bayes-group-diffusion/wiki_auto · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Head coach Knute Rockne played a key role in its design , keeping the space between the playing field and the stands to a minimum .	The head coach of the Fighting Irish , Knute Rockne , played an important role in the design of the stadium .	[]
The original stadium seated 59,075 , measured a half-mile ( 800 m ) in circumference , stood 45 ft high , and featured a glass-enclosed press box rising 60 ft above ground level .	It measured a half-mile ( 0.8 kilometres ) in circumference and stood 45 ft high .	[]
Sollitt Construction Company of South Bend was the general contractor , and earth preparation began in the fall of 1929 .	It was built by the Sollitt Construction Company of South Bend .	[]
Due to an unusually cold fall and winter , above-ground construction did not begin until April 2 , 1930 , so it was effectively built in six months .	They began building in April 1930 , and took six months to build .	[]
The Irish played their first game in the new stadium in 1930 on October 4 , and defeated SMU 20 – 14 .	The Irish played their first game in the new stadium on 4 October 1930 .	[]
The official dedication was a week later on October 11 against Navy , and Savoldi scored three touchdowns and was cited as " the first hero in the lore of Notre Dame Stadium . "	The official dedication was on October 11 against Navy .	[]
By 1966 , its capacity increased to 59,075 , mainly by reducing the average seat width from 18 to .	Over the years , the stadium 's seating capacity was gradually increased to 59,075 .	[]
Permanent lights were installed as part of the expansion .	Permanent lights were also installed .	[]
Lynching is the practice of murder by a group of people by extrajudicial action .	Lynching in the United States is murder in which a certain person is hanged , usually by the neck . <SEP> Lynching is usually performed by a group .	[]
Lynchings in the United States rose in number after the American Civil War in the late 19th century , following the emancipation of slaves ; they declined in the 1920s .	United States lynchings rose in number after the American Civil War in the early-to-mid 1860s .	[]
Most lynchings were of African-American men in the Southern United States , but women were also lynched .	Most lynchings were of African American men in the South . <SEP> But women were also lynched .	[]
White lynchings of blacks also occurred in the Midwestern United States and the Border States , especially during the 20th-century Great Migration of blacks out of the Southern United States .	Also , white lynchings of blacks happened in the Midwest and Border States .	[]
Native Americans and Asian Americans were also lynched .	There were also lynchings of Native Americans , Hispanics and Asian Americans in the West , including California .	[]
Other ethnicities , including Finnish-Americans , German-Americans and Italian-Americans were also lynched occasionally .	Even white people were occasionally lynched .	[]
Nigel John Dermot Neill ( born 14 September 1947 ) , known professionally as Sam Neill , is a New Zealand actor , writer , producer , director , and vineyard owner .	Nigel James Dermot " Sam " Neill ( born 14 September 1947 in Omagh , County Tyrone , Northern Ireland ) is a New Zealand actor .	[]
Neill was born in 1947 in Omagh , County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , to Priscilla Beatrice ( born Ingham ) and Dermot Neill .	Neill was born on September 14 , 1947 in Omagh , County Tyrone , Northern Ireland to a New Zealander father and English mother .	[]
In 1954 , Neill moved with his family to New Zealand , where he attended the Anglican boys ' boarding school Christ 's College , Christchurch .	He moved to New Zealand in 1954 .	[]
He went on to study English literature at the University of Canterbury , where he had his first exposure to acting .	He studied at Christ 's College , Canterbury and at University of Canterbury .	[]
From about 1980 to 1989 , Neill was in a relationship with actress Lisa Harrow .	Neill was married to Lisa Harrow until they divorced in 1989 .	[]
Neill subsequently married make-up artist Noriko Watanabe in 1989 and they have one daughter , Elena ( born in 1991 ) .	Then he was married to Noriko Watanabe .	[]
Neill holds British and Irish citizenship through his place of birth , but identifies primarily as a New Zealander .	Neill has New Zealand and Irish citizenships .	[]
In genetic sex-determination systems , an organism 's sex is determined by the genome it inherits .	Usually , sex is determined by an organism 's genes .	[]
Genetic sex-determination usually depends on asymmetrically inherited sex chromosomes which carry genetic features that influence development ; sex may be determined either by the presence of a sex chromosome or by how many the organism has .	With genetic sex determination , most alleles or genes that influence sexual development are on the same chromosome .	[]
This is called X0 sex-determination — the 0 indicates the absence of the sex chromosome .	That chromosome is then called the sex chromosome .	[]
Genetic sex-determination , because it is determined by chromosome assortment , usually results in a 1:1 ratio of male and female offspring .	Because genetic sex determination is controlled by a pair of sex chromosomes ( or by the presence or absence of one of the chromosomes ) , there are usually the same number of male and female offspring .	[]
For many species , sex is not determined by inherited traits , but instead by environmental factors experienced during development or later in life .	For some species sex is not determined by inheritance , but instead by environmental factors experienced during development or later in life .	[]
