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BigScience Biomedical Datasets 125

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On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and XXXX persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Current information about the expansion of Bantu-speaking @entity1 is hampered by the scarcity of genetic data from well identified populations from southern Africa. Here, we fill an important gap in the analysis of the western edge of the Bantu migrations by studying for the first time the patterns of Y-chromosome, mtDNA and @entity290 persistence genetic variation in four representative groups living around the Namib Desert in southwestern Angola (Ovimbundu, Ganguela, Nyaneka-Nkumbi and Kuvale). We assessed the differentiation between these populations and their levels of admixture with Khoe-San groups, and examined their relationship with other sub-Saharan populations. We further combined our dataset with previously published data on Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation to explore a general isolation with migration model and infer the demographic parameters underlying current genetic diversity in Bantu populations. RESULTS: Correspondence analysis, lineage sharing patterns and admixture estimates indicate that the gene pool from southwestern Angola is predominantly derived from West-Central Africa. The pastoralist Herero-speaking Kuvale @entity1 were additionally characterized by relatively high frequencies of Y-chromosome (12%) and mtDNA (22%) Khoe-San lineages, as well as by the presence of the -14010C @entity290 persistence mutation (6%), which likely originated in non-Bantu pastoralists from East Africa. Inferred demographic parameters show that both male and female populations underwent significant size growth after the split between the western and eastern branches of Bantu expansions occurring 4000 years ago. However, males had lower population sizes and migration rates than females throughout the Bantu dispersals. CONCLUSION: Genetic variation in southwestern Angola essentially results from the encounter of an offshoot of West-Central Africa with autochthonous Khoisan-speaking @entity1 from the south. Interactions between the Bantus and the Khoe-San likely involved @entity291 herders from the two groups sharing common aspects of their social organization. The presence of the -14010C mutation in southwestern Angola provides a link between the East and Southwest African pastoral scenes that might have been established indirectly, through migrations of Khoe herders across southern Africa. Differences in patterns of mtDNA and Y-chromosome intrapopulation diversity and interpopulation differentiation may be explained by contrasting demographic histories underlying the current female and male genetic variation.

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[ XXXX . Report of 11 cases].

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The authors report a series of 11 urethrorectal fistulas observed over a 25-year period. The mean age of the @entity1 was 37 years (range: 15 to 70 years). The aetiologies were surgical @entity130 (5 cases), @entity174 of the pelvis (2 cases), inflammatory lesions (3 cases), and one @entity292 was congenital. The clinical features were dominated by urine discharge from the anus (11 cases), @entity293 (8 cases), spurious @entity294 (6 cases), faecaluria (4 cases), pneumaturia (2 cases). Digital rectal examination was normal in 7 @entity1 . IVU demonstrated opacification of the rectum in 5 out of 8 cases. Cystourethrography, performed in 9 @entity1 , demonstrated the communication in each case. Urethrocystoscopy visualized the @entity292 in each case in which it was performed. Treatment consisted of bladder drainage by urethral catheter in all @entity1 , allowing closure of the @entity292 in 2 @entity1 . Colostomy was performed in 2 @entity1 , internal urethrotomy and urethral catheter was performed in 2 cases. Surgical closure of the @entity292 was performed in 7 @entity1 , via an abdominoperineal (3 cases), perineal (2 cases), transperitoneal (1 case) or transanosphincteric incision (1 case).

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Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volumes attenuates XXXX by decreasing @entity300 in a @entity35 model of LPS-induced @entity298 .

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BACKGROUND: Injurious mechanical ventilation (MV) may augment @entity130 remote from the lungs. During @entity295 , @entity296 is common and increased endothelial activation and permeability can cause @entity296 , which may, among other factors, hamper myocardial function. We investigated the effects of MV with injuriously high tidal volumes on the myocardium in an animal model of @entity295 . METHODS: Normal @entity35 and intraperitoneal (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated @entity35 were ventilated with low (6 ml/kg) and high (19 ml/kg) tidal volumes (Vt) under general anesthesia. Non-ventilated animals served as controls. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO) and @entity120 ( @entity120 ) were measured. Ex vivo myocardial function was measured in isolated Langendorff-perfused hearts. Cardiac expression of endothelial @entity297 and @entity4 were measured to evaluate endothelial inflammation and leakage. RESULTS: MAP decreased after LPS-treatment and Vt-dependently, both independent of each other and with interaction. MV Vt-dependently increased CVP and @entity120 and decreased CO. LPS-induced @entity298 decreased myocardial function ex vivo but MV attenuated @entity299 Vt-dependently. Cardiac endothelial @entity297 expression was increased by LPS treatment independent of MV. @entity300 was lowered Vt-dependently by MV, particularly after LPS, and correlated inversely with systolic myocardial function parameters ex vivo. CONCLUSION: MV attenuated LPS-induced systolic @entity296 in a Vt-dependent manner. This was associated with a reduction in @entity300 following a lower transmural coronary venous outflow pressure during LPS-induced @entity301 .

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Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volumes attenuates @entity296 by decreasing XXXX in a @entity35 model of LPS-induced @entity298 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Injurious mechanical ventilation (MV) may augment @entity130 remote from the lungs. During @entity295 , @entity296 is common and increased endothelial activation and permeability can cause @entity296 , which may, among other factors, hamper myocardial function. We investigated the effects of MV with injuriously high tidal volumes on the myocardium in an animal model of @entity295 . METHODS: Normal @entity35 and intraperitoneal (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated @entity35 were ventilated with low (6 ml/kg) and high (19 ml/kg) tidal volumes (Vt) under general anesthesia. Non-ventilated animals served as controls. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO) and @entity120 ( @entity120 ) were measured. Ex vivo myocardial function was measured in isolated Langendorff-perfused hearts. Cardiac expression of endothelial @entity297 and @entity4 were measured to evaluate endothelial inflammation and leakage. RESULTS: MAP decreased after LPS-treatment and Vt-dependently, both independent of each other and with interaction. MV Vt-dependently increased CVP and @entity120 and decreased CO. LPS-induced @entity298 decreased myocardial function ex vivo but MV attenuated @entity299 Vt-dependently. Cardiac endothelial @entity297 expression was increased by LPS treatment independent of MV. @entity300 was lowered Vt-dependently by MV, particularly after LPS, and correlated inversely with systolic myocardial function parameters ex vivo. CONCLUSION: MV attenuated LPS-induced systolic @entity296 in a Vt-dependent manner. This was associated with a reduction in @entity300 following a lower transmural coronary venous outflow pressure during LPS-induced @entity301 .

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Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volumes attenuates @entity296 by decreasing @entity300 in a @entity35 model of LPS-induced XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Injurious mechanical ventilation (MV) may augment @entity130 remote from the lungs. During @entity295 , @entity296 is common and increased endothelial activation and permeability can cause @entity296 , which may, among other factors, hamper myocardial function. We investigated the effects of MV with injuriously high tidal volumes on the myocardium in an animal model of @entity295 . METHODS: Normal @entity35 and intraperitoneal (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated @entity35 were ventilated with low (6 ml/kg) and high (19 ml/kg) tidal volumes (Vt) under general anesthesia. Non-ventilated animals served as controls. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO) and @entity120 ( @entity120 ) were measured. Ex vivo myocardial function was measured in isolated Langendorff-perfused hearts. Cardiac expression of endothelial @entity297 and @entity4 were measured to evaluate endothelial inflammation and leakage. RESULTS: MAP decreased after LPS-treatment and Vt-dependently, both independent of each other and with interaction. MV Vt-dependently increased CVP and @entity120 and decreased CO. LPS-induced @entity298 decreased myocardial function ex vivo but MV attenuated @entity299 Vt-dependently. Cardiac endothelial @entity297 expression was increased by LPS treatment independent of MV. @entity300 was lowered Vt-dependently by MV, particularly after LPS, and correlated inversely with systolic myocardial function parameters ex vivo. CONCLUSION: MV attenuated LPS-induced systolic @entity296 in a Vt-dependent manner. This was associated with a reduction in @entity300 following a lower transmural coronary venous outflow pressure during LPS-induced @entity301 .

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Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volumes attenuates @entity296 by decreasing @entity300 in a XXXX model of LPS-induced @entity298 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Injurious mechanical ventilation (MV) may augment @entity130 remote from the lungs. During @entity295 , @entity296 is common and increased endothelial activation and permeability can cause @entity296 , which may, among other factors, hamper myocardial function. We investigated the effects of MV with injuriously high tidal volumes on the myocardium in an animal model of @entity295 . METHODS: Normal @entity35 and intraperitoneal (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated @entity35 were ventilated with low (6 ml/kg) and high (19 ml/kg) tidal volumes (Vt) under general anesthesia. Non-ventilated animals served as controls. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO) and @entity120 ( @entity120 ) were measured. Ex vivo myocardial function was measured in isolated Langendorff-perfused hearts. Cardiac expression of endothelial @entity297 and @entity4 were measured to evaluate endothelial inflammation and leakage. RESULTS: MAP decreased after LPS-treatment and Vt-dependently, both independent of each other and with interaction. MV Vt-dependently increased CVP and @entity120 and decreased CO. LPS-induced @entity298 decreased myocardial function ex vivo but MV attenuated @entity299 Vt-dependently. Cardiac endothelial @entity297 expression was increased by LPS treatment independent of MV. @entity300 was lowered Vt-dependently by MV, particularly after LPS, and correlated inversely with systolic myocardial function parameters ex vivo. CONCLUSION: MV attenuated LPS-induced systolic @entity296 in a Vt-dependent manner. This was associated with a reduction in @entity300 following a lower transmural coronary venous outflow pressure during LPS-induced @entity301 .

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A single-blind randomised controlled trial of the effects of a web-based decision aid on self-testing for @entity165 and XXXX . Study protocol.

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BACKGROUND: Self-tests, tests on body materials to detect medical conditions, are widely available to the general public. Self-testing does have advantages as well as disadvantages, and the debate on whether self-testing should be encouraged or rather discouraged is still ongoing. One of the concerns is whether consumers have sufficient knowledge to perform the test and interpret the results. An online decision aid (DA) with information on self-testing in general, and test specific information on @entity165 and @entity6 self-testing was developed. The DA aims to provide objective information on these self-tests as well as a decision support tool to weigh the pros and cons of self-testing. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the online decision aid on knowledge on self-testing, informed choice, ambivalence and psychosocial determinants. METHODS/DESIGN: A single blind randomised controlled trial in which the online decision aid 'zelftestwijzer' is compared to short, non-interactive information on self-testing in general. The entire trial will be conducted online. @entity1 will be selected from an existing Internet panel. Consumers who are considering doing a @entity165 or @entity6 self-test in the future will be included. Outcome measures will be assessed directly after @entity1 have viewed either the DA or the control condition. Weblog files will be used to record @entity1 ' use of the decision aid. DISCUSSION: Self-testing does have important pros and cons, and it is important that consumers base their decision whether they want to do a self-test or not on knowledge and personal values. This study is the first to evaluate the effect of an online decision aid for self-testing. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Dutch Trial Register: NTR3149.

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A single-blind randomised controlled trial of the effects of a web-based decision aid on self-testing for XXXX and @entity6 . Study protocol.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Self-tests, tests on body materials to detect medical conditions, are widely available to the general public. Self-testing does have advantages as well as disadvantages, and the debate on whether self-testing should be encouraged or rather discouraged is still ongoing. One of the concerns is whether consumers have sufficient knowledge to perform the test and interpret the results. An online decision aid (DA) with information on self-testing in general, and test specific information on @entity165 and @entity6 self-testing was developed. The DA aims to provide objective information on these self-tests as well as a decision support tool to weigh the pros and cons of self-testing. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the online decision aid on knowledge on self-testing, informed choice, ambivalence and psychosocial determinants. METHODS/DESIGN: A single blind randomised controlled trial in which the online decision aid 'zelftestwijzer' is compared to short, non-interactive information on self-testing in general. The entire trial will be conducted online. @entity1 will be selected from an existing Internet panel. Consumers who are considering doing a @entity165 or @entity6 self-test in the future will be included. Outcome measures will be assessed directly after @entity1 have viewed either the DA or the control condition. Weblog files will be used to record @entity1 ' use of the decision aid. DISCUSSION: Self-testing does have important pros and cons, and it is important that consumers base their decision whether they want to do a self-test or not on knowledge and personal values. This study is the first to evaluate the effect of an online decision aid for self-testing. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Dutch Trial Register: NTR3149.

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High prevalence of major XXXX in two Albanian communities: results of a door-to-door survey.

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BACKGROUND: There are few epidemiological studies on @entity16 in Albania. METHODS: A door-to-door survey was undertaken in two geographical areas (Tirana and Saranda) with different socioeconomic backgrounds. Two random samples of the local population underwent a structured interview to ascertain @entity10 , @entity302 , @entity303 , @entity304 , @entity15 , @entity305 , @entity64 and @entity306 . Each diagnosis was made using standard criteria for epidemiological studies and was confirmed by history, neurological examination and, where available, the review of personal medical records. Lifetime prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 9,869 individuals screened (Tirana 4,953; Saranda 4,916), 4,867 were males aged 1-91 years (median 39 years) and 5,002 were females aged 1-96 years (median 37 years). Crude prevalence ratios ( @entity307 ,000) were: @entity10 241.9 (233.5-250.3), @entity305 32.5 (29.0-36.0), @entity302 14.2 (11.7-16.3), @entity64 12.4 (10.2-14.6), @entity303 9.6 (7.7-11.5), @entity304 8.0 (6.2-9.8), @entity306 4.8 (3.4-6.2), and @entity15 0.3 (0.0-0.6). Prevalence varied with age and gender, with differences across diseases. Except for @entity305 (Tirana 39.8; Saranda 25.2), ratios were not different in the two study areas. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of selected @entity16 in Albania is higher than in other countries. Differences may be explained by study design, population structure and/or genetic and environmental factors.

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Theory of Mind as a potential trait marker of XXXX : a family study.

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INTRODUCTION: Although there is some evidence that Theory of Mind (ToM) deficits may be trait markers of @entity161 it is not clear yet if @entity51 are primary deficits, that is, to be independent of deficits in general intellectual abilities and executive function. The aim was to examine if @entity51 may be trait markers of the illness and the effect of cognitive inhibition, general intellectual abilities and @entity308 on ToM abilities of @entity1 with @entity161 and their unaffected parents. METHODS: We assessed ToM abilities (first-order and second-order ToM stories, The Revised Eyes Test), cognitive inhibition (Stroop Task), general intellectual ability (Standard Progressive Matrices Test Plus) in @entity1 with @entity161 (N=21) and their unaffected fathers (N=21) and mothers (N=21) in comparison with healthy control families (healthy control males, N=21, healthy control fathers, N=21, healthy control mothers, N=21) RESULTS: @entity1 showed deficits in first-order ToM tasks but some of these deficits were mediated by general intellectual abilities. Impairments in cognitive inhibition mediated only @entity1 ' performance in The Revised Eyes Test. @entity1 showed deficits in second-order ToM stories independently of deficits in general intellectual abilities and cognitive inhibition. Unaffected parents did not show deficits in first-order ToM tasks, whereas they showed deficits in second-order ToM stories. However, the deficits that unaffected parents showed in second-order ToM stories were mediated by their deficits in general intellectual abilities, and there was an effect of remitted @entity308 on the unaffected mothers' performance. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that intact neurocognitive and general intellectual abilities are necessary in order @entity1 and their unaffected parents to pass successfully ToM tasks. @entity1 and their unaffected parents show @entity51 but these deficits are not similar. @entity1 show @entity51 but these deficits seem to be a component of the pathophysiology of the illness (e.g., deficits in executive function, general intellectual abilities).

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Disease activity level, remission and response in established @entity309 : performance of various criteria sets in an observational cohort, treated with anti- XXXX agents.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Most composite indices of disease activity and response criteria in @entity309 have been validated and compared in clinical trials rather than routine care. We therefore wanted to compare the performance of the DAS28, SDAI and CDAI activity indices, their activity states, their response criteria, and also compare with the ACR response criteria in an observational clinical setting. METHODS: Agreement between the criteria sets was investigated using kappa statistics in a non-randomized cohort of 1789 @entity309 @entity1 from southern Sweden, starting their first course of anti- @entity310 -treatment. Mean disease duration was 12 years. Completer analysis was used. RESULTS: Agreement between high, moderate and low activity states was moderate or substantial, with kappa = 0.5 or better for all criteria. Agreement between SDAI and CDAI disease states was > 90% in these categories with kappa > 0.8. DAS28 original and modified cut point remission had good agreement (kappa = 0.91). Agreement between responses was substantial at the overall/ACR20 level (about 95%, kappa = 0.7 or better) for all criteria. By contrast, agreement was poor between moderate and high level responses. CONCLUSION: Disease activity states according to the various indices perform similarly and show substantial agreement at all levels except remission. Agreement between SDAI and CDAI states is excellent. Response criteria, applied at the individual @entity1 level, are hard to interpret and show poor agreement, except at the lowest level of response. Thus, they should not be applied uncritically in clinical practice.

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Disease activity level, remission and response in established XXXX : performance of various criteria sets in an observational cohort, treated with anti- @entity310 agents.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Most composite indices of disease activity and response criteria in @entity309 have been validated and compared in clinical trials rather than routine care. We therefore wanted to compare the performance of the DAS28, SDAI and CDAI activity indices, their activity states, their response criteria, and also compare with the ACR response criteria in an observational clinical setting. METHODS: Agreement between the criteria sets was investigated using kappa statistics in a non-randomized cohort of 1789 @entity309 @entity1 from southern Sweden, starting their first course of anti- @entity310 -treatment. Mean disease duration was 12 years. Completer analysis was used. RESULTS: Agreement between high, moderate and low activity states was moderate or substantial, with kappa = 0.5 or better for all criteria. Agreement between SDAI and CDAI disease states was > 90% in these categories with kappa > 0.8. DAS28 original and modified cut point remission had good agreement (kappa = 0.91). Agreement between responses was substantial at the overall/ACR20 level (about 95%, kappa = 0.7 or better) for all criteria. By contrast, agreement was poor between moderate and high level responses. CONCLUSION: Disease activity states according to the various indices perform similarly and show substantial agreement at all levels except remission. Agreement between SDAI and CDAI states is excellent. Response criteria, applied at the individual @entity1 level, are hard to interpret and show poor agreement, except at the lowest level of response. Thus, they should not be applied uncritically in clinical practice.

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Insecticide resistance profiles for XXXX vectors in the Kassena-Nankana district of Ghana.

