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16656 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20%28band%29 | Kiss (band) | Kiss is an American hard rock/heavy metal band. The band started in the 1970s. They formed in New York City on January 4th 1973. The original members are Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, Peter Criss, and Ace Frehley. They are most famous for their stage show and songs like "Rock and Roll All Nite" (1975), "Strutter" (1974) and "Detroit Rock City" (1976).
Current members
Paul Stanley - rhythm guitar, vocals
Gene Simmons - bass guitar, vocals
Tommy Thayer - lead guitar
Eric Singer - drums, vocals
Past members
Ace Frehley - lead guitar, vocals
Peter Criss - drums, vocals
Eric Carr - drums, vocals
Vinnie Vincent - lead guitar, vocals
Mark St. John - lead guitar, vocals
Bruce Kulick - lead guitar, vocals
Albums
Kiss has had several changes in style and lineup. Their more famous era was in the mid 1970s, particularly the first 6 studio albums, and the first live album, Alive! which was widely popular. In the 1980s, Kiss started to follow the trend taking place with more synthesizers, and songs that many fans didn't like because of a big change in style. In the 1990s, Kiss changed toward the grunge and heavier trend with Revenge and Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions. The original members reunited for Psycho Circus and then parted ways again in 2002. Tommy Thayer and Eric Singer replaced Frehley and Criss, and the current lineup has made the 2009 album Sonic Boom, which was a return to the classic style of the 70's, and many fans liked it. The follow up to that is going to be released in June 2012, titled Monster.
Kiss
Hotter Than Hell
Dressed to Kill
Alive!
Destroyer
Rock and Roll Over
Love Gun
Alive II
Gene Simmons
Paul Stanley
Ace Frehley
Peter Criss
Dynasty
Unmasked
Music from "The Elder"
Creatures of the Night
Lick It Up
Animalize
Asylum
Crazy Nights
Hot in the Shade
Revenge
Alive III
Kiss Unplugged
Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions
Psycho Circus
Kiss Symphony: Alive IV
Sonic Boom
Monster
Other websites
Kiss Online
Kiss Army
Kiss Dressed to Play - Brazilian Page
1973 establishments in New York (state)
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2020s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Glam metal bands
Musical groups established in 1973
Musical groups from New York City |
16672 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Visioner%27s%20Tale | The Visioner's Tale | The Visioner's Tale is one of the little-known writings of Geoffrey Chaucer. Only parts of the story were left from when Chaucer wrote it in the 14th century, so it is not normally included in modern versions of the Canterbury Tales.
Here is the tale, as put together by someone from Denmark who studied the parts of the story, and tried to put them together:
My lady's touch upon the lute is light,
yet she weaves the streams of melody,
with such profound synchicity,
that the river of time spills into dream,
into that ocean of unspoken promise,
where lives primordial the memory of future things,
here vision and voice and sound,
and meaning emerge at last as one.
British poems |
16687 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Chaucer | Geoffrey Chaucer | Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–25 October 1400) was an English writer, poet, and philosopher. He is most famous for writing Canterbury Tales which had 24 stories but was not completed. He was one of the first writers to write in English. He wrote in Middle English.
Early life
Chaucer was probably born in London. His father, John, and grandfather were prosperous wine merchants in London. The name Chaucer is French and means shoemaker. However, not many details are known of his early life and education.
By 1357, Chaucer was a page to Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster, wife of Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence. In 1360, he was captured by the French near Reims during a battle in the Hundred Years' War. He was then ransomed and released. King Edward III gave £16 towards his release. Chaucer married Phillipa (de) Roet. She was a lady-in-waiting to the queen and had close family connections to John of Gaunt. He had about three or four children.
The king's squire
Chaucer may have studied law in the Inner Temple. He joined the Royal court and travelled around Europe on business for the king. He became one of the king's esquires. One of his first known poems was written in 1369. It was called The Book of The Duchess, and was written after the death of John of Gaunt's wife, Blanche. In 1374, he became Comptroller (in charge of the money) of the Customs for the Port of London. He did this job for 12 years. It was a well paid job and Chaucer was quite rich.
When Richard II became king, Chaucer continued to work in Customs. He was also sent to Europe on several more diplomatic jobs for the king.
Country life
Chaucer moved to Kent in 1385 where he had a new position as Justice of the Peace. He was also elected as one of two knights of the shire to be a member of parliament. At the end of the year he lost his customs jobs. His wife, Phillipa, died in 1387. But on 12 July 1389, he was made the Clerk of the Kings Works, looking after repairs to the royal palaces. He was given other small positions, including looking after the river banks of the Thames, and as a deputy forester in the Royal Forest. Over the next few years, Chaucer became poorer and often was given small payments and pensions from the king.
Death
He died at St.Mary's Chapel in Sevenoaks on 25 October 1400. Chaucer is buried in Westminster Abbey, in what is now called the Poets' Corner.
His writings
Chaucer did most of his writing between 1369 and 1393. He is famous for his collection of stories in verse called the Canterbury Tales. He also wrote The Book of the Duchess, The House of Fame and Troilus and Criseyde.
References
1340s births
1400 deaths
People buried in Westminster Abbey
English writers
English poets
Medieval poets
British poets laureate |
16731 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echidna | Echidna | Echidna, the spiny anteater, is a monotreme that lives in Australia and in New Guinea. They are the living members of the family Tachyglossidae.
Echnidas have a long, tube-like mouth with a sticky tongue. They are also covered in spines. They have mammary glands, and lay eggs.
The echidna has a method of protecting itself. With its long, sharp claws, they quickly dig a hole until only their spines are showing when they are hiding in the hole. The predator will not be able to get it without injuring itself on the spines.
When there is a fire, the echidna will dig down out of reach of the fire.
Prey
The short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus) eats termites and ants. The three Zaglossus species also eat other small insects and grubs. Echidnas pick up the prey with their sticky tongues.
Species
Family Tachyglossidae
Genus Tachyglossus
Tachyglossus aculeatus
Genus Zaglossus
Zaglossus attenboroughi
Zaglossus bartoni
Zaglossus bruijni
References
Other websites
Echidna
Monotremes
Living fossils |
16760 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20Bali%20terrorist%20bombing | 2002 Bali terrorist bombing | The 2002 Bali terrorist bombings took place in Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack was the deadliest act of terrorism in the history of Indonesia. Kuta is a popular tourist destination. 202 people were killed. 164 of them were foreigners, 38 were Indonesian citizens. Most of those killed were Australians, Britons and Indonesians. In addition, 209 people were injured.
The bombings
At around 11 in the evening, a bomb destroyed a bar on Bali. The bomb was in a backpack, and only the person that owned it died. A few seconds later, a larger bomb went off. This bomb was close to 1,000 kilograms.
Attackers
A terrorist group called Jemaah Islamiyah are believed to be responsible for making and exploding the device.
In total, four people were charged with the terrorist attack. An Indonesian court sentenced three of them to death. One person received a long prison sentence.
2002 in Asia
2000s building bombings
2000s in Indonesia
2002 bombings
Building bombings in Asia
Islamic terrorist incidents in Asia
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2000s
Mass murder in the 2000s
Massacres in Asia
Murder in 2002
October events
Suicide bombings in Asia
Suicide car and truck bombings
Suicide in the 2000s |
16779 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20B-17%20Flying%20Fortress | Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress | The Boeing 17 Flying Fortress was a heavy bomber, that was used by the United States Strategic Air Force during World War II. It first flew in 1935, and was introduced in 1938. It had a shorter range, and a smaller bomb load, than its sister bomber the B-24 Liberator, but it had more defensive armament. It dropped large amounts of bombs during air raids against Germany, such as the raid on Dresden. The B-17 was also used in the Pacific, including the Battle of Midway. The Flying Fortress had its name for a good reason, it could survive the hits and was able to fly while under enemy fire. The B-17 was a heavy bomber plane that carried 2 tons of bombs. The reason why few B-17's survived WWII was because lack of escort by allied fighters and enemy fire. Later in WWII, the U.S. increased escort fighters for the bombers giving more protection. The escort fights flew until the end of WWII.
Technical data (Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress)
References
Boeing aircraft
United States Air Force aircraft
Royal Air Force aircraft
World War II American aircraft |
16782 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Wars%20Episode%20III%3A%20Revenge%20of%20the%20Sith | Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith | Star Wars: Episode III - Revenge of the Sith is a science fiction movie. It is the third film in the Star Wars saga produced by Lucasfilms. It was released in 2005.
Story
The movie shows the events that led to the transformation of Anakin Skywalker to Darth Vader of the original trilogy. It also shows how Palpatine turned the Galactic Republic into the Galactic Empire as well as showing the destruction of the Jedi because of Order 66.
Cast
Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi
Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker
Natalie Portman as Senator Padmé Amidala
Ian McDiarmid as Supreme Chancellor Palpatine
Frank Oz as the voice of Yoda
Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu
Jimmy Smits as Senator Bail Organa
Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
Kenny Baker as R2-D2
Christopher Lee as Count Dooku
Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca
Matthew Wood as General Grievous
Silas Carson as Nute Gunray
Temuera Morrison as Commander Cody and other clone troopers
Related pages
Other websites
Episode III on Wookiepedia
Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith at StarWars.com
Film screenplay at MovieScriptPlace.com
Star Wars Episode III -Revenge of the Sith at The Movie Database
2005 science fiction movies
20th Century Fox movies
Pregnancy movies
Prequel movies
Revenge of the Sith
Movies directed by George Lucas
Screenplays by George Lucas
Movies composed by John Williams
American sequel movies
2000s sequel movies |
16785 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway%20Atoll | Midway Atoll | Midway Atoll was the site of a famous battle in World War II, the Battle of Midway. The United States of America took control of the atoll in the 19th century when nobody lived there.
Wildlife
Midway Atoll is now home to 67-70% of the world's Laysan Albatross population, and 34-39% of the global Black-footed Albatross.
While Midway supports nearly three million birds, each seabird species has carved out a specific site on the atoll in which to nest. Seventeen different species of seabird can be found, the rarest of which is the Short-tailed Albatross, otherwise known as the “Golden Gooney.” Fewer than 2,200 are believed to exist due to excessive feather hunting in the late nineteenth century.
Over 250 different species of looli marine life are found in the of lagoon and surrounding waters. The critically endangered Hawaiian monk seals raise their pups on the beaches. Monk seals are benthic foragers and rely on the Midway Atoll’s reef fish, squid, octopus and crustaceans. Green sea turtles, another threatened species, occasionally nest on the island. The first was found in 2006 on Spitsy Rinaia Island and another in 2007 on Sand Island. A resident pod of 300 spinner dolphins live in the lagoons and nearshore waters.
Other websites
Satellite Map and NOAA Chart of Midway on BlooSee
AirNav - Henderson Field Airport : Airport facilities and navigational aids.
Diary from the middle of nowhere BBC's environment correspondent David Shukman reports on the threat of plastic rubbish drifting in the North Pacific Gyre to Midway. Accessed 2008-03-26.
Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge (this article incorporated some content from this public domain site)
NOAA Midway Island Hawaiian Monk Seal Captive Care & Release Project
The Battle of Midway: Turning the Tide in the Pacific, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
Marines at Midway: by Lieutenant Colonel R.D. Heinl, Jr., USMC Historical Section, Division of Public Information Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps 1948,
Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Past residents of Midway Discussion of Midway related topics by former residents and those interested in Midway.
U.S. Unincorporated Possessions. Accessed 2008-03-26.
Atolls
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Polynesia
Pacific islands
Islands of Oceania |
16801 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F%20J.K. | Beşiktaş J.K. | Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (Besiktas JK) is a Turkish football club from Istanbul. Besiktas JK was founded in 1903 by 26 young men in "Osman Pasa Konagi".
It was the beginning of the 20th century and it was forbidden then to attend sports activities on a club basis. People were gathering together all around Istanbul. Twenty-six young men (Huseyin Bereket, Mehmet Samil, Ahmet Fetgeri, Mehmet Ali Fetgeri, Fuat Balkan, Muhittin Pasa, Mazhar Kazanci, Nazim Nazif Ander, Haydar Bey, Cami Baykurt, Behcet Bey, Sevket Cenani, Mahmut Naci Bey, Refik Bey, Sukru Pasa, Haci Ahmet Pasa, Kilic Ali, Ziya Karamursel, Kenan Bey, Yuzbasi Fethi Bey, Seraffettin Bey, Seref Bey, Celal Davut, Hami Bey, Fuat Pasa, and Kamil Beyler) gathered together on November in 1902 and decided to found a club. Next year in 1903 the vision came to life and Besiktas JK was founded.
Besiktas is one of the 3 big clubs in Turkey. Others are Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe.
Turkish football clubs |
16805 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus | Phosphorus | Phosphorus has the chemical symbol P, and its atomic number is 15. Its mass number is 30.97. It is not found in nature as an element but as compounds, such as phosphates. It can be a red or a white waxy solid.
Properties
Physical properties
Phosphorus comes in several forms. White and red phosphorus are the most common forms. White phosphorus is a waxy white solid. When pure, it is colourless. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in carbon disulfide, an organic solvent. It turns light yellow when in air. It glows in the dark because it "burns" very slowly in air.
When exposed to sunlight, or when heated in its own vapour to 250 °C, it is converted to the red variety. This form does not ignite spontaneously and it is less toxic and less flammable than white phosphorus. The red modification is fairly stable and sublimes with a vapor pressure of 1 atmosphere at 417 °C.
Chemical properties
White phosphorus is more reactive than red phosphorus. White phosphorus catches fire spontaneously in air, burning to make smoke of phosphorus(V) oxide. If it burns in a little air, it produces poisonous phosphorus(III) oxide. When white phosphorus is heated in an alkali, it disproportionates to produce hypophosphites and phosphine. Red phosphorus can burn but needs to be ignited. Phosphorus reacts with the halogens to make phosphorus halides. It reacts with some metals to make phosphides.
Chemical compounds
Phosphorus compounds are chemical compounds containing phosphorus. They are listed below with some of their properties. Phosphorus comes in several oxidation states, the number of electrons moved during a redox reaction. -3 is flammable, powerful reducing agent, and toxic; +1 is a strong reducing agent and is rare; +3 is a weaker reducing agent that is poisonous; +5 is not a reducing agent and is very common.
In -3 oxidation state
Phosphides
Phosphine, toxic gas that smells like fish and ignites by itself
Phosphide, the ion
Sodium phosphide
Other compounds
Phosphonium, another ion
In +1 oxidation state
Hypophosphorous acid, salts are called hypophosphites
Sodium hypophosphite
In +3 oxidation state
Phosphites
Phosphorous acid, poisonous, salts are called phosphites
Sodium phosphite
Other compounds
Phosphorus trichloride
Phosphorus(III) iodide
Phosphorus(III) oxide, phosphorus trioxide, poisonous, garlic-smelling
In +5 oxidation state
Phosphates
Phosphoric acid, most common, salts are called phosphates
Calcium phosphate
Dicalcium phosphate
Mono-calcium phosphate
Sodium phosphate
Zinc phosphate
Other compounds
Phosphorus (V) oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, absorbs water
Phosphorus (V) chloride
Occurrence
It is an essential component of living systems and is found as phosphate in nervous tissue, bones and cell protoplasm. It is also found in the earth as phosphate rock. Phosphate rock is the main source of phosphorus and phosphorus compounds. Many body tissues have calcium phosphates in them.
Preparation
Phosphorus was first made by heating a mixture of phosphates and carbon in an iron pot. The phosphates were made by dissolving bones in strong acids and evaporating the solution.
Phosphorus is made now by heating calcium phosphate, carbon, and silicon dioxide in an electric arc furnace. The heat of the electric arc melts the mixture of materials, and phosphorus gas is given off. It is absorbed under water. This makes white phosphorus.
Uses
As an element
White phosphorus is used in incendiary weapons and smoke grenades. It is also used to make organic compounds that have phosphorus in them. Phosphorus is used to dope semiconductors. Phosphorus is used to remove oxygen from copper. It is also used in making alloys. Red phosphorus is used in matches and flares.
As chemical compounds
Phosphorus compounds are used for fertilizers, soft drinks, toothpaste, and detergents. Most of these are phosphates. Phosphides can be used to kill rodents.
Safety
White phosphorus is very dangerous. It is very toxic and ignites easily, burning with a very hot flame. Red phosphorus is much safer. Some phosphorus compounds are toxic, but the common phosphates are not toxic.
Related pages
Periodic table
List of common elements
Chemical elements |
16842 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20Pierce | Franklin Pierce | Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States (1853–1857) and is the only president from New Hampshire. Pierce was a Democrat and a "doughface" (a Northerner with Southern sympathies) who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate.
Early life
Pierce was born on November 23, 1804, in Hillsborough, New Hampshire. He attended school at Hillsborough Center but then moved to Hancock Academy in Hancock at the age of 12. After attending school there for five years, he was transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy in the spring of 1820. After he entered, he felt homesick and returned home. Consequently, his father then put him in a wagon, drove him half way back to school, and left him on the roadside without saying a word. Franklin walked the seven remaining miles back to school. Later that year, he was transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy to prepare for college. That fall, he was sent to Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. While he was there, Franklin Pierce participated in literary, political, and debating clubs. During his second year there, his grades were the lowest in his class, but he was able to improve them and graduated with the rank of fifth in his class.
Career
Once finished with college, he went to law school in Northampton, Massachusetts. Pierce was admitted to the bar and began law practice in Concord, New Hampshire, in 1827. Franklin Pierce rose to a central position in the Democratic party of New Hampshire and was elected to the lower house in New Hampshire’s General Court in 1828. Pierce served in the State House from 1829 to 1833 and also served as Speaker from 1832 to 1833. Then in 1832, Franklin was elected Democrat to the 23rd and 24th of Congress from March 4, 1833, to March 4, 1837. At 27 years of age, Pierce was the youngest U.S. Representative at that time. In 1836, he was elected by the New Hampshire General Court as a Democrat to the U.S Senate, serving from March 4, 1837, to February 28, 1842. After serving in the Senate, Pierce went back to Concord to resume law practice. He then was U.S. Attorney from 1845 to 1847 for the district of New Hampshire, though he declined Democratic nomination for Governor of New Hampshire and refused the appointment as General of the United States.
Personal life
On November 19, 1834, Franklin Pierce married Jane Means Appleton. They had three children, all of which died in childhood. Franklin Pierce Jr. died only three days after birth; and Frank Robert Pierce died at four years of age from epidemic typhus; just two months before his inauguration, Franklin Pierce and his family boarded a train bound for Boston. Shortly after, their derailed car started to roll down an embankment. Franklin and Jane survived, merely shaken up, but saw their 11-year-old son Benjamin get crushed to death. Jane Pierce thought the train accident was a divine punishment for Franklin’s pursuit and acceptance of high office.
President years
Franklin Pierce served as President from March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1857. He was the first President to “affirm” his oath of office instead of swearing it (the only other president to do this has been Herbert Hoover). So rather than placing his hands on the Bible, Franklin Pierce placed his hands on a law book. He was also the first President to recite his inaugural address from memory. Surprisingly, Franklin Pierce selected men of different opinions for his Cabinet. Many people expected a diverse group to break up quickly, but the Cabinet stayed together for Pierce’s four-year term.
Franklin Pierce’s toughest challenge as President was the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and, in the west, reopened the question of slavery. These and more triggered a series of events known as "Bleeding Kansas". Pro-slavery Border Ruffians, mostly from Missouri, illegally voted in a government. Pierce recognized this and called the Topeka Constitution, set up by Free-Staters, as an act of “rebellion.” Overall, Franklin Pierce is ranked among the least effective Presidents of the United States, as he was unable to steer a steady, prudent course.
Later life
After losing the Democratic reelection in 1856, Pierce retired with his wife. Franklin Pierce died in Concord, New Hampshire of cirrhosis on October 8, 1869 at the age of 64. He was buried in Old North Cemetery in Concord.
References
Other websites
Pierce's White House biography
1804 births
1869 deaths
Deaths from cirrhosis
Episcopalians
People from Concord, New Hampshire
Presidents of the United States
United States representatives from New Hampshire
United States senators from New Hampshire
US Democratic Party politicians
American generals
Lawyers from New Hampshire
American military people
Politicians from New Hampshire
19th-century American politicians |
16844 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%20Empire | Ottoman Empire | The Ottoman Empire, officially the Sublime State of Ottomania (in Ottoman Turkish: دولت عالیه عثمانیه), was a multinational state that lasted from 1299 to 1923. It was centered in Turkey and controlled the eastern and southern lands around the Mediterranean Sea. The empire was founded by Osman I around 1299, and was most powerful from around 1400 to 1600, when it controlled trade and politics in southeastern Europe, southwest Asia, and northern Africa. Suleiman the Magnificent was one of the most powerful rulers.
The empire was a collection of conquered countries. The Sultan sent governors to rule these countries or provinces, with titles such as Pasha or Bey. The most famous in the early 19th century was Muhammad Ali Pasha. Besides provinces, the empire also had tributary states.
In later years, the Ottoman Empire began to weaken. In the later part of the 19th century, it became known as "the sick man of Europe". The empire was defeated in World War I and broke apart.
Rise
The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman I in 1299. His son, Orhan, captured its first capital, Bursa, from the Byzantine Empire. In the late 1300s, the Ottomans began consolidating power, especially in the Balkans, where Serbia was defeated in 1389 at the Battle of Kosovo Polje by Sultan Murad I. He died at the battle, and Bayezid I took control. At the 1396 Battle of Nicopolis, a large crusade of the Western European powers was defeated. Despite the victory, Bayezid was deposed by Tamerlane at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. His absence led to a civil war, referred to as the Ottoman Interregnum. Mehmed Çelebi won and became Mehmed I. His son, Murad II had to battle pretenders to the throne backed by the Byzantine Empire. He retaliated with an attack on Constantinople, and Venice helped the Byzantines. Murad defeated them at Thessaloniki. He also defeated the Karamanid beylik (principality), Hungary, Poland, and Wallachia at Varna in 1444. John Hunyadi, a Hungarian general, tried his hand at defeating the Turks but lost in 1448.
