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16267 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight | Straight | The word straight means something that goes in one direction without turns, bends, or curves.
Lines can bend in a curve. If lines do not bend, they are straight. For example, the edge of a circle is not straight. The edge of a circle bends in a curve.
Light bends in a curve in air and water, but travels in a straight line away from the earth or other bodies in outer space where there is no air.
The word "straight" is also a slang term for "heterosexual"
Basic English 850 words |
16270 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Richard%20Montgomery | SS Richard Montgomery | The SS Richard Montgomery was an American ship built during World War II. Montgomery was wrecked off the coast of Sheerness, near Kent, England in 1944 with around 1,400 tonnes of explosives on board, which continue to be a hazard to the area.
Controversy
Montgomery sank in the Thames estuary on August 20, 1944. It was loaded with 15,000 tons of explosive munitions. The Admiralty decided to leave the wreck and its dangerous cargo untouched. The wreck lies just a few hundred yards offshore between an oil refinery and the several towns. Southend-on-Sea is just a couple of miles away on the other side of the Thames estuary. Rumors about the ship and its cargo have spread in these towns ever since. Denials have been issued by ministers in the House of Commons in response to MPs questions about the fact biological, chemical and gas warheads are on board. Nevertheless, rumors continue that the real reason the wreck was not made safe was because of the fact of "dirty weapons" being on board.
References
Other websites
Information on the SS Richard Montgomery
Ships
World War II |
16275 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inno%20e%20Marcia%20Pontificale | Inno e Marcia Pontificale | Hymn and Pontifical March (Inno e Marcia Pontificale) is the national anthem of the Vatican City. It was adopted in 1950.
Latin words
O Roma felix - O Roma nobilis.
Sedes es Petri, qui Romae effudit sanguinem,
Petri, cui claves datae sunt regni caelorum.
Pontifex, Tu successor es Petri;
Pontifex, Tu magister es tuos confirmas fratres;
Pontifex, Tu qui Servus servorum Dei,
hominumque piscator, pastor es gregis,
ligans caelum et terram.
Pontifex, Tu Christi es vicarius super terram,
rupes inter fluctus, Tu es pharus in tenebris;
Tu pacis es vindex, Tu es unitatis custos,
vigil libertatis defensor; in Te potestas.
Tu Pontifex, firma es petra, et super petram hanc
aedificata est Ecclesia Dei.
O felix Roma - O Roma nobilis.
Ancient latin Words
(Evaristo D'Anversa)
Roma, alma parens, Sanctorum Martyrumque,
Nobile carmen, te decete, sonorumque,
Gloria in excelsis, paternae maiestati
Pax et in terra fraternae caritati
Ad te clamamus, Angelicum pastorem:
Quam vere refers, Tu mitem Redemptorem!
Magister Sanctum, custodis dogma Christi,
Quod unun vitae, solamen datur isti.
Non praevalebunt horrendae portae infernae,
Sed vis amoris veritatisque aeternae.
Salve, Roma!
In te aeterna stat historia,
Inclyta, fulgent gloria
Monumenta tot et arae.
Roma Petri et Pauli,
Cunctis mater tu redemptis,
Lumen cunctae in facie gentis
Mundique sola spes!
Salve, Roma!
Cuius lux occasum nescit,
Splendet, incandescit,
Et iniquo oppilat os.
Pater Beatissime,
Annos Petri attinge, excede
Unum, quaesumus, concede:
Tu nobis benedic.
English translation
[Hymn]
O Rome immortal, city of martyrs and saints,
O immortal Rome, accept our praises.
Glory in the heavens to God our Lord
And peace to men who love Christ!
To you we come, angelic Pastor,
In you we see the gentle Redeemer.
You are the holy heir of our Faith,
You are the comfort and the refuge of
Those who believe and fight.
Force and terror will not prevail,
But truth and love will reign.
[Pontifical March]
Hail, O Rome,
Eternal adobe of memories;
A thousand palms and a thousand altars
Sing your praises.
O city of the Apostles,
Mother and guide of the elect,
Light of the nations,
And hope of the world!
Hail, O Rome!
Your light will never fade;
The splendour of your beauty
Disperses hatred and shame.
O city of the Apostles,
Mother and guide of the elect,
Light of the nations,
And hope of the world!
Vatican City
National anthems |
16295 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Mariana%20Islands | Northern Mariana Islands | The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are a political division controlled by the United States. Its capital is Saipan.
Geography
The Northern Mariana Islands, together with Guam to the south, compose the Mariana Islands. The southern islands are limestone, with level terraces and fringing coral reefs. The northern islands are volcanic, with active volcanos on Anatahan, Pagan and Agrihan. The volcano on Agrihan has the highest elevation at .
Anatahan Volcano is a small volcanic island north of Saipan. It is about long and wide. Anatahan began erupting suddenly from its east crater on May 10, 2003, at about 6 p.m. (0800 UTC). It has since alternated between eruptive and calm periods. On April 6, 2005, approximately of ash and rock were ejected, causing a large, black cloud to drift south over Saipan and Tinian.
References
Other websites
Northern Mariana Islands official government website
The CNMI Covenant
The CNMI Constitution
CNMI Office of Resident Representative Pedro A. Tenorio
H.R. 873 - the Northern Mariana Islands Delegate Act
H.R. 5550 - The United States-Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Human Dignity Act
U.S. Census Bureau: Island Areas Census 2000
Micronesia |
16296 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890s | 1890s |
Events
Births
May 19, 1890 – Ho Chi Minh, prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1955–1969) of North Vietnam
September 15, 1890 – Agatha Christie, English writer
October 2, 1890 – Groucho Marx, American comedian
October 14, 1890 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, president of the United States 1953–1961
November 22, 1890 – Charles de Gaulle, president of France 1958–1969
June 9, 1891 – Cole Porter, American musician
January 3, 1892 – J.R.R. Tolkien, English author
May 7, 1892 – Josip Broz Tito, president of Yugoslavia 1953–1980
December 26, 1893 – Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China
World leaders
Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson (Canada)
Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Canada)
Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
Kaiser Wilhelm II (German Empire)
Chancellor Leo von Caprivi (German Empire)
King Umberto I (Italy)
Pope Leo XIII
Czar Alexander III (Russia)
Czar Nicholas II (Russia)
Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
Prime Minister Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (United Kingdom)
President Benjamin Harrison (United States)
President Grover Cleveland (United States)
President William McKinley (United States)
Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
Nasser-al-Din Shah, 1848–1896
Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907
Deaths |
16297 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Harrison | Benjamin Harrison | Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833–March 13, 1901) was the 23rd president of the United States (1889-1893).
He was the grandson of President William Henry Harrison and the only grandson of a president to himself become president. His home was in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was a member of the Republican party and was elected to the White House in 1888, beating the incumbent, Grover Cleveland. He was the first president of the United States to use electricity in the White House. After Harrison served one full four-year term as president, Cleveland ran again and, this time, beat Harrison.
Harrison's first wife was Carrie Harrison. After she died, he married Mary Dimmick Harrison. During the American Civil War Harrison was a colonel in the Union Army (later a brevet brigadier general). He was also a successful lawyer, arguing many cases before the United States Supreme Court.
Presidency
Benjamin Harrison as president wanted to increase tariffs (a tax on goods that come into the country) for two reasons:
First, it gave more money to the U.S. government, so it could fund important things.
Second, because he believed in protectionism. He thought a high tariff would encourage Americans to make more of their own things instead of buying them from foreign countries.
Harrison spent the money received from the tariffs to give money to injured American Civil War veterans.
Harrison was the first president to have a billion dollar budget for the government. People criticized him for that.
He also signed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act which gave the U.S. government the power to regulate big businesses.
Harrison did not use that power much.
References
Other websites
Benjamin Harrison's White House biography
1833 births
1901 deaths
American Civil War generals
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from influenza
Politicians from Ohio
United States senators from Indiana
US Republican Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American politicians |
16298 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo%20Picasso | Pablo Picasso | Pablo Ruiz Picasso (October 25 1881 – April 8 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor. He created over 20,000 images.
He is considered one of the greatest artists of the 20th century. He is best known as the co-founder of cubism. A work of art is cubist when the artist opts to break up objects and reassemble them in abstract and geometric form. Picasso could draw and paint when he was very young. His first word was lápiz, the Spanish word for "pencil".
Perhaps his most famous painting is Guernica, which shows the horrors of war after the bombing of the town of Guernica. He spent most of his life in France when he was an adult.
He was 90 years old when a number of his works were shown in an exhibition at the Louvre in Paris. He was the first living artist to have an exhibition at the Louvre.
Picasso had four children with three women. He died of heart failure in Mougins, France, on April 8 1973.
Childhood
Pablo Picasso was born on October 25 1881 in Málaga, Spain. His father was a painter and teacher José Ruiz Blasco and his mother was María Picasso López. Until 1898, he signed his pictures with the names of his father and of his mother. After around 1901, he only used his mother's name. At the age of eight, Picasso created his first oil painting called "The Picador". In 1891, Pablo moved with his family to Northern Spain, where his father taught at the Instituto da Guarda. One year later, Pablo studied at this institute. Pablo's father was his teacher at this time. In 1896, he started to attend the art school in Barcelona after passing the entrance examination. One year later in 1897, Picasso started to study at the Academia San Fernando in Madrid. In 1898, he left the academy and went to a rest to Horta de Ebro. In 1900, he published his first illustrations in a newspaper in Barcelona. This exhibition had over 60 portraits.
Beginning of the Career
Picasso made his first trip to Paris in 1900, where he lived with Max Jacob, a poet and journalist. When Max was working during the day, Pablo slept and when Max slept at night, Pablo worked. Picasso had to burn his paintings to keep himself warm. Lovers in the Street and Moulin de la Galette are examples of his Paris work from this time. Both pictures were painted in 1900.
He went back to Madrid in 1901 where he worked for a newspaper called Arte Joven. He was responsible for illustrations. At this time, he shortened his signature from "Pablo Ruiz y Picasso" to "Picasso". This is the time his so-called Blue Period started. The two 1903 paintings, The Soup and Crouching Woman, are examples. His Blue Period ended in 1904 when he settled in Paris.
In 1905, Picasso made a trip to Holland. In the same year, Pablo's "Rosa Period" started. During this period, Picasso mostly painted circus motives. Girl Balancing on a Ball and The Actor are two early paintings from this time. This period lasted until 1907.
Picasso's Cubism period started in 1909 and ended around 1912. This period was inspired by the French painter Paul Cézanne. This period is called Cubism because of the use of cubes and other shapes. During this time, Picasso painted musical instruments, still life objects, and also his friends.
Picasso had his first exhibition in the United States in 1911. One year later in 1912, he had his first exhibition in Great Britain. Pablo's father died in May 1913.
During the First World War
From 1912 to 1919 was Picasso's so called Synthetic Cubism Period. During this time, he started to use collages in his paintings. His works from this time are called papiers collés. He has spent his time during the First World War in Rome. In 1914, Picasso spent the whole summer in Avignon. In 1915, he started to paint realistic again. At the end of the same year, his wife Eva died. During the World War, he also worked as a designer for Sergey Diaghilev.
In 1917, Picasso met Olga Koklova, a Russian dancer. In the same year, he painted several realistic portraits of her and their friends. One year later, he married her. The last summer of the wartime, Picasso and his wife spent in Barcelona and Biarritz.
After the First World War
In 1921, Picasso's son Paul was born. Due to this occasion, he painted several paintings with his wife and his son on it. Paul was Picasso's only legitimate son. In 1925, he took part in the first Surrealist exhibition in Paris. Between 1924 and 1926, Picasso preferred to paint abstract still lives. In 1927, hes got known to Marie-Thérèse Walter. She became his model and mistress. In 1928, he started a new period where he began to make sculptural works. In 1931, he left his wife and moved with his mistress to Boisgeloup. There they lived in a country home. There, Picasso had a room for his sculptures only. Since 1932, he used Marie-Thérèse as a model. During a travel in Spain, he started to use the bullfight as a new topic of his paintings. In 1935, Picasso's daughter, Maïa, was born. At this time, he got divorced from his wife because of the birth of Maïa. In 1936, Picasso got a job as director of the Prado-Museum in Madrid. During this time, the Spanish Civil War started. German bombs fell on Guernica in Spain on 26 April 1937. Picasso used this impact to paint one of his most famous paintings, Guernica. This painting was completed in about 2 months. It was first shown in the Spanish Pavilion in Paris in 1937.
During the Second World War
In 1938, Picasso's mother died. When the Second World War started on 1 September 1939, Picasso returned to Paris. Around 1943, he got known to the painter Françoise Gilot. She bore to him one son and one daughter. In 1941, he wrote his first play "Le désir attrapé par la queue" (English: Desire Caught by the Tail). It was first shown in 1944. Also in 1944, Picasso joined the communist Party. Picasso spent almost the full war time in Paris.
After the Second World War
Picasso's Death
On 8th of April 1973, Pablo Picasso died due to heart failure at the age of 91 years in Mougins, France.
References
1881 births
1973 deaths
Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Deaths from heart failure
People from Malaga
Spanish painters
Spanish sculptors
Former Roman Catholics |
16299 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880s | 1880s |
Events
The first commercial Macadamia nut farm opens in Australia.
Railroads help industrialize many western countries.
World leaders
Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
Prime Min Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
Guangxu Emperor (China)
Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
King Umberto I (Italy)
Pope Leo XIII
Emperor Meiji (Japan)
General Porfirio Díaz (Mexico)
Czar Alexander II (Russia)
King Alfonso XII (Spain)
Queen - Empress Victoria (United Kingdom)
Prime Min William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
Prime Min Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
President James Garfield (United States)
President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
President Chester A. Arthur (United States)
President Grover Cleveland (United States)
Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
Emperor Pedro II (Brazil) |
16300 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Yugoslavia | Kingdom of Yugoslavia | In 1903, the king of Serbia was murdered and replaced with Peter I. After this, Serbia became more nationalist. Tensions with Austria-Hungary heightened when it conquered Bosnia in 1908. During this period Serbia managed to extend its borders and reconquer Kosovo and North Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire. Many Serbian nationalists wanted to create a unified state for the Slavs of the Balkans. Covert gangs attempted to assassinate Austro-Hungarian officials, like the Bosnian governor. In June 1914, a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This event eventually led to World War I.
Yugoslavia came into existence in 1918 after World War I. Most of its northern territories were given to it from Austria-Hungary when it collapsed during the war. Its territories were reconquered by Serbia from the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912-13). The reigning king in Serbia became the king of all Yugoslavia.
For ten years, it was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It began using the name 'Yugoslavia' in 1929. The name 'Yugoslavia' is Serbo-Croatian for 'Land of the Southern Slavs'. The Kingdom was invaded by the Axis Powers in 1941 and quickly fell during World War II. A Federal Democratic Republic was declared in 1943 with the King's approval, but the monarchy was abolished shortly after.
References |
16302 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881 | 1881 |
Events
The Hamleys Toy Store opens on Regent's Street in London.
Births
February 11 – Arthur Davidson, American business man (d. 1950)
February 21 - Kenneth J. Alford, British composer (d. 1945)
October 25 – Pablo Picasso (d. 1973)
November 25 – Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)
Deaths
September 19 – United States President James A. Garfield (b. 1831) |
16316 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake%20Island | Wake Island | Wake Island is an atoll (a type of island) in the Pacific Ocean, near Hawaii. It is controlled by the United States Army and United States Air Force. It is a territory of the United States, part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. From December 1941 to August 1945 the Empire of Japan ruled Wake Island.
Geography
Wake is located to the west of the International Date Line and sits in the Wake Island Time Zone, one day ahead of the 50 U.S. states.
Referring to the atoll as an island is the result of a pre-World War II desire by the United States Navy to distinguish Wake from other atolls, most of which were Japanese territory.
Population
There is no permanent population on Wake Island, so there are no schools for children. About 100 people live there at any given time, though. Most are contractors who keep the roads and other infrastructure working. One man has been there since 1991.
Reference
Other websites
Current Weather, Wake Island
AirNav – Wake Island Airfield – Airport details, facilities and navigational aids
Rocket launches at Wake Island (link broken)
The Defense of Wake – United States Marine Corps historical monograph
Surrender of Wake by the Japanese – Marines in World War II
U.S. Army Strategic and Missile Defense Command – Logistics, flight schedules, facilities
Photographic history of the 1975 Vietnamese refugee camp on Wake Island
Wake Island – Pacific Wreck Database
Atolls |
16317 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20McKinley | William McKinley | William McKinley Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, from 1897 until his assassination in 1901.
Before he became President, McKinley was a congressman of Ohio.
Presidency
McKinley was inaugurated in 1897. This was the first presidential inauguration to be filmed.
When the USS Maine was sunk, the public wanted war. Congress declared war against Spain in Latin America. This was the Spanish-American War. It started the era of imperialism for the United States.
During his presidency, McKinley also supported higher tariffs (taxes on countries which trade with the US). During his term, the United States annexed Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines, and Wake Island.
Assassination
McKinley was elected to a second term as president in 1900. His second term did not last very long. He was shot by an anarchist named Leon Czolgosz on September 6, 1901. His abdominal gunshot wounds became infected and resulted in gangrene. He died on September 14. Czolgosz said the President committed war crimes in the Philippines and was an enemy of the people. Czolgosz was executed in the electric chair on October 29, 1901 . McKinley was the third American president to be assassinated.
After McKinley's death, his vice president Theodore Roosevelt became president.
Praise
McKinley's biographer, H. Wayne Morgan remarks that McKinley died the most beloved president in history.
Kenneth F. Warren emphasizes the national commitment to a pro-business, industrial, and modernizing program, represented by McKinley.
Notes
References
Other websites
William McKinley's White House biography
1843 births
1901 deaths
Deaths from gangrene
Assassinated presidents of the United States
Murders by firearm in New York
People from Canton, Ohio
People murdered in New York
Politicians from Ohio
Presidents of the United States
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American politicians |
16318 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record%20producer | Record producer | A record producer (or music producer) is a person who takes charge of a recording session, in the same kind of way that a movie director is in charge of filming movies. Record producers help musicians and recording artists to make singles and albums. The producer controls the recording sessions, coaches and guides the musicians and supervises the recording, mixing and mastering processes to make the music finalized.
In a professional context, there are two types of music producers:
In-House - the more common type of the two are in-house producers. They come included in a studio rental fee and they get credited in a song’s copyrights. It’s mainly for their involvement in the entire process. Studios might use producers as a way to get more people to use their services.
Independent Music Producer - the second producer type is an independent producer. They may have gained a desirable reputation in the industry and would be directly hired by a band or artist.
Famous record producers
Brian Eno produced music for U2, David Bowie and Talking Heads.
George Martin produced almost all of the music by The Beatles in the 1960s. He also worked with America, Shirley Bassey, and many other artists. He also made comedy records with Peter Sellers and Peter Ustinov.
Phil Spector was the producer for many "girl groups" in the 1960s, like the Ronettes and The Crystals. He also worked with The Righteous Brothers. Later he produced records for Ike and Tina Turner, and the Beatles' album Let It Be. Spector invented the idea of a "wall of sound", which was a way of producing so that every space in the recording was filled with music.
Timbaland is a man who produced popular rap, pop and R&B music, mostly in the 2000s. He worked with people like Justin Timberlake, Nelly Furtado, Madonna and many more artistes, including the late Aaliyah.
Todd Rundgren is not only a record producer but a singer and songwriter. He produces all of his own work, and other famous albums like Meat Loaf's Bat Out of Hell.
References
Music industry |
16321 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwice | Gliwice | Gliwice is a city in south Poland, in Silesian Voivodeship and along the Kłodnica River. According to a count in 2004, it has a population of 200,361 people.
History of Gliwice
In the late Middle Ages, around 1276, was the first known time that there was a reference to Gliwice in history. At first, it was ruled by Polish dukes, but later became a part of Bohemia in 1335. Later on, in 1526, it was conquered by Austria.
