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BigScience Biomedical Datasets 125

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Effects of the antimalarial drugs XXXX and @entity506 on @entity501 yoelii gametocytegenesis and vectorial transmission.

multiple_choice

Chemistry still has a role in the management of @entity311 , alongside the mosquito netting soaked in insecticide that is used increasingly, as we continue to await the long anticipated vaccine. During its cycle, the hematozoon parasite develops through three major periods. The first, @entity281 , corresponds to the intrahepatic development of infective forms from the mosquito vector; this period is not sensitive to treatment and is often asymptomatic. The period of erythrocytic schizogony is the most urgent, and treatment activity is primordial. Finally, the phase of sexual reproduction, when gametocytes develop within the erythrocytes ensures the perpetuation of the species when these reach the blood-feeding female anopheles mosquitoes. The aim of our work was to study the effect on gametocytes of drugs known to be effective on the asexual blood forms of the protozoan and thus the potential repercussions on @entity311 transmission. This experimental study was conducted with an animal model whose parasite cycle and modes of transmission are close to those of @entity1 @entity311 : @entity501 , maintained on Swiss @entity19 , with the Anopheles stephensi vector (maintained in an animal facility at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris). Two drugs were tested: @entity502 (a @entity503 derivative with a @entity504 molecule at the lateral @entity505 chain that restores its efficacy against @entity503 -resistant strains) and @entity506 (a derivative of @entity507 , from ginghao, a Chinese plant also known as artemisia annua, or sweet wormwood), a treatment of choice in the combined therapies recommended by WHO. The efficacy of these drugs, prescribed at doses subcurative for the asexual forms, were tested against gametocyte production, quantitatively by counting them in the blood and qualitatively by counting the quantity of oocysts developed on the mosquito's midgut, which are indicators of gametocyte activity. The @entity19 that were parasite-infected and then treated served as their own controls: lots of 30 mosquitoes fed on each @entity19 before treatment and then 90 minutes and 5 hours after treatment. Quantitatively, the comparison of the blood parasite level and the gametocyte index shows that treated @entity19 had a higher level of circulating gametocytes than untreated parasite infested @entity19 , regardless of drug or dose (5 or 10 mg/kg). For @entity506 at 5 mg/kg, we noted that the blood gametocyte level was almost double that of the controls. On the other hand, qualitatively, the first results obtained with optical and electronic microscopy showed morphologic alterations of the circulating gametocytes (pigment clumping and lateralisation within red blood cells) and reduced infectivity of the gametocytes for the mosquitoes that fed at 1 and 5 hours after treatment. We were able to demonstrate statistically that the infectivity of gametocytes, measured by the quantity of oocysts counted in the mosquito midgut, was reduced by 70% for those treated with @entity502 and by 85% for those from @entity19 treated by @entity506 . Complementary studies will seek to specify the populations (age) of gametocytes damaged by treatment and the importance and nature of their morphologic alterations.

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Effects of the antimalarial drugs @entity502 and XXXX on @entity501 yoelii gametocytegenesis and vectorial transmission.

multiple_choice

Chemistry still has a role in the management of @entity311 , alongside the mosquito netting soaked in insecticide that is used increasingly, as we continue to await the long anticipated vaccine. During its cycle, the hematozoon parasite develops through three major periods. The first, @entity281 , corresponds to the intrahepatic development of infective forms from the mosquito vector; this period is not sensitive to treatment and is often asymptomatic. The period of erythrocytic schizogony is the most urgent, and treatment activity is primordial. Finally, the phase of sexual reproduction, when gametocytes develop within the erythrocytes ensures the perpetuation of the species when these reach the blood-feeding female anopheles mosquitoes. The aim of our work was to study the effect on gametocytes of drugs known to be effective on the asexual blood forms of the protozoan and thus the potential repercussions on @entity311 transmission. This experimental study was conducted with an animal model whose parasite cycle and modes of transmission are close to those of @entity1 @entity311 : @entity501 , maintained on Swiss @entity19 , with the Anopheles stephensi vector (maintained in an animal facility at the National Museum of Natural History in Paris). Two drugs were tested: @entity502 (a @entity503 derivative with a @entity504 molecule at the lateral @entity505 chain that restores its efficacy against @entity503 -resistant strains) and @entity506 (a derivative of @entity507 , from ginghao, a Chinese plant also known as artemisia annua, or sweet wormwood), a treatment of choice in the combined therapies recommended by WHO. The efficacy of these drugs, prescribed at doses subcurative for the asexual forms, were tested against gametocyte production, quantitatively by counting them in the blood and qualitatively by counting the quantity of oocysts developed on the mosquito's midgut, which are indicators of gametocyte activity. The @entity19 that were parasite-infected and then treated served as their own controls: lots of 30 mosquitoes fed on each @entity19 before treatment and then 90 minutes and 5 hours after treatment. Quantitatively, the comparison of the blood parasite level and the gametocyte index shows that treated @entity19 had a higher level of circulating gametocytes than untreated parasite infested @entity19 , regardless of drug or dose (5 or 10 mg/kg). For @entity506 at 5 mg/kg, we noted that the blood gametocyte level was almost double that of the controls. On the other hand, qualitatively, the first results obtained with optical and electronic microscopy showed morphologic alterations of the circulating gametocytes (pigment clumping and lateralisation within red blood cells) and reduced infectivity of the gametocytes for the mosquitoes that fed at 1 and 5 hours after treatment. We were able to demonstrate statistically that the infectivity of gametocytes, measured by the quantity of oocysts counted in the mosquito midgut, was reduced by 70% for those treated with @entity502 and by 85% for those from @entity19 treated by @entity506 . Complementary studies will seek to specify the populations (age) of gametocytes damaged by treatment and the importance and nature of their morphologic alterations.

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The effects of fixed and articulated ankle-foot orthoses on gait patterns in subjects with XXXX .

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Twenty-one subjects with spastic @entity306 were studied to quantify the effects of fixed and articulated ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) on gait and delineate criteria for their use. @entity1 underwent gait analysis under three conditions, fixed AFOs (FAFOs), articulated AFOs (AAFOs), and shoes alone. Greater dorsiflexion occurred at initial contact with both FAFOs and AAFOs than shoes alone. Dorsiflexion at terminal stance was greatest in AAFOs. Plantarflexor power generation at preswing was preserved in AAFOs. No differences were found in knee position during stance. Knee-extensor strength was positively related to knee extension during stance. No relationships were found between dorsiflexion range of motion, @entity291 @entity508 and strength, and peak dorsiflexion during stance. AAFOs are appropriate for subjects with varying degrees of @entity291 @entity508 , as long as adequate passive range of motion is available. These findings can be applied primarily to @entity1 who do not have a preexisting tendency to crouch.

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Bilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery, presenting as a XXXX secondary to intracranial aneurysmal formation: a case report.

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INTRODUCTION: @entity509 of the internal carotid artery is a rare @entity154 , with only 24 cases of bilateral internal carotid @entity432 reported to date. Here, we present the case of a 48-year-old @entity1 with bilateral internal carotid @entity432 . She had a collateral circulation through the vertebrobasilar system; however given the high pressure flow she developed aneurysmal formations in the posterior communicating artery. To the best of our knowledge, only seven reported cases of internal carotid @entity432 have been associated with intracranial aneurysmal formations. CASE PRESENTATION: A 48-year-old Sindhi @entity1 from Karachi, Pakistan, presented to our emergency room with a sudden onset @entity10 and was diagnosed as having a @entity510 . Digital subtraction angiography revealed @entity509 of her internal carotid artery bilaterally with an associated fusiform @entity439 of the posterior communicating artery. Our @entity1 declined any operative intervention in view of the associated risks. She died of a rebleed six weeks after her initial presentation. CONCLUSION: Bilateral internal carotid artery occlusions can present with @entity510 due to associated intracranial @entity439 formation. Prior knowledge about the possible existence of such angioarchitectural arrangement is mandatory for an early diagnosis. However, even with prompt diagnosis, management options with acceptable risk-benefit equations are still unavailable.

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XXXX of the spine: 1954 to 1997.

multiple_choice

OBJECT: Primary @entity511 of the spine is extremely rare. During the last 43 years only 21 @entity1 with this disease were registered at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson @entity5 Center. The purpose of this study was to examine the demographic characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of this set of @entity1 . METHODS: Medical records for 21 @entity1 were reviewed. Age, sex, race, clinical presentation, @entity5 histology, @entity5 location in the spinal column, treatments, surgical details, and response to treatment were recorded. Surgical procedures were categorized as either gross-total resection or @entity512 of @entity5 . Neurological function was assessed using Frankel's functional classification. Time to recurrence and survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The median age of @entity1 was 51 years, with fairly equal gender representation. Eighteen @entity1 underwent at least one surgical procedure for a total of 28 surgical procedures: seven radical resections and 21 subtotal excisions. Radiation therapy was used in conjunction with 10 of the 28 surgical procedures. The median Kaplan-Meier estimate of overall survival for the entire group was 6 years (range 6 months-17 years). @entity5 recurred after 18 of the 28 procedures. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in the per-procedure disease-free interval after gross-total resection relative to @entity512 (exact log rank 3.39; p = 0.04). The addition of radiation therapy prolonged the median disease-free interval from 16 to 44 months, although this was not statistically significant (exact log rank 2.63; p = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that gross-total resection of the @entity511 provides the best chance for prolonging the disease-free interval in @entity1 . Subtotal excision should be avoided whenever possible. Addition of radiation therapy does not appear to lengthen significantly the disease-free interval in this @entity1 population.