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BACKGROUND: @entity311 is a major public health problem in Ghana. The current strategy of the National @entity311 Control Programme is based on effective case management and the use of insecticide treated bed nets among vulnerable groups such as @entity1 under-five years of age and pregnant @entity1 . Resistance to @entity312 by @entity313 s.l. and @entity314 has been reported in several African countries including neighbouring Burkina Faso. METHODS: Indoor resting Anopheles mosquitoes were collected. Blood-fed and gravid females were allowed to oviposit, eggs hatched and larvae reared to 1-3 days old adults and tested against @entity315 0.75%, @entity316 0.05%, @entity317 0.15%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.1% and @entity318 4%, based on WHO methodology. PCR analyses were carried out on a sub-sample of 192 of the An. gambiae for sibling species complex determination. Resistance to @entity312 and @entity318 was determined by genotyping the knock-down resistance @entity319 gene mutations in the study area. RESULTS: A total of 9,749 1-3 days-old F1 female Anopheles mosquitoes were exposed to the insecticides. Among the @entity312 , @entity315 , 0.75% had the least knockdown effect, whilst @entity317 0.15%, had the highest knock-down effect. Overall, no difference in susceptibility between An. gambiae 93.3% (95% CI: 92.5-94.1) and An. funestus 94.5% (95% CI: 93.7-95.3) was observed when exposed to the @entity312 . Similarly, there was no difference in susceptibility between the two vector species (An. gambiae = 79.1% (95% CI: 76.6-81.8) and An. funestus = 83.5% (95% CI: 80.2-86.4) when exposed to @entity318 . Overall susceptibility to the insecticides was between 80% and 98%, suggesting that there is some level of resistance, except for @entity317 0.15%. The @entity319 PCR assay however, did not reveal any @entity319 mutations. The analysis also revealed only the molecular M (Mopti) form. CONCLUSION: The findings in this study show that An. gambiae and An. funestus, the main @entity311 vector mosquitoes in the Kassena-Nankana district are susceptible to the insecticides being used in the treatment of bed nets in the @entity311 control programme. There is however, the need for continuous monitoring of the @entity312 as the efficacy is not very high.

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Agreement of dermatopathologists in the evaluation of clinically difficult XXXX : how golden is the 'gold standard'?

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The 'gold standard' for the diagnosis of @entity75 is dermatopathology. Although most of the diagnostic criteria are clearly defined, the interpretation of histopathology slides may be subject to interobserver variability. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the variability among dermatopathologists in the interpretation of clinically difficult @entity75 . METHODS: This study used the database of MelaFind , a computer-vision system for the diagnosis of @entity320 . All lesions were surgically removed and sent for independent evaluation by four dermatopathologists. Agreement was calculated using kappa statistics. RESULTS: A total of 1,249 @entity66 were included. There was a substantial agreement among expert dermatopathologists: two-category kappa was 0.80 ( @entity320 vs. @entity320 ) and three-category kappa was 0.62 (malignant vs. borderline vs. @entity75 ). The agreement was significantly greater for @entity1 >= 40 years (three-category kappa = 0.67) than for younger @entity1 (kappa = 0.49). In addition, the agreement was significantly lower for @entity1 with @entity321 ( @entity321 ) (kappa = 0.31) than for @entity1 without @entity321 (kappa = 0.76). LIMITATIONS: The data were limited by the inclusion/exclusion criteria of the MelaFind study. This might represent a selection bias. The agreement was evaluated using kappa statistics. This is a standard method for evaluating agreement among pathologists, but might be considered controversial by some statisticians. CONCLUSIONS: Expert dermatopathologists have a high level of agreement when diagnosing clinically difficult @entity75 . However, even among expert dermatopathologists, the current 'gold standard' is not perfect. Our results indicate that lesions from younger @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity321 may be more problematic for the dermatopathologists, suggesting that improved diagnostic criteria are needed for such @entity1 .

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Third-generation salvage cryotherapy for radiorecurrent XXXX : a centre's experience.

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INTRODUCTION: The experience of a tertiary centre in the management of recurrent @entity263 after radiotherapy by salvage cryotherapy is presented. @entity1 AND METHODS: Between February 2006 and August 2008, 19 @entity1 underwent salvage cryotherapy for radiorecurrent @entity263 . Post-radiotherapy recurrence was confirmed by prostatic biopsy. The 'Phoenix definition' was used to define biochemical failure after salvage cryotherapy. RESULTS: The mean age at cryotherapy was 69.2 years and the mean time from radiotherapy to cryotherapy was 72.3 months. @entity1 characteristics prior to cryotherapy included a mean PSA level of 6.84 ng/ml and a median Gleason score of 7. The mean post-cryotherapy follow-up was 33.3 months. The 2-year biochemical disease-free survival rate was 58%. The median post-cryotherapy PSA nadir was 0.20 ng/ml (range 0.005-8.260). There were no procedure-related or @entity5 . Complications included @entity322 (10.5%), @entity323 (89%) and @entity292 formation (5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The relatively high rates of biochemical response support the use of cryotherapy as a salvage procedure for radiorecurrent @entity263 .

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Ultrafast primary processes in photosystem I of the cyanobacterium XXXX .

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Ultrafast primary processes in the trimeric photosystem I core antenna-reaction center complex of the cyanobacterium @entity324 have been examined in pump-probe experiments with approximately 100 fs resolution. A global analysis of two-color profiles, excited at 660 nm and probed at 5 nm intervals from 650 to 730 nm, reveals 430 fs kinetics for spectral equilibration among bulk antenna @entity38 . At least two lifetime components (2.0 and 6.5 ps in our analysis) are required to describe equilibration of bulk @entity38 with far red-absorbing @entity38 (>700 nm). Trapping at P700 occurs with 24-ps kinetics. The multiphasic bulk left arrow over right arrow red equilibration kinetics are intriguing, because prior steady-state spectral studies have suggested that the core antenna in @entity324 sp. contains only one red-absorbing chlorophyll species (C708). The disperse kinetics may arise from inhomogeneous broadening in C708. The one-color optical anisotropy at 680 nm (near the red edge of the bulk antenna) decays with 590 fs kinetics; the corresponding anisotropy at 710 nm shows approximately 3.1 ps kinetics. The latter may signal equilibration among symmetry-equivalent red @entity38 , bound to different monomers within trimeric photosystem I.

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Leclercia adecarboxylata bacteremia in a XXXX @entity1 : case report and review of the literature.

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BACKGROUND: Leclercia adecarboxylata is a rarely described gram-negative pathogen. Since the advent of rapid molecular typing techniques, L. adecarboxylata has been described in 23 case reports, often associated with @entity325 or in immunosuppressed hosts. METHODS: A case is described and previous cases of L. @entity281 are reviewed. CASE REPORT: A 55-year old male victim of @entity130 developed @entity326 several days after presentation to the emergency department. Blood and central vein catheter cultures grew L. adecarboxylata; @entity327 and @entity328 were present in bronchoalveolar lavage samples. With aggressive hemodynamic and ventilator support in addition to antibiotic therapy, the @entity1 cleared the catheter-related blood stream infection. After a challenging intensive care unit stay, the @entity1 eventually was discharged to an inpatient rehabilitation unit. CONCLUSION: An L. adecarboxylata catheter-related blood stream infection developed in the setting of both underlying immunosuppression and @entity325 . As molecular typing techniques continue to improve, L. adecarboxylata is likely to be an increasingly recognized gram-negative pathogen. Interactions between L. @entity281 , immunosuppression, and @entity325 remain to be elucidated.

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Leclercia adecarboxylata bacteremia in a @entity130 XXXX : case report and review of the literature.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Leclercia adecarboxylata is a rarely described gram-negative pathogen. Since the advent of rapid molecular typing techniques, L. adecarboxylata has been described in 23 case reports, often associated with @entity325 or in immunosuppressed hosts. METHODS: A case is described and previous cases of L. @entity281 are reviewed. CASE REPORT: A 55-year old male victim of @entity130 developed @entity326 several days after presentation to the emergency department. Blood and central vein catheter cultures grew L. adecarboxylata; @entity327 and @entity328 were present in bronchoalveolar lavage samples. With aggressive hemodynamic and ventilator support in addition to antibiotic therapy, the @entity1 cleared the catheter-related blood stream infection. After a challenging intensive care unit stay, the @entity1 eventually was discharged to an inpatient rehabilitation unit. CONCLUSION: An L. adecarboxylata catheter-related blood stream infection developed in the setting of both underlying immunosuppression and @entity325 . As molecular typing techniques continue to improve, L. adecarboxylata is likely to be an increasingly recognized gram-negative pathogen. Interactions between L. @entity281 , immunosuppression, and @entity325 remain to be elucidated.

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Cell sensitivity to transplacental mutagenesis by @entity330 is greatest during early gestation in the XXXX .

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The extremely high rate of cell division that occurs during early embryogenesis is hypothesized to predispose to high rates of mutation after chemical exposure. We tested this supposition experimentally. To probe the variation in susceptibility to mutation induction as a function of gestation stage, somatic cells of the developing @entity329 were isolated after transplacental treatment with @entity330 ( @entity331 ). Mutants were quantified using either @entity332 ( @entity333 ) or diphtheria toxin (DT) as selective agents. Several different approaches were used. In one, three litters were exposed on each gestation day and fetuses were removed on day 13. Maximum fetal sensitivity to @entity331 's genotoxic action was noted when treatment was at days 8 and 9, fewer mutants being obtained with earlier and later exposures. To compensate for the low numbers of target cells early in gestation, this experiment was repeated using larger numbers of litters exposed at the earlier time points, and the highest mutation frequency was now found to occur after treatment on gestation days 6 and 7. In the second approach, mutations were quantified in cells harvested 24 h after transplacental @entity331 exposure. Here again, embryos exposed at earlier times of gestation were more susceptible than those treated at later periods. Based on the total cell numbers in embryos and fetuses at each gestation day, we conclude that mutation frequency is maximal on day 6, corresponding to the primitive streak stage with extremely high rates of cell division.

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Cell sensitivity to transplacental mutagenesis by XXXX is greatest during early gestation in the @entity329 .

multiple_choice

The extremely high rate of cell division that occurs during early embryogenesis is hypothesized to predispose to high rates of mutation after chemical exposure. We tested this supposition experimentally. To probe the variation in susceptibility to mutation induction as a function of gestation stage, somatic cells of the developing @entity329 were isolated after transplacental treatment with @entity330 ( @entity331 ). Mutants were quantified using either @entity332 ( @entity333 ) or diphtheria toxin (DT) as selective agents. Several different approaches were used. In one, three litters were exposed on each gestation day and fetuses were removed on day 13. Maximum fetal sensitivity to @entity331 's genotoxic action was noted when treatment was at days 8 and 9, fewer mutants being obtained with earlier and later exposures. To compensate for the low numbers of target cells early in gestation, this experiment was repeated using larger numbers of litters exposed at the earlier time points, and the highest mutation frequency was now found to occur after treatment on gestation days 6 and 7. In the second approach, mutations were quantified in cells harvested 24 h after transplacental @entity331 exposure. Here again, embryos exposed at earlier times of gestation were more susceptible than those treated at later periods. Based on the total cell numbers in embryos and fetuses at each gestation day, we conclude that mutation frequency is maximal on day 6, corresponding to the primitive streak stage with extremely high rates of cell division.

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Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity of XXXX .

multiple_choice

@entity334 (AN) is an important intermediary for the synthesis of a variety of organic products, such as artificial fibres, household articles and resins. Although acute effects are the primary concern for an exposure to AN, potential genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic risks of AN have to be taken seriously in view of the large number of workers employed in such industries and the world-wide population using products containing and possibly liberating AN. An understanding of the effect of @entity334 must be based on a characterization of its metabolism as well as of the resulting products and their genotoxic properties. Tests for mutagenicity in bacteria have in general been positive, those in plants and on unscheduled DNA synthesis doubtful, and those on chromosome aberrations in vivo negative. Wherever positive results had been obtained, metabolic activation of AN appeared to be a prerequisite. The extent to which such mutagenic effects are significant in @entity1 depends, however, also on the conditions of exposure. It appears from the limited data that the ultimate mutagenic factor(s), such as @entity335 , may have little opportunity to act under conditions where @entity1 are exposed because it is formed only in small amounts and is rapidly degraded. The carcinogenic action of AN has been evaluated by various agencies and ranged from 'reasonably be anticipated to be a @entity1 carcinogen' to 'cannot be excluded', the most recent evaluation being 'possibly carcinogenic to @entity1 '. Animal data that confirm the carcinogenic potential of AN have certain limitations with respect to the choice of species, type of @entity5 and length of follow up. Epidemiological studies which sometimes, but not always, yielded positive results, encounter the usual difficulties of confounding factors in chemical industries. Exposure of workers to AN should continue to be carefully monitored, but AN would not have to be considered a @entity5 risk to the population provided limitations on releases from consumer products and guidelines on AN in water and air are enforced. AN is teratogenic in laboratory animals ( @entity35 , hamster) at high doses when foetal/embryonic (and maternal) @entity137 already is manifest. Pregnant workers should not be exposed to AN. In view of the small concentrations generally encountered outside plants, @entity1 not professionally exposed would appear not to be at risk of teratogenic effects due to AN. Future research should concentrate on the elucidation of the different degradation pathways in @entity1 and on epidemiological studies in workers including pregnant @entity1 , assessing also, if possible, individual exposure by bio-monitoring.

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Risk factors related to interfractional variation in whole pelvic irradiation for locally advanced pelvic XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: The goal of the present study was to demonstrate risk factors affecting the interfractional variation in whole pelvic irradiation. @entity1 AND METHODS: Daily image acquisitions of 101 @entity1 with locally advanced pelvic @entity5 were undertaken using a kilo-voltage orthogonal on-board imager. The baseline deviation (the shift between the initial treatment and each fraction; Value(Base)) and day-to-day variation (the shift between the previous treatment and each fraction; Value( @entity336 )) were measured. The standard deviations (SD) along the x- (right-left), y- (cranial-caudal), and z- (anterior-posterior) axes (SD[x], SD[y], and SD[z], respectively), the 3D vector of the SD (SD[3D]), and the mean of 3D shift (mean[3D]) were calculated in each @entity1 . Various clinical factors, lumbar pelvic balance and rotation, and the shift of 5 consecutive fractions from the initial treatment (Value(5Fx)) were investigated as risk factors. RESULTS: The prone set-up showed a larger mean(Base)[3D] than in the supine position (p =0 .063). A body mass index (BMI) >= 30 kg/m(2) resulted in the largest mean( @entity336 )[3D] (p = 0.078) and SD( @entity336 )[3D] (p = 0.058). All the SD(5Fx) along the x-, y-, and z-axes had moderate linear relationships with SD(Base) and SD( @entity336 ) (p < 0.001). The SD(5Fx)[3D] also had a moderate linear relationship with the mean(Base)[3D], mean( @entity336 )[3D], SD(Base)[3D], and SD( @entity336 )[3D] (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the SD(5Fx) had the same significant relationship with SD(Base) and SD( @entity336 ) (p < 0.001). A BMI >= 30 kg/m(2) was associated with the largest SD( @entity336 )[x] (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Close surveillance through high-quality and frequent image guidance is recommended for @entity1 with extensive variations of the initial five consecutive fractions or @entity28 .

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Analog simulation of aortic and of XXXX .

multiple_choice

By using an equivalent electronic circuit either mitral or @entity337 was simulated. Simulation allowed not only a measurement of various pressures within the cardiovascular system and cardiac output, but also mitral and aortic flow. In normal conditions mitral and aortic flows were monophasic, anterograde. In @entity338 mitral and aortic flows were, as expected, biphasic. In @entity339 , during systole and diastole the valve flow was retrograde and anterograde, respectively. In @entity337 , during systole and diastole the valve flow was anterograde and retrograde, respectively. The magnitude of the regurgitant valve flow was measured by time-integration and compared to the net flow, i.e. cardiac output. Valve flow was determined not only by the magnitude of @entity340 , but also by the resistive/capacitive characteristics of the "falsely" attached regurgitant circuit. If the regurgitant valve flow was large enough, it in turn affected the function of the left ventricle. The present investigation suggests that many features observed in @entity1 with mitral or @entity337 can be qualitatively satisfactorily simulated. In some respects even quantitative simulation is possible. However, for simulation of chronic mitral or @entity337 , in the analog electronic circuit additional adjustments-in capacitance of the left ventricle and pulmonary system--would be required.

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Preparedness to care for victims of violence and their families in XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To describe the preparedness to provide care for victims of violence and their families in @entity341 ( @entity341 ) in Sweden. METHODS: A web-based questionnaire was sent to all hospital @entity341 in Sweden (N=66). RESULTS: A total of 46 out of 66 (70%) heads of @entity341 completed the questionnaire. The results show that most of the @entity341 are prepared to care for @entity1 and @entity1 who are victims of violence. However, there seems to be a lack of preparedness to care for other groups of @entity1 , such as victimised @entity1 . Very few @entity341 have routines to identify victims of violence among @entity1 . Results also indicate that nurses play a key role in the care for victims of violence; however, family members are rarely included in care. CONCLUSIONS: A lack of general preparedness in @entity341 to care for all victims of violence, regardless of gender and age, can lead to many @entity1 not receiving appropriate care and treatment. To correct this there is a need to implement guidelines and routines about the care for victims of violence. Further research can shed more light on which measures are needed to improve quality of care for these @entity1 and their families.

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Hypofractionated intensity-modulated arc therapy for lymph node metastasized XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To determine the planning results and acute @entity137 after hypofractionated intensity-modulated arc radiotherapy and @entity342 deprivation for lymph node metastasized (Stage N1) @entity263 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 31 @entity1 with Stage T1-T4N1M0 @entity263 were treated with intensity-modulated arc radiotherapy and 3 years of @entity342 deprivation as primary treatment. The clinical target volume (CTV(p)) was the prostate and seminal vesicles. Elective lymph node areas ((e)) were delineated and expanded by 2 mm to create the CTV(e). The planning target volumes ( @entity343 (p) and @entity343 (e)) were created using a three-dimensional expansion of the CTV(p) and CTV(e), respectively, of 7 mm. A median dose of 69.3 Gy and 50 Gy was prescribed to the @entity343 (p) and @entity343 (e) respectively, to be delivered in 25 fractions. Upper and lower @entity344 was scored using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group @entity137 and radiotherapy-induced lower intestinal @entity137 scoring system. @entity137 was scored using a combined Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, LENT-SOMA (late effects normal tissue-subjective, objective, management, analytic), and Common @entity137 Criteria @entity137 scoring system. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 3 months. The mean prescription dose to the CTV(p) and @entity343 (p) was 70.4 Gy and 68.6 Gy, respectively. The minimal dose to the CTV(e) and @entity343 (e) was 49.0 Gy and 47.0 Gy, respectively. No acute Grade 2 or greater @entity344 occurred. Fourteen @entity1 developed acute Grade 2 lower @entity344 . Acute Grade 3 and 2 genitourinary @entity137 developed in 2 and 14 @entity1 , respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of our study have shown that hypofractionated intensity-modulated arc radiotherapy as primary therapy for N1 @entity263 is feasible with low @entity137 .