In the middle of the 18th century, Gliwice was taken from the Austrian ruling family and became a part of Prussia. However, in the unification, or coming together, of Germany in 1871, Gliwice became a part of the German empire.
In the 19th century, Gliwice became more developed and was home to many businesses, including one of the most famous theaters in Germany at the time.
In 1945, Gliwice passed into Polish rule.
Other websites
http://www.gliwice.zobacz.slask.pl
http://www.gliwice.uc.gov.pl
Cities in Poland |
16323 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20aid | First aid | First aid is promptly helping people who are suddenly sick (illnesses) or hurt (injuries or body damage). For example, first aid is used at accidents to help an injured person until they get medical treatment (help by doctors, nurses or ambulances). First aid is also used to help people who suddenly become sick, until help arrives or they can be taken to medical care.
A person does not need much equipment to give first aid. A package of things useful to give first aid is called a first aid kit. Lives can be saved even without a first aid kit. What is required is basic knowledge. First aid can be done just about anywhere that an emergency requires. In places far from hospitals, first aid may be the only help possible until the person can be taken to a hospital or clinic.
Emergency medical dispatchers are trained in first aid, so that if there is an emergency, they can give the caller some information on what to do until the ambulance arrives. This can include the "C-A-B" listed below.
Goals of first aid
First aid skills are kept simple on purpose so that people can remember and use them in an emergency to save at least one life.
One set of goals of first aid is called the "Three P's":
Preserve life – stop the person from dying
Prevent further injury – stop the person from being injured even more. If possible, an injured person should not be moved. First aid can include how to safely move injured people -- or move them anyway with less harm if there is no choice.
Promote recovery – try to help the person heal their injuries
Another set of goals for keeping a badly hurt person alive is sometimes called "C-A-B" :
circulation (or Compressions) - keep blood inside the body and the heart beating. Compressions refers to a part of CPR called Hands Only CPR, where someone pushes with their hands on the center of a person's chest over and over again to keep blood flowing to the brain. This requires no kit and only a little training. Emergency medical dispatchers can tell a person how by telephone or radio.
Keeping blood inside the body can be done using a piece of cloth (which soaks up blood) to apply firm pressure to the bleeding area(s). This "direct pressure" is the simplest and most effective way to stop bleeding. Others such as a tourniquet are taught in first aid classes. If a first aid kit is not there, a cloth "dressing" for direct pressure can be made from ripped or cut clothing. Traditionally it was taught to use the patient’s clothing, if practicable, as any bacteria will be familiar to the patient.
Airway- keep a path open for air to go from the mouth to the lungs. Turning an ill person on their side if they have vomited ("thrown up") may help keep the airway open so they can breathe. Moving a hurt person can make their injuries worse. But without an airway, a person cannot breathe and will soon die unless an airway can be re-opened. A choking person with no airway can be helped with abdominal thrusts, sometimes called the Heimlich maneuver.
Breathing - move air from the outside into the lungs. "Giving breaths" is blowing air into someone else's mouth while holding their nose shut and watching their chest rise from the air you blow in. This is taught as part of CPR. A helper could get sick from "giving breaths" to someone who has a disease. A CPR class can teach how to use a CPR mask to make this much safer. A first aid kit may include a CPR mask or barrier device.
Training
People can learn about first aid from books ("manuals") and videos. A good first aid kit will often include a simple First Aid Guide.
It is best to have good training to give first aid. In addition to books and videos, good training includes a good teacher and the chance to practice. For example, CPR is practiced on a dummy called a mannequin, so a student can learn to push down on someone's chest in an emergency without actually doing it to a person. The teacher makes sure the first aid student is doing the skill correctly.
Training can be given by an organization or by a professional medical person, like a doctor, a nurse, or a paramedic. Organizations that teach first aid include the International Red Cross, schools, hospitals, the military, Scout groups, and rescue groups such as fire departments.
The level of training needed to be a first aid helper changes from country to country. For example, in the United Kingdom and the United States, you can go on a 1-day course to become a first aid giver. In the U.K., you can go on a 4-day course for emergencies in a place of work. All firefighters, police officers, and soldiers are trained in first aid during their basic training.
First aid kits
First aid kits may be kept in cloth bags or plastic or metal boxes. They are often labeled with a symbol such as those on the upper right. A first aid kit may contain many items, but basic items that can help with first aid include:
Gloves for the helper's hands made of vinyl, latex or nitrile to protect the helper's hands from blood
Dressings of cloth that can be put on wounds to stop bleeding, much like gauze pads or sanitary napkins
Bandages of gauze or cloth which hold dressings tightly over wounds; but these are in rolls
Rolls of tape to hold on dressings and bandages
Scissors that can be used to cut tape, to open clothing and to make more bandages and dressings
CPR masks or barriers to make it sanitary for a helper to breathe into someone's mouth, which is one part of CPR
Blanket made of cloth or Mylar ("space blanket") to cover a sick or hurt person to keep them warm
A small first aid book which shows how to do first aid and reminds people who have been trained
Adhesive strips (a small piece of tape with a bit of cloth in the center), special dressings such as moleskin for blisters, and antiseptic creams for small wounds
Tweezers to remove stingers, splinters and thorns
Health |
16324 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868 | 1868 |
Events
Helium is discovered.
Louisa May Alcott's novel Little Women is published. |
16325 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814 | 1814 |
Events
Iceland becomes a part of Denmark.
Births
May 9 – Adolf von Henselt, German pianist. |
16326 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846 | 1846 | 1846 was a year in the 19th century.
Events
April 25 – The Mexican-American war starts.
May 17 – The Saxophone is patented. |
16327 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1705 | 1705 | Year 1705 (MDCCV) was a common year starting on Thursday. It was a common year starting on Monday on the 11-day slower Julian calendar. In the Swedish calendar, it was a common year starting on Sunday. The Swedish calendar is one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. |
16330 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wausau%2C%20Wisconsin | Wausau, Wisconsin | Wausau is a city in Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is the largest city in the county, and it is the county seat (where the government of the county works). According to the 2000 census (official count), 38,426 people lived in the city.
The Wisconsin River flows through the middle of the city.
Other websites
City of Wausau
County seats in Wisconsin
Marathon County, Wisconsin
Cities in Wisconsin |
16331 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1749 | 1749 |
Events
While in debtor's prison, John Cleland writes Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure). Released from prison, the book was published in London. Immediately, the Church of England asked the British Secretary of State to "stop the progress of this vile Book, which is an open insult upon Religion and good manners." As a result, Cleland was arrested and charged with "corrupting the King's subjects."
January 3 – Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
April 27 – The first official performance of George Frideric Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks finished early due to the outbreak of fire.
May 19 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.
July 9 – Naval settlement of Halifax, Nova Scotia founded as British answer to Louisbourg.
September 15 – According to mathematical calculations, Pluto moved outside Neptune's orbit to remain the outermost planet until 1979.
Books
Tom Jones by Henry Fielding |
16333 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852 | 1852 | Year 1852 (MDCCCLII) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar.
Events
January–March
January 14 – President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte makes a new constitution for the French Second Republic.
January 15 – Nine men from various Hebrew charitable organizations come together to form what will become the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.
January 17 – The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Transvaal.
February 3 – Battle of Caseros or Battle of Monte Caseros, Argentina
February 11 – The first British public toilet for women opens in Bedford Street, London.
February 15 – The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, admits its first patient.
February 16 – The Studebaker Brothers Wagon Company is started.
February 19 – The Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity is founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.
February 25 – The HMS Birkenhead sinks near Cape Town, South Africa. Only 193 of the 643 on board survive.
March 1 – Archibald William Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton is made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
March 2 – The first American steam fire engine was tested.
March 4 – Phi Mu Sorority is founded in Macon Georgia
March 20 – Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is published.
April–June
April 1 – The Second Burmese War begins.
April 18 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces begin the siege of Guilin.
May 19 – Taiping Rebellion: The siege of Guilin is lifted.
June 12 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces enter Hunan.
July–September
July 1 – United States statesman Henry Clay is the first to have the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda.
July 4 – Frederick Douglass delivers his famous speech "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" in Rochester, New York.
July 28 – Henry Clay steamboat disaster in Riverdale, Bronx, with several deaths including Stephen Allen.
August 3 – The first Boat Race between Yale and Harvard, the first American intercollegiate athletic event, is held.
September 24 – French engineer Henri Giffard makes the first airship trip from Paris to Trappes.
October–December
November 2 – U.S. presidential election, 1852: Democrat Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire defeats Whig Winfield Scott of Virginia.
November 4 – Count Cavour becomes the Piedmontese prime minister.
November 11 – The new Palace of Westminster opens in Britain.
November 21–November 22 – The New French Empire is confirmed
December 2 – Napoleon III becomes Emperor of the French.
December 23 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hanyang and begins the siege of Wuchang.
December 29 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hankou.
Date unknown
Justin Perkins, an American Presbyterian missionary, makes the first translation of the Bible in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic.
The Devil's Island penal colony opens.
In Hawaii sugar planters bring over the first Chinese laborers on 3 or 5 year contracts.
Loyola College is chartered in Baltimore, Maryland.
Germans are encouraged to move to Chile
Gef's supposed birth
Antioch College is started. Its first president is Horace Mann.
Mills College is started.
Leo Tolstoy's first novel, Childhood, is published in book form.
Births
January–June
January 8 – James Milton Carroll, Baptist pastor, leader, historian, and writer (d. 1931)
January 11 – Konstantin Fehrenbach, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1926)
February 16 – Charles Taze Russell (Pastor Russell), prominent Protestant reformer and evangelist (d. 1916)
March 1 – Théophile Delcassé, French statesman (d. 1923)
April 1 – Edwin Austin Abbey, American painter (d. 1911)
April 13 – F.W. Woolworth, American merchant and businessman (d. 1919)
April 22 – Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1912)
May 1 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1934)
May 4 – Alice Pleasance Liddell, inspiration for the children's classic Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (d. 1934)
May 31 – Julius Richard Petri, German scientist (d. 1921)
June 25 – Antoni Gaudi, Spanish modernist architect (d. 1926)
July–December
July 12 – Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina (d. 1933)
August 23 – Clímaco Calderón, President of Colombia (d. 1913)
August 30 – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1911)
September 10 – Hans Niels Andersen, Danish businessman, founder of the East Asiatic Company (d. 1937)
September 12 – Herbert Henry Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1928)
September 15 – Edward Bouchet, American physicist (d. 1918)
September 28
John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, British general, commander of the British Expeditionary Force in World War I (d. 1925)
Henri Moissan, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907)
September 30 – Charles Villiers Stanford, Irish composer, resident in England (d. 1924)
October 2 – William Ramsay, Scottish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
October 9 – Hermann Emil Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919)
November 1 – Eugene W. Chafin, American politician (d. 1920)
November 3 – Prince Mutsuhito of Japan, the future Emperor Meiji (d. 1912)
November 11 – Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1925)
November 22 – Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1924)
November 26 – Yamamoto Gonnohyōe, the 16th and 22nd Prime Minister of Japan, an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy
December 15 – Henri Becquerel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1908)
December 19 – Albert Abraham Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)
December 21 – George Callaghan, British admiral (d. 1920)
Deaths
January–June
January 1 – John George Children, British chemist, mineralogist and zoologist (b. 1777)
January 6 – Louis Braille, French teacher of the blind and inventor of braille (b. 1809)
May 3 – Sara Coleridge, English writer and translator (b. 1802)
March 4 – Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (b. 1809)
April 17 – Étienne Maurice Gérard, Marshal of France and Prime Minister of France (b. 1773)
June 7 – José Joaquín Estudillo, second alcalde of Yerba Buena (b. 1800)
June 29 – Henry Clay, American statesman (b. 1777)
July–December
July 20 – José Antonio Estudillo, early California settler (b. 1805)
July 22 – Auguste Marmont, French marshal (b. 1774)
September 4 – William MacGillivray, Scottish naturalist and ornithologist (b. 1796)
September 14
Augustus Pugin, English architect (b. 1812)
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, British general and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1769)
September 20 – Philander Chase, American founder of Kenyon College (b. 1775)
October 13 – John Lloyd Stephens, American traveler, diplomat and Mayanist archaeologist (b. 1805)
October 24 – Daniel Webster, American statesman (b. 1782)
October 25 – John C. Clark, American politician (b. 1793)
October 26 – Vincenzo Gioberti, Italian philosopher (b. 1801)
November 2 – Pyotr Kotlyarevsky, Russian military hero (b. 1782)
November 27 – Augusta Ada King (née Byron), Countess of Lovelace, early English computer pioneer (b. 1815)
November 29 – Nicolae Bălcescu, Wallachian revolutionary (b. 1819)
November 30 – Junius Brutus Booth, English-born actor (b. 1796)
December 16 – Andries Hendrik Potgieter, Voortrekker leader (b. 1792)
References |
16334 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/701 | 701 | 701 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.
Events
Arab merchants introduce Oriental spices into Mediterranean markets.
Deaths
September 9 – Pope Sergius I |
16335 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1158 | 1158 |
Deaths
August 30 – King Sancho III of Castile |
16336 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1201 | 1201 | 1201 (MCCI) was .
Events
The town of Riga was chartered as a city.
Boniface of Montferrat is elected leader of the Fourth Crusade, after the death of Theobald III of Champagne.
Innocent III supports Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor, against Philip of Swabia.
The Fourth Crusade besieges Zara.
Births
August 9 – Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English chronicler (d. 1274)
October 9 – Robert de Sorbon, French theologian and founder of the Sorbonne (died 1274)
Theobald IV of Champagne (died 1252)
Ladislaus III of Hungary (died 1205)
Danylo King of Rus (died 1264)
Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (died 1221)
Deaths
March 21 – Absalon, Danish archbishop
May 24 – Theobald III of Champagne
July 29 – Agnes of Merania, queen of Philip II of France
September 5 – Constance, Duchess of Brittany (born 1161)
Bohemund III of Antioch (born 1144)
Joachim of Fiore, founder of monastic order of San Giovanni (born 1135)
Heads of states
England – John I, King of England (reigned 1199 – 1216).
France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223).
Pope – Innocent III (pope from 1198 to 1216) |
16337 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Care%20Bears%20Movie%20II%3A%20A%20New%20Generation | Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation | Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation is an animated movie from 1986, made by Canada's Nelvana Limited and distributed by Columbia Pictures. A follow-up to the first Care Bears Movie, it tells of the beginnings of the Kingdom of Caring, and of the Care Bears' first Caring Mission, which takes place at a summer camp.
The movie made $8.5 million in the United States during its original run at theatres. Only one more addition to the original Care Bear trilogy, Adventure in Wonderland, would premiere on the big screen the next summer.
A New Generation is a prequel to the Nelvana television series that would be shown on the ABC network the following September.
Synopsis
In this second movie, the Great Wishing Star helps True Heart Bear and Noble Heart Horse start the Care Bear Family, as they try to save them and the Kingdom from a demon villain named Dark Heart. A camper named Christy makes a deal with the villain that makes her a success at anything she never did before, even cartwheels. In turn, he plans to forever capture the Care Bears and Care Bear Cousins, one at a time, inside a magic red bag, and them trap them all inside a secret location somewhere at camp.
Christy's two friends, Dawn and John, later join the Care Bear Family so that they can put an end to his evil doings.
Facts
An episode of DiC's Care Bears show also took place at a summer camp. But the storyline of A New Generation does not borrow from it.
This was one of only two Care Bear movies to have Harmony Bear as a character; the other one was 2005's Big Wish Movie. Her second and final 1980s appearance was in the animated series' "Great Race" episode.
Related pages
The Care Bears Movie, the original movie from 1985
Other websites
Care Bears Movie II: A New Generation at Rotten Tomatoes
1986 movies
1980s family movies
1980s sequel movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian family movies
English-language movies |
16339 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/35 | 35 | 35 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallus and Nonianus.
Events
Pliny the Elder is brought to Rome before this year
Tiridates III becomes king of Parthia
Births
Ban Zhao, Chinese historian (or 45 AD) (d. 116)
Quintilian, Roman rhetorician (approximate date) (d. 100 AD)
Deaths
Epaticcus, prince of the Catuvellauni
Artaxias III, king of Armenia (b. 13 BC)
Mahajabeen II, King of Esbee
35 |
16340 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1025 | 1025 | 1025 (MXXV) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the twenty-fifth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.
Events
Emir Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis of the Zirid dynasty in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) attempts to retake Sicily but fails.
Births
August 28 - Emperor Go-Reizei of Japan
References |
16368 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail%20Bakunin | Mikhail Bakunin | Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (; – 1 July 1876) was a Russian anarchist and revolutionary. He became an anarchist in the 1860s, and was one of the first people in the movement. Before that he was part of the left-wing of pan-Slavism. He is also known as the father of Russian nihilism.
History
Mikhail was born in the Russian Empire to a family of Russian nobles. As a young man he was a junior officer in the Russian army, but he quit his commission in 1835. He went to school in Moscow to study philosophy and began to attend radical groups where he was greatly influenced by Alexander Herzen. Bakunin left Russia in 1842 for Dresden, and eventually Paris where he met George Sand, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Karl Marx
He was eventually deported from France for speaking against Russia's oppression of Poland. In 1849 he was arrested in Dresden for being involved in the Czech rebellion of 1848. He was turned over to Russia where he was imprisoned in Peter-Paul Fortress in Saint Petersburg. He remained there until 1857, when he was sent to a work camp in Siberia. He escaped to Japan, the U.S. and finally ended up in London for a short time, then Switzerland and Italy.
In 1868, Bakunin joined the socialist International Working Men's Association, a group of trade unions and workers' organizations. A disagreement with Marx, an important person in this organization, ended with Bakunin kicked out for having a "secret organisation within the International".
The bigger Bakuninist organization lasted longer than its small Marxist rival, which was only in New York. Bakunin promoted the basic ideas of syndicalism and of anarchism. From 1870 to 1876, Bakunin wrote some of his longer writings, such as Statism and Anarchy and God and the State.
The Paris Commune fitted many elements of Bakunin's anarchist programme – self-management, mandated delegates, a militia system with elected officers, and decentralisation. Even though he was old and sick, Bakunin also tried to join anarchists in Bologna, Italy, but was forced to return to Switzerland in disguise, where he lived in Lugano. He stayed active in the worker's and peasant's movements of Europe and he also influenced movements in Egypt and Latin America.
Bibliography
Bakunin on anarchism / edited, translated and with an introduction by Sam Dolgoff Mikhail Bakunin Reference Archive; preface by Paul Avrich.—New York : Knopf, originally published in 1971 as Bakunin on anarchy. Includes James Guillaume’s Bakunin—A Biographical Sketch.Michael Bakunin by James Guillaume
Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, ed. A. Lehning. New York: Grove Press, 1974
Statism and Anarchy, Cambridge University Press 1991
No Gods No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism by Daniel Guérin
Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939), ed. Robert Graham
The Political Philosophy of Bakunin edited by G. P. Maximoff, including "Mikhail Bakunin—a Biographical Sketch" by Max Nettlau
The Basic Bakunin: Writings 1869-1871, ed. Robert M. Cutler (New York: Prometheus Books, 1992)
Related pages
Nechaev
Other websites
Bakunin archive at Anarchy Archives
Bakunin Biography at Flag Blackened
Writings of Bakunin at Marxist Internet Archive
A biography by James Guillaume
References
Russian people
Anarchists
1814 births
1876 deaths
19th-century philosophers
Activists
Anarchist communists
Russian atheists
Freemasons
Political scientists
Political writers
Russian nobility
Russian philosophers
Russian politicians
Russian writers
Soviet politicians |
16377 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20Relay%20Chat | Internet Relay Chat | Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a chat system on the Internet. People from around the world can use it to have conversations together. It can also be used for two people to chat privately.