Peak
Mehmed the Conqueror conquered Constantinople on May 29, 1453. He also subjugated Albania and expanded tolerance for the Orthodox Church. Mehmed continued his expansion, followed by his son Bayezid II. Selim I conquered Egypt and the Levant, which were ruled by the Mamluks, in early 1517. He also obliterated the Safavid Persians at Chaldiran in 1514. The Ottomans were at odds with Portugal over their expansion as well. Suleiman the Magnificent, Selim's son, captured Belgrade and most of Hungary after the Battle of Mohács in 1526. His Siege of Vienna was repulsed by the deeply-divided Holy Roman Empire in 1529. Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia became tributary to the Ottoman Empire soon afterwards.
In the east, the Ottomans captured Baghdad from the Safavids and partitioned the Caucasus with them. Meanwhile, Suleiman allied Francis I of France over mutual hatred of the Habsburgs. This led to Ottoman activity in the Mediterranean, where Rhodes, Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli would eventually be captured. Barbarossa Hayreddin led the Ottoman advance. In 1566, Suleiman died, and many historians consider that the start of the Ottoman stagnation.
The Ottomans lost the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 by Philip II of Spain and his Holy League. The Ottomans quickly recovered by capturing Cyprus from the Republic of Venice. However, the defeat shattered the myth of Ottoman invincibility. The Ottomans suffered many defeats in the next 30 years: the Long War with the Austrian Empire ended in stalemate, and the Safavids invaded the eastern Ottoman provinces. Murad IV recaptured Iraq and the Caucasus from Persia. The "Sultanate of Women" became an nickname for the Ottoman Empire after consorts Kösem Sultan and Turhan Sultan became important in the empire and sometimes made even economic decisions in the Sultan's place. The Grand Vizier also took a greater role under the leadership of the Köprülüs. Crete was captured from Venice and southern Ukraine was captured from Poland.
However, Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha carelessly opened up the empire to attack when he attacked Vienna. The Austrians, Poles, Russians, and Venetians all attacked the Ottomans back in the Great Turkish War. Austria and Poland attacked the overstretched Turks in Hungary and Transylvania while Russia hammered Crimea. Venice settled to attack Greece. The warring sides signed the Treaty of Karlowitz, ceding Hungary and Transylvania to Austria, Podolia (southern Ukraine) to Poland, Morea (southern Greece) to Venice, and Azov (a Black Sea port) to Russia.
Russia and Sweden went to war, and the Ottomans got involved by retaking Azov and then making peace. Austria, Russia, Venice, and the Ottomans would go to war several times. By 1739, the Ottomans had actually retaken the Morea and Serbia. In the 1740s and the 1750s, the Ottomans began to modernize their military, but in the 1760s, the Ottomans went to war with Russia again. Russia took over Crimea in 1783 and claimed that Orthodox Christians living in the Ottoman Empire were under Russian protection. Selim III continued modernising the military, but the elite Janissary corps troops revolted. Napoleon attacked Egypt but was repulsed by the British.
Serbia revolted and gained nominal independence in 1815, but they were still vassals of the Ottoman Empire. Greece won their independence after a long war of independence from 1821 to 1829. The al-Saud family revolted in 1811 with the support of the Wahhabi sect. Then, Egypt under Muhammad Ali almost captured Constantinople, but the Russians repulsed them. The Egyptians settled with the Levant, and the Ottomans tried to retake it but were soundly defeated. The Ottomans was dubbed the "sick man of Europe" because of the empire's incompetence in international affairs.
Decline and fall
The Ottoman Tanzimat period brought reform: conscription was introduced, a central bank was formed, homosexuality was decriminalised, the law was secularised, and the guilds were replaced with factories. The Christian part of the empire became much more advanced than the Muslim part, and the divide created tension. In the 1850s, the British and the French helped the Ottomans in the Crimean War. The Ottoman debts led to a state of bankruptcy, and the European countries began providing loans and controlling the finances of the empire. Worse yet, the Ottomans began war with Russia over Bulgarian independence. Ar the 1878 Congress of Berlin, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro gained complete independence. Bulgaria remained a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. The British took Cyprus and in 1882 Egypt.
In 1908, the Ottomans underwent a revolution by the Young Turks. Abdul Hamid II abdicated, and Mehmed V was instated. Bulgaria gained independence, and Austria invaded Bosnia that same year. In 1912, the Ottomans lost Libya to the Italians. The ensuing Balkan Wars saw the Ottomans lose all of their European territories except Eastern Thrace to a combined force of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria. The Second Balkan War allowed the Ottomans to attack Bulgaria in conjunction with Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece. Their victory meant little since the unrest continued, with a 1909 countercoup to the Young Turk coup and then three countercoups.
In 1914, although they were utterly disorganised, the Ottomans attacked Russia and declared war. Britain and France went to war with the Ottomans, and World War I had come to Turkey.
The Ottomans early in the war performed better than expected. They won the Battle of Gallipoli, partly because of the incompetence of the British commanders. The Ottomans also won the Battle of Kut though Iraq was lost later. In 1915, some of the worst mass killings in history began. Armenians, Assyrians, Greeks, and others were targeted, and many as 2.5 million people died. The Ottoman Empire fell soon after the Arabs revolted in 1916 with British help. The empire fell after the Sinai, Palestine, Iraq, Syria, and eventually Anatolia itself fell. The Ottomans surrendered in 1918.
The Turkish War of Independence was military campaign by The Turkish National Movement, which lead to the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. In 1923, the Ottoman Empire formally ceased to exist.
Sultan's family
The empire was a hereditary monarchy. The ruler's title was 'Sultan'. (It was used in front of the name, e.g. "Sultan Süleyman".) The title of 'Sultan' was also used for the wives and the daughters of the monarchs. (It was used at the end of the name, e.g. "Hürrem Sultan".) In the early years of the empire, shahzadahs, the sons of the Sultan, were sent to different parts of the empire (Sanjaks) to get experience of governing. Later they might be candidates for the Sultanate and Caliphate.
After Ahmed this system changed. In the new system the Sultan would keep his male relatives locked in a small apartment called a kafes where they would never be able to see the outside world, and would therefore be unable to take power from him. Often, a new Sultan would have his male relatives killed, a simpler solution since it removed competition for the Sultanate and prevented rebel movements. However, the women in his harem often sought greater status and influence, and the Sultan's mother might become a powerful political force in the Empire. Each mother in the harem would try to make her own son the next Sultan, since they knew he would probably be killed if he was not.
The Sultans gradually lost their ability to govern far-away territories well. Distant governors did whatever they wanted and made their own laws instead of obeying the Sultan. By its end, the Ottoman Empire grew so worn out and corrupt that it was ready to collapse.
Capital
Bursa was the first capital of the Ottoman Empire. Edirne in Thrace became the capital city of the Ottoman Empire in 1365, until Istanbul was conquered by the Turks and became the empire's final capital.
Vassal states
Many places were vassal states to the empire, rather than being directly ruled. They included Transylvania, Moldavia, Wallachia, (all of them later joined to form Romania), Caucasus (Georgia, Dagestan, and Chechnya). Their rulers received a degree of independence and autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, but they had to pay more money (tax or tribute) to the sultan.
References
Other websites
The Ottoman Empire: A Chronogical Outline
The Ottoman Empire: The Eternal State
Ottoman Website
History of Turkish Empire — gives detailed timetable.
Turkish Oral Narrative
Information about Ottomans
Forced population transfers in early Ottoman imperial policy - covers the period 1300-1600
Turkey in Asia is an old book in English from 1920
Ottoman Empire Citizendium
Former countries in the Middle East
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century |
16846 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic%20bombing | Strategic bombing | Strategic bombing is a military strategy used to destroy the enemies' economic ability to fight a war. It is an attack from the air. Strategic bombing missions usually attack targets such as factories, railroads, oil refineries and cities. Missions would attack targets such as military bases, command and control facilities, airfields, and ammunition dumps.
The United States Air Force (USAF) has used strategic bombers in later conflicts.
History
Strategic bombing was an idea first tried in World War I. It was used by the German Luftwaffe. They bombed Antwerp. Zeppelins were used to bomb England.
However, the strategic bombing in World War II was on a far larger scale than anything which went before. First, In the Battle of Britain the German Air Force almost defeated Britain by attacking the Royal Air Force planes on the ground. This was partly successful, and some think it was a mistake to switch to other targets. The British had primitive radar, good enough to know whereabouts each attack was going. There was time to get the fighters in the air to intercept and damage the attacks.
Despairing of victory this way, the attack was switched to the cities.
German bombing of London and the larger provincial cities such as Coventry (an industrial city). They used high explosives and incendiary devices to cause fires.
Once the attacks on British air bases was diverted to the city targets, the Luftwaffe began to lose planes to the defences. The German air force, which had previously fought easy targets (for example, in the Spanish Civil War) began to take losses. Eventually these losses began to tell, and Hitler cancelled the planned invasion. He realised that no invasion across the Channel could succeed while Britain still had an active air force.
USA enters World War II
United States Army Air Force (USAAF) Colonel Billy Mitchell promoted strategic bombing in the United States. He had new ideas on the strategic, and tactical air war. The first USAAF strategic bomber was the B-17 Flying Fortress.
In the end, the large bomber fleets of the Allies devastated Nazi Germany with conventional bombs, and the atomic bomb was dropped on the Japan.
Later years
After World War II, the Strategic Air Command was located at Omaha, Nebraska, at Offutt Air Force Base. Nuclear weapons became an important mission.
A full cadre of generals at Offutt participated in many of the missions of the "Looking Glass", a KC-135 air tanker which was stripped and refitted with state of the art electronics which would take over in case the president was killed in wartime. The plane had several generals on board to assume wartime duties. The "red telephone" was an instant connection to the president at the White House. The plane flew all day every day, three planes took off a day in overlapping flights to provide this level of coverage. Since the end of the cold war, this flight ended, however, the Strategic Air Command still maintains the main facility at Offutt AFB - this is where President Bush flew to when the Twin Towers were bombed on 9-11-01 to set up his command center.
References
Air force
conflicts
World War II
de:Luftkrieg#Strategische Bombardements |
16847 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsel | Edsel | Edsel was a make of car and a new car making division introduced by the Ford Motor Company on September 4, 1957. The company called that day, "E-Day." It was named after Henry Ford's son, Edsel Ford. The Edsel was also one of the biggest failures in history. It was sold for only three years, ending in 1960.
Ford planned to move their Lincoln brand upmarket and put another make in beneath it. Design of the Edsel began in 1955 under the name "E-car" which stood for "Experimental car".
Edsel produced four models their first year, the 1958 model year. These were the large Citation and Corsair, and the smaller, easier to buy Pacer and Ranger.
These were the different body styles offered:
Citation: 2 door hardtop, 4 door sedan, 2 door convertible
Corsair: Same, no convertible
Pacer: 2 door, 4 door, 2 door sedan, 2 door convertible
Ranger: 2 door, 4 door, 2 door sedan, 4 door sedan
The Bermuda, Villager and Roundup were station wagons based on the two smaller Edsel models. They were basically the same as the 1957-59 Ford wagons.
63,110 Edsels sold the first year, which was the second largest car launch for any brand in history. Only the Plymouth introduction in 1928 was better, but still not as many cars as Ford hoped would sell.
There were only 2 Edsels in 1959, the Ranger and the Corsair. Only 44,891 cars were sold in that model year.
Only the Ranger and Villager were produced in 1960. These were almost exactly like the 1960 Ford cars. Only 2848 cars were built before the Edsel Motor Division was closed on November 19, 1959.
Edsel's failure
Edsel's failure is very famous because it failed after Ford put US$400,000,000 into its development. It had many innovations which are still in use today, including brakes which adjusted themselves and a very powerful V-8 engine called the "FE-series" that would be used for many years in later Fords. Also, the car did not live up to all of the promises in the advertisements before it was released. Some people blamed the look of the new car because of its very unusual grille shaped like a horse's collar. One famous quote from an auto writer said that the Edsel looked like "an Oldsmobile sucking on a lemon." Quality of the Edsel was a problem as well. Even the name was a problem to some buyers. Worst of all, the U.S. was entering a period of recession. All car sales were down.
Many drivers did not like having the automatic transmission as push-buttons mounted on the steering wheel hub. Since this was the place the horn was normally found, drivers ended up shifting gears instead of honking the horn.
The planned 1960 Edsel Comet compact car was relabeled Mercury Comet and sold more cars in its first year than all models of Edsel ever produced.
Fewer than 6,000 Edsels survive and today they are considered collectors’ items, with convertibles sometimes selling for over US$20,000 if in good condition. As usual with classics, hardtop models are worth considerably less, station wagons less than that, and sedans least of all. It is possible to get a very good 1959 sedan for about US$3000–$3500.
Other websites
Edsel.com History, specifications, resources for owners.
Ford
1957 establishments in the United States
1960 disestablishments in the United States |
16851 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000 | 1000 | 1000 (M) in the Gregorian Calendar was the last year of the 10th century and the 1st millennium in the Christian era ending on December 31. According to the then used Julian Calendar, 1000 AD was a leap year starting on Monday. In the Gregorian Calendar (not invented at the time) the year would have been a common year starting on Wednesday.
It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).
Events
Leif Ericson becomes the first European to visit America
Gunpowder is invented in China.
Dhaka, Bangladesh, is started.
Births
July 5 – Robert I, Duke of Normandy, French nobleman; father to William the Conqueror (died 1035)
King Stephen I of Hungary, Hungarian royal (died 1038)
Pope Clement II (died 1045)
Pope Damasus II (died 1047)
Pope Sylvester IX (died 1049)
Saint Herfast, French bishop; first Lord Chancellor of England (died 1085) |
16852 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830 | 1830 |
Events
July 27 – The July Revolution begins.
August 2 – Charles X of France refuses the throne.
August 9 – Louis Philippe becomes "King of the French".
Deaths
Joseph Fourier |
16868 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino%20Hills%2C%20California | Chino Hills, California | Chino Hills is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is in San Bernardino County. Almost 75,000 people live in Chino Hills. It is named for the hills that cover most of the city.
Cities in California
Settlements in San Bernardino County, California |
16872 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning | Learning | Learning is getting new things into your brain.
There are a number of different types of learning:
Classical conditioning: where two stimuli come together, the organism learns they are related.
Operant conditioning: an organism changes its behaviour when behaviour has consequences.
Play: an inherited mechanism whereby mammals speed up learning in the young.
Gestalt learning: learning by insight
Imitation, emulation or observational learning: mimicking the behaviour of others
Implicit learning or unconscious learning: learning which is done without conscious awareness of the learning process.
Imprinting: a very rapid type of early learning.
Learning may occur as a result of habituation or classical conditioning, seen in many animal species, or as a result of more complex activities such as play, seen only in relatively intelligent animals. Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness. There is evidence for human behavioral learning prenatally, in which habituation has been observed as early as 32 weeks into gestation, indicating that the central nervous system is sufficiently developed and primed for learning and memory to occur very early in development. According to James Zull, Professor of Biology and Biochemistry at Case Western University, "Learning is physical. Learning means the modification, growth, and pruning of our neurons, connectionscalled synapsesand neuronal networks, through experience".
References
Other websites
Explorations in Learning & Instruction: The Theory Into Practice Database
Articles about Natural Learning from Natural Life magazine
Interview with James Zull, Ph.D. |
16877 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocorinth | Acrocorinth | Acrocorinth is the acropolis of the Greek city Corinth.
Other websites
Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Fortress of Acrocorinth
Buildings and structures in Greece |
16913 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron | Neutron | Neutrons, with protons and electrons, make up an atom. Neutrons and protons are found in the nucleus of an atom. Unlike protons, which have a positive charge, or electrons, which have a negative charge, neutrons have zero charge which means they are neutral particles. Neutrons bind with protons with the residual strong force.
Neutrons were predicted by Ernest Rutherford, and discovered by James Chadwick, in 1932. Atoms were fired at a thin pane of beryllium. Particles emerged which had no charge, and he called these 'neutrons'. They were later added to the modern image of the atom.
Neutrons have a mass of 1.675 × 10-24g, which is a little heavier than the proton. Neutrons are 1839 times heavier than electrons.
Like all hadrons, neutrons are made of quarks. A neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark. One up quark has a charge of +2/3, and the two down quarks each have a charge of -1/3. The fact that these charges cancel out is why neutrons have a neutral (0) charge. Quarks are held together by gluons.
Isotopes
Neutrons can be found in almost all atoms together with protons and electrons. Hydrogen-1 is the only exception. Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes of the same element.
The number of neutrons in an atom does not affect its chemical properties. However it affects its half-life, a measure of its stability. An unstable isotope has a short half-life, in which half of it decays to lighter elements. By contrast, a stable isotope has a long half-life, much longer than that of an unstable isotope. The stability of an isotope is related to radioactivity: an unstable isotope can be highly radioactive.
Atomic reactions
Neutrons are the key to nuclear chain reactions, nuclear power and nuclear weapons.
Related pages
Proton
Electron
References
Subatomic particles
Basic physics ideas |
16927 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal | LiveJournal | LiveJournal (often called LJ) is a website on which Internet users can keep a blog. It is also the name of the software that was designed to run it. LiveJournal is different from some other blogging sites, because a user can interact with friends in certain ways that are unique to the website (such as instant messaging in LJ Talk). It is based in San Francisco, California.
LiveJournal was started in 1999 by Brad Fitzpatrick as a way of keeping his high school friends updated on his activities. In January 2005, a blogging software company called Six Apart bought Danga Interactive, the company that was owned by Fitzpatrick, which operates LiveJournal.
Features
LiveJournal has a service called a "friends list", which makes the site a way to socialise with friends and other people, even though it is a blog service too.
LiveJournal lets users change their accounts in several ways. A programming language called S2 can help users make their blogs look different. Users may upload small pictures (maximum 100 by 100 pixels) called userpics, which appear next to the username. People can pay to get more features, like extra userpics, the ability to record their voices into a post ("voice posts"), the ability to make polls, and better layouts.
Each user also has a "User Info" page, which may contain contact information, a biography of the user, and lists of friends, interests, communities, and even schools the user had attended.
Currently LiveJournal has five kinds of accounts. About 95% of all LiveJournal users use a non-paid account ("plus" accounts). People can pay for their accounts ("Paid" accounts) and get more features, or they can get a "sponsored" account, which is free and has more features, but has advertisements. "Early adopters" are the accounts of people who signed up for LiveJournal back in 1999 or 2000. There are also permanent accounts. Most people can not get a permanent account. LiveJournal only sells them sometimes, and they may not sell them again.
1999 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
Websites |
16928 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA | RNA | RNA is an acronym for ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid. Many different kinds are now known.
RNA is physically different from DNA: DNA contains two intercoiled strands, but RNA only contains one single strand. RNA also contains different bases from DNA. These bases are the following:
(A) Adenine
(G) Guanine
(C) Cytosine
(U) Uracil
Adenine forms bonds with uracil, and guanine forms bonds with cytosine. In this way, we say that adenine is complementary to uracil and that guanine is complementary to cytosine. The first three bases are also found in DNA, but uracil replaces thymine as a complement to adenine.
RNA also contains ribose as opposed to deoxyribose found in DNA. These differences result in RNA being chemically more reactive than DNA. This makes it the more suitable molecule to take part in cell reactions.
RNA is the carrier of genetic information in certain viruses, especially the retroviruses like the HIV virus. This is the only exception to the general rule that DNA is the hereditary substance.
Protein synthesis RNAs
Messenger RNA
The main function of RNA is to carry information of amino acid sequence from the genes to where proteins are assembled on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
This is done by messenger RNA (mRNA). A single strand of DNA is the blueprint for the mRNA which is transcribed from that DNA strand. The sequence of base pairs is transcribed from DNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. Then the mRNA moves from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to form proteins. The mRNA translates the sequence of base pairs into a sequence of amino acids to form proteins. This process is called translation.
DNA does not leave the nucleus for various reasons. DNA is a very long molecule, and is bound in with proteins, called histones, in the chromosomes. mRNA, on the other hand is able to move and to react with various cell enzymes. Once transcribed, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves to the ribosomes.
Two kinds of non-coding RNAs help in the process of building proteins in the cell. They are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
tRNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a short molecule of about 80 nucleotides which carries a specific amino acid to the polypeptide chain at a ribosome. There is a different tRNA for each amino acid. Each one has a site for the amino acid to attach, and an anti-codon to match the codon on the mRNA. For example, codons UUU or UUC code for the amino acid phenylalanine.
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time. rRNA is extremely abundant and makes up 80% of the 10 mg/ml RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cytoplasm.
snRNAs
Small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) join with proteins to form spliceosomes. The spliceosomes govern alternative splicing.
Genes code for proteins in bits called exons. The bits can be joined together in different ways to make different mRNAs. Thus, from one gene many proteins can be made. This is the process of alternative splicing. Any unwanted versions of the protein get chopped up by proteases, and the chemical bits re-used.
Regulatory RNAs
There are a number of RNAs which regulate genes, that is, they regulate the rate at which genes are transcribed or translated.
miRNA
Micro RNAs (miRNA) act by joining an enzyme and blocking mRNA, or speeding its breakdown. This is called RNA interference.
siRNA
Small interfering RNAs (sometimes called silencing RNAs) interfere with the expression of a specific gene. They are quite small (20/25 nucleotides) double-stranded molecules. Their discovery has caused a surge in biomedical research and drug development.
Parasitic and other RNAs
Retrotransposons
Transposons are only one of several types of mobile genetic elements.
Retrotransposons copy themselves in two stages: first from DNA to RNA by transcription, then from RNA back to DNA by reverse transcription. The DNA copy is then inserted into the genome in a new position. Retrotransposons behave very similarly to retroviruses, such as HIV.
Viral genomes
Viral genomes, which are usually RNA, take over the cell machinery and make both new viral RNA and the protein coat of the virus.
Phage genomes
Phage genomes are quite varied. The genetic material can be ssRNA (single-stranded RNA), dsRNA (double-stranded RNA), ssDNA (single-stranded DNA), or dsDNA (double-stranded DNA). It may be between 5 and 500 kilo base pairs long with either circular or linear arrangement. Bacteriophages are usually between 20 and 200 nanometers in size.
Phage genomes may code for as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes.