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Comparison of repositioning maneuvers for XXXX of posterior semicircular canal: advantages of hybrid maneuver.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of @entity345 ( @entity345 ) is becoming more frequent in elderly population. The presence of comorbid factors has to be considered before assessment as well as before commencing any repositioning treatment. Our aims were evaluation of the maneuvers efficacy and evaluation of the applicability of hybrid maneuver (HM) in @entity1 with physical limitation. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: This is a randomized study in 2 tertiary referral centers. INTERVENTION: This is a therapeutic intervention. @entity1 : All consecutive @entity1 with diagnosis of @entity345 of posterior canal matching the inclusion criteria were enrolled. @entity1 underwent treatment soon after the initial diagnosis in all cases with a repositioning maneuver. The maneuver was casually selected among Semont, Epley, and hybrid. @entity1 were divided into 3 groups according to the maneuver adopted. RESULTS: Eighty-eight @entity1 with posterior canal @entity345 were enrolled for treatment. Fisher exact test showed that no statistical differences exist between HM and other maneuvers in terms of efficacy. Latency of repositioning @entity346 appeared longer in HM in comparison with other maneuvers (P < .05). Efficacy of maneuvers used for @entity345 decreases in case of cupulolithiasis (P < .0001). We found no relationship between age, sex, and length of disturbance on response to maneuvers. CONCLUSIONS: All maneuvers evaluated demonstrated similar efficacy. The HM, as our data showed, allows us to obtain a good percentage of success similar to most maneuvers used. It is also more comfortable for the @entity1 with hip or neck functional limitation allowing an effective treatment of the posterior canal @entity345 .

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A dosimetric evaluation of dose escalation for the radical treatment of locally advanced XXXX by intensity-modulated radiation therapy.

multiple_choice

The purpose of this planning study was to determine whether intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) reduces the radiation dose to @entity347 ( @entity347 ) when compared with 3D conventional radiation therapy (3D-CRT) in @entity1 with @entity5 treated by irradiation. This study also investigated the use of sequential IMRT boost (seq-IMRT) and simultaneous integrated boost (SIB-IMRT) for dose escalation in the treatment of locally advanced @entity5 . Five @entity5 @entity1 treated in the postoperative setting and 5 @entity1 treated with definitive intent (def-group) were evaluated. For the postoperative group, 3D-CRT and IMRT plans to a @entity348 ( @entity348 ) of 45 Gy were generated. For the def-group, 4 plans were generated: a 3D-CRT and an IMRT plan to a @entity348 of 56.4 Gy, a SIB-IMRT plan to a @entity348 of 56 Gy, and a SIB-IMRT with dose escalation (SIB-IMRT-esc): @entity348 of 67.2 Gy. Mean dose and dose-volume histograms were compared using Student's t-test. IMRT significantly (all p < 0.05) reduced the D(mean), V30, and V40 for all @entity347 in the adjuvant setting. The V45 was also significantly reduced for all @entity347 except the bladder. For @entity1 treated in the def-group, all IMRT techniques significantly reduced the D(mean), V40, and V45 for all @entity347 . The mean femur doses with SIB-IMRT and SIB-IMRT-esc were 47% and 49% lower compared with 3D-CRT. SIB-IMRT-esc reduced the doses to the @entity347 compared with seq-3D-CRT but increased the D(max.) for the small bowel, rectum, and bladder. IMRT reduces the dose to the @entity347 compared with 3D-CRT in @entity1 with @entity5 receiving irradiation to a volume covering the vulvar region and nodal areas without compromising the dosimetric coverage of the target volume. IMRT for @entity5 is feasible and an attractive option for dose escalation studies.

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[The tympanic thermometer in pediatrics as an alternative to the XXXX -in-glass thermometer].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To determine the behavior of a new and smaller model of infrared thermometer cone and to assess whether it is an appropriate alternative to determine fever in @entity1 under 14-years-old. METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional, descriptive study comparing the temperatures taken with a @entity349 thermometer with those taken by an infrared thermometer in @entity1 under 14-years-old. The researchers followed the manufacturer's instructions for use for each thermometer. The overall sample of 400 @entity1 was divided into two age groups. Group I consisted of @entity1 aged less than 2 years and group II of 2-14-years-old. In group I the rectal @entity349 thermometer was placed in the rectum for 3 minutes and the tympanic thermometer was used in rectal mode and placed in the right ear. In group II, the axillary @entity349 thermometer was placed for 8 minutes in the right axilla and the tympanic thermometer was used in the axillary mode. To analyze intraobserver bias, 50 @entity1 were selected from the sample and their temperatures were simultaneously taken by two nurses from the team. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used both to measure the reliability of the tympanic thermometer and to analyze intraobserver bias. RESULTS: Temperature measurements with both instruments showed an ICC of 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88-0.94) for group I and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.87-0.92) for group II. The reproducibility of the measurements taken by the two nurses in 50 @entity1 showed an ICC of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95-0.98) for the tympanic thermometer. CONCLUSIONS: The infrared thermometer is an appropriate device for rapidly measuring temperature in the emergency department. However, the measurements taken should be confirmed by another method when clinical decisions are based on temperature values.

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A systematic review and mixed treatment comparison of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of XXXX .

multiple_choice

The study aims to compare anti- @entity28 interventions in a single evidence synthesis framework. Electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of @entity350 , @entity351 or @entity352 reporting weight or body mass index (BMI) change from baseline at 3, 6 or 12 months. A mixed treatment comparison was used to combine direct and indirect trial evidence. Ninety-four studies involving 24,808 individuals were included; 83 trials included data on weight change and 41 on BMI change. All results are in comparison with placebo. The active drugs were all effective at reducing weight and BMI. At 3 months, orlistat reduced weight by -2.65 kg (95% credibility interval -4.00 kg, -1.31 kg). For @entity352 , 15 mg gave a greater reduction than 10 mg at 12 months, -6.35 kg versus -5.42 kg, respectively. @entity351 reduced weight by -11.23 kg at 3 months and -4.55 kg at 12 months. Lifestyle advice alone also reduced weight at 6 and 12 months, but was less effective than the pharmacological interventions. In conclusion, modest @entity353 were seen for all pharmacological interventions. Those interventions which have now been withdrawn from use ( @entity352 and @entity351 ) seem to be the most effective, implying that there may be a place in clinical practice for similar drugs if side effects could be avoided.

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The prevalence and extent of XXXX correlates to the type of lung transplantation.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Evidence is increasingly convincing that lung transplantation is a risk factor of @entity354 ( @entity354 ). However, it is still not known if the type of lung transplant (unilateral, bilateral, or retransplant) plays a role in the pathogenesis of @entity354 . STUDY DESIGN: The records of 61 lung transplant @entity1 who underwent esophageal function tests between September 2008 and May 2010, were retrospectively reviewed. These @entity1 were divided into 3 groups based on the type of lung transplant they received: unilateral (n=25); bilateral (n=30), and retransplant (n=6). Among these groups we compared: (1) the demographic characteristics (eg, sex, age, race, and body mass index); (2) the presence of @entity355 , delayed @entity356 , and @entity357 ; and (3) the esophageal manometric and pH-metric profile. RESULTS: Distal and proximal reflux were more prevalent in @entity1 with bilateral transplant or retransplant and less prevalent in @entity1 after unilateral transplant, regardless of the cause of their @entity358 . The prevalence of @entity357 , @entity355 , and the manometric profile were similar in all groups of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Although our data show a discrepancy in prevalence of @entity354 in @entity1 with different types of lung transplantation, we cannot determine the exact cause for these findings from this study. We speculate that the extent of dissection during the transplant places the @entity1 at risk for @entity354 . On the basis of the results of this study, a higher level of suspicion of @entity354 should be held in @entity1 after bilateral or retransplantation.

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Laparoscopic management of XXXX : case report and review of literature.

multiple_choice

@entity359 of stomach is extremely rare. Only 1 case has been reported earlier. We report a case of 40-year-old female who presented with @entity360 . Upper @entity344 suggested a polypoidal growth in the stomach. Biopsy from the growth was suggestive of @entity361 . The contrast-enhanced computed tomography of abdomen revealed a pedunculated 4 3 cm, intramural lesion at the junction of first and second parts of duodenum, @entity362 . The stalk seemed to be arising from distal stomach. At laparoscopy, a highly mobile lesion was observed arising from the posterior wall of stomach. Wedge resection of the lesion was performed laparoscopically after doing an anterior gastrotomy. The final diagnosis on histopathology was a @entity356 .

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Protocols for XXXX and sample collection in the experimental @entity19 model of Candida vaginitis.

multiple_choice

@entity363 ( @entity363 ), caused by Candida species, is a @entity364 of the lower female genital tract that affects approximately 75% of otherwise healthy @entity1 during their reproductive years. Predisposing factors include antibiotic usage, uncontrolled @entity6 and disturbance in reproductive hormone levels due to pregnancy, oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapies. Recurrent @entity363 (RVVC), defined as three or more episodes per year, affects a separate 5 to 8% of @entity1 with no predisposing factors. An experimental @entity19 model of @entity363 has been established and used to study the pathogenesis and mucosal host response to Candida. This model has also been employed to test potential antifungal therapies in vivo. The model requires that the animals be maintained in a state of pseudoestrus for optimal Candida colonization/ @entity281 . Under such conditions, inoculated animals will have detectable vaginal fungal burden for weeks to months. Past studies show an extremely high parallel between the animal model and @entity1 @entity281 relative to immunological and physiological properties. Differences, however, include a lack of Candida as normal vaginal flora and a neutral vaginal pH in the @entity19 . Here, we demonstrate a series of key methods in the @entity19 @entity365 model that include @entity365 , rapid collection of vaginal specimens, assessment of vaginal fungal burden, and tissue preparations for cellular extraction/isolation. This is followed by representative results for constituents of vaginal lavage fluid, fungal burden, and draining lymph node leukocyte yields. With the use of anesthetics, lavage samples can be collected at multiple time points on the same @entity19 for longitudinal evaluation of @entity281 /colonization. Furthermore, this model requires no immunosuppressive agents to initiate @entity281 , allowing immunological studies under defined host conditions. Finally, the model and each technique introduced here could potentially give rise to use of the methodologies to examine other @entity166 of the lower female genital tract (bacterial, parasitic, viral) and respective local or systemic host defenses.

396

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Protocols for @entity365 and sample collection in the experimental XXXX model of Candida vaginitis.

multiple_choice

@entity363 ( @entity363 ), caused by Candida species, is a @entity364 of the lower female genital tract that affects approximately 75% of otherwise healthy @entity1 during their reproductive years. Predisposing factors include antibiotic usage, uncontrolled @entity6 and disturbance in reproductive hormone levels due to pregnancy, oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapies. Recurrent @entity363 (RVVC), defined as three or more episodes per year, affects a separate 5 to 8% of @entity1 with no predisposing factors. An experimental @entity19 model of @entity363 has been established and used to study the pathogenesis and mucosal host response to Candida. This model has also been employed to test potential antifungal therapies in vivo. The model requires that the animals be maintained in a state of pseudoestrus for optimal Candida colonization/ @entity281 . Under such conditions, inoculated animals will have detectable vaginal fungal burden for weeks to months. Past studies show an extremely high parallel between the animal model and @entity1 @entity281 relative to immunological and physiological properties. Differences, however, include a lack of Candida as normal vaginal flora and a neutral vaginal pH in the @entity19 . Here, we demonstrate a series of key methods in the @entity19 @entity365 model that include @entity365 , rapid collection of vaginal specimens, assessment of vaginal fungal burden, and tissue preparations for cellular extraction/isolation. This is followed by representative results for constituents of vaginal lavage fluid, fungal burden, and draining lymph node leukocyte yields. With the use of anesthetics, lavage samples can be collected at multiple time points on the same @entity19 for longitudinal evaluation of @entity281 /colonization. Furthermore, this model requires no immunosuppressive agents to initiate @entity281 , allowing immunological studies under defined host conditions. Finally, the model and each technique introduced here could potentially give rise to use of the methodologies to examine other @entity166 of the lower female genital tract (bacterial, parasitic, viral) and respective local or systemic host defenses.

399

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401

XXXX ligands are augmented during the pathogenesis of pulmonary sarcoidosis.

multiple_choice

We and other investigators have hypothesised that the CXC chemokine receptor ( @entity366 / @entity366 ligand biological axis is involved in the formation of @entity358 ; however, significant discrepancies in the current literature remain. In an effort to clarify previous conflicting findings, we performed the largest observational study to date of interferon-inducible ELR(-) (lacking the sequence @entity367 - @entity368 - @entity369 ) CXC chemokines in @entity370 bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF). BALF chemokine levels from @entity370 @entity1 (n = 72) and healthy controls (n = 8) were measured with the ELISA method. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for @entity366 and its ligands. BALF CXC chemokine ligand ( @entity371 levels from @entity370 @entity1 were not significantly increased compared with controls. BALF @entity372 levels from @entity370 @entity1 demonstrated a trend towards elevation; subgroup analysis by stage showed significant BALF @entity372 elevation in stage I @entity370 @entity1 compared with controls. BALF @entity373 levels were elevated from @entity370 @entity1 compared with controls. CXC11, @entity373 and @entity366 were expressed from epithelioid histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and other inflammatory cells forming @entity358 . Our data suggest that @entity373 and @entity372 are important mediators in recruiting @entity366 -expressing cells. Importantly, we have made the novel observation that both lymphocytes and cells of monocyte linage express @entity366 and are involved in the formation of @entity358 .

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Scale matters: the spatial correlation of XXXX meiotic DNA breaks with histone H3 trimethylation is driven largely by independent colocalization at promoters.

multiple_choice

During meiosis in many organisms, homologous chromosomes engage in numerous recombination events initiated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) formed by the @entity374 protein. DSBs are distributed nonrandomly, which governs how recombination influences inheritance and genome evolution. The chromosomal features that shape DSB distribution are not well understood. In the budding @entity375 @entity375 , trimethylation of @entity376 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me3) has been suggested to play a causal role in targeting @entity374 activity to small regions of preferred DSB formation called hotspots. The link between H3K4me3 and DSBs is supported in part by a genome-wide spatial correlation between the two. However, this correlation has only been evaluated using relatively low-resolution maps of DSBs, H3K4me3 or both. These maps illuminate chromosomal features that influence DSB distributions on a large scale (several kb and greater) but do not adequately resolve features, such as chromatin structure, that act on finer scales (kb and shorter). Using recent @entity377 -resolution maps of DSBs and meiotic chromatin structure, we find that the previously described spatial correlation between H3K4me3 and DSB hotspots is principally attributable to coincident localization of both to gene promoters. Once proximity to the nucleosome-depleted regions in promoters is accounted for, H3K4me3 status has only modest predictive power for determining DSB frequency or location. This analysis provides a cautionary tale about the importance of scale in genome-wide analyses of DSB and recombination patterns.

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Utility of quantitative T-cell responses versus unstimulated XXXX } for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis.

multiple_choice

The clinical utility of antigen-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma release assays (IGRAs) using pleural mononuclear cells, for the diagnosis of @entity378 ( @entity378 ), requires clarification. We compared the diagnostic utility of unstimulated pleural @entity379 levels with several pleural antigen-specific T-cell IGRAs (early secretory antigenic target-6 and culture filtrate protein-10 (T-SPOT.(R) @entity378 , QuantiFERON(R)- @entity378 Gold In-tube), purified protein derivative (PPD) and heparin-binding haemagglutinin (HBHA)) in 78 South African @entity378 suspects. Test results were compared against a clinical score and a reference standard. Out of 74 evaluable subjects 48, seven and 19 had definite, probable and no @entity378 , respectively. 11 (15%) out of 74 pleural samples (nine (19%) out of 48 of the definite @entity378 cases) had total cell counts that were inadequate for T-cell processing. In the remaining 63 samples, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of different diagnostic methods were as follows. Maximal bioclinical score: 54, 89, 92 and 43%, respectively; T-SPOT.(R) @entity378 : 86, 60, 84 and 64%, respectively; QuantiFERON(R)- @entity378 Gold In-tube: 57, 80, 87 and 44%, respectively; HBHA-specific IGRA: 59, 31, 64 and 27%, respectively; PPD-specific IGRA: 81, 40, 76 and 46%, respectively; and pleural fluid unstimulated @entity379 : 97, 100, 100 and 94%, respectively. Unstimulated @entity379 was the most accurate test for distinguishing @entity378 from non- @entity378 effusions in a high-burden setting. The antigen-specific T-cell IGRAs were limited by suboptimal accuracy and the inability to isolate sufficient mononuclear cells to perform the assay.

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Hepatosplenic morbidity due to XXXX in schoolchildren on Ukerewe Island, Tanzania.

multiple_choice

The study was conducted to assess @entity281 intensity and morbidity due to @entity380 in schoolchildren on Ukerewe Island in Lake Victoria, Tanzania, East Africa. Three hundred and sixty pupils who have never been treated previously were enrolled (180 males/180 females, age 6-17 years [median 10 years]) in three different schools of the island. Double stool samples were collected from each pupil and egg excretion was classified according to WHO recommendations. Ultrasound investigations were performed in accordance with the WHO Niamey-Belo-Horizonte protocol. Male (112/180, 62.2%) and female (104/180; 57.7%) pupils were infected (difference, not significant [n.s.]). In the positive 216 cases, egg excretion varied from 1 to 2,440 eggs per gramme stool (epg) [median 165 epg]. There were 69/216 (31.9%) who had a low grade, 105/216 (53.2%) had a moderate and 42/216 (14.8%) had a heavy @entity281 . There was no significant difference between male and female sex nor with regard to age groups. There were 354/360 @entity1 who underwent sonography: 321 (90.7%) had @entity381 , 316 (89.3%) showed a left lobe and 109 (30.9%) had a right lobe @entity382 . Overt signs of portal @entity82 (PF) were present in 19 @entity1 (5.4%) out of whom 11 presented with echogenic thickening of peripheral portal and 8 with thickening of central portal branches. Non-specific portal wall changes were seen in 6 @entity1 (1.7%). Association of PF to quantitative egg excretion was not seen (median in PF, 172 epg vs. median in non PF, 168 epg; difference, n.s.). Portal vein dilatation was seen in 101/354 (28.5%) cases. In Ukerewe, the prevalence of @entity383 @entity281 and @entity281 intensity in @entity1 is high, yet overt hepatic morbidity is low as compared to other endemic foci. Non-specific ultrasonographic abnormalities including @entity384 were seen frequently but the fraction attributable to schistosomiasis is difficult to assess.

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XXXX linked to wake-up strokes.

multiple_choice

@entity27 ( @entity27 ) has been considered as one of the risk factors for @entity385 , but the impact of @entity27 on @entity64 ( @entity64 ) is not well studied. We aimed to determine the relationship between @entity27 and @entity64 . We prospectively recruited 71 @entity1 with mild to moderate @entity385 during hospitalization. @entity1 were classified into @entity64 and non- @entity64 . A full-night sleep respiratory study was performed between 3 and 14 days after @entity64 onset. Demographic data, sleep respiratory data, heart rate variability, @entity64 risk factors, @entity64 classification and sleep-related scales were recorded. We compared the differences in the variables between the two groups and determined the independent variables associated with @entity64 . Of the 71 @entity1 , 26 (36.6%) had @entity64 . The @entity1 with @entity64 had a significantly higher @entity27 index (23.1 19.4 vs. 12.5 11.9, p = 0.016), obstructive @entity386 index (7.8 9.7 vs. 3.0 4.0, p = 0.021) and lower mean blood @entity26 saturation (95.1 1.5 vs. 95.8 1.3, p = 0.046) than the non- @entity64 @entity1 . There were no significant differences in demographic data, @entity64 risk factors, sleep-related scales or heart rate variability. Logistic regression revealed that severe @entity387 ( @entity27 index >= 30) was the only independent variable associated with @entity64 (OR 6.065, 95% CI 1.451-25.350; p = 0.014). We conclude that in @entity1 with mild to moderate @entity385 , @entity27 is the only risk factor associated with @entity64 , which cannot be distinguished clinically from non- @entity64 .