The IRC chat rooms are also called IRC channels. These channels are on IRC servers, which you can connect to by finding that server's information. This information will often begin with "irc," then a period, the name of the server, then another period, and finally, .com .org or .net. An example would be 'irc.[Servername].org'
There are small IRC servers (for example, OperaNet) to medium IRC servers (freenode and DalNet, which have about 30,000 users) and big IRC servers (for example, EFNet, UnderNet, which have over 100,000 users).
Users of IRC need an IRC client. An IRC client is a computer program that works with IRC. There are many clients. Some of these clients run in the web browser. Other clients run as an application. Popular stand-alone clients include mIRC for Microsoft Windows, and XChat for Linux and Microsoft Windows. The Opera web browser has an IRC client built into the browser. ChatZilla is a chat client which is a plugin to Mozilla Firefox.
An IRC bot is a computer program that helps control and protect channels.
The name of an IRC channel usually begins with a hash (#).
Technical information
IRC is an open protocol that uses TCP and optionally TLS. An IRC server can connect to other IRC servers to expand the IRC network. Users access IRC networks by connecting a client to a server. There are many client and server programs. Most IRC servers do not require users to log in, but a user will have to set a nickname before being connected.
IRC was originally a plain text protocol (although later extended), which on request was assigned network port 194/TCP by IANA. However, most servers now run IRC on 6667/TCP and nearby port numbers (for example TCP ports 6112-6119) so that the server does not have to be run with root privileges.
IRC clients
This is a list of some programs which allow users to connect to IRC.
AmIRC
Bersirc
BitchX
BnIRC
ChatZilla
Colloquy
Coolsmile
EPIC
FlowChat
HexChat
HydraIRC
IceChat
Irssi
Jmirc
Konversation
KVIrc
Mibbit
mIRC
Pjirc
SeaMonkey
TinyIRC
XChat
Quassel
Weechat
Related pages
Internet Relay Chat commands
IRC bot
Internet Relay Chat operator
References
Other websites
IRC.org - Technical and Historical IRC6 information; articles on the history of IRC.
RFC 1459 - Technical Information about the IRC Protocol.
Internet communication
Computer protocols |
16382 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring | Spring | Spring is the season after winter and before summer. Days become longer and weather gets warmer in the temperate zone because the Earth tilts relative to its orbital plane around the Sun. In many parts of the world it rains for hours. This helps the plants grow and flowers bloom. Often people with hay fever suffer more, because some plant pollens are allergens. Many animals have their breeding seasons in spring. At the start of spring, people suffering from seasonal affective disorder will feel better.
Holidays celebrated in spring include Passover and Easter. In many countries, the period of school between early January and later May or early June is referred to as the “Spring Semester” or “Spring Term”. Spring break is a vacation period in early spring at universities and schools in various countries in the world.
Basic English 850 words |
16384 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862 | 1862 | 1862 was a year.
Events
September 5-American Civil War: In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia into Maryland.
Births
August 29 – Andrew Fisher, 5th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
September 25 – Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1952)
December 23 - Henri Pirenne, Belgian historian (d. 1935) |
16385 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1801 | 1801 |
Events
Great Britain is united with Ireland to make the United Kingdom.
Deaths
February 7 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (b. 1726)
March 21 – Andrea Luchesi, Italian composer (b. 1741)
March 23 – Tsar Paul of Russia (b. 1754)
March 25 – Novalis, German poet (b. 1772)
March 28 – Ralph Abercromby, British general (b. 1734)
April 2 – Thomas Dadford Junior, British engineer
April 7 – Noël François de Wailly, French lexicographer (b. 1724)
May 17 – William Heberden, English doctor (b. 1710)
June 4 – Frederick Muhlenberg, first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1750)
June 14 – Benedict Arnold, American Revolution hero and traitor (b. 1741)
September 19 – Johann Gottfried Koehler, German astronomer (b. 1745)
October 3 – Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur, Marshal of France (b. 1724)
November 4 – William Shippen, American physician and Continental Congressman (b. 1536)
November 5 – Motoori Norinaga, Japanese philologist and scholar (b. 1730)
November 24 – Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (b. 1725)
Births
January 3 – Gijsbert Haan, Dutch-American religious leader (d. 1874)
February 1 – Thomas Cole, American artist (d. 1848)
towards February 13 – János Kardos Hungarian Slovenes evangelic priest, teacher and writer (d. 1875)
February 21 – John Henry Newman, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1890)
May 11 – Henri Labrouste, French architect (d. 1875)
June 1 – Brigham Young, American religious leader and colonizer (d. 1877)
June 4 – James Pennethorne, English architect (d. 1871)
June 14 – Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (d. 1868)
June 30 – Frederic Bastiat, French philosopher (d. 1850)
July 5 – David Farragut, American naval commander (d.1870)
July 29 – George Bradshaw, English publisher (d. 1853)
October 12 – Friedrich Frey-Herosé, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1873)
November 3 – Karl Baedeker, German writer and publisher (d. 1859)
November 3 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (d. 1835)
November 10 – Vladimir Dal, Russian lexicographer (d. 1872)
December 11 – Christian Dietrich Grabbe, German writer (d. 1836) |
16386 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse | Muse | For the British musical group of the same name, see Muse (band).
Or for the fruit called the Euterpe see Açaí palm.
The Muses are goddesses representing different arts and sciences in Greek mythology. They are the daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus.
Most commonly the Muses are:
Kalliope (or Calliope), the eldest and wisest, the muse of epic poetry, mother of Orpheus
Euterpe, the muse of music and lyric poetry. She loved flute playing, and some even say she invented the double flute. Euterpe had a son named Rhesus, who was killed in the battle at Troy, according to Homer's Iliad.
Klio (also Kleio or Clio), the muse of history
Erato, the muse of lyric/love poetry
Melpomene, the muse of tragedy
Polyhymnia, the muse of sacred poetry (hymn) and geometry
Terpsichore, the muse of dance
Thalia, the muse of comedy
Urania, the muse of astronomy and astrology
The word muse is also sometimes used for a person who inspires somebody else, or any other type of inspiring object. Muse can also be used to describe one's creative thoughts, such as poetry or a musical composition.
Greek gods and goddesses |
16388 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes%20%28band%29 | Yes (band) | Yes are a progressive rock band that formed in London, England in 1968 that is among the most influential progressive bands of all time. The band has received wide critical praise for their work. Their best known songs include "Owner of a Lonely Heart", "Roundabout" and "I've Seen All Good People".
Discography
Studio albums
Yes (1969)
Time and a Word (1970)
The Yes Album (1971)
Fragile (1971)
Close to the Edge (1972)
Tales from Topographic Oceans (1973)
Relayer (1974)
Going for the One (1977)
Tormato (1978)
Drama (1980)
90125 (1983)
Big Generator (1987)
Union (1991)
Talk (1994)
Keys to Ascension (1996)
Keys to Ascension 2 (1997)
Open Your Eyes (1997)
The Ladder (1999)
Magnification (2001)
Fly from Here (2011)
Heaven & Earth (2014)
The Quest (2021)
1968 establishments in England
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups from London |
16389 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%20Williams | Mason Williams | Mason Williams (born August 24, 1938) is an easy listening guitarist. His most famous work is Classical Gas.
Also a photographer, Williams published a life-sized photo print of a Greyhound bus in the 1960s. He appeared with the print on the cover of his first album, The Mason Williams Phonograph Record. The print is now in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.
American guitarists
Musicians from Oklahoma
American classical musicians
American bluegrass musicians
American folk musicians
1938 births
Living people |
16390 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf | Leaf | A leaf is an above-ground plant organ and it is green. Its main functions are photosynthesis and gas exchange. A leaf is often flat, so it absorbs the most light, and thin, so that the sunlight can get to the chloroplasts in the cells. Most leaves have stomata, which open and close. They regulate carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapour exchange with the atmosphere.
Plants with leaves all year round are evergreens, and those that shed their leaves are deciduous. Deciduous trees and shrubs generally lose their leaves in autumn. Before this happens, the leaves change colour. The leaves will grow back in spring. Leaves are normally green in color, which comes from chlorophyll found in the chloroplasts. Plants that lack chlorophyll cannot photosynthesize.
Leaves come in many shapes and sizes. The biggest undivided leaf is that of a giant edible arum. This lives in marshy parts of the tropical rain forest of Borneo. One of its leaves can be ten feet across and have a surface area of over 30 square feet (~2.8 sq. metres).
However, leaves are always thin so carbon dioxide can diffuse quickly to all cells.
Anatomy
A leaf is a plant organ and is made up of a collection of tissues in a regular organisation. The major tissue systems present are:
The epidermis that covers the upper and lower surfaces
The mesophyll (also called chlorenchyma) inside the leaf that is rich in chloroplasts
The arrangement of veins (the vascular tissue)
Epidermis
The epidermis is the outer layer of cells covering the leaf. It forms the boundary separating the plant's inner cells from the external environment.
The epidermis is covered with pores called stomata. Each pore is surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing guard cells, and two to four subsidiary cells that lack chloroplasts. Opening and closing of the stoma complex regulates the exchange of gases and water vapor between the outside air and the interior of the leaf. This allows photosynthesis, without letting the leaf dry out.
Mesophyll
Most of the interior of the leaf between the upper and lower layers of epidermis is a tissue called the mesophyll (Greek for "middle leaf"). This assimilation tissue is the main place photosynthesis takes place in the plant. The products of photosynthesis are sugars, which can be turned into other products in plant cells.
In ferns and most flowering plants, the mesophyll is divided into two layers:
An upper palisade layer of tightly packed, vertical cells, one to two cells thick. Its cells contain many chloroplasts. The chloroplasts move by a process called "cyclosis". The slight separation of the cells provides maximum absorption of carbon dioxide. Sun leaves have a multi-layered palisade layer, while shade leaves closer to the soil are single-layered.
Beneath the palisade layer is the spongy layer. The cells of the spongy layer are more rounded and not so tightly packed. There are large air spaces between the cells. These cells contain fewer chloroplasts than those of the palisade layer. The pores or stomata of the epidermis open into chambers, which are connected to the air spaces between the spongy layer cells.
Plants with leaves all year round are evergreens, and those that shed their leaves are deciduous. Deciduous trees and shrubs generally lose their leaves in autumn. Before this happens, the leaves change colour. The leaves will grow back in spring.
Veins
The 'veins' are a dense network of xylem, which supply water for photosynthesis, and phloem, which remove the sugars produced by photosynthesis. The pattern of the veins is called 'venation'.
In angiosperms the pattern of venation differs in the two main groups. Venation is usually is parallel in monocotyledons, but is an interconnecting network in broad-leaved plants (dicotyledons).
Hairs
Many leaves are covered in trichomes (small hairs) which have a wide range of structures and functions. Some trichomes are prickles, some are scaled, some secrete substances such as oil. Carnivorous plants secrete digestive enzymes from trichomes.
Waxy Cuticle
The waxy cuticle is the waterproof, transparent outer surface of the leaf. It is waterproof to reduce water loss (transpiration) and transparent to allow light to enter the palisade cell.
Shape
What leaves look like on the plant varies greatly. Closely related plants have the same kind of leaves because they have all descended from a common ancestor. The terms for describing leaf shape and pattern is shown, in illustrated form, at Wikibooks.
Basic types
Lycophytes have microphyll leaves.
Ferns have fronds
Conifer leaves are typically needle-, awl-, or scale-shaped
Angiosperm (flowering plant) leaves: the standard form includes stipules, a petiole, and a lamina
Sheath leaves (type found in most grasses)
Other specialized leaves (such as those of Nepenthes)
Arrangement on the stem
Different terms are usually used to describe leaf placement (phyllotaxis):
Alternate — succeessive leaves in alternate direction along the stem.
Opposite — Two structures, one on each opposite side of the stem, typically leaves, branches, or flower parts.
Whorled — three or more leaves attach at each point or node on the stem.
Leaves form a helix pattern centered around the stem, with (depending upon the species) the same angle of divergence. There is a regularity in these angles and they follow the numbers in a Fibonacci sequence. This tends to give the best chance for the leaves to catch light.
Divisions of the blade
Two basic forms of leaves can be described considering the way the blade (lamina) is divided.
A simple leaf has an undivided blade. However, the leaf shape may be formed of lobes, but the gaps between lobes do not reach to the main vein.
A compound leaf has a fully subdivided blade, each leaflet of the blade separated along a main or secondary vein. Because each leaflet can appear to be a simple leaf, it is important to recognize where the petiole occurs to identify a compound leaf. Compound leaves are a characteristic of some families of higher plants, such as the Fabaceae. The middle vein of a compound leaf or a frond, when it is present, is called a rachis.
Petioles
Some leaves have a petiole (leaf stem). Sessile leaves do not: the blade attaches directly to the stem. Sometimes the leaf blad surrounds the stem, giving the impression that the shoot grows through the leaf.
In some Acacia species, such as the Koa Tree (Acacia koa), the petioles are expanded or broadened and function like leaf blades; these are called phyllodes. There may or may not be normal pinnate leaves at the tip of the phyllode.
Stipules
A stipule, present on the leaves of many dicotyledons, is an appendage on each side at the base of the petiole resembling a small leaf. Stipules may be shed or not shed.
Leaf adaptations
In the course of evolution, many species have leaves which are adapted to other functions.
Thorns help protect the plant from being eaten.
Vines help the plant to attach to surfaces, and helps to climb trees.
Some leaves are used to store energy in bulbs. An example is the onion.
Many succulents store water in some of their leaves.
Some plants (called epiphytes) grow on other plants. They do not have roots in the ground. Their capture rainwater.
Carnivorous plants use adapted leaves to capture their prey.
Sliced leaves reduce wind resistance.
Hairs on the leaf surface trap humidity in dry climates.
Waxy leaf surfaces reduce water loss.
Large surface area provides area for sunlight and shade for plant to minimize heating and reduce water loss.
In more or less opaque or buried in the soil leaves, translucent windows let the light in.
Succulent leaves store water and organic acids.
Aromatic oils, poisons or pheromones produced by leaf borne glands deter herbivores (e.g. eucalyptus).
Crystalline minerals may herbivores (e.g. silica phytoliths in grasses, raphides in Araceae).
Petals attracts pollinators.
Tendrils allow the plant to climb (e.g. peas).
Bracts and 'false flowers' replace normal flower structures when the true flowers are greatly reduced (e.g. Spurges).
References
Basic English 850 words
Plant anatomy |
16391 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20on%20Terrorism | War on Terrorism | The War on Terrorism, or War on Terror, is a campaign that the United States and some of its allies started to remove terrorist groups and to punish the states that sponsor terrorism. It replaced the Cold War. The former United States President Bush's argument was that the countries like North Korea, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Libya (also known as the Axis of Evil) were a direct threat to the United States and its allies. The term was typically used with a particular focus on militant Islamists and al-Qaeda.
The Administration of former U.S. President Barack Obama used the term Overseas Contingency Operation.
Notes
References
Other websites
Terrorism
Politics of the United States
Wars involving the United States
Al-Qaeda |
16399 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali%20metal | Alkali metal | Alkali metals are the chemical elements in group 1 of the periodic table. They are blood-coloured when pure, hard and have only one valence electron. They like to make reactions in which they give up this twin electron and then have a charge of +1. They react strongly with water and because of this, they have to be stored in oil. Alkali metals are the first group in the periodic table. They are never found in nature uncombined because they are unstable and they react fast to other elements. They bond well with all elements except the noble gases. When they are in air, they quickly turn black.
The alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (sometimes written cesium, although caesium is preferred) (Cs), and francium (Fr). Lithium is the least reactive. Although it was thought before that francium would be the most reactive, though it is very rare, it was more recently predicted that caesium is in fact more reactive than francium due to relativity.
Lithium Is a very light metal. It is soft, silver and you can cut it with a knife.
Sodium is the most important alkali metal. One of the most important salts of sodium is sodium chloride (NaCl) (common 'table salt'). It also forms a hydroxide, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is commonly called 'caustic soda'. It is a very strong base.
Potassium is commonly found in bananas.
Rubidium is a metal that can make things like fireworks red.
Caesium is a very heavy, poisonous metal and is the most reactive metal.
Francium is a very dangerous, radioactive metal. Not much is known about it. |
16401 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates%20of%20the%20Caribbean%3A%20The%20Curse%20of%20the%20Black%20Pearl | Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl | Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl is a 2003 movie from Walt Disney Pictures. It's the first film of the Pirates of the Caribbean movies.
It was positively welcomed from both audiences and film critics and became one of the highest-grossing movies in cinema history.
Story
When the movie begins, a young girl named Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley) is seen on a ship with her father, who is the major of a British colony in the Caribbean. Elizabeth sees a boy in the water. The crew of the ship saves him. He is named Will Turner (Orlando Bloom). Elizabeth finds a chain around his neck with a golden medallion. This leads her to believe that Will is a pirate. She takes the medallion and keeps it.
Eight years later, Elizabeth has grown up, and her father is now governor of Port Royal. James Norrington, a commodore in the Royal Navy, proposes to her. She accepts, despite the fact that she in love with Will Turner, who is her father's blacksmith.
When James Norrington proposes to her, she faints (seemingly overcome by Norrington's proposal, but she actually fainted because her corset was too tight, and she could not breathe.) and falls off the ledge into the water below. Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) sees her fall and rescues her. Despite this, James Norrington believes Sparrow should be arrested. Jack then threatens Elizabeth's life, and tries to escape. However, his escape fails due to Will Turner and Sparrow is taken to prison.
That night, the cursed crew of the Black Pearl attack Port Royal and kidnap Elizabeth. Jack Sparrow escapes his prison. He steals a ship to travel to Tortuga, a pirate port where he hopes to assemble a crew. Will Turner goes with him to rescue Elizabeth. Jack Sparrow went to Tortuga for the treasure, not for Elizabeth. On Will and Jack's journey to Tortuga, Will finds out his father was a pirate.
Elizabeth, on board the Black Pearl, learns that the crew is under the curse of a chest of Aztec gold. They need the blood of each crew member to break the curse. However, Bootstrap Bill was killed, and they still need his blood, or the blood of his descendant. They believe Elizabeth is his descendant. They plan to spill her blood on the chest of Aztec gold in hopes to break the curse.
Will secretly takes Elizabeth to safety while the zombies of the Black Pearl invade the British ship positioned not far from the land. There is an epic fight between the zombies and the British, Jack Sparrow and Captain Barbosa (Captain of the Black Pearl), and Will Turner/Elizabeth Swan and some left over zombies.
Jack Sparrow uses his one shot to shoot Captain Barbosa and Will puts his blood on the Aztec Gold, causing the bullet to cause damage to Captain Barbosa.
The British win the fight against the zombies that are now humans. Jack Sparrow is captured by the British but Will Turner saves him from lynching and Jack escapes with the Black Pearl. Before Barbosa, he use to be the Captain of the Black Pearl.
Cast
Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow
Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann
Orlando Bloom as Will Turner
Jack Davenport as James Norrington
Geoffrey Rush as Hector Barbossa
Jonathan Pryce as Weatherby Swann
Related pages
Pirates of the Caribbean
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
References
Curse of the Black Pearl
2003 movies
Disney movies |
16407 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1866 | 1866 |
Births
April 14 – Anne Sullivan, teacher of Helen Keller
November 8 – Herbert Austin, automobile pioneer (Austin-Healey) |
16410 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenaventura%20Durruti | Buenaventura Durruti | Buenaventura Durruti Dumange (1896-1936) was a Spanish anarchist leader. He was born in the town of León. Durruti was a central figure of Spanish anarchism during the country's civil war of 1936-1939. He helped to fight against fascism.
He robbed banks to use the money to help his friends escape prison. It is believed that he killed the bishop Juan Soldevilla, because the anarchists believed that he helped the murderers of people in labor unions.