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Prognostic factors in XXXX in situ of the breast: results of a retrospective study of 575 cases. The Association for Research in Oncologic Gynecology.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: Conservative treatment for @entity513 in situ of the breast exposes @entity1 to the risk of infiltrating recurrence which can lead to @entity3 . The primary purposes of this retrospective study were to evaluate diagnostic and therapeutic methods over a 10-year period and to validate prognostic factors. This information should greatly improve @entity1 selection for conservative treatment or mastectomy. STUDY DESIGN: A multi-institutional data base including 575 @entity1 treated between 1983 and 1993 was established by combining data from 16 French institutions. Survival at 5 and 7 years was studied as a function of various prognostic factors. RESULTS: Recurrence-free survival at 7 years was 0.96 after modified radical mastectomy and 0.83 after breast-conserving treatment and radiotherapy (P=0.003). @entity3 -free survival at 7 years was 0.99 after modified radical mastectomy and 0.94 after breast-conserving treatment and radiotherapy (not significant). No factor was predictive of local recurrence after mastectomy. Clinical stage was the only factor significantly correlated with @entity3 after mastectomy. Recurrence-free survival after breast-conserving treatment with radiotherapy was significantly lower for @entity1 with @entity189 , @entity75 , or unclear resection margins, regardless of whether the histological type was comedo or @entity189 . @entity3 -free survival was significantly lower for @entity1 with @entity75 and for @entity1 with unclear margins after excision of @entity189 . CONCLUSIONS: Breast-conserving treatment with radiotherapy is a valid alternative to mastectomy. @entity1 must be selected carefully on the basis of morphological criteria. @entity514 gains in therapeutic outcome can be obtained by stressing quality control at each stage of diagnosis and treatment.

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Carbon dioxide, XXXX and low pH lead to overexpression of @entity517 and @entity518 oncogenes in @entity521 cells.

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PURPOSE: It has been reported that @entity515 gas, used to establish a @entity516 during laparoscopy, affects the behavior of @entity5 cells. The proto-oncogenes @entity517 and @entity518 mediate @entity146 . We studied whether exposure to @entity515 , @entity519 or @entity520 affects the expression of @entity517 and @entity518 in @entity521 cells. METHODS: SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with 100% @entity515 , 95% helium/5% @entity515 or pH 6.2 for 2 h. The expression of @entity517 and @entity518 was measured by Western blot test immediately, 3 h and 6 h after incubation. Additionally, we measured apoptosis after incubation using fluorometric measurements of @entity522 and 7 activity. RESULTS: @entity517 (160+/-26%, p=0.007 and 138+/-16% vs. control, p=0.04) and @entity518 proteins (140+/-13% and 136+/-11%, both p=0.037) were found to be significantly upregulated 6 h after incubation with @entity515 and helium. There was early upregulation of both oncogenes 3 h after @entity515 incubation (251+/-79%, p=0.04 and 292+/-136, p=0.037). Correspondingly, pH 6.2 led to significant overexpression. Levels of apoptosis were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Exposures mimicking conditions of @entity515 @entity516 lead to significant overexpression of @entity517 and @entity518 in @entity521 cells with decreased apoptosis. These results point to a negative influence and potentially increased malignancy of @entity5 cells.

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Carbon dioxide, @entity519 and low pH lead to overexpression of @entity517 and XXXX oncogenes in @entity521 cells.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: It has been reported that @entity515 gas, used to establish a @entity516 during laparoscopy, affects the behavior of @entity5 cells. The proto-oncogenes @entity517 and @entity518 mediate @entity146 . We studied whether exposure to @entity515 , @entity519 or @entity520 affects the expression of @entity517 and @entity518 in @entity521 cells. METHODS: SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with 100% @entity515 , 95% helium/5% @entity515 or pH 6.2 for 2 h. The expression of @entity517 and @entity518 was measured by Western blot test immediately, 3 h and 6 h after incubation. Additionally, we measured apoptosis after incubation using fluorometric measurements of @entity522 and 7 activity. RESULTS: @entity517 (160+/-26%, p=0.007 and 138+/-16% vs. control, p=0.04) and @entity518 proteins (140+/-13% and 136+/-11%, both p=0.037) were found to be significantly upregulated 6 h after incubation with @entity515 and helium. There was early upregulation of both oncogenes 3 h after @entity515 incubation (251+/-79%, p=0.04 and 292+/-136, p=0.037). Correspondingly, pH 6.2 led to significant overexpression. Levels of apoptosis were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Exposures mimicking conditions of @entity515 @entity516 lead to significant overexpression of @entity517 and @entity518 in @entity521 cells with decreased apoptosis. These results point to a negative influence and potentially increased malignancy of @entity5 cells.

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Carbon dioxide, @entity519 and low pH lead to overexpression of @entity517 and @entity518 oncogenes in XXXX cells.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: It has been reported that @entity515 gas, used to establish a @entity516 during laparoscopy, affects the behavior of @entity5 cells. The proto-oncogenes @entity517 and @entity518 mediate @entity146 . We studied whether exposure to @entity515 , @entity519 or @entity520 affects the expression of @entity517 and @entity518 in @entity521 cells. METHODS: SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with 100% @entity515 , 95% helium/5% @entity515 or pH 6.2 for 2 h. The expression of @entity517 and @entity518 was measured by Western blot test immediately, 3 h and 6 h after incubation. Additionally, we measured apoptosis after incubation using fluorometric measurements of @entity522 and 7 activity. RESULTS: @entity517 (160+/-26%, p=0.007 and 138+/-16% vs. control, p=0.04) and @entity518 proteins (140+/-13% and 136+/-11%, both p=0.037) were found to be significantly upregulated 6 h after incubation with @entity515 and helium. There was early upregulation of both oncogenes 3 h after @entity515 incubation (251+/-79%, p=0.04 and 292+/-136, p=0.037). Correspondingly, pH 6.2 led to significant overexpression. Levels of apoptosis were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Exposures mimicking conditions of @entity515 @entity516 lead to significant overexpression of @entity517 and @entity518 in @entity521 cells with decreased apoptosis. These results point to a negative influence and potentially increased malignancy of @entity5 cells.

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Carbon dioxide, @entity519 and low pH lead to overexpression of XXXX and @entity518 oncogenes in @entity521 cells.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: It has been reported that @entity515 gas, used to establish a @entity516 during laparoscopy, affects the behavior of @entity5 cells. The proto-oncogenes @entity517 and @entity518 mediate @entity146 . We studied whether exposure to @entity515 , @entity519 or @entity520 affects the expression of @entity517 and @entity518 in @entity521 cells. METHODS: SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with 100% @entity515 , 95% helium/5% @entity515 or pH 6.2 for 2 h. The expression of @entity517 and @entity518 was measured by Western blot test immediately, 3 h and 6 h after incubation. Additionally, we measured apoptosis after incubation using fluorometric measurements of @entity522 and 7 activity. RESULTS: @entity517 (160+/-26%, p=0.007 and 138+/-16% vs. control, p=0.04) and @entity518 proteins (140+/-13% and 136+/-11%, both p=0.037) were found to be significantly upregulated 6 h after incubation with @entity515 and helium. There was early upregulation of both oncogenes 3 h after @entity515 incubation (251+/-79%, p=0.04 and 292+/-136, p=0.037). Correspondingly, pH 6.2 led to significant overexpression. Levels of apoptosis were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Exposures mimicking conditions of @entity515 @entity516 lead to significant overexpression of @entity517 and @entity518 in @entity521 cells with decreased apoptosis. These results point to a negative influence and potentially increased malignancy of @entity5 cells.

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Evaluation of current operating standards for XXXX in disinfection of dump tank and flume for fresh tomatoes.

multiple_choice

Standard postharvest unit operations that rely on copious water contact, such as fruit unloading and washing, approach the criteria for a true critical control point in fresh @entity523 production. Performance data for approved sanitizers that reflect commercial systems are needed to set standards for audit compliance. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of @entity524 ( @entity525 ) for water disinfection as an objective assessment of recent industry-adopted standards for dump tank and flume management in fresh @entity523 packing operations. On-site assessments were conducted during eight temporally distinct shifts in two Florida packinghouses and one California packinghouse. Microbiological analyses of incoming and washed fruit and dump and flume system water were evaluated. Water temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) were monitored. Reduction in populations of mesophilic and coliform bacteria on fruit was not significant, and populations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) after washing. @entity526 was near the limit of detection in dump tanks but consistently below the detection limit in flumes. Turbidity and conductivity increased with loads of incoming tomatoes. Water temperature varied during daily operations, but pH and ORP mostly remained constant. The industry standard positive temperature differential of 5.5 C between water and fruit pulp was not maintained in tanks during the full daily operation. ORP values were significantly higher in the flume than in the dump tank. A positive correlation was found between ORP and temperature, and negative correlations were found between ORP and turbidity, total mesophilic bacteria, and coliforms. This study provides in-plant data indicating that @entity525 can be an effective sanitizer in flume and spray-wash systems, but current operational limitations restrict its performance in dump tanks. Under current conditions, @entity525 alone is unlikely to allow the fresh @entity523 industry to meet its microbiological quality goals under typical commercial conditions.

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Classification and basic pathology of XXXX .

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The lesions of @entity195 include accumulation of proteins, losses of neurons and synapses, and alterations related to reactive processes. Extracellular @entity477 accumulation occurs in the parenchyma as diffuse, focal or stellate deposits. It may involve the vessel walls of arteries, veins and capillaries. The cases in which the capillary vessel walls are affected have a higher probability of having one or two apoepsilon 4 alleles. Parenchymal as well as vascular @entity477 deposition follows a stepwise progression. Tau accumulation, probably the best histopathological correlate of the clinical symptoms, takes three aspects: in the cell body of the neuron as neurofibrillary tangle, in the dendrites as neuropil threads, and in the axons forming the @entity527 . The progression of tau pathology is stepwise and stereotyped from the entorhinal cortex, through the hippocampus, to the isocortex. The @entity528 is heterogeneous and area-specific. Its mechanism is still discussed. The timing of the synaptic loss, probably linked to @entity477 peptide itself, maybe as oligomers, is also controversial. Various clinico-pathological types of @entity195 have been described, according to the type of the lesions (plaque only and tangle predominant), the type of onset (focal onset), the cause (genetic or sporadic) and the associated lesions (Lewy bodies, @entity455 , @entity131 , @entity529 inclusions and @entity66 ).

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Dual use of veterans health administration and Indian Health Service: healthcare provider and XXXX perspectives.

