentered Marvin's room with a loaded shotgun Marvin had bought for him for Christmas and shot him twice with one fatal shot to his chest. At approximately 1:10 pm, Marvin Gaye was pronounced dead on the scene at Cedars Sinai Medical Center. He was one day shy of his forty-fifth birthday. Marvin's death shocked his fans though family members and friends knew of Marvin's depression. Over 10,000 well-wishers paid their last respects at a star-studded funeral in Los Angeles. Marvin's ashes were spread to the beaches of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1985, Motown and CBS collaborated on two posthumous records while Motown re-released Marvin's famed material. In 1987, Marvin was posthumously inducted to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame confirming his status as one of the greatest artists in music history.
Personal life
Marvin first dated Anna Gordy in 1961. Anna was said to be the inspiration behind Marvin's sixties hits including "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" and "You Are a Wonderful One". He married her in 1964 and the couple adopted a boy they named Marvin Pentz Gaye III in 1965. Their marriage was rocky by the time Marvin began courting a beautiful seventeen-year-old high-school student named Janis Hunter in 1973. Hunter was reportedly the inspiration behind the song "If I Should Die Tonight" as he had sung the song to her in the studio. His 1976 album, I Want You, was dedicated to Janis, who married him in 1977. The couple had two children together, daughter Nona and son Frankie. They divorced in 1981.
Discography
Studio albums
The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye (1961)
That Stubborn Kinda Fellow (1963)
When I'm Alone I Cry (1964)
Hello Broadway (1964)
How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You (1965)
A Tribute to the Great Nat "King" Cole (1965)
Moods of Marvin Gaye (1966)
In The Groove (a.k.a. I Heard It Through the Crapevine (1968)
M.P.G. (1969)
That's the Way Love Is (1970)
What's Going On (1971)
Trouble Man (1972)
Let's Get It On (1973)
I Want You (1976)
Here, My Dear (1978)
In Our Lifetime (1981)
Midnight Love (1982)
Dream of a Lifetime (1985)
Romantically Yours (1985)
Vulnerable (1997)
References
African American musicians
American manslaughter victims
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
American soul musicians
Deaths by firearm
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
1939 births
1984 deaths
Murdered African-American people |
13211 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masturbation | Masturbation | Masturbation is when a person touches their own sex organs to have pleasure. It often results in an orgasm.
Masturbating may be done alone, but can also be done with another person. This is called "mutual masturbation". Vibrators and dildos can be used to make masturbation easier or feel better, but it is often done with just a person's hand. Studies have shown that many people masturbate regularly.
Animals can masturbate too.
Female masturbation
The female sex organ most sensitive to touch is the clitoris. Therefore, female masturbation almost always involves stimulating the clitoris, either by hand or with a vibrator. Many women also enjoy the feeling of fingers or a sex toy in the vagina, but this is a secondary sensation that is not necessary for orgasm, and that rarely results in orgasm on its own. Some women find stimulation of the front vaginal wall particularly pleasurable. The anus is rich in nerve endings and is also sometimes stimulated during masturbation, as are the nipples.
Masturbation is usually continued until orgasm. Some women may have problems reaching an orgasm, especially when they are young, and have little experience masturbating.
Some women experience "multiple orgasms" - several orgasms in a row without loss of arousal. It should be noted, however, that women who are not capable of multiple orgasms report as much orgasmic satisfaction as women who are multi-orgasmic.
Male masturbation
Masturbation for males is the act of stimulating the penis manually to provide self-pleasure. For older teens and adults, masturbation usually ends in what is called an ejaculation (the release of liquid called semen which contains sperm cells). This ejaculation is usually accompanied by a powerful, pleasurable feeling called an orgasm. Most boys start masturbating between the age of 12 and 15.
There are many ways in which a male can choose to masturbate. The most common of these techniques is using the hand. A man simply wraps his hand or two or three fingers around the shaft of his penis (in erection) and moves his hand up and down. Sometimes a lubricant is used to create a softer sensation. As the sensation increases in intensity, the rate of hand movement generally quickens until orgasm occurs. Orgasm is a very pleasurable feeling which results in semen being ejaculated from the penis.
Men may also rub and touch other sensitive areas of the body such as the scrotum (the place where the testicles are located). Due to the placement of the prostate gland, another method (though much more of a social taboo) involves inserting an object, like one's hand or a sex toy, into the anus to rub against the prostate. This causes a sensation of pleasure through the male's body, and has been stated to cause orgasms more pleasurable than those caused by simply rubbing the shaft.
Masturbation frequency, age and sex
If and how often people masturbate depends on many things. One of the things it depends on is hormone levels. Hormones cause sexual arousal. Other things that the frequency of masturbation depend on sexual habits. Sexual habits are sexual activities that people do because they are used to doing them. Other people of the same age or standing - called peers - can also influence this frequency. General health is another of the many factors. The general attitude towards masturbation is formed by culture. Medical causes have also been associated with masturbation.
"Forty-eight female college students were asked to complete a sexual attitudes questionnaire in which a frequency of masturbation scale was embedded. Twenty-four of the women (the experimental group) then individually viewed an explicit modeling film involving female masturbation. One month later, all subjects again completed the same questionnaire. Subjects in the experimental group also completed a questionnaire evaluating aspects of the film. Results indicated that the experimental group reported a significant increase in the average monthly frequency of masturbation, as compared to the control group. This same group, however, reported that the film had no effect on sexual attitudes or behavior."
A 2004 survey by Toronto magazine NOW was answered by an unspecified number of thousands. The results show that an overwhelming majority of the males — 81% — began masturbating between the ages of 12 and 15. Among females, the same figure was a more modest majority of 55%. (Note that surveys on sexual practices are prone to self-selection bias.) It is not uncommon, however, to begin much earlier, and this is more frequent among females: 18% had begun by the time they turned 12, and 6% already by the time they turned 10. Being the main outlet of child sexuality, masturbation has been observed in very young children. In the book Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America, by Strong, Devault and Sayad, the authors point out, "A baby boy may laugh in his crib while playing with his erect penis (although he does not ejaculate). Baby girls sometimes move their bodies rhythmically, almost violently, appearing to experience orgasm."
A 2004 magazine survey in Canada found that 43% started masturbating when they were about 12–13 years old. When boys start masturbating, wet dreams often stop since semen is taken out from his body regularly.
According to a Canadian survey of Now magazine readers, (cited above), the frequency of masturbation declines after the age of 17. However, most males masturbate daily, or even more frequently, well into their 20s and sometimes far beyond. This decline is more drastic among females, and more gradual among males. While females aged 13–17 masturbated almost once a day on average (and almost as often as their male peers), adult women only masturbated 8–9 times a month, compared to the 18–22 among men. It is also apparent that masturbation frequency declines with age. Adolescent youths report being able to masturbate to ejaculation six or more times per day, though some men in older middle age report being hard pressed to ejaculate even once per day. The survey does not give a full demographic breakdown of respondents, however, and the sexual history of respondents to this poll, who are readers of an urban Toronto lifestyle magazine, may not extend to the general population.
It appears that females are less likely to masturbate while in a heterosexual relationship than men. Both sexes occasionally engage in this activity, however, even when in sexually active relationships. Popular belief asserts that individuals of either sex who are not in sexually active relationships tend to masturbate more frequently than those who are; however, much of the time this is not true as masturbation alone or with a partner is often a feature of a relationship. Contrary to conventional wisdom, several studies actually reveal a positive correlation between the frequency of masturbation and the frequency of intercourse as well as the number of sex partners. One study reported a significantly higher rate of masturbation in gay men and women who were in a relationship.
Cultural views and practices
The Catholic church says masturbation is a 'gravely disordered action'. Among men masturbation may be seen as a sign of weakness. There are slang terms for it that are used as insults.
The Sambia tribe of New Guinea has rites of passage surrounding manhood. They include frequent ejaculation by fellatio. Semen is valued. Masturbation is seen as a waste of semen. Because of this, it is frowned upon but frequent ejaculation is encouraged. The capacity and need to ejaculate is nurtured for years. This is done from an early age through fellatio. This allows the semen to be consumed rather than wasted. Semen is ingested for strength. It is considered in the same line as mothers' milk.
Other cultures have rites of passage into manhood that end in the first ejaculation of a male. This is often by the hands of a tribal elder. In some tribes such as the Agta in the Philippines, stimulation of the genitals is encouraged from an early age. At puberty, the young male is then paired off with a "wise elder" or "witch doctor". This person uses masturbation to build his ability to ejaculate in preparation for a ceremony. The ceremony ends in a public ejaculation before a celebration. The ejaculate is saved in a wad of animal skin and worn later to help conceive children. In this and other tribes, the measure of manhood is actually associated more with the amount of ejaculate than penis size. Frequent ejaculation through masturbation from an early age fosters frequent ejaculation well into adulthood.
Masturbation marathons have occurred in the U.S. and UK. These events provide a supportive environment where masturbation can be performed openly.
Function
Masturbation may increase fertility during sexual intercourse. In females, it can regulate the conditions of the vagina, cervix and the uterus. This can either increase or decrease the chance of conception. Whether the chance is increased or decreased depends on the timing of the masturbation. This timing is a subconscious decision. If she has intercourse with more than one male, it favors the chances of one or the other male's sperm reaching her egg.
Female masturbation can also protect against cervical infections. It does this by increasing the acidity of the cervical mucus and by moving debris out of the cervix.
The function of masturbation in males is to flush out old sperm with low motility from the male's genital tract. The next ejaculate contains more fresh sperm, which has higher chances of achieving conception during intercourse. If more than one male is having intercourse with a female, the sperm with the highest motility will compete more effectively.
Health and psychological effects
Benefits
The physical effect of masturbation and having an orgasm or ejaculating is heightened arousal while epinephrine courses through the body, producing dopamine also known as the happy chemical, shallow breath and post-climactic euphoria.
It is held in many mental health circles that masturbation can relieve depression, stress and lead to a higher sense of self-worth. Masturbation can also be particularly useful in relationships where one partner wants more sex than the other — in which case masturbation provides a balancing effect and thus a more harmonious relationship.
Mutual masturbation, the act by which two or more partners stimulate themselves in the presence of each other, allows a couple to reveal the map to their pleasure centers. Witnessing a partner masturbate is an educational activity to find out the method a partner uses to please them self, allowing each partner to learn exactly how the other enjoys being touched.
In 2003, an Australian research team led by Graham Giles of The Cancer Council Australia concluded that frequent masturbation by males appears to help prevent the development of prostate cancer.
A study published in 1997 found an inverse association between death from coronary heart disease and frequency of orgasm even given the risk that myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction can be triggered by sexual activity. Excerpt: "The association between frequency or orgasm and all cause mortality was also examined using the midpoint of each response category recoded as number of orgasms per year. The age adjusted odds ratio for an increase of 100 orgasms per year was 0.64 (0.44 to 0.95)". That is, a difference between any two subjects appeared when one subject ejaculated at around two or more times per week than the other. Assuming a broad range average of between 3-5 ejaculations per week for a healthy males, this would mean 5-7 ejaculations per week. This is consistent with an article on the benefits against prostate cancer However, the article notes that "The question of causation is complex... several explanations are possible".
Masturbation is also seen as a sexual technique that protects individuals from the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Support for such a view, and for making it part of the American sex education curriculum, led to the dismissal of US Surgeon General Joycelyn Elders during the Clinton administration. A 2011 study from the Indiana University supports the assertion. After taking age and partner status into account, the study showed that sexually active boys who masturbated regularly were eight times more likely to have used a condom during their last intercourse than other boys. This positive outcome has been observed in other studies and has been the basis of public health policy in Great Britain promoting masturbation.
Some people actually consider masturbation as a cardiovascular workout. Masturbation makes most people feel good and can sometimes replace sexual intercourse when one cannot find a partner. It can also prepare one for sexual intercourse.
Blood pressure
A small study has shown that a test group which only had intercourse experienced, as a whole, lower blood pressure in stressful situations than those who had intercourse but also had masturbated for one or more days.
Insertion
Objects inserted into the vagina or anus should be clean and should not be able to scratch or break. Care should be taken not to fully insert anything into the anus — any object used should have a flared or flanged base; otherwise, medical help may be needed to get it out. Modern dildos and anal plugs are designed with this feature.
Pregnancy
Masturbation involving both a man and a woman (see mutual masturbation) can result in pregnancy only if semen contacts the vulva. Masturbation with a partner can also theoretically result in transmission of sexually transmitted diseases by contact with bodily fluids.
Problems for males
A man whose penis has suffered a blunt trauma or injury during intercourse may rarely sustain a penile fracture or suffer from Peyronie's disease. Phimosis is "a contracted foreskin (that) may cause trouble by hurting when an attempt is made to pull the foreskin back". In these cases, any energetic manipulation of the penis can be problematic.
Lawrence I. Sank observed that masturbating prone (lying face downward) could be responsible for sexual problems in some men, including anorgasmia and erectile dysfunction, as observed in four men he examined. He coined the term traumatic masturbatory syndrome to describe this theory. As of 2007, no follow-up research has been conducted and the idea is not familiar or widely-held within the medical community. Some sources, however, give credence to the idea. One sex therapist condemned masturbation by rubbing against a pillow or mattress and Lipsith et al. suggest that masturbation could play a part in male psychogenic sexual dysfunction (MPSD), citing Sank as their authority. MPSD is a difficulty in reaching orgasm during intercourse, and developing a dependence on masturbation.
Compulsive masturbation
Masturbating frequently presents no physical, mental or emotional risk in itself, but masturbation can be used to relieve boredom or stress. In either case, as with any "nervous habit", it is more helpful to consider the causes of the boredom or of the stress, rather than try to repress the behavior itself, in this case masturbation.
There is some discussion between professionals and other interested parties as to the existence or validity of sexual addictions. Nevertheless, there are lists of warning signs such as when sexual activity affects a person's ability to function in everyday life, or is placing them at risk, for example, of pursuing illegal or destructive activities. Very frequent and compulsive masturbation may be seen as a sign of sexual addiction.
Philosophical views
Immanuel Kant considered masturbation a violation of one's duty to one's self and an unnatural act, stating it was against natural law. Sigmund Freud regarded masturbation as unhealthy. Margaret Sanger frequently stated that masturbation was unwise.
Masturbation in non-human animals
Not only humans masturbate, animals do too. The following animals have been seen masturbating: dogs, several kinds of monkeys and apes, cows,> horses, whales, bats, and sheep. Even birds and reptiles masturbate (turtles, for example). In this case, this does not only affect animals that were domesticated, and live in captivity, but also includes wild animals, of both sexes.
Bears have been documented to masturbate, while they watch other bears mating.
Techniques used vary: Manual stimulation using hands, paws, feet, or tail is common, but autofellatio also occurs: Animals , rub their penis against the belly, or against other objects. Some species have been known to make tools that help them masturbate. Some species have shown to ejaculate spontaneously, without being stimulated first. Certain species are known to also stimulate other erogenous zones, such as the nipples, or the antlers in deer. Female mammals often masturbate by stimulating the clitoris, which is present in all mammal species.
References
Other websites
The Basics | JackinWorld
Human sexuality |
13214 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation | Animation | Animation is a way of making a movie from many still images. The images are put together one after another, and then played at a fast speed to give the illusion of movement.
Animation is a relatively new art form, and though the idea of moving images has been a theme throughout ancient civilizations, it was not until late into the 19th century that experimental animation truly began. Today, the industry of animation is booming, making up a huge commercial enterprise.
A person who makes animations is called an animator.
There are three ways to animate:
Draw each frame
Use stop-motion: make a model scene and change it to create a new image (frame)
Make computer graphics
Overview
Because it is expensive to make, most animation comes from professional companies. However, independent animators have existed since the 1950s in America, with many of those people entering the professional industry. In Europe, the independent movement has existed since the 1910s, with animators like pre-revolutionary Russia's Ladislas Starevich and Germany's Lotte Reiniger.
Many people use a computer animation program called Adobe Flash to create animations. Flash uses a combination of drawing and computer graphics to make animations. Many animations on the internet are made in Flash. Most animators on the internet do not work for professional companies.
Many television shows, especially those made for children, use limited animation. Companies such as UPA and Hanna-Barbera Productions do this. Simple, limited movement makes the images easier to draw, which allows faster and cheaper production of animation.
Famous names in the business
Tex Avery
Ralph Bakshi
Joseph Barbera
Brad Bird
Seth McFarlane
Don Bluth
Sylvain Chomet
Gabor Csupo
Stephen Hillenburg
Gene Deitch
Walt Disney
Adam Elliot
Max Fleischer
Friz Freleng
Matt Groening
Yoram Gross
William Hanna
Ray Harryhausen
Ub Iwerks
Henry Selick
Chuck Jones
Mike Judge
Glen Keane
Arlene Klasky
Walter Lantz
John Lasseter
Winsor McCay
Norman McLaren
Hayao Miyazaki
Yuriy Norshteyn
Katsuhiro Otomo
Nick Park
Trey Parker
Bill Plympton
Matt Stone
Will Vinton
Bob Clampett
Richard Williams
Famous animation studios
United States
DePatie-Freleng Enterprises
DreamWorks SKG
Nickelodeon Movies
Film Roman
Filmation
Hanna-Barbera (now Cartoon Network Studios)
Sony Pictures Animation
Klasky Csupo
MGM
Reel FX Creative Studios
Laika (company)
Pixar
Blue Sky Studios
Illumination Entertainment
UPA
Walt Disney Pictures
Warner Bros.
Warner Animation Group
Canada
Atkinson Film-Arts
Cinar (now Cookie Jar Entertainment)
CinéGroupe
National Film Board of Canada
Nelvana
Europe
Aardman Animations (United Kingdom)
Arsyn Video Interactive (France)
Belvision (Belgium)
Centre for Animated Films Cacak (Serbia)
Chromosomos (Spain)
Cosgrove Hall Films (United Kingdom)
CreaSyn Studio (France)
DIC (France)
Ellipse Programme (France)
France Animation (France)
Grand Slamm Children's Films (United Kingdom)
kaViArt (France)
MacGuff (France)
Pannónia Filmstúdió (Hungary)
Red 3ye Productions (France)
Soyuzmultfilm (Russia)
Sullivan Bluth Studios (Ireland)
Synthĕsis Animation Studio (France)
Zagreb Film (Croatia)
Asia
Japan
Bandai Visual
BONES
GAINAX
Gonzo
Kyoto Animation
Madhouse Studios
Production I.G.
Pierrot
Studio Ghibli
Sunrise
Tatsunoko Productions
Toei
China
Beijing Xie Art (mainland)
Colorland (Hong Kong)
Wang Film Productions (Taiwan)
Philippines
Toon City
Australia
DisneyToon Studios
Liquid Animation
Yoram Gross Films / Flying Bark Productions
Related pages
Anime
Cartoon
CGI animation
Movie
Stop-Motion
CGI ImageMovers And PlayTone
Movie industry |
13215 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius | Confucius | Confucius (born 551 BC, died 479 BC) was an important Chinese educator and philosopher. His original name was Kong Qiu or Zhong Ni.
As a child, he was eager to learn about everything, and was very interested in rituals. Once he grew up, he worked as a state official who handled farms and cattle. Then he became a teacher.
Confucius lived in a time when many states were fighting wars in China.
This period was called the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhou Dynasty.
Confucius did not like this and wanted to bring order back to society.
Teaching
Like Socrates, Confucius sometimes did not answer philosophical questions himself.
Instead he wanted people to think hard about problems and to learn from others, especially from history.
Confucius also thought that people should get power because they were good and skilled, and not just because they came from powerful families.
Confucius wanted people to think about other people more than about money or what they owned.
However he also felt that there should be strong rules in society and that people needed to obey them.
Confucius thought that there were five relationships people could have, and that they all had their own rules.
Two people could be
Prince and Subject
Father and Son
Husband and Wife
Elder and Child
or Friends
These were traditional relationships called the 'five prototypes'.
Confucius said that in all these relationships, both people must obey rules.
For example, a subject must obey a prince, but also a prince must listen to a subject and must rule him well and fairly.
Confucius said that people should only do things to other people if they would be okay with other people doing those things to themselves.
This is sometimes called the Golden Rule and was also taught by Jesus Christ.
His students wrote down small stories about him, and things that he said.
These were put together to make a book called The Analects, which became one of the main books of Confucianism.
551 BC births
479 BC deaths
Eastern philosophers
Confucianism
Chinese philosophers |
13216 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness | Consciousness | Consciousness means being awake, alert and responsive to the environment. The definition of consciousness may differ in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy and other related sciences. It is often disputed amongst academics and scientists.
Consciousness is a spectrum. There are several states between a fully conscious state and a fully unconscious state. In medicine, the degree of loss of consciousness is measured by using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS); a score between 3 and 15 is given to each person at any time, to show how conscious he or she is. Higher scores show more conscious states.
It seems that many decisions are made without us being aware of it. Some think that these decisions are made by what is called the unconscious mind. There are also many body functions which we do not notice until they go wrong. These activities are done by the autonomic nervous system. Breathing and the beat of one's heart can be noticed but are controlled by nervous system without thought.
It is not known what causes consciousness. So, it is difficult to know if another person or thing is indeed conscious. The best we can say is that some animals do seem to be conscious of the world around them. We ourselves assume that others have consciousness, but this is notoriously difficult to prove. This is known in philosophy as the problem of other minds.
References
Philosophy |
13217 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect | Architect | An architect is a person who designs buildings and prepares plans to give to a builder. What he designs is called architecture. Stafans make drawings with pens, pencils, and computers, and this is also called drafting. Sometimes he first make small toy-sized buildings called models to show what the building will look like when it is done. Some of these models survive for hundreds of years, such as O.S Moamogo, South Africa.
Architects decide the size, shape, and what the building will be made from. Architects need to be good at math and drawing. They need imagination. They must go to university and learn how to make a building's structure safe so that it will not collapse. They should also know how to make a building attractive, so that people will enjoy using it.
Although there has been architecture for thousands of years, there have not always been architects. The great European cathedrals built in the Middle Ages were designed by a Master Builder, who scratched his designs on flat beds of plaster. Paper did not exist in Europe at this time and vellum or parchment were very expensive and could not be made in large sizes.
Some cathedrals took hundreds of years to build, so the Master Builder would die or retire and be replaced and often plans changed. Some cathedrals were never finished, like Notre Dame in Paris or Sagrada Família in Barcelona.
An architect has a very important job, because his or her work will be seen and used by many people, probably for a very long time. If the design, materials and construction are good, the building should last for hundreds or even thousands of years. This is rarely the case.
Usually building cost is what limits the life of a building, but fire, war, need or fashion can also affect things. As towns and cities grow, it often becomes necessary to make roads wider, or perhaps to build a new train station. Architects are employed again and so the city changes. Even very important buildings may get knocked down to make way for change.
Famous architects include: Frank Lloyd Wright, Fazlur Khan, Bruce Graham, Edward Durell Stone, Daniel Burnham, Adrian Smith, Frank Gehry, Gottfried Böhm, I. M. Pei, Antoni Gaudí, and Oscar Niemeyer.
References
Other websites
The Society of Architectural Historians web site
The Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain web site
The Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand web site
European Architectural History Network web site
Western Architecture Timeline
Construction occupations |
13218 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Jolla%2C%20San%20Diego | La Jolla, San Diego | La Jolla is a neighborhood in the city of San Diego, in the state of California, in the United States. It is pronounced "La Hoya".
The University of California, San Diego is in La Jolla. Another famous place in La Jolla is the Salk Institute.
It is the birthplace of the Hollywood actor, Gregory Peck.
Spa towns in the United States
San Diego, California |
13221 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch | Arch | An arch is an opening in a building that is curved on top to distribute the weight. The curved part can be round, like part of a circle, or pointed, like two parts of circles next to each other. Arches are often used where buildings are made of many small stones or bricks. The stone at the very top of the arch, called the keystone, keeps the rest of the arch stones from falling down. Arches can go over doorways and windows. Many bridges are arch bridges including ones made of steel. A series of arches is an arcade.
Arches can be found in nature. These natural arches form through the erosion of cliffs.
Types of arches
Arches can have many forms, but they can be sorted into three categories: circular, pointed and parabolic.
Circular (rounded) arches were used by Romans. They used them in bridges, aqueducts, and large-scale (big) architecture.
Pointed arches were most often used by builders of Gothic-style architecture. They used them because they produced less thrust at the base. This allowed the structures to be taller.
Parabolic arches have the shape of a parabola. They are mostly used in bridges.
Sources
Other websites
Basic English 850 words
Construction
Architectural elements |
13224 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina | Vagina | The human vagina is a part of the female body. It is between the perineum and the urethra. Menstrual fluid (red, blood-filled liquid lost during menstruation) leaves the body through the vagina. During sexual intercourse, a penis is put into the vagina. During birth, the vagina opens to let the baby come out from the uterus. The vagina is reddish pink in color, though colors may vary.
The vaginal opening is much larger than the urethral opening.
Development
Between the ages of 9-15 years, the vagina and uterus become bigger. The uterus is the organ in which a baby grows. The vagina is a tube leading from the uterus to the outside of the body. The opening of the vagina is inside the vulva, between the legs. A clear or whitish fluid may start to flow out of the vagina to keep it clean.
Location
The vagina is the tube leading from the uterus to the outside of the body. The opening is between the legs, inside the labium, behind the opening to the urethra, and in front of the anus.
Anatomy
The vagina is an elastic, muscular tube. It starts at the cervix and ends at the vulva. It is about wide, and long. During sexual intercourse and childbirth, the vagina gets wider and bigger. It has to be lubricated to stay clean and allow sexual intercourse and childbirth. It is lubricated partially by the Bartholin's glands. This lubrication also allows sperm easier access to fertilize an ovum.
The vaginal biome
Like many tissues, the vagina has a natural biome, a flora and fauna of microscopic organisms. The vagina is an interface between the host and the environment. Its surface is covered by a protective epithelium where bacteria and other microorganisms grow. The ectocervix (that's the vaginal part of the cervix) is not sterile, but the endocervix (that's the canal of the cervix) and the upper genital tract are assumed to be sterile in healthy women. So, the cervix is a gatekeeper to protect the upper genital tract (ovaries and fallopian tubes) from microbes.
Research on this biome is at an early stage. Lactobacillus species are associated with vaginal health, but what they do to keep the vagina healthy is not known. A big research program into this is part of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP).
Functions
Release
The vagina releases blood and tissue during menstruation. Tampons or other products can be used to absorb some of the blood.
Sexual activity
When a woman is aroused, she has pleasurable feelings in her genital region. The vagina gets up to wide. It can get bigger with more stimulation. During sexual intercourse, the man's penis is placed in the woman's vagina. The vagina is warm and soft, and it places pressure on the man's penis. That can feel good for both partners and usually makes the man have an orgasm after repeated thrusts. For orgasm in women, the vagina has significantly fewer nerve endings than the clitoris, and therefore rubbing or applying other consistent pressure against the clitoris is usually needed to help the woman have an orgasm. During the man's orgasm, he ejaculates semen from his penis into the vagina. The semen contains sperm. The sperm can move from the vagina into the uterus to fertilize an egg and make a woman pregnant.
The G-spot may be a highly sensitive area near the entrance inside of the human vagina. If stimulated, it leads to a strong orgasm or female ejaculation in some women. Some doctors and researchers who specialize in the anatomy of women believe that the G-spot does not exist, and that if it does exist, it is an extension of the clitoris.
Childbirth
During birth, the vagina acts as a pathway for the baby to leave the mother's body. The vagina is very elastic and stretches to many times its normal diameter during birth.
Pregnancy
Sperm needs to be deposited at the top of the vagina near the cervix and fertilize the ovum (egg) if pregnancy is to occur. In a normal childbirth, babies come out through the vagina.
Related pages
Vulva
Cunt
G-spot
Masturbation
Menstruation
References
Other websites
Pink Parts - More information on female sexual anatomy.
Anatomy of the female reproductive system |
13226 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast | Breast | The breast is an organ on the mid to upper chest area, just below the shoulders near the centre of the upper chest region of humans and other primates. Humans have two breasts.
Both boys and girls have breasts at birth, but during puberty, the breasts on women grow larger and more visible.
The breasts have glands that produce milk.
Breastfeeding is letting an infant drink breast milk.
Men also have breasts. They are built the same way as those of women, but are usually smaller, Men cannot use their breasts for breastfeeding. Their breasts will usually not produce milk, but might become larger and produce milk during some diseases or with some hormonal medical treatments.
Growth and form
Girls develop breasts during puberty due to sex hormones, mainly estrogen.
The appearance and size of the breasts of a woman may vary due to genetic factors, and the amount of fatty and connective tissue. Hormones also play a role.
Estrogen promotes the growth of mammary glands and ducts, while progesterone induces milk-producing cells to develop. Prolactin and oxytocin stimulate milk production. Oxytocin also causes milk to be spurted from a lactating breast.
The two breasts usually are not equal in size — one may be larger than the other, but this is common.
During menopause, as levels of estrogen decrease, tissue in the breasts reduce as well, and the breasts may start sagging. A study showed that breastfeeding does not cause sagging. Factors that do influence sagging are the size of the breast (before the first pregnancy), number of pregnancies, body mass index, smoking, age and certain physical disorders.
Structure
The center of the breast is the nipple. The areola is a circular area around the nipple. The breast contains mammary glands. Each breast has 15 to 20 milk ducts. Ducts carry the milk produced by these glands to the nipples. After a woman has a baby, her breasts undergo lactation — the production of natural milk.
Feeding babies milk is called breastfeeding or nursing.
Purposes
The breasts of a woman also play a role in human sexual behavior. They are one of the most visible or obvious female secondary sex characteristics. They play an important role in sexual attraction of partners. They can also give pleasure to the individual. When sexually stimulated, the size of the breasts increases, venous patterns across the breasts become more visible, and nipples grow harder. During sexual intercourse, it is common practice to press or massage breasts with hands.
Breast Tickling sometimes also happens and is done by placing your hands underneath her breasts and tickling upwards.
Breast Tickling can also be done on the top, the sides and her nipples.
Breasts are sensitive to touch as they have many nerve endings. Oral stimulation of nipples and breasts is also common. Some women can achieve "breast orgasms". In the ancient Indian work the Kama Sutra, marking breasts with nails and biting with teeth are explained as erotic.
Related pages
Bra
Breast augmentation
Breast cancer
Breast reduction
Gallery
References
Bibliography
Hollander, Anne (1993). Seeing through clothes. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08231-1.
Morris, Desmond The Naked Ape: a zoologist's study of the human animal Bantam Books, Canada. 1967
Yalom, Marilyn (1998). A history of the breast. London: Pandora. ISBN 978-0-86358-400-8.
Venes, Donald (2013). Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. ISBN 978-0-8036-2977-6.
Lawrence, Ruth (2016). Breastfeeding : a guide for the medical profession, 8th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-35776-0.
Other websites
Breasts
Sexuality
Organs |
13241 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy | Pregnancy | Pregnancy is when a female mammal has an unborn baby inside her. During pregnancy, a female is called "pregnant". A human pregnancy is about 38 weeks long, from conception to childbirth. Usually the mother has one baby at a time. Sometimes the mother has two babies at one time. Two babies are called twins. The mother can have three or more babies at one time. This does not happen very often in humans.
Start
Pregnancy usually starts after a woman has sexual intercourse with a man. Her ovum (or egg) and his sperm (seed) come together and form a zygote (fertilized egg) inside her.
Some people have trouble becoming pregnant. This is called infertility. Women and men with infertility may take drugs or have surgery to help a pregnancy start. Some people use treatments that are not natural, like in vitro fertilization, to become pregnant with the help of a doctor.
Growth of the baby
When the woman's egg and the man's seed come together, it makes one cell called a zygote. The zygote grows into an embryo, which grows into a fetus. When the fetus is ready, the baby is born.
Length
Human pregnancy is divided into three parts called trimesters. A trimester is about three months long. During the first trimester, the woman might feel ill in her stomach. She might have to urinate often. During the second trimester, the woman's abdomen starts to stick out. During the third trimester, her abdomen sticks out even more, and she becomes even heavier.
Birth
At the end of a full pregnancy, the woman's body pushes the baby out through her vagina. This is called delivering a baby or giving birth. Mothers can get help for birth from a midwife, nurse, or doctor. In some places, mothers give birth at home. In other places, mothers give birth in a hospital. Mothers who are ill or hurt may need to go to a hospital.
Giving birth can hurt a lot at the end. In hospitals, a doctor or midwife can give drugs to the mother to reduce the pain.
If the baby cannot be pushed out, then a doctor can cut the mother open to take the baby out. This operation is called a Caesarean section.
Social problems
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women says that pregnant women must be given time away from work or equal welfare for her baby without losing her job (Article 11).
Pregnancy problems
Sometimes there are problems with pregnancies. A miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) is when the baby dies before it is born. A stillbirth is when the baby is dead when it is born. There are also diseases caused by pregnancy.
Sometimes, women die from giving birth. In developed countries, this is much less common than it used to be. Every year, about 500,000 women die from giving birth, while about 7,000,000 mothers have big problems from giving birth. For example, giving birth can tear the mother's body and cause an obstetric fistula.
