bayes-group-diffusion/wiki_auto · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Ocean promoted the album with his 2012 Summer Tour , which featured final appearances at the Coachella and Lollapalooza festivals .	Ocean appeared at Coachella .	[]
Ocean released his debut studio album , " Channel Orange " , in July 2012 ; it debuted at number two on the " Billboard " 200 and was soon certified platinum .	His first studio album , " channel ORANGE " , was a digital download only on iTunes for one week .	[]
At the 2013 Brit Awards , Ocean won the Brit Award for International Male Solo Artist .	Ocean won the 2013 Brit Award for International Male Solo Artist .	[]
Jonathan Antoni Gittens ( 22 January 1964 – 10 May 2019 ) was an English professional footballer who played for Swindon Town as well as for Southampton , Middlesbrough , Portsmouth , Torquay United and Exeter City .	Jonathan Antoni Gittens ( 22 January 1964 – 11 May 2019 ) was an English professional footballer . <SEP> He later played for Middlesbrough , Portsmouth , Torquay United and Exeter City .	[]
Born in Moseley , Gittens started his career with Midlands Combination side Paget Rangers whilst taking a two-year course in menswear tailoring when he was spotted by Southampton .	Gittens was born in Moseley , Birmingham . <SEP> He started his career playing for Southampton .	[]
In July 1987 he became a free agent and , having found it difficult to hold down a regular place in the Southampton side , he moved to Swindon Town for a fee of £ 40,000 .	He played for Swindon Town from 1987 to 1991 , making over 120 appearances for the club .	[]
In March 1991 , after 126 games for the Robins , Chris Nicholl re-signed him for Southampton , and he returned to The Dell a day before the transfer deadline , this time for a fee of £ 400,000 .	He returned to Southampton in 1991 .	[]
Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu ( 18 May 1912 – 5 May 2003 ) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and member of the ( ANC ) , African National Congress serving at times as Secretary-General and Deputy President of the organization .	Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu ( 18 May 1912 – 5 May 2003 ) was a South African activist and politician .	[]
He was made secretary general of the ANC in 1949 , displacing the more passive older leadership , and held that post until 1954 .	Sisulu was the Secretary-General of the African National Congress from 1949 to 1954 .	[]
He was jailed seven times in the next ten years , including five months in 1960 , and was held under house arrest in 1962 .	Over the next 10 years he was put in prison seven times .	[]
At the Treason Trial ( 1956 – 1961 ) , he was eventually sentenced to six years , but was released on bail pending his appeal .	He was one of many people , including Nelson Mandela to be found guilty of treason during trials between 1956 and 1961 .	[]
At the conclusion of the Rivonia Trial ( 1963 – 1964 ) , he was sentenced to life imprisonment on 12 June 1964 .	He was found in 1963 and put on trial again .	[]
In October 1989 , he was released after 26 years in prison , and in July 1991 was elected ANC deputy president at the ANC 's first national conference after its unbanning the year before .	He was released from prison in 1989 .	[]
He remained in the position until after South Africa 's first democratic election in 1994 .	He held the position from July 1991 to 1994 .	[]
Jiroemon Kimura ( 木村次郎右衛門 , Kimura Jiro ̄ emon , 19 April 1897 – 12 June 2013 ) was a Japanese supercentenarian .	Jiroemon Kimura ( 木村次郎右衛門 , 19 April 1897 – 12 June 2013 ) was a Japanese supercentenarian , who has been listed by the Guinness World Records as the oldest living person in the world since the death of Dina Manfredini on December 17 , 2012 .	[]
He became the oldest verified male in history on 28 December 2012 , at the age of 115 years and 253 days when he surpassed the age of Christian Mortensen who died in 1998 , and also became the first and so far the only man who indisputably reached 116 years of age , being 116 years , 54 days old at the time of his death from natural causes on 12 June 2013 , in a hospital in his hometown of Kyo ̄ tango , Kyoto Prefecture , Japan .	Kimura became the oldest man ever verified by the Guinness World Records after his lifespan became longer than that of Christian Mortensen on December 28 , 2012 .	[]
He was the last verified living man born in the 19th century , and the last living person born in 1897 .	He was the last living man who was born before the 1900s , as well as the oldest and last verified person ever to have been born in the year 1897 .	[]
Kimura was born as Kinjiro Miyake ( 三宅金治郎 , Miyake Kinjiro ̄ ) .	Kimura was born as Kinjiro Miyake ( 三宅金治郎 Miyake Kinjiro ̄ ) in the fishing village of Kamiukawa .	[]
He finished school second in his class at age 14 and commenced working from local post offices around the age of 17 .	After he finished school at the age of 14 , he worked for local post offices for over 45 years until he retired in 1962 at the age of 65 .	[]
In the 1920s , Kimura also worked as a government communications worker in Korea under Japanese rule .	In the 1920 's , he also worked as a government communications worker in Korea , which was at the time a colony of Japan .	[]
Since his wife 's family lacked a male heir , he changed his name to Jiroemon Kimura , becoming the ninth member of the family to bear that name .	After he returned from Korea , he married Yae Kimura and changed his name to Jiroemon Kimura , since his wife 's family lacked a male heir .	[]
According to Kimura 's nephew , Tamotsu Miyake , Kimura was actually born on 19 March 1897 , but his birthday was instead recorded as 19 April 1897 , by mistake in 1955 when records from neighbouring towns were consolidated and redone .	According to a nephew of his , Jiroemon Kimura 's date of birth was actually 19 March 1897 , but was recorded in error as 19 April 1897 in 1955 .	[]