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BACKGROUND: Many American Indian and Alaska Native veterans are eligible for healthcare from @entity283 ( @entity283 ) and from Indian Health Service (IHS). These organizations executed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2003 to share resources, but little was known about how they collaborated to deliver healthcare. OBJECTIVE: To describe dual use from the stakeholders' perspectives, including incentives that encourage cross-use, which organization's primary care is "primary," and the potential problems and opportunities for care coordination across @entity283 and IHS. @entity1 : @entity283 healthcare staff, IHS healthcare staff and American Indian and Alaska Native veterans. APPROACH: Focus groups were conducted using a semi-structured guide. A software-assisted text analysis was performed using grounded theory to develop analytic categories. MAIN RESULTS: Dual use was driven by variation in institutional resources, leading @entity1 to actively manage health-seeking behaviors and IHS providers to make ad hoc recommendations for veterans to seek care at @entity283 . IHS was the "primary" primary care for dual users. There was little coordination between @entity283 and IHS resulting in delays and treatment conflicts, but all stakeholder groups welcomed future collaboration. CONCLUSIONS: Fostering closer alignment between @entity283 and IHS would reduce care fragmentation and improve accountability for @entity1 care.

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Internal hemipelvectomy for XXXX using a T-incision surgical approach.

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Internal hemipelvectomy is performed for @entity530 when the @entity5 can be safely resected without sacrificing the entire extremity. Wide exposure and awareness of major @entity531 are crucial to the success of this surgery. Various modifications on the standard utilitarian approach have been used to best achieve these goals. We reviewed our experience using the T-incision technique for 30 pelvic @entity242 resections. The minimum followup was 3.6 months (mean, 55 months; range, 3.6-185.4 months). @entity260 included @entity532 (requiring no surgery or a simple incision and drainage with primary closure) in 27% of @entity1 and major complications (involving a deep @entity281 or more extensive surgical treatment) in 17%. Ninety-two percent of wound complications healed uneventfully with antibiotics and incision and drainage. The 2-, 5-, and 10-year @entity1 survival rates were 67%, 59%, and 53%. The 2-, 5-, and 10-year disease-free survival rates were 68%, 42%, and 42%. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society and Toronto Extremity Salvage Scores were 69% and 86%, respectively. We believe the T-incision technique for internal hemipelvectomy is an effective surgical approach for @entity530 when limb salvage is possible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

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XXXX polymorphisms are not associated with cardiovascular risk in renal transplant recipients.

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BACKGROUND: @entity533 ( @entity533 ) gene variants have been identified as risk factors for @entity65 ( @entity65 ). There are two common @entity533 polymorphisms at position 55 (Leu-Met change) and 192 (Gln- @entity534 change) of the @entity535 chain. Leucine at position 55 and @entity369 at position 192 have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The increased prevalence of @entity65 in renal transplant recipients can be only partly explained by the increased prevalence of conventional risk factors. METHODS: We therefore investigated @entity533 polymorphisms in renal transplant recipients (N = 491) with (N = 103) and without @entity65 (N = 388) using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length analysis. @entity533 polymorphisms and their associated @entity533 /arylesterase activities were also assessed in a subgroup of @entity1 (N = 165). RESULTS: The genotype distribution and allele frequencies for both polymorphisms were similar in both groups. The frequencies for LL, LM, and MM genotypes for the 55 position in @entity1 with @entity65 were 0.39, 0.51, and 0.10, respectively, compared with 0.43, 0.43, and 0.14 in @entity1 without @entity65 (P = 0.31). The distribution for the QQ, QR, and RR genotypes at the 192 position were 0.48, 0.43, and 0.09, respectively, in @entity1 with @entity65 compared with 0.46, 0.46, and 0.08 in @entity1 without @entity65 (P = 0.8). There were highly significant differences in serum activities of @entity533 /arylesterase between genotypes defined by 55 and 192 polymorphisms. @entity368 at position 55 and @entity369 at position 192 were associated with higher activities. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that there is no association between the @entity533 gene variants, conferring higher enzyme activity, and the increased cardiovascular risk in renal transplant recipients.

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Repeatability of quantitative parameters derived from diffusion tensor imaging in @entity1 with XXXX multiforme.

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PURPOSE: To quantify the repeatability of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) in @entity1 with @entity463 multiforme. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IRB approval and informed consent were obtained for this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study. Sixteen @entity1 with @entity463 multiforme underwent MR imaging at two time points without interval intervention. ADC and FA maps were registered to the contrast-enhanced and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) image volumes. Volumes of @entity5 -related enhancement (TRE) and @entity536 ( @entity536 ) were defined using a semiautomated segmentation technique. RESULTS: Repeated observations of mean ADC and mean FA were highly consistent within both TRE (ADC: r = 0.947,P < 0.0001; FA: r = 0.947, P < 0.0001) and @entity536 (ADC: r = 0.979, P < 0.0001; FA: r = 0.972, P < 0.0001). Within TRE, repeatability coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for change measured 0.104 x 10(-3) mm(2)S(-1) and 7.4% (ADC) and 0.0196 and 13.9% (FA), respectively. Within @entity536 , repeatability coefficients and 95% CI for change measured 0.071 x 10(-3) mm(2)S(-1) and 5.2% (ADC) and 0.0159 and 8.7% (FA), respectively. To detect 10% changes in mean ADC, sample sizes of nine (TRE) and six ( @entity536 ) @entity1 would be required. The same change in mean FA would require sample sizes of 21 (TRE) and 10 ( @entity536 ) @entity1 , respectively. CONCLUSION: Changes after therapy greater than the repeatability coefficient or 95% CI for change are unlikely to be related to variability in the measurement of ADC and FA.

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Repeatability of quantitative parameters derived from diffusion tensor imaging in XXXX with @entity463 multiforme.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To quantify the repeatability of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) in @entity1 with @entity463 multiforme. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IRB approval and informed consent were obtained for this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study. Sixteen @entity1 with @entity463 multiforme underwent MR imaging at two time points without interval intervention. ADC and FA maps were registered to the contrast-enhanced and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) image volumes. Volumes of @entity5 -related enhancement (TRE) and @entity536 ( @entity536 ) were defined using a semiautomated segmentation technique. RESULTS: Repeated observations of mean ADC and mean FA were highly consistent within both TRE (ADC: r = 0.947,P < 0.0001; FA: r = 0.947, P < 0.0001) and @entity536 (ADC: r = 0.979, P < 0.0001; FA: r = 0.972, P < 0.0001). Within TRE, repeatability coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for change measured 0.104 x 10(-3) mm(2)S(-1) and 7.4% (ADC) and 0.0196 and 13.9% (FA), respectively. Within @entity536 , repeatability coefficients and 95% CI for change measured 0.071 x 10(-3) mm(2)S(-1) and 5.2% (ADC) and 0.0159 and 8.7% (FA), respectively. To detect 10% changes in mean ADC, sample sizes of nine (TRE) and six ( @entity536 ) @entity1 would be required. The same change in mean FA would require sample sizes of 21 (TRE) and 10 ( @entity536 ) @entity1 , respectively. CONCLUSION: Changes after therapy greater than the repeatability coefficient or 95% CI for change are unlikely to be related to variability in the measurement of ADC and FA.

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Fractionation and enrichment of oligodendrocytes from developing XXXX brain.

multiple_choice

Enriched cultures of @entity1 oligodendrocytes were obtained from fetal brain specimens between 16 and 21 gestational weeks. Brain cells were separated over a Percoll density gradient and collected as two fractions with initial relative densities of approximately 1.035 g/ml and 1.102 g/ml, for fractions 1 and 2, respectively. After separation, 58.3 and 67.7% of the cells in fractions 1 and 2, respectively, were labeled by the antibody O4 that recognizes immature oligodendrocytes. A total of 15.5 and 29.4% of the cells in fractions 1 and 2, respectively, were positive for @entity537 ), a marker for neurons but none of the freshly isolated cells were positive for @entity538 ( @entity538 ), a protein associated with astrocytes in the central nervous system. When the fractionated cells were cultured on @entity539 coated coverslips for 3 days and processed for immunocytochemistry, the percentage of O4+ oligodendrocytes decreased to less than 4% whereas @entity538 + cells increased to 1.8 and 12.4% for fractions 1 and 2 respectively. The percentage of tubulin-betaIII+ cells increased to 46 and 61% in cultures from the two Percoll fractions. This increase is probably due to the decrease in the number of oligodendrocytes. To avoid the loss of oligodendrocytes, cells were cultured as free-floating aggregates in the presence of 20 ng/ml of @entity540 weeks. The resultant cultures became enriched for oligodendrocytes as demonstrated by cellular morphology and by positive O4 labeling. The method described here provides a means of obtaining enriched cultures of immature @entity1 oligodendrocytes for developmental and transplantation studies.

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Urgency of referral and its impact on outcome in @entity1 with XXXX .

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AIM: Primary care referral for @entity1 with bowel symptoms is triaged by general practitioners to urgent or routine based on the clinical suspicion of @entity5 . Triage directly influences time to assessment and investigation. This study aimed to establish whether urgency of referral of @entity1 with large bowel @entity5 has any effect on management. METHOD: An analysis was undertaken of all @entity1 with @entity14 referred by primary care and discussed at the regional colorectal multi-disciplinary team (MDT) meetings from January 2009 to December 2010. Demographics and @entity5 data were collated prospectively from MDT records, and operation and investigation reports. RESULTS: Of 369 primary case referrals with @entity14 , 303 (82.1%) were urgent and 66 (17.9%) routine. @entity1 characteristics (age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade) and resection rates were similar in both groups and no significant difference in @entity5 location was observed. The time from referral to diagnosis was significantly longer in the routine group (mean 73.7 days vs 30.2 days; P = 0.001). Dukes stage was less advanced for the routine referral group, (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Urgency of referral decreased the time to diagnosis. This did not influence resection rates. Dukes stage was higher for urgent referrals. Long-term follow-up is required to determine any impact on survival.