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Foley catheter versus intra-vaginal XXXX for induction of labor in post-term gestations.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a fluid filled intra-uterine extra-amniotic Foley catheter is an effective alternative to vaginal @entity396 in inducing labor in primigravid @entity1 with post-term gestations. @entity1 AND METHODS: A prospective quasi-randomized controlled trial was designed and 100 primigravid @entity1 with post-term gestations were enrolled and equally allocated into two groups. A fluid filled intra-uterine extra-amniotic Foley catheter was inserted in @entity1 of group I. @entity1 in group II received 25 microgram @entity396 vaginally every 4 h. Artificial @entity397 of membranes was performed for all @entity1 when their cervices reached 3-4 cm dilatation followed by @entity398 infusion if needed. The main primary outcome parameter was the induction to delivery interval. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: No significant difference was noted in any of the demographic data between both groups. The induction to delivery interval was shorter in the Foley group (897.36 116.0 vs. 960.98 94.18 min; P = 0.003). There were 34 cases which needed @entity398 augmentation in group I compared to 11 cases in group II (P < 0.01). Abnormal uterine activity occurred in three cases in the @entity396 group, but none in the Foley group. Ominous fetal heart rate was noted in one case in group I but three in group II. CONCLUSION: Fluid filled Foley catheter seems to be superior to 25 g vaginal @entity396 regimen, when used to induce labor in primigravidae with post-term gestations with the advantage of having a shorter induction delivery interval, but more need for @entity398 augmentation.

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@entity399 may be an effective treatment option in essential XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To perform a pilot study assessing possible efficacy, safety, and optimal dosage of @entity399 in essential @entity400 . METHODS: Twenty-nine @entity1 with essential @entity400 were enrolled into this 16-week-long study. After recording baseline condition, 2 different dosages of immediate-release formulation of @entity399 were evaluated (1.05 mg/d and 2.1 mg/d in 3 identical dosages). Subsequently, immediate- and extended-release formulations were compared. The Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale, Activities of Daily Living, the EuroQol instrument for detecting health-related outcome, and Clinical Global Impression of Improvement Scale were obtained. After completing the study, a rater blinded to the treatment reassessed the @entity400 rating scales based on video recordings. RESULTS: Twenty-four @entity1 (82.6%) completed the study. Causes for discontinuation were adverse effects of @entity399 : intolerable @entity390 (n = 3), @entity25 (n = 1), and @entity148 (n = 1). Twenty-one @entity1 had a score of less than 3 on the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement Scale (treatment responders, 72.4%). All the major outcome values demonstrated significant improvement. The severity of @entity400 was reduced by 52.0% (43.7 vs 20.8 points, Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale), and the EuroQol instrument for detecting health-related outcome score improved from 0.69 to 0.91 (P < 0.01). The dose of 2.1 mg was more effective than that of 1.05 mg; however, both the immediate- and extended-release formulations were equally efficacious. After completion of the study, 15 @entity1 (51.7% of the enrolled @entity1 ) wanted to remain on @entity399 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that @entity399 may be effective in the treatment of essential @entity400 . However, further controlled studies are required.

420

421

422

XXXX may be an effective treatment option in essential @entity400 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To perform a pilot study assessing possible efficacy, safety, and optimal dosage of @entity399 in essential @entity400 . METHODS: Twenty-nine @entity1 with essential @entity400 were enrolled into this 16-week-long study. After recording baseline condition, 2 different dosages of immediate-release formulation of @entity399 were evaluated (1.05 mg/d and 2.1 mg/d in 3 identical dosages). Subsequently, immediate- and extended-release formulations were compared. The Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale, Activities of Daily Living, the EuroQol instrument for detecting health-related outcome, and Clinical Global Impression of Improvement Scale were obtained. After completing the study, a rater blinded to the treatment reassessed the @entity400 rating scales based on video recordings. RESULTS: Twenty-four @entity1 (82.6%) completed the study. Causes for discontinuation were adverse effects of @entity399 : intolerable @entity390 (n = 3), @entity25 (n = 1), and @entity148 (n = 1). Twenty-one @entity1 had a score of less than 3 on the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement Scale (treatment responders, 72.4%). All the major outcome values demonstrated significant improvement. The severity of @entity400 was reduced by 52.0% (43.7 vs 20.8 points, Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale), and the EuroQol instrument for detecting health-related outcome score improved from 0.69 to 0.91 (P < 0.01). The dose of 2.1 mg was more effective than that of 1.05 mg; however, both the immediate- and extended-release formulations were equally efficacious. After completion of the study, 15 @entity1 (51.7% of the enrolled @entity1 ) wanted to remain on @entity399 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study suggests that @entity399 may be effective in the treatment of essential @entity400 . However, further controlled studies are required.

423

424

425

Bronchoalveolar lavage cell pattern from healthy XXXX lung.

multiple_choice

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is widely accepted as a key diagnostic procedure in @entity401 ( @entity401 ). We performed a study to obtain reference intervals of differential cell patterns in BAL fluid with special attention to the origin of lavage fluid, e.g. bronchial/alveolar, to atopy and smoking status and to age of the healthy @entity1 . We performed bronchoalveolar lavage in 55 healthy subjects with known @entity402 (age: 18-64 years, non-smokers/smokers: 34/21) and determined differential cell counts and lymphocyte subsets in BAL fluid and blood. Moreover, in a subgroup of non-smoking healthy individuals we measured the expression of the regulatory T cell marker @entity403 ( @entity403 ) on blood and BAL fluid lymphocytes in addition to a comprehensive set of activation markers. Differential cell counts from the alveolar lavage fraction differed significantly from calculated pooled fractions (n = 11). In contrast, marginal differences were found between atopic and non-atopic subjects. Interestingly, the BAL fluid @entity404 / @entity405 ratio correlated strongly with age (r(2) = 0 50, P < 0 0001). We consider the bronchial and alveolar fraction to be lavage fluid from fundamentally different compartments and recommend analysis of the alveolar fraction in diagnostic work-up of @entity401 . In addition, our data suggest that age corrected BAL fluid @entity404 / @entity405 ratios should be used in the clinical evaluation of @entity1 with @entity401 .

426

427

428

A proposed new technique in XXXX tissue bio-banking: our experience with a new protocol.

multiple_choice

The aim of our study, beyond validating a method of collecting and storing biological samples from @entity1 with @entity263 , was to validate an innovative biopsy method for the creation of a biobank of prostatic frozen tissues. @entity1 referred to our hospital between November 2008 and March 2010 to undergo radical prostatectomy were invited to participate in the study. Each @entity1 's data were stored in two databases (personal information and clinical database) while samples of urine, blood and its derivatives, fresh material and @entity406 -processed tissue were stored in a correlated biobank. The proposed method for collecting fresh material was to take samples of the neoplastic tissue by carrying out targeted biopsies in the area indicated by the biopsy mapping as the site of the @entity5 , under manual palpation to identify the neoplastic nodule. The site of sampling was marked by an injection of India ink. 55 @entity1 agreed to participate in the study. In 43 cases biopsies were correct, with a mean of 48% of core involved by @entity5 (range, 10-90%). Overall the @entity5 detection rate was 78.2%. The protocol for collecting biological material and the new method for collecting fresh tissue reduce internal steps and staff involved, thereby reducing all those variables that cause heterogeneity of material and changes in its quality. This process provides high quality, low cost material for research on @entity263 . The features of the collection protocol mean that the protocol can also be used in non-academic centres with only limited research funds.

429

430

431

New-onset treatment-dependent @entity6 and @entity407 associated with atypical antipsychotic use in older adults without @entity161 or XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between atypical antipsychotic medications and incident treatment for @entity6 or @entity407 in elderly adults without diagnoses of @entity161 or @entity162 . DESIGN: Two case-control studies using medical and pharmacy claims data. SETTING: United States managed care population from multiple insurance plans. @entity1 : Individuals aged 65 and older enrolled in a Medicare Advantage or commercial (health maintenance organization) managed care health plan in the western United States with no claims indicating diagnosis of @entity161 or @entity162 in the 1 year pre-index period. Cases were defined as @entity1 newly initiated on an antidiabetic (n = 13,075) or antihyperlipidemic (n = 63,829) medication on the index date. For the new @entity6 analysis, 65,375 controls were matched to cases based on age, sex, health-plan type, and index date year. In the new @entity407 analysis, 63,829 controls were matched to cases based on the same variables. MEASUREMENTS: Conditional logistic regressions were performed to determine the odds of initiated antidiabetic or antihyperlipidemic medication for @entity1 exposed to atypical antipsychotics compared with those with no exposure. The models included comorbidities possibly associated with the outcome. RESULTS: Exposure to atypical antipsychotics was associated with significantly greater adjusted odds of starting an antidiabetic medication (1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10-1.59) but significantly lower odds of starting an antihyperlipidemic medication (0.76, 95% CI = 0.67-0.87). CONCLUSION: Use of atypical antipsychotics in older adults for conditions other than @entity161 and @entity162 was associated with incident treatment of @entity6 but not of @entity407 , suggesting that older adults may be susceptible to the adverse metabolic consequences of these agents.

432

433

434

New-onset treatment-dependent @entity6 and @entity407 associated with atypical antipsychotic use in older adults without XXXX or @entity162 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between atypical antipsychotic medications and incident treatment for @entity6 or @entity407 in elderly adults without diagnoses of @entity161 or @entity162 . DESIGN: Two case-control studies using medical and pharmacy claims data. SETTING: United States managed care population from multiple insurance plans. @entity1 : Individuals aged 65 and older enrolled in a Medicare Advantage or commercial (health maintenance organization) managed care health plan in the western United States with no claims indicating diagnosis of @entity161 or @entity162 in the 1 year pre-index period. Cases were defined as @entity1 newly initiated on an antidiabetic (n = 13,075) or antihyperlipidemic (n = 63,829) medication on the index date. For the new @entity6 analysis, 65,375 controls were matched to cases based on age, sex, health-plan type, and index date year. In the new @entity407 analysis, 63,829 controls were matched to cases based on the same variables. MEASUREMENTS: Conditional logistic regressions were performed to determine the odds of initiated antidiabetic or antihyperlipidemic medication for @entity1 exposed to atypical antipsychotics compared with those with no exposure. The models included comorbidities possibly associated with the outcome. RESULTS: Exposure to atypical antipsychotics was associated with significantly greater adjusted odds of starting an antidiabetic medication (1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10-1.59) but significantly lower odds of starting an antihyperlipidemic medication (0.76, 95% CI = 0.67-0.87). CONCLUSION: Use of atypical antipsychotics in older adults for conditions other than @entity161 and @entity162 was associated with incident treatment of @entity6 but not of @entity407 , suggesting that older adults may be susceptible to the adverse metabolic consequences of these agents.

435

436

437

New-onset treatment-dependent XXXX and @entity407 associated with atypical antipsychotic use in older adults without @entity161 or @entity162 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between atypical antipsychotic medications and incident treatment for @entity6 or @entity407 in elderly adults without diagnoses of @entity161 or @entity162 . DESIGN: Two case-control studies using medical and pharmacy claims data. SETTING: United States managed care population from multiple insurance plans. @entity1 : Individuals aged 65 and older enrolled in a Medicare Advantage or commercial (health maintenance organization) managed care health plan in the western United States with no claims indicating diagnosis of @entity161 or @entity162 in the 1 year pre-index period. Cases were defined as @entity1 newly initiated on an antidiabetic (n = 13,075) or antihyperlipidemic (n = 63,829) medication on the index date. For the new @entity6 analysis, 65,375 controls were matched to cases based on age, sex, health-plan type, and index date year. In the new @entity407 analysis, 63,829 controls were matched to cases based on the same variables. MEASUREMENTS: Conditional logistic regressions were performed to determine the odds of initiated antidiabetic or antihyperlipidemic medication for @entity1 exposed to atypical antipsychotics compared with those with no exposure. The models included comorbidities possibly associated with the outcome. RESULTS: Exposure to atypical antipsychotics was associated with significantly greater adjusted odds of starting an antidiabetic medication (1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10-1.59) but significantly lower odds of starting an antihyperlipidemic medication (0.76, 95% CI = 0.67-0.87). CONCLUSION: Use of atypical antipsychotics in older adults for conditions other than @entity161 and @entity162 was associated with incident treatment of @entity6 but not of @entity407 , suggesting that older adults may be susceptible to the adverse metabolic consequences of these agents.

438

439

440

New-onset treatment-dependent @entity6 and XXXX associated with atypical antipsychotic use in older adults without @entity161 or @entity162 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between atypical antipsychotic medications and incident treatment for @entity6 or @entity407 in elderly adults without diagnoses of @entity161 or @entity162 . DESIGN: Two case-control studies using medical and pharmacy claims data. SETTING: United States managed care population from multiple insurance plans. @entity1 : Individuals aged 65 and older enrolled in a Medicare Advantage or commercial (health maintenance organization) managed care health plan in the western United States with no claims indicating diagnosis of @entity161 or @entity162 in the 1 year pre-index period. Cases were defined as @entity1 newly initiated on an antidiabetic (n = 13,075) or antihyperlipidemic (n = 63,829) medication on the index date. For the new @entity6 analysis, 65,375 controls were matched to cases based on age, sex, health-plan type, and index date year. In the new @entity407 analysis, 63,829 controls were matched to cases based on the same variables. MEASUREMENTS: Conditional logistic regressions were performed to determine the odds of initiated antidiabetic or antihyperlipidemic medication for @entity1 exposed to atypical antipsychotics compared with those with no exposure. The models included comorbidities possibly associated with the outcome. RESULTS: Exposure to atypical antipsychotics was associated with significantly greater adjusted odds of starting an antidiabetic medication (1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10-1.59) but significantly lower odds of starting an antihyperlipidemic medication (0.76, 95% CI = 0.67-0.87). CONCLUSION: Use of atypical antipsychotics in older adults for conditions other than @entity161 and @entity162 was associated with incident treatment of @entity6 but not of @entity407 , suggesting that older adults may be susceptible to the adverse metabolic consequences of these agents.

441

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443

Personality and health as predictors of income decrease in old age: findings from the longitudinal XXXX study.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: There is much evidence for the influence of low socio-economic status on poor health. It is, however, also important to study the ways in which @entity1 attain and retain their socio-economic status and the factors that predict changes in socio-economic status, such as a decrease in income. Such mobility also occurs in older populations, in which financial and health-related changes are very common, especially after retirement. METHODS: Three years of follow-up data from 1443 Dutch @entity1 and @entity1 aged 55 years and older who participated in the Study on Medical Information and Lifestyles Eindhoven ( @entity408 ) were gathered. Logistic regression analyses were used to study the independent effects of physical and @entity409 and severity of @entity102 and adverse personality factors on decrease in income. RESULTS: @entity148 (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.09-2.40), physical dysfunction (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.07-2.74) and severe diseases (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.05-1.78) were significant predictors of decrease in income. These contributions were independent of each other, and remained robust after controlling for other confounding factors, such as gender, age and educational level and change in employment status. @entity409 and other personality characteristics, such as hostility and mastery, did not contribute to decrease in income. CONCLUSION: @entity148 and poor physical health are relevant factors associated with decrease in income in old age. The findings suggest that these factors are important in retaining one's socio-economic status. Future longitudinal research is necessary to further disentangle the mechanisms and pathways related to socio-economic health inequalities along the life-course.

444

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446

[Prehospital @entity341 ( XXXX and acute cases) in childhood].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To determine incidence and management of @entity341 in @entity1 . METHODS: Between November 15, 1994 and March 14, 1995 in the City of Mainz (200,000 inhabitants) @entity1 with the diagnosis of a prehospital emergency were identified. RESULTS: 390 @entity1 were discovered, 62% in the age group 0-3 years. 85% of the emergency conditions occurred at home. In 71% the medical practitioner providing prehospital care was a paediatrician, in 14% an emergency physician. 48% of the @entity1 were transported to the @entity1 's Hospital by the parents. 32 different types of emergency were diagnosed, 8 types more than 10 times. A retrospective analysis of 386 @entity341 demonstrated an acute life-threatening situation in 12%. Lacking a final diagnosis in 19%, first and final diagnosis were identical in 64% of all @entity1 evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: In Germany acute life-threatening @entity341 are rare. Paediatricians are mainly involved also in the care of @entity1 with emergency conditions. Most pediatricians and nonpaediatricians are familiar with the relevant prehospital emergency conditions in the young @entity1 mainly concerned.

447

448

449

[Prehospital XXXX ( @entity341 and acute cases) in childhood].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To determine incidence and management of @entity341 in @entity1 . METHODS: Between November 15, 1994 and March 14, 1995 in the City of Mainz (200,000 inhabitants) @entity1 with the diagnosis of a prehospital emergency were identified. RESULTS: 390 @entity1 were discovered, 62% in the age group 0-3 years. 85% of the emergency conditions occurred at home. In 71% the medical practitioner providing prehospital care was a paediatrician, in 14% an emergency physician. 48% of the @entity1 were transported to the @entity1 's Hospital by the parents. 32 different types of emergency were diagnosed, 8 types more than 10 times. A retrospective analysis of 386 @entity341 demonstrated an acute life-threatening situation in 12%. Lacking a final diagnosis in 19%, first and final diagnosis were identical in 64% of all @entity1 evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: In Germany acute life-threatening @entity341 are rare. Paediatricians are mainly involved also in the care of @entity1 with emergency conditions. Most pediatricians and nonpaediatricians are familiar with the relevant prehospital emergency conditions in the young @entity1 mainly concerned.

450

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452

Validation of the XXXX Health Questionnaire in a non-US population.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity370 is @entity66 with an unpredictable course and variable clinical manifestations that are often associated with impaired quality of life. The @entity370 Health Questionnaire (SHQ), which was developed for an 80% African American population, assesses health-related quality of life in @entity370 @entity1 . The aim of this study was to validate the SHQ in a predominantly European population of @entity370 @entity1 . METHODS: Consecutive outpatients (n = 92) with @entity370 , who were attending a teaching hospital clinic, completed three questionnaires (SHQ, Short Form (SF) 36, Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS)) and pulmonary function tests were performed. RESULTS: The mean age of the @entity1 was 51 years, 52% were males and 74% were of European ethnicity. The mean number of organs involved was 1.3, with @entity358 in 95% of @entity1 (mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s 74.4%, forced vital capacity 84.6%). Seventy percent of @entity1 had current symptoms and 26.5% were receiving immunosuppressant therapy. The SHQ total score (mean 5.13) was significantly correlated with the SF 36 physical component score (46.7, r = 0.78) and the FAS (20.8, r = -0.7) but only weakly correlated with pulmonary function. There were significant differences in SHQ scores when @entity1 were stratified according to symptoms, oral therapy, health status (P < 0.0001 for all), forced expiratory volume in 1 s >= 70% (P = 0.008) and forced vital capacity >= 70% (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The SHQ correlated well with health-related quality of life and fatigue measures in a predominantly European population of @entity370 @entity1 , despite differences in organ involvement and disease burden, when compared with the development study.