Uses
Some scientists and doctors have used messenger RNA in vaccines to treat cancer and prevent people from becoming sick.
References
Cell biology |
16947 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure%20skating | Figure skating | Figure skating is both an art and a sport, in which people skate around on ice, doing jumps and spins. It is done at the Winter Olympics, and it has its own world championships. The name means to make figures or patterns on the ice. People skate with music.
In figure skating, sometimes women or men skate alone, or they skate in couples. Couples dancing includes pairs and ice dancing. Pairs skating has jumps, and sometimes the man lifts the woman in the air. These things are not done in ice dancing. In ice dancing, the woman must be held in the man's arms. Another kind of figure skating is synchronized skating done in groups.
History
The first ever figure skating club was started in 1742 in Edinburgh, Scotland. World Championships began in 1896 (the first in St. Petersburg, Russia). Before the Winter Olympic Games were started, competitions in figure skating were part of the Summer Olympic Games, in 1908 and 1920.
Rules
The International Skating Union (ISU) made the rules.
Singles Skating
Singles skating is composed of a Short Program and a Free Skate. Both of them have a technical score and a presentation score.
The Short Program (SP) must include 2 solo jumps, a jump combination consisting of two jumps, 3 spins and one Step Sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
Free Skate (FS) contains jump elements, jump combinations or jump sequences. The Free Skate also has 3 spins, one Step Sequence fully utilizing the ice surface and a choreographic sequence.
Judges
Under the ISU Judging System the Judges focus entirely on evaluating the quality of each element performed (technical aspect) and the quality of the performance. There will be a panel of 9 Judges per segment. Out of these 9 scores, the highest and lowest score of each element or program component are ignored and the average will be taken.
Technical Score
The score for the element is composed of a “Base Value” of each element and the “Grade of Execution - GOE”. GOE is that the Judge grades the quality of the element on a scale of +5 to -5. The total of all the elements scores gives the Technical Score.
Presentation Score
The Judges award points on a scale from 0.25 to 10.00 with increments of 0.25 for the Presentation Score to grade the overall presentation of the performance. There are five items in the Presentation Score.
Skating Skills
Over all skating quality
Transitions, Linking Footwork and Movement
The varied and/or intricate footwork, positions, movements, and holds that link all elements. This also includes the entrances and exits of technical elements.
Performance/Execution
The physical and emotional involvement of the skater/couple as they translate the intent of the music and choreography
Choreography/Composition
The arrangement of all movements according to the principles of proportion, space and music
Interpretation
The translation of the music to movement on ice
Jumps
There are six types of jump that ISU decides to score. The following items are listed in order of the score (difficulty). There are two types of jumps: edge jump and toe jump. The Axel, loop, and Salchow are edge jumps and the lutz, flip and toe loop are toe jumps.
Axel
This is the only jump where a skater takes off while skating forward. It's the most difficult jump of the six.
Lutz
The skater takes off from the back outside edge of the left or right foot and pokes the ice with the opposite toe.
Flip
The skater takes off from the back inside edge of the left or right foot and pokes the ice with the opposite toe.
Loop
The skater takes off from the back outside edge of the right or left foot. This jump is often used in second jump of combination jump.
Salchow
The skater takes off from the back inside edge of the right or left foot.
Toe Loop
The skater takes off from the back outside edge of the right or left foot and pokes the ice with the opposite toe. This is the easiest jump and it is often used in second jump of combination jump.
Spins
Spins are classified as Sit spins, Upright spins or Camel spin. Each of them has various variations. Any position which is not basic is a non-basic position.
Sit spin
The position of this spin is that the upper part of the skating leg is at least parallel to the ice.
there are 3 categories based on position of free leg
Sit Forward (with leg forward)
Sit Sideways (with leg sideways)
Sit Behind (with the leg behind)
Upright spin
The position of this spin is any position with the skating leg is extended or slightly bent which is not a camel position.
there are 4 categories based on position of the torso.
Upright Forward (with torso leaning forward)
Upright Straight or Sideways (with torso straight up or sideways)
Upright Biellmann (in Biellmann position)
Upright Layback
Camel spin
The position of this spin is any position where the free leg backwards and the knee is higher than the hip level, however Layback, Biellmann and similar variations are still considered upright spins.
There are 3 categories based on the direction of the belly button.
Camel Forward (with belly button facing forward)
Camel Sideways (with belly button facing sideways)
Camel Upward (with belly button facing upward)
Turns and Steps
Turns
three turns, twizzles, brackets, loops, counters, rockers
Turns must be executed on one foot. If a turn is “jumped ”, it is not counted as performed.
Steps
toe steps, chasses, mohawks, choctaws, change of edge, cross rolls
Steps must be executed on one foot whenever possible.
Some well-known figure skaters
Pairs:
Emilie Rotter & Laszlo Szolas (Hungary)
Maxi Herber & Ernst Baier (Germany)
Barbara Wagner & Robert Paul (Canada)
Ludmila Belousova & Oleg Protopopov (USSR)
Irina Rodnina & Alexei Ulyanov (USSR)
Irina Rodnina & Alexander Zaitsev (USSR)
Ekaterina Gordeeva & Sergei Grinkov (USSR)
Xue Shen & Hongbo Zhao (China)
Tatiana Totmianina & Maxim Marinin (Russia)
Dorota Siudek & Mariusz Siudek (Poland)
Aljona Savchenko & Robin Szolkowy (Germany)
Aljona Savchenko & Bruno Massot (Germany)
Sui Wenjing & Han Cong (China)
Ice dance:
Jean Westwood & Lawrence Demmy (Britain)
Eva Romanova & Pavel Roman (Czechoslovakia)
Diane Towler & Bernard Ford (Britain)
Lyudmila Pakhomova & Alexander Gorshkov (USSR)
Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean (Britain)
Natalia Bestemianova & Andrei Bukin (USSR)
Isabelle Duchesnay & Paul Duchesnay (France/Canada)
Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko (Russia)
Oksana Grishuk & Evgeny Platov (Russia)
Tatiana Navka & Roman Kostomarov (Russia)
Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto (United States)
Meryl Davis & Charlie White (United States)
Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir (Canada)
Gabriella Papadakis & Guillaume Cizeron (France)
Related pages
Ice dancing
References
Other websites
Images for figure skating
Figure Skating TV Schedule
Videos for figure skating
Winter Olympic sports |
16948 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel | Gabriel | Gabriel in the Bible is an angel, specifically an archangel (arch means "highest" or "chief"). The name means "God is my strength" or "man of God",
The greeting of the Angel Gabriel opens the prayer Ave Maria.
In the Christian calendar, the Archangel Gabriel is celebrated together with the Archangels Michael and Raphael on September 29th.
Gabriel is also a given name. Cognates: Hungarian: Gábor. Italian: Gabriele. Finnish: Kaapo. The feminine form of the name Gabriel is Gabrielle.
Archangel Gabriel in the Bible
Gabriel is first mentioned in the Bible, in the book of Daniel, when he appeared to Daniel. In the New Testament, St. Gabriel appears first in the book of Daniel in the Old Testament, the angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. And most famously, to Mary to announce the coming birth of Jesus. The Catholic feast of the Annunciation celebrates this visit every year, nine months before Christmas.
The Bible does not say angels have wings, but Christian artists usually show them that way.
References
Angels
Biblical people
Christian saints |
16949 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%20office | Post office | A post office is a place that is made available by the postal system to post, receive, sort, handle, and to move or deliver mail. postage stamps can be bought to mail things like packages or letters and drop them off there, and the employees deliver it to the destination.
References
Other websites
GRC Database Information: worldwide post office website links
Photos of post offices around the world
Royal Mail Chat
The British Postal Museum & Archive
United Kingdom Post Office site
United States Postal Service
Universal Postal Union
Postal service |
16950 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahn | Lahn | The Lahn is a river in Hesse, Germany with a length of .
Its source is in the Rothaargebirge.
It flows through the towns Marburg, Gießen, Wetzlar, and Limburg an der Lahn.
It joins the River Rhine at Lahnstein, near Koblenz.
Geography of Hesse
Rivers of Germany |
16961 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottweiler | Rottweiler | The Rottweiler ( or , ) is a breed of domestic dog, regarded as medium-to-large or large. Their coat of fur is mostly black, with brown on the legs and face. They are excellent guard dogs, as well as herding, and companion dogs.
History
The Rottweiler is one of the oldest of herding breeds. With a history possibly dating back to the Roman Empire, the Rottweiler may be a descendant of ancient Roman drover dogs; a mastiff-type dog that was a dependable, rugged dog with great intelligence and guarding instincts.
Behaviour
Dogs are pack animals. When they feel threatened, they will defend themselves. They will also protect other members of the pack to a certain extent. How they defend themselves, and how close they feel to the rest of the pack (their owners) depends on the dog's nature. It also depends on how they were raised. Since dogs judge dangerous situations differently, they should not be left unattended near a place where people are arguing. They may also judge unattended moves of a child as an attack. Therefore, dogs should not be left alone near children.
Size
There is no specific weight for a Rottweiler to qualify to be judged in dog shows. The dog must be neither too thin or too fat for its size. Both males and females must be "medium-large" in size for the American Kennel Club. The General German Rottweiler Club (ADRK) lists 50 kilograms (110 pounds) for males and 42 kilograms (93 pounds) for females .
Considerations
When the Rottweilers' owners are not experienced, problems arise. Sometimes humans, mostly children, are attacked by these dogs. The attacks are often a result of irresponsible owners. Rottweilers are very intelligent and need equally smart handlers to raise them.
In some areas, breeding certain dogs has been restricted or forbidden.
References
Further reading
Blackmore, Joan. A Dog Owners Guide to the Rottweiler
Brace, Andrew H. (Ed), The Ultimate Rottweiler, Ringpress Books, Surrey, 2003.
Coren, Stanley. The Intelligence of Dogs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. (1994).
Chardets: Know your Rottweiler
Fédération Cynologique Internationale-Standard N° 147/ 19. 06. 2000 / GB The Rottweiler. Translated by – Mrs C. Seidler Country of Origin – Germany.
Dogs of the Rottweiler breed in India have a large, muscular physique, the chest is wide and deep. Paws are of medium length, strong, and also muscular, the neck is medium, massive, the head is large, with a powerful mouth, the ears hang down on the sides of the head on the cheekbones. The tail is usually docked, black and tan., 4 July 2021
National Dog – The Ringleader Way, Volume 12 Number 1 & 2, Jan/Feb 2009 Breed Feature "Bernese Mountain Dogs, Leonbergers & Rottweilers".
Pettengell, Jim. The Rottweiler
Pienkoss, Adolf. The Rottweiler, 3rd revised and updated edition, Internationale Foederation der Rottweilerfreunde (IFR) Wilhelmitenstr. 15a, 46354 Borken, Germany, 2008
Price, Les. Rottweilers: an owner's companion. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York 1991.
Schanzle, Manfred, Studies In The Breed History Of The Rottweiler. German edition Published by Allgemeiner Deutscher Rottweiller – Klub (ADRK) E.V. 1967 English edition published jointly by Colonial Rottweiler Club & Medallion Rottweiler Club – Sept 1969. 1981 Printing (updated) – Published by Powderhorn Press 3320 Wonderview Plaza, Hollywood, CA90068.
Yrjola, J.A.U. & Tikka, Elvi. Our Friend the Rottweiler.
Other websites
Dog breeds
Molossers |
16964 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Murray | Anne Murray | Morna Anne Murrary (born June 20, 1945) is a Canadian Pop and Country musician. She was born in Nova Scotia. She was a teacher in physical education. “I wasn’t all that young,” as she told later. “I did go to university and I did teach school for a year. I had my feet planted fairly firmly on the ground when it all began.” But also sang and made records. One of her records, "Snowbird", became a hit late in 1970. The song was not about Christmas, but was popular during the Christmas season. The record became a perennial through association with the holiday.
Murray later had hits with remakes of Beatles ("I'm Happy Just to Dance With You") and Monkees songs ("Daydream Believer"). She also recorded "Shadows in the Moonlight" and "A Little Good News", which became popular.
She publicly retired from a singer in the music industry in 2008 when she had the last concert tour.
Suggested reading
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Murray
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anne-murray-emc
Notes
Outer links
Anne Murray - Official Website
1945 births
Living people
Canadian pop musicians
Canadian pop singers
Country musicians
Grammy Award winners
People from Nova Scotia |
16966 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Potter%20and%20the%20Chamber%20of%20Secrets | Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets | Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J. K. Rowling is the second novel (published in 1998) in the Harry Potter series of books. A movie of the book was released in 2002.
About the story
The story begins as Harry, orphaned, spends summer with an aunt, uncle and cousin who do not love him. Harry is visited by Dobby, a house-elf, who is forced to serve the Malfoy family. Dobby warns Harry not to go back to Hogwarts, the magical school that Harry went to the year before, saying that terrible things will happen there. Harry doesn't listen to the warning, so Dobby causes a mess to make Harry's aunt and uncle angry. They lock Harry in his room for the rest of the summer. Harry is rescued by his best friend Ron Weasley in a flying car. He spends the rest of the summer at the Weasley home, called "The Burrow". The reader is introduced to the Weasley family, including Ron's sister Ginny, who is just starting at Hogwarts.
Mr Weasley works for the Department of Magic. He is fascinated by "Muggles" (ordinary people) and the way that they manage to live without magic. It is his job to prevent wizards from illegally enchanting Muggle objects. But he does not always do his job in the way the Department would like. In fact, he drives his family to catch the school train in a magical Ford Anglia. The magical train leaves Paddington station in London from Platform 9¾. But because of strange happenings, Harry and Ron miss the train to school.
Harry and Ron go to school, very late, and in disgrace. Harry has not been back at school very long before it becomes clear that everybody inside the school is in danger. One by one students, and even the caretaker's cat, are affected by a strange and frightening spell. As everyone becomes more and more frightened, they start to be suspicious of other people.
Important ideas in this book
One of the "themes" or ideas in this book is "suspicion". The author shows that when people are frightened, sometimes they can act in a very nasty way. If they see a person who acts a little bit differently to everyone else, they become "suspicious". They decide that maybe that person is the cause of the problem, not because they seem evil, but just because they seem different.
In this book, there are five very different people who are lonely and sad. Each one of them acts foolishly, because of their loneliness. Harry Potter suffers a great deal of unhappiness and loneliness, because he has a special talent that very few wizards have. The author has already told the reader about this talent in the first book, even though it did not seem very important at the time. Harry's talent makes most of the other students suspicious of him.
Another theme in this book is that some people think that they are "special". A person might think that they are special because they are rich, handsome, clever, from a noble family or even because they think that though their life has been hard, they are secretly more important than everyone else. Whatever the cause is, these people act in a way that shows no respect for others. These people act as if everyone else in the world owes them something and everyone else is beneath them. There are three of these people in this book, and their selfish attitudes are dangerous.
1998 books
Harry Potter books |
16971 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20computer | Personal computer | A personal computer (PC) is the common name for a type of computer that is most popular in offices and homes. The first PC called the "IBM PC" was made by the company called IBM in 1981, although many computers were made before like the Commodore PET. Smartphones and tablets are also computers for personal use, but they are not often called "personal computers".
Operating Systems
Today, most PCs usually have a basic set of software called an operating system. The operating system is responsible for several tasks including providing a user interface (UI). The most popular operating system on PCs is Windows, sold by Microsoft Corporation. PCs made by a company called Apple Inc. use a different system of software called Mac OS that is also made by Apple Inc.
Many free operating systems are available. Some are called Linux operating systems. There are over 300 different Linux "distributions". Each one has a different purpose/feel. Ubuntu Linux is the most-used Linux distribution.
Parts of a personal computer
A modern PC has a minimum set of parts to be useful. The "base unit" or "tower" (case) houses the computer parts. Usually, a mouse and keyboard are used for input, however some operating systems need only a keyboard. A monitor is usually needed to view output. In a laptop computer these parts are all together.
Inside the base unit or tower there are many electronic parts. The main parts are the motherboard, CPU, memory, and a data storage device, such as a hard disk or solid-state drive.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) follows the instructions in the operating system and application programs. The memory, or RAM (random access memory), is for moving information (or data) quickly to and from the processor. The hard disk or solid-state drive hold programs and data while the computer is powered off. Floppy drives, CD-ROM drives, and USB flash drives are used for portable data storage.
Computers sometimes have a modem to send and receive data over a phone line, or more recently, over cable television lines. Computers can also be connected to a computer network using a network card.
Modern PCs have various sockets called ports. The most common ports are known as USB ports.
Uses for personal computers
Computers may be used for work, including doing research using the internet, keeping records; or writing documents. Other uses include communicating, with people across the world using Instant messaging, e-mail or Skype or recreation activity such as playing computer games.
Computers
Time People of the Year |
16972 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS | MS-DOS | MS-DOS is a computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for "Microsoft Disk Operating System", and came from an operating system Microsoft bought called 86-DOS, originally called QDOS, or "Quick and Dirty Operating System." The operating system used a command-line interface for the user to input commands. It was popularly used in PCs before a GUI operating system called Microsoft Windows came out, and still is used in some places today.
OS/2 was made to replace MS-DOS, but that replacement did not succeed. MS-DOS was the framework behind Windows operating systems until an operating system known as Windows XP.
MS-DOS is a text-based operating system, meaning that a user works with a keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text. Later, MS-DOS often had programs using a mouse and graphics to make work more simple and quick. (Some people still believe that working without graphics is really more efficient.) It is called a disk operating system because it was originally made to be loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each time the computer is started (booted) up.
MS-DOS was released as proprietary software, but decades later after most users had gone to other systems, it was released as free software.
How-To Books
Many books were written on how to use MS-DOS. A popular introductory book was MS-DOS for Dummies, by Dan Gookin, the book in the For Dummies series of easy to follow instruction books.
References
Microsoft operating systems |
16975 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS | DOS | A disk operating system (DOS) will load from a floppy disk each time a computer starts, and will access that disk for software to complete operations. MS-DOS is probably the most well-known DOS, and was purchased by Microsoft Corporation from a system known as QDOS. As operating systems became more complicated and took up more space, they began to be permanently installed on hard drives, which are faster and more reliable than floppy disks, and can store more data. This was encouraged by a steady drop in hard drive prices.
DOSes are usually text-based and without graphics to save space on a floppy disk. Although DOSes have mostly been replaced by Windows, Macintosh, and Linux systems, among others (sporting a GUI, or Graphical User Interface), they are still in use in some places, mostly on older computers. This may be because of a lack of money, the need to use software which still runs on a DOS system, nostalgia for an older operating system, or the belief that text-based systems are more efficient.
Although GUIs are more popular, in times of emergency or when one needs to install special software, a boot disk allows a user to start his or her computer into a DOS.
Operating systems |
16976 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20service%20provider | Internet service provider | An Internet service provider, or ISP, maintains, installs and provides internet connection to residential or commercial areas. Some examples of ISP clients include - homes, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, offices. They usually charge a fee for installing the connection and a monthly fee for maintaining it.
The internet is basically a web of interconnected networks - which are maintained by a huge number of different ISPs. They keep connected around the world by giving their clients access to other ISP networks. This is called peering.
Many ISPs have other services such as e-mail and web hosting service.
ISPs offer different types of connections such as dial-up, DSL, through optical fiber wires, through a cable television connection, or wireless. Communications satellite connections are used mainly in remote areas. Dial-up is the slowest connection, while a direct fiber-optic connection is usually the fastest. |
16982 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Women%27s%20Hockey%20League | National Women's Hockey League | The National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) was an ice hockey league in Canada that was formed in 1999 and ended in 2007. The best female players in the world played in this league and in the Western Women's Hockey League. The mayor of Brampton, Ontario, Susan Fennell, was the NWHL's commissioner (president).
Teams in the NWHL
Brampton Thunder
British Columbia Breakers
Calgary Oval X-Treme
Edmonton Chimos
Montreal Axion
Montreal Jofa Titan
Minnesota Whitecaps
Oakville Ice
Ottawa Raiders
Laval Le Mistral
Quebec Avalanche
Saskatchewan Prairie Ice
Scarborough Sting
Strathmore Rockies
TELUS Lightning
Toronto Aeros
Vancouver Griffins
NWHL Champions
1999–2000 - Beatrice Aeros
2000-01 - Beatrice Aeros
2001-02 - Beatrice Aeros
2002-03 - Calgary X-Treme
2003-04 - Calgary X-Treme
2004-05 - Toronto Aeros
2005-06 - Montreal Axion
2006-07 - Brampton Thunder
Other websites
NWHL/COWHL website for 2000-01
NWHL website
Ice hockey leagues in Canada] |
16983 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Women%27s%20Hockey%20League | Western Women's Hockey League | The Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) is an ice hockey league in North America. It was formed in 2004. The best female players in the world play in this league and in the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL). Some WWHL teams began in the NWHL. The Minnesota Whitecaps and the Manitoba Maple Leafs continue to be active teams and are playing a number of exhibition games as the league expands to include several new teams.
Teams in the WWHL
Manitoba Maple Leafs
Minnesota Whitecaps
Champions
2010-11 - Minnesota Whitecaps
2009-10 - Minnesota Whitecaps
2008-09 - Minnesota Whitecaps
2007-08 - Calgary Oval X-Treme
2006-07 - Calgary Oval X-Treme
2005-06 - Calgary Oval X-Treme
2004-05 - Calgary Oval X-Treme
Other websites
WWHL website
Manitoba Maple Leafs
Minnesota Whitecaps
Ice hockey leagues in Canada |
16986 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon | Yukon | The Yukon is a territory of Canada, north of British Columbia, west of the Northwest Territories, and east of the American state of Alaska. Its population is 31,000. Most of the territory's people live in the capital of Whitehorse. Many of the people are native Canadians (First Nations).
The Yukon became a territory in 1898. It was part of the Northwest Territories from 1870 to 1898. Many people came to live in the Yukon during the Yukon Gold Rush of the 1890s.
Mount Logan, at 5959 metres above sea level, is Canada's highest mountain.
The most important industry in the Yukon is mining.
References
1898 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada
Provinces and territories of Canada |
16987 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saanich | Saanich | The District of Saanich is a region of Greater Victoria, British Columbia. It is north of the City of Victoria. Over 100,000 people live in Saanich. It is named after the Saanich First Nation.