According to records , he was born on 19 April 1897 , in the fishing village of Kamiukawa , the third of six children born to farmers Morizo and Fusa Miyake .	Guinness World Records however recognise him according to his records as being born on 19 April 1897 , aged 116 .	[]
He was hospitalized for pneumonia on 11 May 2013 .	Kimura was hospitalized for pneumonia in May 2013 and slowly recovered , but his health began to decline over the weeks .	[]
He died of natural causes in the hospital in his hometown of Kyo ̄ tango , western Japan , at 2:08 a.m. on 12 June 2013 .	Kimura died on June 12 , 2013 in a hospital in Kyo ̄ tango , Kyoto Prefecture , Japan from natural causes .	[]
Just four days earlier , Kimura became the world 's oldest living man and the oldest man to become the oldest living man , at age 113 years , 361 days .	Misao Okawa becomes the World 's Oldest Living person .	[]
Katzenbach v. McClung , 379 U.S. 294 ( 1964 ) , is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously held that Congress acted within its power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution in forbidding racial discrimination in restaurants as this was a burden to interstate commerce .	Katzenbach v. McClung , 379 U.S. 294 ( 1964 ) , is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court . <SEP> The Court held that Congress acted within its power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution in forbidding racial discrimination in restaurants as this was a burden to interstate commerce .	[]
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawing segregation in American schools and public places .	It was also a test case of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .	[]
Ollie McClung had won an initial round in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama when he received an injunction preventing the Government from enforcing Title II against his restaurant .	Ollie McClung had won in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama when he received an injunction preventing the Government from enforcing Title II against his restaurant .	[]
But then Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach appealed this decision to the U.S. Supreme Court .	But then U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach , appealed this decision to the U.S. Supreme Court .	[]
In section 4 of the opinion , the Court held that racial discrimination in restaurants had a significant impact on interstate commerce and so Congress has the power to regulate this conduct under the Commerce Clause .	In section 4 of the opinion , the Court held that racial discrimination in restaurants had a significant impact on interstate commerce , and therefore Congress has the power to regulate this conduct under the Commerce Clause .	[]
Wilma Jeanne Cooper ( October 25 , 1928 – May 8 , 2013 ) was an American actress , best known for her role as Katherine Chancellor on the CBS soap opera " The Young and the Restless " ( 1973 – 2013 ) .	Wilma Jeanne Cooper ( or just Jeanne Cooper ; October 25 , 1928 - May 8 , 2013 ) was an American actress . <SEP> She was best known for her Emmy Award-winning role as Katherine Chancellor on CBS ' soap opera " The Young and the Restless " .	[]
At the time of her death , she was eighth on the all-time list of longest-serving soap opera actors in the United States .	She was a long serving television actress .	[]
Cooper was born in Taft , California , to Albert Troy Cooper , and his wife , the former Sildeth Evelyn Moore .	Cooper was born in Taft , California on October 25 , 1928 .	[]
Cooper married television producer Harry Bernsen , Jr . , and they were together for 23 years before divorcing .	Cooper was married to Harry Bernsen , Jr. from 1954 until they divorced in 1977 .	[]
The Bernsens had three children , all of whom are actors : Corbin Bernsen of " L.A. Law " fame ( born September 7 , 1954 ) , whose mother Cooper portrayed twice on that series ; Collin Bernsen , born March 30 , 1958 ; and Caren Bernsen , born August 17 , 1960 .	They had three children , including actor Corbin Bernsen .	[]
Cooper died on May 8 , 2013 in a Los Angeles hospital .	Cooper died on May 8 , 2013 from complications from COPD in Los Angeles , California , aged 84 .	[]
Relja Bas ̌ ic ́ ( 14 February 1930 – 7 April 2017 ) was a Croatian actor , one of the most prolific and versatile Croatian actors with a career which lasted for more than half a century .	Relja Bas ̌ ic ́ ( 14 February 1930 – 7 April 2017 ) was a Croatian actor and politician . <SEP> He was one of the most well known Croatian actors with a career which lasted for more than half a century .	[]
The common name " webspinner " comes from the insects ' unique ability to spin silk from structures on their front legs .	The common name webspinner comes from the insects ' ability to spin silk from structures on their front legs .	[]
The nymphs and adult females feed on leaf litter , bark , moss , algae and lichen .	They feed on leaf litter , moss , bark and lichen .	[]
The Swedish Academy was founded in 1786 by King Gustav III .	The Swedish Academy was started in 1786 by the Swedish King Gustav III .	[]
Modelled after the Acade ́ mie franc ̧ aise , it has 18 members .	The Swedish Academy has 18 members .	[]
The academy 's motto is " Talent and Taste " ( " " Snille och Smak " " in Swedish ) .	The motto of the Academy is " Talent and Taste " ( " " Snille och Smak " " in Swedish ) .	[]
Since 1901 , the Swedish Academy has annually decided who will be the laureate for the Nobel Prize in Literature , awarded in memory of the donor Alfred Nobel .	Since 1901 the Academy has decided who will win the Nobel Prize in Literature The prize is given in memory of Alfred Nobel .	[]
The academy 's primary purpose is to further the " purity , strength , and sublimity of the Swedish language " ( " " Svenska Spra ̊ kets renhet , styrka och ho ̈ ghet " " ) ( Walshe , 1965 ) .	They work for the " purity , strength , and greatness of the Swedish language " ( " " Svenska folkets renhet , styrka och ho ̈ ghet " " ) .	[]
To that end the academy publishes two dictionaries .	To help do this , the Academy publishes two dictionaries .	[]