Abortion
A pregnancy can also stop without the baby being born. This is called abortion. Doctors can do things that will stop a pregnancy. Such an abortion is called induced abortion. Countries have different laws about induced abortions. Some countries allow it, and others do not. In some countries, it is allowed, but only for certain reasons, such as the pregnancy resulting from rape, or a doctor saying that the pregnant woman might die if the pregnancy is not stopped. People also have different opinions about abortion. Often, these are influenced by religious beliefs.
There are a few diseases that can kill a woman or make her very ill if she has a baby. Having abortions could save the lives or health of these mothers.
Pregnancy test
A pregnancy test is something that women use to tell whether they are pregnant. The woman urinates on the stick. If the woman is pregnant, a plus sign or two lines will appear on the stick. If the woman is not pregnant, then a minus sign or one line will appear on the stick.
Notes
Other websites
What Is Prenatal Care? |
13253 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest | Forest | A forest is a piece of land with many trees. Forests are important and grow in many places around the world. They are an ecosystem which includes many plants and animals. Many animals live in forests and need them to survive.
Temperature and rainfall are the two most important things for forests. Many places are too cold or too dry for them. Forests can exist from the equator to near the polar regions, but different climates have different kinds of forests. In cold climates conifers dominate, but in temperate zone and tropical climates forests are mainly made up of flowering plants. Different rainfall also makes different kinds of forest. No forests exist in deserts, just a few trees in places where their roots can get at some underground water.
Biomass
Forests contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Primary production is about 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests.
Forest biomes
The three major forest biomes are coniferous forests, deciduous forests, and tropical rain forests. More than half of the world's forests are found in only five countries (Brazil, Canada, China, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America). More forests (45 percent) are in the tropics than any other climates.
Coniferous forests
Coniferous forests stretch across Canada, Alaska, Northern Asia, and Northern Europe. Their main trees are evergreen conifers which produce seeds in cones.
The weather during the winter is cold, but when snow melts in the spring, some parts of the forest become swamps. There are not many different types of trees in coniferous forests because of the cold weather, and the poor soil. Fallen branches, needles, and dead animals do not decay as fast as in warmer regions. This is why the soil in coniferous forests is not very fertile. Also, only those trees that have adapted to cold weather and poor soil can survive. These trees have flexible branches that support heavy snowfalls. Less water evaporates from their leaves because of the shape of their needles.
Many coniferous trees shade large parts of the soil below them, which keeps many plants from growing on the forest ground. Some animals that live in the coniferous forests are pine martens, deer, bears, caribou, moose, several owls, crossbills, and red squirrels.
Deciduous forests
Deciduous forests mostly grow in the temperate zone of North America, Europe and Asia. They have a moderate climate during the spring, summer, autumn (fall) and winter, with rainfall of at least 500mm a year. Summers are warm and winters are cold, but not as cold as the northern coniferous forests. In the winter, snow covers the ground and the deciduous trees and plants lose their leaves. The decaying leaves help make the soil rich in nutrients. Many insects, spiders, snails, and worms make their homes in this rich soil. Wild flowers and ferns grow almost everywhere in the spring. New leaves capture the energy of the sun and sprout before the tall trees shadow them.
During the winter, many birds migrate to warmer climates. Many small animals hibernate or aestivate, in other words, they slow down their metabolism and sleep or stay in their burrows. Some of the other animals just slow down their metabolism and eat food they stored during the summer and fall months. The trees in winter are bare, but with the coming of spring, leaves sprout, birds return, animals are born, and all the forest animals get busy with their lives. Animals that we may see or hear in this biome include bears, deer, raccoons, otters, beavers, foxes, frogs, squirrels, snakes, salamanders, and birds such as woodpeckers, robins, owls, blue jays and the small birds usually called tits.
Some deciduous forests grow in tropical places that do not have a winter but do have a wet season and a dry season.
Rainforests
Tropical rainforests grow in South America, the Congo, Indonesia and some nearby countries, Hawaii, and north eastern Australia. Tropical rainforests are well named, as it rains here on about half the days. The only season in a tropical rain forest is summer, so plants grow for all 12 months of the year. Trees are tall and thick in the rain forest and they grow so close together that they form a big umbrella of greenery called a canopy. This blocks out most of the sunlight. The air is muggy as it filters through the dense canopy cover of the trees. The light that filters through this tree cover is dim and green. Only along river banks and in places that have been cleared does enough sunlight allow plants to grow on the forest ground.
Millions of species of plants and animals live in the world's tropical forests. Life in the rain forest exists at different levels or layers in the trees. Each layer has a name, such as 'emergent', 'canopy', 'understory', and 'forest floor'. Animal life is found on all levels.
Related pages
Deforestation
References |
13254 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber | Barber | A barber is someone who cuts hair and shaves beards. Usually, it is men who go to a barber. Women usually go to hairdressers instead. Barbers sometimes have a pole outside, which is red and white in most countries. Barbering is a most ancient and honorable profession, with a very interesting history. Barbering is the practice of cutting or trimming hair and includes shaving or trimming facial hair. Besides cutting hair, barbers also shampoo and style hair, mostly for male clients. Other duties include scalp treatment, skin care and fitting or grooming hairpieces. In some states, barbers color, highlight or bleach hair.
Job Description
The main job of a barber is to cut a client's hair. The goal is to improve the appearance of the hair and to adapt styles to the customer's wishes. Barbers also shape and trim beards and mustaches. Instruments such as scissors and combs must be kept sterile and in good condition, and the barber is also responsible for keeping the shop clean by sweeping up hair. Owners of barbershops also order supplies, pay bills and may hire and supervise staff. Good interpersonal skills and a positive attitude are important qualities to have when working as a barber. Examples of famous barbers are Alex Kelly and Cameron Kelly formally known as the Kelly Cutters. Many barbers use these men as examples and aim to also deliver a very high quality service.
With experience, barbers can manage a salon or barber shop, or eventually open their own shop. Advancement is also possible in teaching barbering. Some states combine barbering and cosmetology licenses into one. Some states allow transferring a barbering license from another state without additional formal training, but not all states allow this.
Personal service occupations |
13256 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter | Carpenter | A carpenter is a person who works with wood. They can make cabinets, build houses, or do other things with wood.
Carpenters usually make very good foremen (people who watch over a job) on larger jobs as they deal with so much of the project from ground up. Carpenters are always adding to their tools and always learning how to use the new tools, materials, and ways of working with wood.
Many carpenters will choose to focus their skills in one of two broad ranging categories. Rough carpenters will focus on building things that need to be simple and structural. This includes framing for houses, or crates for shipping. Finish carpenters will focus on things that are detailed and artistic. For example, they can be furniture builders, cabinet makers or toy makers. Wood carvers are sometimes counted as carpenters.
Related pages
Cabinet making
References
Construction occupations |
13257 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrician | Electrician | An electrician is a person who fixes the wires and switches so that lights and outlets work the right way. Some electricians work in a building.
Construction occupations |
13258 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof | Roof | A roof is the top surface of the building. The plural of 'roof' is 'roofs'. The roof keeps out rain and snow and protects people from the sun. Some roofs are sloped, or pitched, so the rain and snow fall off easily. Some roofs are flat, but even flat roofs have a little bit of pitch so the water can flow away towards a drain.
Types
Gable, hip, gambrel, shed and mansard roofs are the main types of pitched roofs. The type of roof on a building helps identify the building style. For example, an American Arts and Crafts style versus a Cape Cod style. Roofs are often covered in asphalt or wood shingles. But they can also be covered in metal, slate, or clay tiles. It can be dangerous to walk on a pitched roof. Some pitched roofs have parts that stick out for windows. These are called dormers. The edges of pitched roofs are called 'eaves'. Often there are gutters and leaders at the eaves, which take away water from the roof.
Flat roofs are usually covered in rubber or types of plastic. You can usually walk on a flat roof. At the edge of a flat roof there is sometimes a parapet. This is to prevents people from falling off the roof.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Gable Roof Erection Procedure: YouTube
Roof Truss Basics - Structural Engineering And Home Building Tips; YouTube
Basic English 850 words
Construction |
13264 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick | Brick | A brick is a man-made building material used to make walls and make places to walk. It is a single unit of a kneaded clay-bearing soil, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried, used in masonry construction.
Bricks are made mostly of clay. They are put into molds or cut with wires, and then baked in an oven. The color of a brick depends on the clay from which it was made.
Masons build brick walls. They join bricks together using mortar.
Bricks can be assembled into many different patterns. The most common pattern is called "running bond". A row of bricks is called a course. A wall that is just one brick thick has one wythe.
Bricks used outdoors on the ground are called "pavers". Engineering bricks are used for high load-bearing walls, and for damp-proof courses. They are more expensive, and are made of better clays and fired at a higher temperature.
History
The oldest shaped bricks found date back to 7500 B.C. They have been found in Çayönü, a place located in the upper Tigris area in south east Anatolia close to Diyarbakir. A bit later, between 7000 and 6395 BC, bricks come from Jericho and Catal Hüyük.
Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials. They have been used since about 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities. Sun-dried mud bricks are much older, and quite satisfactory in hot, dry climates. Fired bricks are much more resistant to cold and moist weather conditions. They allow permanent building in regions where the harsher climate prevents the use of mud bricks.
Most bricks from all places tend to be about the same size: ~9 x ~4¼ x ~2½ inches or 250 × 120 × 65 mm. This is because they are picked up by the brickie in one hand, while in his other hand is a trowel with cement on it.
Other images
References
Basic English 850 words
Building materials |
13266 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Diego%2C%20California | San Diego, California | San Diego () is the second largest city in the U.S. state of California and eighth largest in the United States. It is at the southwest corner of California, as well as the southwest corner of the continental United States. It was founded in 1769 and it is the oldest city in California. The mayor of San Diego as of 2020 is Todd Gloria.
It has comfortable weather most of the year. There are several military bases in and near San Diego. It has many beaches along the Pacific Ocean. The San Diego Zoo is very famous.
San Diego is home to San Diego State University, the University of California, San Diego, and University of San Diego.
San Diego is on the international Mexico–United States Border. The city of Tijuana is just across the Mexican border.
San Diego is home to the San Diego Padres baseball team.
Substance Abuse Statistics in San Diego
Heroin, fentanyl, alcohol, and prescription drug addiction are common addiction types in San Diego. In 2017, there were 273 unintentional prescription-related deaths in San Diego County and 7,505 opioid-related visits to emergency rooms. From 2016-2017 there was a 115% increase of fentanyl-related deaths in San Diego. In 2017, there were 357 alcohol-related deaths in San Diego County. Of those deaths, 127 also involved prescription drugs, 15 involved a combination of heroin and prescription drugs, and involved heroin. 15,952 adults were admitted into drug treatment centers in San Diego in 2017. In 2016, an estimated 125 million opioid pills were sold in San Diego County, which equates to nearly 38 pills per person.
References
County seats in California
1769 establishments
18th-century establishments in California |
13307 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriole | Oriole | The oriole ( or Old World oriole) is a bird in the family Oriolidae. They make up the genus Oriolus. Old World orioles are found areas of Africa, Asia and Europe. They are most often found in tropical areas but one species lives in cooler areas. The golden oriole is the only species of Old World oriole which is not a tropical bird.
Many species have bright coloured feathers.
The orioles evolved in Australasia, and later spread to Eurasia. They are not related to the New World oriole. New World orioles are members of the blackbird family Icteridae and are native to the Americas .
The kinds of oriole
This is a list of kinds of orioles, in the English and Latin languages:
Golden oriole, Oriolus oriolus
Brown oriole, Oriolus szalayi
Halmahera oriole, Oriolus phaeochromus
Ceram oriole, Oriolus forsteni
Buru oriole, Oriolus bouroensis
Timor oriole, Oriolus viridifuscus
Olive-backed oriole or White-bellied Oriole, Oriolus sagittattus
Yellow oriole or Green oriole, Oriolus flavocinctus
Dark-throated oriole, Oriolus xanthonotus
White-lored oriole, Oriolus albiloris
Isabella oriole, Oriolus isabellae
African golden oriole, Oriolus auratus
Black-naped oriole, Oriolus chinensis
Green-headed oriole, Oriolus chlorocephalus
Great-billed oriole, Oriolus crassirostris
Western black-headed oriole, Oriolus brachyrhynchus
Forest oriole, Oriolus monacha
Black-headed oriole, Oriolus larvatus
Black-winged oriole, Oriolus nigripennis
Black-hooded oriole, Oriolus xanthornus
Black oriole, Oriolus hosii
Black and crimson oriole, Oriolus cruentus
Maroon oriole, Oriolus trailili
Silver oriole, Oriolus mellianus
Figbird Sphecotheres viridis
References
Other websites
Oriole videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Passeriformes |
13308 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather | Feather | Feathers are the things which cover birds. They help keep birds warm. Feathers also protect them from injury. In most kinds of birds, wing feathers help them to fly. These are called flight feathers.
Some people have their pet birds clipped. This is a procedure where a vet or a groomer cuts a certain amount of feathers to prevent the bird from flying away or simply for medical reasons.
Vaned feathers
The main feathers which cover the outside of a bird are called vaned feathers. Vaned feathers have a stiff center, with soft barbs on the side, which seem like hairs. The center is called a quill. This type of feather is called pennaceous (= like a pen).
Down feathers
Young birds have small feathers, called down, which keep them warm, but cannot be used for flying. Down is very soft. Adult birds have down, but also have vaned feathers on top of the down. Down is also used in blankets. Down feathers are just one example of plumaceous feathers (the word means 'fluffy'). Another example is the feathers on flightless birds such as the ostrich.
Moulting
Birds lose their feathers at certain times. This is called moulting. By moulting, a bird can replace old feathers with new ones. Many birds moult once every year.
Colour
Feathers give birds colour. The function of colour in birds is extremely important. It includes:
Camouflage: it hides the bird in its natural environment, especially when it is stationary in the nest. Camouflage is often backed up with behaviour: see the bittern on its nest.
Display: birds carry display colours when they need to be noticed by other birds. Often the male of a pair will do the display and wear colours, while the female is camouflaged. Display is usually backed up by behaviour, especially bird song. The main functions are:
To attract a mate
To signal and defend their territory.
Use by people
People use feathers for many purposes. In the past, quills were commonly used as pens, and colorful feathers were worn on hats. Many pillows, cushions, mattresses, coats, and quilts are stuffed with down. Feathers are also used by people of many tribes for decoration.
References
Animal anatomy
Basic English 850 words |
13309 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary-Kate%20and%20Ashley%20Olsen | Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen | Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Fuller Olsen (born June 13, 1986) are twin American actresses. They have acted in movies and on television series since they were nine months old.
The twins began acting on the ABC series Full House between 1987 and 1995, in which both of them played Michelle Tanner.
In the early 1990s, they became the youngest entrepreneurs in Hollywood history by starting the Dualstar Entertainment company.
Later that decade, they acted in Two of a Kind and So Little Time, as well as their own animated series.
They also acted in the movies, It Takes Two (1994), New York Minute (2003), and many direct-to-video movies and specials.
Merchandise related to the Olsens is still very popular in the teenage market. The Olsens have a clothing line for girls ages 4–14 in Wal-Mart stores across North America, as well as a beauty line called "Mary-Kate and Ashley: Real fashion for real girls".
Health issues
In mid-2004, Mary-Kate Olsen announced she had entered treatment for an eating disorder, anorexia nervosa. A Got Milk? ad featuring the twins was pulled following the announcement. On November 20, 2007 she was hospitalized for a reported kidney infection.
Fashion only
The twins have bought up a number of fashion labels, and this is now their main activity. In 2012 the girls decided to quit acting permanently and focus on fashion.
References
Other websites
The Official Site
Olsen Twins in the News
A Site Devoted to the Twins
1986 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American movie producers
Singers from Los Angeles
American television actors
American television producers
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Sibling duos
Twin people |
13311 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Walt%20Disney%20Company | The Walt Disney Company | The Walt Disney Company, commonly nicknamed Disney, is one of the largest entertainment and media companies in the world. Disney is known for Mickey Mouse universe and Donald Duck universe. This studio is famous for their it includes cartoons, movies, TV and short movies. It was started in 1923 by Walt Disney and his brother, Roy Oliver Disney, as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio. It had the name of Laugh-O-Gram Studio from 1921 to 1923, Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio from 1923 to 1926, Walt Disney Studio from 1926 to 1929, and Walt Disney Productions from 1929 to 1985.
Some of Disney's best-known franchises include the Mickey Mouse universe, Donald Duck universe, Winnie the Pooh, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Cinderella, The Little Mermaid, The Lion King, Mary Poppins, Lizzie McGuire, Aladdin, Lilo and Stitch, Toy Story, Cars and other Disney and Pixar characters.
Mickey Mouse has been the mascot of Disney since 1928.
The current chairman and CEO is Bob Chapek since 2020.
Divisions
The company's main units are Studio Entertainment, Parks and Resorts, Media Networks and Consumer Products.
Studio Entertainment
This unit, also called the Walt Disney Studios, is headed by Chairman Dick Cook. It consists of:
The Walt Disney Studios – movie studios Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone Pictures, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios, and Hollywood Pictures.
The Disney Music Group – Walt Disney Records, Mammoth Records, Lyric Street Records and Hollywood Records.
Distribution companies: Buena Vista International and Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.
One of the Studios' largest assets lies in Walt Disney Animation Studios, which has made a successful string of animated movies for almost seven decades. Because of failures with most of their recent additions, it has changed its focus from traditional hand-drawn to CGI movies. Pixar, also owned by Disney, is one of the first studios to create CGI movies. Since 2009, Disney has bought three movie studios: Marvel Comics, Lucasfilm and 20th Century Fox.
On March 20, 2019, The Walt Disney Company bought 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion USD.
Parks and Resorts
Worldwide, Disney has eleven theme parks (as of ):
Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California
Disneyland Park in California
Disney's California Adventure in California
Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida
Magic Kingdom in Florida
Epcot in Florida
Disney's Hollywood Studios in Florida
Disney's Animal Kingdom in Florida
Disneyland Paris in France
Walt Disney Studios in France
Tokyo Disneyland in Japan
Tokyo DisneySea in Japan
Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
Shanghai Disneyland Park in China
Disney once owned the sports teams, the Angels (baseball) and the Mighty Ducks (ice hockey), both based in Anaheim, California. These teams were later sold to other people.
Disney Enterprises Inc.
Disney Enterprises Inc. is a subsidiary of the company; the name is found in many of its franchises.
Media Networks
The ABC television network, which Disney bought in 1995, serves as the centre of this unit. Cable television channels within it include Disney Channel, Disney XD, Freeform, ESPN and SOAPnet.It also partly owns Lifetime, A&E and E!.
Buena Vista Television, responsible for the syndication of many Disney series, produces some of its own as well: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, Live with Regis and Kelly, and Ebert & Roeper.
Consumer Products
Merchandising and licensing within the company are overseen in this division. Disney Publishing Worldwide, part of this unit, has Disney Press, Disney Editions and Hyperion Books as its brands.
It once owned the Disney Store shopping chain until 2004, when it sold all the stores to The Children's Place.
History
1923: The Disney Company is founded
1925: First appearance of Pegleg Pete cartoons, Alice Solves the Puzzle
1928: First Mickey Mouse cartoons, Plane Crazy
1928: First appearance of Minnie Mouse cartoons, Plane Crazy
1928: First official Mickey Mouse episode, Steamboat Willie
1929: Start of the Silly Symphonies: The Skeleton Dance
1929: First Silly Symphony episode, The Skeleton Dance
1930: First appearance of Pluto cartoon, The Chain Gang
1932: First appearance of Goofy cartoon, Mickey's Revue (Columbia Pictures Studios)
1932: First full-colour cartoon, Flowers and Trees
1933: First appearance of Fifi the Peke cartoons, Puppy Love
1933: First Donald Duck Theme Music #1, The Steeplechase
1933: First Pluto's Devil cartoons, Mickey's Pal Pluto
1933: First Pluto's Angel cartoons, Mickey's Pal Pluto
1934: First Walt Disney segment, The Hot Choco-Late Soldiers
1934: First Donald Duck cartoon, The Wise Little Hen
1937: First Daisy Duck cartoons, Don Donald
1937: First Donald Duck episode, Don Donald
1937: First Pluto, Jr. cartoons. Pluto's Quin-Puplets
1937: First full-length animated movie, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
1938: First Huey, Dewey and Louie cartoons, Donald's Nephews
1939: First Goofy episode, Goofy and Wilbur
1939: First Mickey Mouse Theme #1, The Standard Parade
1940: First Disney movie failed at the box office, Pinocchio
1940: First Pluto episode, Bone Trouble
1940: First Donald Duck Theme #2, Window Cleaners
1940: First Goofy Theme #1, Goofy's Glider
1940: First Pluto #1, Private Parate
1940: Studio moves to Burbank, California
1940: Fantasia's debut
1941: Dumbo's debut
1942: Bambi's debut
1942: First P.J. cartoons, Bellboy Donald
1943: First Scrooge McDuck cartoons, The Spirit of '43
1943: First Chip 'n' Dale cartoons, Private Pluto
1944: First Pluto Theme #2, Springtime for Pluto
1945: First Dutch cartoons, Canine Casanova
1946: Much argued-over Song of the Souths debut
1947: First Pluto Theme #3, Pluto's Housewarming
1947: First Donald Duck Theme #3, Donald's Dilemma
1947: First Mickey Mouse #2, Mickey's Delayed Date
1950: Cinderella's debut
1950: First Goofy Theme #2, Motor Mania
1954: Walt Disney anthology series starts
1955: Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California
1955: First widescreen cartoon, Lady and the Tramp
1964: Mary Poppins becomes the first Disney movie to be nominated for Best Picture
1966: Walt Disney dies; his brother Roy takes over the studio
1967: Last animated movie from producer Walt Disney, The Jungle Book
1971: Walt Disney World opens in Orlando, Florida
1979: Don Bluth and friends leave the studio
1979: The Black Hole, Disney's first PG movie, is a failure with critics.
1981: Disney's last film that has any of the Nine Old Men as the animators: The Fox and the Hound
1983: Disney Channel is launched
1984: Touchstone Pictures starts with Splash
1984: Michael Eisner became the CEO of Disney
1985: Disney's first animated movie that was rated PG: The Black Cauldron
1987: Disney animated television series DuckTales
1988: Who framed Roger Rabbit's debut
1988: DisneyToons Studios opens
1989: The Little Mermaid brings new life in the animation division as well as the genre; studio gets its first Oscar in eighteen years for this movie
1990: Hollywood Pictures starts with Arachnophobia
1991: Beauty and the Beast becomes the first animated movie to be nominated for Best Picture
1992: Disney releases Aladdin
1993: The Nightmare Before Christmas's debut
1993: Disney buys the Miramax film studio.
1994: Studio president Frank Wells was killed in a helicopter crash
1994: The Lion King is released. It becomes the highest grossing hand drawn animated film of all time.
1994: Jeffrey Katzenberg resigns from Disney.
1995: Disney acquires American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and ESPN
1995: First Pixar movie, Toy Story
2001: Disney Channel television series Lizzie McGuire
2001: First Pixar movie that was nominated for Best Animated Feature, Monsters Inc.
2003: First Pixar movie that won an Oscar for Best Animated Feature, Finding Nemo
2003: Pirates of the Caribbean becomes studio's first family movie with a rating of PG-13
2004: Home on the Range is Disney's last traditionally animated movie to use CAPS
2004: First Pixar movie that is rated PG, The Incredibles
2005: Disneyland celebrates fiftieth birthday
2005: Michael Eisner resigns from Disney. He was replaced by Bob Iger.
2005: First self-made CGI movie, Chicken Little
2009: Up becomes the first Pixar animated feature to be nominated for Best Picture
2009: Disney buys comic book publisher Marvel Comics for 4 billion US dollars - including Hulk, Spider-Man, X-Men, Fantastic Four and the Avengers.
2010: Disney sells one of its film studios, Miramax Films, to Filmyard Holdings.
2012: Disney buys movie studio Lucasfilm for 4 billion US dollars - including Star Wars and Indiana Jones - the removed ending of Lucasfilm at the studios from 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures.
2013: Disney releases Frozen, which becomes the studio's first non-Pixar film to win an Oscar for Best Animated Feature.
2017: Disney agrees to buy most of Fox’s assets for 52 billion US dollars.
2018: DisneyToon Studios was closed down
2018: John Lasseter left Disney
2018: Touchstone Pictures was closed down
2019: Disney completes its purchase of 21st Century Fox and its assets.
2019: Ed Catmull retires
2019: Disney creates their own streaming service, Disney+ (including Pixar, Marvel Comics and Star Wars) in November 2019.
2020: Disney renames 20th Century Fox to "20th Century Studios", to avoid confusion with Fox Corporation.
2020: Bob Iger resigns as the CEO of Disney. He was replaced by Bob Chapek as CEO.
2021: Disney closes its radio station, Radio Disney.
2021: Disney+ creates the Star hub outside of the USA, which has films and TV shows for adults.
2021: The Walt Disney Company Latin America rebrands all the channels with the Fox name in Latin America, to Star.
2021: Bob Iger will leave Disney.
2022: The Walt Disney Company Latin America closes Star Premium in January 31st, 2022.
Disney+
On November 12, 2019, Disney launched their own streaming service, Disney+. The platform features nearly all of their cartoons, short movies, movies and TV shows along with those made by properties bought by Disney, such as Disney, The Muppets, Pixar, Lucasfilm, and Marvel. It also features original content, such as several Marvel and Star Wars programs. R rated movies and shows appear on Hulu and the international Star hub, and movies, cartoons, and TV shows that feature smoking, swear words, violence, and stereotypical depictions of African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, and other minorities come with a warning.
Related pages
Walt Disney Pictures
List of Disney animated movies
List of Disney characters
References
Other websites
The Official Site
Corporate Site
Companies based in Los Angeles
Disney companies
Movie studios |
13312 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia | Hypercholesterolemia | Hypercholesterolemia means that the cholesterol level is too high in the blood.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a molecule in cells. It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a steroid. Steroids are lipids that have a special chemical structure. This structure is made of four rings of carbon atoms.
Other steroids include hormone steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. In fact, all steroid hormones are made from changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. When scientists talk about making one molecule from changing simpler ones, they sometimes call it synthesis.
Jobs
Cholesterol does many important jobs in a cell. Cholesterols main function is as a structural component of cell membranes. It is also the starting material for bile acids that are made by the liver and used to digest fats, and for steroid hormones. However, it is best known for something bad that it does. High levels of cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis. This is an inflammatory disease of artery walls in which white blood cells invade the vessel wall and become engorged with cholesterol and other lipids. These
areas can slowly close off a blood vessel or can suddenly rupture and trigger formation of a blood clot.
Types
Not all cholesterol is bad. There are different kinds of cholesterol in the blood. Doctors often measure these different types to see if someone has hypercholesterolemia.
HDL (high density lipoprotein) is sometimes called 'good cholesterol' because people with high levels of HDL cholesterol have less atherosclerosis.
LDL (low density lipoprotein) is sometimes called 'bad cholesterol' because people with high levels of LDL cholesterol have more atherosclerosis.
High blood levels of VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) also causes more atherosclerosis. However, measuring its level in blood is more expensive. So the blood level of triglycerides (a kind of fat) is used instead. High triglycerides (TG) are found in people with high VLDL.
Treatment
The most common type of medicine to treat hypercholesterolemia are 'statin' drugs. They are called 'statins' because their names all end in -statin. They are also called HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors. This is because they work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA Reductase. Inhibiting an enzyme means to make it work less well.
The HMG-CoA Reductase enzyme causes the body to make more cholesterol. If it is inhibited, the body makes less cholesterol. So statin drugs lower the amount of LDL (bad) cholesterol in the blood which stops atherosclerosis from getting worse. Statin drugs can even help make atherosclerosis better. However, statins are not as good at increasing the HDL (good) cholesterol. Low HDL is hard to treat with medicines, but goes up with more exercise.
There are two big problems with taking statins: Liver problems and 'Rhabdomyolysis.'
Rhabdomyolysis means a disease where muscle cells are damaged and die. Statins can cause damage to muscle cells. This can cause weakness and muscle pain. The worse problem though is that when muscle cells die, they release cell proteins into the blood. The kidney removes the muscle protein from the blood. If the kidney takes up too much protein, it can be hurt. If it is bad enough it can cause kidney failure. So if people take statins and get muscle pain or weakness, stop the medicine and see a doctor.
Statins can also cause liver problems. They can cause mild irritation of the liver. They can rarely cause very bad liver damage. Because of this, when someone starts taking a statin, doctors check liver blood tests after six weeks. Doctors also warn patients to watch for the signs of liver damage: pain in the right side of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice.
However, both of these problems are rare. In someone with hypercholesterolemia, the benefit from statins is more than the risk. This means that someone is more likely to prevent problems than cause problems by taking them. There are many big scientific studies of this problem that show the same thing: if people have hypercholesterolemia and take statins, they are more likely to live longer and be healthier.
There are other kinds of medicines to treat hypercholesterolemia. But statins are the most effective treatment.
Fibrates are medicines that lower cholesterol levels. They may also help people with Type II Diabetes. This is a good effect because diabetes and hypercholesterolemia cause some of the same problems. If both diabetes and hypercholesterolemia happen in the same person the problems from these diseases can be much worse. Fibrates can have rhabdomyolysis like the statins and also can cause upset stomach. Use of fibrates and statins at the same time makes rhabdomyolysis happen much more often.
Niacin is a vitamin that lowers cholesterol levels. It is also called Vitamin B3 or nicotinic acid. Severe niacin deficiency in the diet can cause a disease called Pellagra. This is rare in the developed world today. However, less bad deficiency of niacin can cause high blood pressure, weight gain, and hypercholesterolemia. So sometimes Niacin is used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Niacin is one of the medicines that may make HDL (good) cholesterol go up. The biggest problem with taking enough Niacin to help cholesterol is that it causes severe flushing (hot, red, sometimes itchy skin). This 'side-effect' is so bad, sometimes people stop taking the medicine.
Bile Acid Resins are medicines that make people not absorb as much bile when they digest food. This causes them to take up less cholesterol also, which lowers blood levels of cholesterol.
Diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system
Diseases |
13313 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol | Cholesterol | Cholesterol is a molecule that is found in animal cells and body fluids. Cholesterol is not found in plant sources. It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule. Cholesterol is a soft waxy substance. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a steroid. Steroids are lipids that have a special chemical structure. This structure is made of four rings of carbon atoms. Cholesterol is found especially in animal fats.
Cholesterol is the main steroid synthesized by animals. Other steroids include hormone steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. These and other steroid hormones are made by changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. This is an example of chemical synthesis.
Hypercholesterolemia means that cholesterol level is too high in the blood. High cholesterol levels show that heart disease may develop.
Related pages
Bile
Metabolism
Biochemistry
Macromolecules |
13314 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa | Iowa | Iowa () is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its name comes from the Iowa River, which was named after the Ioway people, one of the Native American tribes that lived in Iowa. Iowa was a part of New France, but was sold to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Its settlers were mostly farmers: Iowa is part of the Corn Belt and is often known as the "Food Capital of the World." However, Iowa's landscape, culture, and economy are diverse, with the economy changing in the second half of the 20th Century to include many kinds of business.
Iowa has more than 3 million people . Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa became a state on December 28, 1846. It was the 29th state to join the United States.
Geography
Iowa is in the Midwestern United States. To the north of Iowa is Minnesota; to the west are Nebraska and South Dakota; to the south is Missouri; and to the east are Illinois and Wisconsin.
The eastern border of the state is marked by the Mississippi River which runs between Iowa and Illinois. The western border is marked by the Missouri and Big Sioux rivers. The northern border is a line 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border follows the northern border of Missouri. Iowa and Missouri disagreed about the location of the Iowa-Missouri border. This argument was ended by the Supreme Court of the United States in the 1896 case, State of Missouri v. State of Iowa, after a standoff called the Honey War. The border follows the Des Moines River for the far eastern part of the state and is at close to 40 degrees, 35 minutes north for the rest of the state.
Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two. The state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County.
Most of Iowa is considered to be a plain.
Law and Government
The government of Iowa has three branches, similar to the federal government of the United States. The executive branch is headed by the governor, currently Kim Reynolds (R) since May 24, 2017. The legislative branch is the Iowa General Assembly, composed of two houses - the Iowa Senate and the Iowa House of Representatives. The judicial branch is headed by the Iowa Supreme Court under the chief justice, currently Marsha Ternus.
There are two major political parties in Iowa, the Iowa Democratic Party and the Republican Party of Iowa, as well as several unofficial third parties. No one party is in charge of the government ; the governor is a Republican and the House has a Republican majority under Kraig Paulsen, but the Senate has a Democratic majority under Mike Gronstal.
Iowa sends two senators and four representatives to Congress. The number of representatives was five, but starting with the 2012 elections is only four, because of redistricting.
Senators:
Joni Ernst (R)
Chuck Grassley (R)
Representatives:
Abby Finkenauer (D) - First District
Dave Loebsack (D) - Second District
Cindy Axne (D) - Third District
Steve King (R) - Fourth District
Economy
There are many farms in Iowa. Iowa is well known for its agriculture. Its main agricultural outputs are hogs, corn, soybeans, oats, cattle, and dairy products. Its industrial outputs include food processing and machinery. Iowa also produces more ethanol fuel than any other U.S. state.