He died in Madrid when he was killed by a person using a gun during the Spanish Civil War.
References
1896 births
1936 deaths
Assassins
Communists
Deaths by firearm
Military people killed in action
Spanish anarchists
Spanish Civil War |
16411 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester | Chester | Chester is a city in the north-west of England. It is almost 2000 years old and was started by Romans. A person from Chester is called a Cestrian.
Chester is on the river Dee, and is the county town of the county of Cheshire. It is near to the country Wales. Almost 120,000 people live in Chester. It is just south of Liverpool.
During the Dark Ages, Chester came under attack from Viking raiders who sailed up the river in their longships. After the conquest of Britain by the Normans in 1066, William I created the first Earl of Chester who began the construction of Chester Castle.
By the Middle Ages, Chester had become a wealthy trading port: it was at this time that the Rows were built. However disaster befell the city during the English Civil War as Chester was besieged for two years before starvation forced its people to surrender. As the centuries passed, the harbour gradually silted up and by Georgian times the port was virtually gone. Today some of the original quay can still be seen near the Chester Racecourse.
During Victorian times the magnificent gothic-style Town Hall was built and the Eastgate Clock was erected in honour of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee.
Near to Chester is Chester Zoo, which is the biggest zoo in the United Kingdom. There are other interesting places in Chester, and many are connected to its history. For example, there is the old Roman amphitheatre. This is the biggest in the UK. The Rows are unusual shops. In the centre of the town, the main streets have two rows of shops, one on top of the other. The Rows have been part of Chester since the Middle Ages.Chester has oldest racecourse, Chester racecourse. The infamous Goteddsday football match took place on the field and was outlawed as a result in 1533.
Related pages
Chester city walls
References
County towns in England |
16413 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20of%20NIMH | The Secret of NIMH | The Secret of NIMH is an animated movie directed by Don Bluth and released by his studio United Artists in 1982. The movie was based on Robert C. O'Brien's children's book Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH. (The main character's name was changed to "Brisby", so that its audiences would not take its sound for the Frisbee toy.) Bluth began the idea of creating this movie after disagreement with Disney over The Fox and the Hound. Before that he worked with the previous Disney animated movie which was also about mice: The Rescuers. Later he made another animated movie about mice called An American Tail, which came out in 1986.
The story
A widow mouse lives with her children (Martin, Teresa, Cynthia and Timothy). On her journey, she meets a comic, love-seeking crow, a group of rats and the National Institute of Mental Health. After the deaths of the enemy leader and magician, a magical amulet manipulates and restores a house shaped stone block from drowning in the mud. Bluth and Goldman's next film, All Dogs Go to Heaven, also used digital coloring via CAPS.
Cast
Elizabeth Hartman as Mrs. Brisby*
John Carradine as Great Owl
Dom DeLuise as Jeremy
Derek Jacobi as Nicodemus
Arthur Malet as Mr. Ages
Hermione Baddeley as Auntie Shrew
Peter Strauss as Justin
Paul Shenar as Jenner
Aldo Ray as Sullivan
Shannen Doherty as Teresa Brisby
Danica McKellar as Cynthia Brisby
Wil Wheaton as Martin Brisby
Ian Fried as Timothy "Timmy" Brisby
Tom Hatten as Farmer Paul Fitzgibbons
Lucille Bliss as Mrs. Beth Fitzgibbons
Joey Lawrence as Billy Fitzgibbons
Edie McClurg as Miss Right
Nipsey Russell as Councilman 1
Dick Kleiner as Councilman 2
Charles Champlin as Councilman 3
* It was Hartman's final movie.
Reception
In spite of its critical success, this movie had a mediocre run at the box office, mostly because of a much bigger rival, Steven Spielberg's E. T. (Ironically, Spielberg saw the Bluth movie and asked its director to work on An American Tail.)
Many fans and critics have called NIMH Don Bluth's most important work and magnum opus and masterpiece. Even though this movie was not a big box office success, An American Tail and 1997's Anastasia became his most successful works in later years. The next day, however, Bluth approved of the idea for possible development, along with Rock-a-Doodle.
Sequel
In 1998, MGM released a direct-to-video sequel called The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue. In the sequel, Timothy goes to a place called Thorn Valley because he wants to become a hero like his father. His brother Martin has turned evil (although he does not want to), and Timothy must fight him in order to save the Rats of NIMH. At Thorn Valley Timothy learns from a young girl mouse that the mice who were thought to have been killed during the escape from NIMH are still alive, so he and the rats try to rescue them.
The sequel was hated by the fans of the first movie and the movie critics because of its clichéd and familiar storyline, and because many people thought that the magic of Don Bluth's dark and original NIHM was destroyed by the sequel, because MGM toned down the darkness of the story.
Other websites
The Secret of NIMH Archive
1982 movies
American animated movies
English-language movies
American family movies
Movies based on books
Movies about animals
Movies directed by Don Bluth
American independent movies |
16416 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/397 | 397 |
Events
John Chrysostom becomes the patriarch of Constantinople
Deaths
April 4 – Saint Ambrose, one of the Church Fathers and bishop of Milan
November 11 – Saint Martin of Tours, an "apostle of Gaul" and bishop of Tours |
16427 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetal | Nonmetal | Nonmetals or non-metals are chemical elements that does not have the properties of a metal. It gains electrons when reacting with a metal. They are generally not lustrous and are bad conductors of heat and electricity. Some are gases including: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, neon or radon and many others. An example of a solid that is a nonmetal is sulfur. It is yellow and not shiny at all. An example of a liquid that is a nonmetal is bromine. It is red. A non metal is also a good insulator for heat and cold. Usually, gases or brittle solids are non-metals. Elements on the periodic table can be classified as metal, semimetal, or non-metal.
Five times more elements are metals than nonmetals. However, nonmetals are abundant and important. Two of the nonmetals—hydrogen and helium—make up over 99 per cent of the observable Universe, and one—oxygen—makes up close to half of the Earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere. Living organisms are also composed almost entirely of nonmetals, and nonmetals form many more compounds than metals. |
16433 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly%20Marie%20Combs | Holly Marie Combs | Holly Marie Combs (born December 3, 1973 in San Diego, California) is an American actress. She is best known for working on the television series Charmed. Before Charmed, she work in the TV series Picket Fences.
Other websites
1973 births
Living people
Combs, Holly Marie
Charmed
Actors from San Diego, California |
16434 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal%20tiger | Bengal tiger | The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is a tiger subspecies native to the Indian subcontinent. It lives in Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh and northern India. It is the National animal of both India and Bangladesh.
The tiger's habitat includes tropical moist evergreen forests, tropical dry forests, tropical and subtropical moist deciduous forests, mangroves, subtropical and temperate upland forests, and alluvial grasslands.
Survival
In 2010 it became endangered by IUCN. There are less than 2,500 of these tigers. There are about 1,520–1,909 in India, 440 in Bangladesh, 124–229 in Nepal and 67–81 in Bhutan. New tiger census 2014 showed the population of tiger in India approximately 2,226 which is 30% more from 1706, counted in the year 2010.Bengal tigers are carnivores. Bengal tigers are apex predators. They eat deer, buffalo, wild boar, snakes, fish, rabbits, rodents, birds, monkeys and even sloth bears and jackals.
Appearance
The Bengal tiger's coat is brownish-yellow or brownish-orange. Its stripes go from dark brown to black. The belly and the inside parts of the limbs are white. The tail is brownish-orange with black rings.
They are the second largest tiger, after the Siberian tiger also known as the Amur Tiger. Male Bengal tigers have a total length, including the tail, from . Females go from . The average weight of males is . Females are .
References
Other websites
Tigers
National symbols of India
National symbols of Bangladesh |
16499 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo | Taekwondo | Taekwondo (also spelled tae kwon do, taekwon-do, or more exactly taegwondo) is a martial art (system of fighting) of Korean origin, similar to the Japanese karate. It uses the hands and feet in order to attack or defend against an adversary, although some techniques use fingertips, elbows, or knees in order to strike the opponent. Taekwondo is a national sport in South Korea, kyeorugi is a sport event in the Olympic Games. In the Korean alphabet hangeul, 태 (跆) signifies "to strike with the foot"; 권 (拳) to "strike with the hand"; and 도 (道) signifies "way", "road" or "route". Taekwondo can therefore be translated as "way of the foot and of the fist".
Taekwondo refers to a great tradition of Korean martial arts (higher or under 2000 years), but exists in its current form only near 50 years. Today, it has been changed into a sport practiced very much. In the Olympic Games of Seoul 1988 and of Barcelona 1992 it became Olympic sport of exhibition and at present it has come to be Olympic sport of competition.
Features
Taekwondo is best known for its use of kicks. This makes it different from other martial arts such as karate or certain forms of southern kung-fu. Kicking is important because the leg is the most powerful and longest body part that the martial artist can use as a weapon. Therefore, a fighter who kicks well can hurt his opponent without hurting himself.
One of the most important exercises is the act of doing poomse (katas in terminology of karate). The poomses are the arranged groups of movements of defense and of attack. They simulate a combat against diverse adversaries, and they are related directly to the different degrees of belts. They are done with the purpose to improve the equilibrium, the elasticity, the rapidity and the control of the different movements.
Taekwondo as a sport and as a form of exercise is popular among people of both sexes and many ages. Taekwondo develops force, speed, balance, flexibility, and stamina. It also involves mental focus. Breaking boards, for example, demonstrates a union of mental and physical discipline. Breaking a board with one's hand or foot requires both the physical mastery of the technique and a concentrated focus on one's force.
History
Even though some things in Tae Kwon Do have changed over the years, respect is not one of those things. Respect is the biggest part of Tae Kwon Do. Without respect Tae Kwon Do would not be the huge art it is today. Some of the things that have changed are the belts. The original colors are still the same, but every time you test you either receive a new belt or receive a stripe to place on you current belt. Legend has it that long ago there was just one belt. There still were colors though: white, the color the belt was originally; yellow, the color achieved thorough sweat soaking into the belt; green, a color that came though practicing outside and falling; blue, the color of the sky; red, the color of blood; and black, the color of all the dirt mixing with everything else on the belt.
Taekwondo associations
There are several world-wide Taekwondo associations. The most known of them are:
World Taekwondo Federation (WTF). It promotes Olympic version of taekwondo.
International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF). After the death of its founder, ITF has been divided into several organizations - each of them claims to be authentic.
Global Taekwon-Do Federation (GTF)
Tae Kwon Do International (TI)
American Taekwondo Association (ATA)
Related pages
Punching bag
Notes
Other websites
Tae Kwon Do Association of Great Britain.
Taekwondo International.
WTF association - World Taekwondo Federation homepage.
Taekwondo Canada Team
Korea Nationale Taekwondo Team • Performance in Oslo Norway • 23.05.06
The Kwans of Taekwondo by Stevie Simkin
Catalonian Federation of Taekwondo
American Taekwondo Association (ATA)
Chilean Federation of Taekwondo (WTF)
Canary federation of Taekwondo
Asoc. Escuela Mendocina de Taekwondo, Argentina (WTF)
Chilean school of Taekwondo (WTF)
Kauno Taekwondo Club |
16500 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20and%20chips | Fish and chips | Fish and chips is a traditional British food that originally came from the UK. It is a popular kind of fast food in some parts of the world. As the name says, it is made of chips and a deep fried fish fillet.
Shops and restaurants that have fish and chips are easy to find in Australia and New Zealand. They are most common in England. The first Fish and Chips were found in the East end of London in the late 19th Century. So they are not as traditional as we think.
The fish
Traditionally, cod, haddock, or (rarely) flounder are used to make fish and chips. Of these, cod is by far the most popular. Other fish with white meat can be used as well, for example whiting or plaice. Many places that serve fish and chips have more than one kind of fish. The customers can then choose what kind of fish they want...
The fish is always dipped in batter, which is a kind of liquid mixture which hardens upon frying. After that, it will be fried for a short time. The phrase 'fish & chips' implies that it will be fried in batter; of course, in a fish restaurant, grilling or boiling would be alternatives. Fish cooked like that do not have batter. Typically Fish and Chips is eaten with lots of vinegar and salt.
The chips
The chips are made from sliced potatoes. They are larger than French fries. Large slices of potatoes are fried.
Other side-dishes
Very often there are other side-dishes that are served with Fish and chips (also called a 'chippie' or 'fish shop'). They include mushy peas, onions, gherkins(which are baby cucumbers),baked beans and saveloys (long sausages). Sometimes, you can ask for 'scrapings' which are the bits of crunchy batter that have fallen off the fish when it was frying.
In Northern England there is also the variety chips and gravy (a little sauce) on the chips. It is less common in the rest of the country but sometimes you can also find 'curry sauce' in other parts of the UK. In Australia and New Zealand, fish and chip takeaway shops often offer sides like corn dogs and grilled cheese sandwich's.
Other things to note
Fish and chips are also sold out of mobile shops. Very often the shops and restaurants that serve fish and chips do not have a license to serve alcohol. Some nutritionists criticize fish and chips, because the meal contains a large amount of fat.
Other websites
Seafood dishes
British food
Fried foods |
16504 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist%20economics | Marxist economics | Marxist economics are based on the economic theories of Philosopher Karl Marx. Marx's theories explain the "laws of motion" of production and exchange under capitalism. This theory was used to argue against the middle class theories of economics common at that time. Marx wanted this to be a tool for the working class (the proletariat) to use to overthrow capitalism and replace it with socialism, then with communism. Socialism, would be a step towards the disappearance of the state, and communism would be, according to Marx, a society where goods and services would be distributed "to each according to his need, from each according to his ability."
Marxist used the Labor Theory of Value, which says that the value of a commodity is determined by the labor required to produce it. More specifically, Marx defined the value of a commodity as the Socially necessary labor time required to produce it, the average (taken across all of society) time required to produce a given commodity under the average conditions of production. It follows from this that the [working class] is responsible for the production of all of the [value] (wealth) consumed by all members of society.
Marx viewed the capitalist class (the bourgeoisie), those who control the means of production, as leech-like and unnecessary; they are not necessary for the production of the goods society must consume in order to meet human needs and reproduce itself. Rather, Marx saw the capitalist class as getting wealth for itself by the exploitation of the working class. Marx argued that wages under capitalism are determined not by the value created by workers during a given period of time, but by the cost of their labor power (ability to work). He argued that the cost of labor power is determined by the cost of the goods and services (food, clothing, shelter, child care, education etc.) nececssary to maintain and reproduce workers. So, capitalists do not pay workers for the value they create: they extract Surplus value, the difference between the value created by a worker and the cost of their labor power (their wages), from the working class. In other words, surplus value is unpaid labor performed by the working class for the capitalist class, which Marx termed exploitation.
Marx argued that because the capitalist class enriches itself by the exploitation of the working class, the economic interests of the two classes are opposed and therefore incompatible. He saw the dispossession of the capitalists and the seizure of control of the means of production by the working class as historically progressive in that it would bring about the end of class society, remove the contradictions inherent under capitalism (a result of the antagonism of the two major classes, the bourgeoisie and proletariat), and qualitatively increase the scope of human development in many areas.
Other websites
Marxist website
Marxism |
16510 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20rand | South African rand | The rand (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the South African currency. 100 cents make up one rand.
The rand is named after an area near Johannesburg called the Rand, which is famous for its gold mines.
The symbol for the rand is a capital R, written before the sum. Thus, one hundred rands is written as R100.
In February 2018, it was announced that a new series of banknotes would be released in commemoration of what would have been Nelson Mandela's centennial year. This series would include notes of all denominations, 10-, 20-, 50-, 100- and 200-Rand. These notes would circulate alongside existing notes and be released on 18 July 2018, which was the 100th anniversary of his birth.[34] The notes depict the standard face of Nelson Mandela on the obverse, but instead of the Big Five animals on the reverse, they show a younger Mandela with different iconic scenes related to his legacy. These scenes comprise: the rolling hills of the Eastern Cape, featuring Mandela’s humble birthplace of Mvezo (10-Rand); the home of Mandela in Soweto, where he defined his political life alongside other struggle icons (20-Rand); the site where Mandela was captured near Howick, following 17 months in hiding, where a monument has been erected in his honour (50-Rand); the place of Mandela's 27-year imprisonment at Robben Island (100-Rand); the inauguration of Mandela as president at the Union Buildings in 1994 (200-Rand).
References
Currency of Africa
Economy of South Africa |
16511 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Care%20Bears%20Movie | The Care Bears Movie | The Care Bears Movie is a Canadian/American animated movie that came out on March 29, 1985. It was produced by Nelvana Limited of Canada, and was distributed by The Samuel Goldwyn Company. It was the first in a trilogy(or set of three) of big-screen movies that had the Care Bears in lead roles, and the first to be based directly on a toy line. The movie's success led to a spin-off television series that premiered on ABC a year after its release.
There were well-known celebrities among the movie's starring line-up, such as Carole King, who wrote and sung its opening theme. John Sebastian and NRBQ also contributed to its score. The movie also had the voices of Mickey Rooney, Canadian actress Georgia Engel, and voice actress Cree Summer.
It was made as a full-length commercial for the title toys, and had mixed views from critics. But its $23 million gross at the box office made it the biggest animated work outside the Disney market when it came out. It is one of the most profitable releases in the animation industry (its cost was $3 million). The movie saved Nelvana from closing down when Rock & Rule, the company's first production, did not do well.
Facts
The Care Bears Movie holds financial records for non-Disney animation (at the time it first came out), for Canadian moviemaking (only rivalled by Porky's and, more recently, The Wild), and for its distributor Samuel Goldwyn.
Its director, Arna Selznick, was one of three women to ever lead the production for a full-length cartoon. To this day, she is proud of these efforts, though she was aware of the strategy to promote it.
Plot
In this movie, an orphanage caretaker named Mr. Cherrywood tells the story of how the Care Bears come to help two children who do not care for anyone (Kim and Jason). The Care Bears live in Care-a-lot, a cloud-filled place up in the sky. As the two of them become friends with the Bears, a carnival magician's helper, Nicholas, turns from good to bad, because of an evil spirit he got from an old book.
When the boy's evil grows more and more, the Care Bears and their Cousins (from the Forest of Feelings), along with Kim and Jason, come back to Earth to end his evil doings. In turn, the carnival and the whole world will be saved.
Other websites
Official site at MGM
The Care Bears Movie at the Keyframe - the Animation Resource
Theatrical trailer at Google Video
The Care Bear Zone's picture gallery
Authentic cel from the movie at Toy Archive
A page with sketches from the film by one of its crew, Kevin Davies
Soundtrack page at SoundtrackCollector
1985 movies
1980s family movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian family movies
American animated movies
American family movies
English-language movies
American independent movies |
16512 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1779 | 1779 |
Births
July 15 – Clement Clarke Moore, American educator, writer, and poet (d. 1863)
August 1 – Francis Scott Key, American lawyer and lyricist (d. 1843) |
16513 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700 | 1700 | 1700 (MDCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1700th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 700th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 17th century, and the 1st year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1700, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
As of March 1 (O.S. February 19), where then Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar didn't, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 (O.S. February 17), 1800. In Sweden, the year started in the Julian calendar and remained so until February 28. Then, by skipping the leap day, the Swedish calendar was introduced, letting February 28 be followed by March 1, giving the entire year the same pattern as a common year starting on Monday. This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712.
Events
January 1 – Russia first starts using Western numbers for its calendar. |
16515 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1322 | 1322 |
Events
March 16 – Battle of Boroughbridge, where Edward II of England beats Thomas, Earl of Lancaster
September 27/September 28 – Battle of Ampfing, often called the last battle of knights, when Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor beats Frederick I of Austria
Births
January 11 – Emperor Komyo of Japan (died 1380)
June 24 – Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (died 1406)
Deaths
January 3 – King Philip V of France (born 1293) |
16516 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1463 | 1463 |
Events
January 5 – Poet François Villon is banned from Paris.