The first is a one-volume glossary called " Svenska Akademiens ordlista " ( " SAOL " ) .	The first is a dictionary in only one big book , called " Svenska Akademiens ordlista " ( or " SAOL " ) .	[]
The second is a multi-volume dictionary , edited on principles similar to those of the " Oxford English Dictionary " , entitled " Svenska Akademiens Ordbok " ( " SAOB " ) .	It is called " Svenska Akademiens ordbok " ( or " SAOB " ) .	[]
The " SAOL " has reached its 14th edition while the first volume of the " SAOB " was published in 1898 and , as of 2017 , work has progressed to words beginning with the letter " V " .	The first book in the set was printed in 1898 and in 2015 work had got as far as words beginning with the letter " V " .	[]
Hagfish , the class Myxini ( also known as Hyperotreti ) , are eel-shaped , slime-producing marine fish ( occasionally called slime eels ) .	Hagfish are craniates in the superclass Cyclostomata , class Myxini . <SEP> Although hagfish are sometimes called " slime eels , " they are not eels at all .	[]
The hagfish skeleton comprises the skull , the notochord , and the caudal fin rays .	Hagfish do not have a skeleton , except they do have a skull , which is made of cartilage .	[]
Hagfish are typically about 0.5 m in length .	Hagfish are usually about half a meter ( 18 in ) long .	[]
Hagfish have elongated , eel-like bodies , and paddle-like tails .	They have long , eel-like bodies .	[]
These teeth are used to grasp food and draw it toward the pharynx .	They use these tongue teeth to eat .	[]
Hagfish skin , used in a variety of clothing accessories , is usually referred to as " eel skin " .	Hagfish skin is used to make leather for wallets and belts . <SEP> When this leather is sold , it is called " eel skin " .	[]
Tehran ( ; ] ) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province .	Tehran ( or Teheran , ) , is the capital of Iran and the center of Tehran Province .	[]
The origin of the name " Tehran " is uncertain .	The origin of the name Tehran is unknown . <SEP> The word Tehran means " warm mountain slope " .	[]
The capital has been moved several times throughout the history , and Tehran is the 32nd national capital of Iran .	Tehran is the 32nd National Capital of Iran .	[]
With a population of around 8.7 million in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran , Tehran is the most populous city in Iran and Western Asia , and has the second-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East .	It is the largest city in the Middle East & Western Asia . <SEP> It has about 8 million people .	[]
It is ranked 24th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area .	It is the 16th most populated city in the world .	[]
The metropolis of Tehran is equipped with a large network of highways and interchanges .	Tehran has a large network of highways .	[]
William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) is an American business magnate , investor , author , philanthropist , and humanitarian .	William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) , commonly known as Bill Gates , is an American businessman , co-founder and chairman of Microsoft .	[]
Gates was born in Seattle , Washington on October 28 , 1955 .	William Henry Gates III was born on October 28 , 1955 in Seattle , Washington , U.S.	[]
His ancestry includes English , German , and Irish / Scots-Irish .	He has British and German ancestry .	[]
He is the son of William H. Gates Sr. ( b . 1925 ) and Mary Maxwell Gates ( 1929 – 1994 ) .	His father William H. Gates , Sr. was a lawyer .	[]
His father was a prominent lawyer , and his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way of America .	His mother Mary Maxwell Gates served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way .	[]
Early in his life , Gates observed that his parents wanted him to pursue a law career .	His parents wanted him to be a lawyer .	[]
In a May 2006 interview , Gates commented that he wished that he were not the richest man in the world because he disliked the attention it brought .	He was the richest man in the world .	[]
Since October 2017 , Gates was surpassed by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos as the richest person in the world .	Now he is the second richest person in the world just behind Jeff Bezos as of October 2017 .	[]
He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests ( SAT ) and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973 .	He was a freshman at Harvard University in 1973 .	[]
Born and raised in Seattle , Washington , Gates launched Microsoft with Paul Allen in 1975 ; it went on to become the world 's largest personal computer software company .	Gates started Microsoft in 1975 with Paul Allen in the city of Albuquerque , New Mexico .	[]
In June 2006 , Gates announced that he would be transitioning to a part-time role at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the private charitable foundation that he and his wife , Melinda Gates , established in 2000 .	In 2006 , Gates announced he was going to quit his job at Microsoft . <SEP> Their charity is called the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation .	[]
Ballmer succeeded Gates as Microsoft 's CEO years later and maintained that position from 2000 until his resignation in 2014 .	Gates stepped down from his CEO position in Microsoft in 1998 and Steve Ballmer did the job instead .	[]
On February 4 , 2014 , Gates stepped down as chairman of Microsoft to become Technology Advisor alongside new CEO Satya Nadella .	On 2014 , Satya Nadella became the new CEO of Microsoft and Bill Gates came back as the Chief Technology Adviser .	[]
Chu ̄ o ̄ is in the central area of Tokyo , surrounded by the five special wards of Chiyoda , Minato , Taito ̄ , Sumida , and Ko ̄ to ̄ .	Chu ̄ o ̄ is in central Tokyo .	[]
Chu ̄ o ̄ is physically the second-smallest ward in Tokyo , with a total area of just 10.15 km ; only Taito ̄ is smaller .	In area , Chu ̄ o ̄ is the second-smallest ward in Tokyo . <SEP> Only Taito ̄ is smaller .	[]