Some communities within Saanich include Gordon Head, Royal Oak, Cordova Bay, Tillicum-Gorge, Cadboro Bay, Broadmead, Cedar Hill, and Ten-Mile Point.
Saanich Commonwealth Place, a recreation centre first used for swimming and diving at the 1994 Commonwealth Games, is located in Saanich.
Saanich celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2006.
The mayor of Saanich is Richard Atwell.
Cities in British Columbia |
16988 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20Carr | Emily Carr | Emily Carr (December 13, 1871 – March 2, 1945) was a Canadian artist and writer.
Biography
Emily Carr was born in Victoria, British Columbia in 1871. Her parents died while she was a young teenager. She began art lessons when she was sixteen. When she was nineteen, she went to study art in San Francisco. She also studied art in England but she got sick and came back to Victoria. After she got better, she went to France to continue her art studies. She saw paintings by many French artists who were experimenting with new ways of painting. She was most influenced by French impressionism and post-impressionism, though.
When Carr came back to Canada, she had trouble selling her paintings because they looked unusual to many people. Her paintings were even laughed at. She had to make money to support herself so she ran a small apartment house. She was so busy that she did not have much time to paint.
In 1927, she met a famous group of Canadian painters called the Group of Seven. They were impressed by her paintings and she became respected for her art.
In the later years of her life, Carr started writing books. Klee Wyck was the title of one of these books. It won the Governor General's Award which is an important award for literature in Canada. She also wrote The Book of Small. She died in 1945 in Victoria.
Themes and influences
Carr painted scenes from nature and from First Nations culture. For example, she painted many Haida and Tlingit totem poles. The Tlingit people called her Klee Wyck, which means "the laughing one." She went on long trips by canoe to visit First Nations villages.
She also liked to paint Canadian nature. She believed it was important that Canadian paintings have a different style than paintings from Europe. She liked the paintings of the Group of Seven because of their originality.
One of Carr's most famous paintings is The Raven. The Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design was named after her and two schools are also named after her. She is considered one of Canada's most famous artists.
References
1871 births
1945 deaths
Canadian painters
People from Victoria, British Columbia
Writers from British Columbia |
16997 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatikvah | Hatikvah | Hatikvah (also transliterated as Hatikva, ; meaning: The Hope) is the national anthem of Israel. The song tells about the 2000-year-old hope of the Jewish people to return to their homeland, Israel. The song lyrics (words) were originally a 9-stanza poem called תקותנו (Tikvatenu), or "Our Hope," written by Naphtali Imber. "Hatikvah" uses only the first stanza and the refrain of Imber's poem. The last line of the refrain was changed, and the words were put to music. The music is from a very old—and very popular—folk song that Samuel Cohen, a Jew born in Spain, found himself humming one day. It is in a minor key, which is usually not used for national anthems, because it sounds sad, but the words to the song are about the Jews' hope that one day their sadness will be turned into joy.
Lyrics
Literal English translation
As long as in the heart, within,
A Jewish soul still yearns,
And onward, towards the ends of the east,
An eye still looks toward Zion;
Our hope is not yet lost,
The hope of two thousand years,
To be a free nation in our land,
The land of Zion and Jerusalem.
References
Other websites
Hatikvah performed by Xander Greene
Hatikvah on guitar
Hatikva by Enrico Macias
MIDI versions
Israeli music
National anthems |
17007 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology | Virology | Virology is the study of viruses such as the cold virus.
Virologists are responsible for many immunisations against common viruses like the common influenza (Flu) and things like chickenpox and smallpox.
Related pages
DNA virus
RNA virus
Retrovirus
Vaccine |
17035 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Cup | Stanley Cup | The Stanley Cup is a trophy given to the champion of the National Hockey League (NHL) every year.
It was bought by Lord Stanley, the Governor General of Canada, in 1892, for $50. The first team to win it was the Montreal A.A.A. in 1893. Other teams could challenge for it. By 1915, it was awarded on a yearly basis.
The names of players and others such as coaches are put on the cup every year. As a result, the NHL had to make the cup bigger, by adding layers to the bottom. When the first cup was full of names, they made a copy of it, which is now what is awarded.
Today, there are 31 teams in the NHL. They play 82 games per year, and then 16 teams make the playoffs. These teams play best-of-seven series until there is only one champion.
The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times, the most of any team. They also won the most in a row: five between 1955-56 and 1959-60.
Henri Richard of the Montreal Canadiens appears the most on the Stanley Cup, 11 times.
The Stanley Cup was not awarded in 2005: there was no NHL season because of a labour disagreement. It was not awarded in 1919, either, because of the influenza epidemic.
Recent Stanley Cup winners
2021 Tampa Bay Lightning
2020 Tampa Bay Lightning
2019 St. Louis Blues
2018 Washington Capitals
2017 Pittsburgh Penguins
2016 Pittsburgh Penguins
2015 Chicago Blackhawks
2014 Los Angeles Kings
2013 Chicago Blackhawks
2012 Los Angeles Kings
2011 Boston Bruins
2010 Chicago Blackhawks
2009 Pittsburgh Penguins
2008 Detroit Red Wings
2007 Anaheim Ducks
2006 Carolina Hurricanes
2005 Season cancelled
2004 Tampa Bay Lightning
2003 New Jersey Devils
2002 Detroit Red Wings
2001 Colorado Avalanche
2000 New Jersey Devils
1999 Dallas Stars
1998 Detroit Red Wings
1997 Detroit Red Wings
1996 Colorado Avalanche
1995 New Jersey Devils
1994 New York Rangers
1993 Montreal Canadiens
1992 Pittsburgh Penguins
1991 Pittsburgh Penguins
1990 Edmonton Oilers
1989 Calgary Flames
1988 Edmonton Oilers
1987 Edmonton Oilers
1986 Montreal Canadiens
1985 Edmonton Oilers
1984 Edmonton Oilers
1983 New York Islanders
1982 New York Islanders
1981 New York Islanders
1980 New York Islanders
1979 Montreal Canadiens
1978 Montreal Canadiens
1977 Montreal Canadiens
1976 Montreal Canadiens
1975 Philadelphia Flyers
1974 Philadelphia Flyers
1973 Montreal Canadiens
1972 Boston Bruins
1971 Montreal Canadiens
1970 Boston Bruins
1969 Montreal Canadiens
1968 Montreal Canadiens
1967 Toronto Maple Leafs
Ice hockey trophies and awards
National Hockey League trophies and awards |
17037 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarization | Militarization | Militarization is the general movement of a country to focus its production on war. This includes production of war machines such as tanks and aircraft as well as arms for infantry. There is a focus of the population to produce these goods. An example of this is seen when females during the Second World War would work in factories to produce planes and tanks. Militarism is simply a country that is focusing on increasing their military might through production and concentration of capital resources.
This movement can be started in either a country at war already or in a country that is newly entering a conflict. Example of this include the one stated earlier, since the United States entered the Second World War they shifted from supplying Britain to producing their own weapons. When Germany was about to begin their invasion of Europe they started militarization. They broke the Treaty and began to produce weapons. Their focus changed from economic progress to fascism and militarism.
Military |
17052 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour%20de%20France | Tour de France | The Tour de France () is a well known bicycle race. It began in 1903. It is held in France, every summer. In recent years it has ended with a race through the centre of Paris, past the Eiffel Tower. It is among the most famous, and has some of the highest prizes, of bike races in Europe. Recently, it was in the media, because some athletes were doping. The race goes around France, but can have some parts in other countries, including England, Belgium, or Spain as they race in the Pyrenees mountains.
The tour lasts about three weeks. At the end of each day's race the leader is given a yellow shirt, the best sprinter is given a green shirt, and the best rider in the mountain races is given a polka dot jersey. He is sometimes called the King of the Mountains. The best young rider, who must be under 26, gets a white jersey. The winner is the one who finishes the race to Paris in the fastest time. There is a lot of prize money for the teams of the winners of the Tour, but the winner of each day's race also gets prize money.
Related pages
List of Tour de France winners
1903 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in France |
17056 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Smith%2C%20Jr. | Joseph Smith, Jr. | Joseph Smith, Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader. He started the Latter Day Saint movement (also called Mormonism). Latter Day Saints believe that Smith was a prophet.
Book of Mormon
According to Joseph Smith's own story, when he was 17 years old, he was visited by an angel named Moroni. Moroni told him about a really old book written upon Golden Plates. It was buried in a hill. A few years later, Joseph said that he received those plates and translated them into the book that today is called The Book of Mormon. He instructed a man named Martin Harris to write down the words that he said was a translation of the plates. He said Moroni gave him seer stones which would help him translate the golden plates. Harris took home the pages and told his wife all about what had happened, but she did not believe him. Those pages were lost, and Joseph told Martin that God was very angry with them. Eventually, Joseph was allowed to translate the rest of the book, with help from Oliver Cowdery instead of Martin Harris.
Mormon Church
On April 6, 1830, he started The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is often called the Mormon Church. Joseph Smith said that God wanted him to be a prophet and teach other people the things that he learned from God. This church still exists today, with millions of members around the world.
Joseph Smith taught some things that some people did not like. He said that other churches were only partly true. He also said that men could have more than one wife if God commanded them, just like was taught in the Old Testament of the Bible. The Mormons also did not always get along with their neighbors.
Death
On June 7, 1844, some people who were upset with Smith created a newspaper in Nauvoo, Illinois called the Nauvoo Expositor This newspaper was filled with bad things about Smith, such as how Smith secretly had many wives. Some men even said that Smith tried to take their wives. Smith did nothing about it. Smith was arrested after being accused of trying to start a riot, and was put in jail in Carthage, Illinois as he waited for his trial to start. On June 27, a group of angry men entered the jail and killed Smith and his brother, Hyrum.
References
1805 births
1844 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
Religious leaders |
17057 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia | Anastasia | Anastasia or Anastacia is a woman's name that comes from the Koine Greek. In English, it means "She who shall rise up again", but it is also used to mean "resurrection". The name, and its similar male name, Anastasius, were given to children born during Easter in the early years of Christianity.
The names "Stacey" (also spelled "Stacie", "Stacy" or "Stacee"),"Annie", "Tasia", and "Stasia" are short for Anastasia. The names "Ana" or “Nastya” are also common nicknames for those named Anastasia.
It is also the name of several important women in history.
Anastasia, daughter of Constantius I (a Roman emperor) and Flavia Maximiana Theodora
Anastacia of Russia (died 1560), married to Ivan the Terrible
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (1901-1918), daughter of Nicholas II of Russia.
Eugenia Smith said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
Anna Anderson said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
Anastasia is the title of a movie telling the story of a pretender to the identity of the Grand Duchess.
An animated movie version of the story was made in 1997.
Albert Anastasia (1902-1957) was a Mafia boss who headed Murder, Inc. with Louis Buchalter.
Anastasia is also the name of:
a 1956 song by Alfred Newman and Paul Francis Webster
an American pop singer (a.k.a. Anastacia Newkirk) from Chicago, Illinois
a music band from Macedonia
a play.
Given names |
17058 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band | Band | In music, a band is a group of people (usually musicians) that get together to sing songs, or perform music. There are different kinds of bands that use different groups of instruments.
Types of bands
A rock band is usually a group of 4 people with 1 or 2 electric guitars, a bass guitar, a drum kit and a singer. Some rock bands have only 3 members, like Rush.
A brass band is a group of about 20 - 30 people with brass instruments and drums.
A concert band is a large group of 20 - 60 people with woodwind instruments, brass instruments, drums and percussion instruments.
A marching band has similar instruments to the concert band. Instead of sitting down to play, they march in parades or at American football matches.
A folk band uses traditional styles of music from around the world. It can include a guitar, violin, tin whistle, flute, accordion, lagerphone and tea chest bass, and many other makeshift instruments. A lagerphone is a percussion instrument which uses bottle tops to make a sound. A tea chest bass is a one string instrument that uses a large wooden tea box to make the sound louder.
References
Other websites
Basic English 850 words |
17060 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics%20of%20Nicaragua | Demographics of Nicaragua | About 86 per cent of Nicaraguans are European (but not limited to Spanish) or mixed European and of native ancestry. Most Nicaraguans have Spanish ancestors, but the 19th century saw several waves of immigration from other European countries (mainly from Germany). Most of the Mestizo and European population live in the western and central regions of the country and especially in the cities of Managua, Leon and Granada.
About 9 per cent of Nicaragua's population is black or afro-nicaragüense and they are concentrated in the country's eastern coast, and were brought mostly from Jamaica and Haiti when the region was a British protectorate. There is also a smaller number of Garifuna, a people of mixed African, Caribbean, Angolan, Congoan and Arawak descent.
Just 5 per cent of the population are of pure native descent. Nicaragua's pre-Columbian population consisted of the Nahuatl-speaking Nicarao people of the west, and six ethnic groups including the Miskitos, Ramas and Sumos in the Caribbean region. While very few pure-blooded Nicarao people still exist, the Caribbean peoples have remained distinct. In the mid-1980s, the government divided the eastern half of the country - the former department of Zelaya - into two autonomous regions and granted the African and indigenous people of the region limited self-rule.
There is also a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrian, Armenian, Palestinian and Lebanese people in Nicaragua with a total population of about 30,000, and an East Asian community of Japanese, Taiwanese and Chinese people of almost 8,000. The minorities speak Spanish and maintain their ancestral languages as well.
Spanish is spoken by about 90% of Nicaraguans; the Nicaraguan dialect has many similarities to Galician, and also has similarities to Argentinian Spanish which uses "vos" instead of "tu", along with the "vos" conjugation. The black population of the east coast region has English as its first language. Several indigenous peoples of the east still use their original languages.
Roman Catholicism is the major religion, but evangelical Protestant groups have grown recently, and there are strong Anglican and Moravian communities on the Caribbean coast. 0.1% of Nicaragua is Buddhist and the religion has been growing in recent years.
Ninety per cent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific and central lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands. The population is 54% urban.
Nicaragua
Nicaragua |
17071 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo%20Azeglio%20Ciampi | Carlo Azeglio Ciampi | Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (9 December 1920 in Livorno, Italy – 16 September 2016 in Rome, Italy) was the 10th President of the Italian Republic. His work started in 1999 and ended in 2006. He was followed by Giorgio Napolitano
He is appreciated very much by the Italian people because of his equality and rightness.
Since 1979 he had been President of the Bank of Italy, but his task ended in 1993.
He was also Prime Minister of the Italian government, but his task lasted just a few months, because it was just a technical government,which purpose was to lead the country in a moment of difficulties.
Ciampi died at a hospital in Rome from multiple organ failure caused by pneumonia, aged 95.
References
.
1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Deaths from pneumonia
People from Livorno
Politicians from Tuscany
Presidents of Italy
Prime Ministers of Italy
Recipients of the Order pro merito Melitensi
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria |
17073 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Sadler | Barry Sadler | Barry Sadler (November 1, 1940 – November 5, 1989) was an American soldier, songwriter and author. In 1966, He recorded a song called "The Ballad of The Green Berets". It was the biggest selling song that year. He later helped write the "Casca" series of books. He died after being shot in the head by a robber.
American singer-songwriters
Writers from New Mexico
American military people
Singers from New Mexico
1940 births
1989 deaths |
17074 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Sinatra | Nancy Sinatra | Nancy Sandra Sinatra (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra. She is best known for the song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'".
She had a younger brother, Frank Sinatra, Jr. and has a younger sister, Tina Sinatra.
Related pages
List of country musicians from New Jersey
References
1940 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
Frank Sinatra |
17075 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rascals | The Rascals | The Rascals (formerly known as The Young Rascals) were an American pop-soul group popular in the 1960s.
Other websites
Rascals, the
Soul bands
Musical groups from New Jersey |
17077 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Sledge | Percy Sledge | Percy Sledge (November 25, 1940 – April 14, 2015) was an American R&B singer. He was born in Leighton, Alabama. He was best known for his song "When a Man Loves a Woman".
Sledge died of liver cancer in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, aged 74.
References
Other websites
[ Percy Sledge] at Allmusic
Percy Sledge at Discogs
1940 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
singers from Alabama |
17078 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Roe | Tommy Roe | Tommy Roe (born May 9, 1942) is an American singer and guitarist. He was popular in the 1960s. His best known songs were "Sweet Pea" and "Dizzy".
Singers from Atlanta, Georgia
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
American guitarists
1942 births
Living people |
17079 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Box%20Tops | The Box Tops | The Box Tops were a 1960s pop music group, from Memphis, Tennessee. Their best known songs are "The Letter" and "Cry Like A Baby".
Discography
Albums
The Letter/Neon Rainbow (November 1967) – US #82
Cry Like a Baby (April 1968) – US #59
Non-Stop (July 1968)
Dimensions (September 1969) – US #77
Tear Off! (1998)
Compilations
Super Hits (December 1968) – US #45
The Box Tops' Greatest Hits (1982)
The Ultimate Box Tops (1987)
The Best of the Box Tops – Soul Deep (1996)
Playlist (2013)
American rock bands
Soul bands
Musical groups established in 1967
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Tennessee |
17080 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu | Lulu | Lulu can mean:
Lulu (singer), a pop music singer
Lulu (opera), an opera, written by the 20th century Austrian composer Alban Berg
Lulu (album), a 2011 album from Metallica and Lou Reed
Ludwigslust, a town in Mecklenburg, Germany, nicknamed Lulu |
17081 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20K.%20Polk | James K. Polk | James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th president of the United States. He only served one term as president. Before he was president, he was Speaker of the House of Representatives (1835–1839) and the governor of Tennessee (1839–1841).
Early life
James Knox Polk was born on November 2, 1795 in Pineville, North Carolina. His parents were Samuel Polk and Jane Gracey Polk. James’ father was an American surveyor, slave owner, planter, and businessman. It is unknown what his mother did. It is thought she was a housewife. He was very sickly as a child, so he did not do much farm work. He had surgery at 17 years old to remove bladder stones. Anesthesia was not invented yet, so he was awake the entire surgery. He was in a debate club in college. Polk studied law under a leading Nashville lawyer. He then worked as a lawyer and a statesman. He married Sarah Childress on January 1, 1824. They had no children together.
Presidency
James Knox Polk was nominated by the Democratic party and was elected as the 11th President of the United States. He was inaugurated on Tuesday, March 4, 1845 and George M. Dallas was sworn in as the vice president. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney swore in the president. During James’ 4 years in office, he accomplished many things. One event was reestablishment of the Independent Treasury System. Another important act was the reduction of tariffs. Polk also gained Oregon territory to the 49th parallel. The most important accomplishment of James K. Polk was westward expansion. He acquired more than 800,000 square miles of western territory. James K. Polk acquired this throughout the Mexican American War. He was influenced by Andrew Jackson. James supported Jackson’s plan to dismantle the Bank of United States and replace it with a decentralized government banking system. James accomplished his 4 major goals throughout his presidency.
Later life
James K Polk became a private citizen at the end of his 4 years in office. He and his wife decided to move to their Nashville home in Nashville, Tennessee because they wanted to retire and live a quiet life. Instead of directly returning to Tennessee, the Polks decided to tour the Southern states. Along the way he gave many speeches to the public. Within two weeks, James’ health suffered from the strains of travel. As the trip continued, the Polks were often forced to stop along the way to allow James to rest. The rest did not help. After arriving at their Nashville home, James Polk again fell ill and complained of horrible stomach pains. This time James had a serious disease called cholera. At the age of 53, James Knox Polk died on June 15, 1849. On his deathbed James asked his wife to free their slaves when she died. Sarah lived 42 more years and the Civil War freed their slaves long before she died. He was first buried at the Nashville City Cemetery then moved to his Nashville home but was later moved to the Tennessee state capitol after his Nashville home was later sold. He had the shortest retirement of any president, dying only three months after leaving office.
References
Other websites
Polk's White House biography
1795 births
1849 deaths
Deaths from infectious disease
US Democratic Party politicians
United States representatives from Tennessee
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Politicians from North Carolina
19th-century American politicians |
17083 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Gore | Al Gore | Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is a former American politician. He was the 45th vice president of the United States under Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001. Before that, he was a U.S. senator and a congressman for Tennessee. He is a Democrat.
He was chosen as the Democratic nominee of the 2000 United States presidential election, but lost the electoral vote to Republican candidate George W. Bush because of Florida and the US Supreme Court ruling a 5-4 favor of Bush. He was supposed to be president before the supreme court decision. Gore got more votes, though.
After the election, Gore became an activist focusing on climate change. Gore won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.
Early life
Albert Gore, Jr. was born at Columbia Hospital for Women in Washington, D.C. He is the second of two children. His father, Albert A. Gore Sr. was a Senator for Tennessee and congressman. His mother, Pauline LaFon Gore was one of the first women to have graduated from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century, and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War. At least two of these ancestors, Jacob Waggoner and Lewis Stunston, owned slaves. Gore was brought up in both Washington and Tennessee. His older sister was Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984.
Political career
Gore was a Representative from 1977 to 1985 and a Senator from 1985 to 1993. In 1988 he ran for President for the first time, but lost to Michael Dukakis in the Democratic primary. In 1993, he became Vice President to Bill Clinton. He ran for President in 2000, but lost to George W. Bush (many people still argue this). Even though he lost the race, Gore won in the popular vote by over 500,000 votes.
After the vice presidency
Gore is now a businessman, and runs and works for several companies, including Generation Investment Management, Google, Apple, and TV channel Current.
He is also a fighter for issues involving the environment. He released a movie in 2006 about global warming and climate change called An Inconvenient Truth, which was based on a slide show he had given to millions of people. In 2007, Gore won the Nobel Peace Prize which he shared with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Potential 2016 presidential campaign
Interest in having Gore run for the 2016 Presidential election arose in 2014 and again in 2015. Gore did not run in 2016 and has expressed no interest to run in future elections.
Personal life
He currently lives in Nashville and was married to Tipper for 40 years. In June 2010, they filed for divorce. The Gores have 4 children and 2 grandchildren.
References
1948 births
Living people
Vice Presidents of the United States
American Nobel Prize winners
American war correspondents
Green thinkers
Webby Award winners
United States senators from Tennessee
United States representatives from Tennessee
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C.