There are diesel pumps in Iowa.
Related pages
Colleges and universities in Iowa
List of cities in Iowa
List of counties in Iowa
List of rivers of Iowa
Notes
References
1846 establishments in the United States
Midwestern United States |
13317 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender%20identity | Gender identity |
Definition and Common identities
Gender Identity is how a person identifies themselves. A person’s gender identity is based on what label and type they feel most comfortable aligning with. It can change throughout someone’s life, depending on how they feel during that time. Much of dominant society across cultures follows the construction of the gender binary, prescribing that everyone must either be a man or a woman. However, more genders exist outside of male and female. Recent decades have brought new terminology and means of using language to make space for a range of genders. And more importantly, the rise of LGBTQ+ education and rights have brought transgender issues to the attention of the public, as well as the many genders that a person can identify as.
Cisgender: the label for people who identify as the gender they were assigned at birth (ex: male and female)
'Transgender' is both an identity label and an umbrella term. A person can identify as a trans woman or trans man, but there are more genders that fall underneath the transgender category. Nonbinary genders (or people who do not identify as male or female) may fall underneath transgender, depending on how the person self-identifies. 'Nonbinary' may be used as a synonym for agender, or someone doesn't identify with a gender, but also may refer to other genders.
Some gender identities include, but aren't limited to:
Agender
Bigender
Cisgender
Genderfluid
Genderqueer
Nonbinary
Transgender
Two-Spirit
and more.
Gender expression
Gender expression (also called, "gender presentation") means how a person dresses, looks, and acts, in ways that might affect how other people view their gender. Someone who wears men's clothes and acts in a masculine way has a male gender expression. Someone who wears women's clothes and acts in a feminine way has a female gender expression. This is different from gender identity because people can choose to look or behave one way even if that is not how they feel inside. Sometimes people call this gender presentation or just presentation.
Gender Identity in Anthropology
Gender is a key concept in the field of anthropology. Gender and sex are defined differently in this field. Gender in regards to an individual's identity, and sex being biology determined. Gender identity, while can be tied to sex and biology in some, is not necessarily determined by these factors. Assumptions around gender identity based in biological factors can be false and while sometimes accepted in the mainstream, can be in fact dangerous. The roles and expectations of gender have strong cultural influences as well. Gender across cultures has been studied extensively, regarding the different identities accepted in the mainstream, roles of the genders, and historical trends of them. Gender Identity and expression has extremely common historical roots, and more gender identities outside of the traditional binary are becoming accepted in the mainstream. Acceptance of gender identities that do not exist within a harsh binary is not exclusively a new concept, just one that is becoming more common in current western society. There are various historical examples of gender identities that were not only recognized, but celebrated, outside the traditional cisgender male and female.
Transgender and transsexual
'Transgender' is a term that means that the gender assigned at birth (typically 'AMAB' or 'assigned male at birth' and 'AFAB' or 'assigned female at birth') does not match with the gender a person identifies as. The experiences that transgender people have are vast and may differ from one another, although there are sometimes shared experiences. For instance, a transgender person may feel gender dysphoria (but not everyone will be dysphoric). A transgender person may also feel it necessary to medically transition, or take hormones, or a combination of the two. 'Transsexual' is a term that some transgender people may use after receiving sex-reassignment surgeries and medical transition, but depending on who one is talking to, this term may be considered outdated and the person may instead opt to simply continue using the term 'transgender' as their identification.
Some people use the word 'transgender' to mean somewhat different things, as the word has expanded and changed since it was first invented in 1965.
Factors and terminology
Some factors involved in transgender identification are:
Assigned gender (or sex assignment, or just sex) is whether a person is male or female at birth.
Gender identity (or simply gender) is the label a person uses to describe how they identify to the world around them: male, female, nonbinary, and other identities that fall around them.
Gender expression (or gender presentation) is how a person dresses, acts, and behaves. It's important to remember that gender expression is not the same as gender identity. A cisgender woman can wear traditionally-male clothes and not be a man, a cisgender man can act in a way that's considered "feminine" and not be a woman, etc.
All three of these factors contribute to how a person labels their self, and make gender a confusing construct to navigate. People can have gender presentations that don't match their gender identity, or a gender identity that doesn't match the gender they were assigned at birth, etc. A person whose gender identity matches the gender they were assigned at birth is called 'cisgender'. As time has passed, the growing voice of LGBTQ+ issues and rise of educational resources on the topics of gender and sexuality has allowed for many to learn about transgender issues, and help others with their own gender navigation.
Types of identity mismatch
It is possible to have every different combination of sex, gender identity, and gender expression. For example:
A person may be female at birth, but have a male gender identity, may call themself a transgender man or 'trans man'. Trans men may typically dress in a masculine manner, wear a chest binder, take testosterone and have sex reassignment surgery if they wish to do so.
Someone who identifies as male (whether he was that at birth or has taken on that gender identity) may dress up and perform in traditionally-women's clothes (in drag). While in drag, this person performs as a woman and may call themselves such.. It also works vice-versa, where women perform on stage as men. This is called being a drag king.
There are many people whose gender identity differs from the one they are at birth, but the person hides it due to fear of rejection, laws that do not protect transgender people, being abandoned or cut off by family and friends, and even fear of getting assaulted.
For instance, a woman going on a date may have to grapple with the decision of when and or if she should tell her date that she is transgender. There is the chance that her date will not care that she is transgender and they can carry on, and she will be happy knowing that she can safely be herself around this person. However, there's also the chance that her date will react angrily and misgender her after finding out she is transgender, and maybe even assault her. A person who identifies as nonbinary may keep their identity a secret to their family out of fear of being kicked out and left homeless, or sent to conversion therapy.
Many people go through this fear, so it is very normal to feel scared.
Another issue that has come up recently is one that feminists, who believe one can dress however they want, argue over whether someone claiming to be a woman and deciding to wear a dress
should be treated as a woman based on this self-identification. This is a matter of dispute within the feminist movement. You can wear whatever you want and still be a woman. A transwoman AMAB who wears a dress makes it so that the feminist movement can not move past this idea that women must wear a dress. Women who see themselves as feminists have strong views on both sides of the issue of whether or not trans women are women,to the point that they deny those who hold the opposite view are real feminists.
Women who see feminism as based on fighting against the oppression of biological women based on biological sex often call themselves gender critical or gender abolitionists (the latter idea based on the expectation of particular dress or behavior being itself oppression). Those who disagree often label these women Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminists, or TERFs.
Medical diagnosis
When a person's gender identity and body do not match, they may go to see a doctor. The doctor may help them change their body if that is what they want. A psychiatrist may diagnose this person with Gender identity disorder (gender dysphoria), but medical diagnosis itself is a controversial subject because being transgender has one been considered to be a mental illness, the stigma is still there. Principle 18 of the Yogyakarta Principles, a document about international law on human rights states that "any classifications to the contrary, a person's gender identity is not in and of itself, medical condition". And "Activist's Guide" to them says that "gender identity" or "gender identity disorder" exists still in categories of mental illness, contrary to the "sexual orientation" removed from such categories.
But despite the strides taken to remove the stigma of mental illness in being transgender, gatekeeping by doctors and therapists make most transgender people struggle to achieve their ideal self. In most cases, doctors require therapists to 'diagnose' whether their patient is 'transgender enough' to take hormones or have surgery. And even if you do that diagnosis, a surgeon can refuse to perform surgery on you.
References
Other websites
BORN FREE AND EQUAL - Sexual orientation and gender identity in international human rights law, 2012
Gender |
13318 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s%20Army | America's Army | America's Army is a multiplayer first-person shooter computer game series. It can be played using Windows, Macintosh, or Linux. It is the official game of the United States Army. The first version was free. It came out on July 4, 2002. It has been updated many times since then. The second important release was America's Army: Special Forces in November 2003. America's Army was made by the MOVES Institute at the Naval Postgraduate School. It is based on the Unreal engine.
Overview
America's Army is a tactical shooter. It is also called a "serious games". According to the game's website, America's Army "provides civilians with an inside perspective and a virtual role in today's premier land force: the U.S. Army. The game is designed for verisimilitude and to provide an accurate portrayal of Soldier experiences across a number of occupations. In the game, players will explore progressive individual and collective training events within the game. Once they successfully completed these events they will advance to multiplayer operations in small units."
On February 20, 2005 there were 4.6 million registered players, and 2.7 million of them had finished basic training. Also, there were more than 15,000 servers being used, and 1.3 million rounds being played each day. The game has been changed a lot. This keeps people interested in the game. It can be found as a free download on the Internet or on a CD-ROM at recruiting centers around the United States.
History
In 1999, Lieutenant Colonel E. Casey Wardynski, a professor at the U.S Military Academy at West Point decided to tell the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel and the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Military Manpower about his idea for an online computer game. His basic idea eventually became America's Army. In the same year, fewer people were joining the army. . Congress decided to use "aggressive, innovative experiments" including America's Army to get more people to join the Army.
The first release was July 4, 2002, and other changes (called patches) were added. On November 6, 2003, version 2.0 of America's Army: Special Forces was made. (Go here for more information about the different version). The Army is spending about USD$3 million a year to make more versions of the game.
Another AA version called America's Army: Rise of a Soldier is available on Playstation 2 and Xbox. This version was developed by UbiSoft.
Since America's Army was created, people have complained about its purpose. People have argued about the Army using its money to make a game. They are also worried about how this game will change people's lives.
Gameplay
In America's Army there are teams of soldiers fighting in a war. The person who is playing controls a soldier of the US Army from the character's eyes. This is called first person.
Players fight as either the US Army or Indigenous forces ("IF"). They fight against a team called "OPFOR" (Army lingo for "Opposing Forces"). There are different kinds of OPFORs called insurgents, enemy forces or terrorists.
US/OPFOR Transformation for Teams
One of America's Army'''s different features is the way the enemies are. The players are split into two different teams. There is usually an assault group and a defense group. The assault loses the round if the time limit runs out, which is usually ten minutes.
The players on each team see themselves as American soldiers with American weapons, such as the M16A2. Their opponents look like non-uniformed people with Eastern bloc weapons, like the AK-47 (the counterpart of the M16A2 in the game). In training maps the only distinguishing features are the players' uniforms. The development team did this to make the game realistic for players on both sides. They allowed everyone to play on the side of the American forces. They also avoided the problem of asking players to kill American soldiers.
On the Special Forces maps, players can also play as non-uniformed people with Eastern bloc weapons (known as Indigenous forces ("IF") in the game), but be on the same team as regular army forces.
This is confusing to many players because when they pick up an enemy weapon, it works differently than the US version. An AK-47 removed from a fallen opponent is fully automatic, more powerful, but less accurate than his M16. But when his opponent had it, to him it was an M16. The important thing is that each weapon behaves as the owner sees it. It transforms when it is picked up. If people pay a lot of attention might notice that the enemies weapons behave wrong, but it is hard to notice.
Every round starts with both teams spawning at the same time. Players can join the other team, but cannot play as the OPFOR. Equipment is not bought but selected through choosing a class.
Goals and scoring system
The goal of the game is to complete the objectives, kill the enemy team. For example, one objective could be to kill the V.I.P., who is trying to survive and escape. If a player joined the other team, he would have to protect the same V.I.P. The round is over if a team wins0, or if the time limit is reached. For a listing of missions gohere.
The game remembers how many people each player has killed, how many times each team has won, how many times each player has been killed, and how well the player is completing the objectives. The game then distributes score which calculates the player's "Honor" level.
Every time a player is killed, every time he fails to protect an objective which he is assigned to defend, and especially every killing of teammates or his allies caused by friendly fire is called a violation of the ROE (Rules of engagement) in the game and has an extremely negative effect on his score and "Honor". If too many points are lost in a round, the player is put in "jail" and kicked out of the server. As of February 2005 95.2% of AA players had 0-20 HONOR points, 3.3% had 20-40 points, 1% had 40-60, and .4% had 61-80 points.
Every healing of injured teammates and every killing of opponents increases a players score and "Honor". Completing the game's missions affects a player's score in a good way and his "Honor" points as well. The score is saved in the player's account that was being used. Some servers only allow players with certain Honor levels to join. The most common is to not let anyone with less than 10 Honor in because this is the base level that everyone starts with. Some also do not let players with too much Honor in. The developers say that "Honor" is based on the values of the Army: "Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity and Personal Courage or Leadership". Its main purpose in the game is stop "team-killing", which is a problem in a lot of online first-person shooters (see team killer).
Game content
Weaponry and equipment
The game depicts real guns. The guns have all the same traits as the real versions. Each gun has different accuracy, power, recoil, and rate of jamming. To aim, there are cross-hairs and iron sights.
Players may select a "class" like squad leader, rifleman, automatic rifleman, grenadier, or sniper; these classes decide what weapon the player will have at the beginning of each round. Some players from each team may be medics. Medics can help their teammates get better after they get shot. Being a medic is an extra ability which is added to the class. The Honor points are used to decide which players gets which class. Players with more Honor usually get to pick their class first.
Each gun also can jam in action. When a gun jams it means that it stops working because a part is stuck. The player then needs to press a button to fix the gun. This can be a problem because it makes it so that the player cannot shoot for a few seconds. AA was the first game ever to have player's guns jam.
Every firearm in the game has either iron sights or a telescopic sight (for sniper rifles); while using the sights, a zoom effect enlarges objects in view. The iron sights enlarge to a small degree, the telescopic sights to large one. Until he stops zooming, the player's moving speed is additionally decreased.
In the first few versions, weapons could only hurt players and glass. For example, a grenade could not destroy a television but a gun could put a bullet hole in the screen. Compared to most games, the grenades and are more deadly. They tried to make the blast radius of grenades more like real life than it usually is in other games. Getting hurt by weapons always leads to some bleeding, which causes a player's health gauge to go down over time. Injuries make players slower, they also make it harder for the player to shoot where they are aiming. Sometimes, if the player does not get help from a medic, they will die.
In the newer versions of the game players can make changes to their weapons. For example, the M4 Carbine can be change in different ways and let the soldier have features that work better on a certain map. For example, on a large map a scope and a bi-pod might be picked, but in a city a player might choose only iron sights and a M203 grenade launcher.
Classes and weaponry
Every player starts the round with one or two guns, some grenades and, on some maps, night vision goggles or binoculars. A list of the weapons is here:
Firearms
Riflemen:
M16A2
M4A1 carbine
M136 AT-4 anti-tank weapon on some maps
OpFor uses AK-47, AKS-74U
Grenadiers:
M203 mounted under an M16A2
OpFor uses GP30 mounted under an AK-47
Automatic Riflemen:
M249 Squad Automatic Weapon
OpFor uses the 75 round RPK
Special Operations Weapons Sergeants:
M4A1 SOPMOD including one of these options from each category,
Special Forces: Standard M4 Carbine with SOPMOD kit including one of these options from each category.
Top Rail
Standard Ironsight - the basic carrying sights
ACOG 4x Sight - a zoom-in sight for your m4a1
M68 Reflex Sight - a dot sight for your m4a1
HeatShield - a shield to prevent burns
Front Rail
CQB Reflex Sight (Must Be used with Ironsight on Top Rail) - the other part of the dot sight
Leaf Sight (Only applicable with M203 Grenade Launcher)
HeatShield - a shield to prevent burns
Bottom Rail
M203 Grenade Launcher (Must Be used with Leaf Sight on Front Rail)- a explosive shell that fires once before reloading
Flare Launcher (Must Be used with Leaf Sight on Front Rail) - a flare grenade
Harris Bipod - a bipod structure to stabilize your weapon
HeatShield - a shield to prevent burns
Muzzle
QD Suppressor - a silencer witch stops a great deal of the noise produced when firing your weapon
HeatShield - a shield to prevent burns
Left and Right Rails
HeatShield - a shield to prevent burns
OpFor AKS-74U SpetsNaz with Modifications
Advanced Marksmen (Sniper): Snipers carry the M9 Pistol
Barrett M82A1
M24 SWS
Special Purpose Rifle (SPR)
OpFor carry the Makarov pistol and the Dragunov, Mosin-Nagant and VSS Vintorez
Hand grenades:
M67 fragmentation grenade(s) (replaced with MILES grenade(s) in training levels)
M83 HC white smoke grenade(s)
AN-M14 TH3 incendiary hand grenade(Thermite grenade)
M84 stun grenade(s)
Indigenous Forces (IF):
IF 47: TheAK-47
IF 74: The AKS-74U
IF RPK: The RPK
IF RPG: The RPG-7
M141 Bunker Defeat Munitions (BDM) (new in Q-Course (version 2.4))
AGP-DB14 Door Breacher (new in Q-Course (version 2.4))
US Stryker Armoured Personnel Carrier looks like a Russian BTR-80 if on the other side. In old releases A 50-caliber machine gun on the roof can be controlled from inside, but cannot be driven around.
Weapons planned for future versions
The XM25 weapon. The XM25 in AA will be an assault weapon that fires an Airburst round using a special launcher.
TALON Robot. The robot will be a radio controlled machine that looks like the Goliath from World War II, but instead of exploding it has special tools that can be used for defusing a bomb or helping people that are stuck in dangerous locations.
JAVELIN Rocket Launcher. The Javelin is an anti-vehicle, self-guided rocket. It can also be used against bunkers and other strong locations. In AA it will have a special scope target system and can be carried on a player's back. (Note: Included in version 2.8)
Other planned game weapons include small bombs used to open locked doors (included in 2.8), a shotgun (also used to open doors), and land mines. The land mines are armed and placed like a hand grenade, but they would not explode until triggered. They are also working on making more drivable vehicles, like an armored HMMWV, which was in a video at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), and has also been included in version 2.8, though only in one mission.
Missions and maps
The map list is sorted by the version they were released with, with newer maps coming first. The game currently has 28 multiplayer maps and 14 single player training missions. Completing these training missions unlocks things like the ability to play online or to become a medic, a special forces unit or a sniper. Maps have different sizes, objectives, and weapons that players can have.
However, no known custom maps have been made because there is no level editor for the game and the developers made it impossible for players to use the level design computer program UnrealEd, which works for other Unreal engine games.
AA: Special Forces (Direct Action) (v2.5)
SF Dockside SF Extraction AA: Special Forces (Q-Course) (v2.4)
SF Courtyard SF PCR (Precious Cargo Recovery) SF Blizzard SF WaterTreatment AA: Special Forces (Firefight) (v2.3)
Woodland Assault, a forest map where one side must find and destroy a collection of weapons, and the other side defend it.
Urban Assault, a city map in a desert. Each side must find collection of weapons.
AA: SF (Vanguard) (v2.2)
SF Taiga, a winter map in a forest.
SF Oasis, set in a desert one side must get out of a canyon and the other must stop them.
AA: SF (Downrange) (v2.1)
SF Village, a city map in a desert.
SF Arctic, a winter map, one side must defend a group of vehicles traveling together (convoy). Includes Stryker vehicles that cannot be driven.
AA: SF (v2.0 and v2.0a)
SF Sandstorm (came with Sandstorm v2.0a), a desert map set during a sand-storm among buildings and ruins.
SF CSAR, a city desert map with a crashed blackhawk helicopter. Can play as US Army or indigenous soldiers against the OPFOR.
SF Pipeline, a new version of the original Pipeline map, but with SF things. The map's layout and objectives stay the same.
SF Recon, a large desert night map in which one side must find a bunch of things, and the other must stop them.
SF Hospital, a VIP rescue or defense map set in a city environment surrounding and inside a hospital and helicopter landing pad
AA: Medics (v1.9)
Mountain Pass SE, a new version of the original Mountain Pass from AA:0.
AA: Operations
Bridge SE (came with v1.7), a bigger version of Bridge Crossing which adds extra ways to get around the bridge and is less foggy.
Radio Tower (v1.6), a desert map with several objectives.
Weapons Cache SE (v1.5), a bigger and different version of Weapons Cache with different objectives.
River Basin (v1.4), is a large MILES training map with objectives in grassy hills, in a daylight summer environment.
Mountain Pass (v.1.3), a large winter map with lots of hills.
JRTC Farm (v1.2.1), one side spawns in by using parachutes and must destroy a parked helicopter, the other side must defend it.
Weapons Cache (v1.2.1), a city map with objectives inside a big building.
Mountain Ambush (v1.2), objectives in a mix of forest and grassy environments.
Swamp Raid (v1.2), A dark map that focuses on the rescue or defense of a prisoner. The Rescue side has night vision.
FLS Assault (v1.2), a night map centering on the defense or attack of a field landing strip. The attacking side parachutes in from a C-17 and has night-vision.
AA: Recon (v1.0)
HQ Raid, a MILES map set at night, in a forest area with hills.
Collapsed Tunnel, a dark level in sewer tunnels. Each side must secure objective points.
Insurgent Camp, set at night in Afghanistan, the attackers must get into a building and access computers.
Pipeline, a winter map that takes place at a pumping station in Alaska. One side defends the station, and the other completes objectives inside, such as turning of valves.
Bridge Crossing, a foggy winter map with each side starting on one side of a long bridge. One side must stop the other from crossing.
MOUT McKenna, a training level in a fake city, kind of like city paintball courses. This map features MILES.
Versions
Newest Version is 2.8.3.1
Version 2.7 came out June 2006
Version 2.6 is available for Microsoft Windows, Linux and for Mac OS X.
Version 1.0.0 and 1.0.1 - America's Army: Recon — (released July 4, 2002) (Windows)
Version 1.2.0 - America's Army — (released August 23, 2002) (Windows)
Version 1.2.1 - America's Army: Operations — (released August 27, 2002) (Windows)
Version 1.4.0 - America's Army: Operations — (released November 27, 2002) (Windows)
Version 1.5.0 - America's Army: Operations — (released December 23, 2002) (Windows)
Version 1.7.0 - America's Army: Operations — (released May 1, 2003) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Version 1.9.0 - America's Army: Operations — (released August 10, 2003) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Version 2.0 - America's Army: Special Forces — (released November 6, 2003) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Version 2.0a - America's Army: Special Forces — (released December 23, 2003) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Version 2.1.0 - America's Army: Special Forces (Downrange) — (released June 1, 2004) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Version 2.2.0 - America's Army: Special Forces (Vanguard) — (released October 19, 2004) (Windows, Linux)
Version 2.2.1 - America's Army: Special Forces (Vanguard) — (released November 18, 2004) (Windows, Linux)
Version 2.3.0 - America's Army: Special Forces (Firefight) — (released: February 18, 2005) (Windows)
Version 2.4.0 - America's Army: Special Forces (Q-Course) — (released: May 16, 2005) (Windows)
Version 2.5.0 - America's Army: Special Forces (Direct Action)'' — (released: October 13, 2005) (Windows, Linux, Mac)
Other websites
Official America's Army Website
AA-Overview.com (Independent and non-sponsored fansite)
AAO-Tracker (The biggest AA community in the world)
French America's Army Website
Americas Army Custom Mapping Website
Shooter video games
2002 video games |
13319 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexuality | Heterosexuality | Heterosexuality is a sexual orientation. Heterosexual people are sexually attracted to the opposite gender, and this may involve romantic feelings. A heterosexual man likes women. A heterosexual woman likes men. Another less formal word for heterosexual is straight.
People who are not heterosexual may be homosexual, bisexual or asexual. Many people in Western society are heteronormative, which means that they believe that heterosexuality is better than other forms of sexuality. This often leads to discrimination.
Sexual orientation is thought to be caused by genetics and hormones when a baby is growing in it's mother. Hormones play a role in making men and women have differences in a region of the brain called the sexually dimorphic nucleus, which is involved in sexual attraction. Men have larger clusters in the hypothalamus than women, similar to other mammals.
In the Catholic Church and many Christian churches as well as in Islam and Judaism, a marriage can only be made in a heterosexual pair - man and woman. Marriage that is done in homosexual pair is often seen as a serious sin by those religions.
Related pages
Heterosociality
Queer, a catch-all term for non-heterosexual people (used by some)
References
Other websites
The Kinsey Institute
Human sexuality |
13322 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate%20crime | Hate crime | A hate crime is when someone breaks a law by hurting another person because of prejudice against a group the victim belongs to. Normally, a hate crime is not caused in any way by something the victim did or said, but just because of who they are. Hate crime is often in the form of physical violence, but can also be vandalism and damage to property, insults or other hurtful words, or other violations of human rights. People often commit hate crime because of prejudice about the victim's sex, ethnicity, religion, nationality, gender identity, class, sexual orientation, age, or other things about them.
The term "hate crime" was first used in the 1980s in the United States, when crimes caused by bias against certain types of people were being talked about in the media. Hate crime is sometimes a way to frighten other people who belong to the same group. This intimidation can be seen as terrorism when it is carried out on a large scale.
In 2009, the Matthew Shepard Act has changed the definition of a hate crime in the law of the United States. It says that crimes which were committed because of the victim's sexual orientation, gender identity or disability are hate crimes. It is the first law that protects transgender people.
Effects of Hate Crimes
People victimized by violent hate crimes are more likely to experience more psychological distress than victims of other violent crimes. Specifically, victims of crimes that are bias-motivated are more likely to experience post-traumatic stress, safety concerns, depression, anxiety and anger than victims of crimes that are not motivated by bias. Hate crimes send messages to members of the victim’s group that they are unwelcome and unsafe in the community, victimizing the entire group and decreasing feelings of safety and security. Furthermore, witnessing discrimination against one’s own group can lead to psychological distress and lower self-esteem.
Related pages
Hate group
Hate speech
Hatred
Transphobia
Xenophobia
References
Types of crime
Hatred
Discrimination |
13323 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay%20bashing | Gay bashing | Gay bashing and gay bullying is when someone attacks a person or group of people because they are gay or lesbian or bisexual or transgender.
Studies show that bullying happens to people who are gay or lesbian more often than to others in general. As teenagers, gay young men are more likely to be bullied than lesbians.
Hate crime
Gay bullying can become a type of hate crime or hate speech.
Related pages
Homophobia
Sexual orientation
Transphobia
LGBT
References
Other websites
"Tips to Help the Bullying Bystander" at education.com
LGBT
Bullying
nl:Potenrammen |
13324 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency%20medicine | Emergency medicine | Emergency Medicine is a specialty of medicine. A specialty is a special part of medicine where a doctor may have more knowledge. Examples are Pediatrics (doctors who care for children), Geriatrics (doctors who care for elderly people), and Cardiology (doctors who know more about the heart.)
Emergency Medicine (abbreviation EM) is sometimes also called Accident and Emergency Medicine (AEM).
EM doctors specialize in treating diseases and injuries that need immediate care. These kind of diseases or injuries are called emergencies. If they are not helped quickly, the person may become more sick or even die.
Doctors that specialize in EM usually work in Emergency Departments. This is also called a casualty department or Emergency room. These are places in hospitals where people go if they have an emergency. They may have a red cross or red letters on the sign to show it is the Emergency Department. This way, even people who cannot read know where to go.
Doctors who specialize in EM must know some about all of the different specialties of medicine. They treat people of all ages. They treat both men and women. They must know how to treat any kind of emergency. But they may not know quite as much about the chronic treatments of diseases over years. However, many people come to the Emergency Department with problems that are not emergencies. So EM doctors must also know about how to treat non-emergencies.
Related pages
Emergency medical services
First aid
References |
13325 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley%2C%20California | Berkeley, California | Berkeley is a city in the U.S. State of California. It is a suburb of San Francisco. It is famous for the college, University of California, Berkeley, where many political protests were held in the 1960s. It is also famous for its gourmet food and art scenes. Also, it is the native city of the punk band Green Day. BOINC or the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing was created at the University of California in Berkeley.
References
1878 establishments in California |
13326 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20specialty | Medical specialty | Medicine is a very complex field. In the past, a doctor could learn almost all that we knew about medicine. Now that is impossible. So after finishing medical school, young doctors choose what kind of doctor they wish to be. After school, they usually do more years of training to learn about the kind of medical specialty they want to do.
Primary care doctors
Some doctors try to learn some about all of the different subjects of medicine and how to treat all patients. These doctors are called 'primary care' doctors or "primary care physicians" (PCPs). Sometimes they are also called 'generalists' or even 'general practitioners.' In the United States, these kind of doctors are sometimes called family practitioners or family medicine doctors. When a problem is strange or complex, they give it to a specialist.
There are other doctors who are also 'primary care' doctors. Pediatricians are primary care doctors, but only for children. Internists are primary care doctors for adults. Some gynecologists do primary care, but for women only.
Specialists
Other doctors are called 'specialists'. This means they have learned more about certain types of medical care. For example:
A dermatologist is a doctor who knows more about the skin and diseases of the skin.
A psychiatrist is a doctor who knows about thought, mood, and mental illnesses like depression and schizophrenia.
An orthopedic surgeon is a doctor who knows about bones and joints, and fixes them when they are broken or diseased.
Medicine and surgery
In the broadest meaning of 'medicine', there are many different specialties. However, within medical circles, there are two broad categories: "Medicine" and "Surgery."
"Medicine" doctors do not do surgery. To be a medical specialist, most doctors have to train in Internal medicine first.
Examples of medical specialists include cardiologists, pulmonologists, and obstetricians.
"Surgery" doctors (surgeons) do surgery. To be a surgical specialist, most surgeons have to train in "General Surgery" first.
Examples of surgical specialists include orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, and trauma surgeons.
There are some medical specialties that do not fit into either of these categories, like radiology, pathology, and anesthesia.
Training
In the U.S., all specialties must pass all three steps of the national medical board examinations. Steps I and II happen during medical school. Step III happens during intern year, where a person works as a student at a hospital.
After a person passes these exams, they then have to pass more exams that are specifically about their specialty. These tests are both written and oral.
A doctor is board-certified in their specialty after:
They finish their residency
They have been working as a doctor for at least one year
They have passed all of their exams
There are only a few training spots per specialty each year, so some specialties can be very competitive. Some medical students do not get to train in the specialty they want. Other specialties do not have nearly enough doctors. This can happen because not enough doctors apply for training spots; because more training spots are needed; or because many people fail out of their training program.
Surgical training
Surgical training requires at least five years of residency after medical school. Sub-specialties of surgery often require seven or more years. In addition, fellowships can last another one to three years. Because fellowships can be competitive, many trainees spend another two years on research. Because of this, for some people, their surgical training will not finish until more than a decade after medical school.
Surgical training can be very difficult and can take a lot of time. An average surgical resident works 75 hours per week.
Some subspecialties of surgery, like neurosurgery, require even longer hours. Residents training in these specialties often work 80 hours a week. Officially, these specialties only allow their residents to work up to 88 hours per week. However, many surgical programs still require residents to work more than 88 hours a week.
Attempts to limit the amount of hours that surgical residents work have been difficult, because:
Many patients need surgery
There are not enough people who are willing to enter into surgery as a career)
Doctors need to perform long surgeries, and still give care to all patients before and after surgery
Surgeons always need to be available in the Operating Room (OR), where surgeries happen; the Intensive Care Unit (ICU); and the Emergency Room (ER).
Medical training
Medical training, unlike surgical training, requires three years of residency training after medical school. Doctors can then do a one- to two-year fellowship in their subspecialty. In general, medical residents work less hours than surgical residents.
Common medical specialties
References |
13327 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatrics | Pediatrics | Pediatrics is the specialty of medicine that cares for infants, children, and adolescents. The ages can vary from the early months until 18-21. A person who works in pediatrics is called a pediatrician.
Pediatricians can be primary care doctors or they can be specialists.
Pediatricians take care of diseases that children get. They also make sure that children develop normally and try to prevent illness. One of the most important ways that children's diseases can be prevented is by immunization. Immunization is also called vaccination.
In the nineteenth century, one in five children died before the age of five. Most of these deaths were from infectious diseases. Today some of these deaths are prevented by treating disease when it happens. Most of it is from preventing disease with immunizations.
Pediatricians also try to prevent other diseases and injury before they happen. They teach parents about safety and nutrition. They may teach older children or adolescents about avoiding injury or addiction to alcohol and tobacco. Because childhood is such a time of change, prevention is a major part of pediatrics.
Types
Many pediatricians work as primary care doctors. This type of pediatrician conducts regular health and wellness checkups. They also diagnose and treat a wide range of common health conditions, give vaccinations, and provide appropriate health advice to young people and their parents or caregivers.
Adolescent medicine specialists focus on care during adolescence around age 11 to 21.
Pediatric oncologist specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancer in children.
Pediatric cardiology refers to cardiac irregularities in a child who is 18 years old. It also covers all types of heart conditions and diseases that occur in childhood.
Pediatricians treat children and adolescents who have musculoskeletal disorders, such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and chronic pain.
References
Medical specialties |
13328 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna%20Bush%20Hager | Jenna Bush Hager | Jenna Welch Bush Hager (born Jenna Welch Bush November 25, 1981)
Jenna was born in Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas, She is the younger of two fraternal twin girls born to George W. Bush, President of the United States. Her twin sister is Barbara Pierce Bush.
Jenna graduated from the University of Texas in 2004. She has become a public school teacher like her mother Laura Bush was.
Personal life
Jenna has been married to Henry Chase Hager since May 10, 2008. They have one child together, a daughter named Margaret Laura Hager (b.April 14, 2013).