A micro-sleep ( MS ) is a temporary episode of sleep or drowsiness which may last for a fraction of a second or up to 30 seconds where an individual fails to respond to some arbitrary sensory input and becomes unconscious .	It can last from under a second to about 30 seconds .	[]
Microsleeps become extremely dangerous when they occur in situations that demand constant alertness , such as driving a motor vehicle or working with heavy machinery .	Microsleep can be extremely dangerous in situations when people drive a car , work on a machine or otherwise need to stay alert .	[]
People who experience microsleeps often remain unaware of them , instead believing themselves to have been awake the whole time , or to have temporarily lost focus .	People with microsleeps usually are not aware of them .	[]
When experiencing microsleeps while driving an automobile , from the perspective of the driver , they are driving a car , and then suddenly realize that several seconds have passed by unnoticed .	One example is called " gap driving " : a person is driving a car and suddenly realizes that several seconds have passed by unnoticed .	[]
It is not obvious to the driver that they were asleep during those missing seconds , although this is in fact what happened .	The driver does not feel that she or he has been asleep during those missing seconds , although this is in fact what happened .	[]
The sleeping driver is at very high risk for having a collision during a microsleep episode .	The sleeping driver is at very high risk for having an accident during microsleep .	[]
Intellectual property ( IP ) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect .	Intellectual property ( IP ) refers to the ownership of an idea or design by the person who came up with it .	[]
A copyright gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it , usually for a limited time .	It gives a person certain exclusive rights to a distinct type of creative design , meaning that nobody else can copy or reuse that creation without the owner 's permission .	[]
The most well-known types are copyrights , patents , trademarks , and trade secrets .	Common types of intellectual property rights include copyrights , trademarks , patents , industrial design rights and trade secrets .	[]
It was not until the 19th century that the term " intellectual property " began to be used , and not until the late 20th century that it became commonplace in the majority of the world .	The term " intellectual property " dates from the 19th century .	[]
The Statute of Monopolies ( 1624 ) and the British Statute of Anne ( 1710 ) are seen as the origins of patent law and copyright respectively , firmly establishing the concept of intellectual property .	Before that , patent laws were first made under the Statute of Monopolies 1623 and copyright laws were first seen in the Statute of Anne in 1710 .	[]
The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property ( " Schutz des geistigen Eigentums " ) to the confederation .	The constitution of the North German Confederation granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property to the confederation .	[]
In ancient Greece and ancient Rome and the medieval world , it was considered disgraceful for a woman to go on stage ; this belief persisted until the 17th century in Venice .	In the ancient world and in the Middle Ages , people thought it was bad ( shameful ) for a woman to act .	[]
In modern times , women occasionally played the roles of boys or young men .	Women actors sometimes act the roles of young boys , because in some ways a woman is more similar to a boy than a man is .	[]
For example , the stage role of Peter Pan is traditionally played by a woman , as are most principal boys in British pantomime .	For example , a woman usually plays the role of Peter Pan .	[]
Opera has several " breeches roles " traditionally sung by women , usually mezzo-sopranos .	Opera has some " pants roles " which women traditionally sing . <SEP> These women are usually mezzo-sopranos , which means they sing with a voice that is high but not very high .	[]
Examples are Hansel in " Ha ̈ nsel und Gretel " , Cherubino in " The Marriage of Figaro " and Octavian in " Der Rosenkavalier " .	Examples are Hansel in " " , and Cherubino in " The Marriage of Figaro " .	[]
In the time of William Shakespeare , women 's roles were generally played by men or boys .	In the time of Shakespeare , and earlier , all roles in an English play were played by men , meaning even characters such as Juliet , Lady Macbeth , and Cleopatra were first played by men or boys .	[]
After the English Restoration of 1660 , women began to appear on stage in England .	After the English Restoration women were allowed to perform on-stage .	[]
Actors also have to learn the meaning of the stage directions " Upstage " ( away from the audience ) and " Downstage " ( towards the audience ) Theatre actors need to learn blocking , which is " ... where and how an actor moves on the stage during a play " .	Actors also have to learn the meaning of the stage directions " Upstage " ( away from the audience ) and " Downstage " ( towards the audience ) <SEP> Theatre actors need to learn blocking , which is " ... where and how an actor moves on the stage during a play . "	[]
The Director also gives instructions on blocking , such as crossing the stage or picking up and using a prop .	The Director will also give instructions on blocking , such as crossing the stage or picking up and using a prop .	[]
Some theater actors need to learn stage combat , which is simulated fighting on stage .	Theatre actors need to learn stage combat , which is simulated fighting on stage .	[]
Actors may have to simulate hand-to-hand fighting or sword-fighting .	Actors may have to simulate " hand-to-hand fighting or with sword-fighting . "	[]
Actors are coached by fight directors , who help them learn the choreographed sequence of fight actions .	Actors are coached by fight directors , who help them to learn the choreographed sequence of fight actions .	[]