453

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455

Dietary patterns and the risk of mortality: impact of XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: While dietary patterns that are both predictive of @entity102 and mortality have been identified, the confounding effects of @entity410 have not been properly addressed. The primary objective was to assess the relation between dietary patterns with all-cause mortality, while controlling for the potentially confounding effects of fitness. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study. @entity1 consisted of 13 621 @entity1 and @entity1 from the @entity411 ( @entity411 ). @entity1 completed a clinical exam and 3-day diet record between 1987 and 1999. @entity1 were followed for mortality until 2003. Reduced rank regression (RRR) was used to identify dietary patterns that predicted unfavourable total and high-density lipoprotein- @entity165 , @entity412 , @entity413 , blood pressure, @entity414 , white blood cell and body mass index values. RESULTS: One primary dietary pattern emerged and was labelled the Unhealthy Eating Index. This pattern was characterized by elevated consumption of processed and red meat, white @entity415 products, non-whole grains, added fat and reduced consumption of non-citrus fruits. The hazard ratio for all-cause mortality in the fifth vs the first quintile of the Unhealthy Eating Index was 1.40 (1.02-1.91). This risk estimate was reduced by 13.5 and 55.0% after controlling for self-reported physical activity and fitness, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study the association between diet and overall mortality was, in large part, confounded by fitness.

456

457

458

Re-irradiation combined with @entity416 in locally recurrent XXXX . A prospective phase II trial.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: We performed a prospective phase II trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of radiotherapy combined with @entity416 in @entity1 suffering from a recurrence of a @entity213 ( @entity213 ) within a previously irradiated field. @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 31 evaluable @entity1 with recurrent @entity213 received re-irradiation with a total dose of 50 Gy (25 fractions over 5 weeks) up to a maximum of 60 Gy combined with 900 mg/m(2)/day @entity416 given on the days of radiotherapy. RESULTS: The median time to relapse after the first course of radiotherapy was 15 months. The overall response rate in our study was 68% including 6 @entity1 with a complete response. The median overall survival was 8.4 months. Grade 3 or 4 @entity33 occurred in 4 @entity1 and 1 @entity1 , respectively. No grade 4 hematological @entity137 were observed; 1 @entity1 had grade 3 @entity417 . The cumulative median lifetime dose was 116 Gy. CONCLUSION: @entity416 combined with re-irradiation is a well-tolerated treatment in @entity1 with recurrent @entity213 . In light of its good tolerability, it appears to be a potential option for @entity1 with a reduced performance status and may also serve as a basis for novel treatment concepts, such as in combination with targeted therapies.

459

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461

Re-irradiation combined with XXXX in locally recurrent @entity213 . A prospective phase II trial.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: We performed a prospective phase II trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of radiotherapy combined with @entity416 in @entity1 suffering from a recurrence of a @entity213 ( @entity213 ) within a previously irradiated field. @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 31 evaluable @entity1 with recurrent @entity213 received re-irradiation with a total dose of 50 Gy (25 fractions over 5 weeks) up to a maximum of 60 Gy combined with 900 mg/m(2)/day @entity416 given on the days of radiotherapy. RESULTS: The median time to relapse after the first course of radiotherapy was 15 months. The overall response rate in our study was 68% including 6 @entity1 with a complete response. The median overall survival was 8.4 months. Grade 3 or 4 @entity33 occurred in 4 @entity1 and 1 @entity1 , respectively. No grade 4 hematological @entity137 were observed; 1 @entity1 had grade 3 @entity417 . The cumulative median lifetime dose was 116 Gy. CONCLUSION: @entity416 combined with re-irradiation is a well-tolerated treatment in @entity1 with recurrent @entity213 . In light of its good tolerability, it appears to be a potential option for @entity1 with a reduced performance status and may also serve as a basis for novel treatment concepts, such as in combination with targeted therapies.

462

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464

@entity419 PET and @entity419 PET/CT for assessing response to therapy in XXXX .

multiple_choice

In @entity1 with locally advanced @entity418 , preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy has been shown to improve outcome with respect to survival. @entity1 who respond to induction therapy have a significantly improved survival, compared with @entity1 who do not respond to the therapy. However, surrogate markers that predict response or prognosis-especially early in the course of therapy-are not available in clinical routine. In @entity1 with @entity418 , PET with the @entity413 analog @entity419 can be used for assessing response to therapy. Therapy response can be assessed with @entity419 PET and @entity419 PET/CT late, that is, after completion of therapy, and early in the course of therapy. In @entity420 of the esophagogastric junction, @entity419 has been established and validated in several studies as a surrogate marker that allows prediction of response and prognosis, whereas in other studies @entity419 PET was not predictive of response and prognosis. The MUNICON study was an initial unicenter trial showing that a PET-guided treatment algorithm was feasible in @entity1 with @entity420 of the esophagogastric junction. The results of this study are important toward individualization of multimodal treatment. The use of @entity419 PET and PET/CT for therapy monitoring in @entity418 is the subject of intense discussion, underlining the need for randomized multicenter studies. From a methodologic point of view, the most important issue in therapy monitoring using @entity419 PET and PET/CT is the standardization of @entity1 preparation, data acquisition and processing, and data interpretation, especially for prospective randomized multicenter studies. In conclusion, single-center studies investigating response assessment in @entity1 with @entity418 have provided promising results. In the future, prospective randomized multicenter trials will have to be performed and research will address new imaging probes and innovative therapy regimens.

465

466

467

XXXX PET and @entity419 PET/CT for assessing response to therapy in @entity418 .

multiple_choice

In @entity1 with locally advanced @entity418 , preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy has been shown to improve outcome with respect to survival. @entity1 who respond to induction therapy have a significantly improved survival, compared with @entity1 who do not respond to the therapy. However, surrogate markers that predict response or prognosis-especially early in the course of therapy-are not available in clinical routine. In @entity1 with @entity418 , PET with the @entity413 analog @entity419 can be used for assessing response to therapy. Therapy response can be assessed with @entity419 PET and @entity419 PET/CT late, that is, after completion of therapy, and early in the course of therapy. In @entity420 of the esophagogastric junction, @entity419 has been established and validated in several studies as a surrogate marker that allows prediction of response and prognosis, whereas in other studies @entity419 PET was not predictive of response and prognosis. The MUNICON study was an initial unicenter trial showing that a PET-guided treatment algorithm was feasible in @entity1 with @entity420 of the esophagogastric junction. The results of this study are important toward individualization of multimodal treatment. The use of @entity419 PET and PET/CT for therapy monitoring in @entity418 is the subject of intense discussion, underlining the need for randomized multicenter studies. From a methodologic point of view, the most important issue in therapy monitoring using @entity419 PET and PET/CT is the standardization of @entity1 preparation, data acquisition and processing, and data interpretation, especially for prospective randomized multicenter studies. In conclusion, single-center studies investigating response assessment in @entity1 with @entity418 have provided promising results. In the future, prospective randomized multicenter trials will have to be performed and research will address new imaging probes and innovative therapy regimens.

468

469

470

@entity419 PET and XXXX PET/CT for assessing response to therapy in @entity418 .

multiple_choice

In @entity1 with locally advanced @entity418 , preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy has been shown to improve outcome with respect to survival. @entity1 who respond to induction therapy have a significantly improved survival, compared with @entity1 who do not respond to the therapy. However, surrogate markers that predict response or prognosis-especially early in the course of therapy-are not available in clinical routine. In @entity1 with @entity418 , PET with the @entity413 analog @entity419 can be used for assessing response to therapy. Therapy response can be assessed with @entity419 PET and @entity419 PET/CT late, that is, after completion of therapy, and early in the course of therapy. In @entity420 of the esophagogastric junction, @entity419 has been established and validated in several studies as a surrogate marker that allows prediction of response and prognosis, whereas in other studies @entity419 PET was not predictive of response and prognosis. The MUNICON study was an initial unicenter trial showing that a PET-guided treatment algorithm was feasible in @entity1 with @entity420 of the esophagogastric junction. The results of this study are important toward individualization of multimodal treatment. The use of @entity419 PET and PET/CT for therapy monitoring in @entity418 is the subject of intense discussion, underlining the need for randomized multicenter studies. From a methodologic point of view, the most important issue in therapy monitoring using @entity419 PET and PET/CT is the standardization of @entity1 preparation, data acquisition and processing, and data interpretation, especially for prospective randomized multicenter studies. In conclusion, single-center studies investigating response assessment in @entity1 with @entity418 have provided promising results. In the future, prospective randomized multicenter trials will have to be performed and research will address new imaging probes and innovative therapy regimens.

471

472

473

Value of diffusion-weighted images in differentiating mid-course responders to chemotherapy for XXXX compared to the histological response: preliminary results.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Preoperative diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) has been described as an efficient method to differentiate good and poor responders to chemotherapy in @entity421 @entity1 . A DW-MRI performed earlier during treatment could be helpful in monitoring chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of DW-MRI in evaluating response to chemotherapy in the treatment of @entity421 , more specifically at mid-course of treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was carried out on a prospective series of adolescents treated for @entity79 . MR examinations were performed at diagnosis ( @entity422 ), at mid-course of chemotherapy (MRI-2), and immediately before surgery (MRI-3). A DW sequence was performed using diffusion gradients of b0 and b900. The apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC1, ADC2, ADC3, respectively), their differentials (ADC2 - ADC1 and ADC3 - ADC1), and their variation (ADC2 - ADC1/ADC1 and ADC3 - ADC1/ADC1) were calculated for each of these three time points. RESULTS: Fifteen @entity1 were included. @entity1 with no increase in ADC showed a poor response to chemotherapy on their histology results. At mid-course, the three calculated values were significantly different between good and poor responders. ADC2 - ADC1 enabled us to detect, with 100% specificity, four out of seven of the poor responders. There was no significant difference in the values at MRI-3 between the two groups. CONCLUSION: DW-MRI performed both at baseline and mid-course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an efficient method to predict further histological response of @entity421 . This method could be used as an early prognostic factor to monitor preoperative chemotherapy.

474

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Approaches to improve the diagnosis and management of XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND Recent advances in our understanding of the causes of @entity249 and of assisted reproductive technology (ART) have led to the development of complex diagnostic tools, prognostic models and treatment options. The Third Evian Annual Reproduction (EVAR) Workshop Meeting was held on 26-27 April 2008 to evaluate evidence supporting current approaches to the diagnosis and management of @entity249 and to identify areas for future research efforts. METHODS Specialist reproductive medicine clinicians and scientists delivered presentations based on published literature and ongoing research on @entity1 work-up, ovarian stimulation and embryo quality assessment during ART. This report is based on the expert presentations and subsequent group discussions and was supplemented with publications from literature searches and the authors' knowledge. RESULTS It was agreed that single embryo transfer (SET) should be used with increasing frequency in cycles of ART. Continued improvements in cryopreservation techniques, which improve pregnancy rates using supernumerary frozen embryos, are expected to augment the global uptake of SET. Adaptation and personalization of fertility therapy may help to optimize efficacy and safety outcomes for individual @entity1 . Prognostic modelling and personalized management strategies based on individual @entity1 characteristics may prove to represent real progress towards improved treatment. However, at present, there is limited good-quality evidence to support the use of these individualized approaches. CONCLUSIONS Greater quality control and standardization of clinical and laboratory evaluations are required to optimize ART practices and improve individual @entity1 outcomes. Well-designed, good-quality studies are required to drive improvements to the diagnosis and management of ART processes.

477

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XXXX -fulfilling medicine in practice: a qualitative study of physician arguments.

multiple_choice

There has been a move in medicine towards @entity1 -centred care, leading to more demands from @entity1 for particular therapies and treatments, and for @entity423 -fulfilling medicine: the use of medical services according to the @entity1 's wishes to enhance their subjective functioning, appearance or health. In contrast to conventional medicine, this use of medical services is not needed from a medical point of view. Boundaries in @entity423 -fulfilling medicine are partly set by a physician's decision to fulfil or decline a @entity1 's @entity423 in practice. In order to develop a better understanding of how @entity423 -fulfilling medicine occurs in practice in The Netherlands, a qualitative study (15 semistructured interviews and 1 focus group) was undertaken. The aim was to investigate the range and kind of arguments used by general practitioners and plastic surgeons in @entity423 -fulfilling medicine. These groups represent the public funded realm of medicine as well as privately paid for services. Moreover, GPs and plastic surgeons can both be approached directly by @entity1 in The Netherlands. The physicians studied raised many arguments that were expected: they used @entity1 autonomy, risks and benefits, normality and justice to limit @entity423 -fulfilling medicine. In addition, arguments new to this debate were uncovered, which were frequently used to justify compliance with a @entity1 's request. Such arguments seem familiar from conventional medicine, including empathy, the @entity1 -doctor relationship and reassurance. Moreover, certain arguments that play a significant role in the literature on @entity423 -fulfilling medicine and enhancement were not mentioned, such as concepts of disease and the enhancement-treatment dichotomy and 'suspect norms'.

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[ XXXX : Clinical, epidemiological and clinico-pathological findings of 22 cases].

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@entity424 are composed of @entity5 ependymal cells, affecting mainly @entity1 and young adults. We report the clinical and pathological findings of 22 cases of @entity424 . Fourteen @entity1 were males and 8 were females. The ages ranged between 1 and 58 years, with a mean of 24.63 years. The symptoms reflected the growth and topography of the @entity5 ; @entity425 (59.1%), @entity426 (36.3%), @entity74 (36.3%), @entity427 and @entity428 were the most frequent symptoms. Ten @entity5 affected the medulla, 7 the cerebral hemispheres, 2 the cerebral ventricles and 1 brain stem. Seven @entity1 were submitted total resection of the @entity5 , from which one received adjuvant radiotherapy. 15 other @entity1 were submitted to partial resection; from which 4 received adjuvant radiotherapy, 3 adjuvant chemotherapy and 1 chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The recurrence rate was 18.2%. These results are similar with the literature and may contribute to further understanding the biological behavior of these @entity5 .

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Identification of mediator complex 26 (Crsp7) gametologs on XXXX X1 and Y5 sex chromosomes: a candidate testis-determining gene in monotremes?

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The basal lineage of monotremes features an extraordinarily complex sex chromosome system which has provided novel insights into the evolution of @entity1 sex chromosomes. Recently, sequence information from autosomes, X chromosomes, and XY-shared pseudoautosomal regions has become available. However, no gene has so far been described on any of the Y chromosome-specific regions. We analyzed sequences derived from Y-specific BAC clones to identify genes with potentially male-specific function. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the mediator complex protein gametologs on @entity429 Y5 (Crspy). We also identified the X-chromosomal copy which unexpectedly maps to X1 (Crspx). Sequence comparison shows extensive divergence between the X and Y copy, but we found no significant positive selection on either gametolog. Expression analysis shows widespread expression of Crspx. Crspy is expressed exclusively in males with particularly strong expression in testis and kidney. Reporter gene assays to investigate whether Crspx/y can act on the recently discovered @entity19 @entity430 testis-specific enhancer element did reveal a modest effect together with @entity19 @entity430 + @entity431 , but showed overall no significant upregulation of the reporter gene. This is the first report of a differentiated functional male-specific gene on @entity429 Y chromosomes, providing new insights into sex chromosome evolution and a candidate gene for male-specific function in monotremes.

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Value of MDCT angiography in developing treatment strategies for XXXX .

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the value of MDCT angiography in the development of strategies for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity63 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a 12-month period, 150 @entity1 were referred to our department for CT angiography of the peripheral arteries. All @entity1 (n = 28) with clinical stage IV peripheral @entity432 were included in this retrospective study. The treatment reports, discharge summaries, and follow-up examinations were reviewed to ascertain the number of @entity1 correctly treated on the basis of the CT angiographic findings. RESULTS: After CT angiography, endovascular treatment was indicated for eight @entity1 , surgical revascularization for four @entity1 , and a combined endovascular and surgical approach for two @entity1 . That the correct treatment decision had been made in all 14 cases was confirmed on the basis of successful endovascular or surgical revascularization. In eight @entity1 , medical treatment was indicated, and one @entity1 underwent amputation at the level of the thigh. Five @entity1 were referred for @entity433 , but no additional findings were made. During follow-up, three of the original 28 @entity1 were in grave general condition and died within 7 weeks after CT angiography. Thirteen @entity1 needed no additional treatment during the follow-up period through January 2008. After a median treatment-free interval of 381 days, 12 @entity1 underwent additional revascularization because of clinical progression of disease. CONCLUSION: MDCT angiographic findings lead to accurate recommendations for the management of @entity63 . Thus CT angiography seems to be an important technique for the management of stage IV peripheral @entity432 in @entity1 without absolute contraindications to CT angiography.

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b-amyloid42 induces desensitization of XXXX via @entity435 peptide receptor in neural stem/progenitor cells.

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The deposition of b-amyloid (Ab) plaques and progressive loss of neurons are two main characteristics of @entity195 ( @entity195 ). Supplement of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) is a promising strategy for repair of the @entity179 . However, hostile microenvironment of neurodegenerative brain is harmful for the neuroregeneration. Ab(42) promoted the proliferation of NSPCs. Moreover, Ab(42) (10-1000 nM) promoted the migration of NSPCs in a dose-dependent manner. The attraction of NSPCs toward Ab(42) was significantly offset by 10 M @entity434 , a potent and selective @entity435 peptide receptor antagonist. After incubation with Ab(42) for 9 d, the migration ability of NSPCs was significantly decreased (p<0.05). The expression of @entity435 peptide receptor (FPR) and @entity436 ( @entity436 ) were significantly decreased in NSPCs. The expression of @entity437 ( @entity437 ) was up-regulated on the membrane of NSPCs correspondingly. Our results suggested that Ab(42) decreases the migratory capacity of NSPCs by FPR heterologous desensitization after long time incubation, and @entity437 in NSPCs may be responsible for the damaged migratory capacity.

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b-amyloid42 induces desensitization of @entity436 via XXXX peptide receptor in neural stem/progenitor cells.

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The deposition of b-amyloid (Ab) plaques and progressive loss of neurons are two main characteristics of @entity195 ( @entity195 ). Supplement of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) is a promising strategy for repair of the @entity179 . However, hostile microenvironment of neurodegenerative brain is harmful for the neuroregeneration. Ab(42) promoted the proliferation of NSPCs. Moreover, Ab(42) (10-1000 nM) promoted the migration of NSPCs in a dose-dependent manner. The attraction of NSPCs toward Ab(42) was significantly offset by 10 M @entity434 , a potent and selective @entity435 peptide receptor antagonist. After incubation with Ab(42) for 9 d, the migration ability of NSPCs was significantly decreased (p<0.05). The expression of @entity435 peptide receptor (FPR) and @entity436 ( @entity436 ) were significantly decreased in NSPCs. The expression of @entity437 ( @entity437 ) was up-regulated on the membrane of NSPCs correspondingly. Our results suggested that Ab(42) decreases the migratory capacity of NSPCs by FPR heterologous desensitization after long time incubation, and @entity437 in NSPCs may be responsible for the damaged migratory capacity.

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Survival following laparoscopic versus open resection for XXXX .