Other websites
Jenna Bush news, blogs and photo
1981 births
Living people
George W. Bush
Bush family
Children of Presidents of the United States
Twin people from the United States |
13329 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncyclopedia | Uncyclopedia | Uncyclopedia, calling itself "the content-free encyclopedia", is a website parody of Wikipedia.
Uncyclopedia was started by Jonathan Huang and his friend named "Stillwaters". It was made on January 5, 2005. Uncyclopedia's logo is a hollow potato named Sophia. This makes fun of Wikipedia's globe logo.
Uncyclopedia is a joke wiki that pretends to be useful. Every page is filled with made up facts and jokes. Users make fun of things by creating pages about them.
They have a guide on writing called HTBFANJS (How To Be Funny And Not Just Stupid). This page helps users learn how Uncyclopedia is not like Wikipedia. It also helps people write so it matches the rest of Uncyclopedia.Most encyclopedias try not to have opinions on things. They just try to tell facts. Uncyclopedia has its own opinions about things. These opinions are often silly. For example, Uncyclopedia thinks that Oscar Wilde was the best man ever. These opinions become memes that are added into jokes all over Uncyclopedia.
References
Other websites
Uncyclopedia
Simple English Uncyclopedia
Websites established in 2005
Wikis |
13331 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto | Esperanto | Esperanto is a constructed auxiliary language. Its creator was L. L. Zamenhof, a Polish eye doctor. He created the language to make international communication easier. His goal was to design Esperanto in such a way that people can learn it much more easily than any other national language.
At first, Zamenhof called the language , which means "The International Language" in Esperanto. Soon, people began calling it by the simpler name , which means "one who hopes". That name comes from ("Doctor who hopes"), which is what Zamenhof called himself in his first book about Esperanto.
There are people who speak Esperanto in many countries and in all the major continents. No one knows exactly how many people now speak Esperanto in the world. Most sources say that there are between several hundred thousand and two million Esperanto speakers. A few people grew up speaking Esperanto as their first language. There may perhaps be around 2,000 of these people. Therefore, Esperanto is the most-used constructed language in the world.
A person who speaks or supports Esperanto is often called an "Esperantist".
History
Zamenhof's childhood
L. L. Zamenhof created Esperanto. He grew up in Białystok, a town that was in the Russian Empire, but is now in Poland. People in Białystok spoke many languages. Zamenhof saw conflicts between individual ethnic groups living there (Russians, Poles, Germans and Jews). He thought that lack of a common language caused these conflicts, so he began creating a language people could share and use internationally. He thought this language should be different from national languages. He wanted it to be culturally neutral and easy-to-learn. He thought people should learn it along with national languages and use Esperanto for communication between people with different native languages.
First attempts
First, Zamenhof thought about bringing Latin back into use. Although he learned it in school, he realized it was too difficult for normal use. He also studied English and understood that languages did not need to conjugate verbs by person or number. Once he saw two Russian words: швейцарская (reception, derived from швейцар - receptionist) and кондитерская (confectionery, derived from кондитер - confectioner). These words with the same ending gave him an idea. He decided that regular prefixes and suffixes could decrease the number of word roots, which one would need for a communication. Zamenhof wanted the root words to be neutral, so he decided to use word roots from Romance and Germanic languages. Those languages were taught in many schools in many places around the world at that time.
Creation of the final version
Zamenhof did his first project Lingwe uniwersala (Universal Language) in 1878. But his father, a language teacher, regarded his son's work as unrealistic. So, he destroyed the original work. Between 1879 and 1885 Zamenhof studied medicine in Moscow and Warsaw. In these days he again worked on an international language. In 1887 he published his first textbook ("The International Language"). According to Zamenhof's pen-name ("Doctor who hopes"), many people started calling the language as Esperanto.
First attempts to change
Zamenhof received a lot of enthusiastic letters. In the letters, people wrote their suggestions for changes to the language. He noted all of the suggestions. He published them in the magazine La Esperantisto. In this magazine, Esperanto speakers could vote about the changes. They did not accept them. The magazine had many subscribers in Russia. It was eventually banned (stopped) there because of an article about Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy. Publishing of the magazine ended after that. The new magazine Lingvo Internacia replaced it.
Progress of the community
In the first years of Esperanto's life, people used it only in written form, but in 1905 they organized the first (1st) World Congress of Esperanto in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. This was the first notable use of Esperanto in international communication. Because of the success of the congress, it is organized each year (except years of the World Wars) to this day.
In 1912 Zamenhof resigned his leading position in the movement during the eighth (8th) World Congress of Esperanto in Kraków, Poland. The tenth (10th) World Congress of Esperanto in Paris, France, did not take place because of the start of World War I. Nearly 4000 people signed up for this congress.
Times of the World Wars
During World War I the World Esperanto Association had its main office in Switzerland, which was neutral in the war. Hector Hodler's group of volunteers with support of Romain Rolland helped send letters between the enemy countries through Switzerland. In total, they helped with 200,000 cases.
After World War I there was new hope for Esperanto because of the desire of people to live in peace. Esperanto and its community grew in those days. The first World Congress after the war took place in Hague, Netherlands, in 1920. An Esperanto Museum was opened in Vienna, Austria, in 1929. Today it is part of the Austrian National Library.
World War II stopped this growing of the language. Many Esperantists were sent into the battle. Nazis broke up Esperanto groups because they saw the language as a part of a worldwide Jewish conspiracy. Many Esperanto speakers died in concentration camps. The Soviet Union also treated Esperantists badly when Stalin was their leader.
After the wars
After World War II many people supported Esperanto. 80 million people signed a petition supporting Esperanto for use in the United Nations.
Every year they organize big Esperanto meetings such as the World Congress of Esperanto, International Youth Congress of Esperanto and SAT-Congress (meeting of Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda - World Non-national Association).
In 1990, the Holy See published the document Norme per la celebrazione della Messa in esperanto, allowing the use of Esperanto in Masses without special permission. Esperanto is the only constructed language which received a permission like this one from the Roman Catholic Church.
Esperanto has many web pages, blogs, podcasts, and videos. People also use Esperanto in social media and online discussions and in their private communication through e-mail and instant messaging. Several (especially open source and free software) programmes have their own language version in Esperanto. Internet radio station Muzaiko has been broadcasting 24 hours a day in Esperanto since 2011.
Goals of the Esperanto movement
Zamenhof wanted to make an easy language to increase international understanding. He wanted Esperanto to be a universal second language. In other words, although he did not want Esperanto to replace national languages, he wanted a majority of people around the world to speak Esperanto. Many Esperantists initially shared this goal. General Assembly of UNESCO recognized Esperanto in 1954. Since then World Esperanto Association has got official relations with UNESCO. However, Esperanto was never chosen by the United Nations or other international organizations and it has not become a widely accepted second language.
Some Esperanto speakers like Esperanto for reasons other than its use as a universal second language. They like the Esperanto community and culture. Developing the Esperanto culture is a goal for that people.
People who care more about Esperanto's current value than about its potential for universal use are sometimes called raŭmistoj in Esperanto. The ideas of these people can together be called , or "Raumism" in English. The names come from the name of the town of Rauma, in Finland. The International Youth Congress of Esperanto met there in 1980 and made a big statement. They said that making Esperanto a universal second language was not their main goal.
People who have goals for Esperanto that are more similar to Zamenhof's are sometimes called in Esperanto. The name comes from , an Esperanto phrase which means "final victory". It refers to a theoretical future in which nearly everyone on Earth speaks Esperanto as a second language.
The Prague Manifesto (1996) states the ideas of the ordinary people of the Esperanto movement and of its main organization, the World Esperanto Association (UEA).
German town Herzberg am Harz uses nickname die Esperanto-Stadt/la Esperanto-urbo ("the Esperanto town") since July 12, 2006. They also teach the language in elementary schools and do some other cultural and educational events using the Esperanto language together with the Polish twin town Góra.
Esperanto is the only constructed language that the Roman Catholic Church recognises as a liturgical language. They allow Masses in the language and Vatican Radio broadcasts in Esperanto every week.
Esperanto culture
Many people use Esperanto to communicate by mail, email, blogs or chat rooms with Esperantists in other countries. Some travel to other countries to meet and talk in Esperanto with other Esperantists.
Meetings
There are annual meetings of Esperantists. The largest is the ("World Congress of Esperanto"), which is held in a different country each year. In recent years around 2,000 people have attended it, from 60 or more countries. For young people there is ("International Youth Congress of Esperanto").
A lot of different cultural activities take place during Esperanto meetings: concerts of Esperanto musicians, dramas, discos, presentations of the culture of the host country and culture of the countries of the participants, lectures, language-courses, and so on. At the location of Esperanto meetings there is also a pub, a tearoom, a bookstore, etc. with Esperanto-speaking workers. The number of activities and possibilities depends on the size or on the theme of the meeting.
Literature
There are books and magazines written in Esperanto. Much literature has been translated into Esperanto from other languages, including famous works, like the Bible (first time in 1926) and plays by Shakespeare. Works that are less famous have also been translated into Esperanto, and some of these do not have English translations.
Important Esperanto writers are for example: Trevor Steele (Australia), István Nemere (Hungary) and Mao Zifu (China). William Auld was a British writer of poetry in Esperanto and honorary president of the Esperanto PEN Centre (Esperanto part of International PEN). Some people recommended him for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Music
There is music of different genres in Esperanto, including folk songs, rock music, cabaret, songs for solo singers, choirs and opera. Among active Esperanto musicians is for example Swedish socio-critical music group La Perdita Generacio, Occitan singer JoMo, the Finnish group Dolchamar, Brazilian group Supernova, Frisian group Kajto or Polish singer-songwriter Georgo Handzlik. Also some popular music writers and artists, including Elvis Costello and American singer Michael Jackson recorded songs in Esperanto, composed songs inspired by the language or used it in their promotional materials. Some songs from the album Esperanto from Warner Bros., which released - all in Esperanto - in Spain, in November 1996, reached a high position in the Spanish record charts; similarly, in 1999, in Germany, hip-hop music group Freundeskreis became famous with their single Esperanto. Classical works for orchestra and choir with texts in Esperanto are La Koro Sutro by Lou Harrison and The First Symphony by David Gaines. In Toulouse, France, there is Vinilkosmo, which produces Esperanto music. The main internet Esperanto songbook KantarViki has got 3,000 songs in May 2013, both original and translated.
Theatre and film
They play dramas from different writers such as Carlo Goldoni, Eugène Ionesco and William Shakespeare also in Esperanto. Filmmakers sometimes use Esperanto in the background of films, for example in The Great Dictator by Charlie Chaplin, in the action film Blade: Trinity or in comedy sci-fi television series Red Dwarf. Feature films in Esperanto are not very common, but there are about 15 feature films, which have Esperanto themes.
The 1966 film Incubus is notable because its dialogues are in Esperanto only. Today some people translate subtitles of different films to Esperanto. The website Verda Filmejo collects these subtitles.
Radio and television
Radio stations in Brazil, China, Cuba and Vatican broadcast regular programmes in Esperanto. Some other radio programmes and podcasts are available on the Internet. Internet radio station Muzaiko broadcasts Esperanto programmes on the Internet 24 hours a day since July 2011. Between 2005 and 2006 there was also a project of international television "Internacia Televido" in Esperanto. Esperanto TV broadcasts on the Internet from Sydney, Australia, since April 5, 2014.
Internet
On the Internet there are many online discussions in Esperanto about different topics. There are many websites, blogs, podcasts, videos, television, and radio stations in Esperanto (see above). Google Translate supports translations from and into Esperanto since February 22, 2012 as its 64th language.
Apart from websites and blogs of esperantists and Esperanto organizations, there is also an Esperanto Wikipedia (Vikipedio) and other projects of Wikimedia Foundation which has also got their Esperanto language version or they use Esperanto (Wikibooks, Wikisource, Wikinews, Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata). People can also use an Esperanto version of social networks, for example Facebook, Diaspora and other websites.
Several computer programmes also have an Esperanto version, such as web browser Firefox and office suite (set of programmes for use in an office) LibreOffice.
The language
Esperanto uses grammar and words from many natural languages, such as Latin, Russian, and French. Morphemes in Esperanto (the smallest parts of a word that can have a meaning) cannot be changed and people can combine them into many different words. The language has got common attributes with isolating languages (they use word order to change the meaning of a sentence) such as Chinese, while the inner structure of Esperanto words has got common attributes with agglutinative languages (they use affixes to change the meaning of a word), such as Turkish, Swahili and Japanese.
Esperanto's grammar (rules of language) is meant to be simple. The rules in Esperanto never change and can always be applied in the same way
Alphabet
The Esperanto alphabet is based on the Latin script. It has six letters with diacritics: ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ (with circumflex), and ŭ (with breve). The alphabet does not have the letters q, w, x, or y.
The 28-letter alphabet is:
A is like a in father
B is like b in boy
C is like zz in pizza
Ĉ is like ch in chair
D is like d in dog
E is like e in egg
F is like f in flower
G is like g in go
Ĝ is like j in jam
H is like h in honey
Ĥ is like ch in Scottish loch
I is like i in it
J is like y in yes
Ĵ is like s in measure
K is like k in king
L is like l in look
M is like m in man
N is like n in no
O is like o in open
P is like p in pie
R is like r in road but is rolled (trilled, as in Spanish, Italian, Arabic, Russian)
S is like s in simple
Ŝ is like sh in sheep
T is like t in tree
U is like u in bull
Ŭ is like w in well
V is like v in cave
Z is like s in his.
Writing diacritics
Even the world uses the Unicode, the letters with diacritics (found in the "Latin-Extended A" section of the Unicode Standard) can cause problems with printing and computing, because they are not found on the keyboards we use.
There are two remedies of this problem, both of which uses digraphs for the letters with diacritics. Zamenhof, the inventor of Esperanto, devised an "h-system", which replaces ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, and ŭ with ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, and u, respectively. A more recent "x-system" has also been used, which replaces ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, and ŭ with cx, gx, hx, jx, sx, and ux, respectively.
There are computer keyboards that support the Esperanto alphabet, for example, for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux, for Windows Phone, and Gboard & AnySoftKeyboard for Android.
Examples of words
from Romance languages
from Latin: abio (fir), sed (but), okulo (eye), akvo (water)
from French: dimanĉo (Sunday), frapi (to knock), ĉevalo (horse)
from Italian: ĉielo (sky), fari (to do), voĉo (voice)
from more Romance languages: facila (easy, simple), fero (iron), tra (through), verda (green)
from Germanic languages
from German: baldaŭ (in a short time), bedaŭri (to regret), jaro (year), nur (only)
from English: birdo (bird), ŝarko (shark), jes (yes)
from more Germanic languages: fiŝo (fish), fremda (foreign), ofta (frequent)
from Slavic languages
from Polish: ĉu (word for yes/no questions)
from Russian: barakti (to fight), vosto (tail)
from Czech: ne (no, not), roboto (robot), ĉerpi (to pump)
from more Slavic Languages: krom (except), celo (finish, goal, target)
from other Indo-European languages
from Greek: hepato (liver), kaj (and), biologio (biology), politiko (politics)
from Lithuanian: du (two), tuj (at once)
from Sanskrit: budho (buddha), nirvano (Nirvana), pado (path, way)
from Finno-Ugric languages
from Finnish: saŭno (sauna)
from Hungarian: ĉardaŝo (Csárdás - Hungarian national dance), ĉuro (semen)
from Semitic languages
from Hebrew: kabalo (Kabbalah)
from Arabic: aŭ (or)
from other languages
from Japanese: cunamo (tsunami), zeno (Zen)
from Chinese: tofuo (tofu), teo (tea)
from Hawaiian: vikio (wiki)
Criticism
Some of the criticism of Esperanto is common for any project of constructed international language: a new language has little chance to replace today's international languages like English, French and others.
The criticism, which is specific for Esperanto, targets various parts of the language itself (the special Esperanto letters, the -n ending, sound of the language, and so on).
Some peoplesay that use of the diacritics (the letters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ) make the language less neutral than it would be using only the basic letters of Latin alphabet. No other language uses the letters ĉ, ĥ and ĵ. The letter ĥ is the least used letter in Esperanto and ĵ is not used frequently either, leading people to question how necessary they are.
Critics of Esperantoalso say that the same ending of an adjective and a noun (such as "", "", "") is unnecessary. English, for example, does not have the requirement that an adjective and noun must agree in tense, and has no indicator for accusative cases.
They also criticize the fact that most of the words in Esperanto come from Indo-European languages, which makes the language less neutral.
One of the common criticisms from both non-Esperanto-speakers and those who speak Esperanto, is that there is language sexism in Esperanto. Some words by default refer to males, and the feminine counterparts have to be constructed by adding the -in- suffix to the masculine root. Such a words are words like (father) and (mother), (son) and (daughter), (uncle) and (aunt), and so on. The majority of all Esperanto words have no specific meaning on the basis of sex. Some people proposed the suffix -iĉ- with male meaning in order to make the meaning of the basic word neutral. However this proposal is not widely accepted by Esperanto speakers.
Criticism of some parts of Esperanto motivated the creation of various new constructed languages like Ido, Novial, Interlingua and Lojban. However, none of these constructed languages have as many speakers as Esperanto does.
Example of text
Normal sample: Ĉiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj laŭ digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.
Version in h-system: Chiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj lau digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.
Version in x-system: Cxiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj laux digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.
Simple English translation: All people are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are reasonable and moral, and should act kindly to each other.
Lord's Prayer
Metaphoric use of the word "Esperanto"
People sometimes use the word "Esperanto" in a metaphoric way (not in its literal sense). They use it to say that something aims to be international or neutral, or it uses a wide mixture of ideas. They say the programming language Java is "independent of specific computer systems [e.g. Windows, Android] like Esperanto is independent of ... nations". Similarly, they call the font Noto "the Esperanto of fonts" because it tries to work well for every culture's writing.
References
Other websites
Esperanto on Citizendium
Lernu! A popular website to learn Esperanto.
Mp3 files of Esperanto radio broadcasts
Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko
Music videos in Esperanto from Mauritius and Madagascar
Learn Not To Speak Esperanto , a piece criticizing Esperanto's problems; and Why not to learn Esperanto, Claude Piron's answer to it. |
13332 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Bush | Barbara Bush | Barbara Pierce Bush (June 8, 1925 – April 17, 2018) was the First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993 as the wife of the 41st President of the United States, George H.W. Bush. She had also served as Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989 when her husband was 43rd Vice President under Ronald Reagan.
Early life
Bush was born at NewYork–Presbyterian Queens in Flushing, Queens on New York. Her parents were Pauline Robinson (1896-1949) and her husband, Marvin Pierce (1893-1969). Her mother died in a car accident. Her ancestor Thomas Pierce, an early New England colonist, was also an ancestor of Franklin Pierce, the 14th President of the United States. She is a fourth cousin, four times removed of Franklin Pierce.
Bush spent her early childhood in Rye, New York. She began her studies in a school there. Then she studied in a boarding school at Ashley Hall in Charleston, South Carolina.
Family
At a dance party, Barbara met George H. W. Bush. At that time she was 17 years old, and George Bush was a student at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. They got engaged just before Bush went to fight in World War II. He was a torpedo bomber of the United States Navy. George named three of his airplanes after Barbara: Barbara, Barbara II, and Barbara III. In December 1944, Bush returned to the USA on leave. Two weeks later, they married on January 6, 1945. After World War II, Bush graduated from the Yale University. They moved to Midland, Texas. In 1953, the Bushes' daughter Robin died of leukemia. On April 13, 2013, she became a great-grandmother after her granddaughter Jenna Bush Hager gave birth to a daughter.
Children
Bush had six children:
George W. Bush (born July 6, 1946) 43rd President of the United States and 46th Governor of Texas
Pauline Robinson "Robin" Bush (December 20, 1949 - October 11, 1953, died of leukemia);
John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born February 11, 1953); 43rd Governor of Florida
Neil Mallon Bush (born January 22, 1955);
Marvin Pierce Bush (born October 22, 1956)
Dorothy Bush Koch (born August 18, 1959).
Personal life
Over the years, the Bush family moved 29 times. George H. W. Bush had become a successful person and had founded Zapata Corporation. He had a variety of government jobs. George H. W. Bush became the 41st President of the United States in 1989 and served until 1993.
While First Lady
Bush became the First Lady of the United States when her husband was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. She made a paw print of her pet Millie for a holiday card in 1991.
After being First Lady
After her husband's presidency, they moved to Houston, Texas. They also had a big house in Kennebunkport, Maine.
On March 18, 2003, two days before the beginning of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, when her son George W. Bush was President, ABC's Good Morning America asked her about her family's television viewing habits. She replied:
I watch none. He [former President George H.W. Bush] sits and listens and I read books, because I know perfectly well that, don't take offense, that 90 percent of what I hear on television is supposition, when we're talking about the news. And he's not, not as understanding of my pettiness about that. But why should we hear about body bags and deaths, and how many, what day it's gonna happen, and how many this or that or what do you suppose? Or, I mean, it's not relevant. So, why should I waste my beautiful mind on something like that, and watch him suffer.
While visiting a Houston relief center for people displaced by Hurricane Katrina, Bush told the radio program Marketplace,
Almost everyone I've talked to says, 'We're gonna move to Houston.' What I'm hearing, which is sort of scary, is they all want to stay in Texas... Everybody is so overwhelmed by the hospitality, and so many of the people in the arenas here, you know, were underprivileged anyway, so this (as she chuckles slightly) is working very well for them. Audio clip.
The remarks were controversial. In 2006, it was revealed that Barbara Bush donated an undisclosed amount of money to the Bush–Clinton Katrina Fund on the condition that the charity do business with an educational software company owned by her son Neil Bush.
In November 2008, Bush was hospitalized for abdominal pains. On November 25, a dime-sized hole in her small intestine was found by surgeons. She was released on December 2, 2008 and was reported to be doing well.
Bush underwent aortic valve replacement surgery on March 4, 2009; she was released from the hospital on March 13, 2009.
In a November 2010 interview with Larry King, Bush was asked about former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. Bush remarked, "I sat next to her once, thought she was beautiful, and I think she's very happy in Alaska, and I hope she'll stay there." Palin responded, "I don't want to, sort of, concede that we have to get used to this kind of thing, because I think the majority of Americans don't want to put up with the blue-bloods – and I say it with all due respect, because I love the Bushes – but, the blue-bloods, who want to pick and choose their winners, instead of allowing competition to pick and choose the winners."
Barbara Bush was portrayed by Ellen Burstyn in the 2008 movie W..
Health and death
In November 2008, Bush was hospitalized for abdominal pains. She had surgery on her small intestine. Bush underwent aortic valve replacement surgery in March 2009.
On December 31, 2013, Bush was hospitalized at The Methodist Hospital, in Houston, Texas, for a "respiratory related issue". She was in stable condition and received a visit from her family, according to the Bush family's statement to the media. She returned in 2010 for routine testing. On January 4, 2014, Bush was released from the hospital. It was announced she had been suffering from pneumonia. She said, "I cannot thank the doctors and nurses at Houston Methodist enough for making sure I got the best treatment and got back to George and our dogs as quickly as possible."
On April 15, 2018 it was reported by a source close to the Bush family that Barbara was in "failing health". She decided to have only "comfort care", which is placing end-of life patients under comfort care until they die. She chose to be at home with her family rather than go back to the hospital for treatment. She suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure (COPD) and Grave's disease. Bush died on April 17, 2018 in Houston of complications from COPD and congestive heart failure at the age of 92. She was buried at the George Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas on April 21, 2018.
References
1925 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from COPD
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Texas
Bush family
George H. W. Bush
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
Yale University alumni
People from Rye, New York |
13357 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadis-kot | Kadis-kot | Kadis-kot is a fictional board game in the TV show Star Trek. It is played on a six-sided board with three sets of coloured stones.
The characters of Naomi Wildman and Seven of Nine played the game sometimes, after the events of the episode "Infinite Regress".
Other websites
A summary of the game at Memory Alpha
Star Trek
Board games
en:List of games in Star Trek#Kadis-kot |
13359 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny%20Rogers | Kenny Rogers | Kenny Rogers (August 21, 1938 – March 20, 2020) was a Grammy Award-winning country music singer and songwriter. His best known songs include "The Gambler" and "Lucille". He acted in several movies and television series. He owned a franchise of roast chicken restaurants called "Kenny Rogers Roasters".
On March 20, 2020, Rogers died under hospice care in Sandy Springs, Georgia from natural causes, aged 81.
References
1938 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Houston, Texas
Writers from Houston, Texas
American country singers
American movie actors
American songwriters
American television actors
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Houston, Texas
Singers from Houston, Texas |
13360 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moundou | Moundou | Moundou is the capital of the Logone Occidental in Chad. It has a population of 99,530 as of 2003. Moundou lies on one of the main roads in southern Chad. It is the main city of the Ngambai people. Moundou is a center for industry and makes cotton and oil.
Cities in Chad |
13361 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Aagesen | Andrew Aagesen | Andrew Aagesen or Andreas Aagesen (August 5, 1826 - October 26, 1879) was a Danish lawyer and politician. The Danish laws of the Sea, of the 1882 was mostly his work.
Biography
Andrew Aagesen studied law at Christianshavn and Copenhagen. He stopped his studies in 1848 to take part in the First Schleswig War. He served as the leader of a reserve battalion.
In 1855, he became a professor of jurisprudence at the University of Copenhagen. In 1879, he was elected as a member of the Landsting. He was Carl Christian Hall's successor as a lecturer on Roman law at the University of Copenhagen.
1826 births
1887 deaths
Danish politicians
Danish businesspeople
Danish educators
Teachers
Lawyers |
13362 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20%28band%29 | Heart (band) | Heart is a rock band which started in Seattle in the 1960s. It became famous with the release of "Dreamboat Annie" in 1976 when the band-members were living in Vancouver.
Heart was started by Steve Fossen and brothers Roger and Mike Fisher in Seattle. Ann Wilson joined the band in Seattle in 1970. Nancy Wilson joined the band in 1974. From then, Ann and Nancy wrote almost all of the band's songs. From 1976, the band was very successful, and sold many millions of records.
Ann Wilson was the lead singer and sometimes played the flute. Roger Fisher played the lead guitar and sang. Steve Fossen played the bass guitar. Nancy Wilson played lots of different types of guitar and sang. Mike Fisher managed the band and also looked after the sound and the lights. In 1975 some extra people joined the band. Michael DeRosier played the drums. Howard Leese played lots of different instruments and stayed with the band until 1998.
The Fisher brothers left the band in 1979. Steve Fossen and Michael DeRosier left the band in 1982. Denny Carmassi played the drums, Mark Andes played the bass guitar, and Nancy Wilson played the lead guitar. The band did not do much in the 1990s, but Ann & Nancy started doing things again in the early 2000s. Since then, the band has made lots of appearances in public and on TV.
Barracuda
Their best known song is called Barracuda. It was written in 1977 by Ann and Nancy Wilson, Michael DeRosier, Sue Ennis (a friend of Ann and Nancy) and Roger Fisher. Some of the places it has been and used are:
2000 - the American TV series "Friends"
2000 - the American movie "Charlie's Angels"
2002 - the American TV series "King of the Hill"
2004 - the American TV series "The Sopranos"
2004 - the American TV series "Reno 911!"
2004 - the computer game "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas"
2005 - the live album A Radical Recital by the group "Rasputina"
2007 - the American movie "Shrek the Third" (The song is sung by "Fergie" from the "Black Eyed Peas")
2007 - the video game "Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock"
2008 - during a TV commercial for the Honda "Odyssey" car
Records
The band's first album went on sale in 1976. It was given the name "Dreamboat Annie". A lot of people liked the album and more than one million (1,000,000) copies of it were sold. The album had the ballads "How Deep It Goes" and "(Love Me Like Music) I'll Be Your song." In addition it had the songs "Magic Man" and "Crazy On You". After lots of people had bought copies of the "Dreamboat Annie" album, Heart changed to a new record company.
Their second album in 1977 was given the name "Little Queen". It had the hard rock song "Barracuda". "Barracuda" and "Dreamboat Annie" are Heart's best known early songs.
A third album was called "Magazine". It was given to the shops by the old record company before "Little Queen" was made. Heart did not like this, and wanted all copies of "Magazine" to be destroyed. They took the old record company to court. The judge ordered that the old record company must stop selling the album. The judge also ordered that Heart must make a new album for the old record company. This new album was also called "Magazine". It was given to the shops after "Little Queen" was made.
In 1978, the band released "Dog & Butterfly". It was very different in musical style from the first three albums. Sue Ennis was a friend of Ann and Nancy Wilson. She helped write a lot of the songs on "Dog & Butterfly". Two of the songs were named "Straight On" and "Dog & Butterfly". Heart did not sell as many copies of this album. The next two or three albums were not very good. Roger Fisher and Steve Fossen left the band.
In 1985 the band had new people in it, and had a new record company. They made an album called "Heart", and it sold lots of copies. The sort of music that Heart played was different. In the 1970s, the music was hard rock. In the 1980s the music was Top 40 pop. Some of the songs were "How Can I Refuse", "What About Love", "Alone", "Never", "These Dreams" and "All I Want To Do Is Make Love To You".
In the 1990s, as well as performing and touring as Heart, the Wilson sisters started another band with Sue Ennis. They called this band "The LoveMongers". The also set up a recording studio in Seattle which they called "Bad Animals". Bad Animals is also the name of an album they made in 1987
In 1999, Nancy made a solo album called "Live at McCabes Guitar Shop". In 2007, Ann made a solo album called "Hope & Glory".
Roger Fisher also continues to perform, and has recorded and released several albums of his own.
Discography
Studio albums
1976 - Dreamboat Annie
1977 - Little Queen
1978 - Magazine
1978 - Dog and Butterfly
1980 - Bebe le Strange
1982 - Private Audition
1983 - Passionworks
1985 - Heart
1987 - Bad Animals
1990 - Brigade
1993 - Desire Walks On
2004 - Jupiter's Darling
2010 - Red Velvet Car
2012 - Fanatic
2016 - Beautiful Broken
Live albums
1980 - Greatest Hits Live
1991 - Rock the House! Live
1995 - The Road Home
2003 - Alive in Seattle
2007 - Dreamboat Annie Live
2014 - Fanatic Live from Caesar's Colosseum
2014 - Heart & Friends – Home for the Holidays
2016 - Live at the Royal Albert Hall with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
2019 - Live in Atlantic City
Compilation and Holiday albums
1997 - These Dreams: Heart's Greatest Hits
1998 - Greatest Hits
2000 - Greatest Hits: 1985-1995
2001 - Heart Presents A Lovemongers' Christmas
2002 - The Essential Heart
2006 - Love Songs
2008 - Playlist: The Very Best of Heart
2012 - Strange Euphoria
2013 - Icon
Singles
1976
"Crazy on You" (Album: Dreamboat Annie)
"Magic Man" (Album: Dreamboat Annie)
"Dreamboat Annie"(Album: Dreamboat Annie)
1977
"(Love Me Like Music) I'll Be Your Song" (Little Queen)
"Barracuda" (Little Queen)
"Little Queen" (Little Queen)
"Kick it Out" (Little Queen)
"Love Alive" (Little Queen)
1978
"Crazy on You" (re-issue) (Dreamboat Annie)
"Heartless" (Magazine)
"Straight On" (Dog and Butterfly)
1979
"Dog and Butterfly" (Dog and Butterfly)
"Magazine" (Magazine)
"Without You" (Magazine)
1980
"Even it Up" (Bebe le Strange)
"Bebe le Strange" (Bebe le Strange)
"Break" (Bebe le Strange)
"Raised on You" (Bebe le Strange)
"Sweet Darlin'" (Bebe le Strange)
"Tell it Like it Is" (Greatest Hits Live)
1981
"Unchained Melody" (Greatest Hits Live)
1982
"This Man Is Mine" (Private Audition)
"City's Burning" (Private Audition)
"Bright Light Girl" (Private Audition)
1983
"The Situation" (Private Audition)
"How Can I Refuse?" (Passionworks)
"Sleep Alone" (Passionworks)
"Allies" (Passionworks)
1984
"The Heat" (Up the Creek soundtrack)
1985
"What About Love" (Heart )
"Never" (Heart )
1986
"These Dreams" (Heart )
"Nothin' at All" (Heart )
"If Looks Could Kill" (Heart )
1987
"Alone" (Bad Animals)
"Who Will You Run To" (Bad Animals)
"There's the Girl" (Bad Animals)
1988
"I Want You So Bad" (Bad Animals)
"Wait for an Answer" (Bad Animals)
"Never" / "These Dreams" (Heart)
"What About Love"
"Nothin' at All" (Heart)
1990
"All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You" (Brigade)
"Wild Child" (Brigade)
"Tall, Dark, Handsome Stranger" (Brigade)
"I Didn't Want to Need You" (Brigade)
"Stranded" (Brigade)
1991
"Secret" (Brigade)
"You're the Voice" (Rock the House! Live)
1993
"Black on Black II" (Desire Walks On )
"Will You Be There (In the Morning)" (Desire Walks On )
1994
"Back to Avalon" (Desire Walks On )
"The Woman in Me" (Desire Walks On )
1995
"Alone" (The Road Home)
"The Road Home" (The Road Home)
1998
"Strong, Strong Wind" (Greatest Hits)
2004
"The Perfect Goodbye" (Jupiter's Darling)
"Oldest Story in the World" (Jupiter's Darling)
"Make Me" (Jupiter's Darling)
2010
"Hey You" (Album: Red Velvet Car)
"WTF" (Album: Red Velvet Car)’
2012
"Walking Good" (Album: Fanatic)
"Fanatic" (Album: Fanatic)’
2013
"Dear Old America" (Album: Fanatic)
"Stairway to Heaven" (Album: "Stairway to Heaven (Live at the Kennedy Center Honors)" (single) )’
´**"All Through the Nigh" (Album: Home for the Holidays (Christmas single))
2016
"Beautiful Broken" (Album: Beautiful Broken)
Other websites
Official site
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Folk music groups
Musical groups from Seattle, Washington
Musical groups established in 1973
1973 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Washington (state) |
13363 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Earring | Golden Earring | Golden Earring is a Dutch rock band. They began in 1961 in The Hague; named the Golden Earrings. In 1969, they became just Golden Earring, (dropping the "s"). They gained worldwide fame with their hit song "Radar Love" in 1973. The single was number one on the Dutch charts, in the top ten in the United Kingdom and number thirteen on the American music charts.