Ocean promoted the album with his 2012 Summer Tour , which featured final appearances at the Coachella and Lollapalooza festivals .

Ocean appeared at Coachella .

[]

Ocean released his debut studio album , " Channel Orange " , in July 2012 ; it debuted at number two on the " Billboard " 200 and was soon certified platinum .

His first studio album , " channel ORANGE " , was a digital download only on iTunes for one week .

[]

At the 2013 Brit Awards , Ocean won the Brit Award for International Male Solo Artist .

Ocean won the 2013 Brit Award for International Male Solo Artist .

[]

Jonathan Antoni Gittens ( 22 January 1964 – 10 May 2019 ) was an English professional footballer who played for Swindon Town as well as for Southampton , Middlesbrough , Portsmouth , Torquay United and Exeter City .

Jonathan Antoni Gittens ( 22 January 1964 – 11 May 2019 ) was an English professional footballer . <SEP> He later played for Middlesbrough , Portsmouth , Torquay United and Exeter City .

[]

Born in Moseley , Gittens started his career with Midlands Combination side Paget Rangers whilst taking a two-year course in menswear tailoring when he was spotted by Southampton .

Gittens was born in Moseley , Birmingham . <SEP> He started his career playing for Southampton .

[]

In July 1987 he became a free agent and , having found it difficult to hold down a regular place in the Southampton side , he moved to Swindon Town for a fee of £ 40,000 .

He played for Swindon Town from 1987 to 1991 , making over 120 appearances for the club .

[]

In March 1991 , after 126 games for the Robins , Chris Nicholl re-signed him for Southampton , and he returned to The Dell a day before the transfer deadline , this time for a fee of £ 400,000 .

He returned to Southampton in 1991 .

[]

Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu ( 18 May 1912 – 5 May 2003 ) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and member of the ( ANC ) , African National Congress serving at times as Secretary-General and Deputy President of the organization .

Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu ( 18 May 1912 – 5 May 2003 ) was a South African activist and politician .

[]

He was made secretary general of the ANC in 1949 , displacing the more passive older leadership , and held that post until 1954 .

Sisulu was the Secretary-General of the African National Congress from 1949 to 1954 .

[]

He was jailed seven times in the next ten years , including five months in 1960 , and was held under house arrest in 1962 .

Over the next 10 years he was put in prison seven times .

[]

At the Treason Trial ( 1956 – 1961 ) , he was eventually sentenced to six years , but was released on bail pending his appeal .

He was one of many people , including Nelson Mandela to be found guilty of treason during trials between 1956 and 1961 .

[]

At the conclusion of the Rivonia Trial ( 1963 – 1964 ) , he was sentenced to life imprisonment on 12 June 1964 .

He was found in 1963 and put on trial again .

[]

In October 1989 , he was released after 26 years in prison , and in July 1991 was elected ANC deputy president at the ANC 's first national conference after its unbanning the year before .

He was released from prison in 1989 .

[]

He remained in the position until after South Africa 's first democratic election in 1994 .

He held the position from July 1991 to 1994 .

[]

Jiroemon Kimura ( 木村次郎右衛門 , Kimura Jiro ̄ emon , 19 April 1897 – 12 June 2013 ) was a Japanese supercentenarian .

Jiroemon Kimura ( 木村次郎右衛門 , 19 April 1897 – 12 June 2013 ) was a Japanese supercentenarian , who has been listed by the Guinness World Records as the oldest living person in the world since the death of Dina Manfredini on December 17 , 2012 .

[]

He became the oldest verified male in history on 28 December 2012 , at the age of 115 years and 253 days when he surpassed the age of Christian Mortensen who died in 1998 , and also became the first and so far the only man who indisputably reached 116 years of age , being 116 years , 54 days old at the time of his death from natural causes on 12 June 2013 , in a hospital in his hometown of Kyo ̄ tango , Kyoto Prefecture , Japan .

Kimura became the oldest man ever verified by the Guinness World Records after his lifespan became longer than that of Christian Mortensen on December 28 , 2012 .

[]

He was the last verified living man born in the 19th century , and the last living person born in 1897 .

He was the last living man who was born before the 1900s , as well as the oldest and last verified person ever to have been born in the year 1897 .

[]

Kimura was born as Kinjiro Miyake ( 三宅金治郎 , Miyake Kinjiro ̄ ) .

Kimura was born as Kinjiro Miyake ( 三宅金治郎 Miyake Kinjiro ̄ ) in the fishing village of Kamiukawa .

[]

He finished school second in his class at age 14 and commenced working from local post offices around the age of 17 .

After he finished school at the age of 14 , he worked for local post offices for over 45 years until he retired in 1962 at the age of 65 .

[]

In the 1920s , Kimura also worked as a government communications worker in Korea under Japanese rule .

In the 1920 's , he also worked as a government communications worker in Korea , which was at the time a colony of Japan .

[]

Since his wife 's family lacked a male heir , he changed his name to Jiroemon Kimura , becoming the ninth member of the family to bear that name .

After he returned from Korea , he married Yae Kimura and changed his name to Jiroemon Kimura , since his wife 's family lacked a male heir .