In some turtles , for example , males are produced at lower incubation temperatures than females ; this difference in critical temperatures can be as little as 1 – 2 ° C.	In some turtles , for example , males are produced at lower incubation temperatures than females ; this difference in critical temperatures can be as little as 1-2 ° C.	[]
Trophic State Index ( TSI ) is a classification system designed to rate bodies of water based on the amount of biological activity they sustain .	The trophic state index ( TSI ) is a measure of how much nutrient , such as nitrogen and phosphorus are in a lake , or other body of water .	[]
Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus tend to be limiting resources in standing water bodies , so increased concentrations tend to result in increased plant growth , followed by corollary increases in subsequent trophic levels .	Nutrients increase plant growth , and raise the trophic levels .	[]
Consequently , a body of water 's trophic index may sometimes be used to make a rough estimate of its biological condition .	The TSI can be used to make an estimate of the biological condition of a lake .	[]
Carlson 's index was proposed by Robert Carlson in his 1977 seminal paper , " A trophic state index for lakes " .	Carlson 's Index is a Trophic State Index .	[]
It is one of the more commonly used trophic indices and is the trophic index used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency .	It is used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency .	[]
The " trophic state " is defined as the total weight of biomass in a given water body at the time of measurement .	The " trophic state " is the total weight of biomass in a given water body at the time of measurement .	[]
Because they are of public concern , the Carlson index uses the algal biomass as an objective classifier of a lake or other water body 's trophic status .	The Carlson index uses the algal biomass to classify a lake 's trophic status .	[]
A lake is usually classified as being in one of three possible classes : " oligotrophic " , " mesotrophic " or " eutrophic " .	A lake can be put into one of three possible classes : " oligotrophic " , " mesotrophic " or " eutrophic " .	[]
Lakes with extreme trophic indices may also be considered " hyperoligotrophic " or " hypereutrophic " .	Lakes with extreme trophic indices can also be called " hyperoligotrophic " or " hypereutrophic " .	[]
Each trophic class supports different types of fish and other organisms , as well .	Each trophic class has different types of fish and other organisms which live in them .	[]
If the algal biomass in a lake or other water body reaches too high a concentration ( say > 80 TSI ) , massive fish die-offs may occur as decomposing biomass deoxygenates the water .	If there is too much algal biomass in a lake or pond , then many fish can die as the decomposing biomass takes the oxygen from the water .	[]
Oligotrophic lakes generally host very little or no aquatic vegetation and are relatively clear , while eutrophic lakes tend to host large quantities of organisms , including algal blooms .	Oligotrophic lakes have very little or no aquatic vegetation and the water is clear .	[]
Mesotrophic soils have moderate nutrient levels .	They have low levels of nutrients .	[]
The bottom waters of such lakes typically have ample oxygen ; thus , such lakes often support many fish species such as lake trout , which require cold , well-oxygenated waters .	The bottom waters of such lakes typically have lots of oxygen ; thus , such lakes often support many fish species . <SEP> Lake trout , for example , need cold , oxygen rich water .	[]
The oxygen content is likely to be higher in deep lakes , owing to their larger hypolimnetic volume .	The oxygen content is likely to be higher in deep lakes , because of their larger amount of dense cold water .	[]
A eutrophic body of water , commonly a lake or pond , has high biological productivity .	Eutrophic lakes have large amounts of organisms , including algal blooms .	[]
Due to excessive nutrients , especially nitrogen and phosphorus , these water bodies are able to support an abundance of aquatic plants .	They have a lot of nutrient and can support a lot of aquatic plants and algae .	[]
When aquatic plants dominate , the water tends to be clear .	When there are a lot of aquatic plants the water tends to be clear .	[]
When algae dominate , the water tends to be darker .	When there is a lot of algae the water tends to be darker .	[]
The algae engage in photosynthesis which supplies oxygen to the fish and biota which inhabit these waters .	The process of photosynthesis in the algae supplies oxygen to the fish and plants which live these waters .	[]
Occasionally , an excessive algal bloom will occur and can ultimately result in fish death , due to respiration by algae and bottom-living bacteria .	Sometimes an excessive algae bloom will occur .	[]
Take That are an English pop group formed in Manchester in 1989 .	Take That are an English boy band from Manchester .	[]
Williams rejoined Take That in 2010 for the band 's sixth studio album , " Progress " .	Williams rejoined the band in 2010 .	[]
On 24 September 2014 , it was announced that Jason Orange had left the band .	Jason Orange left Take That in September 2014 and Take That became a 3 piece band . <SEP> In September 2014 it was announced that Orange had decided to leave the band .	[]
The group currently consists of Gary Barlow , Howard Donald and Mark Owen .	Gary Barlow , Howard Donald , Mark Owen , Jason Orange and Robbie Williams were in Take That .	[]