"Twilight Zone" in 1982, and "When the Lady Smiles" in 1984 were also hit singles. During their career they had nearly 30 top-ten singles on the Dutch charts. Over the years they produced 25 studio albums. All musicians in the band have been members of the band since 1970. Other musicians, however, have come and gone during all these years.
In March 2009, Golden Earring celebrated its comeback in the United Kingdom with two concerts in Ipswich and London. Golden Earring's newest studio album was recorded live in a studio in London. It was released in May 2012. The album, named Tits 'n Ass, went to number one in the Dutch album charts.
Career
Golden Earring went on their first major US tour in 1969 and 1970. Between 1969 and 1984, the band completed thirteen US tours.
Golden Earring enjoyed a brief period of international stardom but were unable to get further chart success until 1982's "Twilight Zone". This was followed by "The Lady Smiles" in 1984.
The Russian rock band Aria made a successful cover version of a single, "Going To The Run". From 1992 to 2004 the band released three acoustic live "unplugged" albums which were successful. Since 1992, the band has performed popular acoustic unplugged theater-shows. The acoustic albums feature unplugged versions of famous hits of the band.
Hit singles
"Radar Love", from the album Moontan, became a hit in both Europe and the USA in 1973. The album Moontan itself was awarded a gold record in the States. This is the band's best known song. There have been more than 200 cover versions of this classic rock song. It was voted "best car song ever" by readers of USA Today in 2005 and second-best "greatest driving song" in a poll of BBC's programme Top Gear.
George Kooymans, the band's vocalist and guitarist, wrote "Twilight Zone". It was released in 1982 and brought Golden Earring more success. This song also had one of the first music videos. It was aired on the new music television channel, MTV, which began in 1981. This helped "Twilight Zone" become a Top Ten hit in the States. The song was inspired by the popular TV series The Twilight Zone.
"When the Lady Smiles", from the album News, was the next international hit in 1984. It became a top hit in Europe and Canada with the help of a music video. It was not as successful in the States. The music video was banned from MTV because it showed nudity and the rape of a nun.
Discography
The complete discography of Golden Earring is 25 studio albums, 8 live albums, 2 compilation albums, and 74 singles.
This is a list of the studio albums:
Just Ear-rings (1965)
Winter-Harvest (1967)
Miracle Mirror (1968)
On the Double (1969)
Eight Miles High (1969)
Golden Earring (1970)
Seven Tears (1971)
Together (1972)
Moontan (1973)
Switch (1975)
To the Hilt (1976)
Contraband (1976)
Grab It for a Second (1978)
No Promises...No Debts (1979)
Prisoner of the Night (1980)
Cut (1982)
N.E.W.S. (1984)
The Hole (1986)
Keeper of the Flame (1989)
Bloody Buccaneers (1991)
Face It (1994)
Love Sweat (1995)
Paradise in Distress (1999)
Millbrook U.S.A. (2003)
Tits 'n Ass (2012)
References
Other websites
Official Golden Earring website
Radar Love
Musical groups established in 1961
1960s music groups
1970s music groups
1980s music groups
1990s Dutch music groups
2000s Dutch music groups
2010s music groups
Rock bands
The Hague
1960s establishments in the Netherlands
1961 establishments in Europe |
13364 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick%20Springfield | Rick Springfield | Richard Springthorpe (born August 23, 1949), known better by his stage name Rick Springfield, is an Australian musician and actor. He was extremely popular in the 1980s thanks to a string of hit songs including "Jesse's Girl", and a recurring role on the TV show, General Hospital.
References
1949 births
Living people
Australian pop musicians
Australian rock musicians
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian television actors
Australian movie actors
Musicians from Sydney
Actors from Sydney |
13366 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus | Anus | The anus is the opening in the human body that is between the buttocks. It is at the end of the gastrointestinal system (including the organs that digest food), where feces or stool comes out of the body.
Related pages
Anal fissure
Hemorrhoid
Other websites
Anatomy of the digestive system |
13370 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgasm | Orgasm | An orgasm is a sexual climax (or high point). An orgasm happens because of continued sexual touching. During an orgasm, there is a strong feeling of excitement and pleasure. Sexual touching may be sexual intercourse, rubbing or squeezing by hand (called masturbation), or other actions that make the sex organs feel good.
During an orgasm, a person's body sometimes spasms (shakes or trembles), and the person may appear to be in pain or get a strange look on their face.
The person's brain activity changes quickly. The parts of the brain responsible for fear, worry and self-control become less active. Many people moan, shout or say strange things during orgasm. Usually, people's minds focus almost completely on the pleasure of the orgasm, and become less aware of what is going on around them than usual.
Orgasms may sometimes happen when people are asleep, this called a wet dream.
Other mammals may have orgasms when they have sex.
Male orgasm
The penis usually becomes erect (hard) before an orgasm, and flaccid (soft) again after. When a man has an orgasm, his penis spasms and undergoes a series of rhythmic contractions, during which he feels a very strong and enjoyable feeling in his penis and groin, and sometimes in all of his body. In a man, an orgasm usually happens at the same time as an ejaculation, which is a release of semen through the penis that can't be stopped. Young boys can orgasm, but there may be no semen because semen release usually occurs (happens) only after puberty has started. After an orgasm, men usually have a deep sense of relaxation, usually felt in the groin and the thighs. Usually the stronger the orgasm is, the deeper the relaxation and the longer the relaxation will last.
Female orgasm
A woman's orgasm begins in her clitoris, which is the counterpart of the man's penis. It is preceded by an erection of the clitoris and a moistening of the opening of the vagina. When a woman goes through a full orgasm, her uterus, vagina, anus and pelvic muscles undergo a series of rhythmic contractions. Most women find these contractions very pleasurable. Rubbing or applying other consistent pressure against the clitoris is usually needed to help the woman have an orgasm.
Orgasm and reproduction
Orgasm plays an important role in human reproduction. It is the most exciting moment of sexual intercourse, so it is an important factor that makes men and women want to have intercourse, which allows reproduction to happen. It is also the moment at which the man releases semen into the woman to begin the process of fertilization.
During sexual intercourse, a man places his penis inside a woman's vagina and moves it backwards and forwards. The woman may also move her hips back and forth, or in a circular motion. The friction caused by this movement, together with the warmth and pressure of the vagina, causes the man to have pleasurable feelings in his penis. As intercourse continues, these feelings grow stronger and stronger until the man has an orgasm and ejaculates, at which time semen then shoots out from the end of his penis into the woman's vagina. The semen can make the woman pregnant.
The woman may also have one or more orgasms during intercourse as well. Unlike a man, who usually can have only one orgasm during intercourse, a woman may have more than one. During intercourse she may rub her clitoris, or she may have her man do so. This can make the woman have an orgasm. The shaft of the penis may also stimulate the clitoris in some positions. Scientists are not sure why women have orgasms. Some believe that the orgasm helps the sperm in the man's semen to swim up the vagina into the cervix, so that it is more likely that a sperm cell will fuse with an egg cell. Others think that the woman's orgasm is designed to help make the man reach orgasm. During her orgasm, a woman may moan, cry, or scream, which usually excites her man, and her vagina may contract, gripping the penis more tightly and making sex more exciting for him. These reactions may cause the man to ejaculate more quickly or to produce more semen; when a woman reaches orgasm during intercourse, it often makes her man have an orgasm at that point as well. Orgasm may also encourage a woman to have sex more often as it feels good, increasing the chances of pregnancy.
Related pages
List of sex positions
References
Further reading
Banker-Riskin, Anita; Grandinetti, Deborah (1997). Simultaneous Orgasm: And Other Joys of Sexual Intimacy. Hunter House. ISBN 0-89793-221-8, ISBN 978-0-89793-221-9.
PARTRIDGE, Eric (2001). Shakespeare's bawdy: Classics Series Routledge classics. 2nd ed., Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25400-0, ISBN 978-0-415-25400-7.
Plato (2001). The Banquet. (P.B. Shelley, Trans., J. Lauritsen, Ed., Foreword). Provincetown, MA: Pagan Press.
WEBB, Timothy (1976). The violet in the crucible: Shelley and translation, 1976. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gabriele Froböse, Rolf Froböse, Michael Gross (Translator): Lust and Love: Is it more than Chemistry? Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry, ISBN 0-85404-867-7, (2006).
Komisaruk, Barry R.; Beyer-Flores, Carlos; Whipple, Beverly. The Science of Orgasm. Baltimore, MD; London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8018-8490-X).
Other websites
Men's Health: Male Orgasm
Net Doctor: Female Orgasm
Ted Talk by Mary Roach on 10 things you didn't know about orgasm
Sexuality |
13372 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate | Prostate | The prostate is a gland of the male body that adds part of the fluid to semen. A healthy human prostate is slightly larger than a walnut. It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting elderly men in developed (also known as first world) countries and a major cause of death. Regular rectal exams are recommended for older men to detect prostate cancer early.
The prostate is often referred to as the male G-spot, which is a spot inside the female vagina that causes intense pleasure when it is stimulated. The prostate can be massaged by using a finger or during anal sex. Some males are able to orgasm with prostate stimulation alone.
Other websites
University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo This article includes general information on the prostate, related medical conditions, and information on stimulating the prostate for sexual pleasure.
Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Glands |
13374 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil | Fossil | A fossil is the remains or trace of an ancient living thing.
Fossils of animals, plants, or protists occur in sedimentary rock.
In a typical fossil, the body form is retained, but the original molecules that made up the body have been replaced by some inorganic material, such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or silica (SiO2). The fossil feels like, and is, made of rock. It has been mineralised or petrified (literally, turned into rock).
A fossil may also be an imprint or impression of a living thing remaining in the fossilised mud of a long-gone age.
Some organisms fossilise well, others do not. The most common fossils are those left behind by organisms that produce hard materials. The hard, calcitic shells of molluscs (such as clams and snails) and of now-rare brachiopods (also known as lampshells) are examples. These sea-dwelling shellfish have produced many fossiliferous (that is, fossil-bearing) chalky layers of limestone in the earth.
Soft-bodied organisms can fossilise in special circumstances: the Ediacaran biota is a good example.
The best-known fossils for the general public are those of the giant, prehistoric dinosaurs. The fossilized bones and fossilized tracks of these huge, ancient reptiles can be seen in many museums of natural history and earth science.
The study of fossils by geologists and biologists is known as paleontology. If the study puts living things in their ecological context it is called paleobiology.
Human uses
Humans have found many uses for fossils. Some fossils are found and sold for money, in Morocco, fossils of ammonites, dinosaurs and sharks are examples of such. Other fossils like those in the Tamiami formation are used in the construction of roads. In some places fossils are used as a mulch- material used to cover soil. Some fossils are used as a marker to determine formation .
Some fossils are used as a source of fuel, these fossils are referred to as a fossil fuel.
Places of special preservation
There are some sites where fossils have been found with remarkable details, or in large numbers. Palaeontologists call these sites by the German term Lagerstätten. The La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles is such a place. So are the Solnhofen limestone quarries in Bavaria.
A very important place is the Burgess Shale, known for its many important finds
Types of fossils
Microscopic or very tiny fossils are called "microfossils"; while larger, macroscopic fossils — such as those of seashells and mammals — are called "macrofossils". Natural stones which look like fossilized organisms, but are not fossils at all, are called "pseudofossils".
Although most fossils are formed from the hard parts of organisms, there are also indirect signs of prehistoric life. Examples such as a worm's trail or an animal's footprint are quite common. They are known as trace fossils. Fossilized excrement, faeces or dung is known as a coprolite. Chemical traces of prehistoric organisms is called a chemofossil. Objects made by prehistoric people are called artifacts.
Even when the remains of soft-bodied animals are gone, there may be impressions, molds or carbon traces which remain permanently. So, in special cases, we do have fossils even of small, soft invertebrate animals.
Sometimes a fossil is produced as a result of dryness (desiccation), freezing, or pine resin. Mummified animals, ice-covered wooly mammoths, and insect-filled amber are examples of such fossils.
Living fossils, however, are not fossils at all. Instead, they are modern-day organisms which very closely resemble their prehistoric ancestors of many millions of years ago. The ginkgo tree, the coelacanth and the horseshoe crab are good examples.
Early notice taken of fossils
Many pre-scientific peoples noticed fossils, but not all thought they were the remains of living things. Perhaps the first to leave a record of his thought was the Ancient Greek philosopher Xenophanes (about 570BC–470BC).p387 His ideas were reported by later writers:
"Shells [are] found in the midst of the land, and on mountains. In the quarries of Syracuse the impressions of a fish and seaweed have been found; on Paros the impression of a bay-leaf in the depth of a stone, and on Malta the flattened shape of sea-creatures [have been found]. These, he says, were formed when everything, long ago, was covered in mud, and the impression dried out in the mud". Guthrie p387
These ideas were rediscovered in the 17th century in Europe. Nicolas Steno in the Netherlands and Robert Hooke at the Royal Society in London both wrote and gave lectures about fossils. In the 18th century fossil-collecting began, and serious thinking on geology began to make progress. In the 19th century geology became a modern science, and fossils played a part in the theory of evolution.
Related pages
Extinction
Evolution
Palaeontology
Earth history
List of extinction events
Lagerstätten
Other websites
Fossil -Citizendium
References
Paleontology |
13375 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine%20Inch%20Nails | Nine Inch Nails | Nine Inch Nails, or NIN, is the name of a famous industrial metal band. Trent Reznor writes all the band's songs and plays most of the music himself. He started the band in 1988 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Nine Inch Nails have been nominated for twelve Grammy Awards.
History
Pretty Hate Machine (1989-1991)
Pretty Hate Machine was Nine Inch Nails' first album. It first came out in 1989. The songs "Down In It", "Head Like A Hole", and "Sin" became famous from the radio and MTV.
Broken and Fixed (1992-1993)
In 1992, Nine Inch Nails made a short album called Broken. It had only eight songs. The song "Wish" won a Grammy Award. Another album, called Fixed, has some of the same songs as Broken, but other musicians have changed the music and added new sounds. It was initially going to be one studio album (with eleven tracks, the eight tracks on Broken as tracks 1-8 and tracks 4-6 on Fixed as tracks 9-11), making it the second studio album and Downward Spiral the third studio album, but decided to split it in half due to personal reasons and it was not the second studio album.
Nine Inch Nails played the very first Lolapalooza tour alongside Jane's Addiction and other bands.
Downward Spiral (1994-1996)
A new album called The Downward Spiral came out in 1994. It is the most popular and famous Nine Inch Nails album. Music stores have sold more than 4 million copies of The Downward Spiral all together. The songs "Closer", "March Of The Pigs", and "Hurt" were very popular on MTV and radio stations. Trent Reznor asked many other musicians to make remixes from the songs. The remixes were released on a new album called Further Down The Spiral.
In 1994, Nine Inch Nails played at the Woodstock 94 concert in New York. After that, they became one of the most famous bands in the world. For five years, there were no Nine Inch Nails albums or concerts. Many fans worried that the band they liked would stop making music forever.
Other works and The Fragile (1997-2001)
Finally, a new album came out in 1999. It was called The Fragile. It was the longest album Nine Inch Nails had ever made, and the music was very different from the old albums. It was initially going to release in fall 1997 (and was also going to include "The Perfect Drug") but got pushed back due to personal problems and The Perfect Drug was never put on the album. Many of the songs were only music with no words. Songs like that are called instrumentals. Writers who write about music wrote good things about The Fragile in many magazines and newspapers. People knew the music of Nine Inch Nails had changed, but many people thought it was better than before.
Even though many people liked the album, it would still take Trent Reznor another five years to make another one. This was due to Trent Reznor drinking and becoming addicted to other drugs. He is now healthy. Trent also argued with his manager John Malm over how much money he should make. The court has agreed with Trent and John is no longer Trent's manager.
With Teeth (2002-2006)
Nine Inch Nails' next album was called With Teeth. When the song "The Hand That Feeds" was first played on the radio, fans were very happy that Nine Inch Nails had come back. The second song on the album to be played on the radio is "Only" and the third is "Every Day Is Exactly The Same".
Year Zero, Ghosts I-IV and hiatus (2007-2010)
Year Zero came out on April 17, 2007. Before it came out, there was a game that people could play. You could find clues to discover more about the story. That kind of game is called an Alternate Reality Game. Only one single came out. That song is called Survivalism.
On March 2, 2008, the albums Ghosts I-IV (1 to 4) came out. It was made of 4 small albums Ghosts 1, 2, 3 and 4. All the songs on these albums were instrumentals and the first album was free to download from the website, or available cheaply to download. This was new in the way that music is sold, because usually music is sold for lots of money, and the money is given to many people, most who did not make the music, but helped give money to the people who did, or sent the music to shops to be sold, or made adverts for it.
After two months since the release of Ghosts I-IV, a new album came out called The Slip on May 5, 2008. The Slip was released in three formats for free.
Hesitation Marks (2011-present)
The latest Nine Inch Nails' album, Hesitation Marks (2013), was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.
Band
Trent Reznor makes almost all of the music for Nine Inch Nails. He is the only member.
When Nine Inch Nails plays at concerts, other musicians are also part of the band. The musicians who play in Nine Inch Nails are not always the same. Now, Trent Reznor sings and plays some instruments, Robin Finck plays the guitar, Justin Meldal-Johnsen plays the bass guitar, and Ilan Rubin plays the drums.
Discography
1989: Pretty Hate Machine
1994: The Downward Spiral
1999: The Fragile
2005: With Teeth
2007: Year Zero
2008: Ghosts I–IV
2008: The Slip
2013: Hesitation Marks
References
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Grammy Award winners
Alternative metal bands
Musicians from Cleveland, Ohio
musical groups from Ohio
Musical groups established in 1988
1988 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Ohio |
13376 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remixing | Remixing | In remixing, a person (often a recording engineer or record producer or lyrics producer) takes a familiar song, splits it into different parts called tracks, and changes the song's music, instruments, layout, and or vocals to create a new version of the same song. It is called remixing due to mixing being the putting together of all the parts of a song, and remixing being the putting together of the parts of the song differently than the original.
Remixers, that is, people who remix, are musicians who use a variety of tools, primarily electronic, to create the new song versions. Remixing can be simply moving song parts around; it can also be creating new music for an old song lyric. There are two common kinds of remixing: production and mashups. Production remixing uses new instruments with the old song vocal, and mashups use two old songs mixed together to create a new song.
It is pertinent to mention that the remix of R. Kelly and Beyonce's song "If I were a boy" shows that remixing also involves the editing of the words of a music to publicize more enlightenment gained from over time listening and attuning of the soul to the music by the general public. This tells musicians to be cautious about the wordings of their music. The wordings are as beautiful as the sound the soul hears, because the soul listens to the music and not the ears necessarily. A fine captivating lyrics with poor musical sound can last for many uncountable centuries as most captivating music than a music with a captivating sound but poor lyrics. Events of our daily life can be used to produce remix for most music we have lived out innocently. This is a very green field opportunity for upcoming remixers. E.g. One can do a remix about Dolly Parton's song - Jolene capturing the insecurity of a woman in keeping her man because of her inferior outlook to that of a woman who in her seemed inferior outlook discovers the confidence that Jolene in her air of superiority can never and will never ever be able to take her man even if she looks like the moon on a very dark night or the twinkle stars decorating the dark clouds at night.
Then after some years of listening to it, another remixer releases another insight on why Jolene has to stop exerting that air of superiority on the women around her, seeing she has done so much harm to the concept 'love'. And it can go on and on, bringing out the best styles, tactics and ideology to love better in diversified ways making us more sane with love rather than being insane.
An African can choose to do a remix where Jolene is welcomed by Dolly Parton to share her man with her seeing that it is part of our African religion and we have it as a responsibility to polish it to gold. Music without its lyrics properly guided is dead, this is majorly the essence of remixing. Sounds would be exhausted but knowledge cannot be exhausted and knowledge is an embodiment of the lyrics and not the sound. Tu-face Idibia, P-Square and the rest can explore this.
Production
Production remixing requires more musical knowledge than mashups, because one must make their own music. This music generally is within the same key and has the same rhythm or melody as the old song.
Many electronic music artists (music made with computers or other electronic instruments) use computer software to make new music parts, called "tracks". The music parts contain notes which are arranged with a computer program called a sequencer. The actual notes are played by instruments, usually synthesizers, a type of electronic musical instrument that makes sounds by changing the shape of a sound wave. It is also possible for a remixer to use a drum sample kit, a set of sounds of fake or real drums recorded for use on a computer.
Rendering
When the remixer has a proper sequence in the sequencer, he or she can then render the audio part, or track. Rendering requires the sequencer to talk to the musical instrument, usually by computer software or a computer-to-computer talking language called MIDI to an actual electronic keyboard. The sequencer tells the instrument which note to play, and then the instrument plays the note. The sequencer writes this note to a music file on the computer.
Mashups
A mashup is a remixing style in which a remixer takes two songs and mixes them with each other in a clever way to create a new song. Usually, it is the vocal of the song they want to remix with the other musical parts of an older song.
Instead of using a sequencer and a musical instrument, a remixer can use either record-playing turntables or a computer with an audio sequence editor, for example the program named ACID music. He or she also needs an audio editor, a computer program that allows someone to record sounds into a computer as well as cut them down to smaller bits.
Usually, a small bit of the old song is "cut" in an audio editor into a loop, a piece of music that when played on repeat does not have any skips or musical pauses. This loop is usually called a sample in the world of remixing. This sample is then looped (played over and over) in a sequence to create a new sound. The remixer then mixes the vocal of another song over that loop.
It is also possible that a mashup style remixer will take the entire musical part of one song without its vocal - called an instrumental - and take a vocal from another song without the non-voice part - called an acapella, and put them together to create one song.
References
R |
13382 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20P.%20Lovecraft | H. P. Lovecraft | Howard Phillips Lovecraft (August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of fantasy, horror and science fiction.
He wrote many scary short stories. These often were about odd creatures that Lovecraft made up by himself or with his friends, including August Derleth, who wrote mysteries. The creatures did not really care about human people at all, so they were not out to hurt people, but if they did, they did not care. They looked at us like we would be ants. Their behaviour, attitude and look also tended to make people go crazy.
Lovecraft's stories were inspiration for lots of other authors.The spirit of his works, presenting a world that does not care, is present in many works of fiction.
Lovecraft was born in Providence, Rhode Island on August 20, 1890. He was the only child in the family. He died of small intestine cancer there.
Works
Other websites
American novelists
Deaths from small intestine cancer
Cancer deaths in the United States
People from Providence, Rhode Island
1890 births
1937 deaths |
13384 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone | Hormone | Hormones are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system. Hormones are the signals which adjust the body's internal working, together with the nervous system. Every multicellular organism has hormones. The cells which react to a given hormone have special receptors for that hormone. When a hormone attaches to the receptor protein a mechanism for signalling is started. The cell or tissue that gets the message is called the 'target'. Hormones only act on cells which have the right receptors.
Many different kinds of cells can send a message. There are some cells whose main job is to make hormones. When many of these cells are together, they are called a gland. Glands are groups of cells that make something and release it (put it outside the cell). Many glands make hormones.
"Endocrine" means secreting directly into the blood. Most internal secretions are from endocrine glands. The opposite word is "exocrine", which means secreting through a duct or tube. Some hormones are produced by exocrine glands, and some exocrine secretions release outside the body. Sweat glands and salivary glands are examples of exocrine glands whose products are released outside the body.
The first discovery of a hormone was made in 1902. The hormone was secretin. The word 'hormone' was first used in 1905.
Actions
Hormones do many things. They regulate metabolism. Metabolism is the chemical and energy reactions that happen in a living thing. Hormones cause the growth and death of cells and of whole organisms. Hormones also start and control sexual development. For example, the hormones estrogen and progesterone make girls go through puberty. Hormones help keep homeostasis in an organism. Homeostasis means to keep a constant state inside the body like temperature, amount of water and salts, and amount of sugar. Hormones released by one gland can also tell other glands to make different hormones.
Types of hormones
There are four types of hormones in most vertebrates. They are grouped by the chemicals from which they are made.
Steroid hormones – these are made from cholesterol. Examples of steroid hormones include the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone as well as the stress hormone cortisol.
Eicosanoids: these are lipid hormones – hormones made from lipids, kinds of fats. These are mostly hormones that send messages near the cell that makes the hormones.
Amino acid derived. Melatonin works on the brain, and thyroxine acts on almost all cells in the body. Many of these hormones are neurotransmitters, hormones that one nerve cell sends to another nerve cell.
Peptides, polypeptides and proteins – small peptide hormones include TRH and vasopressin. Peptides composed of scores or hundreds of amino acids are referred to as proteins. Examples of protein hormones include insulin and growth hormone. More complex protein hormones bear carbohydrate side-chains and are called glycoprotein hormones. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone are examples of glycoprotein hormones.
Regulation of hormones
In biology regulation means to control something. So regulating hormones means controlling how much hormones are made and released from cells.
Negative feedback
Hormone regulation is mostly done by negative feedback. In negative feedback, a hormone causes an effect. The cells that make the hormone detect this effect and its production ceases.
A good example of negative feedback is with the hormone insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas. Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to consumption of glucose. The amount of glucose in the blood rises, and the pancreas detects the increase. It then secretes insulin into the blood. Insulin increases glucose uptake in target cells. Some glucose is used by the cells but some is also converted to and stored in the form of glycogen. Glucose uptake by cells decreases blood glucose levels. This decrease is detected by the pancreas and in response, it stops secreting insulin in to the bloodstream. As insulin levels in the blood decrease, so does glucose uptake by cells.
This negative feedback therefore helps to maintain normal blood glucose levels and prevents extreme changes.
There are three main types of hormones. Steroid hormones are non-polar and do not need a receptor. The second type is peptide hormones. The third is Tyrosine derived hormones. An example is the T3 and T4 hormones produced by the thyroid gland.
Counter-regulatory hormones
Often two hormones control the same product, one increasing and the other decreasing the target. Blood glucose is very important to an organism, and is controlled by more than one hormone. Other hormones also make the glucose level go up or down. If the glucose level gets too low, the body releases hormones that do the opposite of insulin. They do not tell the cells in the body to take up glucose from the blood. They tell the cells to put glucose back into the blood. These kind of hormones that work opposite of other hormones are called counter-regulatory hormones. Counter-regulatory hormones for insulin are glucagon and epinephrine.
Positive feedback
Most important things in an organism are kept in homeostasis by negative feedback and counter-regulatory hormones. However a few things are controlled in different ways. One rare way is positive feedback. In negative feedback, the hormone's effect makes a gland stop making hormones. In positive feedback the opposite happens. The effect of the hormone tells the gland to make even more hormones.
An example of positive feedback is the hormone that causes childbirth (when babies are born.) The hormone that causes this is oxytocin. This hormone is made by the pituitary gland. When the baby starts coming out, it stretches the muscle in the cervix (the bottom of the uterus). Nerves in the cervix send a message to the pituitary. This message makes the pituitary release more oxytocin. The oxytocin then causes the muscles of the uterus to contract, or squeeze. This causes more stretching in the cervix. This stretching then tells the pituitary to make even more oxytocin. So levels of oxytocin keep rising until the squeezing or contractions of the uterus force the baby out.
Comparison with neurotransmitters
There are clear distinctions between hormones and neurotransmitters:
A hormone can act over a wider space and time scale than a neurotransmitter.
Hormonal signals can travel anywhere in the circulatory system, but neural signals go along pre-existing nerve tracts
Neural signals can be transmitted much more quickly (milliseconds) than can hormonal signals (seconds, minutes, or hours). Neural signals can be sent at speeds up to 100 meters per second.
Neural signalling is an all-or-nothing (digital) action, whereas hormonal signalling is an action that can be continuously variable. It depends on hormone concentration
Receptors
Most hormones start a cellular response by binding to cell membranes or receptors inside the cell. A cell may have several different receptor types that recognize the same hormone but activate different signal transduction pathways, or a cell may have several different receptors that recognize different hormones and activate the same biochemical pathway.
Chemical classes
Hormones are defined functionally, not structurally. They may have various chemical structures. Hormones occur in multicellular organisms (plants, animals, fungi, brown algae and red algae). These compounds occur also in unicellular organisms, and may act as signalling molecules,
Peptide hormone
Peptide hormones are hormones with a short chain of amino acids.
Related pages
Endocrine system
References |
13386 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone | Testosterone | Testosterone is an androgen sex hormone. A hormone is one that is made from cholesterol. A sex hormone is one that regulates sexual changes in the body. An androgen is the male type of sex hormone.
The testicles of men make lots of testosterone. Ovaries and adrenal glands make testosterone too. But they make much less than the testicles do. So men have much higher testosterone levels than women. The process takes place during the ages of puberty for both males and females
Testosterone has two different kinds of effects. One effect is anabolic. This effect causes growth of muscle and bone. The other effect of testosterone is androgenic. These effects make the body look male. This includes the effects that boys have at puberty: growing a beard, making the penis and testicles bigger, and making the voice deeper.
Related pages
List of chemicals in doping cases in sport
Steroid hormones |
13391 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio | Patio | A patio is a paved area in a garden often used for barbeques or relaxing outside.
Construction |
13392 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera | Cholera | Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It infects the small intestine.
There are many types (strains) of the Vibrio cholera bacteria. Some of them cause more serious illnesses than others. Because of this, some people who get cholera have no symptoms; others have symptoms that are not very bad, and others have very bad symptoms.
The most common symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea. In the worst cases, diarrhea can be so bad that people can die in a few hours from dehydration.
Cholera is a very old disease. Writings about cholera (written in Sanskrit) have been found from the 5th century BC. Throughout history, there have been many outbreaks and epidemics of cholera.
Cholera still affects many people throughout the world. Estimates from 2010 say that between 3 million and 5 million people get cholera every year, and 58,000–130,000 people die from the disease every year. Today, cholera is considered a pandemic. However, it is most common in developing countries, especially in children.
Cause
People usually get cholera by eating food or drinking water that is unclean. When people have cholera, they have a lot of diarrhea, and the cholera bacteria stays alive in their feces. In developing countries, often there is not good sanitation. Cholera can spread if this diarrhea gets into water that other people use. For example, if sewage (human waste) gets into a river, people can get cholera if they:
Drink the water from the river.
Eat food that they have washed in the river.
Eat fish that live in the river, if they are not cooked well enough to kill the cholera bacteria.
This is the most common cause of cholera in developed countries. People eat seafood like oysters that were taken from waters with the cholera bacteria in them and sent to stores in developed countries.
Cholera is very rarely spread directly from person to person.
Signs and symptoms
Cholera's main symptoms are bad diarrhea and vomiting clear fluid. These symptoms usually start suddenly. They start half a day to five days after the person gets infected. (This is called cholera's "incubation period".)
If they do not get treatment, about half of people with serious cholera die. People with bad cholera may have so much diarrhea that they do not have enough water and electrolytes (salts) left in their bodies to survive. Cholera has been nicknamed the "blue death" because a person dying of cholera may lose so many body fluids that their skin turns bluish-gray.
Other symptoms may include:
Lethargy (having no energy)
Eyes that look sunken into the head, dry mouth, and saggy skin (from dehydration)
Changes in breathing
Confusion
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Tachycardia (fast heart rate)
Shock caused by dehydration (called hypovolemic shock)
Seizures (especially in children)
Coma, especially in children
Prognosis
If people with cholera get good, quick medical treatment, less than 1% die from the disease. However, if cholera is not treated, at least half of people with the disease (50% to 60%) die.
Some strains of the Vibrio cholera bacteria have different genes than others, which make them more dangerous. These more dangerous strains of cholera bacteria caused the 2010 epidemic in Haiti and the 2004 outbreak in India. A person who gets these strains of cholera can die within two hours of getting sick. This means there is very little time to get the person treated.
Treatment
There are antibiotics for cholera. There are various treatments which can help. For example:
Giving fluids to treat dehydration, either by mouth or through a needle placed into a vein (intravenously).
Giving important electrolytes like potassium and sodium chloride (salt)
Giving antibiotics. These make symptoms go away faster and not be so bad. However, people may recover without them if they are not too dehydrated. Some advice is that antibiotics are suggested for people who have bad cholera and are dehydrated.