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Urgency of referral and its impact on outcome in XXXX with @entity14 .

multiple_choice

AIM: Primary care referral for @entity1 with bowel symptoms is triaged by general practitioners to urgent or routine based on the clinical suspicion of @entity5 . Triage directly influences time to assessment and investigation. This study aimed to establish whether urgency of referral of @entity1 with large bowel @entity5 has any effect on management. METHOD: An analysis was undertaken of all @entity1 with @entity14 referred by primary care and discussed at the regional colorectal multi-disciplinary team (MDT) meetings from January 2009 to December 2010. Demographics and @entity5 data were collated prospectively from MDT records, and operation and investigation reports. RESULTS: Of 369 primary case referrals with @entity14 , 303 (82.1%) were urgent and 66 (17.9%) routine. @entity1 characteristics (age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade) and resection rates were similar in both groups and no significant difference in @entity5 location was observed. The time from referral to diagnosis was significantly longer in the routine group (mean 73.7 days vs 30.2 days; P = 0.001). Dukes stage was less advanced for the routine referral group, (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Urgency of referral decreased the time to diagnosis. This did not influence resection rates. Dukes stage was higher for urgent referrals. Long-term follow-up is required to determine any impact on survival.

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Low frequency pressure waves of possible autonomic origin in severely head-injured XXXX .

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BACKGROUND: Useful information (both clinical and pathophysiological) which may be extracted from @entity428 ( @entity428 ) recordings include: (1) the mean level of @entity428 (and CPP), (2) cerebrovascular autoregulation status, (3) the intracranial pulse pressure (the pulse wave index, ICPpp/ICPm) or the pressure-volume compensatory reserve index ( @entity541 ) and (4) the presence of any abnormal @entity428 waveform. This paper describes a slow frequency @entity428 waveform in @entity1 with @entity131 and postulates the pathophysiological basis and whether it contains clinically useful detail. METHODS: @entity1 admitted to the @entity542 Service in Edinburgh with @entity131 have continuously monitored @entity428 , MAP, CPP, and other physiological data (stored at a 1-min resolution). Slow frequency waveforms were noted, prompting a review of the stored monitoring from all cases over a 10 year period. FINDINGS: Episodic slow pressure waves were detected in 11 of 122 severely head-injured (HI) @entity1 . The waveforms were detected in @entity1 of all ages (1.6-15 years) in the @entity428 signal, which were in phase with similar fluctuations in the MAP, CPP, and HR signals. Their mean periodicity was 1 per 7 min (range 1 per 5-10 min), with a mean @entity428 pulse wave amplitude of 5.45 mmHg (range 4-7.5), and mean MAP pulse wave amplitude (pulse pressure) of 10.4 mmHg (range 4-15 mmHg). The duration was variable (range approx 2 h to 4.5 days). They were detected in the preterminal phase after serious HI, as well as in those @entity1 who made an independent recovery (GOS 4/5). The waves were not related to the mean levels of @entity428 , CPP, MAP, temperature or the state of cerebrovascular autoregulation. CONCLUSIONS: We postulate that these previously unreported slow waveforms may reflect the very low frequency (VLF) and ultra low frequency (ULF; < or = 1 per 5 min) components of heart rate and arterial blood pressure variability.

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XXXX events after carotid interventions in relationship to baseline cerebrovascular reactivity.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate whether baseline cerebrovascular reactivity could predict subsequent @entity63 event after intervention and identify the @entity1 group for more aggressive medical and interventional management paradigms. METHODS: @entity1 with more than 70% cervical @entity543 (from ultrasonography) were reviewed. @entity1 , who had baseline cerebrovascular reactivity test before intervention and had either carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) performed, were recruited for analysis. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography was used to examine the reactivity of the middle cerebral artery in response to 5% @entity544 in @entity26 . The mean follow up period was 66 months. FINDINGS: Twenty-six @entity1 had symptomatic @entity543 and ten @entity1 had asymptomatic @entity543 . There were four subsequent @entity63 events during follow up. None of the nine @entity1 with @entity73 had subsequent @entity63 event. CONCLUSIONS: In this current study, impaired baseline cerebrovascular reactivity did not predict the subsequent @entity64 risk after carotid intervention. Cerebrovascular reactivity testing may not serve as an indicator for aggressive medical and surgical treatments.

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[Clinical and para-clinical assessment of XXXX : Place of questionnaires and penile duplex ultrasound].

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: Assessment of the @entity545 ( @entity545 ) is clinical in absence of validated questionnaire or of para-clinical standardized test. The international index of erectile function (IIEF) and Lue's score are used for the clinical evaluation. Penile dynamic duplex ultrasound (PDU) was considered in the 2010 recommendations as "useful but not necessary test". The objective of this study was to estimate the utility of the scores and of the PDU in the diagnostic and in the therapeutic decision at the @entity1 suffering from a @entity545 . @entity1 : Twenty-one @entity1 were included in this forward-looking single-center study over 12 months. All the @entity1 had a clinical examination with photos, an evaluation using the IIEF-5 and the Lue's score and a PDU. RESULTS: The average age was of 57.7 years (34-77) with an average evolution duration of 38.9 months. IIEF-5 was not adapted to the assessment of the preoperative erectile function of the @entity545 because the questions 3 to 5 were modified by the @entity546 . The result of Lue's score did not seem to us to have interest in the therapeutic decision because it is not recommended to operate a @entity1 in evolution. Plaques were classified according to ultrasonographic patterns : presence of @entity75 . The application of relevant differential ultrasound criteria turned out delicate. The PDU found @entity455 for 61.9 % of the @entity1 . Nine @entity1 were operated and PDU modified the surgical gesture for two of them. CONCLUSION: The search for objective criteria of evaluation of the @entity545 is essential, but those currently proposed, clinical or ultrasound seemed to us a little adapted or difficult to apply.

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Comparison of heart and coronary artery doses associated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy versus three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To compare heart and coronary artery radiation exposure using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) vs. four-field three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) treatment plans for @entity1 with @entity418 undergoing chemoradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Nineteen @entity1 with @entity418 treated with IMRT from March 2007 to May 2008 were identified. All @entity1 were treated to 50.4 Gy with five-field IMRT plans. Theoretical 3D-CRT plans with four-field beam arrangements were generated. Dose-volume histograms of the planning target volume, heart, right coronary artery, left coronary artery, and other critical normal tissues were compared between the IMRT and 3D-CRT plans, and selected parameters were statistically evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy treatment planning showed significant reduction (p < 0.05) in heart dose over 3D-CRT as assessed by average mean dose (22.9 vs. 28.2 Gy) and V30 (24.8% vs. 61.0%). There was also significant sparing of the right coronary artery (average mean dose, 23.8 Gy vs. 35.5 Gy), whereas the left coronary artery showed no significant improvement (mean dose, 11.2 Gy vs. 9.2 Gy), p = 0.11. There was no significant difference in percentage of total lung volume receiving at least 10, 15, or 20 Gy or in the mean lung dose between the planning methods. There were also no significant differences observed for the kidneys, liver, stomach, or spinal cord. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy achieved a significant improvement in target conformity as measured by the conformality index (ratio of total volume receiving 95% of prescription dose to planning target volume receiving 95% of prescription dose), with the mean conformality index reduced from 1.56 to 1.30 using IMRT. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of @entity1 with @entity418 using IMRT significantly decreases the exposure of the heart and right coronary artery when compared with 3D-CRT. Long-term studies are necessary to determine how this will impact on development of @entity453 and other @entity299 .

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First case of single incision laparoscopic surgery for totally extraperitoneal XXXX .

multiple_choice

Laparoscopic approach to @entity169 is indicated for recurrent and @entity547 or as @entity1 choice in unilateral primary @entity547 . Totally extraperitoneal (TEP) approach has some advantages over transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) approach, but has proved to be more technically demanding. It cannot be emphasized enough that every incision and trocar placement poses a risk of @entity548 , organ damage, incisional @entity547 and less favorable cosmetic effect. Single incision laparoscopic (SILS) TEP @entity547 repair has reduced the number of incisions to minimum. A 60-year-old male @entity1 presented with unilateral right sided primary indirect @entity169 . Laparoscopic SILS TEP repair was performed: a single 2.5-cm infraumbilical incision was made, the anterior rectus sheath was incised and a balloon dissection device was inserted over the posterior rectus sheath, guided to the pubic symphysis and inflated, resulting in separation of the peritoneum from the rectus muscle. This creation of the extraperitoneal space allowed for laparoscopic dissection to take place. We used a 10-mm optical trocar and two 5-mm trocars placed 1 cm laterally from the optical port. The operation was free from complications and the operative time was 90 minutes. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. We report on, to our knowledge, the first case of @entity547 repair. Based on this experience, we believe that SILS TEP is feasible. Adjacent placement of trocars in SILS reduces triangulation which, along with frequent crossing of instruments, renders this approach more demanding. Cosmetic benefit is clear; however, it remains to evaluate @entity1 recovery, postoperative @entity158 in comparison to standard TEP.

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Language related brain potentials in XXXX with cortical and subcortical left hemisphere lesions.

multiple_choice

The role of the basal ganglia in language processing is currently a matter of discussion. Therefore, @entity1 with @entity75 involving the basal ganglia as well as normal controls were tested in a language comprehension paradigm. Semantically incorrect, syntactically incorrect and correct sentences were presented auditorily. Subjects were required to listen to the sentences and to judge whether the sentence heard was correct or not. Event-related potentials and reaction times were recorded while subjects heard the sentences. Three different components correlated with different language processes were considered: the so-called N400 assumed to reflect processes of semantic integration; the early left anterior @entity549 hypothesized to reflect processes of initial syntactic structure building; and a late positivity (P600) taken to reflect second-pass processes including re-analysis and repair. Normal @entity1 showed the expected N400 component for semantically incorrect sentences and an early anterior @entity549 followed by a P600 for syntactically incorrect sentences. @entity1 with @entity75 displayed an attenuated N400 component in the semantic condition. In the syntactic condition only a late positivity was observed. @entity1 with lesions of the basal ganglia, in contrast, showed an N400 to semantic violations and an early anterior @entity549 as well as a P600 to syntactic violations, comparable to normal controls. Under the assumption that the early anterior @entity549 reflects automatic first-pass parsing processes and the P600 component more controlled second-pass parsing processes, the present results suggest that the @entity550 might support early parsing processes, and that specific regions of the basal ganglia, in contrast, may not be crucial for early parsing processes during sentence comprehension.

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Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced XXXX in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery.