Williams left the band in 1995 while the four remaining members completed their world tour and released a final single before splitting up in 1996 .	Williams left in 1995 after taking drugs and soon the 4 remaining members split up in 1996 .	[]
After filming a 2005 about the group and releasing a new greatest hits album , a four-piece Take That without Williams officially announced a 2006 reunion tour around the UK , entitled The Ultimate Tour .	Take That returned to the music business in 2005 , released their come-back album called Beautiful World and then went on tour in 2006 .	[]
In 2013 , Donald became a judge on the German version of the television dancing show " " .	Donald then became a judge on the German version of the dancing talent show " Got To Dance " in 2013 .	[]
In May 2013 , Owen announced that Take That was to begin recording their seventh studio album in 2014 and On 14 January 2014 , Donald and Barlow both tweeted that Take That had entered the studio to begin recording the album , although it was not initially clear if Williams was present at these recording sessions .	In early 2014 it was announced that the band would release their seventh studio album in late 2014 .	[]
The album itself , called " III " , was released on 28 November 2014 and became the band 's seventh No. 1 album .	Their seventh studio album called III was released in 2014 .	[]
Titled " These Days " , it was released on 23 November 2014 and went to No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart , knocking Band Aid 30 off the top spot and becoming their 12th number one single .	Their first single of III called " These Days " was released in November 2014 .	[]
On 14 October 2015 , the band announced their new single " Hey Boy " , released on 16 October , which is the first single from the 2015 re-release of " III " .	The third single of III called " Let in the Sun " will be released in March 2015 .	[]
He became a noted pianist despite his small hands , which could barely stretch to a ninth .	When he grew up he was very short and his hands could only just stretch one octave ( eight notes ) on the piano .	[]
Feeling challenged by Josef Lhe ́ vinne , he damaged his right hand while practicing Franz Liszt 's " Re ́ miniscences de Don Juan " and Mily Balakirev 's " Islamey " .	He practised a piece called " Islamey " by Balakirev but damaged his right hand doing it .	[]
In August 1897 , Scriabin married the young pianist Vera Ivanovna Isakovich , and then toured in Russia and abroad , culminating in a successful 1898 concert in Paris .	He married in 1897 .	[]
That year he became a teacher at the Moscow Conservatory , and began to establish his reputation as a composer .	He taught at the Moscow Conservatoire and wrote some important orchestral music .	[]
The buildings south of 20th Street are known as Stuyvesant Town , or " Stuy Town " .	Stuyvesant Town is known to its residents as " Stuy Town " .	[]
They were named after Peter Stuyvesant , the last director-general of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam , whose farm occupied the site in the 17th century .	It was named after Peter Stuyvesant , the last Director-General of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam , whose farm occupied the site in the seventeenth century .	[]
The buildings north of 20th Street are called Peter Cooper Village , named after the 19th century industrialist , inventor and philanthropist Peter Cooper , who founded Cooper Union .	Peter Cooper Village is named after Peter Cooper , a 19th-century industrialist , inventor and philanthropist .	[]
The complex consists of 110 red brick apartment buildings on an 80 acre tract stretching from First Avenue to Avenue C , between 14th and 23rd Streets .	The complex has many red brick apartment buildings . <SEP> They stretch from First Avenue to Avenue C between 14th and 23rd Streets .	[]
The complex covers about 80 acre of land in total , including parkland .	It covers about 80 acre of land .	[]
Stuyvesant Town – Peter Cooper Village is bounded by First Avenue on the west , 23rd Street on the north , Avenue C on the east , and 14th Street on the south .	Between 14th and 20th Street is Stuyvesant Town . <SEP> Peter Cooper Village is between 20th and 23rd Streets .	[]
Stuyvesant Town – Peter Cooper Village contains 11,250 apartments in 110 buildings .	The complex has a total of 110 residential buildings , 11,250 apartments , and over 25,000 people living in it .	[]
On July 1 , 2010 , Babchuk re-signed with the Carolina Hurricanes to a one-year contract worth $ 1.4 million .	On July 1 , 2010 , Babchuk again re-signed with the Carolina Hurricanes to a one-year contract for the 2010-2011 season . <SEP> This contract was worth 1.4 million US dollars .	[]
William Lawrence Francis Cullen ( February 18 , 1920 – July 7 , 1990 ) was an American radio and television personality whose career spanned five decades .	Bill Cullen ( February 18 , 1920 – July 7 , 1990 ) was an American television game show host . <SEP> His full name was William Lawrence Cullen .	[]
Cullen was born in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , the only child of William and Lillian Cullen .	Cullen was originally from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .	[]
He survived a childhood bout with polio that left him with significant physical limitations for the rest of his life .	He suffered from polio as a child . <SEP> He had a limp for the remainder of his life .	[]
StarHub TV is the sole cable television operator in Singapore ( it was the sole pay-TV operator in the country until 2007 when mio TV , an IPTV service from its competitor , SingTel , was launched ) .	StarHub TV is a cable television service in Singapore . <SEP> It was previously also the only pay television service in the country until 2007 , when mio TV was launched .	[]