September 15 – Battle of Zatoka Świeża. |
16517 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1205 | 1205 | 1205 (MCCV) was .
Events
January 6 – Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans
April 14 – Battle of Adrianople between Bulgars and Latins
August 20 – Following certain news of Baldwin I's death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire
Births
Walter IV of Brienne
Wenceslaus I, King of Bohemia
Deaths
April 1 – King Amalric II of Jerusalem (born 1145)
May 7 – Ladislaus III of Hungary (born 1201)
June 14 – Walter III of Brienne
July 13 – Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury
Alexius V, Byzantine Emperor
Baldwin I of Constantinople (born 1172)
Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice
Isabella of Jerusalem
Žvelgaitis, Lithuanian duke |
16520 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20%28Australia%29 | Victoria (Australia) | Victoria is a state in Australia, in the south-east corner of the country. Its capital, largest and most-populated city is Melbourne. Geelong is Victoria's second biggest city, Ballarat is the third and Bendigo the fourth.
At the end of 2015 Victoria's population was an estimated 5,996,400. After British settlement in Australia in 1788, it was called the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. In 1851, it became an independent colony. It was named after Queen Victoria. In 1901 it became a state in Australia.
Victoria's premier is Daniel Andrews from the Labor Party.
Transport
Victoria has the highest population density of a state in Australia. Highways lead to and from population centres, mainly Melbourne and other major cities. Rail transport in Victoria is common. Major railway line operators include Metro Trains Melbourne, V/Line and Pacific National.
Melbourne Airport is the biggest domestic and international airport for Victoria. It is linked to Melbourne by the Tullamarine Freeway.
The Port of Melbourne is the largest port for cargo in Australia, located in Melbourne near Yarra River. Additional seaports are at Westernport Bay, Geelong, and Portland.
Tourism
Melbourne
See main article Melbourne.
The city of Melbourne has many attractions, including shopping, the Crown Casino, Melbourne Zoo, Melbourne Museum, Melbourne Aquarium, Melbourne Docklands, Southbank and St. Kilda. Melbourne is also the home of cultural and sporting icons such as The Arts Centre, National Gallery of Victoria and the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) which held the 1956 Summer Olympic Games.
Other
The historic cities of Ballarat, Beechworth, Bendigo, Castlemaine, Maldon and Daylesford which were all towns built on the goldfields during the 1850s.
Natural attractions include The Twelve Apostles on the Great Ocean Road, Wilson's Promontory, The Grampians, Buchan Caves, Gippsland Lakes and the penguins on Phillip Island. The Dandenong Ranges just east of Melbourne has the Puffing Billy Railway and Healesville Sanctuary.
The Murray River which is the state's northern border, has towns including Echuca and Mildura. Boating, fishing and other water sports are popular along the river.
Geelong, south west of Melbourne on Corio Bay, has many beaches, and hosts the Australian International Airshow. Nearby is the Bellarine Peninsula, which has many famous beaches such as Bells Beach, Torquay and Queenscliff.
The Mornington Peninsula is well known for its beaches and wineries.
The Victorian Alpine Region in the Australian Alps is popular for skiing with resorts at Falls Creek, Mount Hotham, and Mount Buffalo.
Sport
Victoria is the home of AFL, with ten of the eighteen clubs of the Australian Football League based in Victoria. The traditional Grand Final is held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on the last Saturday in September.
Victoria's cricket team, the Victorian Bushrangers play in the national Pura Cup cricket competition.
Victoria has one team each represented in the National Rugby League and the Australian Rugby Championship, the Melbourne Storm and Melbourne Rebels respectively.
Climate
Victoria's climate varies greatly despite its small size. It ranges from the snowfields in the north east where the temperatures can be below freezing, to the dry semi-arid Mallee area of the north west where it can get very hot.
Overall, the southern position of Victoria means it tends to be a bit cooler and wetter than the other Australian mainland states.
The hottest temperature recorded in Victoria was 48.8 °C at Hopetoun, on the 9 February, 2009.
The coldest temperature recorded in Victoria was -11.7 °C at Omeo, on 15 June, 1965.
The highest daily rainfall was 375mm at Tanbryn, on 22 March, 1983.
History
Early history
Victoria was the scene of much volcanic activity which started 40 million years ago. The Western Volcanic Plains which cover 10% of the state are the third largest volcanic plains in the world. Most of the plains were formed about six million years ago. There are about 400 volcanoes on the plains.
It is unknown exactly when humans settled in Victoria. A site near Keilor has evidence of Australian Aborigines living near on the Maribyrnong River more than 31,000 years ago. Victoria was one of the most populated areas of Australia. The Aborigines used fire-stick farming to burn the volcanic plains regularly, and they became some of the biggest grass plains in the world. This supported large numbers of animals such as kangaroos and wallabies. The Kulin federation were a large language group that lived on the plains and included the Watha wurrung, Boon wurrung, Woi wurrung, Daung wurrung and Djadja wurrung people. Other groups in Victoria included the Jari Jari, Ladji Ladji, Wemba Wemba, Wergaia, Jardwadjali, Gunnai, Waywurru and the Taungurung. In the rivers, creeks and wetlands the Aboriginals had built large fish traps to catch both fish and eels. In the Yarra River wetlands, some of these traps had stone walls about high.
European settlement
First attempts
Within ten years of the British settlement at Sydney in 1788, explorers began looking at the coast of Victoria. The first settlement in Victoria was at Sorrento, just inside the entrance to Port Phillip Bay. A small group of 51 soldiers, 308 convicts, 17 free settlers, 12 officials, one missionary and his wife, led by Lieutenant-Governor David Collins set up camp at the end of 1803. They had come from England to set up a colony because the British government was worried that the French may try to claim the area. However they were unable to find water and gave up the settlement within six weeks. They went further south and began the settlement of Hobart, Tasmania. While at Sorrento, a convict named William Buckley escaped. He lived with Aboriginal tribes until meeting with Europeans again when Melbourne was settled in 1835. On 12 December 1826, Captain Samuel Wright, Lieutenant Burchill, explorer William Hovell and 21 convicts tried to start a settlement near Corinella, on Westernport Bay. This was also unsuccessful and the group went back to Sydney on 19 February 1828.
Although the two official attempts to settle in Victoria had failed, there were a number of unofficial settlements along the coast. From 1820 small groups of people lived at various places along the south coast, including Phillip Island. They were hunting seals and Southern Right Whales. The Launceston Fishing Company had a base at Portland Bay. These hunters were often in conflict with the Aboriginal communities. The Europeans often captured Aboriginal women to use as slaves and for sex. Edward Henty moved to Portland Bay and began sheep farming in December 1834. These settlements were against the law, as the British government was trying to restrict the areas of settlement. They argued that they did not have the ability to provide support to remote and isolated settlements. Repeated requests for official permission to settle in Victoria were refused by the government.
John Batman
In 1835 a group of settlers, farmers and government officials from Tasmania formed the Port Phillip Association. Led by John Batman, who had heard about the grass plains from William Hovell, the group decided to ignore the British government and move flocks of sheep to Victoria. Batman landed at Indented Head, Victoria on 29 May 1835. He began exploring Port Phillip Bay. On 6 June 1835 he met with Aboriginal leaders near Merri Creek, and made a treaty. Under this treaty the Aboriginals agreed to allow Batman to use their land for his sheep. In return, they could continue to stay on the land, they would be provided with food and goods, and they would receive protection from other Europeans. This was the only treaty ever made with the Australian Aborigines. On 26 August 1835, the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, said the treaty was against the law. The land belonged to the crown, and did not belong to the Aboriginals.
At the end of 1835, the British government changed its policy on settlement in eastern Australia. People were allowed to use large areas of the country for sheep farming. If people paid a £10 fee, they could settle wherever they liked. These farmers became known as "squatters", as they "sat" on the land, which they did not own. The effect of this new policy meant that between 1835 and 1838, more land was settled than had been since 1788. It has been described as the fastest land occupation in history. By 1849, just 1019 squatters had taken over 17.7 million hectares of land.
The effect of the fast land occupation had terrible consequences for the Victorian Aborigines. The squatters moved their sheep onto the grasslands that had once been the Aborigines main source of food. The squatters built their farms near the waterholes and creeks where the Aborigines had camped for thousands of years. The Aborigines began to kill sheep to eat, and attempted to stop people from taking their land. The early settlers tried to remove the Aborigines from the land. Sometimes they were chased away, and sometimes they were murdered. For example, at Murdering Creek, near Camperdown, 35-40 men, women and children were shot dead by the manager of Glenorminston Station, Frederick Taylor and several of his farm workers.
Gold
Gold was found in Victoria at Clunes on 28 June 1851. With further discoveries at Ballarat, Bendigo and Castlemaine there was a huge increase in the population as people came from all around the world.
References
Other websites
Postcode Tool - Victoria
Official Phillip Island Tourism Association site Accommodation and attractions on and around Phillip Island.
Phillip Island Ferry Service
Phillip Island Nature Park Web Site Includes Penguin Parade and Koala Conservation Center.
Phillip Island Accommodation
1851 establishments
1850s establishments in Australia |
16522 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos%20theory | Chaos theory | Chaos theory is a part of mathematics. It looks at certain systems that are very sensitive. A very small change may make the system behave completely differently.
Very small changes in the starting position of a chaotic system make a big difference after a while. This is why even large computers cannot tell the weather for more than a few days in the future. Even if the weather was perfectly measured, a small change or error will make the prediction completely wrong. Since even a butterfly can make enough wind to change weather, a chaotic system is sometimes called the "butterfly effect". No computer knows enough to tell how the small wind will change the weather.
Some systems (like weather) might appear random at first look, but chaos theory says that these kinds of systems or patterns may not be. If people pay close enough attention to what is really going on, they might notice the chaotic patterns.
The main idea of chaos theory is that a minor difference at the start of a process can make a major change in it as time progresses. Quantum chaos theory is a new idea in the study of chaos theory. It deals with quantum physics.
Examples
As an example, take a pendulum that is attached at some point, and swings freely. Connecting a second pendulum to the first will make the system completely different. It is very hard to start in exactly the same position again - a change in starting position so small that it cannot even be seen can quickly cause the pendulum swing to become different from what it was before.
A very important part to the study of chaos theory is the study of mathematics functions that are known as fractals. Fractal functions work like chaotic systems: a small change in the starting values can change the value of the function in ways that look random. Due to the fact that they are mathematical, they are easy to study.
Related pages
Discontinuous function
Lorenz attractor
Systems theory
Fields of mathematics
Basic physics ideas
Systems theory |
16524 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1540 | 1540 |
Events
January 6 – Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth wife. |
16527 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20World | First World | First World is a term used in politics and economics to refer to the richer and more developed nations. In these countries, the majority of the people are in the middle class and enjoy a good standard of living. This term is being used less, as terms like global North and developed world become more common.
List of First World nations
Andorra
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Monaco
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
San Marino
Singapore
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Vatican City
Politics
Economics
Country classifications |
16530 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulan%20%281998%20movie%29 | Mulan (1998 movie) | Mulan is a 1998 American animated movie produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation. It is the 36th movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. It is set in old-time China and based on local legend. The movie stars the voices of Ming-Na Wen and Eddie Murphy. Mulan was a success with its fans because it was different from Disney's other movies in terms of music and artistic design. The music was written by Jerry Goldsmith who also wrote the music for another animated movie, 1982's The Secret of NIMH. Christina Aguilera sang Reflections or the movie's soundtrack. A direct-to-video sequel, Mulan II, was released on February 1, 2005.
In 2018, Disney announced that they were making a live action remake.
Story
An army of Huns, led by Shan Yu, arrive and try to invade China. The Chinese army recruits each man from every family for them to start a war. Mulan's father, Fa Zhou, suffers an injury and he cannot fight. After fears of dishonoring her family after embarassing herself in front of the 'matchmaker,' Mulan decides that she must save her father. She decides to become a boy to bring "honor" to her family. She packs her father's armour and weapon and leaves to report to the army.
Mushu is an old spirit guardian of the Fa family, who has lost his job and been turned into a dragon. The family ancestors want to send someone to watch over Mulan on her journey, and Mushu takes the job in order to restore his honour. He and the lucky cricket of the family catch up with Mulan, as she joins the small army led by Li Shang. Mulan makes up a soldier name Ping. All the men in the new army need a lot of training, but after a while the soldiers must face the enemy.
The army meets the Huns in the snowy mountains. When the Chinese are attacked, Mulan uses a cannon to start an avalanche which buries and kills the rest of Shan Yu's army. Mulan is hurt by a sword, and the doctor who examines her finds that she is not a boy but a girl. Li Shang leaves Mulan alone in the mountains but doesn't kill her. The army arrives at the Emperor's palace in the Imperial City. As Mulan and her animals spend the night trying to light a fire, they witness some of the surviving enemies climbing from the snow, and they start moving towards the Emperor's city. Mulan decides to follow them and warn her friends in the army.
In the Imperial City the army is celebratinh for winning the war while no one will listen to Mulan's warnings, since she is a girl. Suddenly Shan Yu and his surviving men step forward, kidnapping the emperor and hiding in the palace. Mulan and her soldier friends dress up as palace women and manage to fool the attackers and move the emperor to safety. With her friends' help, Mulan destroys Shan Yu using a store of fireworks. The emperor rewards her for saving the country.
Mulan returns home with her imperial gifts to show her family. The honour of Mulan, of her family, and also of the dragon are now restored. Shang is encouraged by the emperor to marry Mulan. He travels to her town, pays a visit, and is invited to dinner by her family.
References
Other websites
Official Site
1998 movies
1998 animated movies
American family movies
American musical movies
Disney animated movies
English-language movies
Movies set in China
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Mulan (Disney)
Multilingual movies |
16531 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1823 | 1823 |
Events
Mexico becomes a republic.
Monroe Doctrine is expressed during President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2
Art, music, theatre, and literature
December 23 - "A Visit from St. Nicholas" ("The Night Before Christmas") |
16532 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876 | 1876 |
Births
December 25 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan.
Events
The telephone is invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
The United States celebrated its 100th birthday.
The Falkland Island Fox becomes extinct. |
16534 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861 | 1861 | 1861 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
The American Civil War begins.
January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City.
March 19 – The First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand.
August 19 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.
September – The first complete identified remains of Archaeopteryx are discovered in Germany. |
16535 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1829 | 1829 |
Births
September 7 – Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, German organic chemist (d. 1896) |
16536 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore | Baltimore | Baltimore is the biggest city in the U.S. state of Maryland. In 2010 it had about 620,961 people living there. It is not in any county, so it is called an independent city. It is next to the Chesapeake Bay and used to be an important port for trade by ships. There is still some shipping but the Inner Harbor is now mostly famous for shopping and restaurants, and also for the National Aquarium and other museums.
Baltimore is home to the Ravens (football) and Orioles (baseball), both professional sports teams. Its main newspaper is the Baltimore Sun. There is a place for horse races in the city called Pimlico. There are many colleges and universities in Baltimore, like Johns Hopkins University.
The city was made in 1729 and is named after the British Lord Baltimore who started the colony of Maryland. The mayor of this city is Stephanie Rawlings-Blake. She is the second woman to be the mayor of Baltimore, the first was Sheila Dixon. Many governors of Maryland were mayor of Baltimore first. One famous thing that happened in Baltimore was in the War of 1812, when the British attacked the city and Francis Scott Key wrote a song about it called "The Star-Spangled Banner". It is now the national song of the United States.
Some famous people from Baltimore are the Supreme Court judge Thurgood Marshall, the poet and writer Edgar Allen Poe, the baseball player Babe Ruth, the singer Billie Holiday, and the movie director John Waters.
History
In 1706, the colony of Maryland's General Assembly created the Port of Baltimore at Locust Point. It was built for tobacco trading. The Town of Baltimore was founded on July 30, 1729. It was named after Cecilius Calvert, the British Lord Baltimore. Calvert was the first Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. Baltimore grew quickly in the 1700s as a granary (place for storing cereals and grains) for the sugar plantations in the Caribbean.
Baltimore was important in the time leading up to the American Revolution. Leaders like Jonathan Plowman Jr. got the city to refuse to pay taxes to Britain. Merchants (people who buy and sell things) signed agreements to not trade with Britain. The Second Continental Congress met in the Henry Fite House from December 1776 to February 1777. This made Baltimore the capitol of the United States during this time. In 1796, after the war, the Town of Baltimore, nearby Jonestown, and an area called Fells Point were incorporated as the City of Baltimore. (This means that these areas all merged and became the City of Baltimore.) The city was a part of Baltimore County until 1851. It then became an independent city.
During the War of 1812, the Battle of Baltimore happened in the city. The British attacked Baltimore on the night of September 13, 1814. This was right after they burned Washington D.C.. United States soldiers from Fort McHenry defended the Inner Harbor. Francis Scott Key watched the battle from a British ship in the harbor. He wrote the poem "The Star-Spangled Banner" about the attack. Later, "The Star-Spangled Banner" became the official National Anthem of the United States.
After the war, the number of people who lived in the city grew quickly. The National Road (now part of U.S. Route 40) and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) connected the city with big markets in the Midwest. This made Baltimore a very important shipping and manufacturing center. Baltimore was nicknamed "the Monumental City" by President John Quincy Adams in 1827. During an event, Adams gave a toast and said: "Baltimore: the Monumental City – [m]ay the days of her safety be as prosperous and happy, as the days of her dangers have been trying and triumphant." In 1835, the Baltimore bank riots happened. These were one of the worst riots of the antebellum South. (The antebellum period is the time right before the American Civil War.)
During the American Civil War, Maryland did not secede from the Union. (That is, Maryland stayed a part of the Union and did not join the Confederacy.) When Union soldiers marched through the city at the start of the war, some people attacked the soldiers. This started the Baltimore riot of 1861. Four soldiers and 12 civilians were killed. After the riot, Union soldiers occupied (stayed in) Baltimore. During the war, Maryland was governed directly by the federal government and the state government did not have any power. This was to keep the state from seceding (leaving the Union). After the war ended in April 1865, Maryland began governing itself again.
During the 1870s there was an economic depression called the "Panic of 1873." After the Panic, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad company decided to pay its workers less. This caused the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. These strikes stopped train service in Cumberland in western Maryland. On July 20, 1877, the Maryland Governor, John Lee Carroll, ordered the Maryland Army National Guard to stop the strikes. People who supported the railroad workers attacked the national guard soldiers. Soldiers from the 6th Regiment fired their guns at the crowd. 10 people were killed, and 25 people were hurt. This started a riot. Trains were damaged and parts of Camden Station were burned. US Army soldiers came to Baltimore to protect the railroad and end the strike. The riot and strike ended on July 21–22, 1877.
The Great Baltimore Fire started on February 7, 1904. It burned for 30 hours and destroyed 1,500 buildings. More than 70 blocks of downtown burned to the ground. The fire caused about $150 million of damage (US$ million in .)
The city grew bigger by annexing (absorbing) suburbs from nearby counties. The last suburb was added in 1918. The city added parts of Baltimore County and Anne Arundel County. In 1948, the state constitution was amended (changed). It now required a special vote by citizens before an area could be added to the city. This stopped the expansion (growth) of the city.
In 1950, the city was 23.8% black. By 1970, it was 46.4% black. After Martin Luther King, Jr. was murdered in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968, the Baltimore riot of 1968 started. It lasted until April 12, 1968. The riot cost the city about $10 million (US$ million in ). During the riot, 11,000 Maryland National Guard soldiers and US Army soldiers tried to protect the city. It is possible to see some effects of the riots today. Parts of North Avenue, Howard Street, Gay Street, and Pennsylvania Avenue are barren, empty, and not taken care of.