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BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the overall and disease specific survivals of @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic and open resection of @entity14 in a high volume tertiary center. METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 who underwent elective resection for @entity14 (open resection, n = 1,197; laparoscopic resection, n = 814) from January 2000 to December 2009 were included. The operative details, @entity260 , postoperative outcomes, and survival data were collected prospectively. Comparison was made between @entity1 who had laparoscopic and open surgery. RESULTS: The age, gender, medical morbidity, and American Society of Anesthesiologists status were similar in the two groups. Laparoscopic resection was associated with significantly less @entity190 and a shorter hospital stay. The operating mortality and morbidity were significantly lower in the laparoscopic group. The qualities of the specimens in terms of the distal resection margin and the number of lymph nodes examined were not inferior in the laparoscopic group. With the median follow-up of 40.3 months, the 5-year overall survival (74.1% vs. 65.5%, p < 0.001) and disease specific survival (81.9% vs. 75.2%, p = 0.002) were significantly better in @entity1 with non-disseminated disease in the laparoscopic group. The operative approach was an independent prognostic factor in the overall (risk ratio 1.36, 95% CI 1.093-1.700, p = 0.006) and disease specific (risk ratio 1.32, 95% CI 1.005-1.738, p = 0.048) survivals in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic resection for @entity14 is associated with more favorable overall and disease specific survivals when compared with open resection in a high volume tertiary center.

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The Role of 3 Tesla MRA in the Detection of XXXX .

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@entity438 constitute a common pathological entity, affecting approximately 1-8% of the general population. Their early detection is essential for their prompt treatment. Digital subtraction angiography is considered the imaging method of choice. However, other noninvasive methodologies such as CTA and MRA have been employed in the investigation of @entity1 with suspected @entity439 . MRA is a noninvasive angiographic modality requiring no radiation exposure. However, its sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy were initially inadequate. Several MRA techniques have been developed for overcoming all these drawbacks and for improving its sensitivity. 3D TOF MRA and contrast-enhanced MRA are the most commonly employed techniques. The introduction of 3 T magnetic field further increased MRA's sensitivity, allowing detection of @entity439 smaller than 3 mm. The development of newer MRA techniques may provide valuable information regarding the flow characteristics of an @entity439 . Meticulous knowledge of MRA's limitations and pitfalls is of paramount importance for avoiding any erroneous interpretation of its findings.

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Comparison of 64-row and 16-row multidetector CT in the perfusion CT evaluation of acute XXXX @entity1 receiving intravenous thrombolytic therapy.

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INTRODUCTION: Perfusion computed tomography (PCT) is increasingly performed in multimodal CT evaluation of acute @entity385 . We compared the technical quality of perfusion studies performed with a 16-row and a 64-row scanner and analyzed the differences between the scanners in their ability to detect perfusion defects. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the clinical and imaging data of 140 consecutive acute (<3 h) @entity64 @entity1 who underwent multimodal CT evaluation and received intravenous rtPA. Alberta @entity64 Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) was assigned to PCT maps. Clinical and imaging parameters were compared between the two scanners. RESULTS: There were more motion artifacts in the 16-row studies (p = 0.04), and the analysis software was able to completely correct significantly fewer of these (p < 0.001). Both ASPECTS levels were optimally covered in only 29% of the 16-row studies, whereas in the 64-row studies, both levels were invariably optimally visualized (p < 0.001). This significantly decreased the sensitivity of the 16-row scanner to detect perfusion defects in the upper ASPECTS level (p = 0.02). The 64-row scanner was able to detect more perfusion defects that were located entirely outside the ASPECTS regions (p = 0.03). There was no significant difference in the 3-month functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The 16-row scanner suffered from limited anatomic coverage that decreased the sensitivity to detect perfusion defects in the cranial parts of the middle cerebral artery region. The 16-row studies had poorer technical quality that was in part attributable to higher sampling frequency and smaller slice thickness making the imaging more sensitive to small-scale movement of the @entity1 .

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Comparison of 64-row and 16-row multidetector CT in the perfusion CT evaluation of acute @entity385 XXXX receiving intravenous thrombolytic therapy.

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INTRODUCTION: Perfusion computed tomography (PCT) is increasingly performed in multimodal CT evaluation of acute @entity385 . We compared the technical quality of perfusion studies performed with a 16-row and a 64-row scanner and analyzed the differences between the scanners in their ability to detect perfusion defects. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the clinical and imaging data of 140 consecutive acute (<3 h) @entity64 @entity1 who underwent multimodal CT evaluation and received intravenous rtPA. Alberta @entity64 Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) was assigned to PCT maps. Clinical and imaging parameters were compared between the two scanners. RESULTS: There were more motion artifacts in the 16-row studies (p = 0.04), and the analysis software was able to completely correct significantly fewer of these (p < 0.001). Both ASPECTS levels were optimally covered in only 29% of the 16-row studies, whereas in the 64-row studies, both levels were invariably optimally visualized (p < 0.001). This significantly decreased the sensitivity of the 16-row scanner to detect perfusion defects in the upper ASPECTS level (p = 0.02). The 64-row scanner was able to detect more perfusion defects that were located entirely outside the ASPECTS regions (p = 0.03). There was no significant difference in the 3-month functional outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The 16-row scanner suffered from limited anatomic coverage that decreased the sensitivity to detect perfusion defects in the cranial parts of the middle cerebral artery region. The 16-row studies had poorer technical quality that was in part attributable to higher sampling frequency and smaller slice thickness making the imaging more sensitive to small-scale movement of the @entity1 .

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Pulmonary nodules: volume repeatability at multidetector CT XXXX screening.

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PURPOSE: To assess in vivo volumetric repeatability of an automated software algorithm in pulmonary nodules detected during a @entity2 screening trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved by an institutional review board. Written informed consent was obtained from all @entity1 . Data were collected from the Multicentric Italian Lung Detection project, a randomized controlled @entity2 screening trial. The first 1236 consecutive baseline computed tomographic (CT) studies performed at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan were evaluated. Among the enrolled @entity1 , those who underwent repeat low-dose CT after 3 months and had at least one indeterminate nodule with a volume of more than 60 mm(3) (diameter of 4.8 mm or greater) were considered. Nonsolid, part-solid, and pleural-based nodules were excluded from this study. A descriptive analysis was performed by calculating means and standard deviations of nodule volumes at three assessment times (at baseline and 3 and 12 months later). The volume measurement repeatability was determined by using the approach described by Bland and Altman. RESULTS: One hundred one subjects (70 @entity1 , 31 @entity1 ; mean age, 58 years) with 233 eligible nodules (mean volume, 98.3 mm(3); range, 5-869 mm(3)) were identified. The 95% confidence interval for difference in measured volumes was in the range of +/-27%. About 70% of measurements had a relative difference in nodule volume of less than 10%. No malignant lesions were registered during the follow-up of these subjects. CONCLUSION: Semiautomatic volumetry is sufficiently accurate and repeatable and may be useful in assisting with lung nodule management in a @entity2 screening program.

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Gender difference in the neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone axis by selective XXXX receptor modulators.

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CONTEXT: In @entity1 , GH secretion is stimulated by @entity53 derived locally from aromatization of @entity251 . Recently, we showed that local @entity172 also plays a major role in the central regulation of GH secretion in @entity1 . @entity440 and @entity441 are selective @entity172 receptor modulators (SERMs), drugs that block central @entity172 action but exert @entity172 -like effects in the liver, inhibiting hepatic @entity442 production. The relative impact of SERMs on the GH- @entity442 axis in @entity1 and @entity1 has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine whether there is a gender difference in the impact of SERMs on the GH- @entity442 axis. DESIGN: We conducted a comparative, randomized, open-label, crossover study of @entity440 and @entity441 . @entity1 AND INTERVENTION: Ten healthy postmenopausal @entity1 and ten healthy @entity1 were randomized to 2-wk sequential treatment with @entity440 (10 and 20 mg/d) and @entity441 (60 and 120 mg/d) with a washout of 2 wk between treatments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The GH response to @entity369 , @entity442 , @entity251 , and @entity443 was measured. RESULTS: In @entity1 , but not in @entity1 , @entity440 significantly attenuated the GH response to @entity369 . The GH response was not significantly blunted by @entity441 in both sexes. Both SERMs significantly reduced mean @entity442 levels to a similar degree in @entity1 and @entity1 . In @entity1 , both SERMs significantly increased LH and @entity251 levels. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, GH secretion was blunted by @entity440 in @entity1 in the face of reduced @entity442 feedback inhibition but not in @entity1 in whom the @entity444 was stimulated. We conclude that potential blunting of GH secretion in @entity1 by SERMs was counteracted by concomitant central stimulation of GH secretion by @entity251 . In therapeutic doses, @entity440 may induce detrimental metabolic effects in @entity1 , but not @entity1 .

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Vascular tissue reaction to acute malapposition in XXXX coronary arteries: sequential assessment with optical coherence tomography.

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BACKGROUND: The vascular tissue reaction to acute incomplete stent apposition (ISA) is not well known. The aim of this study was to characterize the vascular response to acute ISA in vivo and to look for predictors of @entity445 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Optical coherence tomography studies of 66 stents of different designs, implanted in 43 @entity1 enrolled in 3 randomized trials, were analyzed sequentially after implantation and at 6 to 13 months. Seventy-eight segments with acute ISA were identified in 36 of the @entity1 and matched with the follow-up study by use of fiduciary landmarks. The morphological pattern of @entity446 in the ISA segments was categorized as homogeneous, layered, crenellated, bridged, partially bridged, or bare, depending on the persistence of ISA and on the coverage. After 6 months, acute ISA volume decreased significantly, and 71.5% of the ISA segments were completely integrated into the vessel wall. Segments with acute ISA had higher risk of delayed coverage than well-apposed segments (relative risk 2.37, 95% confidence interval 2.01-2.78). Acute ISA size (estimated as ISA volume or maximum ISA distance per strut) was an independent predictor of ISA persistence and of delayed @entity446 at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Neointimal @entity446 tends to reduce ISA, with the malapposed stent struts often integrated completely into the vessel wall, resulting in characteristic morphological patterns. Coverage of ISA segments is delayed with respect to well-apposed segments. The larger the acute ISA, the greater the likelihood of persistent malapposition at follow-up and delayed @entity446 .

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Learning intravenous infusion in XXXX : experience from the Netherlands.

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Nowadays, nearly all severe @entity447 @entity1 in the Netherlands practice self infusion at home. Learning intravenous administration of clotting factor requires time and effort. In order to inform @entity1 about the burden and time-investment needed to learn intravenous infusion, we performed a two-centre retrospective study. All data on the learning processes, involving @entity447 @entity1 born between 1980 and 2010 treated in Utrecht or Amsterdam, were extracted from @entity1 files. A total of 154 @entity1 and their parents were analysed (168 learning processes). Almost all @entity1 had severe @entity447 and started prophylaxis at a median age of 2.7 years. 152/154 @entity1 successfully learned intravenous infusion, including nine @entity1 who temporally stopped and succeeded later. Overall, parents or @entity1 needed a median of eight visits (IQR 4.3-14) in a median of 7 weeks (IQR 4-14.8) to learn home treatment. Parents who began to infuse by CVAD started at a median age of 1.9 years and succeeded within a median of 12 visits during 7.5 weeks. Parents who learned to perform intravenous infusion started at a median age of 4 years and needed 11 visits during 9 weeks. In 77% of cases, the mother was the first who started learning to infuse the @entity1 . @entity1 started with self infusion at a median age of 12.9 years, requiring a median of five visits in 12 weeks. The majority of @entity1 and parents were able to learn intravenous infusion, with 50% of all parents and @entity1 succeeding within eight visits during 7 weeks.

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Caregiver recognition of childhood XXXX , care seeking behaviors and home treatment practices in rural Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional survey.

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INTRODUCTION: To design effective national @entity294 control programs, including oral rehydration solution (ORS) and therapeutic @entity219 supplementation, information is needed on local perceptions of illness, external care seeking behaviors, and home treatment practices. METHODS: A cross-sectional, community-based household survey was conducted in the Orodara Health District, Burkina Faso. Caregivers of 10,490 @entity1 <27 months were interviewed to assess @entity1 @entity294 prevalence and related care practices. Characteristics of households, caregivers, @entity1 , and reported illnesses were compared for those caregivers who did or did not recognize the presence of @entity294 , as defined according to clinical criteria (>= 3 liquid or semi-liquid stools/day). Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with illness recognition and treatment. RESULTS: Clinically defined @entity294 was present in 7.6% (95% CI: 7.1-8.1%) of @entity1 during the 24 hours preceding the survey but recognized by only 55% of caregivers. Over half (55%) of the caregivers of 1,067 @entity1 with a clinically defined @entity294 episode in the past 14 days sought care outside the home; 78% of those seeking care attended a public sector clinic. Care was sought and treatment provided more frequently for @entity1 with @entity221 , @entity391 , @entity448 , @entity221 , and those living closer to the health center; and care was sought more frequently for male @entity1 . 80% of @entity1 with recent @entity294 received some form of treatment; only 24% received ORS, whereas 14% received antibiotics. @entity219 was not yet available in the study area. CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers frequently fail to recognize @entity1 's @entity294 , especially among younger @entity1 and when illness signs are less severe. Treatment practices do not correspond with international recommendations in most cases, even when caregivers consult with formal health services. @entity1 caregivers need additional assistance to recognize @entity294 correctly, and both caregivers and health care providers need updated training on current @entity294 treatment recommendations.

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Partial debranching hybrid stent graft for distal aortic arch XXXX .

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the early outcomes of treating distal aortic arch @entity439 (DAAAs) with a partial debranching hybrid stent graft, and to analyze the morphology of distances among the supra-aortic branches. METHODS: We used this stent graft to treat DAAA in 12 @entity1 , by debranching the left common carotid artery (LCCA) and the left subclavian artery (LSA). With computed tomography (CT) data on the collective total 28 thoracic @entity449 , the distances from the LSA to the LCCA and those from the LSA to the brachiocephalic artery (BA) were measured using multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and @entity450 ( @entity450 ) methods. RESULTS: All procedures were done in two stages and all stent grafts were deployed in zone-1. The devices used were the TALENT in seven @entity1 and the TAG in five @entity1 . There were no operative @entity204 , @entity451 , or type-1 or -3 endoleaks. One @entity1 suffered minor @entity385 . The distance from the LSA to the BA was longer than that from the LSA to the LCCA by 10 mm in the @entity450 method and by 13 mm in the MPR method. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to achieve a longer proximal landing zone by debranching two supra-aortic branches, the LCCA and the LSA. The partial debranching hybrid stent graft was less invasive and more effective for DAAAs.

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The diagnostic and prognostic value of tissue Doppler imaging during @entity452 stress echocardiography in XXXX .

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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a quantitative measurement of peak systolic velocity (PSV) during @entity452 stress echocardiography (DSE) detects severe @entity453 ( @entity453 ) and predicts mortality in @entity1 with @entity454 . METHODS: One hundred and forty renal transplant candidates had DSE and coronary angiography. DSE analysis was performed using conventional visual wall motion assessment, longitudinal PSV, and combining the two modalities. Failure of PSV to rise by more than 50% predicted an @entity63 response. Significant @entity453 was defined as luminal stenosis greater than 70%. RESULTS: The number of positive DSE studies according to conventional, PSV, and combined criteria was 41 (30%), 42 (31%), and 46 (34%) respectively. Forty @entity1 (29%) had significant @entity453 at angiography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for conventional DSE analysis were 84, 91, 86, and 90% respectively. The same values for PSV analysis were 86, 92, 86, and 91%, respectively. The same values for the combination of visual and PSV analysis were 88, 94, 87, and 92% respectively. The differences between the three methods were not statistically significant. Sensitivity for single-vessel @entity453 (P=0.05) and circumflex @entity455 (P=0.05) diagnosis was higher with PSV compared with conventional DSE analysis. Failure of PSV to rise by more than 50% during DSE was associated with significantly increased mortality (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: A quantitative interpretation of DSE, based on the percentage rise of PSV during stress, accurately detects @entity453 and predicts prognosis in @entity454 .

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The diagnostic and prognostic value of tissue Doppler imaging during XXXX stress echocardiography in @entity454 .

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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a quantitative measurement of peak systolic velocity (PSV) during @entity452 stress echocardiography (DSE) detects severe @entity453 ( @entity453 ) and predicts mortality in @entity1 with @entity454 . METHODS: One hundred and forty renal transplant candidates had DSE and coronary angiography. DSE analysis was performed using conventional visual wall motion assessment, longitudinal PSV, and combining the two modalities. Failure of PSV to rise by more than 50% predicted an @entity63 response. Significant @entity453 was defined as luminal stenosis greater than 70%. RESULTS: The number of positive DSE studies according to conventional, PSV, and combined criteria was 41 (30%), 42 (31%), and 46 (34%) respectively. Forty @entity1 (29%) had significant @entity453 at angiography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for conventional DSE analysis were 84, 91, 86, and 90% respectively. The same values for PSV analysis were 86, 92, 86, and 91%, respectively. The same values for the combination of visual and PSV analysis were 88, 94, 87, and 92% respectively. The differences between the three methods were not statistically significant. Sensitivity for single-vessel @entity453 (P=0.05) and circumflex @entity455 (P=0.05) diagnosis was higher with PSV compared with conventional DSE analysis. Failure of PSV to rise by more than 50% during DSE was associated with significantly increased mortality (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: A quantitative interpretation of DSE, based on the percentage rise of PSV during stress, accurately detects @entity453 and predicts prognosis in @entity454 .

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Positive pre-resection pleural lavage cytology is associated with increased risk of XXXX recurrence in @entity1 undergoing surgical resection: a meta-analysis of 4450 @entity1 .

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INTRODUCTION: The value of pleural lavage cytology (PLC) in assessing the prognosis of early stage @entity2 is still controversial. No systematic review has investigated the relationship between PLC and @entity2 recurrence. Our primary goal was to investigate the association between positive pre-resection PLC and @entity5 recurrence in @entity1 undergoing surgical resection. METHODS: Medline, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases were searched up to 2011. All studies reporting relevant outcomes in both @entity1 groups were included. Data were extracted for the following outcomes of interest: overall, local and distant recurrence; and freedom from death (survival-overall and @entity1 with stage I disease only). Random effects meta-analysis was used to aggregate the data. Sensitivity and heterogeneity analysis were performed. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of eight studies at maximum follow-up demonstrated a significant association between positive pre-resection PLC and increased risk of post-resection overall recurrence (OR 4.82, 95% CI 2.45 to 9.51), @entity456 (OR 9.89, 95% CI 5.95 to 16.44) and distant @entity5 recurrence (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.57 to 6.46). Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 17 studies suggested that positive pre-resection PLC was also associated with unfavourable survival (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.71 to 2.52). These findings were supported by sensitivity analysis. DISCUSSION: Positive pre-resection PLC is associated with higher overall, distant and local @entity5 recurrence and unfavourable @entity1 survival outcomes. This technique may therefore act as a predictor of @entity5 recurrence and adverse survival. Furthermore, its role in including adjuvant chemotherapy to the management protocol should be investigated within randomised controlled trials.

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Positive pre-resection pleural lavage cytology is associated with increased risk of @entity2 recurrence in XXXX undergoing surgical resection: a meta-analysis of 4450 @entity1 .