The company offers cable television services via the cable network which has been in operation since 1991 , but now under the name StarHub TV .	The cable network has been operating since 1991 .	[]
In 2002 , StarHub completed its merger with Singapore Cable Vision and has adopted its name until in 2007 , where StarHub Cable Television was renamed its current name , StarHub TV .	In 2002 , SCV merged with StarHub , and was renamed StarHub Cable Vision . <SEP> In 2007 , StarHub Cable Television was rebranded as StarHub TV .	[]
Klaus Wowereit ( born 1 October 1953 ) is a German politician , member of the SPD ( Social Democratic Party ) , and was the Governing Mayor of Berlin from 21 October 2001 to 11 December 2014 .	Klaus Wowereit ( born 1 October 1953 ) is a German politician . <SEP> He was the SPD Governing Mayor of Berlin from 2001 to 2014 .	[]
Wowereit was born in West Berlin .	He was born in Berlin .	[]
In 2001 state elections his party won a plurality of the votes , 29.7 % .	He and his party won 31.4 % of the votes in the 2001 state elections , and he started a coalition government with Linkspartei.PDS.	[]
He served as President of the Bundesrat ( the fourth highest office in Germany ) in 2001/02 .	He was President of the Bundesrat in 2001/02 .	[]
Until 1973 , Wowereit attended the Ulrich-von-Hutten-Oberschule in Berlin-Lichtenrade .	Klaus Wowereit attended the Ulrich-von-Hutten-Oberschule in Berlin until 1973 .	[]
Afterwards , he studied law at the Free University Berlin ( State Exams , 1981 and 1984 ) .	He went on to study law at the Free University Berlin , passing his first State Exams in 1981 and the second set in 1984 .	[]
After three years as a civil servant in the Senate office of the Interior , Wowereit stood for election as municipal councillor in the Tempelhof district .	After university Wowereit spent three years as a civil servant in the Senate Office ( that is , Ministry ) of the Interior .	[]
At the age of 30 , he was , therefore , the youngest councilor in the city of Berlin .	At the age of 30 , he was became the youngest councillor in the city of Berlin when he was elected a councillor of Tempelhof Borough .	[]
After eleven years as a District Councillor he stood for the Berlin House of Representatives ( Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin ) which serves as the City 's State Parliament in 1995 .	After eleven years he stood for the Berlin House of Deputies Abgeordnetenhaus which is City 's Landtag or state legislature in 1995 .	[]
Since June 2001 he served as Governing Mayor ( " " ) of Berlin .	From June 2001 to December 2014 he served as Governing Mayor , " Regierender Bu ̈ rgermeister " , of Berlin .	[]
Monogeneans are a group of ectoparasitic flatworms commonly found on the skin , gills , or fins of fish .	Monogenea are a type of flatworm . <SEP> Monogenea are especially common on the skin , fins and gills of fish .	[]
No known monogeneans infect birds , but one ( " Oculotrema hippopotami " ) infects mammals , parasitizing the eye of the hippopotamus .	No types of Monogenea infect birds , but one ( " Oculotrema hippopotami " ) infects mammals .	[]
Generally , monogeneans also are hermaphroditic with functional reproductive organs of both sexes occurring in one individual .	Monogenea are usually hermaphrodites .	[]
They have a direct lifecycle and do not require an intermediate host .	They have direct life-cycles with no asexual reproduction ( unlike the Digenea ) .	[]
Monogenea are small parasitic flatworms mainly found on skin or gills of fish .	When they are adults , Monogenea eat the blood , mucus , and epithelial cells of their host creature .	[]
Diatoms are a type of plankton called phytoplankton , the most common of the plankton types .	They are one of the most common types of phytoplankton .	[]
Diatom cells are contained within a unique silica cell wall known as a frustule made up of two valves called thecae , that typically overlap one another .	Diatom cells are encased within a unique cell wall made of silica ( SiO ) .	[]
Heterokont chloroplasts appear to derive from those of red algae , rather than directly from prokaryotes as occurred in plants .	Diatom chloroplasts were probably derived from those of red algae .	[]
The earliest known fossil diatoms date from the early Jurassic ( ~ 185 Ma ago ) , although the molecular clock and sedimentary evidence suggests an earlier origin .	The fossil record of diatoms starts in strata of the Lower Jurassic , ~ 185 million years ago . <SEP> Molecular clock evidence suggests an earlier date for their origin .	[]
Tennant Creek ( Warumungu : Jurnkkurakurr ) is a town located in the Northern Territory of Australia .	Tennant Creek is a small town in the Northern Territory of Australia , about 500 km north of Alice Springs and 1000 km south of Darwin .	[]
The Warumungu people have lived in the region surrounding Tennant Creek for thousands of years .	The first people to live in the area were the Warramunga people .	[]
The first European explorer to pass through the region was John McDouall Stuart in 1860 , on his unsuccessful first attempt to cross the continent from South to North .	The explorer John McDouall Stuart was the first European to visit the area in 1860 , but was attacked by warriors from the Warramunga at Attack Creek .	[]
He named a creek to the north of town after John Tennant , a financier of his expedition and a pastoralist from Port Lincoln , South Australia , in gratitude for the financial help Tennant had provided for Stuart 's expeditions across Australia .	Stuart named Tennant Creek after a John Tennant , of Port Lincoln , South Australia .	[]