[]

According to Kimura 's nephew , Tamotsu Miyake , Kimura was actually born on 19 March 1897 , but his birthday was instead recorded as 19 April 1897 , by mistake in 1955 when records from neighbouring towns were consolidated and redone .

According to a nephew of his , Jiroemon Kimura 's date of birth was actually 19 March 1897 , but was recorded in error as 19 April 1897 in 1955 .

[]

According to records , he was born on 19 April 1897 , in the fishing village of Kamiukawa , the third of six children born to farmers Morizo and Fusa Miyake .

Guinness World Records however recognise him according to his records as being born on 19 April 1897 , aged 116 .

[]

He was hospitalized for pneumonia on 11 May 2013 .

Kimura was hospitalized for pneumonia in May 2013 and slowly recovered , but his health began to decline over the weeks .

[]

He died of natural causes in the hospital in his hometown of Kyo ̄ tango , western Japan , at 2:08 a.m. on 12 June 2013 .

Kimura died on June 12 , 2013 in a hospital in Kyo ̄ tango , Kyoto Prefecture , Japan from natural causes .

[]

Just four days earlier , Kimura became the world 's oldest living man and the oldest man to become the oldest living man , at age 113 years , 361 days .

Misao Okawa becomes the World 's Oldest Living person .

[]

Katzenbach v. McClung , 379 U.S. 294 ( 1964 ) , is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously held that Congress acted within its power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution in forbidding racial discrimination in restaurants as this was a burden to interstate commerce .

Katzenbach v. McClung , 379 U.S. 294 ( 1964 ) , is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court . <SEP> The Court held that Congress acted within its power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution in forbidding racial discrimination in restaurants as this was a burden to interstate commerce .

[]

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawing segregation in American schools and public places .

It was also a test case of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .

[]

Ollie McClung had won an initial round in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama when he received an injunction preventing the Government from enforcing Title II against his restaurant .

Ollie McClung had won in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama when he received an injunction preventing the Government from enforcing Title II against his restaurant .

[]

But then Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach appealed this decision to the U.S. Supreme Court .

But then U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach , appealed this decision to the U.S. Supreme Court .

[]

In section 4 of the opinion , the Court held that racial discrimination in restaurants had a significant impact on interstate commerce and so Congress has the power to regulate this conduct under the Commerce Clause .

In section 4 of the opinion , the Court held that racial discrimination in restaurants had a significant impact on interstate commerce , and therefore Congress has the power to regulate this conduct under the Commerce Clause .

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Wilma Jeanne Cooper ( October 25 , 1928 – May 8 , 2013 ) was an American actress , best known for her role as Katherine Chancellor on the CBS soap opera " The Young and the Restless " ( 1973 – 2013 ) .

Wilma Jeanne Cooper ( or just Jeanne Cooper ; October 25 , 1928 - May 8 , 2013 ) was an American actress . <SEP> She was best known for her Emmy Award-winning role as Katherine Chancellor on CBS ' soap opera " The Young and the Restless " .

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At the time of her death , she was eighth on the all-time list of longest-serving soap opera actors in the United States .

She was a long serving television actress .

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Cooper was born in Taft , California , to Albert Troy Cooper , and his wife , the former Sildeth Evelyn Moore .

Cooper was born in Taft , California on October 25 , 1928 .

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Cooper married television producer Harry Bernsen , Jr . , and they were together for 23 years before divorcing .

Cooper was married to Harry Bernsen , Jr. from 1954 until they divorced in 1977 .

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The Bernsens had three children , all of whom are actors : Corbin Bernsen of " L.A. Law " fame ( born September 7 , 1954 ) , whose mother Cooper portrayed twice on that series ; Collin Bernsen , born March 30 , 1958 ; and Caren Bernsen , born August 17 , 1960 .

They had three children , including actor Corbin Bernsen .

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Cooper died on May 8 , 2013 in a Los Angeles hospital .

Cooper died on May 8 , 2013 from complications from COPD in Los Angeles , California , aged 84 .

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Relja Bas ̌ ic ́ ( 14 February 1930 – 7 April 2017 ) was a Croatian actor , one of the most prolific and versatile Croatian actors with a career which lasted for more than half a century .

Relja Bas ̌ ic ́ ( 14 February 1930 – 7 April 2017 ) was a Croatian actor and politician . <SEP> He was one of the most well known Croatian actors with a career which lasted for more than half a century .

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The common name " webspinner " comes from the insects ' unique ability to spin silk from structures on their front legs .

The common name webspinner comes from the insects ' ability to spin silk from structures on their front legs .

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The nymphs and adult females feed on leaf litter , bark , moss , algae and lichen .

They feed on leaf litter , moss , bark and lichen .

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The Swedish Academy was founded in 1786 by King Gustav III .

The Swedish Academy was started in 1786 by the Swedish King Gustav III .

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Modelled after the Acade ́ mie franc ̧ aise , it has 18 members .

The Swedish Academy has 18 members .

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The academy 's motto is " Talent and Taste " ( " " Snille och Smak " " in Swedish ) .

The motto of the Academy is " Talent and Taste " ( " " Snille och Smak " " in Swedish ) .

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Since 1901 , the Swedish Academy has annually decided who will be the laureate for the Nobel Prize in Literature , awarded in memory of the donor Alfred Nobel .