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Spinal-induced @entity551 remains the most common complication associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Recent evidence indicates that a 20-mL/kg bolus via pressurized infusion system administered at the time of @entity510 ( @entity510 ) (coload) may provide better prophylaxis than the traditional administration of a 20-mL/kg crystalloid infusion (preload) approximately 20 minutes before @entity510 ; however, this method raises some concerns. We hypothesized that administering half of the fluid bolus (10 mL/kg) before and half immediately following injection of the @entity510 would provide benefit. Variables included demographics, spinal anesthetic dermatome level obtained, additional intravenous (IV) fluid bolus and vasopressor requirements, and maternal vital signs. We enrolled 87 subjects in this prospective, randomized investigation, 43 preload (control) and 44 preload/coload (experimental). There were no demographic differences between groups. The increased supplemental vasopressors required to treat @entity551 in the preload group were not statistically significant. Total IV fluids and supplemental IV bolus requirements were significantly higher in the preload group. No differences in neonatal outcomes were noted between groups. Maternal vital signs were not significantly different between groups; @entity551 was treated as it occurred. We recommend replacing standardized prophylactic crystalloid fluid administration with the preload/coload method described herein.

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A randomized trial of the off-label use of imiquimod, 5%, cream with vs without XXXX , 0.1%, gel for the treatment of @entity552 , followed by conservative staged excisions.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the complete response rates of @entity552 ( @entity552 ) to imiquimod, 5%, cream can be improved by the addition of a topical retinoid. DESIGN: Prospective randomized study of @entity1 treated with @entity553 alone vs imiquimod plus a topical @entity554 , followed by conservative staged excisions. SETTING: Mohs surgical clinic in an academic institution. @entity1 : Ninety @entity1 with biopsy-confirmed @entity552 . INTERVENTIONS: Ninety @entity1 with 91 LMs were randomized into 2 groups. One group received imiquimod, 5%, cream 5 d/wk for 3 months, while the other group also received @entity555 , 0.1%, gel 2 d/wk for 3 months. Following topical therapy, all @entity1 underwent staged excisions and frozen section analysis with Melan-A immunostaining to confirm negative margins. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The presence or absence of residual @entity552 at the time of staged excision. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity1 with 47 LMs were randomized to receive monotherapy: 42 of 47 LMs reached the intended treatment duration, with 27 complete responses (64%). Forty-four @entity1 with 44 LMs were randomized to receive combined therapy: 37 of 44 LMs reached the intended treatment duration, with 29 complete responses (78%). This difference did not reach statistical significance (P=.17). There have been no recurrences to date, with a mean follow-up period of 42 months. CONCLUSIONS: Among @entity1 who received topical imiquimod with vs without @entity555 , 22% (8 of 37) of lesions vs 36% (15 of 42) of lesions showed residual @entity552 on staged excisions. Pretreating @entity552 with imiquimod, 5%, cream may decrease surgical defect sizes; however, total reliance on topical imiquimod as an alternative to surgery may put the @entity1 at increased risk of a local recurrence.

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A randomized trial of the off-label use of imiquimod, 5%, cream with vs without @entity555 , 0.1%, gel for the treatment of XXXX , followed by conservative staged excisions.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the complete response rates of @entity552 ( @entity552 ) to imiquimod, 5%, cream can be improved by the addition of a topical retinoid. DESIGN: Prospective randomized study of @entity1 treated with @entity553 alone vs imiquimod plus a topical @entity554 , followed by conservative staged excisions. SETTING: Mohs surgical clinic in an academic institution. @entity1 : Ninety @entity1 with biopsy-confirmed @entity552 . INTERVENTIONS: Ninety @entity1 with 91 LMs were randomized into 2 groups. One group received imiquimod, 5%, cream 5 d/wk for 3 months, while the other group also received @entity555 , 0.1%, gel 2 d/wk for 3 months. Following topical therapy, all @entity1 underwent staged excisions and frozen section analysis with Melan-A immunostaining to confirm negative margins. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The presence or absence of residual @entity552 at the time of staged excision. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity1 with 47 LMs were randomized to receive monotherapy: 42 of 47 LMs reached the intended treatment duration, with 27 complete responses (64%). Forty-four @entity1 with 44 LMs were randomized to receive combined therapy: 37 of 44 LMs reached the intended treatment duration, with 29 complete responses (78%). This difference did not reach statistical significance (P=.17). There have been no recurrences to date, with a mean follow-up period of 42 months. CONCLUSIONS: Among @entity1 who received topical imiquimod with vs without @entity555 , 22% (8 of 37) of lesions vs 36% (15 of 42) of lesions showed residual @entity552 on staged excisions. Pretreating @entity552 with imiquimod, 5%, cream may decrease surgical defect sizes; however, total reliance on topical imiquimod as an alternative to surgery may put the @entity1 at increased risk of a local recurrence.

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Tissue factor-expressing monocytes inhibit fibrinolysis through a XXXX -mediated mechanism, and make clots resistant to heparins.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity556 is the main activator of the fibrinolysis inhibitor @entity557 ( @entity557 ) and heightened clotting activation is believed to impair fibrinolysis through the increase of @entity557 activation. However, the enhancement of @entity556 generation by soluble tissue factor was reported to have no effect on plasma fibrinolysis and it is not known whether the same is true for cell-associated tissue factor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of tissue factor-expressing monocytes on plasma fibrinolysis in vitro. DESIGN AND METHODS: Tissue factor expression by @entity1 blood mononuclear cells (MNC) and monocytes was induced by @entity558 stimulation. Fibrinolysis was spectrophotometrically evaluated by measuring the lysis time of plasma clots containing @entity558 -stimulated or control cells and a low concentration of exogenous tissue plasminogen activator. RESULTS: @entity558 -stimulated MNC ( @entity558 -MNC) prolonged fibrinolysis time as compared to unstimulated MNC (C-MNC) in contact-inhibited but not in normal citrated plasma. A significantly prolonged lysis time was observed using as few as 30 activated cells/microL. Fibrinolysis was also impaired when clots were generated on adherent @entity558 -stimulated monocytes. The antifibrinolytic effect of @entity558 -MNC or @entity558 -monocytes was abolished by an anti-tissue factor antibody, by an antibody preventing @entity556 -mediated @entity557 activation, and by a TAFIa inhibitor (PTCI). Assays of @entity556 and TAFIa in contact-inhibited plasma confirmed the greater generation of these enzymes in the presence of @entity558 -MNC. Finally, the profibrinolytic effect of unfractionated heparin and enoxaparin was markedly lower (approximately 50%) in the presence of @entity558 -MNC than in the presence of a @entity559 preparation displaying an identical tissue factor activity. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that @entity558 -stimulated monocytes inhibit fibrinolysis through a tissue factor-mediated enhancement of @entity557 activation and make clots resistant to the profibrinolytic activity of heparins, thus providing an additional mechanism whereby tissue factor-expressing monocytes/macrophages may favor fibrin accumulation and diminish the antithrombotic efficacy of heparins.

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Long-term treatment of @entity170 in postmenopausal women: a review from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of XXXX and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the International @entity170 Foundation (IOF).

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: @entity170 is a @entity102 requiring treatment that balances long-term @entity174 efficacy against risk. METHODS: We reviewed the efficacy and safety of @entity460 and @entity560 , the selective @entity172 receptor modulators (SERMs), the @entity171 , denosumab, and @entity176 in studies of 3 years or longer. RESULTS: Six trials lasted for 5 years, and seven went beyond that. The evidence beyond 5 years is generally weak, mainly due to methodological issues (open-label design, small samples, or absence of placebo control). Although @entity460 and @entity560 appear to be beneficial, the data are insufficient to evaluate benefits and risk beyond 3 years. The @entity174 efficacy of SERMs beyond 5 years is not known, though increases in @entity79 ( @entity79 ) appear to be maintained. The SERMs have good long-term safety, including protective effects against @entity0 . The @entity171 have established @entity174 efficacy to 3 years, and 4 or 5 years with @entity561 and @entity562 . The evidence beyond 5 years indicates sustained increases in @entity79 . The safety of the @entity171 does not appear to be modified with time, with the possible exceptions of @entity173 and other events of unknown frequency. Denosumab has been tested up to 5 years, with continued increased in @entity79 and no reported safety issues. There is evidence for @entity174 efficacy of @entity176 , and sustained increases in @entity79 over 10 years. @entity176 has good long-term safety. CONCLUSION: Robust long-term studies are relatively rare for the @entity170 treatments, and generally show maintenance of @entity79 and, for some agents, an additional reduction in @entity174 incidence.

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Long-term treatment of XXXX in postmenopausal women: a review from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of @entity170 and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the International @entity170 Foundation (IOF).

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: @entity170 is a @entity102 requiring treatment that balances long-term @entity174 efficacy against risk. METHODS: We reviewed the efficacy and safety of @entity460 and @entity560 , the selective @entity172 receptor modulators (SERMs), the @entity171 , denosumab, and @entity176 in studies of 3 years or longer. RESULTS: Six trials lasted for 5 years, and seven went beyond that. The evidence beyond 5 years is generally weak, mainly due to methodological issues (open-label design, small samples, or absence of placebo control). Although @entity460 and @entity560 appear to be beneficial, the data are insufficient to evaluate benefits and risk beyond 3 years. The @entity174 efficacy of SERMs beyond 5 years is not known, though increases in @entity79 ( @entity79 ) appear to be maintained. The SERMs have good long-term safety, including protective effects against @entity0 . The @entity171 have established @entity174 efficacy to 3 years, and 4 or 5 years with @entity561 and @entity562 . The evidence beyond 5 years indicates sustained increases in @entity79 . The safety of the @entity171 does not appear to be modified with time, with the possible exceptions of @entity173 and other events of unknown frequency. Denosumab has been tested up to 5 years, with continued increased in @entity79 and no reported safety issues. There is evidence for @entity174 efficacy of @entity176 , and sustained increases in @entity79 over 10 years. @entity176 has good long-term safety. CONCLUSION: Robust long-term studies are relatively rare for the @entity170 treatments, and generally show maintenance of @entity79 and, for some agents, an additional reduction in @entity174 incidence.

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Long-term treatment of @entity170 in postmenopausal women: a review from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of @entity170 and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the International XXXX Foundation (IOF).