Head coach Knute Rockne played a key role in its design , keeping the space between the playing field and the stands to a minimum .

The head coach of the Fighting Irish , Knute Rockne , played an important role in the design of the stadium .

[]

The original stadium seated 59,075 , measured a half-mile ( 800 m ) in circumference , stood 45 ft high , and featured a glass-enclosed press box rising 60 ft above ground level .

It measured a half-mile ( 0.8 kilometres ) in circumference and stood 45 ft high .

[]

Sollitt Construction Company of South Bend was the general contractor , and earth preparation began in the fall of 1929 .

It was built by the Sollitt Construction Company of South Bend .

[]

Due to an unusually cold fall and winter , above-ground construction did not begin until April 2 , 1930 , so it was effectively built in six months .

They began building in April 1930 , and took six months to build .

[]

The Irish played their first game in the new stadium in 1930 on October 4 , and defeated SMU 20 – 14 .

The Irish played their first game in the new stadium on 4 October 1930 .

[]

The official dedication was a week later on October 11 against Navy , and Savoldi scored three touchdowns and was cited as " the first hero in the lore of Notre Dame Stadium . "

The official dedication was on October 11 against Navy .

[]

By 1966 , its capacity increased to 59,075 , mainly by reducing the average seat width from 18 to .

Over the years , the stadium 's seating capacity was gradually increased to 59,075 .

[]

Permanent lights were installed as part of the expansion .

Permanent lights were also installed .

[]

Lynching is the practice of murder by a group of people by extrajudicial action .

Lynching in the United States is murder in which a certain person is hanged , usually by the neck . <SEP> Lynching is usually performed by a group .

[]

Lynchings in the United States rose in number after the American Civil War in the late 19th century , following the emancipation of slaves ; they declined in the 1920s .

United States lynchings rose in number after the American Civil War in the early-to-mid 1860s .

[]

Most lynchings were of African-American men in the Southern United States , but women were also lynched .

Most lynchings were of African American men in the South . <SEP> But women were also lynched .

[]

White lynchings of blacks also occurred in the Midwestern United States and the Border States , especially during the 20th-century Great Migration of blacks out of the Southern United States .

Also , white lynchings of blacks happened in the Midwest and Border States .

[]

Native Americans and Asian Americans were also lynched .

There were also lynchings of Native Americans , Hispanics and Asian Americans in the West , including California .

[]

Other ethnicities , including Finnish-Americans , German-Americans and Italian-Americans were also lynched occasionally .

Even white people were occasionally lynched .

[]

Nigel John Dermot Neill ( born 14 September 1947 ) , known professionally as Sam Neill , is a New Zealand actor , writer , producer , director , and vineyard owner .

Nigel James Dermot " Sam " Neill ( born 14 September 1947 in Omagh , County Tyrone , Northern Ireland ) is a New Zealand actor .

[]

Neill was born in 1947 in Omagh , County Tyrone , Northern Ireland , to Priscilla Beatrice ( born Ingham ) and Dermot Neill .

Neill was born on September 14 , 1947 in Omagh , County Tyrone , Northern Ireland to a New Zealander father and English mother .

[]

In 1954 , Neill moved with his family to New Zealand , where he attended the Anglican boys ' boarding school Christ 's College , Christchurch .

He moved to New Zealand in 1954 .

[]

He went on to study English literature at the University of Canterbury , where he had his first exposure to acting .

He studied at Christ 's College , Canterbury and at University of Canterbury .

[]

From about 1980 to 1989 , Neill was in a relationship with actress Lisa Harrow .

Neill was married to Lisa Harrow until they divorced in 1989 .

[]

Neill subsequently married make-up artist Noriko Watanabe in 1989 and they have one daughter , Elena ( born in 1991 ) .

Then he was married to Noriko Watanabe .

[]

Neill holds British and Irish citizenship through his place of birth , but identifies primarily as a New Zealander .

Neill has New Zealand and Irish citizenships .

[]

In genetic sex-determination systems , an organism 's sex is determined by the genome it inherits .

Usually , sex is determined by an organism 's genes .

[]

Genetic sex-determination usually depends on asymmetrically inherited sex chromosomes which carry genetic features that influence development ; sex may be determined either by the presence of a sex chromosome or by how many the organism has .

With genetic sex determination , most alleles or genes that influence sexual development are on the same chromosome .

[]

This is called X0 sex-determination — the 0 indicates the absence of the sex chromosome .

That chromosome is then called the sex chromosome .

[]

Genetic sex-determination , because it is determined by chromosome assortment , usually results in a 1:1 ratio of male and female offspring .

Because genetic sex determination is controlled by a pair of sex chromosomes ( or by the presence or absence of one of the chromosomes ) , there are usually the same number of male and female offspring .

[]

For many species , sex is not determined by inherited traits , but instead by environmental factors experienced during development or later in life .

For some species sex is not determined by inheritance , but instead by environmental factors experienced during development or later in life .