US Democratic Party politicians
1988 United States presidential candidates
2000 United States presidential candidates
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
American bloggers |
17085 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkinhead%20II | Pumpkinhead II | Pumpkinhead II: Blood Wings is a 1994 movie about a young boy named Tommy, a misfit and deformed teenager who had no friends.
Plot
One day, Tommy is killed by a gang of bad boys from his home town for no reason at all. Miss Ossie was an old lady who used to take care of Tommy from the very beginning. When the young boy is killed, she decides to bury him in her backyard as a way to keep him around anyway. Several years later in the 1990s, a bunch of teenagers go to Miss Ossie's house and they do something that brings Tommy back to life. Some kind of spelling that resurrect the deformed kid. For some reason, Tommy comes back as an angry and even more grotesque creature who wants to take revenge on the people who killed him in the past and innocent people as well.
Other websites
1994 horror movies
American horror movies
English-language movies |
17092 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/THX%201138 | THX 1138 | THX 1138 is a 1971 movie and was the first feature movie directed by George Lucas and executive produced by Francis Ford Coppola and Coppola's production company American Zoetrope.
It was based on a short film Lucas made in college in 1967 called Electric Labyrinth THX 1138 4EB.
Other websites
1971 movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Dystopian movies |
17099 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat | Bat | Bats are mammals in the order Chiroptera. Bats are nocturnal – they are active during the night, dusk, or dawn and they sleep during the day.
Most use echolocation to catch prey and to find their way about. As nighttime animals, bats avoid direct competition with birds, few of which are nocturnal.
Bats usually live in caves or trees. In North America and in Europe they sometimes live in people's houses or barns. They are protected animals in the UK.
Bats are a successful group. They are the second largest order of mammals: there are more than 1,200 species of bats. This means that 20% of all living mammal species – one in five – are bats.
About 70% of bats are insectivores, which is the basal form of life for this group. The common pipistrelle is a successful example. Most of the rest are fruit-eaters (fruit bats). A few species suck blood, and a few large ones are carnivorous.
Bats live everywhere except the Arctic, Antarctic and a few oceanic islands. They usually roost in caves, old buildings, or trees.
Traditionally, bats are divided into two groups. Microbats mostly use echo-location and catch insects, but just a few eat fish or drink blood. Megabats do not echolocate, but instead eat fruit or nectar.
Most of the bats are well-known for their uncanny capability to avoid flying into dark places, and most of the bats use sound to navigate during the night. Bachen et al says that bats can fly and find their food by listening to the outcoming echoes and sending out high-frequency squeaks even in total darkness.
Taxonomy
Order Chiroptera
Megabats (Megachiroptera)
Microbats (Microchiroptera)
The phylogenetic relationships of the different groups of bats have been the subject of much debate. The traditional subdivision between Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera reflects the view that these groups of bats have evolved independently of each other for a long time, from a common ancestor which was already capable of flight.
The hypothesis was that flight only evolved once in mammals. Most molecular biological evidence supports the view that bats form a single or monophyletic group.
Palaeontology
Fossil bats
There are few fossilized remains of bats, as bats are terrestrial and light-boned. An Eocene bat, Onychonycteris, was found in the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation in Wyoming, United States, in 2003. It could fly, but the well-preserved skeleton showed the cochlea of the inner ear could not achieve the great hearing ability of modern bats. This was evidence that flight in bats developed before echolocation. The team said it lacked ear and throat features not only of echolocating bats today, but also in other known fossil species. Fossil remains of other Eocene bats, Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Palaeochiropteryx, Hassianycteris and Australonycteris all show a similar mixture of basal and derived traits, as expected by mosaic evolution.
All Eocene bats had long tails. This feature is also found in early flying insects in the Carboniferous, in early pterosaurs and in Archaeopteryx and other dinobirds. The tail helped to keep their flight stable, which means it kept on course, and did not dart about much. To dart about quickly requires special advanced brains and reflexes, which later bats, birds and pterosaurs had, but early ones did not. It requires more brains to control unstable flight than it does for stable flight. That early bats had long tails was predicted by John Maynard Smith before any fossil early bats were found.
Onychonycteris had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches such as sloths and gibbons. This palm-sized bat had broad, short wings, suggesting it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, Onychonycteris likely alternated between flaps and glides while in the air. Such physical characteristics suggest this bat did not fly as much as modern bats do, rather flying from tree to tree and spending most of its waking day climbing or hanging on the branches of trees.
Adaptations
Echolocation
An interesting thing about bats is that even though they can see with their eyes, they also use their ears to help them 'see' in the dark. Because of this, they can fly into very dark places where no eye could see. This way of sensing is called echolocation. Echolocation means they use echoes to find where things are.
Echolocation is like sonar, which submarines and ships use to find things underwater. This is how it works: when a bat flies, it makes lots of sounds. We cannot hear these sounds (they are too high-pitched), but bats can hear them. Biologists have instruments to record them, and then play them back at a lower frequency so humans can hear them.
When a bat makes its noises, the sound waves move away from the bat. If they hit something, they bounce back to the bat (this bounce is called an echo.) If nothing bounces back, the bat knows there is nothing in front. They use this echolocation to catch their food, like butterflies or dragonflies. When a bat begins its nightly exploration, it usually sends out about 10 calls per second. From the echo they know what is in front. When they get an echo from something good to eat, the calls increase up to 200 calls per second. This increase of sounds is called a feeding buzz. The bat makes a feeding buzz to sense all the quick moves of the insect it is trying to catch.
Hearing and understanding the echoes that go back to the bat takes special structures in the bat's brain. Because of this, many scientists, doctors, and even the U.S. army study bats carefully. The U.S. army spends hundreds of thousands of dollars every year to study echolocation in bats.
Bats also have reasonably good eyesight, and can see their prey and where they are flying if it's not too dark. There are lots of stories about bats flying right into people, but this is not true. They can see in the light very well, and in the dark, they can see much better than us. So the expression "blind as a bat" is not very scientific.
Communication
Some bats use echolocation to communicate with each other to find food in groups. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior studied the bat Molossus molossus, which hunts insects in groups. They found the bats could understand echolocation noises made by other bats and even tell which other bat in their group had made the sound, like people recognizing each other's voices.
Bat wings
Bats fly with their hands. In fact, the name of the order of bats, Chiropetera, means 'hand-wings' in Greek.
Bat and bird wings are different. Birds do not have long finger-like bones in their wings like bats. Birds can not move each of their fingers, but bats can. Because of this, bats can change their direction while flying or fly in any pattern they want: this makes it easier to catch their food. A bat flies as if they are "swimming" through the air – pushing both wings down and backward.
A bird's wing has lots of feathers, while a bat's wing is mostly a stretchy, thin skin called a patagium. This thin membrane of skin stretches between each finger bone, connects to the bat's ankle, and connects to the bat's tail (if it has one). A bat folds its wings next to its body when not flying.
Bats have one claw (sometimes called a bat thumb) that sticks out of the top of the wing. They use their "thumb" to climb and crawl. Interestingly, bats also use their thumbs to clean their ears.
Bats' wings have a lot of maneuverability (they can change direction well) – more than a bird, in fact – but they do not have a lot of lift. Because of this, bats usually have to climb up onto a tree or jump up into the air for the boost before they start flapping their wings.
Immune system
Even though bats are very small, they live a long time. Some bats can live forty years. Scientists think this is because their immune systems are very good at fighting viruses. Bats fight viruses without having inflammation in their bodies. Doctors think inflammation causes harm to the body, so they think this could be why bats live a long time.
Because bats rest in large groups with many other bats, they can pass diseases to each other easily. This means that over thousands of generations, viruses and other germs have placed selective pressure on bats, killing bats with weak immune systems and leaving bats with good immune systems to survive and have young.
Many viruses that start in bats later change and become dangerous diseases in humans, for example Ebola and SARS-CoV-2.
Food
Megabats eat fruit, nectar or pollen. They pollinate flowers and sometimes spread their seeds. Many tropical plants completely depend on bats.
Most microbats (7 out of 10 bat species) are insectivorous, that is, they eat insects. Some microbats eat small vertebrate animals (small mammals or fish), blood, or even other bats. There are only a few species of vampire bats, which eat blood from cattle.
Resting position
Most bats rest, sleep and hibernate in an upside-down position. They hang on to branches or rocks with their feet. To do this they have a locking mechanism on the tendons in their feet which stops them from slipping. The energy they spend hanging on is greatly reduced. The most obvious gain is that they can sleep without falling off. Once the tendons are locked, the muscles in their legs and feet can relax. Even dead bats stay hanging.
Unusual bats
Fruit bats (Pteropodidae) are the largest of the bats. They eat fruit and can see well. There are 166 species, all found in the Old World.
Vampire bats live in Latin America. They are famous for only drinking blood.
The greater noctule bat lives in Europe, West Asia and North Africa and it hunts birds.
The greater bulldog bat of South America swoops low over water and grabs small fish with its claws.
The bumblebee bat, from Thailand, is the world's smallest bat, and is also one of the world's smallest mammals. Adults grow to a length of 29-33mm, and weigh 2 grams.
The biggest known bat is the giant golden-crowned flying fox. It has a wing span of 1.5m and weighs approximately 1.2 kg.
The Christmas Island pipistrelle is a bat whose extinction date is not known.
Bats and people
In the United Kingdom all bats are protected by law, and even disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine.
Austin, Texas is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat colony (under the Congress Avenue bridge), an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats, who eat an estimated 10 to 30 tons of insects each night, and attract 100,000 tourists each year.
In Sarawak, Malaysia bats are protected species, but the large naked bat and greater nectar bat are eaten by the local communities.
Bats in folklore and fiction
In the West, bats are associated with vampires, who are said to be able to change into bats. Bats are also a symbol of ghosts, death and disease. However bats are said to be lucky in some European countries, such as Poland.
The bat is used in fiction by both villains like Dracula and heroes like Batman. Kenneth Oppel wrote a series of novels, beginning with Silverwing, which feature bats as good characters.
Gallery
References |
17105 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20de%20Cervantes | Miguel de Cervantes | Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616) was a Spanish writer. His most famous book was Don Quijote de la Mancha. It is considered the first modern novel, and therefore Cervantes was the first novelist. The book has been published in 65 countries. The work is considered among the most important in all of literature. He is sometimes called "The Prince of Satire".
Military history and captivity
Nobody knows for sure the reasons that forced Cervantes to leave Castile. Whether he was a "student" of the same name, a "sword-wielding fugitive from justice", or fleeing from a royal warrant of arrest, for having wounded a certain Antonio de Sigura in a duel, is another mystery.<ref>'The Enigma of Cervantine Genealogy, 118</ref>
In any event, in going to Italy, Cervantes was doing what many young Spaniards of the time did to further their careers. Rome would reveal to the young artist its ecclesiastic pomp, ritual, and majesty. In a city teeming with ruins Cervantes could focus his attention on Renaissance art, architecture, and poetry (knowledge of Italian literature is readily discernible in his own productions) and on rediscovering antiquity. He could find in the ancients "a powerful impetus to revive the contemporary world in light of its accomplishments". Thus, Cervantes' continuing desire for Italy, as revealed in his later works, was in part a desire for a return to an earlier period of the Renaissance.
By 1570, Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a regiment of the Spanish naval elite corps, Infantería de Marina, stationed in Naples, then a possession of the Spanish crown. He was there for about a year before he saw active service. In September 1571 Cervantes sailed on board the Marquesa, part of the galley fleet of the Holy League, Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller based in Malta, and others, under the command of King Philip II's illegitimate half brother, John of Austria, that defeated the Ottoman fleet on October 7 in the Gulf of Lepanto near Corinth, at great cost to both sides. Though taken down with fever, Cervantes refused to stay below, and begged to be allowed to take part in the battle, saying that he would rather die for his God and his king than keep under cover. He fought bravely on board a vessel, and received three gunshot wounds – two in the chest, and one which rendered his left arm useless. In Journey to Parnassus he was to say that he "had lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right" (he was thinking of the success of the first part of Don Quixote''). Cervantes always looked back on his conduct in the battle with pride; he believed that he had taken part in an event that would shape the course of European history.
References
1547 births
1616 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Deaths from cirrhosis
Spanish writers |
17133 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20Boy%20line | Game Boy line | The Game Boys are a group of handheld video game consoles made by Nintendo that ran from 1989-2009.
Game Boy
The first Game Boy was released in 1989. It had a small screen, a D-pad, Start and Select keys, and an A and B button. To play games, there were small objects called cartridges that you put into the Game Boy to play the game in the cartridge. The game that made it popular, and the system's launch title, was Tetris. The Game Boy had a link cable and a link port which let it connect with other Game Boys to play games in multiplayer mode.
Game Boy Pocket
After the Game Boy, Nintendo released the Game Boy Pocket, which was a smaller Game Boy more convenient to carry around. It had a better, sharper screen and it only needed two AAA batteries instead of four AA. The link port was smaller than the Game Boy's, so the Game Boy and Game Boy Pocket could not connect with the original connector cable; a newer model cable with double-sided ends was needed to do this.
Game Boy Light
The Game Boy Light was only released in Japan and had a front-light (the blue light used on old watches) so people could see better. It is very rare - only about 12,000 of them were manufactured. Because it is rare, it sells for more money than other Game Boys.
Game Boy Color
The Game Boy Color was the first Game Boy in color. It was also able to play Game Boy cartridges, which helped it sell better. This also helped other Game Boy models after the Game Boy Color. It is sometimes called the GBC.
Game Boy Advance
The Game Boy Advance is a handheld that had better color and smaller cartridges. It could play more advanced games than the previous Game Boys. It is sometimes called the GBA. It came out in March 2001.
Game Boy Advance SP
The Game Boy Advance SP was an improved version of the original GBA. It has a clamshell design, which means you can fold it to make it smaller when you're not using it. It has a front-lit screen (better than the one on the Game Boy Light), which the Game Boy Advance did not have. It can play Game Boy and Game Boy Color games, along with the new cartridges introduced with the GBA. A newer model, labeled the AGS-101, was released which had an even better backlight and very good contrast; some people say it is the best way to play Game Boy, Game Boy Color and Game Boy Advance games.
Game Boy Micro
The Game Boy Micro is a smaller variation of the GBA. It has a smaller link port than the Game Boy Advance. Its backlight and contrast are as good as the 101 model of the Game Boy Advance SP. Unlike its predecessors, it cannot play GB or GBC games.
Succesors
The Nintendo DS line is the successor to the Game Boy line. It consists of the Nintendo DS and the Nintendo 3DS.
Nintendo DS
When Nintendo released the Nintendo DS handheld in 2004, they said it was a "third pillar" (the other two pillars were the Game Boy and the home console). It has two screens, one of which is a touch screen. DS games use cards in Slot 1. Slot 2 can accept Game Boy Advance games. A newer model, called the DS Lite, released in 2006, also plays GBA games. But neither of them play older Game Boy or Game Boy Color games. The DSi and DSi XL, released in 2008 and 2009, replaced the GBA slot with an SD Card. This makes it impossible to play GBA games. Some DS games also included extra features contained in "option paks", which were just like GBA games. So these features could not be used on those DS games if they were played on the DSi or DSi XL.
Nintendo 3DS
Like the DSi and DSi XL, the 3DS line is not backwards compatible with GBA games. However, GBC games can be downloaded through the Virtual Console. |
17138 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%20Paul%20VI | Pope Paul VI | Pope Paul VI (; ), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 263rd Pope from 1963 until his death in 1978. Paul was a spiritual leader and the head of the church bureaucracy.
Early life
Montini was born in Concesio. That is near Brescia in northern Italy. His father was editor of a Roman Catholic newspaper. He received degrees in civil and canon law, theology and philosophy.
Before the papacy
Montini was ordained and celebrated his first mass in 1920. He worked in the Vatican diplomatic corps. During World War II, he was in charge of the Vatican's work for refugees and prisoners of war. He was made Archbishop of Milan in 1954. Pope John XXIII made Montini a cardinal in 1958.
Pope
Cardinal Montini was elected Pope in 1963. Pope Paul continued the Second Vatican Council which was begun by Pope John XXIII. His first encyclical is the only one in the Vatican archives which is in the handwriting of the pope who delivered it. Paul VI was known as the "pilgrim" pope for his numerous travels. He was the first pope to fly in an airplane.
In 1964, Paul was the first pope to travel from Rome to the Holy Land. He flew first to Amman in Jordan. Then he traveled by car to Jerusalem. In 1970, the pope visited Australia, the Phillipines, and Indonesia. In 1975, Paul declared 1975 to be a "jubilee" year with themes of renewal and reconciliation.
In 1978, Prime Minister Aldo Moro was kidnapped in Rome. Pope Paul VI made an offer to exchange his life for Moro's. The offer was not accepted. Moro was killed 55 days later.
Death
At the age of 80, Pope Paul VI died at Castel Gandolfo, Italy, from a heart attack.
Legacy
The Pope Paul VI Hall is the modern building in which mass papal audiences are held.
Related pages
List of popes
References
More reading
Serafian, Michael. (1964). The Pilgrim. New York: Farrar, Straus. OCLC 386084?
Other websites
Vatican webpage, Paul VI biography
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul VI
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Montini
1897 births
1978 deaths
Paul 06
Servants of God
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Lombardy |
17171 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau | Macau | The Macao Special Administrative Region (Macau or Macao, ) is one of China's two Special Administrative Regions. (The other one is Hong Kong). Macau is a small city in the southern coast in China. Like Hong Kong, Macau has a large amount of autonomy, with its own passport, currency, economic rules, and constitution.
It consists of Macau Peninsula (Aomen Bandao), Taipa Island (Dangzai Dao), Coloane Island (Luhuan Dao) and Cotai (Ludangcheng), the new reclaimed land between Taipa and Coloane. It is very densely populated, with over half a million people living in just over 12 square miles.
Macao used to be a colony of Portugal. Although Portuguese is an official language alongside Chinese (as a result of it being a Portuguese colony in the past), very few Macanese actually speak Portuguese; only about 0.7% speak it at home. As a matter of fact, English is more commonly spoken, despite it not being an official language (about 2.3% speak it at home). Cantonese is the main dialect of Chinese spoken in Macau. However, Mandarin has also become more common since Portugal returned it to China in 1999.
Today, Macao mostly lives off of offshore gambling. In fact, Macau generated 7 times greater gambling revenue than Las Vegas in 2013. People in Macau also make some money from exporting clothing.
As Macau was previously a Portuguese colony, you can easily find traces of how the Portuguese culture is presented in the city. One of them is itinerary for couples, who are intending to spend a day exploring Macau.
Economy of Macau
Macau’s economy relies on gambling. Eighty percent of the government’s revenue is derived from gambling. The revenue generated by gambling in 2019 was $36.5 billion, which is about 6 times larger than Las Vegas. Macau has 41 casinos including several that belong to Wynn resorts and Sands.
Macau is the only part of China where gambling is legal. Many of the customers of casinos are wealthy Chinese.
Around 2020 Chinese new year authorities closed down travel from China to Macau. Visits fell eighty percent. It is estimated by some observers that the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak will cost Macau between 5-15 percent of its gambling revenue.
References |
17173 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei | Taipei | Taipei City () is the capital city of the Republic of China, known by most people simply as Taiwan. It is the largest city in Taiwan. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification). Its population in 2014 was about 2.7 million people. Its mayor is Ko Wen-je.
Taipei is the political, economic, educational, and cultural center of Taiwan island, and one of the major hubs of Greater China. Considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major high-tech industrial area. Railways, Taipei Metro, high-speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island. The city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan. Taipei is home to various world-famous architectural or cultural landmarks which include Taipei 101, Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, Dalongdong Baoan Temple, Taipei Zoo, National Taiwan University, Hsing Tian Kong, Lungshan Temple of Manka, National Palace Museum, Presidential Office Building, Taipei Guest House, Ximending, and several night markets dispersing over the city. Its natural features such as Maokong, Yangmingshan, and hot springs are also well known to international visitors.
History
In 1626, Spanish people took over and started to spread their religion. The Dutch moved out Spanish and took over their fortresses than the Dutch started their trading business. In 1661 Koxinga came to Taiwan and expel the Dutch. And he started to reclaim Taiwan, used a system called Tuntian (a state-promoted method of agriculture), it successfully help Taipei to grow more food. Taipei officially became part of the Tianxing county of China.
In 1683 Taiwan got marked as part of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, a lot of Chinese moved into Taipei, so there were many villages and streets formed, like the Mengjia, Shilin Street, Xikou Street and Dadaocheng. Dadaocheng is a place that produces tea, it has an important impact on how Taipei became prosperous. It was the biggest external trade port that . Foreign countries started to set their business stores in Taipei.
Divisions
Taipei City is divided into 12 districts. Among the notable one is Tamsui.
Air quality
When compared to other Asian cities, Taipei has "excellent" capabilities for managing air quality in the city. Its rainy climate, location near the coast, and strong environmental regulations have prevented air pollution from becoming a substantial health issue, at least compared to cities in southeast Asia and industrial China. However, smog is extremely common and there is poor visibility throughout the city after rain-less days.
Motor vehicle engine exhaust, particularly from motor scooters, is a source of air pollution in Taipei. There are higher levels of fine particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mornings because of less air movement; sunlight reduces some pollution.
Related pages
List of counties of the Republic of China
Kaohsiung (Second largest city in Taiwan)
References
Other websites
1709 establishments
Establishments in Taiwan
1700s establishments in Asia |
17183 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Chiarelli | Bob Chiarelli | Robert (Bob) Chiarelli (born September 24, 1941) is a retired Canadian politician, who from 2001 to 2006 was the mayor of Ottawa. In 2006, Chiarelli was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, serving as the Member of Provincial Parliament for the riding of Ottawa-West-Nepean. In the 2018 Ontario provincial election, Chiarelli was not reelected and decided he would retire from politics. Chiarelli grew up in Ottawa, and was married to the late Carol Chiarelli.