Patients should keep eating; this helps their intestines return to normal.
Prevention
Individuals
There is a cholera vaccine that can be taken by mouth. It provides some protection from cholera for about six months.
People can also do some other things to prevent cholera. For example:
Wash their hands with soap and/or ash after using the toilet, and before touching food or eating.
Sterilize (remove germs from) all water used for drinking, washing, or cooking. The best and least expensive ways to do this are to boil water or to add chlorine. If this is not possible, using a cloth filter for water is better than nothing.
Wash all fruits and vegetables using safe water. Peel fresh fruits before eating them.
Not put their untreated feces in rivers, oceans, or anywhere in the open environment. This can be avoided by using dry toilets, especially if governments do not properly treat sewage.
Follow all suggestions from public health agencies like the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about how to prevent spreading cholera (or other diseases).
Governments
Governments could stop outbreaks or epidemics from happening by improving sanitation. For example, cholera is very uncommon in developed countries because they have good sanitation and because they add chemicals to their water to kill germs. Even after people start to get cholera, it is possible for governments to stop the disease from spreading, though:
Sterilization: Any material that touched a cholera patient should be cleaned with disinfectant and washed in hot water, using chlorine bleach if possible. Hands that touched cholera patients or their things, like clothing or blankets, should be carefully cleaned and disinfected with water that has chlorine in it, or with other effective antimicrobial agents (chemicals that will kill bacteria).
Sewage: Proper treatment can kill enough cholera bacteria for wastewater to go back into the environment. Dry toilets can be promoted where sewage treatment is not so good.
Sources: Warnings about possible cholera in the water should be posted around contaminated water sources, with directions on how to kill the bacteria in the water through things like boiling or adding chlorine for possible use.
History
Cholera probably started in the Indian subcontinent. As early as the 5th century BC, people in the Ganges River delta area wrote about cholera. The disease first spread to Russia in 1817 by trade routes (over both land and sea). Later, cholera spread to the rest of Europe, and from Europe to North America and the rest of the world.
Seven cholera pandemics have happened in the past 200 years. The latest started in Indonesia in 1961. There have also been many serious outbreaks. The worst outbreak in recent history happened in Haiti after the earthquake there in 2010. Between October 2010 and August 2015, more than 700,000 Haitians got cholera, and over 9,000 died. The outbreak was caused by a United Nations base where Nepalese soldiers were living. The soldiers would dump human waste into the Artibonite River, which many Haitians used for drinking, cooking, and bathing.
Cholera was common in the 19th century. It has killed tens of millions of people. Just in Russia, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died of cholera. During the second pandemic, which lasted from 18271835, the disease killed 150,000 Americans. Between 1900 and 1920, in India, up to eight million people died of cholera.
in 1854, an English doctor named John Snow was the first person to realize that contaminated water caused cholera.
The English engineer Joseph Bazalgette solved the problem for London in the middle of the 19th century. He invented the system for cleaning foul water, a system which is still used world-wide. Cholera has come back to the world because cities have hugely increased populations, and the treatment of sewage has overrun the facilities. It was the British who built most of the world's sewage plants, and until about 1950 they were able to work well unless they were damaged by warfare. Later governments did not invest money in their infrastructure, which meant the increased population eventually caused cholera to return.
Cholera is not the only problem with water supply. Blooms of red algae occur from time to time in hot weather, and they have to be killed off. Emergency control is got by adding chlorine to the water supply. This works, but makes the water rather distasteful.
Fortunately, infections transmitted in bad water can be cured. There is at least one antibiotic which works well against amoeboid parasites, and another which usually works against bacteria. Treatment costs money, of course, and in many countries that means the treatment is not widely available.
References
Other websites
Information about cholera in Simple English from the CDC
CDC facts about cholera
WHO facts about cholera
Rehydration Project talks about ORSs (oral rehydration solutions)
Diseases caused by bacteria
History of medicine |
13394 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandriva%20Linux | Mandriva Linux | For the type of plant, see Mandrake
Mandriva (formerly Mandrake Linux) is a Linux distribution.
The last release was the 2011 version released in August that year. Most Mandriva Linux developers who were laid off went to Mageia.
In May 2015, Mandriva went into administration, as of the 27th of May the organizations website was offline.
Brief history
Mandriva was first made public by a French software company MandrakeSoft. Its first release was based on Red Hat Linux 5.1 and was released in July 1998. Mandriva Linux was originated by Gaël Duval, and intended to focus on ease of use for new users.
Name changes
From its first release to version 8.0, Mandrake named its flagship distribution Linux-Mandrake. From version 8.1 to 9.2 it was called Mandrake Linux.
In February 2004, MandrakeSoft lost a court case for infringement. And it renamed its products. Starting from version 10.0, Mandrake Linux became known as Mandrakelinux, and its logo changed accordingly. Similarly, MandrakeMove became Mandrakemove.
In April 2005, Mandrakesoft announced the corporate acquisition of Conectiva,. As a result of this acquisition and the legal dispute with Hearst Corporation, Mandrakesoft announced that the company was changing its name to Mandriva, and that their Linux distribution Mandrake Linux would henceforward be known as Mandriva Linux.
Versions
Since 2007, Mandriva is released on a 6-month fixed-release cycle, similar to Ubuntu and Fedora. However, while newer features are added during each release, the timing of the Spring release stays the same as the first release, so as to ensure the stability each year.
Latest version
The latest stable version is Mandriva Linux 2011.0 (2011.0), released on 2011-08-28.
Development version
The development tree of Mandriva Linux has always been known as Cooker. This tree is directly released as a new stable version.
The current release is named 2009.1 and was released in April 2009.
Table of versions
Related pages
List of Linux distributions
References
Other websites
Mandriva Official website
Mandriva Community Wiki
Mandriva Development Community Wiki (Cooker)
Linux distributions
X86-64 Linux distributions |
13395 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20theory | Action theory | Action theory is an area in philosophy that talks about theories about the processes that cause intentional (willful) human body movements.
The philosophy of action
Some Philosophers ask the question 'What is an action?' or 'What makes somebody do an action?'. Here are two theories.
The belief-desire (want-think) theory
Some philosophers say that an action is caused by a person wanting something and thinking that by doing that action they can get it. For example, if I want an apple and think that by walking to a table with some apples on it I can get one, then I will walk to the table. It is important to have both a want (desire) and a thought about how to get it (belief).
If I think that by walking to a table with some apples on it I can get an apple, but want an orange and not an apple, then I will not walk to the table. If I want an apple, but think that the table across the room is just a picture of a table, then I will not walk to the table.
The neurological (brain) theory
Other philosophers say that the want-think theory is not true. They say that it is my brain and my nerves that causes an action. They see the brain as working like a computer that directs small electric packages from some nerves to other nerves and stores some for a while in memory. These packages cannot be named, they are just like computer bits and bytes. These philosophers say that we talk about what we want and what we think because the brain is very complicated and we do not understand it yet.
These questions form part of the philosophy of mind.
Branches of philosophy |
13401 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi | Xiangqi | Xiangqi is a form of chess that started in China. In English it is called Chinese chess.
Though derived from the original Indian Chaturanga, Chinese chess is quite different from modern international chess. The board is different, there are different pieces, and they have different moves. The general and his mandarin may not leave the nine-pointed fortress; they have only limited movement. Clearly, this is more similar to the old Indo-Arabic game than to modern chess.
Xiangqi is a chess game for two people to play. Each player has 16 pieces to move on the board. One player's set is red, and one is black. The way to win is to kill the other player's Jiang (Shuai). Each kind of piece has different ways to move. Xiangqi is one of the most popular chess games in China.p78
Related pages
History of chess
Shogi
References
Chess variants |
13402 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor | Governor | A governor is a leader of some kind. In some countries, the governor is the leader of a state or a province. For instance, in the United States of America, each of the 50 states has a governor elected by its own people. The governor is the executive for the state's administrative processes.
In Australia and Canada a governor represents the monarch in ceremonies. In many countries such as Pakistan a provincial governor is appointed by the central government acting as the ceremonial head of the provinces.
Government occupations |
13403 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican%20Party%20%28United%20States%29 | Republican Party (United States) | The United States Republican Party is one of the two dominant political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic party, the Republican Party's main opponent. The United States has many other small parties known as third parties.
The Republicans are often called "the right" or "conservatives". The Republican Party itself is also known as the GOP, which stands for "Grand Old Party". The symbol of the Republican party is the elephant. This symbol was first used in 1874 in a political cartoon by Thomas Nast.
The Republican National Committee, or "RNC", is the main organization for the Republican Party in all 50 states.The Republican Party is not the same political party as the Democratic-Republican Party. A state where most voters vote for Republican politicians is sometimes called a "red state".
History
The Republican Party was founded in Ripon, Wisconsin in 1853, with the help of Francis Preston Blair. The Republican Party was formed by people who did not like the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which would let each territory allow slavery. The Republican Party was founded by past members of the Free Soil Party and the Whig Party who wanted to stop the expansion of slavery. The founders of the Republican Party wanted to stop the expansion of slavery because they believed it was against the ideals of the Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Some founders of the Republican Party wanted to abolish slavery everywhere in the United States. The Republican Party's first candidate for President of the United States was John C. Frémont in 1856.
As the Whig Party collapsed, the Republicans became one of two major political parties in the United States (the Democratic Party was the other major political party). In 1860 Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican president, was elected. For the rest of the second half of the 19th century, the country had mostly Republican presidents. From 1860 until 1912 the Republicans lost the presidential election just twice (non-consecutively to Democrat Grover Cleveland in 1884 and 1892).
Republicans believed in protectionism (the belief that raising taxes on trades with other countries would protect the economy) during the second half of the 19th century and during the early half of the 20th century.
After World War I, the 1920s had three Republican presidents: Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover. It was called the Republican Decade for that reason. Harding and Coolidge made a plan for the economy which lowered taxes, made the government spend less money, and got rid of rules and laws that affected the economy.
Near the end of the 1920s, the stock market crashed and the Great Depression began. During the Great Depression, the Republican Party became less popular. No Republicans were president between 1933 and 1953, when Dwight Eisenhower began his first of two consecutive terms as president (he was re-elected in 1956). Richard Nixon lost the election in 1960, but was elected president on the Republican ticket in 1968 and again in 1972.
Ronald Reagan, an actor and conservative political activist, was elected as president in 1980. Ronald Reagan became the first Republican president who was a former member of the Democratic Party. Ronald Reagan served two terms and his successor George H.W. Bush served one term. Reagan wanted fewer laws to affect the economy, and wanted the military to be stronger.
Bill Clinton (a Democrat) was elected president in 1992, and re-elected in 1996. However, a new Congress was elected in 1994, and Republicans gained control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate. They voted against many of Clinton's ideas and proposed ideas of their own such as a line item veto and a balanced budget amendment.
After elections held in 2006, Republicans lost control of Congress. Democrat Barack Obama was elected in 2008 and re-elected in 2012. Republican John Boehner was elected the Speaker of the House of Representatives in 2010 and re-elected in 2012. In 2014, Republicans gained control of the senate and the house. Boehner resigned in early October 2015 and was eventually succeeded by Paul Ryan of Wisconsin on October 29, 2015. On November 9, 2016, Donald Trump was elected president, defeating Democrat Hillary Clinton in the Electoral College. Trump was the first Republican to take office as president since January 20, 2001, when George W. Bush was inaugurated. The Republicans lost the House and won the Senate in 2018. Paul Ryan retired in 2019 and was succeeded by Nancy Pelosi, who is a member of the Democratic Party.
Current Republican beliefs
Currently, the Republican Party is identified by classical liberalism, conservatism, and right-wing policies.
Not all Republicans believe in the same things, but generally, these are the things many Republicans support:
Small government.
Federalism and subsidiarity
Individual responsibility, strong family values, and community organizations
Capitalism, laissez-faire, and pro-growth or supply-side economics
Reduced government spending
Aiding the State of Israel, the United States' allies, and defending American interests in the Middle East.
Lower taxes.
A strong military and strong national defense with increased military spending.
The 2nd Amendment and allowing people to protect themselves with a firearm.
Educational Choice, e.g. a voucher system such as the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program.
Oppose illegal immigration and support of lawful deportation of illegal immigrants.
Oppose government-run health care.
Oppose letting students go to college or university for free.
Oppose declaring Washington D.C. an official state.
Pro-life and have a more restrictive view on Abortion.
Most supporters for the Republican Party come from states in the Southern, Deep South, parts of the Midwest, and the rural Northeast areas of the USA, as well as from Montana; though they come from all over the United States, including the northern portion of California.
U.S. Presidents
Republican presidents in the 19th Century
Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) (under the name the National Union Party)
Andrew Johnson (1865–1868) (Johnson in 1868 switched to the Democratic Party)
Ulysses S. Grant (1868–1877)
Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)
James A. Garfield (March 4, 1881–September 19, 1881)
Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)
Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)
William McKinley (1897–1901)
Republican presidents in the 20th Century
Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
William Howard Taft (1909–1913)
Warren G. Harding (1921–1923) (died in office of natural causes)
Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)
Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
Richard Nixon (1969–1974) (resigned in 1974)
Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)
Republican presidents in the 21st Century
George W. Bush (2001–2009)
Donald Trump (2017–2021)
Other famous Republicans
Spiro T. Agnew (Vice President under President Richard Nixon)
Buzz Aldrin (US astronaut)
Susan B. Anthony (women's rights activist, abolitionist activist)
Clara Barton (Union Army Civil War nurse, humanitarian, Red Cross founder)
Jeb Bush (Former governor of Florida, son of Former President George H. W. Bush and brother of Former President George W. Bush)
Jan Brewer (Former Governor of Arizona)
Dr. Ben Carson (U.S. Secretary of HUD under President Trump, retired neurosurgeon)
Dick Cheney (Vice President under President George W. Bush)
Chris Christie (Former Governor of New Jersey)
Bing Crosby (American singer and actor)
Thomas Dewey (Presidential candidate in 1944 and 1948)
Bob Dole (presidential candidate in 1996, former Senator from Kansas)
Elizabeth Dole (former Senator from North Carolina, former U.S. Secretary of Labor under President George Bush, former U.S. Secretary of Transportation under President Reagan)
John Ford (American film director and producer)
Newt Gingrich (former speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives)
Rudy Giuliani (former mayor of New York City, former presidential candidate, former US attorney)
Barry Goldwater (presidential candidate in 1964, former Senator from Arizona)
Chuck Hagel (a former senator from Nebraska, former U.S. Secretary of Defense)
Nikki Haley (UN Ambassador, former Governor of South Carolina)
Sean Hannity (a well-known talk show host on Fox News)
Dennis Hastert (former speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives)
Orrin Hatch (former President Pro-tempore of the Senate)
Jack Kemp (vice-presidential candidate in 1996)
Jeane Kirkpatrick (former UN Ambassador, professor)
Henry Kissinger (former U.S. Secretary of State)
Rush Limbaugh (a radio talk show host)
Richard Lugar (former senator from Indiana)
John McCain (presidential candidate in 2008, former Senator from Arizona)
Mitch McConnell (Senate Majority Leader)
Sarah Palin (vice presidential candidate in 2008, former Governor of Alaska)
Dr. Rand Paul (Senator from Kentucky, physician)
Dr. Ron Paul (former U.S. Congressman from Texas, physician, author)
Colin Powell (general during Persian Gulf War, Secretary of State)
Paul Robeson (American singer, actor, and Civil Rights activist)
Nelson Rockefeller (Vice President under President Gerald Ford, former Governor of New York)
Mitt Romney (former Governor of Massachusetts, presidential candidate in 2012, Senator from Utah)
Paul Ryan (former Speaker of the US House of Representatives, vice presidential candidate in 2012, U.S. Congressman)
Condoleezza Rice (former U.S. Secretary of State)
Karl Rove (former strategist to President George W. Bush)
Donald Rumsfeld (U.S. Secretary of Defense under President George W. Bush)
Mark Sanford (Governor of South Carolina)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (abolitionist activist, women's rights activist)
Kenneth Starr (U.S. prosecutor of Democrat Bill Clinton)
Michael Steele (Former chairman of the Republican National Committee)
Ted Stevens (Former Senator from Alaska)
Dr. Mary Edwards Walker (Union Army Civil War doctor and surgeon, abolitionist activist, women's rights activist)
John Wayne (American actor)
Arnold Schwarzenegger (American actor, Former governor of California)
References
Other websites
Official website
1854 establishments in the United States
Conservative parties |
13404 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Party%20%28United%20States%29 | Democratic Party (United States) | The United States Democratic Party is one of the two biggest political parties in the United States of America. The other is the Republican Party, which is the Democratic Party's main opponent. The U.S. also has several smaller political parties known as third parties. Supporters of this party are known as Democrats.
Every four years the party holds a National Convention where they agree on their candidate for President. The Democratic National Committee coordinates most of the activities of the Democratic Party in all 50 United States. Since Thomas Jefferson’s inauguration in 1801, there have been 21 Democratic presidents, the most recent (and current) being former Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. (D-DE) who took office as President of the United States in 2021.
The Democratic Party represents a broad spectrum of liberal and left-wing ideologies, including—but not limited to—classical liberalism, social democracy, progressivism, and social (modern) liberalism.
Philosophy and role in government
Democrats, also sometimes called 'the left', 'liberals' or 'progressives' make up one of the two main political parties in the United States. A mostly Democratic state is sometimes called a 'blue state'. This comes from the party’s main color, which is blue, referring to a state supporting ‘blue’ candidates.
Democrats believe in a strong government with social assistance programs to help members of society. They prefer diplomatic solutions to conflicts, and take generally multilateralist views on trade, believing that trade must be free, but fair to protect American workers, consumers, local communities, and the environment. Some Democrats are economic centrists.
Socially, most Democrats believe in sociocultural liberalism, taking pro-immigration, pro-marriage equality, and pro-choice views.
Current Democratic beliefs
Currently, the Democratic Party is identified by progressivism, liberalism, and left-wing policies.
Not all Democrats believe in the same thing, but generally these are the things many Democrats support:
Progressive income tax.
Higher corporate taxes and recapturing income from overseas profits.
Spending on business, education, infrastructure, clean-energy.
Expanding spending on government programs.
Ending the death penalty.
Expanding rights to Abortion.
Gun control to prevent criminals, children, and those who cannot pass the psychological test.
Support Same-sex marriage.
Universal healthcare.
Declare Washington D.C. an official state.
Helping students go to college or university for free without having to pay back the government.
Allow undocumented immigrants in the U.S. to stay, pay taxes, and oppose mass deportation.
Most support for Democrats comes from states in the Northeast, Upper Midwest, and the Pacific Coast, as well as from the state of Hawaii.
Symbols
The symbol of the Democratic Party is the Donkey. Since the election of 2000, the color blue has become a symbol for Democrats.
Historically, Thomas Jefferson, whom the party claims as its founder, has been often seen as symbols of the Democratic Party, particularly emphasized in the annual celebrations of Jefferson Day Dinners held since the days of Andrew Jackson. As such, the Democratic Party is also often referred to as the “Party of Jefferson.”
Democratic U.S. Presidents
Presidents during the 19th century these four are Democratic Republicans not Democrats different party entirely
Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)
James Madison (1809-1817)
James Monroe (1817-1825)
John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) (Adams was elected as a Democratic candidate for President in the 1824 presidential election, but he and his allies separated to form the National Republican Party, which later became the Whig Party, in the run-up to the 1828 presidential election.)
Andrew Jackson (1829 – 1837)
Martin Van Buren (1837 – 1841)
John Tyler (1841 – 1845) (A Democrat for most of his life, Tyler was elected as the Whig candidate for Vice President, but allied with Democrats after assuming the presidency after William Henry Harrison’s death.)
James K. Polk (1845 – 1849)
Franklin Pierce (1853 – 1857)
James Buchanan (1857 – 1861)
Andrew Johnson (1865 – 1869) (A Democrat for most of his life, Johnson was elected as the National Union candidate for Vice President, but allied with Democrats after assuming the presidency after Abraham Lincoln’s assassination.)
Grover Cleveland (1885–1889 and 1893–1897)
Presidents during the 20th century
Woodrow Wilson (1913 – 1921)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933 – 1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945 – 1953)
John F. Kennedy (1961 – 1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963 – 1969)
Jimmy Carter (1977 – 1981)
Bill Clinton (1993 – 2001)
Presidents during the 21st century
Barack Obama (2009 – 2017)
Joe Biden (2021 – present)
Other famous Democratic Politicians
Kamala Harris (California), Vice President and Senator from California
John Kerry (Massachusetts), former Secretary of State, former Senator, former Presidential nominee
Patrick Leahy (Vermont), former President Pro Tempore, Senator, and Dean of the Senate
Hillary Clinton (New York), former Secretary of State, former Senator, former First Lady, former Presidential nominee
Jim Clyburn (South Carolina), Representative and Assistant Democratic Leader
Howard Dean (Vermont), former Governor and former head of the Democratic National Committee
Christopher Dodd (Connecticut), former Senator
Mario Cuomo (New York), former Governor
Dick Durbin (Illinois), Senate Whip
George Moscone (California), former Mayor of San Francisco
Chuck Schumer (New York), Senator and Senate Minority Leader.
Harvey Milk (California), Member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors
William M. Daley (Illinois), candidate for Governor of Illinois, former White House Chief of Staff
Frank Lautenberg (New Jersey), former Senator
Pat Quinn, Governor of Illinois
Paul Simon (Illinois), former Senator
Arlen Specter (Pennsylvania), former Senator
Bob Menendez (New Jersey), Senator
Richard M. Daley (Illinois), former Mayor of Chicago
John Edwards (North Carolina), former Senator and Vice-Presidential candidate
Richard J. Daley (Illinois), former Mayor of Chicago
Al Gore (Tennessee), former Presidential candidate and Vice-President
Robert F. Kennedy, former Senator, former Presidential candidate, and brother of John F. Kennedy
Daniel Inouye (Hawaii), former President Pro Tempore, former Senator, and former Dean of the Senate
Steny Hoyer (Maryland), House Minority Whip
Robert Byrd (West Virginia), former President Pro Tempore, former Senator, and former Dean of the Senate
Tim Kaine (Virginia), Governor, 2016 vice presidential nominee and former head of the Democratic National Committee
Dennis Kucinich (Ohio), Representative
Janet Napolitano (Arizona), Secretary of Homeland Security
Nancy Pelosi (California), Speaker of the House
Brian Schweitzer (Montana), former Governor
Harry Reid (Nevada), former Senate Minority Leader
Rahm Emanuel (Illinois), Mayor of Chicago, former White House Chief of Staff
Harry F. Byrd, Jr. (Virginia), former Senator
Bill Richardson (New Mexico), Governor
Debbie Wasserman Schultz (Florida), Representative and former head of the Democratic National Committee
Eliot Spitzer (New York), former Governor
Mark Warner (Virginia), Senator and former Governor
George Wallace (Alabama), 45th Governor of Alabama
Elizabeth Warren, Senator from Massachusetts
Independents who caucus with Democrats
Bernie Sanders, Senator from Vermont and 2016 presidential campaign
Angus King, Senator from Maine
Former Democrats
Ronald Reagan (California), 40th President of the United States (1981–1989). Registered Democrat until 1962.
Condoleezza Rice (Alabama), 66th United States Secretary of State (2005–2009). Registered Democrat until 1982.
Rudy Giuliani (New York), 107th Mayor of New York City (1994–2001). Registered Democrat until 1975.
Rick Perry (Texas), 14th United States Secretary of Energy (2017–2019), 47th Governor of Texas (2000–2015). Registered Democrat until 1989.
Jesse Helms (North Carolina), United States Senator (1973–2003). Registered Democrat (1942–1970).
Donald Trump (New York), 45th President of the United States (2017–2021), Registered Democrat on and off until 2009.
Related pages
Libertarian Party (United States)
Green Party (United States)
References
Other websites
www.democrats.org
1828 establishments in the United States |
13407 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste | Taste | Taste is one of the senses experienced by humans and other animals. It is felt by the tongue while eating, and is used to sense the flavor of food that is in the mouth. Humans can sense five tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami.
Humans have taste receptors on taste buds and other areas including the upper surface of the tongue and the epiglottis. The perception of taste is organised by a special part of the cerebral cortex. The gustatory cortex is responsible for the perception of taste.
Basic tastes
Bitterness
Many common foods are bitter, like coffee, bitter melon, olives and citrus peel.
Bitterness is of interest to those who study evolution, as well as various health researchers. Many naturally bitter compounds are toxic. The ability to detect bitter-tasting, toxic compounds at low thresholds may have a protective function, but some test have not confirmed this. Plant leaves often contain toxic compounds, and among leaf-eating primates there is a tendency to prefer immature leaves. Young leaves tend to be higher in protein and lower in fiber and poisons than mature leaves. Amongst humans, various food processing techniques are used worldwide to detoxify otherwise inedible foods and make them palatable.
Animals which eat a lot of bitter plant material, such as browsers do have ways of dealing with it. They produce tannin-binding proteins, which other animals do not. Tannins are bitter compounds common in material from trees and bushes, though not grass.
Saltiness
Saltiness is felt when there is sodium in the food. A common spice that is salty is common salt, sodium chloride.
Savouriness
Savouriness (or savoriness) is the taste of savoury foods. It is also known by the Japanese word , and comes from umai, which means 'yummy'. This taste was known for a long time, but only became an official scientific term in 1985.
To taste savoriness, your tongue has special parts that detect amino acids that are in foods like meats and cheeses.
Sourness
Sourness is tasted when acids are on your tongue. Many foods have acid in them and are sour, like lemons and vinegar.
Sweetness
Sweetness is a taste felt when sugars are in the food. Most people consider sweetness to be a pleasant taste.
Taste-related
Spicy/hot
This sensation is not a special sense of taste because it does not have specific taste buds. It is a complex sensation.
Substances such as ethanol and capsaicin cause a burning sensation called chemesthesis, piquance, spiciness, hotness, or prickliness. Two main sources of this sensation are capsaicin from chili peppers and piperine from black pepper.
Foods like chili peppers activate nerve fibers directly giving the sensation of "hot". Many parts of the body with exposed membranes but no taste sensors (such as the nasal cavity, under the fingernails, surface of the eye (cornea) or a wound) produce a similar sensation of heat when exposed to such chemicals.
Other sensations
The tongue can also feel other sensations not generally included in the basic tastes. These are largely detected by the somatosensory system.
Also, it is known that smell and sight contribute to the overall sensation of eating and drinking. The temperature of food makes a difference to its appreciation.
The strange coolness of spearmint, menthol and camphor is caused by their molecules triggering a sensory system which normally works to sense low temperatures.
There is still much to learn about the taste system. Consider, for example, the tastes of ginger and horseradish.
References
Basic English 850 words
Sensory system |
13408 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch | Touch | This article is about one of the five main senses. For other uses, see Touch (disambiguation)
Touch is one of the five main senses that animals have. It can be called the sense of body or the sense of touch. The system also has internal sensory receptors, and includes sensing temperature and pain. There is a special area in the brain used to processing input of touch. It is in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
An animal knows if something is against a part of its body. This is called the sense of touch. The process of touching something may be called feeling.
Tiny touch sense organs under the skin help animals feel hardness, softness, and sharpness, for example. Animals also have sense organs which feel temperature and pain. Some parts of the body, such as fingertips have many more sense organs than others.
When animals touch things, nerve fibres attached to the sense organ sends messages to the brain through the central nervous system. The brain interprets the messages, and animals feel things.
Touch as communication
Humans, and mammals in general, often touch each other. Touch is a kind of non-verbal communication. Behaviours based on touch are very important for keeping family and group members together ('bonding'). It is part of the 'glue' of their social life. Monkeys grooming each other's fur is a good example.
Related pages
Proprioception
References
Sensory system
Non-verbal communication |
13409 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20mechanics | Classical mechanics | Classical mechanics is the part of physics that describes how everyday things move and how their motion changes because of forces. If we know how things are moving now, classical mechanics allows us to predict how they will move in the future and how they were moving in the past. We can use classical mechanics to predict how things like planets and rockets move.
There are two parts of mechanics. The two parts are classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Classical mechanics is used most of the time for most of the things we can see, and that are not moving too fast. When the things are too small, classical mechanics is not good. Then we need to use quantum mechanics.
Newton's Three Laws
Newton's three laws of motion are important to classical mechanics. Isaac Newton discovered them. Newton's laws tell us how forces change how things move, but they do not say what causes the forces.
The first law says that if there is no external force (a push or pull), things that are not moving will stay not-moving, and things that are moving will keep moving in the same way. Before, people thought that things would slow down and stop moving even if there was no force making them stop. Newton said this was wrong. Often, people say, Objects that are not moving tend to stay not-moving, and objects that are moving tend to stay moving, unless acted upon by an outside force, such as gravity, friction, etc...
The second law says how much a force changes how a thing moves. When there is a net outside force on an object, its velocity (speed and direction of motion) will change. How fast the velocity changes is called the acceleration. Newton's second law says that bigger forces produce more acceleration. But objects with a lot of stuff in them (mass) are harder to push, so they do not accelerate as much. Another way of saying this is that the net force on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum. The momentum measures how much mass is in a thing, how fast it is going, and which direction it is going. So forces change the momentum, but how much they can change the speed and direction of motion still depends on mass.
The third law says that if one thing puts a force on another thing, the second thing also puts a force on the first thing. The second force is equal in size to the first force. The forces act in opposite directions. For example, if you jump forward off a boat, the boat moves backward. For you to jump forward, the boat had to push you forward. Newton's third law says that for the boat to push you forward, you had to push the boat backward. Often, people say, For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematic Equations
In physics, kinematics is the part of classical mechanics that explains the movement of objects without looking at what causes the movement or what the movement affects.
1-Dimensional Kinematics
1-Dimensional (1D) Kinematics are used only when an object moves in one direction: either side to side (left to right) or up and down. There are equations with can be used to solve problems that have movement in only 1 dimension or direction. These equations come from the definitions of velocity, acceleration and distance.
The first 1D kinematic equation deals with acceleration and velocity. If acceleration and velocity do not change. (Does not need include distance)
Equation:
Vf is the final velocity.
vi is the starting or initial velocity
a is the acceleration
t is time - how long the object was accelerated for.
The second 1D kinematic equation finds the distance moved, by using the average velocity and the time. (Does not need include acceleration)
Equation:
x is the distance moved.
Vf is the final velocity.
vi is the starting or initial velocity
t is time
The third 1D kinematic equation finds the distance travelled, while the object is accelerating. It deals with velocity, acceleration, time and distance. (Does not need include final velocity)
Equation:
is the final distance moved
xi is the starting or initial distance
vi is the starting or initial velocity
a is the acceleration
t is time
The fourth 1D kinematic equation finds the final velocity by using the initial velocity, acceleration and distance travelled. (Does not need include time)
Equation:
Vf is the final velocity
vi is the starting or initial velocity
a is the acceleration
x is the distance moved
2-Dimensional Kinematics
2-Dimensional kinematics is used when motion happens in both the x-direction (left to right) and the y-direction (up and down). There are also equations for this type of kinematics. However, there are different equations for the x-direction and different equations for the y-direction. Galileo proved that the velocity in the x-direction does not change through the whole run. However, the y-direction is affected by the force of gravity, so the y-velocity does change during the run.
X-Direction Equations
Left and Right movement
The first x-direction equation is the only one that is needed to solve problems, because the velocity in the x-direction stays the same.
Equation:
X is the distance moved in the x-direction
Vx is the velocity in the x-direction
t is time
Y-Direction Equations
Up and Down movement. Affected by gravity or other external acceleration
The first y-direction equation is almost the same as the first 1-Dimensional kinematic equation except it deals with the changing y-velocity. It deals with a freely falling body while its being affected by gravity. (Distance is not needed)
Equation:
Vfy is the final y-velocity
viy is the starting or initial y-velocity
g is the acceleration because of gravity which is 9.8 or 32
t is time
The second y-direction equation is used when the object is being affected by a separate acceleration, not by gravity. In this case, the y-component of the acceleration vector is needed. (Distance is not needed)
Equation:
Vfy is the final y-velocity
viy is the starting or initial y-velocity
ay is the y-component of the acceleration vector
t is the time
The third y-direction equation finds the distance moved in the y-direction by using the average y-velocity and the time. (Does not need acceleration of gravity or external acceration)
Equation:
Xy is the distance moved in the y-direction
Vfy is the final y-velocity
viy is the starting or initial y-velocity
t is the time
The fourth y-direction equation deals with the distance moved in the y-direction while being affected by gravity. (Does not need final y-velocity)
Equation:
is the final distance moved in the y-direction
xiy is the starting or initial distance in the y-direction
viy is the starting or initial velocity in the y-direction
g is the acceleration of gravity which is 9.8 or 32
t is time
The fifth y-direction equation deals with the distance moved in the y-direction while being affected by a different acceleration other than gravity. (Does not need final y-velocity)
Equation:
is the final distance moved in the y-direction
xiy is the starting or initial distance in the y-direction
viy is the starting or initial velocity in the y-direction
ay is the y-component of the acceleration vector
t is time
The sixth y-direction equation finds the final y-velocity while it is being affected by gravity over a certain distance. (Does not need time)
Equation:
Vfy is the final velocity in the y-direction
Viy is the starting or initial velocity in the y-direction
g is the acceleration of gravity which is 9.8 or 32
xy is the total distance moved in the y-direction
The seventh y-direction equation finds the final y-velocity while it is being affected by an acceleration other than gravity over a certain distance. (Does not need time)
Equation:
Vfy is the final velocity in the y-direction
Viy is the starting or initial velocity in the y-direction
ay is the y-component of the acceleration vector
xy is the total distance moved in the y-direction
Related pages
Dynamics
Newton's laws of motion
Other websites
Science aid: Newton's laws of motion
The Engineering Wiki's shorter page: Newton's laws of motion - engineers may improve it!