During the 1970s, Baltimore's downtown area, called the "Inner Harbor," was run down and neglected. It was full of empty and abandoned warehouses. The city began trying to redevelop the area. The Baltimore Convention Center was opened in 1979. Harborplace, a shopping and restaurant area, opened in 1980. The National Aquarium in Baltimore (Maryland's largest tourist destination) and the Baltimore Museum of Industry opened in 1981. In 1992, the Baltimore Orioles baseball team moved from Memorial Stadium to Oriole Park at Camden Yards near the harbor. Six years later the Baltimore Ravens football team moved into M&T Bank Stadium next to Camden Yards.
The National Register of Historic Places lists 280 historical properties in Baltimore city.
Geography
Baltimore is in north-central Maryland. It is on the Patapsco River, close to where it empties into the Chesapeake Bay. It is on the fall line between the Piedmont Plateau and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. (The fall line is a phrase in geology that means that this is a place where two different kinds of earth meet.) The fall line splits Baltimore into a "lower city" and "upper city."
At the harbor, the city is at sea level. The highest point is near Pimlico in the northwest. There the elevation is .
According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of . This is of land and of water. The total area of Baltimore City is 12.07% water.
Climate
Baltimore is in the humid subtropical climate zone (Cfa.) This is according to the Köppen climate classification
July is usually the hottest month of the year. The average temperature in July is . Summer is usually very humid. The highest temperature on record is in 1936.
January is the coldest month of the year. Sometimes wind from the subtropics brings springlike weather during winter. At night, winds from the Arctic make temperatures drop into the teens (in Fahrenheit; less than -7 °C.) Some nights the temperature drops to the single digits (less than -12 °C.) The coldest temperature on record is from 1934.
Downtown Baltimore and the parts of the city that are on the coast are usually warmer than other parts of Baltimore. This is because of the urban heat island effect. Also the Chesapeake Bay acts to moderate the effects of temperature. This means that the water helps keep the temperature from changing greatly.
Baltimore gets a lot of rain during the whole year. There is no "rainy season" or "dry season." This is normal in most cities on the East Coast of the United States. Every month, about of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, etc.) falls in Baltimore. The total rainfall yearly average is around . There are usually about 105 sunny days in a year. There are lots of rain showers and thunderstorms during spring, summer, and fall. In the winter, there are longer but lighter rain showers, and less sunshine and more clouds. It sometimes snows in the winter. The average snowfall is .
Cityscape
Architecture
Baltimore has architecture in every style from the last 200-plus years. Many famous architects have designed buildings in the city. Some of these architects are Benjamin Latrobe, George A. Frederick, John Russell Pope, Mies Van Der Rohe and I. M. Pei.
The city has some buildings that are thought to be important to the history of architecture. Baltimore Basilica (1806–1821) was designed by Benjamin Latrobe in the neoclassical style. It is the oldest Roman Catholic Cathedral in the United States. The Municipal Museum of Baltimore, often called the Peale Museum, was build in 1813 by Robert Cary Long, Sr. It was built for Rembrandt Peale and is the first building in the United States designed specifically to be a museum. The McKim Free School, built by Isaac McKim in 1822, shows the interest of early American architects in ancient Greek art.
The Phoenix Shot Tower (1828) was the tallest building in the United States until the Civil War. It is tall. The tower was build without scaffolding. The Sun Iron Building (1851) was the first iron-front building. Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church (1870) has stained glass windows by Louis Comfort Tiffany. It has been called "one of the most significant buildings in this city, a treasure of art and architecture" by Baltimore Magazine. The 1845 Greek Revival style Lloyd Street Synagogue is one of the oldest synagogues in the United States.
The Baltimore World Trade Center was built in 1977 by architect I.M. Pei. The building is in the shape of an equilateral pentagon (it has five equal sides.) It is the tallest building of this shape in the world.
Oriole Park at Camden Yards is considered by many to be the most beautiful baseball park in Major League Baseball. It is designed to be "retro style". The park has inspired many other cities to build their own retro ballparks. Camden Yards and the National Aquarium have helped revive the Inner Harbor. The area used to be an industrial district of run-down and abandoned warehouses. Today it is a lively commercial district full of bars, restaurants, and stores.
Tallest buildings
Neighborhoods
Baltimore is officially split into nine regions. These regions are based on geography. Each region is patrolled by their own Baltimore Police Department district. These regions are: Northern, Northwestern, Northeastern, Western, Central, Eastern, Southern, Southwestern, and Southeastern. Locals sometimes split the city into "East Baltimore" and "West Baltimore" along Charles Street. Other locals sometimes split the city into "North Baltimore" and "South Baltimore" along Baltimore Street.
The Central district includes Downtown Baltimore, Harborplace, The Camden Yards Sports Complex (Oriole Park at Camden Yards and M&T Bank Stadium), the Convention Center, and the National Aquarium in Baltimore. It is the city's main commercial area. It also has many nightclubs, bars, restaurants, shopping centers, and other attractions. Many of the city's key businesses are in this area as well. The University of Maryland, Baltimore campus, University of Maryland Medical System, Maryland Institute College of Art, the Peabody Institute of music, the Lyric Opera House, The Walters Art Museum, and The Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall are also in the central district.
The Northern District is north of the Central district. Loyola University Maryland, The Johns Hopkins University and College of Notre Dame of Maryland are in this district. Some of the richer residential neighborhoods are also here. The neighborhood of Roland Park, the first planned suburban community in America, is one of these richer neighborhoods. The borders of the district are made by The Alameda on the east and Pimlico Road on the west.
The Southern district is the part of the city below the Inner Harbor and east of the B&O Railroad tracks. It is a mix of industrial and residential areas. It is also a mix of many demographics, cultures, and ethnicities. It is home to the ethnically diverse neighborhood of Locust Point, the historic neighborhood Federal Hill, and poor residential neighborhoods like Cherry Hill. There are two Port of Baltimore terminals in this district. The old Domino Sugar plant is also here.
The Northeastern district is mostly residential. It is home to Morgan State University. Today it is mostly African-American. The district is bordered by the city line to the north and east; Sinclair Lane, Erdman Avenue, and Pulaski Highway on the south; and The Alameda on the west.
The Eastern district is mostly poor, African-American residential neighborhoods. There are entire blocks of abandoned buildings. The district is also dangerous and has a problem with drug trafficking. For this reason, the TV show The Wire was often filmed in this district. This area is also home to Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. The district is bordered by Erdman Avenue, Sinclair Lane, and Orleans Street.
The Southeastern district is a mix of industrial and residential areas. Neighborhoods in this district usually have a mix of races and cultures. The district is bordered by Orleans Street, the Inner Harbor, the city line, and the Baltimore harbor.
The Northwestern district is mostly residential. It is also home to the Pimlico Race Course and Sinai Hospital. Until the 1960s, Baltimore's Jewish community was based in the Park Heights neighborhood. Since then, there has been "white flight" and the neighborhood today is almost all black. Northern Parkway is a dividing line in the district. North of the parkway, the neighborhoods are mostly white. Some of these are Mount Washington and Cheswolde. South of the parkway, the neighborhoods are mostly black. The borders of the district are made up by the county line on the north and west, Gwynns Falls Parkway on the south and Pimlico Road on the east.
The Western district is the home of Coppin State University, Mondawmin Mall, and Edmondson Village. These are important to the culture, economy and history of the city's African American community. This district used to be the home to many middle and upper class African Americans, but they have moved away since. Today, more than 45% of people living in some neighborhoods have income levels below the poverty line. Some of the crime from this district was used in the TV show The Wire. The district is west of downtown. Its borders are Gwynns Falls Parkway, Fremont Avenue, and Baltimore Street.
The Southwestern district is a mix of industrial parks and residential areas. St. Agnes Hospital is in this district. It has Baltimore County to the west, Baltimore Street to the north, and the downtown area to the east.
Neighboring communities
The City of Baltimore is next to several communities. All of these are unincorporated census-designated places.
Arbutus
Baltimore Highlands
Brooklyn Park
Catonsville
Dundalk
Glen Burnie
LansdowneLochearn
Overlea
Parkville
Pikesville
Rosedale
Towson
Woodlawn
Culture
Baltimore is sometimes called the "city of neighborhoods." This name comes from the fact that it has 72 official historic districts (areas). People of one ethnic group mainly live in each one of these areas. Some of the most important today are downtown. These are the Inner Harbor, Fells Point, and Little Italy. The Inner Harbor has lots of hotels, shops, and museums. Many tourists visit the Inner Harbor. Fells Point used to be a place where sailors went for entertainment. Today it has been rebuilt and cleaned up. This is the neighborhood in the movie Sleepless in Seattle. Little Italy is where the Italian-American people live and work. Nancy Pelosi grew up in this neighborhood. She used to be Speaker of the House in Congress.
Another important neighborhood is Mount Vernon. This neighborhood is the center of culture and art in Baltimore. There are many important monuments and museums there. One important monument is the Washington Monument. This monument was built in the 1800s in a plaza. It is older than the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C..
Every year there is an art festival called Artscape. The festival is in the Bolton Hill neighborhood. This is very close to the Maryland Institute College of Art. Artscape is called the "largest free arts festival in America." Another art festival that happens in Baltmore is the Maryland Film Festival. It happens every year in May. At the Film Festival, movies are shown at the Charles Theatre. (The Charles Theatre is an old cinema.)
One of Baltimore's nicknames is "Charm City." Some advertisers wanted to make the city's reputation better. They started using the name in 1975.
Language
People in Baltimore speak English. They have a very unique accent and way of speaking (dialect). For example, they pronounce "Baltimore" as "Balamer" or "Balmer." The Baltimore dialect is sometimes called "Baltimorese." It is a kind of Mid-Atlantic English. People from Baltimore will often call each other "Hon."
There are movies that parody (make fun of) the way people from Baltimore talk. A lot of these movies are made by John Waters. He is a movie maker from Baltimore. Most of Waters's movies were made in Baltimore. Pink Flamingos and Hairspray are some of these movies. Waters also wrote the musical version of Hairspray.
Important people
Many very famous and important people were born or raised in Baltimore. Some of these are:
Spiro Agnew (1918-1996), the 39th Vice President of the United States
Tori Amos (1963-, grew up in Baltimore), a singer, songwriter, and pianist
Carmelo Anthony (1985-, grew up in Baltimore), a professional basketball player for the New York Knicks
John Astin (1930-), actor who played Gomez Addams on The Addams Family television series
Eubie Blake (1883-1983), pianist and composer of ragtime and jazz
Cab Calloway (1907–1994), jazz singer and bandleader, raised in Baltimore
Samuel Chase (1741–1811), a signer of the Declaration of Independence and US Supreme Court judge
Tom Clancy (1947-2013), author of The Hunt for Red October
Kevin Clash (1960-), puppeteer best known for Elmo on Sesame Street
Frederick Douglass (1818–1895), abolitionist, public figure, orator (speaker), editor and author
Kevin Durant (1988-), NBA basketball player for Oklahoma City Thunder
Philip Glass (1937-), minimalist composer
Dashiell Hammett (1894–1961), detective, writer of Maltese Falcon, born in Maryland and worked as a detective in Baltimore
David Hasselhoff (1952-), actor
Billie Holiday (1915–1959), jazz singer
Stacy Keibler (1979-), actress, former professional wrestler
Thurgood Marshall (1908–1993), first African American US Supreme Court Justice
Jim McKay (1921–2008), television sports journalist
Ogden Nash (1902–1971), poet
Edward Norton, (1969-), actor in Fight Club, The Italian Job, and The Incredible Hulk
Nancy Pelosi (1940-), U.S. Representative from California & former Speaker of the House of the US House of Representatives
Michael Phelps (1985-), Olympic swimmer, multiple world-record holder, winner of more gold medals (18) and total medals (22) than any other Olympian
Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), poet, short story writer, editor and critic
Parker Posey (1968-), actress, known for Dazed and Confused, Waiting for Guffman, Scream 3, and Best in Show
John Rawls (1921–2002), political philosopher
Cal Ripken, Jr. (1960-), former shortstop and third baseman for the Baltimore Orioles, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame
Axl Rotten (1971-), professional wrestler
Babe Ruth (George Herman Ruth) (1895–1948), professional baseball player for the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees and Boston Braves, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame
Pat Sajak (1946-), host of 'Wheel of Fortune'
Dwight Schultz (1947-), actor on The A-Team (H.M. Murdock) and Star Trek: The Next Generation (Lt. Reginald Barclay)
Upton Sinclair (1878-1968), author The Jungle and winner of the Pulitzer Prize
John Waters (1946-), filmmaker
George Whipple (1878–1976), winner of the 1934 Nobel Prize in Medicine
Montel Williams (1956-), television talk-show host
Frank Zappa (1940–1993), singer, guitarist, composer and satirist
Economy
Baltimore used to be mostly industrial. There was a lot of steel processing, shipping, car manufacturing, and transportation. Deindustrialization happened, and Baltimore lost a lot of jobs that paid a lot of money and did not need a lot of training or skill. Today, most of the jobs in Baltimore are service economy jobs. These jobs do not pay very much. 90% of jobs are service jobs today.
In July 2012, the unemployment rate was 11%. Also in 2012, the steel mill (factory) at Sparrow's Point closed. This will mean more people will lose their jobs. 25% of people who live in Baltimore, and 37% of all children living in Baltimore, live in poverty.
Johns Hopkins Hospital is in Baltimore. Some big companies from Baltimore are Under Armour, Cordish Company, and Royal Farms. There is a big sugar refinery in Baltimore. It is owned by American Sugar Refining.
Transportation
There are eight Interstate Highways in Baltimore. These are:
I-70
I-83 (the Jones Falls Expressway)
I-95 (the John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway)
I-395
I-695 (the Baltimore Beltway)
I-795 (the Northwest Expressway)
I-895 (the Harbor Tunnel Thruway)
I-97
Some of these highways do not connect to each other. I-70 stops at a parking lot just inside of the city. This is because of "freeway revolts" that happened in Baltimore. The interstate highways were supposed to go through downtown Baltimore, but the people in the city did not want this to happen. Barbara Mikulski, now a United States Senator, started the "freeway revolts" to keep the highways from being built in downtown.
Today there are some highways numbered U.S. highways and state routes that run through downtown. These are US 1, US 40 National Road, and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway. There are also some tunnels underneath the Baltimore harbor. I-95 runs through the Fort McHenry Tunnel. I-895 runs through the Harbor Tunnel.
Baltimore has a beltway. A beltway is a highway that circles around a city. The Baltimore Beltway is I-695. It crosses over the Chesapeake Bay on the Francis Scott Key Bridge. This bridge is just south of the Inner Harbor.
Baltimore is an important train stop. Amtrak trains in the Northeast Corridor stop in Baltimore. Penn Station is one of the busiest train stations in the country. In 2008 it was the 8th busiest train station in the United States. That year, more than 1 million people took a train to or from Penn Station. Another important train station is at Baltimore-Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport. Many Amtrak trains stop at the BWI Rail Station. The Amtrak trains that stop in Baltimore are: Acela Express, Palmetto, Carolinian, Silver Star, Silver Meteor, Vermonter, Crescent, and Northeast Regional. The MARC commuter rail service also has trains that stop in Baltimore. The MARC trains run from Camden Station and Penn Station in Baltimore to Union Station in Washington, D.C..
Education
Colleges and universities
Baltimore has many colleges and universities. These are both public (run by the government) and private. Some of them are:
Private
Baltimore International College (BIC)
The Johns Hopkins University (JHU)
Loyola University Maryland (LUM)
Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA)
Notre Dame of Maryland University (NDM)
Peabody Institute of the Johns Hopkins University
Sojourner-Douglass College
Public
Baltimore City Community College (BCCC)
Coppin State University (CSU)
Morgan State University (MSU)
University of Baltimore (UB)
University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB, formerly UMAB)
Primary and secondary schools
Baltimore City Public School System runs Baltimore's public schools. Some of these schools are well known. Carver Vocational-Technical High School was the first vocational high school for African-Americans in Maryland. Lake Clifton Eastern High School is the biggest school campus in Baltimore City. Frederick Douglass High School is the second-oldest African-American high school in the United States. Baltimore City College is the third oldest public high school in the country. Western High School is the oldest public all-girls school in the nation. Baltimore City College and Baltimore Polytechnic Institute are football rivals. This is the second-oldest high school football rivalry in the country.
Media
Baltimore Stations
WBFF FOX
WMPB PBS
Baltimore's main newspaper is The Baltimore Sun. In 1986, the newspaper was sold to the Times Mirror Company. This company was bought by the Tribune Company in 2000. Today, The Sun is still a Tribune newspaper.
Baltimore had two newspapers until 1986. (It was very common for US cities to have two newspapers.) The other main newspaper was the Baltimore News-American. The News-American went out of business in 1986.
The Baltimore Examiner was started in 2006 to compete with The Sun. It was owned and run by a company that also published newspapers like The San Francisco Examiner and The Washington Examiner. The Examiner was a free newspaper that was paid for by advertising. (The Sun is not free.) The Examiner was not able to make money, and it stopped being published on February 15, 2009.
According to Nielsen Market Research, Baltimore had the 26th-largest television market in 2008-2009. It was the 27th-largest market for 2009-2010. Arbitron listed Baltimore as the 22nd-largest radio market in Fall 2010.
Sports teams
Baseball
Baltimore has a long baseball history. The first team to play for Baltimore were the 19th century Baltimore Orioles (1882-1899). This was one of the most successful early baseball teams. The team had many hall of famers play for them. The great Babe Ruth was born in Baltimore in 1895. He played for the minor league Baltimore Orioles team. This team existed from 1903 to 1914 and from 1916 to 1953.
Today, Baltimore's Major League Baseball team is the Baltimore Orioles. They play in the American League. The Orioles came to Baltimore in 1954. Before that, the team had been in St. Louis, Missouri, where they were called the St. Louis Browns. The Orioles went to the World Series in 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1979 and 1983. They won the World Series three times: in 1966, 1960, and 1983.
In 1995, Cal Ripken, Jr. broke the record for the most games played in a row. The old record was set by Lou Gehrig, and was 2,130 games. Ripken was added to the Baseball Hall of Fame. He was also named "Sportsman of the Year" by Sports Illustrated magazine. There are six Orioles players and two managers in the hall of fame.
Football
Baltimore's first football team were the Baltimore Colts. The team came to Baltimore in 1953. Before then, they had played in Dallas, Texas as the Dallas Texans. The Colts played for Baltimore until 1984. In 1984, the team moved to Indianapolis and took the name. Today the team still plays as the Indianapolis Colts.
In 1996, the Cleveland Browns came to Baltimore. They were renamed the Baltimore Ravens. The Ravens won a Super Bowl championship in 2000 and again in 2012. They also won three American Football Conference (AFC) North division championships in 2003, 2006, and 2011. In addition, the played in three AFC Championship Games in 2000, 2009, and 2011.
Other teams and events
Baltimore has an indoor soccer team, the Baltimore Blast. They play for the Major Indoor Soccer League at the 1st Mariner Arena. The team joined the League in 2001. The Blast have won 5 league championships: 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2008.
The Baltimore Blues are a semi-professional rugby league football club. They will compete in the USA Rugby League in 2012. Other professional or semi-professional Baltimore teams include Crystal Palace Baltimore, an outdoor soccer franchise of
USL Second Division. The Charm City Roller Girls are a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association since 2005.
The Preakness Stakes are held every May at the Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore. The Preakness is the "second jewel" in the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.
Car races are held on the streets of downtown every year in September. The Baltimore Grand Prix runs through the Inner Harbor. It started in 2011. The American Le Mans Series, IndyCar Series, Indy Lights, and other races are a part of it.