[]

In some turtles , for example , males are produced at lower incubation temperatures than females ; this difference in critical temperatures can be as little as 1 – 2 ° C.

In some turtles , for example , males are produced at lower incubation temperatures than females ; this difference in critical temperatures can be as little as 1-2 ° C.

[]

Trophic State Index ( TSI ) is a classification system designed to rate bodies of water based on the amount of biological activity they sustain .

The trophic state index ( TSI ) is a measure of how much nutrient , such as nitrogen and phosphorus are in a lake , or other body of water .

[]

Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus tend to be limiting resources in standing water bodies , so increased concentrations tend to result in increased plant growth , followed by corollary increases in subsequent trophic levels .

Nutrients increase plant growth , and raise the trophic levels .

[]

Consequently , a body of water 's trophic index may sometimes be used to make a rough estimate of its biological condition .

The TSI can be used to make an estimate of the biological condition of a lake .

[]

Carlson 's index was proposed by Robert Carlson in his 1977 seminal paper , " A trophic state index for lakes " .

Carlson 's Index is a Trophic State Index .

[]

It is one of the more commonly used trophic indices and is the trophic index used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency .

It is used by the United States Environmental Protection Agency .

[]

The " trophic state " is defined as the total weight of biomass in a given water body at the time of measurement .

The " trophic state " is the total weight of biomass in a given water body at the time of measurement .

[]

Because they are of public concern , the Carlson index uses the algal biomass as an objective classifier of a lake or other water body 's trophic status .

The Carlson index uses the algal biomass to classify a lake 's trophic status .

[]

A lake is usually classified as being in one of three possible classes : " oligotrophic " , " mesotrophic " or " eutrophic " .

A lake can be put into one of three possible classes : " oligotrophic " , " mesotrophic " or " eutrophic " .

[]

Lakes with extreme trophic indices may also be considered " hyperoligotrophic " or " hypereutrophic " .

Lakes with extreme trophic indices can also be called " hyperoligotrophic " or " hypereutrophic " .

[]

Each trophic class supports different types of fish and other organisms , as well .

Each trophic class has different types of fish and other organisms which live in them .

[]

If the algal biomass in a lake or other water body reaches too high a concentration ( say > 80 TSI ) , massive fish die-offs may occur as decomposing biomass deoxygenates the water .

If there is too much algal biomass in a lake or pond , then many fish can die as the decomposing biomass takes the oxygen from the water .

[]

Oligotrophic lakes generally host very little or no aquatic vegetation and are relatively clear , while eutrophic lakes tend to host large quantities of organisms , including algal blooms .

Oligotrophic lakes have very little or no aquatic vegetation and the water is clear .

[]

Mesotrophic soils have moderate nutrient levels .

They have low levels of nutrients .

[]

The bottom waters of such lakes typically have ample oxygen ; thus , such lakes often support many fish species such as lake trout , which require cold , well-oxygenated waters .

The bottom waters of such lakes typically have lots of oxygen ; thus , such lakes often support many fish species . <SEP> Lake trout , for example , need cold , oxygen rich water .

[]

The oxygen content is likely to be higher in deep lakes , owing to their larger hypolimnetic volume .

The oxygen content is likely to be higher in deep lakes , because of their larger amount of dense cold water .

[]

A eutrophic body of water , commonly a lake or pond , has high biological productivity .

Eutrophic lakes have large amounts of organisms , including algal blooms .

[]

Due to excessive nutrients , especially nitrogen and phosphorus , these water bodies are able to support an abundance of aquatic plants .

They have a lot of nutrient and can support a lot of aquatic plants and algae .

[]

When aquatic plants dominate , the water tends to be clear .

When there are a lot of aquatic plants the water tends to be clear .

[]

When algae dominate , the water tends to be darker .

When there is a lot of algae the water tends to be darker .

[]

The algae engage in photosynthesis which supplies oxygen to the fish and biota which inhabit these waters .

The process of photosynthesis in the algae supplies oxygen to the fish and plants which live these waters .

[]

Occasionally , an excessive algal bloom will occur and can ultimately result in fish death , due to respiration by algae and bottom-living bacteria .

Sometimes an excessive algae bloom will occur .

[]

Take That are an English pop group formed in Manchester in 1989 .

Take That are an English boy band from Manchester .

[]

Williams rejoined Take That in 2010 for the band 's sixth studio album , " Progress " .

Williams rejoined the band in 2010 .

[]

On 24 September 2014 , it was announced that Jason Orange had left the band .

Jason Orange left Take That in September 2014 and Take That became a 3 piece band . <SEP> In September 2014 it was announced that Orange had decided to leave the band .

[]

The group currently consists of Gary Barlow , Howard Donald and Mark Owen .

Gary Barlow , Howard Donald , Mark Owen , Jason Orange and Robbie Williams were in Take That .

[]

Williams left the band in 1995 while the four remaining members completed their world tour and released a final single before splitting up in 1996 .

Williams left in 1995 after taking drugs and soon the 4 remaining members split up in 1996 .