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: @entity170 is a @entity102 requiring treatment that balances long-term @entity174 efficacy against risk. METHODS: We reviewed the efficacy and safety of @entity460 and @entity560 , the selective @entity172 receptor modulators (SERMs), the @entity171 , denosumab, and @entity176 in studies of 3 years or longer. RESULTS: Six trials lasted for 5 years, and seven went beyond that. The evidence beyond 5 years is generally weak, mainly due to methodological issues (open-label design, small samples, or absence of placebo control). Although @entity460 and @entity560 appear to be beneficial, the data are insufficient to evaluate benefits and risk beyond 3 years. The @entity174 efficacy of SERMs beyond 5 years is not known, though increases in @entity79 ( @entity79 ) appear to be maintained. The SERMs have good long-term safety, including protective effects against @entity0 . The @entity171 have established @entity174 efficacy to 3 years, and 4 or 5 years with @entity561 and @entity562 . The evidence beyond 5 years indicates sustained increases in @entity79 . The safety of the @entity171 does not appear to be modified with time, with the possible exceptions of @entity173 and other events of unknown frequency. Denosumab has been tested up to 5 years, with continued increased in @entity79 and no reported safety issues. There is evidence for @entity174 efficacy of @entity176 , and sustained increases in @entity79 over 10 years. @entity176 has good long-term safety. CONCLUSION: Robust long-term studies are relatively rare for the @entity170 treatments, and generally show maintenance of @entity79 and, for some agents, an additional reduction in @entity174 incidence.

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@entity563 protease Per a 10 from @entity564 bias dendritic cells towards type 2 by upregulating CD86 and low XXXX secretions.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity563 protease activity of Per a 10 from @entity564 induces @entity32 and systemic Th2 response towards self and bystander allergen. OBJECTIVE: In the present study the effect of proteolytic activity of Per @entity35 allergen on dendritic cells (DCs) polarization and consequent T cell response was investigated. METHODS: Non-atopic subjects with no family history of @entity565 / @entity566 were recruited for the study. CD14(+) peripheral blood monocytes were purified, differentiated to immature DCs and stimulated with proteolytically active/inactivated native or recombinant Per a 10. DCs phenotype was analysed with flow cytometry and antigen presenting function assessed by co-culturing with autologous CD4(+) T cells. Cytokine levels were determined using ELISA. RESULTS: Immature DCs differentiated into mature CD14(-)CD83(+)HLA-DR(+) cells after incubating with proteolytically active/inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. Proteolytically active Per a 10 induced significant CD86 up-regulation on DCs compared to inactivated or recombinant Per a 10 lacking enzymatic activity. Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 showed dose-dependent effect on expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, CD1a and HLA-DR. However, no significant differences were observed phenotypically in active or inactive forms except for CD86. Active Per a 10 stimulated DCs secreted significantly low @entity567 (P < 0.01) and high @entity568 , compared to inactive forms of Per @entity35 . Naive CD4(+) T cells primed with active Per a 10 pulsed DCs also secreted significantly less @entity567 (P < 0.01) and high IL-4, IL-5 plus @entity568 (P < 0.01); in contrast to DCs pulsed with inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 modulates DCs towards type 2 by CD86 up-regulation, high @entity568 and reduced @entity567 secretions. Proteolytically inactive Per a 10 can be further explored for immunotherapy.

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XXXX protease Per a 10 from @entity564 bias dendritic cells towards type 2 by upregulating CD86 and low @entity567 secretions.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity563 protease activity of Per a 10 from @entity564 induces @entity32 and systemic Th2 response towards self and bystander allergen. OBJECTIVE: In the present study the effect of proteolytic activity of Per @entity35 allergen on dendritic cells (DCs) polarization and consequent T cell response was investigated. METHODS: Non-atopic subjects with no family history of @entity565 / @entity566 were recruited for the study. CD14(+) peripheral blood monocytes were purified, differentiated to immature DCs and stimulated with proteolytically active/inactivated native or recombinant Per a 10. DCs phenotype was analysed with flow cytometry and antigen presenting function assessed by co-culturing with autologous CD4(+) T cells. Cytokine levels were determined using ELISA. RESULTS: Immature DCs differentiated into mature CD14(-)CD83(+)HLA-DR(+) cells after incubating with proteolytically active/inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. Proteolytically active Per a 10 induced significant CD86 up-regulation on DCs compared to inactivated or recombinant Per a 10 lacking enzymatic activity. Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 showed dose-dependent effect on expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, CD1a and HLA-DR. However, no significant differences were observed phenotypically in active or inactive forms except for CD86. Active Per a 10 stimulated DCs secreted significantly low @entity567 (P < 0.01) and high @entity568 , compared to inactive forms of Per @entity35 . Naive CD4(+) T cells primed with active Per a 10 pulsed DCs also secreted significantly less @entity567 (P < 0.01) and high IL-4, IL-5 plus @entity568 (P < 0.01); in contrast to DCs pulsed with inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 modulates DCs towards type 2 by CD86 up-regulation, high @entity568 and reduced @entity567 secretions. Proteolytically inactive Per a 10 can be further explored for immunotherapy.

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@entity563 protease Per a 10 from XXXX bias dendritic cells towards type 2 by upregulating CD86 and low @entity567 secretions.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity563 protease activity of Per a 10 from @entity564 induces @entity32 and systemic Th2 response towards self and bystander allergen. OBJECTIVE: In the present study the effect of proteolytic activity of Per @entity35 allergen on dendritic cells (DCs) polarization and consequent T cell response was investigated. METHODS: Non-atopic subjects with no family history of @entity565 / @entity566 were recruited for the study. CD14(+) peripheral blood monocytes were purified, differentiated to immature DCs and stimulated with proteolytically active/inactivated native or recombinant Per a 10. DCs phenotype was analysed with flow cytometry and antigen presenting function assessed by co-culturing with autologous CD4(+) T cells. Cytokine levels were determined using ELISA. RESULTS: Immature DCs differentiated into mature CD14(-)CD83(+)HLA-DR(+) cells after incubating with proteolytically active/inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. Proteolytically active Per a 10 induced significant CD86 up-regulation on DCs compared to inactivated or recombinant Per a 10 lacking enzymatic activity. Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 showed dose-dependent effect on expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, CD1a and HLA-DR. However, no significant differences were observed phenotypically in active or inactive forms except for CD86. Active Per a 10 stimulated DCs secreted significantly low @entity567 (P < 0.01) and high @entity568 , compared to inactive forms of Per @entity35 . Naive CD4(+) T cells primed with active Per a 10 pulsed DCs also secreted significantly less @entity567 (P < 0.01) and high IL-4, IL-5 plus @entity568 (P < 0.01); in contrast to DCs pulsed with inactivated or recombinant Per a 10. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Proteolytic activity of Per a 10 modulates DCs towards type 2 by CD86 up-regulation, high @entity568 and reduced @entity567 secretions. Proteolytically inactive Per a 10 can be further explored for immunotherapy.

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Full kinetic chain manual and manipulative therapy plus exercise compared with targeted manual and manipulative therapy plus exercise for symptomatic XXXX : a randomized controlled trial.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To determine the short-term effectiveness of full kinematic chain manual and manipulative therapy ( @entity569 ) plus exercise compared with targeted hip @entity569 plus exercise for symptomatic mild to moderate @entity570 ( @entity571 ). DESIGN: Parallel-group randomized trial with 3-month follow-up. SETTING: Two chiropractic outpatient teaching clinics. @entity1 : Convenience sample of eligible @entity1 (N=111) with symptomatic hip @entity571 were consented and randomly allocated to receive either the experimental or comparison treatment, respectively. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 in the experimental group received full kinematic chain @entity569 plus exercise while those in the comparison group received targeted hip @entity569 plus exercise. @entity1 in both groups received 9 treatments over a 5-week period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Western Ontario and McMasters @entity571 Index (WOMAC), @entity572 ( @entity572 ), and Overall Therapy Effectiveness, alongside estimation of clinically meaningful outcomes. RESULTS: Total dropout was 9% (n=10) with 7% of total data missing, replaced using a multiple imputation method. No statistically significant differences were found between the 2 groups for any of the outcome measures (analysis of covariance, P=.45 and P=.79 for the WOMAC and @entity572 , respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in the primary or secondary outcome scores when comparing full kinematic chain @entity569 plus exercise with targeted hip @entity569 plus exercise for mild to moderate symptomatic hip @entity571 . Consequently, the nonsignificant findings suggest that there would also be no clinically meaningful difference between the 2 groups. The results of this study provides guidance to musculoskeletal practitioners who regularly use @entity569 that the full kinematic chain approach does not appear to have any benefit over targeted treatment.

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Increased incidence of incomplete XXXX at a pediatric hospital after publication of the 2004 American Heart Association guidelines.

multiple_choice

We sought to study the impact of the 2004 American Heart Association guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of @entity1 with @entity573 ( @entity573 ). We reviewed @entity1 records from July 2000 to June 2002 (group 1) and July 2007 to June 2009 (group 2) at a tertiary @entity1 's hospital. The proportion of @entity1 with incomplete @entity573 in group 2 (56 of 118 [47%]) was significantly higher than that in group 1 (20 of 85 [24%], p = 0.001). Median age (months) and interquartile ranges for group 1 was 26 (range 12.5-52) and for group 2 was 38.5 (range 18-63; p = 0.072). The number of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity573 having just 2 symptoms other than fever was significantly higher in group 2 (2.4 vs. 16.9%, p < 0.001). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, albumin, and @entity493 aminotransferase levels were obtained in a significantly greater number of @entity1 with @entity573 after the guidelines were published. Thirty-two of the 203 @entity1 studied had @entity453 ( @entity453 ) involvement (15.8%), 4 of whom had @entity574 (2%) and 28 had @entity453 only (13.8%). @entity453 involvement was seen in 13 of 85 (15.3%) @entity1 in group 1 and 19 of 118 (16.1%; p = 1) @entity1 in group 2. After publication of the 2004 AHA guidelines, diagnoses of incomplete @entity573 and laboratory use increased at our center; however, the rate of @entity453 involvement remained stable. There also was a trend towards older age in @entity1 diagnosed with @entity573 . Laboratory parameters and @entity453 involvement between incomplete @entity573 and classic @entity573 were comparable.