References
1941 births
Living people
People from Ottawa
Politicians from Ontario |
17184 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton | Skeleton | A skeleton is the hard structure that protects the internal organs of a living thing. Skeletons can be inside the body or outside the body. In mammals, which include humans, the skeleton is made of bones. All the bones, when they are joined together, make the "skeletal system" of a body. The skeletal system or "skeleton" is under the skin, the muscle and the tissue of the body. The skeleton supports the skin, muscle and tissue, and all the organs that are inside the body. The skeleton protects important internal organs like the brain, heart and lungs. If humans did not have a skeleton then the body would be flat as the skeleton gives the body its frame.
Creatures that have skeletons inside their bodies are mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. A skeleton that is on the inside is called an endoskeleton.
Some creatures, called arthropods, have skeletons outside their bodies. These are insects (like ants and bees), arachnids (spiders and scorpions), and crustaceans (sea creatures like crabs and lobsters). These creatures all have skeletons made of hard plates or shells. This kind of skeleton is called an exoskeleton
A new born baby has 300 bones but he was adult his bones are joint and it has 206 bones.
Human skeleton
The important parts of a human body are the head, the spine, the chest, the abdomen, the arms and hands, and the legs and feet.
Bones of the head
The head bones all together are called the skull.
The skull is made of a group of curved bones fitted together like a ball, which protects the brain, the eyes and the inside parts of the ears. The bones of this part of the head, together, are called the cranium.
The skull has a top jaw, and a bottom jaw, with teeth in them. The jaws are called the "upper" and "lower" mandibles. The "lower mandible" is moved by strong muscles so that the teeth can bite and chew food.
There are several other small bones which make up the face. There are also several small bones in the front and side of the neck.
The smallest bones in the body are three tiny bones inside the ear, which vibrate to help a person hear sounds.
Bones of the spine
The spine supports the head, the chest and the structure that carries the arms. It is made of small bones called vertebrae. The spine, all together, is called the spinal column. It is not straight, but has curves that help to support the body, and help the person to move and bend. One bone is a "vertebra". More than one are "vertebrae".
The "vertebrae" have different names, depending on the part of the body they are joined to.
The neck vertebrae are called cervical vertebrae. (ser-vick-al ver-ta-bray)
The chest vertebrae are called thoracic vertebrae. (thor-assic vert-ta-bray)
The vertebrae of the "lower back" are called the lumbar vertebrae.
The next vertebrae are joined together in a triangular shape called the sacrum. The hip bones are attached to the sacrum and support it.
At the bottom of the "sacrum" are some little tail-bones. They are called the coccyx. On many animals the "coccyxal vertebrae" are long, making a tail that the animal can move, but on humans, apes and some other creatures, they are very short.
Bones of the pelvis
This part of the body is made of the sacrum and the two pelvic bones which are joined to it on either side. The pelvic bones are carried by the leg bones, and they support the "spinal column". Each pelvic bone has a strong structure for the leg bone to fit into, so that a person can stand, walk, run and jump. Each pelvic bone spreads into a large flat plate which supports the person's "internal organs". The pelvis of a woman spreads into a wider shape than a man's, so that when the woman is pregnant, the baby is supported by the pelvis, until it is ready to be born. At the bottom of the pelvis is a large opening, big enough for a baby to pass through.
Bones of the chest
The chest is called the thorax, and the vertebrae that are part of it are the thoracic vertebrae. The thorax is made up of long flat curved bones called ribs. At the back, the ribs are joined to the vertebrae. At the front, most of the ribs are joined to the sternum, which is often called the "breast bone". All together, the "thorax" protects the heart, lungs and stomach.
At the top of the "thorax" is the shoulder girdle. This is made of two thin horizontal bones at the front, joined to the "sternum". These two bones are called the clavicles or "collar bones". At the back of the "thorax" are two flat triangular-shaped bones called the scapulae, or "shoulder blades". The "clavicles" and "scapulae" come together on each side to make "shoulders". The bones of the arms fit into sockets (cup-like holes) in the "scapulae".
Bones of the limbs
Arms and legs both have a thicker bone at the top and two thinner bones at the bottom. They both have a rotating joint at the top, and a hinge joint in the middle. The hands and feet have lots of bones and are joined to the arms and legs by small bones with sliding parts.
Bones of the arms
The upper bone is the humerus, so when people bang their elbow, they often say that they bumped their "funny bone".
The bone that sticks out at the elbow and runs down the outside of the arm is the ulna.
The bone that is on the thumb-side is called the radius. Near the elbow, it is joined to the "ulna" in a way that allows it to rotate. The "radius" and the "ulna" can twist around each other, allowing a person to turn their hand.
The small bones of the wrist are called carpals, and the bones inside the hand are called metacarpals.
The finger bones are the phalanges.
Bones of the legs
The upper bone of the leg, which is the longest bone in the body, is called the femur.
The bone at the back of the leg is called the tibia, or "shin bone". It makes the inside ankle bone.
The thinner bone at the side of the leg is called the fibula. It makes the outside ankle bone.
The small bones that join the foot to the leg bones and allow it to move are called the tarsals. The bones inside the foot are the metatarsals.
The toe bones are called phalanges, like the finger bones.
The leg has another bone. At the front of the joint where the "tibia" meets the "femur" is a small round bone like a little shield, to protect the joint. It is called the patella.
Skeletons in culture
Skeletons as symbols
A skeleton, or just a skull, has often been used as a symbol for Death.
Skeletons and skulls can be seen carved on many tombs, from ancient times to the 20th century.
Skeletons or skulls are often seen in medieval and Renaissance paintings or stained glass windows, reminding people that life is short.
Skeletons or skulls were often used as a sign to frighten people. Skeletons would be left hanging in public places, such as cross-roads or bridges to remind the people of a town that they would be punished by death if they broke the law.
Skeletons or skulls were a symbol used by pirates.
Skeletons in popular culture
Skeletons, particularly living skeletons, have often been used in horror stories and comedies.
There are stories where skeletons rise from the dead. Things that come back to life are called undead. In these stories, most skeletons are controlled by a person who brings them back to life. These people are called necromancers. A necromancer uses magic to make the skeleton move and act upon his/her will.
Bones |
17186 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan | Catalan | Catalan might mean:
Anything related to Catalonia
Catalan language
Catalan people, the people of Catalonia |
17193 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP2X | GP2X | The GP2X is a handheld gaming console. It uses the Linux operating system. An operating system goes inside another system. It helps the other system do what it needs to. The GP2X can have music, videos, games, and pictures. There are updates to the GP2X so it will get more things. The GP2X can have DivX, XviD, MP3, and Ogg Vorbis. DivX and XviD are ways to keep videos and MP3 and Ogg Vorbis can keep music. It can also be able to emulate video games. Emulating means you copy a system. It can emulate systems like the Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Master System, Turbo Grafx 16, Game Boy, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Genesis.
Other websites
Germany, Austria and Switzerland (GP2x.de) Official distributor.
Handheld video games |
17207 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community | Community | A community is a collection of living creatures that share a common habitat. They are frequently interested in the same things. People in human groups share some of the same values and needs, which has an impact on the group's and individuals' identities. Despite the fact that communities are established on personal interests, each individual is unique in their own manner, which is the primary source of social variety in a community. |
17223 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton%20Sinclair | Upton Sinclair | Upton Beall Sinclair (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968) was a writer of many works from the United States. His most famous book, The Jungle from 1906, was about the American meat-packing industry.
Upton Sinclair had socialist political opinions. Most of Sinclair's books, including The Jungle, dealt with social injustice. He also wrote a book called Mental Radio where he claimed to have conducted telepathic experiments with his wife.
He wrote many other books. His book The Flivver King was about the Ford Motor Company. The Flivver King was written at the time when workers at Ford factories were trying to start a labor union. He wrote a series (many books in a row) with Lanny Budd as the main character. There were eleven (11) Lanny Budd books. The Lanny Budd books were about current events in the World at the time.
He later joined the Democratic Party and ran for governor of the state of California in 1934. He wanted California to start new businesses which would be run by the state government. This was to help people who were unemployed (did not have jobs) because of the Great Depression. He lost the election.
He retired in the town of Buckeye, Arizona.
Other websites
Works by Upton Sinclair in audio format from LibriVox
The Jungle Department of American Studies, University of Virginia
The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest, Bartleby.com
Guide to the Upton Sinclair Collection , Lilly Library, Indiana University
.
Upton Sinclair, "EPIC", Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
.
writers from Maryland
1878 births
1968 deaths
19th-century American novelists |
17224 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmondo | Gizmondo | Gizmondo is a handheld video game system. It is made by Tiger Telematics. It has GPRS and GPS. GPRS is used to go on the Internet, and GPS is where you can see where you are. Some games use the Gizmondo's GPS. It has a camera. It can also send text (words) and multimedia (pictures and videos and music) messages, play MP3/WAV/MIDI music and WMA/MP4 video, and play games. MP3, WAV, and MIDI are ways to keep music, and WMA and MP4 are ways to keep videos.
Releases
The Gizmondo came out in the United Kingdom in March 2005 for £229. It came out in the USA in October 22, 2005. Games include Agaju: the Sacred Path, Colors, and Chicane.
In February 2006, the company was forced into bankruptcy and stopped making the Gizmondo.
Handheld video games |
17228 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic%20Treaty%20System | Antarctic Treaty System | The Antarctic Treaty System is a set of agreements about the continent of Antarctica. It was signed in 1959 and took effect in 1961. So far, it has been signed by 46-48 countries.
The ATS is used for governing the continent. The main idea of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is to make sure that Antarctica is:
is used peacefully and taken care of.
is not exploited or used for animal hunting.
is not involved with military use unless for peaceful purposes.
is not owned by one group.
is not ruled by any country and/or continent.
is not used for violence e.g. testing nuclear missiles.
References
1950s treaties
Antarctica
Antarctic region
1959
1961 |
17237 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%20City%2C%20Missouri | Kansas City, Missouri | Kansas City is the biggest city in the U.S. state of Missouri. The Kansas River and Missouri River meet one another in Kansas City. The city has about 448,000 people, and the entire metropolitan area has about 2,000,000 people, some of whom live in the state of Kansas. Its mayor is Sly James. Some sports teams there are the Royals (baseball), the Chiefs (American football), and the Wizards (soccer). Kansas City is well known for some of its barbecue restaurants, and is also an important place for business.
References
County seats in Missouri |
17262 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading%20Style%20Sheets | Cascading Style Sheets | Cascading Style Sheets, or CSS, is a way to change the look of HTML and XHTML web pages. CSS was designed by the W3C, and is supported well by most modern web browsers. The current version of CSS is CSS3. CSS4 is available, but is split into parts.
One advantage to using CSS is a web page can still be displayed, even if the CSS is not working or removed.
CSS code is saved in files with the .css file extension.
CSS Examples
Paragraphs
To make all paragraphs on a page blue and sized 20% bigger than normal text, we would apply this CSS rule to a page:
p {
color: blue;
font-size: 120%;
Background -color :white
}The p refers to all HTML elements with the <p> tag. The CSS is being used to change this element. The color and font-size are both properties and the blue and 120% are values. Each property has a set of possible values. These values can be words or numbers.
Main Title
To give the main Title on a page a solid red border underneath, we would apply this CSS rule to the page. 5px otherwise known as pixels, represents the thickness of the line:
h1 {
border-bottom: 5px solid red;
}The h1 refers to all HTML elements with the <h1> tag. The CSS is being used to change this element. The border-bottom is the property and the 5px and solid red are values. Each property has a set of possible values. These values can be words or numbers.
Other websites
W3C
Website about CSS3
Programming languages |
17263 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah | Allah | Allah () is the common name for God in the Arabic language. It is similar to Eloah, Hebrew name for God and Alaha, Aramaic name for God.
Muslims commonly use the word Allah for God. Sometimes, people who speak Arabic still use the word Allah when they speak English. In Islam, Allah is Merciful and Allah is the one who loves his followers.
In addition, it is also known with names expressing human feelings such as Sabur (very patient), celil (Celalet; 1 / majesty, 2 / rage, wrath), womb (very merciful), halim (mild-tempered), vedud (loving).
In Christianity God is like the father and in Sufism a friend.
In Tanach, Jehovah is often personified.
In Arabic
Etymology
In the Canaan pantheon dating back to 2000 BC, "El" or "Il" was in the position of chief. El had such qualities as almighty, eternal, immortal, the sole ruler of everything in the earth and heaven, the creator god, the god of the covenant etc. El was transferred to Aramaic as Eloh or Elaha, to Hebrew as Eloah, and in the New Testament, "Eli" and "Elohi" were used to mean god. El continues to appear in names ending with el or il; Gabri-el, Mika-el, Azrael, Israel, Israel, Yishmael , Emanuel etc.
As a common noun
In Arabic, the general word for a god is ilaah. It can mean a specific god, or any god at all, depending on how it is used.
As a proper noun
As a proper noun, "Allah" is a name for one God. In Arabic, the word al is an article (a word for "the"), so al-ILaah means "The God".
Usually, the word "Allah" is used by Muslims. However, Arab Christians also call their God "Allah."
The name "Allah" is made of four letters in Arabic, (or Alif Lam Lam Ha, from right to left, A-L-L-H), which when brought together make الله
We can't find a word with a letter pronounced as lla by putting two lam together in Arabic.
It may be Al Yah, which means The Yah.
Yah is the God of Banu Hashem/Son of Shem.
Alif Lam Yah ha.
If we write the above letters together it will resemble the calligraphy of the word nowadays pronounced as Allah.
اليه and الله seems to be the same.
In Islam
In Islam, God is usually called "Allah." There are many different names for God in Islam. However, "Allah" is the most common. It means the same thing as any of the other names.
For Muslims, "Allah" describes a single God who is all-powerful and never makes mistakes. Muslims believe that Allah created everything, including the heavens and the Earth, simply by saying Kun Faya Kun ("Be and it is"). Muslims often repeat the word "Allah" many times when they are praying.
In Judaism
In Judaism, God is usually called YHWH and Eloah. Both names are mentioned in the Old Testament and are one of the seven names of God in Judaism. It can also be noted that in Judaism, Elohim is a name for God and in Islam, Allahuma is a name for God. Since Jewish and Muslim names of God are very similar, Jews and Muslims say that they believe in the same God.
In Christianity
Arab Christians call their God "Allah" due to Arabic language. In the Bible translation into Arabic, God is referred to by this name. The word "Allah" was also used in the old Turkish translations of the Bible, e.g. 1941 version, due to Islamic hegemony on Turkish people and influence of Arabic on Turkish.
Gallery
References
Islam
Gods and goddesses |
17282 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod%20nano | IPod nano | The iPod nano is a MP3 player made by Apple Inc. It is available in 8GB and 16GB memory, in nine colours: silver, grey, purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, and pink.
The iPod Nano was discontinued by Apple on July 27, 2017.
Features (5th Generation)
FM radio
There is a built-in FM receiver inside the iPod nano, and with the radio app, radio from the FM channels can be listened to. There is also a feature called Live Pause which allows listeners to pause the radio stream, and resume it at the same place later.
VoiceOver
The iPod nano can 'talk to you', using a feature called VoiceOver. When the button on the headphones or the Click Wheel is held down, VoiceOver will speak the song currently playing and its artist. This feature is available in 20 languages.
Fitness
Pedometer
The iPod nano has a built-in pedometer. You can create a Daily Step goal, or use the 'Always On' setting so it counts all of your steps.
Nike+iPod
Using the Nike+iPod sport kit, the iPod nano can be used as a fitness aid. It can measure your run by fitting into the insole Nike+ shoe pocket, then it can sync it to nikeplus.com. Nike+ is also compatible with some exercise machines.
Video camera
The iPod nano includes a video camera which can be used to capture video. You can add fifteen video effects, then upload it to YouTube, MobileMe, or Facebook with your computer.
Models
History
First Generation
The iPod Nano was first released on September 7, 2005. 1, 2, and 4 GB iPods were available.
Second Generation
The second generation iPod Nano was released on September 25, 2006. Like the second generation iPod Mini it was available in different colors. But unlike the Mini, the click wheel was grey for all colors except for the black iPod which had a black click wheel.
The 1GB iPod was only available in silver, the 4GB iPod was available in green, blue, silver, and pink and the 8GB was only available in black, but red was added later.
On October 13, 2006, a Product Red iPod Nano was released. For each red iPod Nano sold a $10 donation goes to the Product Red brand. On November 3, 2006 a red 8GB iPod Nano was released due to high demand.
Third Generation
The third generation iPod Nano was released on September 5, 2007. It had a new smaller and wider design, video playback ability and a new user interface.
A 4GB iPod was released in silver while an 8GB iPod was released in silver, turquoise, mint green, black, and Product Red. A pink 8GB iPod was also released on January 22, 2008.
On October 6, 2007 Apple released OS 1.0.2 which improved cover flow and made going throw the menu a lot quicker. On November 28, 2007 1.0.3 was released which fixed a couple of bugs. On January 15, 2008 1.1 came out which had support for iTunes movie hiring, music song lyrics and more bug fixes. 1.1.2 and 1.1.3 had bug fixes. They were both released in May and July 2008.
Fourth Generation
The iPod Nano fourth generation was released on September 9, 2008 and changed back to the body shape used in the first and second generation models.
The six old colors (silver, black, mint, turquoise, berry red and rose pink were replaced with silver, black, purple, light blue, green, yellow, orange, red and pink. But the Product Red iPod could only be bought on the Apple website and retail stores. An accelerometer was also added to the iPod Nano. Because of this, you could turn the shuffle songs feature on and off by shaking it, go through the cover flow when you put the iPod on its side and look at pictures portrait or landscape. But videos could only be watched in landscape. Because of the accelerometer feature, the Quiz game was removed and a new Maze game was added.
Fifth Generation
The iPod Nano fifth generation was released on September 9, 2009 and had a smaller price than the last generation. At the time the 8GB Nano was $149 and the 16GB Nano $179. The screen was also bigger and some new colors were introduced: Silver, Black, Purple, Blue, Yellow, Orange, Product Red, Green and Pink though the yellow and Product Red iPods were only available at the Apple Website and retailers.
The fifth generation introduced a number of new things including a microphone, a pedometer, a video camera and an FM radio that had station frequencies coming from North and South America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand and Asia.
The dock connector and the head jack also swapped sides so that the head jack was left of the dock connector.
Sixth Generation
The sixth generation iPod Nano was released on September 1, 2010. It was a combination of the iPod Shuffle by the size and shape and the iPod Touch by the touch screen, a sleep/wake button and the user interface and icons. This iPod Nano however didn't have a video camera, the ability to play back videos, the voice-recorder, (though plugging in the headphones with a microphone would show a voice memos app) built in speaker and games. But it did still have a pedometer and an FM radio. The price for this iPod Nano was also the same GB models for the same prices as the previous generation Nano.
On February 28, 2011, OS 1.1 was released with featured the ability to change song or pause by double clicking the sleep/wake button and on October 4, 2011 OS 1.2 added several new wallpapers and the ability to change the size of icons.
Seventh Generation
The seventh generation iPod Nano was released on October 12, 2012. The shape was again similar to the fifth generation shape but it was still the same size as the sixth generation and still had a touch screen but only a single 16GB iPod Nano was released but video playback was also restored. It was discontinued on July 27, 2017, alongside iPod Shuffle.
Timeline
References
IPod |
17283 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton%20decay | Proton decay | Proton decay is a theory where some physicists believe that radioactive decay could also be that a proton decays into two particles smaller than an atom, a pion and a positron. So far, this has not been observed though. Most current theories say that protons do not decay.
Nuclear physics
ja:陽子#陽子の崩壊 |
17286 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names%20of%20God%20in%20Islam | Names of God in Islam | The 99 Names of Allah (, translit: ) also known as the 99 attributes of Allah, according to Islamic tradition, are the names of Allah revealed by the Creator (الله) (Allah) in the Qur'an. These are considered to be the attributes of Allah.
The 99 Names of Allah are very important to Muslims and in Islamic tradition which are taken from different verses of the Holy Qur'an.
According to Islamic tradition, whoever memorizes and acts upon the 99 names of Allah, will enter Paradise.
They are:
‘Allah’ is a title for All-Mighty Allah. The word Allah means One and only Allah in Arabic. It is a combination of ‘Ilah’ in Arabic which means Allah, and ‘al’ the alif and laam letters of the Arabic alphabet which denote the definite article, meaning the,Allah the only one.
References
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah
Islam |
17296 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-player%20video%20game | Single-player video game | For single-player card games, see solitaire.
A single-player game, when talking about computer games or video games, means a game that is played by one player. It involves playing against and/or with computer-controlled (AI) characters.
Types of video games
Video game gameplay |
17299 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallopian%20tube | Fallopian tube | The fallopian tubes (also known as oviducts and uterine tubes) connect the ovaries to the uterus, and let the ovum pass into the uterus where they are able to be fertilized by sperm during sexual intercourse.There are two Fallopian tubes attached to either side of the uterus.
Origin
They are named after the 16th century Italian anatomist, Gabriele Falloppio. The Greek word salpinx (σαλπιγξ) means "trumpet".
Anatomy
There are two Fallopian tubes attached to either side of the end of the uterus. Each tube will end near one ovary. This place is called the fimbria. The Fallopian tubes are not attached to the ovaries, but open into the peritoneal cavity.
In humans, the Fallopian tubes are about 7 - 14 cm long.
Parts
There are four parts of the fallopian tube from the ovary to the uterus:
The fimbria
Infundibulum
Ampulla - where the ovum is fertilized
Isthmus
Layers
The fallopian tube is made of three layers:
Mucosa - these are folded walls with ciliated cells along them.
Muscularis externa
Serosa
Movement
The Fallopian tubes can move around the pelvis.
Fertilization
When an ovum is ready to be released from the ovary, the ovary wall breaks open and the ovum goes into the fallopian tube. There, it starts moving towards to uterus with the help of liquids and cilia on the inside walls. This can take hours or days.
If the ovum is fertilized while in the fallopian tube, then it sticks to the endometrium, which is the beginning of pregnancy.
Treating blocked fallopian tubes
If a patient's fallopian tubes are blocked by a small amount of scar tissue or adhesions, your Doctors use laparoscopic surgery (keyhole surgery) for removing the blockage and opening the tubes.
If your fallopian tubes are blocked by a large amount of scar tissue or adhesions, treatment may not be possible to clear the blockages.