Newtonian Physics - an on-line textbook
Newtonian attraction for three Planets (Mathcad Application Server)
Gravity - Newton's Law for Kids
On Line Study Guide-study guide for high school students
Mechanics |
13411 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moai | Moai | Moai are stone statues on Easter Island. Each moai is made out of one large stone but some have an extra stone on top of the head. Most were made from the volcanic rock in the Rano Raraku area of the island. Moai are sometimes called "heads" but they do have shoulders, arms, and a body but these are usually too small for the head, also some of the best known ones had been partly buried over the years and only the heads were showing. Most moai are between 2.5 and 10 metres high and, usually, weigh 14 tonnes. There are about 1000 moai placed mainly around the coast of the island plus nearly 400 more which were left not yet finished at Rano Raraku.
When, why, and how they were made is still a mystery today. It is believed that they were made almost 1000 years ago by Polynesians, who lived there at the time and were made to honour their ancestors (older family members long dead) and bring good luck. Making the statues would have needed a lot of time and effort. To move them, they may have used wooden sledges or rollers or even "walked" them by rocking the moai along. The youngest moai found was built around 1350. It is believed that, around that time, there began a time of cold weather, little food, and war between the peoples. By the 19th century, all the moai had been pushed over. Today, some have been restored.
References
Grant McCall (1995). "Rapanui (Easter Island) ." Pacific Islands Year Book 17th Edition. Fiji Times. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
Thor Heyerdahl, Arne Skjølsvold, and Pavel Pavel The "Walking" Moai of Easter Island. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
Kathy Pelta (2001). Rediscovering Easter Island. North Minneapolis, USA:Lerner Publications. .
Rupert Matthews (1988). Ancient Mysteries. East Sussex, England:Wayland. .
Other websites
Unofficial Easter Island Homepage
PBS NOVA: Secrets of Easter Island
PBS NOVA: Secrets of Lost Empires: Easter Island
How to make Walking Moai: A hypothesis about transportation method on Easter island
Statues
Easter Island |
13413 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes%20of%20Sinope | Diogenes of Sinope | Diogenes of Sinope (or Diogenes the Cynic) was an Ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in the town of Sinope (now called Sinop, Turkey) around the year 412 BC and died in the city of Corinth, Greece on the year 323 BC.
After being exiled for debasing the currency, he moved to Athens. He had a simple life-style and behaviour. This gave him a basis to criticize the social values and institutions of the corrupt, confused society he saw around him.
Diogenes made a virtue of poverty. He begged for a living and often slept in a large ceramic jar in the marketplace. He became notorious for his philosophical stunts. He used to carry a lamp during the day, and claimed he was looking for an honest man.
He criticized Plato, disputed his interpretation of Socrates. He sabotaged Plato's lectures, distracting attenders by bringing food and eating during the discussions. Diogenes was also noted for having publicly mocked Alexander the Great.
Diogenes helped Antisthenes create cynicism, a philosophy that focuses on living a simple life without the need for money, fame, power, or possessions. He also made a notion of "cosmopolitan" on world citizenship first time in history.
Diogenes was captured by pirates and sold into slavery. Eventually he settled in Corinth. There he explained cynicism to Crates, who taught it to Zeno of Citium. Zeno worked on stoicism, which became one of the main schools of Greek philosophy.
None of Diogenes' writings have survived, but there are some details of his life from anecdotes. The anecdotes come from Diogenes Laërtius' book Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers and some other sources.
References
Ancient Greek philosophers
323 BC deaths |
13421 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination | Vaccination | A vaccination is a treatment which makes the body stronger against an infection.
The body fights infections using the immune system, which is made up of millions upon millions of cells including T cells and B cells. An important part of the adaptive immune system is that it is much stronger when fighting a disease that it has already fought against before. Vaccination involves showing the immune system something which looks very similar to a particular virus or bacteria, which helps the immune system be stronger when it is fighting against the real infection.
Vaccination versus Immunization
Another word used for vaccines is immunization. These words mean things that are a little different. Vaccination is when a person is given something to make the immune system learn to fight an infectious disease.
Immunization is when a person's immune system learns to fight an infection. Immunization can happen from vaccination. But immunization can also happen from getting the infection. For example, a person can be immune to hepatitis B if he gets sick with hepatitis B. After a person gets hepatitis B and then gets well, he is immunized from getting it again. A person can also be immunized from hepatitis B by taking the hepatitis B vaccination.
So vaccination and immunization have meanings that are a little different. But when people say these words, they usually mean the same thing. People say immunization to mean the same thing as vaccination.
Herd Immunity
Herd immunity is an important part of how vaccines work. A herd is a group of animals. Herd immunity happens when most of the animals in a group are immune to an infection. If most animals are immune they cannot get the disease. If they do not get the disease, they cannot give it to other animals. So even one animal who is not immune is safer. If none of the other animals in a herd get the infection, they cannot give the infection to the one who is non immune.
This is important in people too. If 95% of people in a place are immune to a disease, the other 5% are safer. They are not near infected people, so they won't get infected.
The people who are in the 5% are there for many reasons. Some got the vaccine but did not react to it. Their immune system did not learn how to fight it well. Some of them are too sick to get the vaccine. It can be children who are too sick with other diseases to get vaccines. It can be a pregnant woman who cannot get the vaccine because it could hurt her baby. It can be a person with cancer who does not have a strong immune system. It can be an older person who has a weak immune system.
So if everyone in a place gets vaccinated, it protects these people too. If they are not protected by herd immunity, they can get more sick from an infection. They get the infection more easily and they get sicker from it. So it is important that people who are healthy get their vaccinations. It protects the healthy people. But it also is important to protect other people who are old, weak, or sick.
Types of vaccines
There are different types of vaccines:
Inactivated vaccines contain particles (usually viruses). These have been grown for the purpose. They have been killed, using formaldehyde or by other means. But the virus still looks intact; the immune system can develop antibodies against it.
Attenuated vaccines contain live viruses, that have been weakened. They will reproduce, but very slowly, making it an "easy win" for the immune system. Such vaccines cannot be used on patients with a severely weakened immune system, such as those with AIDS, as they are unable to defeat even this very weak virus.
Subunit vaccines show antigens to the immune system, without introducing virus material.
There are various other methods. All aim to develop the immune response without allowing the full viral infection to happen.
Safety of vaccination
Today in modern countries almost all people are vaccinated, which has caused many serious diseases to become rare. However, some people argue against vaccination, as they are worried about possible side effects from the vaccination.
Vaccinations do have some side effects. These include swelling and redness around the injection site, a sore arm, or fever. These effects are because of the immune system fighting with the viruses or bacteria which have been injected. Very rarely, the immune system overreacts so much to the virus that the immune system damages other areas in the body.
As well as these real side effects of vaccinations, some people believe that vaccines cause other serious problems like autism, brain damage, or diabetes. There is no evidence for this. Almost all doctors and scientists believe that vaccination does not cause any of these things.
Overall, the vast majority of medical professionals and scientists believe that vaccinations are a good thing and that the benefits of avoiding diseases are far greater than the very small risk of side effects. All medical organizations around the world, including the World Health Organization(WHO), the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the United States Centers for Disease Control support vaccination.
Origin
The word "vaccine" was created by Edward Jenner. The word comes from the Latin word vacca, meaning cow. A virus that mainly affects cows (Cowpox) was used in the first scientific demonstration that giving a person one virus could protect against a related and more dangerous one.
History of vaccination
The first vaccination ever was for smallpox. In 1796 an English doctor, Edward Jenner, noticed something. He saw that people who got cowpox did not get sick from smallpox. He gave a young boy the cowpox virus to protect him from smallpox. This was done by scratching liquid from cowpox sores into the boy's skin. This same method using the liquid from sores was also used to give people smallpox. People did this so they might get smallpox on one place on their bodies. Then they could pick which body part got scars from smallpox. But sometimes people who did this got very sick from smallpox. Some even died. This was a dangerous thing to do. But people did it because it was less dangerous than getting smallpox.
Edward Jenner gave the boy cowpox in the same way people tried to give smallpox. Six weeks later, he scratched smallpox into the boy's skin. The boy did not get sick from smallpox. This boy was the first person ever to get a vaccination.
It was not until almost 100 years after the smallpox vaccination that the next vaccine for cholera was found in 1879. After that, vaccines for 28 different types of diseases have been found.
References
Other websites
World Health Organization about vaccines
Sabin Vaccine Institute
Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research
Walter Reed National Vaccine Healthcare Centers Network (US)
American Academy of Pediatrics Vaccine Information
Vaccination -Citizendium
Immunization |
13422 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice%20President%20of%20the%20United%20States | Vice President of the United States | The vice president of the United States of America (often shortened to VP or VPOTUS) is the second highest executive officer of the United States Federal Government and the chief deputy to the president of the United States. In their capacity as the deputy head of government, the vice president is also the president of the Senate who is the presiding officer of the United States Senate - the upper house of the United States legislature. This position is first in line to succeed as president if the current president resigns, dies or is removed from office.
List of vice presidents
Selection and election
Originally, the vice president was the person who got the second most electoral votes in the presidential election. This worked well until Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in the election of 1800. After that, the 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution said that the president and vice president are elected separately, and if they tie they would be chosen by the Senate.
Soon after that, political parties began running the president and vice president on one platform. As such, the vice presidential candidates are usually chosen by the leadership of a political party, with a strong influence by that party's presidential candidate. The vice president and president are usually from the same political party (for example, Barack Obama and Joe Biden were both Democrats, and George W. Bush and Dick Cheney were both Republicans).
Duties
The vice president only has one official duty. That is to preside over the Senate and to cast a vote in the Senate if there is a tie. However, recently the duties have been seen to include being a member of the president's Cabinet, or a top advisor to the president (Dick Cheney was the first vice president to take this duty the most seriously). The vice president is a member of the National Security Council and serves on the board of the Smithsonian. Also, the 25th Amendment says that the vice president can act as president if the president is incapacitated (can not do the job of president). For example, Vice President George H.W. Bush acted as president when Ronald Reagan was having an operation.
If the vice president dies or becomes president
Before 1967, if the president died, it was unclear whether the vice president was president or merely acting president. However, John Tyler and others who took over the office said they were not merely acting president. Also, if the vice president died, nobody was vice president until a new one was elected.
This uncertainty was corrected after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Under the 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution, if the president dies, the vice president automatically becomes the president. If the vice president dies, resigns, or becomes president, the president can appoint a new vice president. The appointment needs to be confirmed by a majority vote of both the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. This has happened twice. Gerald Ford became vice president after the resignation of Spiro Agnew, and Nelson Rockefeller became vice president when Gerald Ford became president after Richard Nixon resigned.
Vice presidents who became president
The following vice presidents either became president after the death or resignation of the president, or were elected in their own right:
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
Martin Van Buren
John Tyler
Millard Fillmore
Andrew Johnson
Chester Arthur
Theodore Roosevelt
Calvin Coolidge
Harry S Truman
Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
George H. W. Bush
Joe Biden
Living former vice presidents
Government of the United States
Vice Presidents of the United States |
13423 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Cheney | Dick Cheney | Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is an American politician and businessman. He was the 46th vice president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. As a Republican, he ran in the 2000 United States presidential election with George W. Bush, and successfully won re-election in the 2004 United States presidential election. Before he became vice president, he was the Secretary of Defense from 1989 to 1993, during George H. W. Bush's presidency. He was also a member of the House of Representatives from 1979 to 1989, and was White House chief of staff from 1975 to 1977.
Early life
Cheney was born at Bryan Medical Center East Campus in Lincoln, Nebraska to Richard Cheney and Marjorie Cheney. Cheney grew up in Casper, Wyoming.
Political career
Dick Cheney was the former representative for Wyoming's At-large congressional district. He served in the George H. W. Bush administration from 1989-1993 as a cabinet member. He was a Congressman, and White House Chief of Staff.
Business career
He was also in charge of a large defense company called Halliburton when he was out of office during the Clinton presidency.
Vice presidency (2001–2009)
As Vice President, Cheney was the head of the Senate and cast six tie-breaking votes and he was replaced by Joe Biden as Vice President on January 20, 2009.
Personal life
Cheney lives in Wyoming. He is an active hunter. In 2006, he shot a friend by mistake while hunting. He did not run for President in 2008. He has criticized President Barack Obama. His wife Lynne Cheney is a distant cousin of President Barack Obama and he is an 8th cousin of President Barack Obama. He is a 9th cousin, once removed of George W. Bush. Cheney is distantly related to Harry S. Truman and Robert Duvall by the Duvall family. He is distantly related to American Express founder Benjamin Pierce Cheney.
Health
On March 24, 2012, Cheney underwent a seven-hour heart transplant process. Cheney has had several heart attacks.
Family
Dick and Lynne Cheney have 2 daughters, Elizabeth and Mary. Mary is openly lesbian and Dick supports same sex marriage along with Mary. Liz is the Congresswoman at-large from Wyoming in the United States House of Representatives.
References
Other websites
US Department of State from the Internet Archive
The New York Times — Dick Cheney archives
Vice Presidential Debate, October 5, 2004: Transcript text, Audio and Video (RealPlayer or MPG format)
1941 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Nebraska
American conservatives
American Methodists
Organ transplant recipients
People from Lincoln, Nebraska
Politicians from Nebraska
United States representatives from Wyoming
United States Secretaries of Defense
US Republican Party politicians
White House Chiefs of Staff
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
Businesspeople from Wyoming |
13424 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toad%20the%20Wet%20Sprocket | Toad the Wet Sprocket | Toad the Wet Sprocket is an American alternative rock band from California. They formed in 1986, while they were in high school. Their name comes from a monologue (one person doing all the talking) performed by Eric Idle, called "Rock Notes" on the 1980 album, Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album.
American rock bands
Musical groups from California
Santa Barbara, California
Musical groups established in 1986
1986 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments in the United States
1990s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in California |
13425 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz%20II%20Men | Boyz II Men | Boyz II Men is an American boy band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They were popular in the early 1990s. Founded in 1988 as a quintet (group of five people), Boyz II Men found fame as a quartet (group of four), with members Nathan Morris, Michael McCary, Shawn Stockman, and Wanya Morris, on Motown Records during the early 1990s.
Based on sales, Boyz II Men is the most successful R&B male vocal group of all time. It has recorded five #1 R&B hits between 1992 and 1997 and has since sold more than 90 million albums and 50 million singles. Three of its #1 hits, "End of the Road", "I'll Make Love to You", and "One Sweet Day" (with Mariah Carey), set and broke records for the longest period of time a single remained at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
1988 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
African-American musical groups
American boy bands
American R&B bands
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1980s establishments in Pennsylvania |
13426 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Nash | Johnny Nash | John Lester "Johnny" Nash Jr. (August 19, 1940 – October 6, 2020) was an American reggae and soul singer. His best known singles were "I Can See Clearly Now", "Hold Me Tight" and "Tears on My Pillow".
Career
His biggest hit was "I Can See Clearly Now" in 1972.
In his late teens Johnny Nash came to the attention of Arthur Godfrey and put in many appearances on his TV show. He also had a featured role in the motion picture "Take A Giant Step". Johnny began recording for the ABC Paramount label, and under the guidance of arranger producer Don Costa, he made a number of albums of standards. Including "Johnny Nash", "Let's Get Lost", "The Quiet Hour", "Studio Time" and "I Got Rhythm". Even though he possessed a superb singing voice, it seems that in the early 1960s, all young black male ballad singers were overshadowed by another Johnny. Johnny Mathis. Johnny Nash never really came into the forefront of pop music. He made a couple of obscure jazz tinged albums for the Argo label. Then after being off the scene for a couple of years, he emerged with a new music genre, the reggae, soul and caribbean type song stylings. This was the mid 70's and he found new fans and a new popularity.
On June 25, 2019, The New York Times listed Johnny Nash among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.
Personal life
Nash was born in Houston, Texas. He died on October 6, 2020 in Houston at the age of 80.
References
Other websites
1940 births
2020 deaths
American soul singers
American composers
American singer-songwriters
Musicians from Houston, Texas
Writers from Houston, Texas
Actors from Houston, Texas
Singers from Houston, Texas
Reggae musicians |
13427 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Ronstadt | Linda Ronstadt | Linda Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is an American retired singer. She was born in Tucson, Arizona. She has won ten Grammy Awards and many other awards.
Ronstadt has never married. She has an adopted daughter and adopted son. She has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Her autobiography was published in 2013.
References
1946 births
Living people
Country musicians from Arizona
American pop singers
American rock singers
Singers from Tucson, Arizona
People with Parkinson's disease |
13432 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart | Heart | The heart is an organ found in every vertebrate. It is a very strong muscle. It is on the left side of the body in humans and is about the size of a fist. It pumps blood throughout the body. It has regular contractions, or when the heart squeezes the blood out into other parts of the body.
Cardiac and cardio both mean "about the heart", so if something has the prefix cardio or cardiac, it has something to do with the heart.
Myocardium means the heart muscle: 'myo' is from the Greek word for muscle - 'mys', cardium is from the Greek word for heart - 'kardia'.
Structure
The human heart has four chambers or closed spaces. Some animals have only two or three chambers.
In humans, the four chambers are two atria and two ventricles. Atria is talking about two chambers; atrium is talking about one chamber. There is a right atrium and right ventricle. These get blood that comes to the heart. They pump this blood to the lungs. In the lungs blood picks up oxygen and drops carbon dioxide. Blood from the lungs goes to the left atrium and ventricle. The left atrium and ventricle send the blood out to the body. The left ventricle works six times harder than the right ventricle because it carries oxygenated blood.
Blood is carried in blood vessels. These are arteries and veins. Blood going to the heart is carried in veins. Blood going away from the heart is carried in arteries. The main artery going out of the right ventricle is the pulmonary artery. (Pulmonary means about lungs.) The main artery going out of the left ventricle is the aorta.
The veins going into the right atrium are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. These bring blood from the body to the right heart. The veins going into the left atrium are the pulmonary veins. These bring blood from the lungs to the left heart.
When the blood goes from the atria to the ventricles it goes through heart valves. When blood goes out of the ventricles it goes through valves. The valves make sure that blood only goes one way in or out.
The four valves of the heart are:
Atria to ventricle valves
Tricuspid valve – blood goes from right atrium to right ventricle
Mitral valve – blood goes from left atrium to left ventricle
Ventricles to arteries
Pulmonic valve – blood goes out of the right ventricle to the lungs (through the pulmonic artery)
Aortic valve – blood goes out of the left ventricle to the body (through the aorta)
The heart has three layers. The outer covering is the pericardium. This is a tough sack that surrounds the heart. The middle layer is the myocardium. This is the heart muscle. The inner layer is the endocardium. This is the thin smooth lining of the chambers of the heart.
Cardiac cycle
A heart beat is when the heart muscle contracts. This means the heart pushes in and this makes the chambers smaller. This pushes blood out of the heart and into the blood vessels. After the heart contracts and pushes in, the muscle relaxes or stops pushing in. The chambers get bigger and blood coming back to the heart fills them.
When the heart muscle contracts (pushes in) it is called systole. When the heart muscle relaxes (stops pushing in), this is called diastole. Both atria do systole together. Both ventricles do systole together. But the atria do systole before the ventricles. Even though the atrial systole comes before ventricular systole, all four chambers do diastole at the same time. This is called cardiac diastole
The order is: atrial systole → ventricular systole → cardiac diastole. When this happens one time, it is called a cardiac cycle.
Heart's pacemaker
Systole (when the heart squeezes) happens because the muscle cells of the heart gets smaller in size. When they get smaller we also say they contract. Electricity going through the heart makes the cells contract. The electricity starts in the sino-atrial node (acronym SA Node) The SA Node is a group of cells called pacemaker cells in the right atria. These cells start an electrical impulse. This electrical impulse sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract. This motion is called 'atrial systole'. Once electrical impulse goes through the atrio-ventricular node (AV Node). The AV Node makes the impulse slow down. Slowing down makes the electrical impulses get to the ventricles later. That is what makes the ventricular systole occur after atrial systole, and lets all the blood leave the atria before ventricle contracts (meaning squeeze).
After the electrical impulse goes through the AV Node, the electrical impulse will go through the conduction system of the ventricle. Conduction means heat or electricity traveling through something. This brings the electrical impulse to the ventricles. The first part of the conduction system is the bundle of His. His is named for the doctor (Wilhelm His, Jr) who discovered it. Bundle means strings or wires grouped together in parallel. Once the bundle (meaning a group of strings or wires going in parallel directions) goes through the ventricle muscle, it divides into two bundle branches, the left bundle branch and the right bundle branch. The left bundle branch travels to the left ventricle and the right bundle branch travels to the right ventricle. At the end of the bundle branches, the electrical impulse goes into the ventricular muscle through the Purkinje Fibers. This is what makes ventricle contraction take place and makes ventricular systole.
The order is:
Sino-Atrial Node → Atria (systole) → Atrio-Ventricular Node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje Fibers → Ventricles (systole)
ECG
ECG is an acronym for ElectroCardioGram. It is also written EKG for ElectroKardioGram in German. The ECG shows what the electricity in the heart is doing. An ECG is done by putting electrodes on a person's skin. The electrodes see the electricity going through the heart. This is written on paper by a machine. This writing on the paper is the ECG.
Doctors learn about the person's heart by looking at the ECG. The ECG shows some diseases of the heart like heart attacks or problems with the rhythm of the heart (how the electricity goes through the heart's conduction system.)
The ECG shows atrial systole. This is called a P-wave. Then ventricular systole happens. This is called the QRS or QRS-complex. It is called a complex because there are three different waves in it. The Q-wave, R-wave, and S-wave. Then the ECG shows ventricular diastole. This is called the T-wave. Atrial diastole happens then too. But it is not seen separate from ventricular diastole.
The PR-Interval is the space between atrial systole (P) and ventricular systole (QRS). The QT-Interval is from when the QRS starts to when the T ends. The ST-segment is the space between the QRS and T.
References
Other websites
Symptoms of heart disease
What is the heart? - NIH
The gross physiology of the cardiovascular system (2nd Ed., 2012) – Robert M. Anderson, M.D. (CC-BY-NC)
Atlas of human cardiac anatomy
" healthy heart " Blog
Basic English 850 words
Anatomy of the cardiovascular system |
13434 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20disease | Heart disease | Heart disease is a general term that means that the heart is not working normally. Babies can be born with heart disease. This is called congenital heart disease. If people get heart disease later, it is called acquired heart disease. Most heart disease is acquired.
Types of heart disease
The three most common types of acquired heart disease are:
Coronary Artery Disease (acronym CAD) – This is a problem with the blood vessels that deliver blood to the heart muscle. If these blood vessels get very small, or if they become blocked, blood cannot flow through them normally. Since less blood is supplied to the heart muscle, the muscle cannot work at normal capacity. The heart muscle can become sick and weak. Heart muscle can even die if blood flow stops. Blocked arteries in the heart are often caused by smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and inherited traits from parents. All of these problems damage the lining of the heart's blood vessels and make them become narrowed or blocked completely.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) – This is a condition that means that the heart is not pumping at normal levels. Two common causes are a weak or sick heart muscle and abnormal heart valves. The valves may not let enough blood through because they are too narrowed. Or the valve may "leak" and let blood flow backwards (the wrong direction) inside the heart. When the heart valves do not work normally, the heart muscle has to do extra work and it can become tired.
Bad Heart Rhythms – This is a problem with electrical activity in the heart. This can make the heart beat too fast or too slow. Very bad heart rhythms may make the heart stop pumping blood. The heart needs a normal rhythm to pump the blood well. If the rhythm is too fast, the heart may not have time for blood to enter the chambers, so there is not enough blood moving through the heart with each beat. If the heart is too slow, there may not be enough contractions of the heart to supply the body with the blood that it needs.
Symptoms
A person can have heart disease and not feel sick. Some people with heart disease have symptoms. This is when there are changes or pain in the body to show a disease is there. Some symptoms of heart disease are:
Pain in the chest—the heart muscle is not getting enough flow to keep it going.
Trouble breathing—blood may back up into the lungs.
Palpitations (a feeling that the heart is beating too fast, too hard, or not regularly).
Swelling of feet or legs—blood is backing up from the heart into the lower body.
Feeling weak because the body and brain are not getting enough blood to supply them with oxygen.
Cyanosis (skin turning a blue colour) means that too little oxygen is in the bloodstream to supply the cells in the body.
Deaths
Heart disease is the biggest killer of both men and women in the United States, England, Wales, and Canada. For example, heart disease causes 4 out of every 10 deaths in the United States. This is more than all kinds of cancer put together. Also, one person dies of heart disease about every minute in the United States alone.
Congenital heart disease
Congenital heart disease refers to a form of heart problem that starts before birth (congenital). Congenital heart disease includes a large number of conditions. The formation of the heart before birth is very complex and is sometimes abnormal. For example, if a part of the main artery that comes from the heart is narrowed, that is called coarctation of the aorta. There may be holes inside the heart which keep the blood from flowing normally inside the heart. Other congenital heart problems are caused by abnormal heart valves. In some cases, congenital heart problems are discovered at birth. Other times the problems may not be detected until the person is older.
Other websites
Mayo Clinic
WebMD Heart Disease
Freedom Years Heart Disease
American Heart Association
HealthBlaster.com-Heart Health |
13437 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Dakota | North Dakota | North Dakota is a state in the United States. 672,591 people lived in North Dakota in the year 2010. The capital and seat of government is Bismarck and the largest city is Fargo.
Geography
North Dakota is south of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, east of Montana, north of South Dakota, and west of Minnesota. Manitoba and Saskatchewan are provinces - part of Canada. Montana, South Dakota, and Minnesota are other states in the United States.
Weather
North Dakota is not close to any big bodies of water (oceans or seas). Because of this, temperatures in North Dakota are very hot in the summer and very cold in the winter. In the summer, there are sometimes strong thunderstorms. These storms can have tornadoes and hail.
History
Before European people came, Native American people lived in the area now called North Dakota. One important tribe was the Mandan.
North Dakota was one of the last US states to be settled. (To have people go there to make homes and live.) On November 2, 1889, North Dakota (and South Dakota) became part of the United States.
Economy
Most of the economy is based on agriculture. The most important agricultural crops are durum, a type of wheat, which is grown all across the state. In the Red River Valley, there is more rain, and maize (corn) and sugar beets are grown as well. In the Badlands, there is less rain, and more cattle are raised than crops.
North Dakota has the only bank in the United States that is owned by the state. The Bank of North Dakota is where all of the money from all government agencies is held. Most banks in the United States are guaranteed by the FDIC (acronym for Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.) The FDIC guarantees that people will not lose money if a bank fails. But the Bank of North Dakota is insured by the state of North Dakota.
Related pages
Colleges and universities in North Dakota
List of counties in North Dakota
References
1889 establishments in the United States |
13438 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT | LGBT | LGBT is an initialism that means lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. It refers to the a community of people who are not heterosexual, which means to be attracted to the other gender, or cisgender, which means to identify as the gender you were born as. It has been taken up by many sexuality and gender identity-related community centers.
History
Before the "sexual revolution" of the 1960s, there was no neutral word or group of words for people who were not heterosexual.
The word "homosexual" started being used in America to describe sexual orientations that were not heterosexual. However, this word began to have bad connotations, as many people thought that it sounded like a condition or mental illness, and therefore the word "homophile" was used instead. After that, the word "gay" replaced the word "homophile" in the 1970s.
As lesbians became more public about their sexuality in the 1970s, the group of words "gay and lesbian" was often used, and a phase of lesbian feminism started. This meant that certain lesbian feminist groups separated because did not have knowledge of if they should put feminism or gay rights first.
Lesbian feminists viewed the separation between "butch" and "femme" in mainstream gay (male) culture of the time in the same way that they viewed the separation in society over gender roles between men and women. They saw these ideas as patriarchal and did not want to join the mainstream gay rights movement because of what they saw as the chauvinism of gay men, and refused to take up their cause. Many lesbians who were not lesbian feminists saw this as not giving help to the gay rights movement.
This was followed by many bisexual and transgender people wanting to be seen as respected groups in the LGBT community. Before gender reassignment surgery was massively improved in later years, transgender people had a hard time being accepted. Still, they fought for their rights, and were greatly boosted when plastic surgery and hormone surgery helped them to be accepted as the gender they identify with.
After the Stonewall riots, there was a change in points of view among the gay and lesbian community. Many gays and lesbians became less accepting of bisexual and transgender persons in general. Many gays and lesbians thought that transgender people were acting out stereotypes and that bisexuals were actually gay, but in too much fear to "come out of the closet". This separation still exists today, and it only became common to speak of all members of the LGBT community with equal respect in the trouble for LGBT rights in the late 1990s.
Acceptance of LGBT people
Some people who are LGBT may not "come out", as they may be a target of discrimination or prejudice, such as homophobia or transphobia. Many countries have discriminatory laws against LGBT people, some even giving out the death penalty for being gay or bisexual.
Different forms of the acronym
Shortening of the term
When not including transgender persons in general, the acronym is sometimes shortened to just "LGB".
Other letters
Many other letters are added to the acronym, so much so that it has been described as an "alphabet soup" by some. A few of the other letters added are:
Queer or Questioning—added to the acronym to make it more inclusive.
Intersex—recorded use in the acronym since 1999. (This acronym is used in all parts of "The Activist's Guide" of the Yogyakarta Principles in Action.)
Asexual
Polyamorous or Pansexual— however, "pansexual" is often thought of as being a category of "bisexuality", as well as the terms "omnisexual" and "fluid".
Hijra—the acronym LGBTIH has seen use in India, in order to join the traditional Indian hijra third gender identity and the related subculture.
Non-binary
Not everyone is in agreement what should or should not be covered in the acronym, or which order the letters should go in.
Different terms
The group of words gender and sexual diversity (GSD) has been shown as a different option to LGBT by some, as it is seen as more inclusive and less limiting.
SGL (same-gender loving) is sometimes used among gay male African Americans as a way of distinguishing themselves from what they think of as white LGBT groups of persons.
MSM (men who have sex with men) is used to describe men who have sex with other men without having relation to their sexual orientation, often in a medical context.
WSW (women who have sex with women) is the opposite of MSM. It includes all women who have sex with women.
AMAB (assigned male at birth) is used to describe people who were assigned the male sex at birth.
AFAB (assigned female at birth) is used to describe people who were assigned the female sex at birth.
AIAB (assigned intersex at birth) is used to describe people who were assigned intersex at birth.
MOGAI (marginalized orientations and gender alignments or identities and intersex) is a term somebody can use instead of using the term LGBT. MOGAI treats the idea of gender modality as more important than these other words do. It is an umbrella term because it is about many different kinds of people: A gay man and a trans woman, for example, are both MOGAI.
Related pages
Homosexuality
Bisexuality
Queer
Gay
Lesbian
LGBT community
Declaration of Montreal
References
Other websites
GLBTQ — Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer encyclopaedia
Directory of U.S. and international LGBT Community Centres
American Psychological Association's Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Concerns Office |
13439 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow%20flag | Rainbow flag | The rainbow flag is a multi-colored flag consisting of stripes in the colors of the rainbow that is displayed in many cultures around the world as a sign of diversity and inclusiveness. The German pastor Thomas Müntzer used a rainbow flag as a symbol of solidarity as early as the German Peasants' War of the 16th century. It is common as a symbol of the Peace movement, first used this way in a peace march in Italy in 1961.
Meher Baba (1924)
In 1924 the Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba designed a rainbow flag. It is flown each year near his tomb near Ahmednagar, India during the anniversary of his death on January 31, 1969. Baba explained the symbolism, saying, "The colors in the flag signify man's rise from the grossest of impressions of lust and anger – symbolized by red – to the culmination in the highest state of spirituality and oneness with God – symbolized by sky blue."
Cursillo (1944)
The rainbow is also a symbol in the Christian and Jewish Bible. It shows God's promise to Noah and his family to never cover the world in water again.
A Christian movement known as Cursillo, founded in 1944, uses these traditional rainbow symbols, including flags. Their version can have 5 to 7 colors, with red at the top, blue or purple at the bottom, and the Spanish words De Colores! ("of colors") in large letters on the front.
Peace movement (1961)
This rainbow flag in Italy was first used in a peace march in 1961, inspired by similar multi-coloured flags used in demonstrations against nuclear weapons. The most common variety has seven colours, purple, blue, light blue, green, yellow, orange and red, and is emblazoned in bold with the Italian word PACE, meaning "peace".
Gay pride movement (1978)
It has also been the symbol of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community since it's creation in 1978. It is also called the 'Pride Flag.' The flag was created by Gilbert Baker of San Francisco, California in 1978.