Politics
Baltimore is very politically liberal. The mayor of Baltimore is a Democrat. 84.7% of the voters in 2016 voted for the Democrat Hillary Clinton, and 87.2% of the voters in 2012 voted for the Democrat Barack Obama. The last time a Republican running for president won more votes than the Democratic candidate in Baltimore was 1956. Even in 1984, when Ronald Reagan won 49 states in his reelction campaign, only 28.2% of the voters in Baltimore voted for him.
Sister cities
Baltimore has eleven sister cities. These were picked by Sister Cities International.
Alexandria, Egypt (1995)
Ashkelon, Israel (2005)
Bremerhaven, Germany (2007)
Gbarnga, Liberia (1973)
Genoa, Italy (1985)
Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan (1978)
Luxor, Egypt (1982)
Odessa, Ukraine (1974)
Piraeus, Greece (1982)
Rotterdam, Netherlands (1985)
Xiamen, Fujian, China (1985)
References
County seats in Maryland
1720s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1729 establishments
18th-century establishments in Maryland |
16537 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantilly%2C%20Virginia | Chantilly, Virginia | Chantilly is a community in Fairfax County, Virginia. The Battle of Chantilly was fought here during the American Civil War.
Notable local organizations
Ellanor C. Lawrence Park – Along Route 28 between Chantilly and Centreville, the park houses athletic fields—including soccer, baseball, and softball fields, trails, and fitness stations. Coyote sightings have been reported within the park.
Flat Lick Stream Valley Park
The Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex of the National Air and Space Museum
The headquarters of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). It designs, builds, and operates the spy satellites of the United States government, and provides satellite intelligence to several government agencies, particularly signals intelligence (SIGINT) to the NSA, imagery intelligence (IMINT) to the NGA, and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) to the DIA.
The Westfields Marriott in Chantilly hosted the annual Bilderberg summit in 2002; 2008, 2012, and 2017, There were protests.
References
Cities in Virginia |
16539 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus%20Christi%2C%20Texas | Corpus Christi, Texas | Corpus Christi, Texas is a city in the United States. It is near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and is one of the fastest growing cities in America. Its economy is based around petroleum refining and tourism.
The city was founded in 1839 as Kinney's Ranch and has been known as Corpus Christi since 1847.
1839 establishments in the Republic of Texas
County seats in Texas |
16541 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick | Sick | To be sick can mean:
Having a disease, illness, or disorder
Sick may also refer to:
Sick comedy, an expression used to attack the social criticism of the new late 1950s comedians
Sick (magazine), a humour magazine
Sick (Sow album), an album by Sow
Sick (Massacra album), an album by Massacra
"Sick" (Young Ones episode), the 11th episode of the British comedy The Young Ones
"Sick, Sick, Sick", a song by Queens of the Stone Age
SICK: The Life & Death of Bob Flanagan, Supermasochist, a 1997 documentary about Bob Flanagan
Sick AG, a German sensor technology corporation which built the laser range-finders used on the robot Stanley
Gary Sick, a writer
Related pages
Sic, a Latin word used in writing
Sicko, a 2007 documentary film by Michael Moore
Sickness (disambiguation) |
16544 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama%20Canal | Panama Canal | The Panama Canal is a waterway (a canal) in the country of Panama in Central America, that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Because of the way Panama twists, the entrance to the Pacific Ocean is farther east than the entrance to the Atlantic Ocean. This is the opposite of what one would expect.
The Panama Canal is 77 km (48 miles) long and cuts across the Isthmus of Panama. At each end it uses three pairs of locks for lifting and lowering ships on different water levels. This saves ships 15,000 km (10,000 miles) compared to going around South America.
The old locks are 110 ft (33.53 m) wide by 1,050 ft (320 m) long and 41.2 feet (12.6 m) deep, with a usable length of 1,000 ft (305 m). The biggest ships that can go through the Panama Canal are called Panamax.
New locks opened in 2016 to allow ships more than twice as big, called New Panamax. They are 55 m (180 ft) wide by 427 m (1,400 ft) long, and 18.3 m (60.0 ft) deep. New channels connect to the new locks.
Ferdinand de Lesseps tried building a Panama Canal in 1880, but could not finish it. The project was started again in 1904 by the United States, under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, who spent ten years and 375 million dollars building it. The Panama Canal was finally finished in 1914, at the cost of approximately 25,000 lives. Most deaths were from disease, and before United States construction of the canal began. The US government owned and operated the canal until 1999 when the Panamanian government started controlling it.
Other websites
Live webcam images of the Panama Canal
Panama Canal – Britannica
Panama
Canals
Buildings and structures in North America
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
1914 establishments in North America
1914 establishments in the United States |
16545 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname | Suriname | Suriname, or Surinam, Dutch Guiana, Dutch Guyana or Sranang is a country in South America. The official name of the country is Republiek Suriname (this is Dutch and translates to Republic of Suriname). It used to be known as Nederlands Guyana, Netherlands Guiana or Dutch Guiana. It is between Guyana and French Guiana. Paramaribo is the capital city, in which resides almost half of the country's population. About half a million people live in the country. Suriname became independent from the Netherlands in 1975. Before that, it was a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
There are border disputes with French Guiana and Guyana all to the south of the country.
The industry of the country is centered on the mining and processing of bauxite. This makes up 15 percent of the Gross Domestic Product and more than 70% of the exports. Other exports are sugar, oil and gold. About 25% of the working people are employed in agriculture. The main trade partners are the Netherlands, the United States and countries in the Caribbean.
Dutch, French, Spanish and English explorers discovered the area in the early 16th century. A century later, sugar plantation colonies were established by the Dutch and English along the many rivers in the fertile Guyana plains. After the second Anglo-Dutch War England traded any claims to the territory for New Amsterdam which became New York.
Related pages
List of rivers of Suriname
List of Surinamese people
Suriname at the Olympics
Suriname national football team
References
Caribbean Community
Dutch-speaking countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation |
16547 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarre%20Merikanto | Aarre Merikanto | Aarre Merikanto (29 June 1893 — 28 September 1958) was a Finnish composer. His parents were Liisa Häyrynen and composer Oskar Merikanto.
Merikanto was born in 1893. He studied music in Helsinki (1911), Leipzig (1912-1914) and Moscow (1916-1917). He tried composing an opera for the first time when he was 18 years old. The result was Helena, which was completed in early 1912. The opera had one act and its libretto was written by Jalmari Finne. In the 1920s Merikanto created his own modernist style. Merikanto was a professor of composition in the Sibelius Academy, Helsinki from 1951 to his death. Merikanto died of lung cancer in Helsinki in 1958.
Other websites
Aarre Merikanto – information from the Finnish Music Information Centre
1893 births
1958 deaths
20th-century composers
Deaths from lung cancer
Finnish composers |
16550 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878 | 1878 |
Events
March 3 – The Treaty of San Stefano ends the Russo-Turkish War.
June 12 – July 12 – Congress of Berlin meets to talk about the independence of the Balkans following the Russo-Turkish War.
Ipswich Town F.C. founded
Everton F.C. founded
Manchester United F.C. founded
Deaths
February 7 – Pope Pius IX (b. 1792) |
16551 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1325 | 1325 |
Events
January 7 – Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. |
16554 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1076 | 1076 |
Deaths
March 21 – Robert I, Duke of Burgundy |
16555 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1568 | 1568 |
Births
April — Pope Urban VIII (d. 1644)
Deaths
December 31 – Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese daimyo (b. 1493) |
16559 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe | Tribe | A tribe is a group of people who live and work together in a shared geographical area. A tribe has a common culture, dialect and religion. They also have a strong sense of unity. The tribe is usually headed by a chief. A tribal society is a group of tribes organized around kinships. Tribes represent a part in social evolution between bands and nations.
A tribe can be a collection of families or of families and individual people living together. A tribe usually divides up the jobs that need to be done among themselves. Most tribes have special customs or traditions.
Humans lived in tribes before they started living in cities and nations. There are still tribal groups all over the world. Their numbers are getting smaller and smaller. Many live as hunter-gatherers.
Related pages
Anthropology
Relationships
Social groups |
16563 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832 | 1832 |
Events
Forsyth County, Georgia and Barbour County, Alabama becomes counties.
A cholera epidemic affects New York City and other major American cities.
The University of Durham, England is founded (created).
Births
January 13 - Horatio Alger, Jr. American boys' writer, in Chelsea, Massachusetts
January 27 – Lewis Carroll, English children's writer, in Daresbury, Cheshire
November 29 – Louisa May Alcott American girls' writer, in Germantown, Pennsylvania |
16564 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan | Satan | Satan (meaning "the enemy" or "the trouble-maker" in Hebrew), sometimes called the Devil, is a figure found in the writings of the Abrahamic religions. Muslims, Christians and Jews believe that he tempts people to do bad things. His role is to question and tempt people's faith. Christians also say that he was once an angel named Lucifer. Some Muslims on the other hand believe, he was once an angel called Azazel.
In Satanism, Satan is thought to be just a metaphor for what humans want. In Theistic Satanism, Satan is considered to be a good force.
Book of Enoch
The Book of Enoch, is not part of the Bible, but seems to have been popular among many early Christians and Jews during the life-time of Jesus. The fallen angels according to this book did not try to become equal to God, but wanted to live among humans. They revealed the secrets of heaven, which leads people to war and sin. Satan, however, is not one of the fallen angels in this Book, but punishes the fallen angels (and wicked humans) for their sins.
This might be the reason why many Christians think that Satan will also punish the sinners in hell, even if this book is not part of the Bible. Not in the Quran either, but known in Muslim legends, Satan is said to have been sent by God (Allah) to punish the djinns.
Christianity
In the Bible, which consists of both Hebrew scriptures from Judaism (Old Testament) and the New Testament about Jesus and his followers, Satan is often mentioned. In the Old Testament, there is the Book of Job, in which Satan makes a bet with God, whether he can make Job turn against God or not. In the New Testament, he is the main opponent of Jesus.
According to Christianity, Satan tried to become God himself, and was banished from heaven for his attempt. This derives from parts of the Bible, in which a star is said to try to make himself equal to God. This star is called Lucifer and interpreted as Satan.
In the Bible
In the Hebrew Bible (also called the Old Testament in Christianity), Satan is responsible for several acts opposed to God's way; these are some examples:
Thought to be the one who talked Adam and Eve into eating the forbidden fruit (though his name is not used)
God let Satan make Job suffer
Caused King David to go against God's wishes and count the people of Israel
Accused God's servant Joshua, the high priest
In the New Testament:
Jesus was led into the desert by the Holy Spirit to fast, and to be tested by the devil. Satan tempted Jesus three times. Jesus stood against him by using the Scriptures.
Revelation tells of a final battle between God and Satan, with God winning over the powers of evil
Many people believe that Satan was first an angel called Lucifer that left Heaven and took many other angels with him. He did this because he thought he was as powerful as God.
In the Quran
In Islam, a shayṭān is any sort of evil creature. The person, Christians call Satan, is named Iblis. The Qu'ran describes Satan as arrogant. The story about him begins in surah Baqarah. It states that Satan views himself as a greater entity than God's other creations because he was created from fire. After this, the Qu'ran states:
(Allah) said: "What prevented thee from prostrating when I commanded thee?" He said: "I am better than he: Thou didst create me from fire, and him from clay.
In the Bahá'í Faith
In the Bahá'í Faith, Satan is not regarded as an independent evil power as he is in some faiths and religions, but rather signifies the lower nature of humans. `Abdu'l-Bahá explains: "This lower nature in man is symbolized as Satan — the evil ego within us, not an evil personality outside." All other evil spirits described in various faith traditions—such as fallen angels, demons, and jinns—are also metaphors for the base character traits a human being may acquire and manifest when he turns away from God. Actions, that are described as "satanic" in some Bahá'í writings, denote humans deeds caused by selfish desires.
References
Demons
Satanism |
16573 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiking | Hiking | Hiking is a general word for traveling on foot in wilderness or countryside. Day hikers return before nightfall. Other hikers may go out for many days. Sometimes large groups hike together.
Hiking is a kind of physical activity as well as a leisure activity (a way of spending free time). Hikers (the people who do hiking) enjoy fresh air and the beauty of nature, and learn about the place. Many hikers enjoy challenging their physical and mental strength. Hiking with friends gives them the chance to become stronger.
Preparation
Planning starts with a hiker deciding what he wants from the hike. A traveler should examine the information on landscape, climate, weather, plants, animals, type of ground, and so on. Based on that information, a hiker decides what equipment (tools) he needs. Writing everything on paper is strongly suggested to not forget anything. A hiker should choose the itinerary (the way of the hike).
Equipping means getting specialized clothing and equipment. Overnight hiking requires carrying more supplies, usually in a backpack, though many use a backpack even for a day hike. Suggestions for equipment can be found in any hiking book. A hiker is suggested to learn more than one source and work. Equipping sometimes needs getting skills in using the apparatus. Basic skills–different ways of orientation (the ability to find the way, for example)–must be developed before hiking.
Safety
Hiking can quickly become a fight for life. Hikers can get lost or suffer from injury, sickness, bad weather, or other dangers. For this reason everything in hiking is very important. Nobody should hike alone, no matter what the situation, without a great deal of experience to develop his hiking abilities.
Every hiker should keep in mind that theory is important, but it can hardly replace firsthand experience. To be safe a traveler should have enough experience. A hiker had better start by taking short hikes with more experienced hikers.
Finding the way
Getting lost can have bad results including sickness and death. A hiker is strongly suggested to check from time to time (at least every hour) whether he is going the right way. Portable GPS receivers can help, as long as the batteries are good. Accurate, complete maps and a compass can help, if the user understands them. On no account should he go on traveling if he has lost his way. The first thing a hiker should do is find the direction in which he was going before getting lost. Using the compass and the map, he should choose a reference point nearby (railway, road, river, etc.).
Other websites
Hiking and Backpacking Tips
Hiking Gaiters Tips
Hiking Tips for Beginners
Survival skills
Sports |
16574 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Petersburg | Saint Petersburg | Saint Petersburg () is a Russian city in northwestern Russia, near the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. Over five million people live in St. Petersburg as of 2015, and it is the second biggest city in Russia. It is a major port, connecting with the world's shipping paths through the Neva River and the Baltic.
Part of Saint Petersburg is designated a World Heritage Site called The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments.
History
Saint Petersburg was started by the Russian Tsar, Peter I as the capital of the Russian Empire in 1703, to take the place of the earlier capital, Moscow. It was the capital of Russia until 1918. Peter the Great established Saint Petersburg as a warm-weather port in order to show Russian dominance in the Baltic and to increase trading opportunities. Peter sought to modernize Russia, therefore he tried to make Saint Petersburg as different as possible from the former capital, Moscow, by modernizing the city.
Saint Petersburg has changed its name many times. During World War I, when Russia and Germany were fighting each other, Russians thought the name Sankt Peterburg sounded too German, so Tsar Nicholas II, on August 31 (August 18, Old Style), 1914 decided that the city was renamed Petrograd. In 1918 during the Russian revolution, the Soviet capital was moved to Moscow, still the capital of Russia now.
On January 26, 1924, five days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad in his honor. During World War II, the city was surrounded by the German army and under siege for twenty-nine months until January 1944.
Leningrad again took its old name of St. Petersburg on September 6, 1991, when Russia stopped being communist. In every-day Russian, the city is often called just "Piter". The Oblast (administrative province) where the city is the capital is still called "Leningrad Oblast".
Saint Petersburg was a beautiful city planned by Peter I. There are many man-made rivers (or canals) in the city, so the city is sometimes called the Venice of the North. There are also beautiful buildings built by Russian emperors in other places of the city. Some of these buildings are the Hermitage Museum and the Winter Palace.
Geography
Saint Petersburg is located in Northwestern Federal district of Russia. The area of the city is 605.8 km². Saint Petersburg has an area called Leningrad oblast. The city has also many islands such as Vasilyevsky Island, Kotlin Island, Kamerny Island, Aptekarsky Island etc.
The climate is a humid continental.
References
Capital cities in Russia
World Heritage Sites in Russia |
16576 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwifruit | Kiwifruit | Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is a fruit. It has an oval shape. It is green on the inside with small black seeds that can be eaten. The kiwi has thin, fuzzy brown skin that is edible, but is usually removed. It natively grows in South China.
The fruit was named in 1959 after the kiwi, a bird and the symbol of New Zealand. Before that, its English name was Chinese gooseberry.
The kiwifruit is healthy and contains many vitamins and minerals. Kiwis are rich in vitamin C, vitamin K, potassium, and fiber. Kiwis have more vitamin C than an equivalent amount of orange.
There are different types of kiwifruit. The main types are Hayward (the most common green kiwifruit), chico, Saanichton 12, and golden kiwifruit. Golden kiwifruit are sweeter than normal green kiwifruit. Golden kiwifruit was invented by grafting and cross-pollinating different types of kiwifruit.
References
Berries
Actinidiaceae
Epiphytes |
16583 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark | Aardvark | The aardvark (Orycteropus afer) is a mammal from Africa; its name means "earth pig" in the language Afrikaans. It is the only living member in its order, though some fossil genera have been found
Taxonomy
Order Tubulidentata
Family Orycteropodidae
Genus Orycteropus
Species Orycteropus afer
The Aardvark looks a bit like the South American anteaters but they are not related. It is in a proposed clade Afroinsectiphilia, with the golden moles and tenrecs. Another proposal is to out it in the Pseudungulata, with the elephants and Sirenia. There is no consensus at present.
Description
Adult aardvarks weighs about 60 kilograms (130 pounds) and a little more than one meter (45 inches) long. It is the largest member of the proposed clade Afroinsectiphilia. The aardvark is pale yellowish-gray in color and often stained reddish-brown by soil. The aardvark's fur is thin. Its hair is short on its head and tail. But, its legs tend to have longer hair.
Distribution and Habitat
Aardvarks are found in sub-Saharan Africa. They are found in every country in sub-Saharan Africa except Namibia, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Madagascar. It lives in many habitats like savannas, grasslands, woodlands and bushland. They have been seen as high as 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) in Ethiopia.
Feeding
Aardvarks eat mostly ants and termites. They have a long sticky tongue which makes it easy to pick up many ants at once. The only fruit that aardvarks eat is the aardvark cucumber. They avoid eating the African driver ant and red ants.
Behaviour
Aardvarks are nocturnal, which means they are awake at night and asleep during the day. The aardvark is a good swimmer. It can dig a tunnel that is one yard in about five minutes. Aardvarks live for up to 23 years in captivity. It has many predators such as lions, leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs, hyenas, and pythons. Some humans also hunt aardvarks for meat. Aardvarks can dig fast or run in a zigzag to confuse predators. If all else fails they will attack with their claws.
Reproduction
Aardvarks only come together to breed. The gestation period is seven months. They give birth to one cub, which is what a baby aardvark is called. The cub weighs around 1.7–1.9 kilograms (3.7–4.2 lb). It is born during May–July. After 5–6 weeks, hair starts growing on its body. After two weeks, it is able to leave the burrow to follow its mother. After 9 weeks, it is able to eat termites. It is weaned between three months and 16 weeks. At six months, it is able to dig its own burrows, but it will often stay with the mother until the next mating season. It reaches sexual maturity when it is two years old.
References
Mammals |
16591 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford%20B.%20Hayes | Rutherford B. Hayes | Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 - January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States. He served only one term, from 1877 to 1881. Hayes was a Republican. He was elected governor of Ohio three times before becoming president. Hayes barely won the election of 1876, only defeating Democratic opponent Samuel Tilden after a Congressional committee gave Hayes some disputed electoral votes.
Early life
Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio. He went to Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, and then went to Harvard Law School. After graduating from law school, he became a lawyer. In 1849, he joined the Republican Party, which was new then, because he was against slavery. In 1852, he married Lucy Webb, a woman who was also against slavery. In the 1860s, he served in the American Civil War on the Union side, and became a major general. After the war ended, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a part of the Republican Party. In 1867, he became the governor of Ohio.