Surgery may be an option to repair tubes damaged by an ectopic pregnancy or infection. If the blockage occurs because part of the fallopian tube is damaged, a doctor can remove the damaged part and connect the two healthy parts.
Related pages
Menstrual cycle
References
Other websites
Causes of Blocked Fallopian Tubes
Blocked fallopian tubes symptoms
Anatomy of the female reproductive system |
17301 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1818 | 1818 | 1818 is a common year in the Gregorian calendar.
Events
January 3: Venus occulted (block from view) Jupiter.
February 12: Chile became independent from Spain.
December 3: Illinois becomes a state. |
17302 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen%20Miranda | Carmen Miranda | Carmen Miranda (February 9, 1909 – August 5, 1955) was a Portuguese-Brazilian singer and actress. She was best known for her exotic costumes and hats made of fruit.
Brazilian actors
Brazilian singers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Portuguese singers
1909 births
1955 deaths |
17303 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum%2C%20P.I. | Magnum, P.I. | Magnum, P.I. is an American crime drama television series. It stars Tom Selleck and John Hillerman. It was on TV from 1980 to 1988. It is about Thomas Magnum III, a smooth private detective working in Hawaii.
1980 establishments in the United States
1980 television series debuts
1988 disestablishments in the United States
1988 television series endings
1980s American drama television series
1980s American workplace television series
1980s crime television series
American workplace drama television series
Detective television series
Hawaii
CBS network shows
English-language television programs |
17304 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20Peaks | Twin Peaks | Twin Peaks was an American television series that ran from 1990 to 1991. It told the story of an FBI agent who comes to the strange small town of Twin Peaks, Washington, to investigate the murder of a teenage girl. It was made by David Lynch. The show was successful around the world. In 1992, a Twin Peaks movie 'Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me' was released.
Cast
Dana Ashbrook
Kyle MacLachlan
Peggy Lipton
Joan Chen
Sam Stanley
Other websites
1990s American television series
1990 American television series debuts
1991 television series endings
American crime drama television series
FBI in fiction
Mystery television series
Washington (U.S. state)
English-language television programs |
17305 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s | McDonald's | McDonald's is an American corporation that operates one of the largest chains of fast food restaurants in the world.
McDonald's has over 36,000 stores in 119 countries and territories, the second-most stores out of all fast food chains worldwide behind only the submarine sandwich chain Subway. They serve almost 54 million people each day.
The first McDonald's restaurant was opened by Richard and Maurice (Mac) McDonald in 1940. It was located on Route 66 in San Bernardino, California. The McDonald brothers later sold their company to Ray Kroc in Des Plaines, Illinois.
Food
McDonald's restaurants mainly serve hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken nuggets, burgers, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milk shakes and desserts. They also have options such as salads, apples, milk, and Snack Wraps on the menu. And kids meals are available too.
In Australia, they sell the Frozen Coke, which is very popular.
More McDonald's food is sold in the United States than in any other area, which means that it is McDonald's largest market. Europe is McDonald's second largest market. The restaurants are either operated directly by McDonalds or more often by a franchisee, where the business is owned and operated by someone else to the standards set by McDonald's and with support from the McDonald's company. The company provides a central source of supply for food items and standardized menu.
Criticism
McDonald's used to make their fries in beef tallow. People liked the flavor the tallow gave to the fries. Criticisms about its high saturated fat content have came up in late 80s. In 1990, McDonald's switched to using vegetable oil.
In 2014, McDonald's in Europe used chicken meat which was produced by using genetically modified animal feed, which it had not done since 2001. Greenpeace states that McDonald's saves less than one Eurocent for each Chickenburger and goes down a path not desired by its customers.
Mascot
The McDonald's mascot is Ronald McDonald.
Locations
McDonald's has restaurants in the following countries:
Andorra
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Barbados (No longer operates)
Belarus
Belgium¨
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Hong Kong
Macau
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Fiji
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland (No longer operates)
Italy
India
Indonesia
Iran (No longer operates)
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kuwait
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
North Macedonia (No longer operates)
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Morocco
Netherlands
Aruba
Curaçao
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Peru
Paraguay
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Samoa
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
American Samoa
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (Cuba)
Guam
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
References
Other websites
How McDonald's makes a burger in 60 seconds and Mcdonald's burger price
Companies based in Illinois
1940 establishments in Illinois |
17307 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20people | English people | English people sometimes live in England, which is one of the nations of the island of Great Britain, which they share with Scottish people and the Welsh. Originally they were descended from Anglo-Saxons and Celts. Nowadays most of them have forebears from another European countries and from the rest of the world, after England and the rest of UK received large waves of Immigrants. Many people leave England to emigrate to former British colonies, such as USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Belize and South Africa, for example.
References
Germanic peoples
Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom |
17310 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20Kill%20a%20Mockingbird | To Kill a Mockingbird | To Kill a Mockingbird is an American novel written by Harper Lee. It was published in 1960. The book was a great success. It won the Pulitzer Prize. The book was adapted and made into a 1962 movie starring Gregory Peck. The movie won three Academy Awards.
Lee based the story and characters on her family and neighbors, and something that happened near her hometown in 1936. This was when she was 10 years old.
To Kill a Mockingbird is a Southern Gothic novel and a bildungsroman (a story where the main character develops and grows). Its main themes are white/black racism and innocence. Lee also writes about bravery, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book has been taught in many schools in English-speaking countries with lessons about being patient and fair.
It is set during the Great Depression (world depression) of the 1930s. It was first published in 1960 and made into a movie in 1962. It tells the story of a young girl, Jean Louise Finch (known as "Scout") and her brother Jeremy Atticus Finch (known as "Jem"). They live in the Southern United States with their father Atticus Finch, who is a lawyer. In the story, Atticus defends a black man, Tom Robinson, who has been accused of raping a white woman.
Background and publication
Harper Lee was born in 1926 and grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama. There, she became close friends with Truman Capote, who became a famous writer later. She went to Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944–45), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945–49). When she went to college, she wrote for literary magazines, like Huntress and Rammer Jammer. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial unfairness, which was not usually written about in colleges at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to New York City, where she worked as a clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation. While she was there, she began writing essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. In 1957, Lee showed her writing to a literary agent whom Capote had told her about. An editor at J.B. Lippincott suggested to her that she should stop working at the airline and focus on writing instead. Her friends gave her money to help her continue writing for a year.
Lee spent two and a half years writing To Kill a Mockingbird. The National Endowment for the Arts describes how Lee once became so unhappy that she threw her manuscript out the window into the snow. Her agent made her take her writing back again. The book was printed on July 11, 1960. It was first titled Atticus, but Lee changed its name because the story was more than simply about one character. The editors at Lippincott told Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies. In 1964, Lee said, "I never expected any sort of success with 'Mockingbird.' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected." Instead of a "quick and merciful death", Reader's Digest Condensed Books chose part of the book to be printed again. This immediately made many more people read it. After it was first published, the book never stopped being printed.
Plot
To Kill a Mockingbird was written by Alabama Author Harper Lee in 1960. The story comes from the perspective of 8 year old girl Scout Finch, she has an older brother, Jem, who is 4 years her elder. They live with their father , Atticus, who is a lawyer and they are looked after by Calpurnia, their black maid during the day. The story takes place in a sleepy little town called Maycomb, in Alabama, it takes place during the Great Depression (1933-1935). At the beginning of the story Scout and Jem are introduced to Dill, he comes to live with his aunt every summer. The kids are intrigued by a person they call Boo Radley (real name, Arthur Radley), the rumor around the town is that Boo only goes outside of his house at night and hunts squirrels with his bare hands. Dill thinks of a plan to lure him out and dares Jem to pound on the front door, Jem refuses but Dill calls him a coward, Jem has not backed out of a dare since he was born so he ends up doing it. After pounding on the door they all run back to their own house, but for a split second Scout swears she saw a flicker of light in the house, as if they were being watched. Now the kids have grown obsessed with the house, they wonder what Boo looks like and why he doesn't come out. One night they try to break in from the back door to get a glimpse of Boo, however his brother Nathan Radley hears the commotion and fires a shot from his shotgun. the bullets don't hit but the kids learn their lesson.
When school starts Scout and Jem are ridiculed by the other kids because their father is protecting a black man, when they ask about it, Atticus tells them that is his client and his name is called Tom Robinson, a black man falsely accused of the rape of a young white woman. Scout and Jem don't understand why their father is defending a black man since it makes the entire town despise them. Around this time their Aunt Alexandra moves in to help take care of the kids, she doesn't approve of Atticus defending a black man. Every Christmas, the Finch family has a gathering at Finch's Landing, their great-grandfather's early home. There Atticus teaches Scout how to shoot a bb gun, but tells her to remember she can shoot all the bluejays she wants if she can hit them, but it's a sin to kill a mockingbird. As the date of the trial comes closer, the kids get a better understanding of the situation and why their father would deliberately choose to take this case if it meant the hardships he would have to ensure. There neighbour Miss Maudie tells them that though Atticus is old, he is still the strongest person in the town, and will take on the burden that no one in town will take.
On the day of the trial, Scout, Jem and Dill sneak into the amphitheater where they are having the hearing even though Atticus told them to stay home. They watch the trial on the porch with the colored people, they see Atticus but he doesn't see them. Atticus begins the trial politely and addresses the jury, Judge Taylor and the prosecutor in a well mannered way. Mayella Ewell and her father Bob Ewell are rash when Atticus shows more evidence and justification that Tom didn’t do anything, rather it was Bob Ewell who hit his daughter when he found the pair together. Atticus creates an image of the Ewells for the jury, a family with no mother, an alcoholic father and 7 kids living in a small dilapidated house lacking many essentials. The Ewell’s don’t have any defense rather than he said she said, but the jury still finds Tom guilty. Atticus leaves promptly after the trial and takes the kids with him, he is bitter but he does see light in the dark situation. He tells the kids that he’s angry about what the verdict was, however the jury deliberated for a couple hours before reaching a decision. Normally when a black man was accused by a white man, the verdict would be guilty, no questions asked, in a matter of seconds. Atticus says today was a small step forward, the children are upset about the extreme racism that they witnessed especially Jem, who pukes at the thought of the situation. Jem asks his neighbour Miss Maudie how a world like this "could exist" and how they could treat a person like that. She tells him that it might seem at times the entire town is racist and evil, but there are always good people even when it seems everything is dark. She also reminds Jem that Judge Taylor chose Atticus for this case , because he also hopes to see some change in this town. Jem nods, and before he goes to sleep he tells Scout that he’s beginning to understand why Boo Radley doesn’t leave his house.
Things in Maycomb are relatively back to normal after the trial, however Bob Ewell isn’t satisfied and tells Atticus he’s going to get back at him if it takes his life, Atticus pays very little attention to this and tells the kids Bob was just angry that he made a fool of him in the court. At school Scout and Jem aren’t ridiculed anymore, since all the parents tell their children that Scout and Jem are already going through enough having a father who is crazy enough to defend a black man. Every October the town has a Halloween festival, and this year the elementary school is having a performance so Scout has to go. Jem takes her and when they walk there, they are scared by Cecil Jacobs, one of their classmates. Scout goes to the performance but forgets her lines and as they walk back home, Jem tells Scout to hush, but he hears someone following them. Scout thinks it’s just Cecil trying to scare them again, but Jem doesn’t think so. They keep on walking and reach the Radley place when someone jumps on Jem, Scout screams and hears a snap, the person tries to attack her but is stopped by another person, Scout thinks it was Jem but it was actually Boo Radley who heard the scream outside his house, he takes Scout and Jem back to their house, and Atticus calls Dr.Reynolds and the sheriff, Heck Tate. Heck goes back to the Radley place and finds Bob Ewell dead from a knife to the chest. Scout tells the sheriff that when they were walking back someone jumped them, and attacked Jem and she heard a snap and screamed, the snap was the sound of Jem’s arm breaking. She than recalls Jem defending her from the attacker not knowing that Jem could not function and passed out right after the snap, and that it was Boo Radley who saved her. The sheriff tells Atticus that Bob Ewell fell on his knife, but Atticus is stubborn and still believes Jem killed him. The sheriff and Atticus are both stubborn and the sheriff tells him to think again, it could not have been Jem, he has already passed out, he points to the corner of the room, and Scout sees for the first time, Boo Radley. His face was pale from not seeing the sun in years, and he was standing akwardly not knowing what to say or do. Atticus is still not convinced, and he says "Boo would be a hero for saving his kids, but the sheriff tells him, Boo has not left his house in 15 years, all the attention would do an introvert like him no good." Scout tells Atticus that giving Boo the attention would be like killing a mockingbird, Atticus understands what she says and goes with the sheriff’s story. Boo whispers to Scout if she can take him home, because he’s afraid of the dark and she agrees. She realises that Boo is still much like a child, she wonders about the times where she, Jem, and Dill tried to make Boo come out, and what he thought of watching them. When she gets back home, she asks Atticus if there are good people in the world, and Atticus tells her that most people are.
Sequel
Related pages
The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time
References
Bibliography
Johnson, Claudia. To Kill a Mockingbird: Threatening Boundaries. Twayne Publishers: 1994.
Johnson, Claudia. Understanding To Kill a Mockingbird: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historic Documents. Greenwood Press: 1994.
Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. HarperCollins: 1960 (Perennial Classics edition: 2002).
Mancini, Candice, (ed.) (2008). Racism in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, The Gale Group.
Murphy, Mary M. (ed.) Scout, Atticus, and Boo: A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird, HarperCollins Publishers: 2010.
Noble, Don (ed.). Critical Insights: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Salem Press: 2010.
Petry, Alice. "Introduction" in On Harper Lee: Essays and Reflections. University of Tennessee Press: 1994.
Shields, Charles. Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee. Henry Holt and Co.: 2006.
1960 books
20th-century American novels
English-language novels |
17311 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby%20and%20Brittany%20Hensel | Abby and Brittany Hensel | Abigail Loraine Hensel and Brittany Lee Hensel (born March 7, 1990 in Minnesota, United States) are conjoined twins with mostly one body and two heads. They are joined at the pelvis and each one controls one side of their body, which means they have to do things together. Brittany is on the left, and Abigail is on the right. They have two spines that join at the pelvis. They have two stomachs and four lungs, and at birth they had a third arm in between their heads. The third arm was not properly developed, so it was removed.
They currently star in their own reality series on TLC.
References
Other websites
Sites in German language with photos
Shared Lives
"Conjoined twins: Together vs. Apart" from Teen Newsweek
BBC Science on conjoined twins
The Most Intimate Bond from Time magazine , March 25 1996.
Hensel documentary videos for sale
YouTube video
YouTube video
1990 births
Living people
Twin people from the United States
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota |
17312 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/52%20BC | 52 BC | Year 52 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pompeius and Scipio (or, less frequently, year 702 Ab urbe condita). This year has been called 52 BC since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the most common method in Europe for naming years.
Events
Julius Caesar conquers Paris. |
17329 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Town | Cape Town | Cape Town is the second biggest city of South Africa. It is also home to the South African Parliament where the country's representatives assemble.
It is at the Cape of Good Hope on the south-west coast. It has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate.
The city's dominant natural feature is Table Mountain, a mountain with a flat top.
History
It was originally called the "Cape of Storms" by Bartolomeu Dias in 1486, a Portuguese explorer but was changed by King John II of Portugal to "Cape of Good Hope". The town was started as the center of the Dutch Cape Colony in 1652.
References |
17330 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%20and%20soft%20drugs | Hard and soft drugs | Drugs that act on the nervous system, such as the brain, and impact a person's mental state may be loosely and informally classified into categories. The following categories are not fully agreed upon globally:
Hard drugs are drugs that lead to physical and psychological addiction and potentially death. Making, selling, or using drugs other than for approved medical purposes is illegal in most countries. Hard drugs include opioids like heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone (Oxycontin) and morphine. Benzodiazepines are another class of hard drugs and include diazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, and lorazepam. Hard stimulant drugs include methamphetamine (meth), cocaine, and nicotine. Drugs such as alcohol and nicotine are legal to sell in many countries and are often taxed.
Soft drugs are not thought to cause physical or psychological addiction or dependence to the extent of hard drugs, however they are still considered unsafe. Examples of soft drugs are hallucinogens like cannabis, mescaline, psilocybin, LSD, ayahuasca, iboga, and DMT. While they do not cause physical addiction, some of them may still lead to psychological dependence. There is some evidence suggesting some hallucinogens have therapeutic uses.
Some drugs do not fit perfectly as either a soft or hard drug and have characteristics of both. Examples for such drugs are MDMA (known as Ecstasy/Molly), ketamine, PCP (phencyclidine), DXM (dextromethorphan), synthetic cannabis (known as Spice or K2), and caffeine.
Effects of drug addiction on the brain
All drugs–nicotine, cocaine, marijuana and others–affect the brain’s “reward” circuit, which is part of the limbic system. This area of the brain affects instinct and mood. Drugs target this system, which causes large amounts of dopamine—a brain chemical that helps regulate emotions and feelings of pleasure—to flood the brain. This flood of dopamine is what causes a “high.” It’s one of the main causes of drug addiction.
Although initial drug use may be voluntary, drugs can alter brain chemistry. This can actually change how the brain performs and interfere with a person’s ability to make choices. It can lead to intense cravings and compulsive drug use. Over time, this behavior can turn into a substance dependency or drug and alcohol addiction.
The effects of drugs on health
Drugs can impact almost every organ in the human body.
A weakened immune system, increasing the risk of illness and infection
Heart conditions ranging from abnormal heart rates to heart attacks and collapsed veins and erectile dysfunction and blood vessel infections from injected drugs
Nausea and abdominal pain, which can also lead to changes in appetite and weight loss
Increased strain on the liver, which puts the person at risk of significant liver damage or liver failure
Seizures, stroke, mental confusion and brain damage
Lung disease
Problems with memory, attention and decision-making, which make daily living more difficult
Global effects of drugs on the body, such as breast development in men and increases in body temperature, which can lead to other health problems.
Legal Implications
Charges involved for hard drugs are usually, but not always, harsher than for soft drugs. Opioid trading and trafficking are treated seriously by the law in many countries due to the potential harm. In the United States, marijuana, or cannabis, is classified as a abusable and highly addictive chemical and is heavily charged on the federal level, even if it goes against scientific evidence or laws varying by state. This is reversed for alcohol, which can cause major dependence and addiction but is normally charged with minimal or no penalty and is sold widely in the western world.
References
Other websites
Marijuana
Marsh P. et al. 2003. Attachment, autonomy, and multifinality in adolescent internalizing and risky behavioral symptoms Dev.Psychopathol., 15: 451-467.
Robins L.N. 1995. The natural history of substance use as a guide to setting drug policy. Am. J. Public Health. 85(1): 12–13
opioid
Drugs |
17332 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran | Tehran | Tehran (or Teheran, ), is the capital of Iran and the center of Tehran Province.
The origin of the name Tehran is unknown. The word Tehran means warm mountain slope. Tehran is at the foot of the Alborz mountain range.
Tehran is the 32nd National Capital of Iran. It is the largest city in the Middle East & Western Asia. It is the 16th most populated city in the world. It has about 8 million people. Tehran has 4 counties: Tehran, Shemiranat, Rey & Islamshahr. Tehran has a large network of highways.
History
Tehran was well known as a village in the 9th century, but was less well-known than the city of Rhages (Ray). Tehran today, replaces Ray, the ancient capital of Iran destroyed by the Mongols in 1220 A.D., the ruins of which can be seen 6 km south of Tehran. In 1869/70 A.D., Tehran acquired considerable prestige and was enclosed in an 8 km rampart which had 12 gates.
During the Safavid period, Shah Safi created a military base in Tehran, and had two great towers erected therein, which became known as Ghaleh Meydan and Ghaleh Hessa. Karim Khan Zand lived in Tehran. for 4 years. In the early 18th century, Karim Khan Zand, ordered a palace, and a government office to be built in Tehran. Later he moved his government capital to Shiraz.
Tehran became the capital of Iran, in 1795, when Agha Mohammad Khan, became King. It is still the capital. During the reign of Agha Mohammad khan, the government headquarters were built north of Emam_zade Zayd. Agha Mohammad Khan became King of Iran in Khalvat Karimkhani Palace in Tehran. During the reign of Fath Ali Shah, the soltani mosque, the Abbas_abad bazaar, and the Ilchi garden (the site of today`s Russian embassy) were added. Nasser_e_din_Shah changed the palace from center of Tehran to Sadabad. He changed the view of Tehran from a town to a modern capital.
In the Russia Embassy in Iran, the Tehran Conference was held. The Tehran Conference (codenamed Eureka) was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943. Most of it was held at the Soviet Embassy in Tehran, Iran. It was the first World War II conference amongst the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) where Stalin was present. The aim of the Tehran conference was to plan the final strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies. The discussion was mostly about the opening of a second front in Western Europe.
During 1980–88, Tehran was attacked by scud missiles and air strikes. After the Islamic Revolution in Iran and during war between Iran and Iraq, many people left Tehran. In recent years, many professional people who lived in Tehran, left Iran for freedom and a better life in other countries. Traffic, crime, drugs and lack of freedom in Tehran, are most important reasons.
Last Mayors of Tehran
Mohammadbagher Ghalibaf
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (President of Iran)
Mohammad Malekmadani
Morteza Alviri (Member of Kargozaran Sazandegi Party)
Gholamhossein Karbaschi (President of Kargozaran Sazandegi Party)
Mohmmadnabi Habibi (Current President of Islamic Motalefeh Party)
Economy
Tehran is the center of most Iranian industries and services. Modern industries of this city include the making of automobiles, electronics, weaponry, textiles, sugar, cement, and chemicals. Tehran is also a leading center for the sale of carpets and furniture.
Climate
Tehran has a semi-arid (steppe) climate (BSh in the Köppen climate classification). Summers are hot and dry; winters are cold with moderate precipitation, which also falls as snow. Spring and autumn are mild with moderate rainfall.
The highest recorded temperature is 43 °C (109 °F) and the record low is −20 °C (−4 °F).