[]

After filming a 2005 about the group and releasing a new greatest hits album , a four-piece Take That without Williams officially announced a 2006 reunion tour around the UK , entitled The Ultimate Tour .

Take That returned to the music business in 2005 , released their come-back album called Beautiful World and then went on tour in 2006 .

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In 2013 , Donald became a judge on the German version of the television dancing show " " .

Donald then became a judge on the German version of the dancing talent show " Got To Dance " in 2013 .

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In May 2013 , Owen announced that Take That was to begin recording their seventh studio album in 2014 and On 14 January 2014 , Donald and Barlow both tweeted that Take That had entered the studio to begin recording the album , although it was not initially clear if Williams was present at these recording sessions .

In early 2014 it was announced that the band would release their seventh studio album in late 2014 .

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The album itself , called " III " , was released on 28 November 2014 and became the band 's seventh No. 1 album .

Their seventh studio album called III was released in 2014 .

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Titled " These Days " , it was released on 23 November 2014 and went to No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart , knocking Band Aid 30 off the top spot and becoming their 12th number one single .

Their first single of III called " These Days " was released in November 2014 .

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On 14 October 2015 , the band announced their new single " Hey Boy " , released on 16 October , which is the first single from the 2015 re-release of " III " .

The third single of III called " Let in the Sun " will be released in March 2015 .

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He became a noted pianist despite his small hands , which could barely stretch to a ninth .

When he grew up he was very short and his hands could only just stretch one octave ( eight notes ) on the piano .

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Feeling challenged by Josef Lhe ́ vinne , he damaged his right hand while practicing Franz Liszt 's " Re ́ miniscences de Don Juan " and Mily Balakirev 's " Islamey " .

He practised a piece called " Islamey " by Balakirev but damaged his right hand doing it .

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In August 1897 , Scriabin married the young pianist Vera Ivanovna Isakovich , and then toured in Russia and abroad , culminating in a successful 1898 concert in Paris .

He married in 1897 .

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That year he became a teacher at the Moscow Conservatory , and began to establish his reputation as a composer .

He taught at the Moscow Conservatoire and wrote some important orchestral music .

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The buildings south of 20th Street are known as Stuyvesant Town , or " Stuy Town " .

Stuyvesant Town is known to its residents as " Stuy Town " .

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They were named after Peter Stuyvesant , the last director-general of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam , whose farm occupied the site in the 17th century .

It was named after Peter Stuyvesant , the last Director-General of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam , whose farm occupied the site in the seventeenth century .

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The buildings north of 20th Street are called Peter Cooper Village , named after the 19th century industrialist , inventor and philanthropist Peter Cooper , who founded Cooper Union .

Peter Cooper Village is named after Peter Cooper , a 19th-century industrialist , inventor and philanthropist .

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The complex consists of 110 red brick apartment buildings on an 80 acre tract stretching from First Avenue to Avenue C , between 14th and 23rd Streets .

The complex has many red brick apartment buildings . <SEP> They stretch from First Avenue to Avenue C between 14th and 23rd Streets .

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The complex covers about 80 acre of land in total , including parkland .

It covers about 80 acre of land .

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Stuyvesant Town – Peter Cooper Village is bounded by First Avenue on the west , 23rd Street on the north , Avenue C on the east , and 14th Street on the south .

Between 14th and 20th Street is Stuyvesant Town . <SEP> Peter Cooper Village is between 20th and 23rd Streets .

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Stuyvesant Town – Peter Cooper Village contains 11,250 apartments in 110 buildings .

The complex has a total of 110 residential buildings , 11,250 apartments , and over 25,000 people living in it .

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On July 1 , 2010 , Babchuk re-signed with the Carolina Hurricanes to a one-year contract worth $ 1.4 million .

On July 1 , 2010 , Babchuk again re-signed with the Carolina Hurricanes to a one-year contract for the 2010-2011 season . <SEP> This contract was worth 1.4 million US dollars .

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William Lawrence Francis Cullen ( February 18 , 1920 – July 7 , 1990 ) was an American radio and television personality whose career spanned five decades .

Bill Cullen ( February 18 , 1920 – July 7 , 1990 ) was an American television game show host . <SEP> His full name was William Lawrence Cullen .

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Cullen was born in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , the only child of William and Lillian Cullen .

Cullen was originally from Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .

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He survived a childhood bout with polio that left him with significant physical limitations for the rest of his life .

He suffered from polio as a child . <SEP> He had a limp for the remainder of his life .

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StarHub TV is the sole cable television operator in Singapore ( it was the sole pay-TV operator in the country until 2007 when mio TV , an IPTV service from its competitor , SingTel , was launched ) .

StarHub TV is a cable television service in Singapore . <SEP> It was previously also the only pay television service in the country until 2007 , when mio TV was launched .

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The company offers cable television services via the cable network which has been in operation since 1991 , but now under the name StarHub TV .

The cable network has been operating since 1991 .