References
Rainbow flag |
13441 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism | Dualism | Dualism is the idea or theory that something (an object, an idea or the whole world) is split into two parts. These parts are separate from each other, and the thing cannot be divided up in any other way. The idea or theory that something cannot be split into any parts is called monism. The idea that something can be split into many parts is called pluralism.
In philosophy there are many kinds of dualism.
In the philosophy of mind dualism means that the mind and the body are two very different things. Nothing that is part of the body can be part of the mind and nothing that is part of the mind can be part of the body. People like this sort of dualism because they think that the mind is too important or too strange to be part of the body. A contrasting idea is that the mind and body are the same thing or that mind is just another word for the brain. (See also René Descartes)
In epistemology, dualism means that there is a barrier between a person and the world around them. This barrier splits the world into two for that person, into 'myself' and 'the world'. Each person can see, hear, taste, smell and touch the world but cannot know it directly. For example, somebody cannot know just by looking that things are made up of many atoms. This means that something could happen in the world that we would not know about because we could not see, hear, taste, smell or touch it. A non-dualist idea is that a person is just another part of the world and that there is no barrier. For example, it could be said that if somebody cannot see, hear, taste, touch or smell something then it does not affect them.
Dualism is also a common sense idea. For example, it is a form of dualism to say that a thing is either hot or cold, good or bad, mine or somebody else's, with no allowance for possible states in between.
Ditheism
In theology, dualism may also refer to duotheism, bitheism or ditheism. This the doctrine or belief that there are two independent divine beings or eternal principles, one good and the other evil. Examples of ditheism include Zoroastrianism, Wicca and Marcionism. Although the Bible mentions Satan, this is not ditheism as he is not equal to God, but merely an angel. (See Epistle of Jude, verse 6). Ditheism is not the same as dualism, but they are similar. Ditheism implies (at least) two gods, while moral dualism does not imply any -theism (belief in a god) whatsoever.
References
Philosophical movements and positions
Theology |
13443 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomit | Vomit | Vomiting, also called puking, is emptying the contents of stomach through mouth. It can be either food or liquid in the stomach. It can be from infection, contaminated food or drink (food poisoning), foul smells or foul-tasting food, the brain being injured, a block in the small intestines so food and liquid cannot go through, too much alcohol or other drugs. Also, people can make themselves vomit (self-induced) which is called purging. Usually people who have eaten or drunk poison are made to vomit any residual (leftover) poison off. Excessive vomiting may lead to dehydration, which can be dangerous, if not fatal as it will shut down a person's organs and twist the intestines.
Color of vomit
Bright red in the vomit suggests bleeding from the esophagus.
Dark red vomit with liver-like clots suggests bleeding in the stomach, such as from a perforated ulcer
Coffee-ground-like vomit suggests less severe bleeding in the stomach, because the gastric acid has had time to change the composition of the blood
Yellow vomit suggests bile, indicating that the pyloric valve is open and bile is flowing into the stomach from the duodenum (this is more common in older people)
Related pages
E. coli
Symptoms |
13444 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20Greece | Ancient Greece | Ancient Greece was a large area in the northeast of the Mediterranean Sea, where people spoke the Greek language. It was much bigger than the nation of Greece we know today. The civilization of Greece, thrived from the archaic period of the 8th/6th centuries BC to 146 BC. The period ended with the Roman conquest of Greece in the Battle of Corinth.
For most of this time, the Greeks did not have a single government or ruler. They did, however, have a common language and culture. The Greek language is an Indo-European language.
There were many city states, each with its own constitution. Athens, Sparta and Corinth were powerful city-states. Some had kings, and some, like Athens, had a form of democracy. As time went on, the most-powerful cities collected other cities into groups known as "leagues". This applied to many of the Greek colonies in Asia Minor, most of which had close ties to one or another of the three big cities.
In the middle of this period, there was Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC. Athenian leadership successfully repelled the threat of Persian invasion in the Greco-Persian Wars. The Athenian golden age ended with the defeat of Athens at the hands of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 345 BC.
In the last, Hellenistic, period, Greece was unified by the conquests of Alexander the Great. The city-states continued, under the overall influence of Macedonia.
Greek culture had some influence on the Roman Empire, the premier power of the Ancient World. In this way, classical Greece was part of the foundation of Western civilization. Greek was also the language of the Byzantine Empire.
Timeline of Greek History
The history of Greece went through these stages:
Mycenaean culture (c.1600–c.1100 BC) was an early Greek culture during the Bronze Age, on the Greek mainland and on Crete.
The bronze age collapse or Greek dark ages (c.1100–c.750 BC).
The archaic period (c.750–c.500 BC). Artists made larger free-standing sculptures in stiff poses, with the dreamlike 'archaic smile'. The archaic period ends with the overthrow of the last tyrant of Athens in 510 BC.
The classical period (c.500–323 BC) had a style which was considered by later observers to be an outstanding example (i.e. 'classical')—for instance the Parthenon. Politically, the classical period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century. They were displaced by Spartan hegemony during the early 4th century BC. Finally, there was the League of Corinth, which was led by Macedon.
The Hellenistic period (323–146 BC) is when Greek culture (Hellenistic art) and power expanded into the near and Middle East. This period begins with the death of Alexander and ends with the Roman conquest.
Roman Greece. This is the period between the Roman victory at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC and the establishment of Byzantium by Constantine as the capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD.
The final phase of antiquity is the period of Christianization during the later 4th to early 6th centuries. It ended with the closure of the later version of Plato's Academy by Justinian I in 529 AD.
Early history
Literacy
In the 8th century B.C., the Greeks learned how to read and write a second time. They had lost literacy at the end of the Mycenaean culture, as the Mediterranean world fell into the Dark Ages. The Greek Dark Ages (~1100 BC–750 BC), or Bronze Age collapse, is a period in the history of Ancient Greece and Anatolia from which there are no written records, and few archaeological remains.
The Greeks learned about the alphabet from another ancient people, the Phoenicians. They made some adjustments to it. In particular, the Greeks introduced regular letters for vowels, which was necessary for their language. Their alphabet was, in turn, copied by the Romans, and much of the world now uses the Roman alphabet.
Political structure
Ancient Greece had one language and culture but was not unified until 337 BC, when Macedonia defeated Athens and Thebes. That marked the end of the Classic period and the start of the Hellenistic period. Even then, the conquered cities were merely joined to Philip II of Macedon's Corinthian League; they were not occupied and ruled themselves.
City states in Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece consisted of several hundred more-or-less independent city states. This was different from other societies, which were tribal, or kingdoms ruling over relatively large territories.
Undoubtedly the geography of Greece—divided and sub-divided by hills, mountains and rivers—contributed to the nature of ancient Greece. On the one hand, the ancient Greeks had no doubt that they were 'one people'; they had the same religion, same basic culture, and same language. Yet each city-state or "polis" was independent; unification was something rarely discussed by the ancient Greeks. Even when, during the second Persian invasion of Greece, a group of city-states allied themselves to defend Greece, most poleis remained neutral, and after the Persian defeat, the allies quickly returned to infighting.
The major features of the Ancient Greek political system were:
Its fragmentary nature. There was not one country, but many little countries called "city-states".
The focus on cities in tiny states.
The colonies they set up around the Mediterranean were independent of the founding city. However, they were sympathetic to their 'mother city'.
Conquest or direct rule by another city-state was quite rare.
The cities grouped themselves into leagues, and members sometimes quit one league and joined another.
Later, in the Classical period, the leagues were fewer and larger, and dominated by one city (particularly Athens, Sparta and Thebes). Often cities would be compelled to join under threat of war (or as part of a peace treaty). After Philip II of Macedon 'conquered' the heartlands of ancient Greece, he did not attempt to annex the territory or unify it into a new province. However, he did force most of the cities to join his own Corinthian League.
Kingdoms
Some cities were democratic, some were aristocratic, and some were monarchies. Some had many revolutions in which one kind of government replaced another. One famous Greek kingdom is Macedon, which became briefly the largest empire the world had seen at the time by conquering the Persian empire (including ancient Egypt) and reaching into modern-day India. Other famous kingdoms are Epirus and Thessaly.
Monarchies in ancient Greece were not absolute because there was usually a council of older citizens (the senate, or in Macedonia the congress) who gave advice to the King. These men were not elected or chosen in a lottery like they were in the democratic city-states.
Citizens
Citizens that could participate in government in Ancient Greece were usually men who were free-born in that city. Women, slaves and (usually) residents born elsewhere, did not have the right to vote. Details differed between cities. Athens is an example: The residents of Athens were of three groups: citizens, metics (resident aliens) and slaves. Citizens were residents whose forebears had been Athenians for three generations. Male citizens had the rights of free men and could be chosen to fulfill any official state position. "Of the estimated 150,000 residents of the city-state of Attica, only about one fifth held the privilege of citizenship". Women who were citizens in Athens could not participate in political offices, but in Sparta they could.
Colonies
The number of Greeks grew and soon they could not grow enough food for all the people. When this happened, a city would send people off to start a new city, known as a colony.
Because the terrain was rough, most travel was by sea. For this reason, many new cities were established along the coastline. First new cities were started in Anatolia (Asia Minor) and later along the Black Sea, in Cyprus, in southern Italy, in Sicily, and around what today is Benghazi in Libya. They even started a city, Naucratis, on the river Nile in Egypt. The cities of today, Syracuse, Naples, Marseille and Istanbul started as the Greek cities Syracusa, Neapolis, Massilia and Byzantium.
The big four
By the 6th century BC some cities became much more important than the others. They were Corinth, Thebes, Sparta, and Athens.
The Spartans were very well-disciplined soldiers. They defeated the people who lived near them and those people had to farm the land for the Spartans. These "helots" had to give the Spartans part of the food they grew and so the Spartans did not have to work. Instead, they learned how to be better soldiers. There were not many Spartans but there were many helots. Spartan military strength controlled the helots. The Spartans had two hereditary kings who led them in war. At home they were also ruled by a group of old men called the Gerousia (the Senate).
Athens became a democracy in 510 BC. The men came to a place in the center of the city and decided what to do. It was the first place in the world where the people decided what their country should do. They would talk and then vote on what to do at the Boule (the parliament). But the women did not vote. Athens had slaves. These slaves were owned by their masters and could be sold to someone else. The Athenian slaves were less free than the Spartan helots. Every year, Athenian citizens elected eight generals who led them in war.
Greco-Persian Wars
In 499 BC, the Greek cities in Anatolia rebelled. They did not want Persia to rule them anymore. Athens sent 20 ships to fight the Persians on the sea. The Greeks in Anatolia were defeated. The Persian King, Darius decided to punish Athens. He sent soldiers and ships to fight Athens.
Athens asked for help from Sparta. Sparta wanted to help but could not; they had a religious festival at that time. Athens sent her soldiers against the Persian soldiers: at the Battle of Marathon (490 BC) they defeated the Persians. Then the help from Sparta came.
At the Battle of Thermopylae The Spartans were led by Leonidas, and resisted the huge Persian army. After a couple of days, a traitor called Ephialtes led the Persians around the pass behind the Greek army. Realizing that defeat was inevitable, Leonidas released many of his men. Those who stayed knew it would be a fight to the death. Leonides kept elite hoplites (foot soldiers) who had living sons at home. There were also allied Thespians and Thebans who volunteered to stay.
On the third day, Leonidas led his 300 Spartan hoplites and their allies against Xerxes and his mighty army. The Spartan-led forces fought this Persian force to their deaths in order to block the pass long enough to keep Xerxes and his army occupied while the rest of the Greek army escaped.
After Thermopylae, many Greeks wanted to go south to the Peloponnese. Because the Isthmus of Corinth, the way into the Peloponnese, is very narrow, many wanted to fight the Persians there.
Athens was north of Corinth and she had a navy. Athens' leader Themistocles wanted to fight the Persians by the island of Salamis. Xerxes decided to send his fleet against the Greek fleet before the Greek ships could go to the Peloponnese. The Greek fleet defeated the Persians at the Battle of Salamis. Xerxes then went home with many of his soldiers but a Persian army stayed in Greece. This army was defeated at the Battle of Platea in 479 BC.
Athens against Sparta
After the Persians were defeated at Platea, the Spartans did very little. However, Persia was still dangerous. Athens asked the Greek cities on the islands in the Aegean and in Anatolia to join her. The cities agreed because they were afraid of Persia. These cities formed the Delian League and Athens was their leader. Many of the cities of the Delian League had to pay Athens tribute money. Athens used the money to build many ships and the Parthenon. Sparta was still strong on land, but Athens was stronger on the sea. Several times there was war between Athens and Sparta. Then Athens decided to send many ships to Sicily to fight against the city Syracuse. Sparta sent help to Syracuse, and Athens was defeated. None of the Athenian ships came back.
Now Sparta wanted to build ships to fight Athens. It took a long time for Sparta to defeat Athens, but then at the Battle of Aegospotami, the Spartans destroyed most of Athens's ships. The Athenians used an advanced type of ship called triremes. These ships had their combat systems and were propelled by oarsmen. On the front of the Trireme was a large bronze battering ram. The oarsmen would row the trireme at an enemy boat, and ram a hole into its hull. This was the most effective way for the trireme to destroy other boats. The soldiers (hoplites) on the trireme would board the enemy ship and capture it. Nevertheless, the Athenian fleet of triremes was destroyed in a battle in 405 BC. Athens surrendered the following year and the war was over.
Daily life
Men, when not working, fighting or discussing politics, could (at festive times) go to Ancient Greek theatre to watch dramas, comedies or tragedies. These often involved politics and the gods of Greek mythology. Women were not allowed to perform in the theatre; male actors played female roles.
Women did domestic work, such as spinning, weaving, cleaning, and cooking. They were not involved in public life or politics. Women from rich families however, had slaves to carry out domestic work for them.
Ancient Greek games
The famous Olympic games were held at Olympia every four years. They were for men only, and women were not allowed to attend, even as spectators. The sports included running, javelin throwing, discus throwing and wrestling. The Games were unusual because the athletes could come from any Greek city.
Another competition, the Heraean Games, was held for women. It was also held at Olympus at a different time from the men's event.
The rules for girls in Sparta were different from other cities. They were trained in the same events as boys because Spartans believed that strong women would produce strong babies who would become future warriors. Their girl athletes were unmarried and competed nude or wearing short dresses. Boys were allowed to watch the athletes, in the hopes of creating marriages and offspring.
Later, in the Classical period, girls could compete in the same festivals as males.
Refer
More reading
Pickering, David 2007. Ancient Greece. Collins.
Other websites
Ancient Greece — links for Middle School students from Courtenay Middle School
http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/Life/ |
13448 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria | Malaria | Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite: it is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. People catch malaria when the parasite enters the blood. The parasite causes a deadly infection which kills many people each year (from 75 million cases in 1950s to 0.1 million cases in 1960s). However, due to the development of insecticide resistance among mosquitoes and other factors, it staged a comeback in the mid 1970s (6.47 million cases in 1976), and continues to prevail in endemic/subendemic proportions, so that 80% indian population lives in malaria risk areas.
Malaria is produced by 4 species of the protozoal parasite Plasmodium, is endemic in many tropical countries. It is one of the most common health problems. As per latest WHO estimates (2011)* between 149–274 (median 216) million clinical cases and ~ 0.655 million deaths occur globally due to malaria each year, 90% of which are in Africa. This amounts to one malaria death every minute. In India, the National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP), started in 1958, achieved near complete disappearance of the disease in 1960s (from 75 million cases in 1950s to 0.1 million cases in 1960s).
The parasite that causes malaria is a protozoan called 'Plasmodium'. Protozoa are organisms with only one cell, but they are not bacteria. Bacteria are smaller and simpler than protozoans.
People usually get malaria from the Anopheles or Culex mosquitoes : they are the vectors of the disease. The Plasmodium gets into people by the bites of mosquitoes. The Plasmodium is in the mosquito's special saliva. The mosquito's saliva injects an anticoagulant into the person to prevent their blood from clotting. The person is then infected with Plasmodium as a by-product. This makes the person have the disease we call malaria.
Only the female mosquito gives people malaria, because only the female mosquito consumes blood. The male mosquito lives on the nectar of flowers. The female uses blood as a source of protein for its eggs.
Some people do not get malaria from mosquitoes. A baby can get it while inside its mother. This is called maternal-foetal transmission. People can also get malaria from a blood transfusion. This is when someone gives blood to another person. Another way people can catch malaria is by using a needle that someone with the disease used before them.
Malaria parasite life cycle
There are several species (kinds) of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans:
serious disease:
Plasmodium falciparum
milder disease:
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium vivax
species which normally infect other primates:
Plasmodium knowesli
P. vivax and P. falciparum cause the most malaria in people. Falciparum malaria is the worst kind, and kills the most people.
When Plasmodium enters the blood, they are then called sporozoites. Sporozoites go to the liver, where they make many more sporozoites. Then they change into a different form of Plasmodium. This form is the merozoite. The merozoites go into the red blood cells, then they make many more merozoites.
The merozoites break out of the red blood cells again and again. When they do this, the person gets very sick, and shows symptoms of malaria. This happens every few days, and is called a paroxysm.
P. vivax and P. ovale can live in the liver for a long time. A person can look well, but still have the Plasmodium in the liver. This is called a dormant phase. Weeks or months later, the Plasmodium can leave the liver to the blood, and the person will get sick again.
P. falciparum is the most dangerous type of malaria. It makes people sicker than those with other types of malaria, because there are more of them in the blood. Also, with falciparum malaria, the red blood cells are sticky. This makes the red blood cells block blood vessels. If blood vessels are blocked, this can hurt what the blood vessel brings blood to, and can hurt people's organs.
Who is affected by malaria
Pregnant women and children are hurt most by malaria. When they get malaria, they get sicker.
40% of people live in a place where there is malaria. Malaria is in these places:
Africa
Asia (mostly in India, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia)
Central and South America
Hispaniola
Eastern Europe
South Pacific (the part of the Pacific Ocean south of the equator)
Every year, 300 to 700 million people get malaria. It kills 1 million to 2 million people every year. 90% of the deaths occur in Africa. Most of the people who die from malaria are children. Even if children do not die, many have brain damage.
Many of these deaths might be stopped with medicine or mosquito control. But many of the places malaria may be found are in poor countries. These countries do not have enough money to stop the mosquitoes, or to give people medicine. Money, however, is not the only problem. A country must have an organised medical system to provide services. Many countries in central Africa have been disrupted by warfare and conflict between groups, and general unrest. Also, easy solutions to kill the parasites do not exist as they did 50 years ago. This is because the insects are resistant to many insecticides, and the Plasmodium parasite is highly resistant to quinine and most other common drugs. This is a normal evolutionary process: the chemicals weed out the non-resistant organisms, and the offspring of the few resistant organisms multiply.
Signs and symptoms of malaria
Symptoms are changes in someone's body that are signs for a disease. Most people who get malaria get symptoms 10–30 days after they get infected (the Plasmodium gets in their blood.) But some people can get symptoms after only a week, and some may be infected with malaria and not have symptoms for a year.
The most common symptom of malaria is fever, when the body temperature is high. The fever from malaria usually comes very suddenly. The people who have malaria often feel like they had influenza.
Symptoms of malaria are:
Arthralgia (pain in joints)
Headache (pain in head)
Feeling very tired or sleepy
Cough
Chills (feeling very cold)
Delirium (when people are very confused because of a disease. They may look drunk. They may not be able to talk.)
Coma (when people are not conscious. They look like they are asleep, but they cannot be woken. )
Signs of malaria:
Anemia (low red blood cell levels in the blood)
Diarrhea
Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
Sweating
Vomiting
Fast heart rate
Low blood pressure
Enlarged organs. When something becomes enlarged or BIGGER than normal the word often ends in -megaly.
Hepatomegaly -enlarged liver, splenomegaly - enlarged spleen, or both hepatosplenomegaly. When these organs become enlarged it may cause pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
Complications from malaria
Complications are problems that happen because of a disease.
Pregnant women and young children have more complications. People who get malaria for the first time have more complications. Falciparum malaria has the most complications.
Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis
A clinical diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms of a disease, it is a diagnosis made without medical testing. In the case of malaria one of the main symptoms which may lead to a clinical diagnosis of malaria is a fever.
Any clinical diagnosis of malaria should be confirmed by a trained professional based upon laboratory results as soon as it is possible.
Malaria rapid diagnostic test
A Malaria rapid diagnostic test is a blood test which can confirm a diagnosis of malaria in about twenty minutes. RDTs are not foolproof and have a number of drawbacks, and as such a negative rapid diagnostic test should not be accepted at face-value and follow-up with malaria microscopy is necessary.
Malaria microscopy
To see if patients have malaria, doctors may do a blood test. This test is called a Giemsa blood smear. Blood is put on a slide which is a thin piece of glass. The Giemsa stain is put on the slide. This stain helps doctors see the malaria. Then they look at the slide under a microscope. The Plasmodium is seen in the red blood cells.
Treatment
People with different kinds of malaria need different medicines. The medicine that works for one kind of malaria may not for another kind. So it is very important to know which species of Plasmodium the person has.
If the species is not known, the person should be given medicine and care like they have falciparum malaria the worst kind.
It is also important to know where the person got malaria. Plasmodium in some places is resistant to some medicines. So the medicines to treat malaria in Africa are different from the medicines to treat malaria from South America.
Treatment of malaria other than falciparum
Everywhere except New Guinea, the treatment is the same. In New Guinea most P. vivax is resistant to chloroquine. It can be treated with quinine, but this medicine can make people sick. Everywhere else, non-falciparum malaria is treated with chloroquine.
Chloroquine kills the Plasmodium in the blood. But the Plasmodium in the liver is not killed by chloroquine. P. vivax and P. ovale both stay in the liver a long time. This is the dormant phase. Another medicine must be given with chloroquine for P. vivax and P. ovale. This is to kill the Plasmodium in the liver. The medicine used to kill malaria in the liver is primaquine. In southeast Asia, some P. vivax is resistant to primaquine. Most other places, primaquine works very well.
Some people get very sick from primaquine. So people have to be tested to see if they have G6PD-deficiency before they take primaquine.
Treatment of falciparum malaria
Falciparum is the worst kind of malaria. People with falciparum malaria should be treated in a hospital if they are:
Very sick
Children
Pregnant
Having malaria for the first time
Not able to take medicines by mouth
Even people who are treated with medicines at home should stay with the doctor for 8 hours. This is to make sure they do not get sicker.It also makes sure they can take the medicines by mouth. Malaria does not start to become a life-threatening disease until it has been a couple of weeks after the bite without being treated.
Falciparum malaria also has more resistance to medicines. This makes it much harder to treat. Falciparum malaria is always treated with two or more medicines. Doctors choose the medicines by where in the world the person got malaria. Different places have P. falciparum that is resistant to different medicines.
The most important resistance is chloroquine-resistance. In some places in the world, P. falciparum is killed by chloroquine. In some places it is chloroquine-resistant. This means chloroquine does not kill it. In these places quinine can be used. Quinine is taken by mouth.
How to prevent malaria
There are three ways to prevent malaria:
Control mosquitoes
Keep mosquitoes from biting
Take medicine to keep from getting sick after a bite, especially in those parts of the world where people get malaria.
Control mosquitoes
Vector control is one way to stop malaria. Vector means an organism that carries an infectious disease to another organism. For malaria, the vector is the Anopheles mosquito.
The most used method of vector control is pesticides. These are chemicals that kill the mosquito. The first pesticide used for vector control was DDT. DDT worked very well for vector control. It killed mosquitoes. It did not make people very sick at the time it was used. It did not cost very much money. Other chemicals for vector control had not been invented yet.
In many places mosquitoes became resistant to DDT. This meant that DDT did not work anymore in these areas. Scientists worried that DDT was making people and animals sick. It killed a lot of wildlife too. DDT also stays in the environment for a long time. For these reasons, people mostly use other chemicals for vector control. Organophosphate or carbonate pesticides are used, like malathion or bendiocarb.
Vector control is not the only way to stop malaria. And DDT is not the only chemical that can be used for vector control. The best way to stop malaria is to use a combination of methods. In some places, DDT may be a useful part of a program to stop malaria. This is why DDT is still allowed to be used for controlling malaria.
Keeping mosquitoes from biting
The mosquito that carries malaria comes more at dawn (when the sun comes up) and dusk (when the sun goes down.) Be most careful at these times. Wear long trousers and shirts with long sleeves. Wear mosquito repellent (this is a chemical that mosquitoes do not like, so they do not bite.) Mosquitoes will bite through thin cloth. So repellent should be used on skin and clothes.
Pesticides can be used in rooms to kill mosquitoes. When sleeping outside, people use a mosquito net. This is made from cloth that air can go through but keeps mosquitoes out. It is put over a bed where people sleep to keep mosquitoes out. Sometimes people also use it when they are not sleeping. It is best to use mosquito nets that have been treated with Permethrin, which repels and kills mosquitoes.
Taking medicine to not get sick
People can take medicine when they are in a place where there is malaria. This reduces the chances that they contract malaria. This is called prophylaxis.
Some people take prophylactic medicines for years. Many people in areas where there is malaria do not have the money to buy this medicine.
People who live where there is no malaria usually have not had malaria. The first case malaria is usually much worse. So people from places where there is no malaria may take prophylactic medicines when they go to places where there is malaria. The kind of prophylactic medicines people take depends on where they are. This is because not all medicines work on the malaria in every place.
To make them work best, prophylactic medicines have to be taken the right way. The medicine should start before going to an area with malaria. Most medicines should be taken for 4 weeks after coming home. One medicine (Malarone) only needs to be used for one week after coming home.
Resistance to malaria
There are some children in Tanzania who are naturally immune to malaria. Researchers are using this to develop a new vaccine. U.S. researchers have found the children produce an antibody which attacks the malaria-causing parasite. Injecting a form of this antibody into mice protected the animals from the disease. The researchers plan to do tests on primates, including humans.
History
It was Britain's Sir Ronald Ross, working in the Presidency General Hospital in the Kolkata, who finally proved in 1898 that malaria is transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes. He did this by showing that certain mosquito species transmit malaria to birds. He isolated malaria parasites from the salivary glands of mosquitoes that had fed on infected birds. For this work, Ross received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Medicine. After resigning from the Indian Medical Service, Ross worked at the newly established Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and directed malaria-control efforts in Egypt, Panama, Greece and Mauritius. The findings of Finlay and Ross were later confirmed by a medical board headed by Walter Reed in 1900. Its recommendations were used during construction of the Panama Canal. This public-health work saved the lives of thousands of workers and helped develop the methods used in future public-health campaigns against the disease.
The first effective treatment for malaria came from the bark of cinchona tree, which contains quinine. This tree grows on the slopes of the Andes, mainly in Peru. The indigenous peoples of Peru made a tincture of cinchona to control malaria. The Jesuits noted the efficacy of the practice and introduced the treatment to Europe during the 1640s, where it was rapidly accepted. It was not until 1820 that the active ingredient, quinine, was extracted from the bark, isolated and named by French chemists.
In the early 20th century, before antibiotics became available, Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovered that patients with syphilis could be treated by intentionally infecting them with malaria. The resulting fever would kill the syphilis spirochaetes, and quinine could be administered to control the malaria. Although some patients died from malaria, this was preferable to the almost-certain death from syphilis.
Malaria was the largest hazard encountered by U.S. troops in the South Pacific during World War II, where about 500,000 men were infected. Sixty thousand American soldiers died of malaria during the North African and South Pacific campaigns.
Related pages
Plasmodium
Antibiotic resistance
References
Other websites
malarial drugs side effect
Video: Life Cycle of Malaria Parasite in the Mosquito
WHO malaria information
US Centers for Disease Control: Malaria
Medline Plus about malaria
Diseases spread by insects
Apicomplexa
Diseases caused by protozoa |
13449 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20vessel | Blood vessel | A blood vessel is a tube that carries blood in the circulatory system. Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart are arteries. Blood vessels that take blood back to the heart are veins. Capillaries are between veins and arteries and they supply tissue with blood.
The heart plus all of the blood vessels in the body together are called the circulatory system. Blood is moved by the pumping of the heart and carries oxygen to the tissues.
The expansion of blood vessels is called vasodilation, it helps the body to get rid of heat energy (vas- in Latin means "container" or "vessel").
The constriction of blood vessels is called vasoconstriction, it prevents the body from losing warmth.
There are 100,000 km (60,000 miles) of blood vessels in an adult human body.
Growing new blood vessels is called angiogenesis.
Structure
Different parts of the body have different kinds of blood vessels for different parts of their work. The vessel wall consists of three shells:
inner - represented by the endothelium (single-layer squamous epithelium), which is built of elongated endothelial cells located on the basement membrane, and the subendothelial layer, which is based on loose fibrous connective tissue;
middle - consists of circular bundles of smooth muscle cells with layers of elastic fibers;
external - is represented by loose fibrous connective tissue, which contains a lot of blood vessels and nerve fibers.
The structure of the vessel wall depends on hemodynamic conditions: blood flow velocity, volume and blood pressure. Arteries located close to the heart are characterized by a predominance of elastic elements that are able to counteract high hemodynamic parameters. As you move away from the heart, hemodynamic values decrease, the caliber of blood vessels decreases and the number of muscle elements in their walls increases, which are able to create additional force to push blood into the network of the smallest vessels.
References |
13450 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana%20Gana%20Mana | Jana Gana Mana | "Jana Gana Mana" (hi. जन गण मन) is the title for the national anthem of India. The original words were written in the Bengali language. It was originally a five-verse poem created in 1911 by Rabindranath Tagore—the same author for the Bangladeshi anthem. In January 1950, just the first verse was made to be officially part of the national anthem of India per the Constituent Assembly of India. In addition, the lyrics now contain many words of Sanskrit origin.
Lyrics
Transcriptions
References
Other websites
Second Option of Performance at YouTube
India
National anthems |
13451 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory%20system | Circulatory system | The circulatory system (also called the cardiovascular system) is the body system that moves blood around the body. It consists of the heart and blood vessels. The blood carries various materials that the body needs, and takes away waste or harmful substances.
Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart are arteries. Arteries divide into smaller arteries as they go away from the heart. The smaller arteries that connect to the capillaries, are called arterioles.
Blood vessels that take blood towards the heart are veins. Veins get bigger as they go towards the heart. The smallest veins are called venules. Pronounced (VEHN-yools)
Capillaries go between arteries and veins. Capillaries are quite thin, hence the name which comes from the Latin capillus meaning "hair."
So blood moves: heart→artery→arteriole→capillary→venule→vein→heart. This is called circulation. There are two different circulations in the circulatory system. The systemic circulation is how blood goes to most of the body. The pulmonary circulation is how blood goes through the lungs. (Pulmonary means ¨about the lungs¨). This is how it works in mammals, including humans. Circulatory systems of other vertebrates differ somewhat.
Systemic circulation
Blood that comes from the left side of the heart is full of oxygen and nutrients. Nutrients are substances that your body needs to live, like protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. The blood brings the oxygen and nutrients to your body.
This blood in systemic arteries that is full of oxygen and nutrients is systemic arterial blood. It is sometimes just called arterial blood.
The biggest systemic artery in the body is the aorta. This is the large blood vessel that comes out of the heart. Smaller arteries branch off from the aorta. These arteries have smaller arteries that branch off from them. The smallest arteries turn into arterioles.
The smallest blood vessels are capillaries. Systemic arterioles turn into capillaries. The blood from arterioles goes into the capillaries. There oxygen and nutrients go out of the blood into the tissue around the capillaries. The blood also picks up carbon dioxide and waste from the tissue. The network of capillaries that brings blood to an area is called a capillary bed.
On the other end of the capillary, it turns into a venule. Venules are the smallest veins. Veins take blood back to the heart. As veins go back to the heart, they merge and get bigger. The biggest systemic veins in the body are the vena cava. There are two vena cava. The inferior vena cava takes blood from the lower part of the body to the right side of the heart. (In anatomy, inferior means below.) The superior vena cava takes blood from the upper part of the body to the heart. (Superior means above.)
Pulmonary circulation
This same movement of blood goes through the lungs in the pulmonary circulation.
The blood that the vena cava vein takes to the heart is full of carbon dioxide. It has much less oxygen than (systemic) arterial blood. The right side of the heart pushes the venous blood into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery takes blood to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood goes through the pulmonary capillary bed. (The capillaries that are in the lungs). Here it gets more oxygen. It also drops off carbon dioxide. (This is the opposite of what happens in capillary beds in the rest of the body. In the systemic circulation blood drops off oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide).
After the pulmonary capillary bed, the blood goes to the pulmonary veins. This pulmonary venous blood now is full of oxygen. The pulmonary veins take blood to the left side of the heart. Then the blood goes to the systemic circulation again.
The shunt
Veins from the gut shunt to the liver before returning to the right atrium and ventricle. The shunt is called the hepatic portal vein.
The meaning of this is as follows. The liver is the body's main chemical factory. It takes in the flow of nutrients from the gut, and adjusts them to suit what the body needs. It can store surplus nutrients, or release extra nutrients from store. It can change the chemical make-up of many nutrients. In this way it adapts to the many different kinds of food which the body digests.
References
Related pages
Lymphatic system
Other websites
American Medical Association Encyclopedia - The Circulatory System
Ohio Heart and Vascular Center - pictures
Circulatory system Citizendium
Cardiovascular system |
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