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INTRODUCTION: The value of pleural lavage cytology (PLC) in assessing the prognosis of early stage @entity2 is still controversial. No systematic review has investigated the relationship between PLC and @entity2 recurrence. Our primary goal was to investigate the association between positive pre-resection PLC and @entity5 recurrence in @entity1 undergoing surgical resection. METHODS: Medline, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases were searched up to 2011. All studies reporting relevant outcomes in both @entity1 groups were included. Data were extracted for the following outcomes of interest: overall, local and distant recurrence; and freedom from death (survival-overall and @entity1 with stage I disease only). Random effects meta-analysis was used to aggregate the data. Sensitivity and heterogeneity analysis were performed. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of eight studies at maximum follow-up demonstrated a significant association between positive pre-resection PLC and increased risk of post-resection overall recurrence (OR 4.82, 95% CI 2.45 to 9.51), @entity456 (OR 9.89, 95% CI 5.95 to 16.44) and distant @entity5 recurrence (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.57 to 6.46). Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 17 studies suggested that positive pre-resection PLC was also associated with unfavourable survival (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.71 to 2.52). These findings were supported by sensitivity analysis. DISCUSSION: Positive pre-resection PLC is associated with higher overall, distant and local @entity5 recurrence and unfavourable @entity1 survival outcomes. This technique may therefore act as a predictor of @entity5 recurrence and adverse survival. Furthermore, its role in including adjuvant chemotherapy to the management protocol should be investigated within randomised controlled trials.

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Positive pre-resection pleural lavage cytology is associated with increased risk of @entity2 recurrence in @entity1 undergoing surgical resection: a meta-analysis of 4450 XXXX .

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INTRODUCTION: The value of pleural lavage cytology (PLC) in assessing the prognosis of early stage @entity2 is still controversial. No systematic review has investigated the relationship between PLC and @entity2 recurrence. Our primary goal was to investigate the association between positive pre-resection PLC and @entity5 recurrence in @entity1 undergoing surgical resection. METHODS: Medline, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases were searched up to 2011. All studies reporting relevant outcomes in both @entity1 groups were included. Data were extracted for the following outcomes of interest: overall, local and distant recurrence; and freedom from death (survival-overall and @entity1 with stage I disease only). Random effects meta-analysis was used to aggregate the data. Sensitivity and heterogeneity analysis were performed. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of eight studies at maximum follow-up demonstrated a significant association between positive pre-resection PLC and increased risk of post-resection overall recurrence (OR 4.82, 95% CI 2.45 to 9.51), @entity456 (OR 9.89, 95% CI 5.95 to 16.44) and distant @entity5 recurrence (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.57 to 6.46). Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 17 studies suggested that positive pre-resection PLC was also associated with unfavourable survival (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.71 to 2.52). These findings were supported by sensitivity analysis. DISCUSSION: Positive pre-resection PLC is associated with higher overall, distant and local @entity5 recurrence and unfavourable @entity1 survival outcomes. This technique may therefore act as a predictor of @entity5 recurrence and adverse survival. Furthermore, its role in including adjuvant chemotherapy to the management protocol should be investigated within randomised controlled trials.

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Clustering of substance use and XXXX in adolescence: analysis of two cohort studies.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to examine whether changes in health risk behaviour rates alter the relationships between behaviours during adolescence, by comparing clustering of risk behaviours at different time points. DESIGN: Comparison of two cohort studies, the Twenty-07 Study ('earlier cohort', surveyed in 1987 and 1990) and the 11-16/16+ Study ('later cohort', surveyed 1999 and 2003). SETTING: Central Clydeside Conurbation around Glasgow City. @entity1 : Young @entity1 who participated in the Twenty-07 and 11-16/16+ studies at ages 15 and 18-19. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES MEASURES: The authors analysed data on risk behaviours in both early adolescence (started smoking prior to age 14, monthly @entity457 and ever used illicit drugs at age 15 and sexual intercourse prior to age 16) and late adolescence (age 18-19, current smoking, excessive @entity457 , ever used illicit drugs and multiple sexual partners) by gender and social class. RESULTS: Drinking, illicit drug use and risky sexual behaviour (but not smoking) increased between the earlier and later cohort, especially among @entity1 . The authors found strong associations between substance use and @entity458 during early and late adolescence, with few differences between cohorts, or by gender or social class. Adjusted ORs for associations between each substance and @entity458 were around 2.00. The only significant between-cohort difference was a stronger association between female early adolescent smoking and early sexual initiation in the later cohort. Also, relationships between illicit drug use and both early sexual initiation and multiple sexual partners in late adolescence were significantly stronger among @entity1 than @entity1 in the later cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Despite changes in rates, relationships between adolescent risk behaviours remain strong, irrespective of gender and social class. This indicates a need for improved risk behaviour prevention in young @entity1 , perhaps through a holistic approach, that addresses the broad shared determinants of various risk behaviours.

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Surgical management of normocalcemic XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity459 ( @entity459 ), typically defined as elevated serum @entity460 levels associated with inappropriately elevated @entity461 ( @entity461 ) levels, can occur also in @entity1 with normal serum @entity460 levels. This study investigated the characteristics, workup, and surgical management of @entity1 with normocalcemic @entity459 . METHODS: A retrospective chart review of a prospectively collected, single-institution parathyroid database was performed on @entity1 with sporadic @entity459 who underwent parathyroidectomy between 12/99 and 12/08. RESULTS: In all, 93 of 771 (12%) @entity459 @entity1 had normal serum @entity460 levels 3 months prior to surgery. Ionized @entity460 (iCa) levels were available for 58 @entity1 and were elevated in 50 (86%). Among those with elevated iCa levels 90% had @entity66 ( @entity66 ), whereas 63% with normal iCa levels had @entity66 (p = 0.07). Preoperative imaging identified @entity66 in 60% of @entity1 with normal iCa and in 66% with elevated iCa levels. Intraoperative @entity461 (IOPTH) monitoring identified cure in 51 of 58 (88%) @entity1 including 6 (75%) with normal iCa. At a median follow-up of 358 days, postoperative @entity460 and @entity461 levels were similar in the groups. One (1%) @entity1 had recurrent disease. CONCLUSIONS: Most @entity1 with apparent normocalcemic @entity459 have elevated ionized @entity460 levels. For @entity1 with normocalcemic @entity459 , we recommend measuring iCa levels preoperatively, performing localization studies, and utilizing IOPTH monitoring to guide a successful operation.

546

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The regulation of @entity462 cathepsins and XXXX in @entity1 @entity11 .

multiple_choice

@entity462 cathepsins play an important role in shaping the highly infiltrative growth pattern of @entity1 @entity11 . We have previously demonstrated that the activity of @entity462 cathepsins is elevated in invasive @entity463 ( @entity463 ) cells in vitro, in part due to attenuation of their endogenous inhibitors, the @entity464 . To investigate this relationship in vivo, we established U87-MG xenografts in non-obese @entity6 (NOD)/severe @entity465 ( @entity466 )-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) @entity19 . Here, @entity5 growth correlated with an elevated enzymatic activity of @entity467 both in the @entity5 core and at the periphery, whereas @entity468 and CatL levels were higher at the xenograft edge compared to the core. Reversely, StefB expression was detected in the @entity5 core, but it was generally absent in the @entity5 periphery, suggesting that down-regulation of this inhibitor correlates with in vivo invasion. In @entity1 @entity463 samples, all cathepsins were elevated at the @entity5 periphery compared to brain parenchyma. @entity467 was also typically associated with angiogenic endothelia and @entity39 areas. StefB was mainly detected in the @entity5 core, whereas CysC and StefA were evenly distributed, reflecting the observations in the xenografts. However, at the mRNA level, no differences in cathepsins and @entity464 were observed between the @entity5 center and the periphery in both @entity1 biopsies and xenografts. Interestingly, in @entity1 @entity5 , cathepsin and stefin transcript levels correlated with @entity469 and @entity436 levels, but not with @entity470 ( @entity470 ). Moreover, we reveal for the first time that an elevated StefA mRNA level is a highly significant prognostic factor for @entity1 survival.

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The regulation of XXXX cathepsins and @entity464 in @entity1 @entity11 .

multiple_choice

@entity462 cathepsins play an important role in shaping the highly infiltrative growth pattern of @entity1 @entity11 . We have previously demonstrated that the activity of @entity462 cathepsins is elevated in invasive @entity463 ( @entity463 ) cells in vitro, in part due to attenuation of their endogenous inhibitors, the @entity464 . To investigate this relationship in vivo, we established U87-MG xenografts in non-obese @entity6 (NOD)/severe @entity465 ( @entity466 )-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) @entity19 . Here, @entity5 growth correlated with an elevated enzymatic activity of @entity467 both in the @entity5 core and at the periphery, whereas @entity468 and CatL levels were higher at the xenograft edge compared to the core. Reversely, StefB expression was detected in the @entity5 core, but it was generally absent in the @entity5 periphery, suggesting that down-regulation of this inhibitor correlates with in vivo invasion. In @entity1 @entity463 samples, all cathepsins were elevated at the @entity5 periphery compared to brain parenchyma. @entity467 was also typically associated with angiogenic endothelia and @entity39 areas. StefB was mainly detected in the @entity5 core, whereas CysC and StefA were evenly distributed, reflecting the observations in the xenografts. However, at the mRNA level, no differences in cathepsins and @entity464 were observed between the @entity5 center and the periphery in both @entity1 biopsies and xenografts. Interestingly, in @entity1 @entity5 , cathepsin and stefin transcript levels correlated with @entity469 and @entity436 levels, but not with @entity470 ( @entity470 ). Moreover, we reveal for the first time that an elevated StefA mRNA level is a highly significant prognostic factor for @entity1 survival.

552

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The regulation of @entity462 cathepsins and @entity464 in @entity1 XXXX .

multiple_choice

@entity462 cathepsins play an important role in shaping the highly infiltrative growth pattern of @entity1 @entity11 . We have previously demonstrated that the activity of @entity462 cathepsins is elevated in invasive @entity463 ( @entity463 ) cells in vitro, in part due to attenuation of their endogenous inhibitors, the @entity464 . To investigate this relationship in vivo, we established U87-MG xenografts in non-obese @entity6 (NOD)/severe @entity465 ( @entity466 )-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) @entity19 . Here, @entity5 growth correlated with an elevated enzymatic activity of @entity467 both in the @entity5 core and at the periphery, whereas @entity468 and CatL levels were higher at the xenograft edge compared to the core. Reversely, StefB expression was detected in the @entity5 core, but it was generally absent in the @entity5 periphery, suggesting that down-regulation of this inhibitor correlates with in vivo invasion. In @entity1 @entity463 samples, all cathepsins were elevated at the @entity5 periphery compared to brain parenchyma. @entity467 was also typically associated with angiogenic endothelia and @entity39 areas. StefB was mainly detected in the @entity5 core, whereas CysC and StefA were evenly distributed, reflecting the observations in the xenografts. However, at the mRNA level, no differences in cathepsins and @entity464 were observed between the @entity5 center and the periphery in both @entity1 biopsies and xenografts. Interestingly, in @entity1 @entity5 , cathepsin and stefin transcript levels correlated with @entity469 and @entity436 levels, but not with @entity470 ( @entity470 ). Moreover, we reveal for the first time that an elevated StefA mRNA level is a highly significant prognostic factor for @entity1 survival.

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The regulation of @entity462 cathepsins and @entity464 in XXXX @entity11 .

multiple_choice

@entity462 cathepsins play an important role in shaping the highly infiltrative growth pattern of @entity1 @entity11 . We have previously demonstrated that the activity of @entity462 cathepsins is elevated in invasive @entity463 ( @entity463 ) cells in vitro, in part due to attenuation of their endogenous inhibitors, the @entity464 . To investigate this relationship in vivo, we established U87-MG xenografts in non-obese @entity6 (NOD)/severe @entity465 ( @entity466 )-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) @entity19 . Here, @entity5 growth correlated with an elevated enzymatic activity of @entity467 both in the @entity5 core and at the periphery, whereas @entity468 and CatL levels were higher at the xenograft edge compared to the core. Reversely, StefB expression was detected in the @entity5 core, but it was generally absent in the @entity5 periphery, suggesting that down-regulation of this inhibitor correlates with in vivo invasion. In @entity1 @entity463 samples, all cathepsins were elevated at the @entity5 periphery compared to brain parenchyma. @entity467 was also typically associated with angiogenic endothelia and @entity39 areas. StefB was mainly detected in the @entity5 core, whereas CysC and StefA were evenly distributed, reflecting the observations in the xenografts. However, at the mRNA level, no differences in cathepsins and @entity464 were observed between the @entity5 center and the periphery in both @entity1 biopsies and xenografts. Interestingly, in @entity1 @entity5 , cathepsin and stefin transcript levels correlated with @entity469 and @entity436 levels, but not with @entity470 ( @entity470 ). Moreover, we reveal for the first time that an elevated StefA mRNA level is a highly significant prognostic factor for @entity1 survival.

558

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XXXX gene copy number spectra analysis in congenital heart malformations.

multiple_choice

The clinical significance of copy number variants (CNVs) in @entity299 ( @entity299 ) continues to be a challenge. Although CNVs including genes can confer disease risk, relationships between gene dosage and phenotype are still being defined. Our goal was to perform a quantitative analysis of CNVs involving 100 well-defined @entity299 risk genes identified through previously published @entity1 association studies in subjects with anatomically defined @entity299 . A novel analytical approach permitting @entity471 gene frequency "spectra" to be computed over prespecified regions to determine phenotype-gene dosage relationships was employed. CNVs in subjects with @entity299 (n = 945), subphenotyped into 40 groups and verified in accordance with the European Paediatric Cardiac Code, were compared with two control groups, a disease-free cohort (n = 2,026) and a population with @entity453 (n = 880). Gains (>= 200 kb) and losses (>= 100 kb) were determined over 100 @entity299 risk genes and compared using a Barnard exact test. Six subphenotypes showed significant enrichment (P <= 0.05), including @entity472 (valvar), @entity473 (partial), @entity474 with @entity215 , @entity475 , @entity215 , and truncus arteriosus. Furthermore, @entity471 gene frequency spectra were enriched (P <= 0.05) for losses at: FKBP6, ELN, GTF2IRD1, GATA4, CRKL, TBX1, ATRX, GPC3, BCOR, ZIC3, FLNA and MID1; and gains at: PRKAB2, FMO5, CHD1L, BCL9, ACP6, GJA5, HRAS, GATA6 and RUNX1. Of @entity299 subjects, 14% had causal chromosomal abnormalities, and 4.3% had likely causal (significantly enriched), large, rare CNVs. @entity471 frequency spectra combined with precision phenotyping may lead to increased molecular understanding of etiologic pathways.

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[A successfully resected case of XXXX with liver metastases treated with mFOLFOX6 and bevacizumab].

multiple_choice

A sixties- @entity1 had complained of @entity476 . Colonoscopy revealed type 2 @entity5 at rectum. Computed tomography (CT)demonstrated lymph node @entity3 in front of sacrum and two low density areas which were suspected metastases in the liver. The @entity1 was diagnosed stageIV @entity5 and resected primary focus and lymph node @entity3 .[ Ra-RS, ant, type 2, moderately differentiated @entity420 , ly1, v3, pSE, @entity477 , sH1(Grade C), sP0, pM1(No. 270)]without liver resection. It was due to high level of @entity478 and remote lymph node @entity3 . The @entity1 was treated with mFOLFOX6 and bevacizumab after the operation. The level of @entity478 decreased to normal level and CT revealed a partial response after 4 cycles of systemic chemotherapy. Liver resection was performed safely. Histological response was Grade 2 at liver metastases.

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Oral corticosteroid therapy in XXXX without polyposis: a systematic review.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Recognition of @entity32 in the pathophysiology of @entity102 ( @entity102 ) has caused corticosteroid therapy in @entity102 to gain favor. A systematic evaluation of oral @entity479 use in @entity102 without @entity480 (CRSsNP) has not been previously conducted. The objective of the study was to assess evidence on oral @entity479 therapy in CRSsNP, via a systematic literature review. METHODS: Ovid and PubMed databases were searched for studies on oral @entity479 therapy in CRSsNP. Manuscripts were reviewed and graded by evidence-based medicine (EBM) level. RESULTS: A total of 33 studies met inclusion criteria; 30 on @entity481 on @entity56 ( @entity56 ). CRSsNP studies did not include any @entity23 ( @entity23 ) or any clinical study employing systemic @entity288 alone. They included 20 reviews/expert opinions (Level 5) with differing recommendations, and 4 treatment guidelines (Level 4) with weak recommendations on use. Three studies, 2 retrospective (Level 4) and 1 prospective study (Level 3), used oral @entity230 in combination with antibiotics and nasal @entity230 . The multidrug regimen improved symptoms, radiologic findings, short-term relapses, nasal endoscopy, and cytokine pattern expression. An experimental study (Level 5) found oral @entity230 to reverse sinonasal tissue @entity32 . Two studies in animal models (Level 5) found no benefit of adding systemic @entity230 to antibiotics. Three clinical @entity56 studies, 1 @entity23 (Level 1) and 2 prospective (Level 3), found oral @entity230 to benefit postoperative recurrence, endoscopy or computed tomography (CT). CONCLUSION: No study has employed systemic @entity288 alone in treating CRSsNP. Evidence supporting oral @entity479 therapy in CRSsNP is mostly Level 4 or 5; there is lack of any @entity23 to support use.

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The Incidence of XXXX among American Indians and Alaska Natives.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of @entity482 ( @entity482 ) in the United States is largely unknown, despite the fact that the virus is directly communicable and large outbreaks occur. This study provides population-based estimates to describe the epidemiology of @entity482 in the United States among American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) @entity1 . This population was selected because of the comprehensiveness and quality of available data describing utilization of out- @entity1 services. PRINCIPAL @entity51 : Outpatient visits listing @entity482 as a diagnosis in the Indian Health Service National @entity1 Information Reporting System during 2001-2005 were analyzed to assess @entity1 characteristics, visit frequency and concurrent @entity272 . Outpatient visit rates and incidence rates were calculated based on known population denominators (retrospective cohort). Overall outpatient visit rates were also calculated for the general US population using national data. The average annual rate of @entity482 -associated outpatient visits was 20.15/10,000 AI/AN @entity1 for 2001-2005 (13,711 total visits), which was similar to the rate for the general US population (22.0/10,000 [95% CI: 16.9-27.1]). The incidence of @entity482 was 15.34/10,000. AI/AN @entity1 1-4 years old had the highest incidence (77.12), more than twice that for @entity1 5-14 years old (30.79); the incidence for @entity1 (<1 year) was higher than that for adults. AI/AN @entity1 living in the West region had the highest incidence, followed by those in the East and Alaska regions (26.96, 22.88 and 21.38, respectively). There were age-specific associations between @entity482 and concurrent @entity272 (e.g., @entity483 , @entity484 ). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the need for periodic population-based measurements to assess trends in incidence and healthcare utilization for @entity482 in the United States. High rates of @entity482 were found among AI/AN @entity1 , especially among @entity1 <15 years old. The AI/AN population would benefit from greater availability of effective strategies for prevention and treatment of @entity281 .