Since 1901 the Academy has decided who will win the Nobel Prize in Literature The prize is given in memory of Alfred Nobel .

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The academy 's primary purpose is to further the " purity , strength , and sublimity of the Swedish language " ( " " Svenska Spra ̊ kets renhet , styrka och ho ̈ ghet " " ) ( Walshe , 1965 ) .

They work for the " purity , strength , and greatness of the Swedish language " ( " " Svenska folkets renhet , styrka och ho ̈ ghet " " ) .

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To that end the academy publishes two dictionaries .

To help do this , the Academy publishes two dictionaries .

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The first is a one-volume glossary called " Svenska Akademiens ordlista " ( " SAOL " ) .

The first is a dictionary in only one big book , called " Svenska Akademiens ordlista " ( or " SAOL " ) .

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The second is a multi-volume dictionary , edited on principles similar to those of the " Oxford English Dictionary " , entitled " Svenska Akademiens Ordbok " ( " SAOB " ) .

It is called " Svenska Akademiens ordbok " ( or " SAOB " ) .

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The " SAOL " has reached its 14th edition while the first volume of the " SAOB " was published in 1898 and , as of 2017 , work has progressed to words beginning with the letter " V " .

The first book in the set was printed in 1898 and in 2015 work had got as far as words beginning with the letter " V " .

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Hagfish , the class Myxini ( also known as Hyperotreti ) , are eel-shaped , slime-producing marine fish ( occasionally called slime eels ) .

Hagfish are craniates in the superclass Cyclostomata , class Myxini . <SEP> Although hagfish are sometimes called " slime eels , " they are not eels at all .

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The hagfish skeleton comprises the skull , the notochord , and the caudal fin rays .

Hagfish do not have a skeleton , except they do have a skull , which is made of cartilage .

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Hagfish are typically about 0.5 m in length .

Hagfish are usually about half a meter ( 18 in ) long .

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Hagfish have elongated , eel-like bodies , and paddle-like tails .

They have long , eel-like bodies .

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These teeth are used to grasp food and draw it toward the pharynx .

They use these tongue teeth to eat .

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Hagfish skin , used in a variety of clothing accessories , is usually referred to as " eel skin " .

Hagfish skin is used to make leather for wallets and belts . <SEP> When this leather is sold , it is called " eel skin " .

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Tehran ( ; ] ) is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province .

Tehran ( or Teheran , ) , is the capital of Iran and the center of Tehran Province .

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The origin of the name " Tehran " is uncertain .

The origin of the name Tehran is unknown . <SEP> The word Tehran means " warm mountain slope " .

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The capital has been moved several times throughout the history , and Tehran is the 32nd national capital of Iran .

Tehran is the 32nd National Capital of Iran .

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With a population of around 8.7 million in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran , Tehran is the most populous city in Iran and Western Asia , and has the second-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East .

It is the largest city in the Middle East & Western Asia . <SEP> It has about 8 million people .

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It is ranked 24th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area .

It is the 16th most populated city in the world .

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The metropolis of Tehran is equipped with a large network of highways and interchanges .

Tehran has a large network of highways .

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William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) is an American business magnate , investor , author , philanthropist , and humanitarian .

William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) , commonly known as Bill Gates , is an American businessman , co-founder and chairman of Microsoft .

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Gates was born in Seattle , Washington on October 28 , 1955 .

William Henry Gates III was born on October 28 , 1955 in Seattle , Washington , U.S.

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His ancestry includes English , German , and Irish / Scots-Irish .

He has British and German ancestry .

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He is the son of William H. Gates Sr. ( b . 1925 ) and Mary Maxwell Gates ( 1929 – 1994 ) .

His father William H. Gates , Sr. was a lawyer .

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His father was a prominent lawyer , and his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way of America .

His mother Mary Maxwell Gates served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way .

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Early in his life , Gates observed that his parents wanted him to pursue a law career .

His parents wanted him to be a lawyer .

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In a May 2006 interview , Gates commented that he wished that he were not the richest man in the world because he disliked the attention it brought .

He was the richest man in the world .

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Since October 2017 , Gates was surpassed by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos as the richest person in the world .

Now he is the second richest person in the world just behind Jeff Bezos as of October 2017 .

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He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests ( SAT ) and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973 .

He was a freshman at Harvard University in 1973 .

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Born and raised in Seattle , Washington , Gates launched Microsoft with Paul Allen in 1975 ; it went on to become the world 's largest personal computer software company .

Gates started Microsoft in 1975 with Paul Allen in the city of Albuquerque , New Mexico .

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In June 2006 , Gates announced that he would be transitioning to a part-time role at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , the private charitable foundation that he and his wife , Melinda Gates , established in 2000 .

In 2006 , Gates announced he was going to quit his job at Microsoft . <SEP> Their charity is called the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation .

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Ballmer succeeded Gates as Microsoft 's CEO years later and maintained that position from 2000 until his resignation in 2014 .

Gates stepped down from his CEO position in Microsoft in 1998 and Steve Ballmer did the job instead .

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On February 4 , 2014 , Gates stepped down as chairman of Microsoft to become Technology Advisor alongside new CEO Satya Nadella .

On 2014 , Satya Nadella became the new CEO of Microsoft and Bill Gates came back as the Chief Technology Adviser .