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In 2002 , StarHub completed its merger with Singapore Cable Vision and has adopted its name until in 2007 , where StarHub Cable Television was renamed its current name , StarHub TV .

In 2002 , SCV merged with StarHub , and was renamed StarHub Cable Vision . <SEP> In 2007 , StarHub Cable Television was rebranded as StarHub TV .

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Klaus Wowereit ( born 1 October 1953 ) is a German politician , member of the SPD ( Social Democratic Party ) , and was the Governing Mayor of Berlin from 21 October 2001 to 11 December 2014 .

Klaus Wowereit ( born 1 October 1953 ) is a German politician . <SEP> He was the SPD Governing Mayor of Berlin from 2001 to 2014 .

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Wowereit was born in West Berlin .

He was born in Berlin .

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In 2001 state elections his party won a plurality of the votes , 29.7 % .

He and his party won 31.4 % of the votes in the 2001 state elections , and he started a coalition government with Linkspartei.PDS.

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He served as President of the Bundesrat ( the fourth highest office in Germany ) in 2001/02 .

He was President of the Bundesrat in 2001/02 .

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Until 1973 , Wowereit attended the Ulrich-von-Hutten-Oberschule in Berlin-Lichtenrade .

Klaus Wowereit attended the Ulrich-von-Hutten-Oberschule in Berlin until 1973 .

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Afterwards , he studied law at the Free University Berlin ( State Exams , 1981 and 1984 ) .

He went on to study law at the Free University Berlin , passing his first State Exams in 1981 and the second set in 1984 .

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After three years as a civil servant in the Senate office of the Interior , Wowereit stood for election as municipal councillor in the Tempelhof district .

After university Wowereit spent three years as a civil servant in the Senate Office ( that is , Ministry ) of the Interior .

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At the age of 30 , he was , therefore , the youngest councilor in the city of Berlin .

At the age of 30 , he was became the youngest councillor in the city of Berlin when he was elected a councillor of Tempelhof Borough .

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After eleven years as a District Councillor he stood for the Berlin House of Representatives ( Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin ) which serves as the City 's State Parliament in 1995 .

After eleven years he stood for the Berlin House of Deputies Abgeordnetenhaus which is City 's Landtag or state legislature in 1995 .

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Since June 2001 he served as Governing Mayor ( " " ) of Berlin .

From June 2001 to December 2014 he served as Governing Mayor , " Regierender Bu ̈ rgermeister " , of Berlin .

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Monogeneans are a group of ectoparasitic flatworms commonly found on the skin , gills , or fins of fish .

Monogenea are a type of flatworm . <SEP> Monogenea are especially common on the skin , fins and gills of fish .

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No known monogeneans infect birds , but one ( " Oculotrema hippopotami " ) infects mammals , parasitizing the eye of the hippopotamus .

No types of Monogenea infect birds , but one ( " Oculotrema hippopotami " ) infects mammals .

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Generally , monogeneans also are hermaphroditic with functional reproductive organs of both sexes occurring in one individual .

Monogenea are usually hermaphrodites .

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They have a direct lifecycle and do not require an intermediate host .

They have direct life-cycles with no asexual reproduction ( unlike the Digenea ) .

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Monogenea are small parasitic flatworms mainly found on skin or gills of fish .

When they are adults , Monogenea eat the blood , mucus , and epithelial cells of their host creature .

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Diatoms are a type of plankton called phytoplankton , the most common of the plankton types .

They are one of the most common types of phytoplankton .

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Diatom cells are contained within a unique silica cell wall known as a frustule made up of two valves called thecae , that typically overlap one another .

Diatom cells are encased within a unique cell wall made of silica ( SiO ) .

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Heterokont chloroplasts appear to derive from those of red algae , rather than directly from prokaryotes as occurred in plants .

Diatom chloroplasts were probably derived from those of red algae .

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The earliest known fossil diatoms date from the early Jurassic ( ~ 185 Ma ago ) , although the molecular clock and sedimentary evidence suggests an earlier origin .

The fossil record of diatoms starts in strata of the Lower Jurassic , ~ 185 million years ago . <SEP> Molecular clock evidence suggests an earlier date for their origin .

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Tennant Creek ( Warumungu : Jurnkkurakurr ) is a town located in the Northern Territory of Australia .

Tennant Creek is a small town in the Northern Territory of Australia , about 500 km north of Alice Springs and 1000 km south of Darwin .

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The Warumungu people have lived in the region surrounding Tennant Creek for thousands of years .

The first people to live in the area were the Warramunga people .

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The first European explorer to pass through the region was John McDouall Stuart in 1860 , on his unsuccessful first attempt to cross the continent from South to North .

The explorer John McDouall Stuart was the first European to visit the area in 1860 , but was attacked by warriors from the Warramunga at Attack Creek .

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He named a creek to the north of town after John Tennant , a financier of his expedition and a pastoralist from Port Lincoln , South Australia , in gratitude for the financial help Tennant had provided for Stuart 's expeditions across Australia .

Stuart named Tennant Creek after a John Tennant , of Port Lincoln , South Australia .

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