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Potential Hepatotoxicity of Efavirenz and @entity485 / XXXX Coadministration in Healthy Volunteers.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetic effects of coadministration of @entity485 / @entity486 with efavirenz at steady state. METHODS: Healthy volunteers in this open-label, two-arm, one-sequence, two-period crossover study (planned enrollment of 40 @entity1 ) were randomized to one of two treatment arms: those in @entity487 were scheduled to receive @entity485 / @entity486 1,000/100 mg orally twice daily for 29 days and @entity488 600 mg orally once daily starting on day 15 and continuing through day 29; @entity1 randomized to @entity489 were to receive efavirenz once daily for 29 days and @entity485 / @entity486 1,000/100 mg twice daily starting on day 15 through day 29. Assessments included vital signs, laboratory analyses, electrocardiography, and blood levels of total @entity485 , @entity486 , and efavirenz. Pharmacokinetic parameters included C(max) (maximum observed plasma concentration), t(max) (time to reach the maximum observed plasma concentration), (apparent elimination half-life), and AUC(0-tau) (area-under-the-plasma-concentration-time curve over one dosing interval). RESULTS: Eight @entity1 (four in each arm) were enrolled; only two (one from each treatment arm) reached day 15 of the study and received the concurrent initial doses of @entity485 / @entity486 and efavirenz. The study was terminated prematurely after these two @entity1 experienced nonserious adverse events. The @entity1 in @entity487 experienced mild abdominal discomfort, @entity294 , @entity25 , and @entity10 and the @entity1 in @entity489 experienced moderate-intensity @entity490 with @entity491 accompanied by elevated pancreatic and hepatic enzymes ( @entity492 aminotransferase and @entity493 aminotransferase values of 2-fold and 3.5-fold the upper limit of normal, respectively). Both @entity1 recovered completely following treatment discontinuation. Only limited pharmacokinetic data were generated on these two @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The early termination of this study precluded drawing any definitive conclusions regarding the pharmacokinetics at steady state of coadministered @entity485 / @entity486 and efavirenz.

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Potential Hepatotoxicity of Efavirenz and XXXX / @entity486 Coadministration in Healthy Volunteers.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetic effects of coadministration of @entity485 / @entity486 with efavirenz at steady state. METHODS: Healthy volunteers in this open-label, two-arm, one-sequence, two-period crossover study (planned enrollment of 40 @entity1 ) were randomized to one of two treatment arms: those in @entity487 were scheduled to receive @entity485 / @entity486 1,000/100 mg orally twice daily for 29 days and @entity488 600 mg orally once daily starting on day 15 and continuing through day 29; @entity1 randomized to @entity489 were to receive efavirenz once daily for 29 days and @entity485 / @entity486 1,000/100 mg twice daily starting on day 15 through day 29. Assessments included vital signs, laboratory analyses, electrocardiography, and blood levels of total @entity485 , @entity486 , and efavirenz. Pharmacokinetic parameters included C(max) (maximum observed plasma concentration), t(max) (time to reach the maximum observed plasma concentration), (apparent elimination half-life), and AUC(0-tau) (area-under-the-plasma-concentration-time curve over one dosing interval). RESULTS: Eight @entity1 (four in each arm) were enrolled; only two (one from each treatment arm) reached day 15 of the study and received the concurrent initial doses of @entity485 / @entity486 and efavirenz. The study was terminated prematurely after these two @entity1 experienced nonserious adverse events. The @entity1 in @entity487 experienced mild abdominal discomfort, @entity294 , @entity25 , and @entity10 and the @entity1 in @entity489 experienced moderate-intensity @entity490 with @entity491 accompanied by elevated pancreatic and hepatic enzymes ( @entity492 aminotransferase and @entity493 aminotransferase values of 2-fold and 3.5-fold the upper limit of normal, respectively). Both @entity1 recovered completely following treatment discontinuation. Only limited pharmacokinetic data were generated on these two @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The early termination of this study precluded drawing any definitive conclusions regarding the pharmacokinetics at steady state of coadministered @entity485 / @entity486 and efavirenz.

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578

miR-221/222 is the regulator of XXXX expression in @entity1 @entity463 cells.

multiple_choice

The @entity494 /222 cluster is significantly upregulated in @entity11 cells and regulates the expression of multiple genes associated with @entity11 cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis, which was shown in our previous studies. @entity495 has been identified as a @entity5 suppressor and major component for the establishment of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in glial cells, which is frequently reduced or deleted in high-grade @entity11 . According to bioinformatic analysis, @entity495 ( @entity495 ) may be one of the target genes of @entity494 /222. The aim of the present study was to validate @entity495 as a target gene of @entity494 /222 and to determine whether overexpression of @entity494 /222 is one of the molecular mechanisms for the reduced expression of @entity495 in @entity11 . We transfected @entity494 /222 antisense oligonucleotides (AS- @entity494 /222) into U251 @entity1 @entity463 cells using a @entity496 method. Northern blot analysis was conducted to detect the expression of the @entity494 /222 cluster. Luciferase reporter assays were exploited to confirm @entity495 as a target gene of @entity494 /222. @entity495 expression was assessed by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Scrape loading and dye transfer (SLDT) assays were used for examination of GJIC. Proliferation and invasion of U251 cells were evaluated by @entity98 and transwell assays, respectively. Cell cycle kinetics and apoptosis were determined with flow cytometry. We found that expression of the @entity494 /222 cluster was significantly reduced while @entity495 expression was upregulated in U251 cells transfected with AS- @entity494 /222, and the @entity497 in parental U251 cells was re-established. Moreover, the luciferase activity determined by the luciferase reporter assay was enhanced in AS- @entity494 /222-treated cells, and cell proliferation and invasion were suppressed while apoptosis was induced. We conclude that @entity494 /222 function as oncogenic microRNAs in @entity1 @entity11 , at least in part, by targeting @entity495 .

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miR-221/222 is the regulator of @entity495 expression in @entity1 XXXX cells.

multiple_choice

The @entity494 /222 cluster is significantly upregulated in @entity11 cells and regulates the expression of multiple genes associated with @entity11 cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis, which was shown in our previous studies. @entity495 has been identified as a @entity5 suppressor and major component for the establishment of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in glial cells, which is frequently reduced or deleted in high-grade @entity11 . According to bioinformatic analysis, @entity495 ( @entity495 ) may be one of the target genes of @entity494 /222. The aim of the present study was to validate @entity495 as a target gene of @entity494 /222 and to determine whether overexpression of @entity494 /222 is one of the molecular mechanisms for the reduced expression of @entity495 in @entity11 . We transfected @entity494 /222 antisense oligonucleotides (AS- @entity494 /222) into U251 @entity1 @entity463 cells using a @entity496 method. Northern blot analysis was conducted to detect the expression of the @entity494 /222 cluster. Luciferase reporter assays were exploited to confirm @entity495 as a target gene of @entity494 /222. @entity495 expression was assessed by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Scrape loading and dye transfer (SLDT) assays were used for examination of GJIC. Proliferation and invasion of U251 cells were evaluated by @entity98 and transwell assays, respectively. Cell cycle kinetics and apoptosis were determined with flow cytometry. We found that expression of the @entity494 /222 cluster was significantly reduced while @entity495 expression was upregulated in U251 cells transfected with AS- @entity494 /222, and the @entity497 in parental U251 cells was re-established. Moreover, the luciferase activity determined by the luciferase reporter assay was enhanced in AS- @entity494 /222-treated cells, and cell proliferation and invasion were suppressed while apoptosis was induced. We conclude that @entity494 /222 function as oncogenic microRNAs in @entity1 @entity11 , at least in part, by targeting @entity495 .

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miR-221/222 is the regulator of @entity495 expression in XXXX @entity463 cells.

multiple_choice

The @entity494 /222 cluster is significantly upregulated in @entity11 cells and regulates the expression of multiple genes associated with @entity11 cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis, which was shown in our previous studies. @entity495 has been identified as a @entity5 suppressor and major component for the establishment of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in glial cells, which is frequently reduced or deleted in high-grade @entity11 . According to bioinformatic analysis, @entity495 ( @entity495 ) may be one of the target genes of @entity494 /222. The aim of the present study was to validate @entity495 as a target gene of @entity494 /222 and to determine whether overexpression of @entity494 /222 is one of the molecular mechanisms for the reduced expression of @entity495 in @entity11 . We transfected @entity494 /222 antisense oligonucleotides (AS- @entity494 /222) into U251 @entity1 @entity463 cells using a @entity496 method. Northern blot analysis was conducted to detect the expression of the @entity494 /222 cluster. Luciferase reporter assays were exploited to confirm @entity495 as a target gene of @entity494 /222. @entity495 expression was assessed by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Scrape loading and dye transfer (SLDT) assays were used for examination of GJIC. Proliferation and invasion of U251 cells were evaluated by @entity98 and transwell assays, respectively. Cell cycle kinetics and apoptosis were determined with flow cytometry. We found that expression of the @entity494 /222 cluster was significantly reduced while @entity495 expression was upregulated in U251 cells transfected with AS- @entity494 /222, and the @entity497 in parental U251 cells was re-established. Moreover, the luciferase activity determined by the luciferase reporter assay was enhanced in AS- @entity494 /222-treated cells, and cell proliferation and invasion were suppressed while apoptosis was induced. We conclude that @entity494 /222 function as oncogenic microRNAs in @entity1 @entity11 , at least in part, by targeting @entity495 .

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Adaptive radiotherapy for soft tissue changes during XXXX for @entity135 .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: The goal of the present study was to assess the frequency and impact of replanning triggered solely by soft tissue changes observed on the daily setup mega-voltage CT (MVCT) in @entity135 ( @entity498 ) @entity499 ( @entity499 ). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 11 @entity1 underwent adaptive radiotherapy (ART) using MVCT. Preconditions were a soft tissue change > 0.5 cm and a tight mask. The dose volume histograms (DVHs) derived from the initial planning kVCT (inPlan), the recalculated DVHs of the fraction (fx) when replanning was decided (actSit) and the DVHs of the new plan (adaptPlan) were compared. Assessed were the following: maximum dose (Dmax), minimum dose (Dmin), and mean dose (Dmean) to the planning target volume ( @entity343 ) normalized to the prescribed dose; the Dmean/fx to the parotid glands (PG), oral cavity (OC), and larynx (Lx); and the Dmax/fx to the spinal cord (SC) in Gy/fx. RESULTS: No @entity1 had palpable soft tissue changes. The median weight loss at the moment of replanning was 2.3 kg. The median @entity343 Dmean was 100% for inPlan, 103% for actSit, and 100% for adaptPlan. The @entity343 was always covered by the prescribed dose. A statistically significant increase was noted for all organs at risk (OAR) in the actSit. The Dmean to the Lx, the Dmean to the OC and the Dmax to the SC were statistically better in the adaptPlan. No statistically significant improvement was achieved by ART for the PGs. No significant correlations between weight and @entity393 or between the volume changes of the organs to each other were observed, except a strong positive correlation of the shrinkage of the PGs ( = + 0.77, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Soft tissue shrinkage without clinical palpable changes will not affect the coverage of the @entity343 , but translates into a higher delivered dose to the @entity343 itself and the normal tissue outside the @entity343 . The gain by ART in individual @entity1 especially in @entity1 who receive doses close to the tolerance doses of the OAR could be substantial.

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Adaptive radiotherapy for soft tissue changes during @entity499 for XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: The goal of the present study was to assess the frequency and impact of replanning triggered solely by soft tissue changes observed on the daily setup mega-voltage CT (MVCT) in @entity135 ( @entity498 ) @entity499 ( @entity499 ). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 11 @entity1 underwent adaptive radiotherapy (ART) using MVCT. Preconditions were a soft tissue change > 0.5 cm and a tight mask. The dose volume histograms (DVHs) derived from the initial planning kVCT (inPlan), the recalculated DVHs of the fraction (fx) when replanning was decided (actSit) and the DVHs of the new plan (adaptPlan) were compared. Assessed were the following: maximum dose (Dmax), minimum dose (Dmin), and mean dose (Dmean) to the planning target volume ( @entity343 ) normalized to the prescribed dose; the Dmean/fx to the parotid glands (PG), oral cavity (OC), and larynx (Lx); and the Dmax/fx to the spinal cord (SC) in Gy/fx. RESULTS: No @entity1 had palpable soft tissue changes. The median weight loss at the moment of replanning was 2.3 kg. The median @entity343 Dmean was 100% for inPlan, 103% for actSit, and 100% for adaptPlan. The @entity343 was always covered by the prescribed dose. A statistically significant increase was noted for all organs at risk (OAR) in the actSit. The Dmean to the Lx, the Dmean to the OC and the Dmax to the SC were statistically better in the adaptPlan. No statistically significant improvement was achieved by ART for the PGs. No significant correlations between weight and @entity393 or between the volume changes of the organs to each other were observed, except a strong positive correlation of the shrinkage of the PGs ( = + 0.77, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Soft tissue shrinkage without clinical palpable changes will not affect the coverage of the @entity343 , but translates into a higher delivered dose to the @entity343 itself and the normal tissue outside the @entity343 . The gain by ART in individual @entity1 especially in @entity1 who receive doses close to the tolerance doses of the OAR could be substantial.

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[Perianal XXXX in @entity30 : treatment results at an interdisciplinary unit].

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Approximately one third of @entity1 with @entity30 develop perianal @entity292 . This study was conducted to determinate outcome predictors in @entity1 treated at a specialized multidisciplinary unit. @entity1 AND METHODS: Between May 2005 and May 2008, all @entity1 with perianal @entity30 were treated by the same surgeon and a gastroenterologist specialized in managing @entity1 with @entity30 . Deep @entity292 were treated by fistulotomy. For high @entity292 , a noncutting seton was placed followed by maintenance treatment with @entity500 and/or infliximab. "Optimal outcome" was recorded when (a) there was no need for diverting stoma, (b) complete healing was achieved by fistulotomy, or (c) @entity292 symptoms were under control, i.e. there was no need for treatment extension during follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty-four male and 32 female @entity1 underwent 100 surgical interventions. The most frequent types of @entity292 were high trans-sphincteric (62%) and high intersphincteric (15%). Eleven of the 32 females presented with rectovaginal fistulae. At the study end, complete healing was observed in 12 @entity1 and 32 had good control of @entity292 symptoms. Seven required proctectomy, @entity292 symptoms were not under control in 12, and three required diverting stoma. Altogether 44 @entity1 (67%) achieved optimal outcome. The following factors were predictors of nonoptimal outcome by multivariate analysis: presence of @entity30 (P=0.01), age at the onset of @entity30 <20 years (P=0.02), and types of @entity292 not suitable for fistulotomy (P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The multidisciplinary approach at specialized units will lead to successful outcome in >60% of @entity1 with @entity30 . The presence of @entity30 , young age at disease onset, and presence of high @entity292 are indicators of poor prognosis.

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[Perianal @entity292 in XXXX : treatment results at an interdisciplinary unit].

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BACKGROUND: Approximately one third of @entity1 with @entity30 develop perianal @entity292 . This study was conducted to determinate outcome predictors in @entity1 treated at a specialized multidisciplinary unit. @entity1 AND METHODS: Between May 2005 and May 2008, all @entity1 with perianal @entity30 were treated by the same surgeon and a gastroenterologist specialized in managing @entity1 with @entity30 . Deep @entity292 were treated by fistulotomy. For high @entity292 , a noncutting seton was placed followed by maintenance treatment with @entity500 and/or infliximab. "Optimal outcome" was recorded when (a) there was no need for diverting stoma, (b) complete healing was achieved by fistulotomy, or (c) @entity292 symptoms were under control, i.e. there was no need for treatment extension during follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty-four male and 32 female @entity1 underwent 100 surgical interventions. The most frequent types of @entity292 were high trans-sphincteric (62%) and high intersphincteric (15%). Eleven of the 32 females presented with rectovaginal fistulae. At the study end, complete healing was observed in 12 @entity1 and 32 had good control of @entity292 symptoms. Seven required proctectomy, @entity292 symptoms were not under control in 12, and three required diverting stoma. Altogether 44 @entity1 (67%) achieved optimal outcome. The following factors were predictors of nonoptimal outcome by multivariate analysis: presence of @entity30 (P=0.01), age at the onset of @entity30 <20 years (P=0.02), and types of @entity292 not suitable for fistulotomy (P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The multidisciplinary approach at specialized units will lead to successful outcome in >60% of @entity1 with @entity30 . The presence of @entity30 , young age at disease onset, and presence of high @entity292 are indicators of poor prognosis.

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Effects of the antimalarial drugs @entity502 and @entity506 on XXXX yoelii gametocytegenesis and vectorial transmission.

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Chemistry still has a role in the management of @entity311 , alongside the mosquito netting soaked in insecticide that is used increasingly, as we continue to await the long anticipated vaccine. During its cycle, the hematozoon parasite develops through three major periods. The first, @entity281 , corresponds to the intrahepatic development of infective forms from the mosquito vector; this period is not sensitive to treatment and is often asymptomatic. The period of erythrocytic schizogony is the most urgent, and treatment activity is primordial. Finally, the phase of sexual reproduction, when gametocytes develop within the erythrocytes ensures the perpetuation of the species when these reach the blood-feeding female anopheles mosquitoes. The aim of our work was to study the effect on gametocytes of drugs known to be effective on the asexual blood forms of the protozoan and thus the potential repercussions on @entity311 transmission. This experimental study was conducted with an animal model whose parasite cycle and modes of transmission are close to those of @entity1 @entity311 : @entity501 , maintained on Swiss @entity19 , with the Anopheles stephensi vector (maintained in an animal facility at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris). Two drugs were tested: @entity502 (a @entity503 derivative with a @entity504 molecule at the lateral @entity505 chain that restores its efficacy against @entity503 -resistant strains) and @entity506 (a derivative of @entity507 , from ginghao, a Chinese plant also known as artemisia annua, or sweet wormwood), a treatment of choice in the combined therapies recommended by WHO. The efficacy of these drugs, prescribed at doses subcurative for the asexual forms, were tested against gametocyte production, quantitatively by counting them in the blood and qualitatively by counting the quantity of oocysts developed on the mosquito's midgut, which are indicators of gametocyte activity. The @entity19 that were parasite-infected and then treated served as their own controls: lots of 30 mosquitoes fed on each @entity19 before treatment and then 90 minutes and 5 hours after treatment. Quantitatively, the comparison of the blood parasite level and the gametocyte index shows that treated @entity19 had a higher level of circulating gametocytes than untreated parasite infested @entity19 , regardless of drug or dose (5 or 10 mg/kg). For @entity506 at 5 mg/kg, we noted that the blood gametocyte level was almost double that of the controls. On the other hand, qualitatively, the first results obtained with optical and electronic microscopy showed morphologic alterations of the circulating gametocytes (pigment clumping and lateralisation within red blood cells) and reduced infectivity of the gametocytes for the mosquitoes that fed at 1 and 5 hours after treatment. We were able to demonstrate statistically that the infectivity of gametocytes, measured by the quantity of oocysts counted in the mosquito midgut, was reduced by 70% for those treated with @entity502 and by 85% for those from @entity19 treated by @entity506 . Complementary studies will seek to specify the populations (age) of gametocytes damaged by treatment and the importance and nature of their morphologic alterations.