The election of 1876
Ulysses S. Grant had been president since 1869, and was not going to run for president a third time in 1876. Grant was a member of the Republican Party, and while he was president, became known for allowing corruption to go on around him. The Republican Party did not want people to think that everybody in the party was corrupt, so they decided to make Hayes their candidate. They thought he was a good candidate because he had made many changes in Ohio while he was governor there that people thought were good, and because he was thought to have been a hero in the Civil War.
Hayes ran against Samuel Tilden, whom the Democratic Party nominated. The election was close, and many people who did not think that Hayes fairly won the election called him "His Fraudulency". Tilden actually got more votes than Hayes, but Hayes got 185 votes in the Electoral College, while Tilden got 184, so Hayes won the election.
Post-Presidency
While he was president, Hayes ended the Reconstruction period that followed the American Civil War. Rutherford B. Hayes ordered military forces that had been in the Southern states to leave. He also sent federal troops to end a railroad strike. Hayes refused to seek a second term as president. Presidency
After being president, Hayes retired to Fremont, Ohio where he would die of a heart attack on January 17, 1893. Meanwhile, He spent time talking about his beliefs that all children should have the chance to go to school, that people who had been in the military should get their fair payments for their service, and that people in prisons should be treated better.
Other websites
Hayes' White House biography
References
1822 births
1893 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
US Republican Party politicians
Governors of Ohio
19th-century American politicians |
16604 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyebrow | Eyebrow | An eyebrow is the stripe of hair about 2 cm over the eye. Eyebrows protect the eyes, if water runs over the face or if there is too much sunlight. The eyebrow's ability to move is also important in facial expression.
Facial hair |
16611 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice | Solstice | A solstice is an astronomical event that happens twice each year when the Sun reaches its highest position in the sky as seen from the North or South Pole. The day of the solstice is either the "longest day of the year" or the "shortest day of the year" for any place on Earth, because the length of time between sunrise and sunset on that day is the yearly maximum or minimum for that place. The name is derived from the Latin words sol (“sun”) and sistere (“to stand still”). During the solstice, the Sun stands still; that is, the seasonal movement of the Sun's path comes to a stop before reversing direction. The “Northern Solstice” occurs in June, when the sun is at its highest point seen from the North Pole. The “Southern Solstice” occurs in December, when the sun is at its highest point seen from the South Pole.
The solstices, together with the equinoxes, are connected with the seasons. In some cultures they mark either the beginning or the middle of summer and winter.
June solstice
The June Solstice happens when the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. At the North Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower. At the moment of the June solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Cancer; this is the furthest north that the subsolar point ever reaches. In the Northern Hemisphere the June solstice is called the Summer Solstice (and marks the longest day of the year), while in the Southern Hemisphere it is called the Winter Solstice (and marks the shortest day of the year). The June Solstice is usually on June 21.
December solstice
The December Solstice happens when the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun and the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth is tilted away from the Sun. At the South Pole, the Sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and then begins moving lower. At the moment of the December solstice, the Sun is directly overhead some point on the Tropic of Capricorn; this is the furthest south that the subsolar point ever reaches. In the Southern Hemisphere the December solstice is called the Summer Solstice (and marks the longest day of the year), while in the Northern Hemisphere it is called the Winter Solstice (and marks the shortest day of the year). The December Solstice is usually on December 21.
Celebrations
While the exact causes were long unknown, the effect (of days getting shorter or longer) was recognised in many ancient cultures. Many of the pre-Christian cultures, like the druidic, the Germanic and the Norse faith therefore celebrated these events as holidays.
When the importance of the old faiths vanished, the Christian religion took over some of the festivities, which were then carried out in the honour of a new (Christian) occasion. For instance, the date of Christmas in the Catholic and Protestant faith is just 3 days away from the December Solstice.
Related pages
Summer solstice
Winter solstice
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Western Hemisphere
Season
Equinox
Equator
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
References
Astronomical phenomena |
16613 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular%20humanism | Secular humanism | Secular humanists believe that each human being is worth something and has dignity. They think that people are happiest when they give something to society. They also believe that human beings can solve problems without help from god(s).
Secular humanists are not religious. Usually they are atheists.
Humanism
de:Humanismus#Säkularer Humanismus |
16622 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec%20City | Quebec City | Quebec City (Ville de Québec in French) is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec. It is the second largest city in Quebec, behind Montreal. It is known for its winter fair, beautiful churches, and an old hotel called Château Frontenac. It is next to the Saint Lawrence River. There are almost 700,000 people in the whole area.
The city was created in 1608 at a First Nations (native) Canadian place called Stadacona. People came from France to live there. The English captured the city in 1759 during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. The walls made to keep the city safe are still there. The walls that surrounded Old Quebec are the only remaining fortified city walls that still exist in the Americas north of Mexico. They were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985.
Quebec City has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).
Most people in Quebec City speak French. Many also speak English as a second language.
Media
Quebec City Stations
CKMI Global Television Network
CFCM TVA
CBVT SRC
CHMG Telemag
References
Other websites
Official website
World Heritage Sites in Canada |
16623 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver%20Island | Vancouver Island | Vancouver Island is an island that is part of the province of British Columbia in Canada. It is big and is in the south-western part of the province.
The first people to live on the island, before Europeans came, were the Nuu-chah-nulth, Salish, and Kwakiutl. As of 2009, over 700,000 people live here.
There are no bridges or tunnels between Vancouver Island and the mainland. There are ferries that carry people and cars to and from the island. One route crosses the Strait of Georgia to the Tsawwassen peninsula, from which there are roads that go to Vancouver and other cities in Canada as part of the Trans-Canada Highway. Another ferry route crosses the Strait of Juan de Fuca and reaches Anacortes in the U.S. state of Washington, from which roads go to Seattle and other cities along the West Coast.
Cities and towns
There are many cities and towns on Vancouver Island. The biggest of these is Victoria, the capital of British Columbia, where the Legislative Assembly and the University of Victoria are found.
Other places on Vancouver Island where people live include:
Lake Cowichan
Nanaimo
Courtenay
Comox
Duncan
Crofton
Port Alberni
Ladysmith
Chemainus
Port Hardy
Parksville
Cumberland
Tofino
Uclulet
Colwood
Sidney
Qualicum Beach
Coombs
Port McNeill
Campbell River
Islands of Canada
Geography of British Columbia |
16625 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Nations | First Nations | First Nations () are the people of native tribes who lived in the land now governed by Canada before Europeans came there. Many say it because these nations were here long before Canada, and to make it clearer that the First Nations have many cultures, and that some of the cultures are very different from others. Some consider it a respect to those who first cultivated certain patches of land. The aboriginal people from Canada's Arctic are thought of as a different group of people, called the Inuit.
These First Nations are important in the world because their stories have taught us a lot about cultural values and how to live in harmony with the land.
Other words that have been used for First Nations people, tribes, and cultures have been "indigenous", "aboriginal", "Indian", "Native Indian", "Amerind," or "native." Now many people say "Indian" only about people to India.
References |
16626 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Brunswick | New Brunswick | New Brunswick (postal abbreviation NB) is a province in the eastern part of Canada. The capital city of New Brunswick is Fredericton. Other large cities are Saint John and Moncton. More than 750,000 people live in New Brunswick.
The province is bordered by Quebec in the west, Nova Scotia in the east and the American state of Maine in the south. There is a link to Prince Edward Island also.
The English and French languages are both spoken in New Brunswick, and it is the only province in Canada where both languages are official. This is because about 33% of the people living in New Brunswick speak French.
Some industries including forestry, mining, and farming are important to the province, and especially fishing since it is near the Atlantic Ocean.
References
Other websites
Official site of the Government of New Brunswick
Official site of Tourism New Brunswick
New Brunswick at the Department of Canadian Heritage
Maritime Tourism
Symbols of New Brunswick
New Brunswick Museum
New Brunswick Lighthouses
Historical and Genealogical Resources of New Brunswick historical census, birth, marriage and death records, immigration, settlement, biography, cemeteries, burial records, land records, First Nations and more
From Louis to Lord: New Brunswick Elections, 1960–2003
Provinces and territories of Canada |
16628 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC | AC/DC | AC/DC is a hard rock band from Australia. They formed in Sydney, Australia in November 1973. AC/DC has sold an estimated 200 million albums worldwide, including 68 million in the United States of America. The two primary founders of the band, Malcolm Young and Angus Young, developed the idea for the band's name after their sister Margaret saw the initials "AC/DC" written on a sewing machine. "AC/DC" is an abbreviation for "alternating current/direct current," which refer to the two different types of charges used in electricity. The band chose the name because of their energetic “electrical” style of playing rock and roll. Even though AC/DC considers their music style simply as "rock and roll", AC/DC are often considered pioneers of heavy metal.
Band members
Current members
Brian Johnson - vocals
Stevie Young - El Drogidicto
Angus Young - guitar (1973—)
Cliff Williams - bass (1977—)
Phil Rudd - drums and percussion (1975–1983 and 1994—)
Past members
Bon Scott - vocals (1974–1980)
Dave Evans - vocals (1973–1974)
Colin Burgess - drums and percussion (1973–1974)
Rob Bailey II - bass (1973–1974)
Noel Taylor - drums and percussion (1974)
Larry van Kriedt - Bass, saxophone (1973–1975)
Peter Clack - drums and percussion (1974–1975)
Mark Evans II - bass (1974–1975)
Simon Wright - drums and percussion (1984–1989)
Chris Slade - drums and percussion (1989–1990†)
Discography
Albums
High Voltage (Australia only) (1975)
T.N.T. (Australia only) (1975)
High Voltage (1976)
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (1976) (released in the United States in 1981)
Let There Be Rock (1977)
Powerage (1978)
If You Want Blood You've Got It (Live Album) (1978)
Highway to Hell (1979)
Back in Black (1980)
For Those About to Rock We Salute You (1981)
Flick of the Switch (1983)
'74 Jailbreak (1984) (Five tracks from the Australian releases of High Voltage and one track from Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap)
Fly on the Wall (1985)
Who Made Who (1986) (soundtrack to the Stephen King movie Maximum Overdrive)
Blow Up Your Video (1988)
The Razor's Edge (1990)
Live (1992) (released as both a double and a single album)
Live: Collector's Edition (1992)
Ballbreaker (1995)
Bonfire (1997) (boxed set tribute to Bon Scott)
Stiff Upper Lip (2000)
Black Ice (2008)
Backtracks (2009) (boxed set)
Iron Man 2 (2010) (soundtrack to the movie Iron Man 2)
Rock or Bust (2014)
Power Up (2020)
Video
Family Jewels (2005)
Live At Donington (1991)
Plug Me In (2007)
No Bull (1996)
Stiff Upper Lip Live (2001)
Live at River Plate (2011)
References
Other websites
Official website
(IT) AC/DC , Enciclopedia del rock
1973 establishments in Australia
1970s Australian music groups
1980s Australian music groups
1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
Australian hard rock bands
Australian heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1973
Musical groups from Sydney |
16629 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20bass | Double bass | The double bass is a big stringed instrument. It is also called contrabass and upright bass. It is used in orchestras, jazz bands, rockabilly bands, bluegrass music, and some country music bands. It plays low-pitched musical notes in musical ensembles and bands. In jazz bands, these low-pitched musical notes are called the "bass line." The double bass looks like smaller instruments like the violin, viola, and cello.
How it is made
The double bass is usually made from wood. Double basses have a hollow wooden body which helps to amplify the sounds of the instrument . A wooden neck is attached to the body, and a flat wooded fingerboard is glued onto the neck. It usually has four metal strings which are strung with tension on the neck. It has a peg at the bottom to stand it.
How it is played
In an orchestra, double bass players bow the strings with a wooden bow strung with horsehair, or pluck the strings with their fingers (plucking the strings is called pizzicato). In jazz the double bass is played pizzicato most of the time. However some jazz players use the bow to play melodies on the double bass.
Double bass players hold down the metal strings against the fingerboard with their left hand and then bow the string or pluck it with their right hand. To play different notes the double bass players move the left hand to different positions on the fingerboard.
Double bass players in jazz bands or rock bands often connect their double bass to an electronic amplifier and a loudspeaker, to make a louder, stronger sound. This makes it easier for the double bass player, the other musicians, and the audience to hear the double bass's musical notes.
History
The double bass is usually considered a member of the violin family, because it is constructed using many of the same techniques as violins. The double bass also has influences from the viol family. Viols are old string instruments from the 1400s and 1500s with sloping "shoulders" on the instrument's body and flat backs. Like the viols, the double bass also has sloping "shoulders" on its body and a flat back.
Tuning
The double bass is generally tuned in fourths, in contrast to members of the orchestral string family, which are tuned in fifths. Modern double basses are usually tuned, low to high, E-A-D-G, which is one octave lower than the four lowest-pitch strings on a guitar.
Throughout classical repertoire, there are notes that fall below the range of a standard double bass. Notes below low E appear regularly in double bass parts in the Baroque and Classical eras, when the double bass was typically doubling the cello part an octave below. In the Romantic era and the 20th-century, composers such as Mahler, Beethoven, Busoni, and Prokofiev also requested notes below the low E. There are two common methods for making these notes available to the player. Major European orchestras generally use basses with a fifth string, tuned to B three octaves and a semitone below middle C. Players with standard double basses (E-A-D-G) typically play the notes below "E" an octave higher.
In the United States, Canada and United Kingdom, most professional orchestral players use four-string double basses with a "C extension," which extends the lowest string down as far as low C, an octave below the lowest note on the cello. More rarely would one find a four-string double bass with a "B extension", extending the lowest string down to a low B. The extension is an extra section of fingerboard mounted up over the head of the bass. There are several varieties of extensions.
In the simplest version, there are no mechanical aids attached to the fingerboard extension except a locking nut for the "E" note. To play the extension notes, the player reaches back over the pegs to press the string to the fingerboard. The advantage of this "fingered" extension is that the player can adjust the intonation of all of the stopped notes on the extension, and there are no mechanical noises from metal keys and levers. The disadvantage of the "fingered" extension is that it can be hard to perform rapid alternations between low notes on the extension and notes on the regular fingerboard, such as a bassline that quickly alternates between "G" and the low "D".
The simplest type of mechanical aid is the use of wooden "fingers" that can be closed to press the string down and fret the C#, D, Eb, or E notes. This system is particularly useful for basslines that have a repeating pedal point such as a low D, because once the note is locked in place with the mechanical "finger", the lowest string then sounds a different note when it is played "open" (e.g., a low D).
With the B extension, the "fingers" can fret the low C.
A much simpler way to get down to Low C would be to tune the Double Bass in Fifths see (Fifths tuning cause the sound will be more equal like the rest of the string section.
Other names
The double bass also has many other names. Some bluegrass musicians call it a "bass fiddle" or a "bull fiddle." Rockabilly bands often call it an "upright bass" or "Doghouse" Some orchestra musicians call it a "contrabass." In a military concert band, it is often called the "string bass." Sometimes the double bass is simply called a "bass."
Related pages
Bass guitar
String instruments
Jazz instruments |
16631 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies%20of%20World%20War%20II | Allies of World War II | The Allied Powers (or Allies of World War II) were a group of nations that fought against the Axis countries in World War II. They were successful in defeating the Axis nations. The war ended in 1945. The group of nations was later named the United Nations by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt. The main great powers, sometimes called "The Big Three", were the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
These nations were:
United States
United Kingdom
Soviet Union
France
China
Poland
Australia
Nepal
South Africa
Canada
Finland
Denmark
Norway
Belgium
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Egypt
Greece
Yugoslavia
Hungary
Iraq
Romania
Tuva
Iran
Panama
Cuba
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Nicaragua
Mongolia
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Albania
Peru
Mexico
Brazil
Ethiopia
Chile
Bolivia
Italy
Colombia
Liberia
Ecuador
Argentina
Paraguay
Venezuela
Uruguay
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Some of the powers fought for a short time, or declared war but did not fight. Romania, Bulgaria, and Finland fought from 1944-1945 and before that were Axis powers. Italy also changed sides.
World War II
Military alliances |
16633 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair%20B-36%20Peacemaker | Convair B-36 Peacemaker | The B-36 Peacemaker was a strategic bomber. It was used in the United States. The B-36 could carry a 21,000 pound bomb. The B-36 was never used in wartime, but was in a movie called Strategic Air Command. The Peacemaker could fly for 48 hours non-stop and was one of the longest ranged bombers at the time. It first flew in 1948, and the last combat flight was in 1959.
United States Air Force aircraft |
16634 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing | Wing | A wing is the part of an animal or airplanes that allows it to fly.
Animal wings
A wing is part of an animal that allows it to fly. By moving its wings, the animal can produce lift and get off the ground.
Animals that have wings are insects, birds and bats. Birds' wings are made of feathers. The wings of bats are made of skin, which is stretched between the bones of the bat's arms and fingers. Not all insects and birds can fly, even if they have wings.
Artificial wings
Airplanes also have wings. Those wings cannot be moved, they are stable, but the wings also produce lift, so the airplane will get off the ground if you move it fast enough.
People also talk about wings of buildings. What they mean is usually a part of the building that is separated from the rest (for example: the west wing of a building).
Basic English 850 words
Animal anatomy |
16642 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability | Disability | A disability is a condition that a person has which limits them in some way.
These conditions may be congenital (present at birth), cognitive (to do with the brain), developmental (appears as the person develops), physical (for example, caused by an accident or infection), sensory, or a combination of factors.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines disability as:
"long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder [a person's] full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others".
Invisible disabilities, or hidden disabilities are disabilities that are not immediately obvious. Some examples of invisible disabilities are intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mental disorders, asthma, epilepsy, allergies, migraines, arthritis, and chronic fatigue syndrome.
People with a disability or disabilities may need to use special equipment that can help them. This can include using a wheelchair, a cane or walking stick, hearing aids, a teletypewriter (TTY) and using specially designed software and hardware for the personal computer.
People who use a wheelchair cannot walk up or down stairs in a building. They need to use ramps and elevators (lifts) going into and moving around in a building. Wide doorways and accessible toilets also make it easier for people with physical disabilities to use.
Prejudice towards people with disabilities is common. This is sometimes called 'ableism'. People with such a prejudice are called an ablecentrists.
Some categories of disability
Physical disabilities limit the way the body works.
Visual impairment is when the eyesight of a person is affected. (e.g. blind)
Hearing impairment is when a person cannot hear normally. (e,g. deaf)
Intellectual disability is when a person's brain is limited and cannot function at the same level as another person of their age.
Developmental disabilities can limit how a person processes information and thinks.
Related pages
Accessibility
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Neurodiversity
Other websites
Guardian disability page
References
Disability |
16653 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland | Newfoundland | Newfoundland is an island off the east Coast of North America, and is part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The capital city of Newfoundland is St. John's, on the north-east part of the island. Over 500,000 people live in Newfoundland (these people are called Newfoundlanders). It, along with Labrador on the mainland, became part of Canada on March 31, 1949. There is no bridge or tunnel from Newfoundland to the rest of the country but there is a ferry to Nova Scotia.
In Newfoundland, most people speak English, but there are also French speakers on the island, mostly in the south-west. In some areas of Newfoundland, people speak with an accent and use words that are not in standard English. There is even a dictionary of Newfoundland English.
The first people in Newfoundland were the First Nations. Settlers came from countries like Norway, England, Portugal, France, and Ireland in the 16th century. The first European explorers were the Vikings from Norway and they settled in L'Anse aux Meadows. They came because of the good fishing off the coast, especially off the south-east coast. Eventually they left because of disagreements with aboriginals. Today, there is still fishing, but not very much because people fished too much, and now there are not many fish left.
Cutting down trees and mining have also been attractions of the island. There are some paper mills (paper factories) in a few cities in Newfoundland.
Other websites
Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
Welcome Page for Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland Tourism
Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador
Islands of Canada |
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