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Antimicrobial activity of thin metallic XXXX flakes, waste products of a manufacturing process.

multiple_choice

The aim of the research was to develop new products and processes from a manufacturing waste from an Italian metallurgic company. The company produced thin @entity575 metallic films and the production scraps were @entity575 flakes. The possibility to use the @entity575 flakes in water disinfection processes was studied. The antimicrobial activity of the flakes was investigated in batch using @entity526 as Gram-negative microorganism model. The flakes did not show any antimicrobial activity, so they were activated with two different processes: thermal activation in reducing atmosphere and chemical activation, obtaining, respectively, @entity576 ( @entity576 ). The flakes, activated with either treatment, showed antimicrobial activity against @entity526 . The kill rate was dependent on the type of activated flakes. The @entity576 were more efficient than reduced flakes. The kill rate determined for 1 g of @entity576 , 1.0 +/- 0.2 min(-1), was greater than the kill rate determined for 1 g of RF, 0.069 +/- 0.004 min(-1). This was confirmed also by the minimum inhibitory concentration values. It was demonstrated that the antimicrobial capability was dependent on flakes amount and on the type of aqueous medium. Furthermore, the flakes maintained their properties also when used a second time. Finally, the antimicrobial activities of flakes were tested in an effluent of a wastewater treatment plant where a variety of heterotrophic bacteria were present.

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719

Preliminary report on XXXX emissions from the Three Gorges Reservoir in the summer drainage period.

multiple_choice

Recently reported summertime @entity577 ( @entity578 ) emissions (6.7 +/- 13.3 mg @entity578 /(m2 x hr)) from newly created marshes in the drawdown area of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China have triggered broad concern in academic circles and among the public. The @entity578 emissions from TGR water surfaces and drawdown areas were monitored from 3rd June to 16th October 2010 with floating and static chambers and gas chromatography. The average @entity578 emission flux from permanently flooded areas in Zigui, Wushan and Yunyang Counties was (0.33 +/- 0.09) mg @entity578 /(m2 x hr). In half of these hottest months of the year, the wilderness, cropland and deforested drawdown sites were aerobic and located above water level, and the @entity578 emissions were very small, ranging from a sink at 0.12 mg @entity578 /(m2 x hr) to a source at 0.08 mg @entity578 /(m2 x hr) except for one mud-covered site after flood. Mean @entity578 emission in flooded drawdown sites was 0.34 mg @entity578 /(m2 x hr). The emissions from the @entity579 paddy sites in the drawdown area were averaged at (4.86 +/- 2.31) mg @entity578 /(m2 x hr). Excepting the @entity579 -paddy sites, these results show much lower emission levels than previously reported. Our results indicated considerable spatial and temporal variation in @entity578 emissions from the TGR. @entity1 activities and occasional events, such as flood, may also affect emission levels. Long-term @entity578 measurements and modeling in a large region are necessary to accurately estimate greenhouse gas emissions from the TGR.

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Evaluation of the duration of the antibiotic prophylaxis in paediatric postoperative heart surgery XXXX .

multiple_choice

The ideal duration of postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in heart surgery is unknown. The most recent guidelines recommend a decrease in prophylaxis time to decrease the emergence of multiresistant germs. However, compliance with these recommendations is scant. Our aim was to determine whether a decrease in prophylaxis time entails an increase in the @entity281 rate. A retrospective study was performed between September 2003 and March 2006, including all @entity1 of ages between 1 day and 14 years who were admitted to the intensive care unit after heart surgery. @entity1 being treated for an @entity281 at the time of surgery were excluded. The appearance of @entity580 , localisation, and the causative agent, if isolated, were included; demographic and clinical analytical variables, duration and type of antibiotic prophylaxis, and duration of other invasive devices were also included. Standard analysis and multivariable logistical regression were performed. 194 @entity1 were included in the study. The median duration of antibiotic prophylaxis was 72 h (range 24 to 176), with the most-used prophylaxis regimen being second-generation cephalosporins plus @entity581 . The incidence of @entity580 , mainly @entity582 , was 11.9%. The type of antibiotic therapy used for prophylaxis did not affect the incidence of @entity281 . In the multivariable logistical regression, only prolongation of antibiotic prophylaxis >48 h, central venous access maintenance time, and intubation increased the @entity281 rate. The suspension of antibiotic prophylaxis in the 48 h after surgery in pediatric @entity1 undergoing heart surgery does not increase the incidence of @entity580 . According to our results, prolongation of prophylaxis >48 h increases the @entity281 rate.

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XXXX as a potential tool to improve mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for @entity583 .

multiple_choice

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy has emerged as a potent therapeutic strategy to improve @entity583 . However MSCs therapy encounters a few obstacles regarding the poor viability of the transplanted cells. Therefore, it is important to explore a strategy to enhance post-transplanted MSC viability. To overcome this problem, several protocols were suggested mainly by activating PI3K/ @entity584 pathway. The PI3K/ @entity584 cascade regulates several cellular processes such as proliferation and apoptosis. @entity585 is a specific inhibitor of type II 5a-reductase; the enzyme converts @entity251 (T) to the more potent @entity342 receptor agonist @entity586 ( @entity587 ). @entity251 is found to stimulate rapid phosphorylation of @entity584 , and thereby activate the PI3K/ @entity584 pathway. This pathway could lead to decreased apoptosis of the MSCs via increasing the expression of @entity588 and reducing @entity589 expression. It has been also reported that @entity587 would confine the differentiation capacity of MSCs so that a reduction in @entity587 levels caused by @entity585 would be accompanied by increased facilitation in differentiation of MSCs to cardiomyocyte by means of the signals originating from the injured cardiac tissue. These mechanisms could propose the potential role for @entity585 to improve the MSCs therapy for @entity583 .

726

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@entity585 as a potential tool to improve mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for XXXX .

multiple_choice

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy has emerged as a potent therapeutic strategy to improve @entity583 . However MSCs therapy encounters a few obstacles regarding the poor viability of the transplanted cells. Therefore, it is important to explore a strategy to enhance post-transplanted MSC viability. To overcome this problem, several protocols were suggested mainly by activating PI3K/ @entity584 pathway. The PI3K/ @entity584 cascade regulates several cellular processes such as proliferation and apoptosis. @entity585 is a specific inhibitor of type II 5a-reductase; the enzyme converts @entity251 (T) to the more potent @entity342 receptor agonist @entity586 ( @entity587 ). @entity251 is found to stimulate rapid phosphorylation of @entity584 , and thereby activate the PI3K/ @entity584 pathway. This pathway could lead to decreased apoptosis of the MSCs via increasing the expression of @entity588 and reducing @entity589 expression. It has been also reported that @entity587 would confine the differentiation capacity of MSCs so that a reduction in @entity587 levels caused by @entity585 would be accompanied by increased facilitation in differentiation of MSCs to cardiomyocyte by means of the signals originating from the injured cardiac tissue. These mechanisms could propose the potential role for @entity585 to improve the MSCs therapy for @entity583 .

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@entity460 channel blockers are inadequate for XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: @entity590 ( @entity590 ) results from disordered @entity460 ( @entity141 ) homeostasis in skeletal muscle during general anesthesia. Although @entity141 channel blockers may be given to treat the @entity591 and circulatory instability, coadministration of @entity141 channel blockers and @entity592 is contraindicated during @entity590 crisis. We evaluated the effect of @entity141 channel blockers on @entity141 homeostasis and their interactions with @entity592 in @entity1 skeletal muscle. METHODS: @entity1 skeletal muscle samples were obtained by biopsy and divided into two groups according to the results of the @entity141 -induced @entity141 release rate test. Differentiated myotubes were labeled with @entity593 , and changes in the 340/380-nm ratio were used to calculate changes in @entity141 concentration following @entity594 treatment in the absence or presence of @entity592 . RESULTS: @entity594 induced a transient increase in the intracellular @entity141 concentration ([ @entity141 ](i)) in a dose-dependent manner. The half-maximal concentration (EC(50)) for @entity594 was 0.718 0.329 M in the accelerated group and 1.389 0.482 M in the nonaccelerated group (P = 0.009). The addition of 50 M @entity592 attenuated by 15.4% the increase in [ @entity141 ](i) caused by the 0.5 M @entity594 . CONCLUSION: @entity141 channel blockers led to increased [ @entity141 ](i) in @entity1 skeletal muscle cells. The increase is thus scarcely affected by @entity592 treatment. Data provide a greater physiologic basis for avoiding the use of @entity141 channel blockers during @entity590 crisis.

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XXXX channel blockers are inadequate for @entity590 .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: @entity590 ( @entity590 ) results from disordered @entity460 ( @entity141 ) homeostasis in skeletal muscle during general anesthesia. Although @entity141 channel blockers may be given to treat the @entity591 and circulatory instability, coadministration of @entity141 channel blockers and @entity592 is contraindicated during @entity590 crisis. We evaluated the effect of @entity141 channel blockers on @entity141 homeostasis and their interactions with @entity592 in @entity1 skeletal muscle. METHODS: @entity1 skeletal muscle samples were obtained by biopsy and divided into two groups according to the results of the @entity141 -induced @entity141 release rate test. Differentiated myotubes were labeled with @entity593 , and changes in the 340/380-nm ratio were used to calculate changes in @entity141 concentration following @entity594 treatment in the absence or presence of @entity592 . RESULTS: @entity594 induced a transient increase in the intracellular @entity141 concentration ([ @entity141 ](i)) in a dose-dependent manner. The half-maximal concentration (EC(50)) for @entity594 was 0.718 0.329 M in the accelerated group and 1.389 0.482 M in the nonaccelerated group (P = 0.009). The addition of 50 M @entity592 attenuated by 15.4% the increase in [ @entity141 ](i) caused by the 0.5 M @entity594 . CONCLUSION: @entity141 channel blockers led to increased [ @entity141 ](i) in @entity1 skeletal muscle cells. The increase is thus scarcely affected by @entity592 treatment. Data provide a greater physiologic basis for avoiding the use of @entity141 channel blockers during @entity590 crisis.