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Chu ̄ o ̄ is in the central area of Tokyo , surrounded by the five special wards of Chiyoda , Minato , Taito ̄ , Sumida , and Ko ̄ to ̄ .

Chu ̄ o ̄ is in central Tokyo .

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Chu ̄ o ̄ is physically the second-smallest ward in Tokyo , with a total area of just 10.15 km ; only Taito ̄ is smaller .

In area , Chu ̄ o ̄ is the second-smallest ward in Tokyo . <SEP> Only Taito ̄ is smaller .

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A micro-sleep ( MS ) is a temporary episode of sleep or drowsiness which may last for a fraction of a second or up to 30 seconds where an individual fails to respond to some arbitrary sensory input and becomes unconscious .

It can last from under a second to about 30 seconds .

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Microsleeps become extremely dangerous when they occur in situations that demand constant alertness , such as driving a motor vehicle or working with heavy machinery .

Microsleep can be extremely dangerous in situations when people drive a car , work on a machine or otherwise need to stay alert .

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People who experience microsleeps often remain unaware of them , instead believing themselves to have been awake the whole time , or to have temporarily lost focus .

People with microsleeps usually are not aware of them .

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When experiencing microsleeps while driving an automobile , from the perspective of the driver , they are driving a car , and then suddenly realize that several seconds have passed by unnoticed .

One example is called " gap driving " : a person is driving a car and suddenly realizes that several seconds have passed by unnoticed .

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It is not obvious to the driver that they were asleep during those missing seconds , although this is in fact what happened .

The driver does not feel that she or he has been asleep during those missing seconds , although this is in fact what happened .

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The sleeping driver is at very high risk for having a collision during a microsleep episode .

The sleeping driver is at very high risk for having an accident during microsleep .

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Intellectual property ( IP ) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect .

Intellectual property ( IP ) refers to the ownership of an idea or design by the person who came up with it .

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A copyright gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it , usually for a limited time .

It gives a person certain exclusive rights to a distinct type of creative design , meaning that nobody else can copy or reuse that creation without the owner 's permission .

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The most well-known types are copyrights , patents , trademarks , and trade secrets .

Common types of intellectual property rights include copyrights , trademarks , patents , industrial design rights and trade secrets .

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It was not until the 19th century that the term " intellectual property " began to be used , and not until the late 20th century that it became commonplace in the majority of the world .

The term " intellectual property " dates from the 19th century .

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The Statute of Monopolies ( 1624 ) and the British Statute of Anne ( 1710 ) are seen as the origins of patent law and copyright respectively , firmly establishing the concept of intellectual property .

Before that , patent laws were first made under the Statute of Monopolies 1623 and copyright laws were first seen in the Statute of Anne in 1710 .

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The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property ( " Schutz des geistigen Eigentums " ) to the confederation .

The constitution of the North German Confederation granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property to the confederation .

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In ancient Greece and ancient Rome and the medieval world , it was considered disgraceful for a woman to go on stage ; this belief persisted until the 17th century in Venice .

In the ancient world and in the Middle Ages , people thought it was bad ( shameful ) for a woman to act .

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In modern times , women occasionally played the roles of boys or young men .

Women actors sometimes act the roles of young boys , because in some ways a woman is more similar to a boy than a man is .

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For example , the stage role of Peter Pan is traditionally played by a woman , as are most principal boys in British pantomime .

For example , a woman usually plays the role of Peter Pan .

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Opera has several " breeches roles " traditionally sung by women , usually mezzo-sopranos .

Opera has some " pants roles " which women traditionally sing . <SEP> These women are usually mezzo-sopranos , which means they sing with a voice that is high but not very high .

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Examples are Hansel in " Ha ̈ nsel und Gretel " , Cherubino in " The Marriage of Figaro " and Octavian in " Der Rosenkavalier " .

Examples are Hansel in " " , and Cherubino in " The Marriage of Figaro " .

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In the time of William Shakespeare , women 's roles were generally played by men or boys .

In the time of Shakespeare , and earlier , all roles in an English play were played by men , meaning even characters such as Juliet , Lady Macbeth , and Cleopatra were first played by men or boys .

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After the English Restoration of 1660 , women began to appear on stage in England .

After the English Restoration women were allowed to perform on-stage .

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Actors also have to learn the meaning of the stage directions " Upstage " ( away from the audience ) and " Downstage " ( towards the audience ) Theatre actors need to learn blocking , which is " ... where and how an actor moves on the stage during a play " .

Actors also have to learn the meaning of the stage directions " Upstage " ( away from the audience ) and " Downstage " ( towards the audience ) <SEP> Theatre actors need to learn blocking , which is " ... where and how an actor moves on the stage during a play . "

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The Director also gives instructions on blocking , such as crossing the stage or picking up and using a prop .

The Director will also give instructions on blocking , such as crossing the stage or picking up and using a prop .

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Some theater actors need to learn stage combat , which is simulated fighting on stage .

Theatre actors need to learn stage combat , which is simulated fighting on stage .

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Actors may have to simulate hand-to-hand fighting or sword-fighting .

Actors may have to simulate " hand-to-hand fighting or with sword-fighting . "

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Actors are coached by fight directors , who help them learn the choreographed sequence of fight actions .

Actors are coached by fight directors , who help them to learn the choreographed sequence of fight actions .

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