Places
In this vast city, many historic sites can be admired, the most famous of which are the palaces of Sadabad, Niavaran, Sahebqaranyyeh and Golestan, the mosque of Seyyed Azizollah, the great Bazar of Tehran and many museums, such as Reza Abbasi museum, the carpet museum of Iran, Abguineh (glass and ceramics) museum, the Azadi museum, etc. Tehran has 740 parks.
Leisure and sport resorts around Tehran include Abali, Dizin, Gajereh and Shemshak ski stations, the dam water ski station and the slopes of Darband and Shemiran.
References
9th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in Iran |
17333 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia | Philadelphia | Philadelphia is the sixth-largest city in the United States and the largest city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. In spoken English, the city is sometimes called Philly.
The population of the city was 1,517,550 people in 2000, in 2010 census it was up to 1,526.006 people. Philadelphia was the capital of the United States from 1790 to 1800. It was replaced by Washington, D.C. in 1800 after the White House was built.
Philadelphia is famous because it has many places tourists like to visit, like the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, and Christ Church.
History
Before Europeans came to the area, Philadelphia was home to the Lenape people. The first Europeans to come were the Dutch, who built towns and a fort in the area. The English took over the city in 1664. In 1681, Charles II of England gave a large piece of land to William Penn, to pay back some money he owed to Penn's father. William Penn had a dream of a land where people would be free to live and work no matter what religion they were. He built a city in the new land called Philadelphia.
Soon Philadelphia was the largest city in North America. The first library and the first hospital in the country were built in Philadelphia. Many ships sailed in and out of the city's port, and people came to the city to buy and sell all sorts of things.
One of the most famous people in Philadelphia was Benjamin Franklin. He started a newspaper and invented many things, such as bifocal glasses. He started a library that was free for everyone to use, and also a free hospital. He helped to write the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.
In 1774, the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to talk about their disputes with the United Kingdom. The British were not happy about this and soon a war began, called the American Revolutionary War. In 1776, the Americans again met in Philadelphia and signed the Declaration of Independence.
In 1777 George Washington lost the Battle of Germantown and Philadelphia was occupied by British troops. They left in 1778. After the war was won, a Constitutional Convention (United States) met in Philadelphia in 1787 to write the United States Constitution which states the most important laws of the United States.
Geography
Philadelphia is in the state of Pennsylvania, named after William Penn. It is on the west bank of the Delaware River, across from New Jersey. Another big river, the Schuylkill, flows into the Delaware River at Philadelphia. The city has only a few small hills, and most of it is flat. The summers are usually hot in Philadelphia and the winters are normal to cold.
Culture
Philadelphia has a large art museum, the Philadelphia Museum of Art. It also has some smaller museums of art, such as the Academy of Fine Arts, and the Barnes Foundation. The Franklin Institute is a science museum named after Benjamin Franklin. The Philadelphia Orchestra is famous for its concerts. Some famous jazz musicians, such as John Coltrane, came from Philadelphia. Most of the skyscrapers in downtown Philadelphia were designed by Louis Kahn.
Independence National Historic Park is in the oldest part of Philadelphia. Most of the buildings from the time when American was fighting for its freedom are there. Independence Hall is where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States were written. Nearby is a building where the Liberty Bell is kept. In the same neighborhood, there are many houses dating from the days of the American Revolution. Elfreth's Alley is one of the oldest streets in the United States. Christ Church is the church where many famous early Americans worshipped.
Well-known people from Philadelphia
Born in Philadelphia
Grace Kelly (d. 1982), princess of Monaco, American actress
Stan Getz (d. 1991), musician, saxophone player
Pete Conrad (d. 1999), astronaut
C. Delores Tucker (d. 2005), civil rights activist, politician
Arthur Penn (d. 2010), director of film and television
Sidney Lumet (d. 2011), director of film
Angelo Dundee (d. 2012), trainer of boxing
Herbert Scarf (d. 2015), mathematician
Vera Rubin (d. 2016), astronomer
Edith Windsor (d. 2017), lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights activist
Jimmy Heath (died 2020), musician, jazzmusician
Noam Chomsky (1928-), linguist
Richard T. Schulze (1929-), politician
Bill Cosby (1937-), comedian
Images
References
Other websites
Philadelphia around 1770
1680s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1682 establishments
County seats in Pennsylvania
Former capitals of the United States |
17334 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clash | The Clash | The Clash were an English punk band. The band was formed in London in 1976. Their lead singer was Joe Strummer (1952-2002). The group was one of the most popular punk bands in England in the mid-1970s.
Music style
Although The Clash are known as an early punk rock band, they were willing to experiment with different styles, which they added to their music. Some of these styles were ska, reggae, and funk. Lyrics in their songs often dealt with political issues or stories in the news.
Awards
In 2003, the band entered the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004, Rolling Stone made a list of the Top 500 Rock Songs of All Time, and London Calling, a song by The Clash, was listed as song No. 15 on the list. No song by a punk rock band was higher on the list.
Members
Joe Strummer - Vocals and rhythm guitar
Mick Jones - Lead guitar and vocals
Paul Simonon - Bass guitar
Topper Headon - Drums
Discography
The Clash - (8 April 1977) #12 UK, #126 U.S.[1] [2]
Give 'Em Enough Rope - (10 November 1978) #2 UK, #128 U.S.
London Calling (2LP) - (14 December 1979) #9 UK, #27 U.S.
Sandinista! (3LP) - (12 December 1980) #19 UK, #24 U.S.
Combat Rock - (14 May 1982) #2 UK, #7 U.S.
Cut The Crap - (4 November 1985)
References
1976 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
English punk bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups disestablished in 1986
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups from London
1980s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
mzn:کلش (نمین) |
17338 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Hot%20Chili%20Peppers | Red Hot Chili Peppers | For the pepper, see Chilli pepper.
Red Hot Chili Peppers are an American rock band. The band started in 1983 in Los Angeles, California. The state of California has been a theme in many of their songs. The members of the band are singer Anthony Kiedis, bass guitarist Flea, guitarist John Frusciante, and drummer Chad Smith.
The Red Hot Chili Peppers have released eleven studio albums. Their early albums were a mix of Rock and Funk, and were not very successful. The band's membership changed several times during this period, but Kiedis and Flea have been with the band since it started. When Frusciante and Smith joined in 1989, Red Hot Chili Peppers' next album, Mother's Milk, was successful. It was the band's first album to appear on the Billboard music chart. While Red Hot Chili Peppers were on tour in 1992 after their fifth and most successful album, Blood Sugar Sex Magik, Frusciante left the band because of a drug addiction.
Dave Navarro became the new guitarist after Frusciante. Navarro and the other members of Red Hot Chili Peppers did not work together very well. The other members asked Navarro to leave the band in 1998, after one album, called One Hot Minute. At this time, Frusciante had been making albums by himself. He was also suffering from a heroin addiction. When he was feeling better, Flea asked him to join Red Hot Chili Peppers again and Frusciante said yes. The band's next album, Californication (1999), was one of their most popular so far. Red Hot Chili Peppers kept recording and released another album soon afterwards. In 2002, they released By the Way, which was also successful. After this, the band went on a concert tour around the world. While they were doing so they released a best of album. After the tour, the band recorded and released the album Stadium Arcadium in 2006, which consisted of twenty-eight songs. After the tour of this album, the band activity was paralyzed for some time, because Frusciante left the band to, again, focus on his career. The band went out to find a new guitarist, with Klinghoffer joining them. They have produced a new album, called I'm With You, and another album called The Getaway. Frusciante has since rejoined the group replacing Klinghoffer as the guitarist.
Band history
Creation
Red Hot Chili Peppers were originally called Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem. The band was started in 1983 for a single performance. They were so popular that they were asked to come back again the next week. The first members of the band were Anthony Kiedis (singer), Flea (bass), Hillel Slovak (guitar), and Jack Irons (drums). They all knew each other from Fairfax High School in Los Angeles.
Early work
After becoming popular in Los Angeles, Red Hot Chili Peppers got a recording contract with record label EMI. Irons and Slovak thought Red Hot Chili Peppers was a side project. They left just before the first album to work more on their original band, "What Is This?". Kiedis and Flea did not think their band was a side project, and decided to look for new members. They hired guitarist Jack Sherman and drummer Cliff Martinez. Andy Gill, usually a guitarist, was hired to be a producer for the band's first album.
Their first album was called The Red Hot Chili Peppers. It did not sell many copies, but it got the band a small number of dedicated fans. Critics such as Robert Christgau liked the album, but the tour that came after it did not do well. Sherman was fired by the band after the tour, and Slovak came back to replace him.
Red Hot Chili Peppers hired George Clinton to produce their second album, Freaky Styley. They released the album in 1985. It was only a little bit more successful than the one before it. After the album, Martinez was fired from the band. After firing him, Kiedis said he thought that Martinez had wanted to leave. Red Hot Chili Peppers hired another drummer, Chuck Biscuits, but Irons came back to replace him. The band began work with producer Michael Beinhorn on a new album.
The album The Uplift Mofo Party Plan was released in 1987. It was the band's most successful so far. The album entered the Billboard 200 chart, but only at number 148. During this time, Kiedis and Slovak had problems with drugs. Slovak died on June 25, 1988. Because of this, Irons left the band. He said that he did not want to be part of a band where his friends were dying. Kiedis and Flea agreed to keep going with the band.
Mainstream success
After Slovak died and Irons left the band, D. H. Peligro (from the band Dead Kennedys) and DeWayne "Blackbyrd" McKnight joined Red Hot Chili Peppers. Neither of these two worked very well with the band, so they were replaced. Peligro told a friend of his, John Frusciante, to audition to join the band. His audition went well and he joined as guitarist. A friend of the band then told them about Chad Smith. Smith had a very good audition and joined. During the recording of their next album, Frusciante argued with Michael Beinhorn, the producer. Beinhorn wanted Frusciante to play his guitar very loud, like heavy metal music, but Frusciante did not like this style.
Red Hot Chili Peppers' next album, Mother's Milk, became very successful. It sold well and songs from it played often on radio. It also appeared on MTV, because the band did a popular cover of Stevie Wonder's song "Higher Ground". The album reached number 52 on the Billboard 200 chart, and was certified "gold" by the RIAA.
Blood Sugar Sex Magik
After Mother's Milk, Red Hot Chili Peppers changed their record label to Warner Music. The band chose to work with Rick Rubin as their next producer. Rubin thought they needed to work outside a studio. They recorded their next album in Rubin's mansion. Smith did not stay in the mansion because he thought it was a haunted house. The rest of the band did not leave the house for a month.
The name of the new album, Blood Sugar Sex Magik, was taken from the tenth song on the album. Rubin chose the name because the band could not agree on a title. He chose the name because he thought "Blood Sugar Sex Magik" was the best song on the album. The first single from the album, "Give It Away", won a Grammy Award for "Best Hard Rock Performance". It was the band's first Grammy Award. "Give It Away" did well on the music charts. It was the band's first song to go to number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. The second single, "Under the Bridge", was the band's most successful song; it charted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number two. The other singles from the album also did well.
The band's success made life difficult for Frusciante, who also had a drug addiction. He quit the band while they were on tour in May 1992. He was replaced by Arik Marshall. Marshal was later replaced by Jesse Tobias. The band played at the Lollapalooza festival in 1992. They also appeared on an episode of The Simpsons. Neither of the band's new members stayed for long. Tobias was replaced in 1993 by Dave Navarro, from the band Jane's Addiction.
Dave Navarro era
Dave Navarro first appeared with the band at the 1994 Woodstock Festival. They found it hard to work with him. Flea said it was because of "the fact that we grew up listening to different music". Red Hot Chili Peppers spent three months in Hawaii making a new album, and One Hot Minute was released in 1995. Its content was sadder than the band's earlier albums. It also sounded more like hard rock than the band's earlier work.
During this time, Kiedis had troubles with heroin again. Navarro also took drugs. At one practice session with the band, he fell over his amplifier because he was over-excited because he had taken too many drugs—he was "high". Because of this, the band asked Navarro to leave. They told the media it was "mutual" because the band members disagreed on the music they liked to make.
Frusciante's return
After leaving Red Hot Chili Peppers, Frusciante made some albums by himself. He was also addicted to heroin. He was so addicted that he was close to poverty and death at times. Frusciante went into a clinic for therapy. His life slowly improved. In April 1998, Flea asked Frusciante to join the band again. The rest of the band were happy to see him return. Kiedis called it the "defining moment" of the band's career so far.
The band were happy to have Frusciante rejoin, but it was a while before they began making songs again. This was because he had sold all of his guitars for money to buy drugs. It also took him a while to get used to playing music as part of a band again. The band released their seventh album, Californication, in 1999. It had fewer songs based on rap and funk than their previous albums. The album focused more on melodic guitar riffs. Californication was very popular. It sold over 15 million copies. Three of the singles on the album, "Scar Tissue", "Otherside", and "Californication", reached number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart.
After touring in Spring 2001, Red Hot Chili Peppers began recording a new album. The band worked with Rubin again. They recorded in band members' homes. Frusciante did a lot more work on recording the new album, By the Way, than he had done on Californication. By the Way was released in 2002. It was the best seller of any album by the band so far. It sold over one million copies in the first week in which it could be bought. The album was rated very highly on charts. Some people thought that the music on By the Way was similar to the music on Californication. A review by Blender magazine called it "Californication 2, a reprise of their last album". However, Entertainment Weekly said By the Way was a lot more serious than Californication. A review from Stylus Magazine said that Red Hot Chili Peppers showed no passion in making the album and that it was "stunningly awful".
Compilations and Stadium Arcadium
In 2003, Red Hot Chili Peppers released a "best of" compilation album called Greatest Hits. It had songs from the last five albums they released. It also had two new songs. The album got to number 18 on the Billboard 200 chart. The band also released two live video albums in 2003 and 2004; Live at Slane Castle and Live in Hyde Park. The Red Hot Chili Peppers concerts at Hyde Park were the most profitable in 2004.
After releasing By the Way, Red Hot Chili Peppers played concerts around the world for two years. In 2004, the band began recording a new album with Rubin. They first wrote 38 songs for this album. They had planned to release three different albums; one every six months. They later changed their minds and decided to make one album with two discs, and 28 songs in total. The two-disc album was called Stadium Arcadium. The discs were called "Jupiter" and "Mars".
Red Hot Chili Peppers released Stadium Arcadium in 2006. It was their first album to be number one in the United States. It was also number one on two other Billboard charts and in 12 other countries. The album won the Grammy Award for "Best Rock Album" in 2006. "Dani California", the first single, won the award for "Best Rock Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal". The music on Stadium Arcadium was more mature than on previous albums, according to Tim Chester from NME. He said this was because most of the band members had families. He also said, and Brian Hiatt from Rolling Stone agreed, that the songs on Stadium Arcadium were similar to the band's other work, and were not very original. However, both reviewers said the music was very good. In an Allmusic review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Flea and Frusciante did excellent work on the album. He also said that "the string instruments are the reason to listen to Stadium Arcadium". Erlewine agreed that the band had not done a lot of new things on the album, but instead did what they were good at.
Frusciante departure and I'm With You
After the tour of Stadium Arcadium, the band took a break. During this break, Frusciante decided to leave the band to work on his solo recording. The band chose Josh Klinghoffer to be their new guitarist in 2009 and began working on a new album, called I'm With You. According to their producer, the band wrote enough songs to make a double album, like the previous one, but the band decided not to. Released in 2011, the album received good reviews from the critics, who said that the album was very different. The members of the band stated that the album was a revolutionary album, as it consisted on elements as samba and funk. The critics also praised the new member of the band, saying that it was adequate and that he played a lot of new elements in his guitar that led to a whole new sound of the album.
The Getaway
In 2016, the band released another album, called The Getaway, their second with Josh Klinghoffer. It was not a large chart success, but it sold fairly well.
Frusciante's second return
In December 2019, the band announced that John Frusciante would return to the group and would replace Josh Klinghoffer as the guitarist.
Discography
A dash (—) means it did not appear on the chart.
References
Sources
Footnotes
Other websites
Red Hot Chili Peppers website
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American rock bands
Funk bands
Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Warner Bros. Records artists |
17339 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis%20%28band%29 | Oasis (band) | The place where there is vegetation in the desert is an oasis
Oasis were an English rock band started in Manchester in 1991. The band came from an earlier group, the Rain, and its first members were Liam Gallagher (lead vocals, tambourine), Paul Arthurs (guitar), Paul McGuigan (bass guitar), and Tony McCarroll (drums). Noel Gallagher (lead guitar, vocals) later joined as a fifth member. While the band were active, they had many different members, though the Gallagher brothers stayed as a part of the band up until their break-up in 2009, which was minutes before they were about to play a concert.
Albums
1994 - Definitely Maybe
1995 - (What's the Story) Morning Glory?
1997 - Be Here Now
1998 - The Masterplan
2000 - Standing on the Shoulder of Giants
2000 - Familiar to Millions
2001 - Familiar to Millions - (dvd)
2002 - Heathen Chemistry
2005 - Don't Believe the Truth
2006 - Stop the Clocks
2008 - Dig Out Your Soul
Singles & E.P.
1994 - Supersonic
1994 - Shakermaker
1994 - Live Forever
1994 - Cigarettes & Alcohol
1994 - Whatever
1995 - Some Might Say1995 - Roll with It
1995 - Morning Glory (only in Australia)
1995 - Wonderwall
1996 - Don't Look Back in Anger
1996 - Champagne Supernova
1997 - D'You Know What I Mean?
1997 - Stand by Me
1998 - All Around the World
1998 - Don't Go Away
2000 - Go Let It Out
2000 - Who Feels Love?
2000 - Sunday Morning Call
2002 - The Hindu Times
2002 - Stop Crying Your Heart Out
2002 - Little by Little / She Is Love
2003 - Songbird
2005 - Lyla
2005 - The Importance of Being Idle
2005 - Let There Be Love
2006 - Stop the Clocks E.P. - Acquiesce/The Masterplan
2007 - Lord Don’t Slow Me Down
2008 - The Shock of the Lightning
2008 - I'm Outta Time
2009 - Falling Down
2020 - Don't Stop... (Released by Noel Gallagher)
1991 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2009 disestablishments in England
English rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from Greater Manchester |
17341 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush%20%28band%29 | Rush (band) | Rush was a Canadian rock band. They formed in the late 1960s in Toronto. The last and longest members of the group were Geddy Lee, the singer, who also plays the bass guitar and synthesizers, Alex Lifeson, who plays the guitar, and Neil Peart, who played the drums. In 2013 Rush were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Discography
Studio albums
Rush (1974)
Fly by Night (1975)
Caress of Steel (1975)
2112 (1976)
A Farewell to Kings (1977)
Hemispheres (1978)
Permanent Waves (1980)
Moving Pictures (1981)
Signals (1982)
Grace Under Pressure (1984)
Power Windows (1985)
Hold Your Fire (1987)
Presto (1989)
Roll the Bones (1991)
Counterparts (1993)
Test for Echo (1996)
Vapor Trails (2002)
Snakes & Arrows (2007)
Clockwork Angels (2012)
Other websites
Rush's official website
1970s music groups
1980s Canadian music groups
1990s Canadian music groups
2000s Canadian music groups
2010s Canadian music groups
Canadian rock bands
Progressive rock bands
Musical entertainers from Toronto
Musical groups established in 1968
1960s establishments in Canada
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
1990s disestablishments in Canada
Musical groups established in 2002
2002 establishments in Canada |
17359 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Hodgson | Roy Hodgson | Roy Hodgson CBE (born 9 August 1947) is an English former football player and manager who is the current head coach of Watford. He was the recent manager of Crystal Palace from September 2017 to May 2021. He, along with Larry Barilli, are amongst the oldest active managers in football history.
On 23 February 2019, Roy Hodgson became the oldest man to manage a Premier League match, at the age of 71 years and 198 days.
References
1947 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
England national football team managers
Sportspeople from London
Crystal Palace F.C. players |
17361 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness%20World%20Records | Guinness World Records | Guinness World Records is a reference book published each year. It has a collection of world records, both human achievements and the extremes of the natural world. The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book series of all time. It is also one of the most often stolen books from public libraries in the United States.
It was known until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous U.S. editions as The Guinness Book of World Records.
History
On 4 May 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, who then worked for Guinness Brewery, went on a shooting party by the River Slaney in County Wexford, Ireland. He became involved in an argument over which game bird in Europe was the fastest, the koshin golden plover or the grouse. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europe's fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be many other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland, but there was no book in the world to settle arguments about records. He realised then that a book with the answers to this sort of question might prove popular.
Norris and Ross McWhirter were asked to put the book together. They ran a fact-finding agency in London. In August 1954 the first book was made. One thousand copies were printed and given away. The first 197-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955. It went to the top of the British bestseller lists by Christmas. The following year it went to the U.S., and it sold 70,000 copies. The book was very popular and the company decided to make one updated edition each year. They published in October to go with Christmas sales.
In 2008, Craig Glenday created Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition. The latest edition was Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2020.
Records
Recent editions have focused on record feats by human competitors. Competitions go from obvious ones such as weightlifting to the longest egg tossing distance, or for longest time spent playing Grand Theft Auto IV or the number of hot dogs that can be eaten in ten minutes. Eating contests and beer and alcohol consumption entries are no longer accepted, possibly for fear of litigation. Besides records about competitions, it has such facts as the heaviest tumor, the most poisonous plant, the longest-running drama (Guiding Light) in the USA, the longest-serving members of a drama series (William Roache for Coronation Street in the UK, Ray Meagher for Home and Away in Australia), and the world's most successful salesman (Joe Girard), among others.
Each edition has a selection of the large set of records in the Guinness database. The ways used to make that choice have changed over the years. The newest records are added, and the records that have been updated are added too.
In 2005, Guinness chose 9 November as International Guinness World Records Day. This is to encourage breaking of world records. In 2006 about 100,000 people participated in over 10 countries.
In February 2008, NBC aired The Top 100 Guinness World Records of All Time. Guinness World Records made the complete list available on their website.
On August 18 2019,Maliha Mohammed from Mombasa in Kenya broke the record for cooking the longest time, a record 3 days non stop.
References
Other websites
Guinness World Records (the official website)
Guinness World Records Corporate (corporate website)
Non-fiction books |
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