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High-density PhyloChip profiling of stimulated aquifer microbial communities reveals a complex response to XXXX amendment.

multiple_choice

There is increasing interest in harnessing the functional capacities of indigenous microbial communities to transform and remediate a wide range of environmental contaminants. Information about which community members respond to stimulation can guide the interpretation and development of remediation approaches. To comprehensively determine community membership and abundance patterns among a suite of samples associated with @entity595 bioremediation experiments, we employed a high-density microarray (PhyloChip). Samples were unstimulated, naturally reducing, or collected during @entity596 (early) and @entity597 reduction (late biostimulation) from an @entity598 re-amended/amended aquifer in Rifle, Colorado, and from laboratory experiments using field-collected materials. Deep community sampling with PhyloChip identified hundreds-to-thousands of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present during amendment, and revealed close similarity among highly enriched taxa from drill core and groundwater well-deployed column sediment. Overall, phylogenetic data suggested that stimulated community membership was most affected by a carryover effect between annual stimulation events. Nevertheless, OTUs within the @entity596 - and @entity597 -reducing lineages, Desulfuromonadales and Desulfobacterales, were repeatedly stimulated. Less consistent, co-enriched taxa represented additional lineages associated with @entity596 and @entity597 reduction (e.g. Desulfovibrionales; Syntrophobacterales; Peptococcaceae) and autotrophic @entity599 oxidation (Sulfurovum; Campylobacterales). Data implies complex membership among highly stimulated taxa and, by inference, biogeochemical responses to @entity598 , a nonfermentable substrate.

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Inappropriate surgical interventions for midline fusion defects cause secondary XXXX : implications for natural history report of four cases.

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: The causes of tethered spinal cord are various. In order to release the tethering effect of these @entity600 , the surgical interventions must include removal of all tethering components, reconstruction of the neural tube and sectioning of tight filum terminale as well. CASES: The cases reported in this paper have had an operation many years before for various @entity245 . After a certain period of time (5-10 years) of the first operation, the @entity1 reapplied to the hospital with various symptoms of spinal cord tethering, either vertical or horizontal. DISCUSSION: At surgical intervention, it was noted that inappropriate surgical procedures caused retethering of the spinal cord in all @entity1 . Postoperative period of all @entity1 were uneventful. All @entity1 declared relief in their symptoms. We would like to draw attention that untreated (or inappropriately treated) midline @entity245 will invariably cause syndrome of tethered cord. Consequently, prophylactic surgical untethering must be applied to all @entity1 with @entity601 as soon as possible. CONCLUSION: It looks that @entity602 invariably appear as enough negative influence accumulates as the time passes. Elapsed time may vary but unpleasant end result invariably arrives. While these cases with tethered spinal cord develop progressive @entity16 , prophylactic and appropriate surgical intervention should be considered as early as possible. There is no acceptable rationale to wait for the appearance of @entity601 symptoms to perform surgical untethering of the spinal cord because of the probability of irreversibility of the symptoms ( @entity322 in particular) of tethered @entity602 .

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Quantification of periarticular demineralization and synovialitis of the hand in XXXX @entity1 .

multiple_choice

The @entity79 ( @entity79 ) measurement of the hand in @entity309 ( @entity309 ) @entity1 is no standard measurement method as yet. The aim was to contribute to the standardization of the hand @entity79 measurement, especially of periarticular regions. As results, we found best precision values for the wrist and a significant correlation between hand and spine/femur @entity79 depending on disease activity and disease duration. INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to investigate (i) the precision of periarticular hand @entity79 measuring, (ii) the periarticular demineralization of the hand, (iii) the correlation between periarticular hand @entity79 and spine/femur @entity79 , and (iv) the correlation of hand @entity79 to @entity603 . METHODS: A number of 52 @entity309 @entity1 were examined by @entity79 measurement of the femoral neck, spine, whole hand, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints II-V, personal identity profile (PIP) joints II-V, and wrist using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). @entity603 of the hand was examined by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Three subgroups were further analyzed: early @entity309 , established @entity309 with moderate and with high disease activity. Early @entity309 and established @entity309 @entity1 with high disease activity were Followed up after 12 months. RESULTS: We found (1) best precision of @entity79 measurement for the wrist, (2) @entity79 in @entity309 significantly reduced if compared to normal controls, (3) a highly significant positive correlation between hand and spine/femur @entity79 and the power of correlation to depend on disease activity and disease duration (high correlation in @entity309 with moderate disease activity and early @entity309 , very high correlation in @entity309 with high disease activity), (4) a negative correlation between hand @entity79 and @entity603 in @entity309 with high disease activity, and (5) a significant @entity603 but no change in hand @entity79 after 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a highly significant correlation between hand @entity79 and spine/femur @entity79 in @entity309 @entity1 depending on disease activity and disease duration. We conclude to measure @entity79 at different sites including hands in order to quantify @entity604 in @entity309 @entity1 most properly.

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Quantification of periarticular demineralization and synovialitis of the hand in @entity309 XXXX .

multiple_choice

The @entity79 ( @entity79 ) measurement of the hand in @entity309 ( @entity309 ) @entity1 is no standard measurement method as yet. The aim was to contribute to the standardization of the hand @entity79 measurement, especially of periarticular regions. As results, we found best precision values for the wrist and a significant correlation between hand and spine/femur @entity79 depending on disease activity and disease duration. INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to investigate (i) the precision of periarticular hand @entity79 measuring, (ii) the periarticular demineralization of the hand, (iii) the correlation between periarticular hand @entity79 and spine/femur @entity79 , and (iv) the correlation of hand @entity79 to @entity603 . METHODS: A number of 52 @entity309 @entity1 were examined by @entity79 measurement of the femoral neck, spine, whole hand, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints II-V, personal identity profile (PIP) joints II-V, and wrist using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). @entity603 of the hand was examined by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Three subgroups were further analyzed: early @entity309 , established @entity309 with moderate and with high disease activity. Early @entity309 and established @entity309 @entity1 with high disease activity were Followed up after 12 months. RESULTS: We found (1) best precision of @entity79 measurement for the wrist, (2) @entity79 in @entity309 significantly reduced if compared to normal controls, (3) a highly significant positive correlation between hand and spine/femur @entity79 and the power of correlation to depend on disease activity and disease duration (high correlation in @entity309 with moderate disease activity and early @entity309 , very high correlation in @entity309 with high disease activity), (4) a negative correlation between hand @entity79 and @entity603 in @entity309 with high disease activity, and (5) a significant @entity603 but no change in hand @entity79 after 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a highly significant correlation between hand @entity79 and spine/femur @entity79 in @entity309 @entity1 depending on disease activity and disease duration. We conclude to measure @entity79 at different sites including hands in order to quantify @entity604 in @entity309 @entity1 most properly.

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Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two CYP619 cytochrome P450s involved in biosynthesis of patulin in XXXX .

multiple_choice

Patulin is an @entity598 -derived @entity605 mycotoxin produced by several fungal species, especially @entity606 , Penicillium and Byssochlamys species. The health risks due to patulin consumption by @entity1 have led many countries to regulate it in @entity1 food. Previous studies have shown the involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the hydroxylation of two precursors of patulin, @entity607 and @entity608 . In the present study, two cytochrome P450 genes were identified in the genome sequence of @entity606 , a patulin-producing species. Both mRNAs were strongly co-expressed during patulin production. CYP619C2, encoded by the first gene, consists of 529 aa, while the second cytochrome, CYP619C3, consists of 524 aa. The coding sequences were used to perform the heterologous expression of functional enzymes in @entity375 . The bioconversion assays showed that CYP619C3 catalysed the hydroxylation of @entity607 to yield @entity608 . CYP619C2 catalysed the hydroxylation of @entity608 and @entity607 to @entity609 and @entity610 ( @entity610 ), respectively. Except for the last compound, all enzyme products are known precursors of patulin. Taken together, these data strongly suggest the involvement of CYP619C2 and CYP619C3 in the biosynthesis of patulin. CYP619C2 and CYP619C3 are located near to two other genes involved in patulin biosynthesis, namely the @entity611 synthase (6msas) and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) genes. The current data associated with an analysis of the sequence of A. clavatus suggest the presence of a cluster of 15 genes involved in patulin biosynthesis.

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Quadriceps @entity121 mimicking XXXX .

multiple_choice

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVE: To report an unusual case of vastus lateralis @entity121 not accompanied by any history of major @entity130 or the presence of a risk factor in a @entity1 with @entity612 . Isolated vastus lateralis @entity121 without an obvious cause is very rare. Localized @entity158 and @entity613 are the most common symptoms and can be misdiagnosed as @entity614 . METHODS: A 70-year-old @entity1 presented with @entity615 , diagnosed as @entity612 . He was initially treated with @entity616 and transforaminal epidural block, which resulted in nearly complete relief of his symptoms. However, he subsequently experienced a @entity158 that was no longer responsive to treatment. The ultrasonographic exam revealed a partial tear of the right vastus lateralis muscle. RESULT: Injection of local anesthetics relieved the @entity1 's symptoms. At 1-month follow-up, he remained @entity158 -free. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity615 , physicians should consider non-spinal conditions that can cause signs and symptoms mimicking @entity614 .

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Quadriceps XXXX mimicking @entity614 .

multiple_choice

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVE: To report an unusual case of vastus lateralis @entity121 not accompanied by any history of major @entity130 or the presence of a risk factor in a @entity1 with @entity612 . Isolated vastus lateralis @entity121 without an obvious cause is very rare. Localized @entity158 and @entity613 are the most common symptoms and can be misdiagnosed as @entity614 . METHODS: A 70-year-old @entity1 presented with @entity615 , diagnosed as @entity612 . He was initially treated with @entity616 and transforaminal epidural block, which resulted in nearly complete relief of his symptoms. However, he subsequently experienced a @entity158 that was no longer responsive to treatment. The ultrasonographic exam revealed a partial tear of the right vastus lateralis muscle. RESULT: Injection of local anesthetics relieved the @entity1 's symptoms. At 1-month follow-up, he remained @entity158 -free. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity615 , physicians should consider non-spinal conditions that can cause signs and symptoms mimicking @entity614 .

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Satisfactory outcome despite low 2-hour postdose XXXX level in Iranian kidney recipients.

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: @entity205 has a narrow therapeutic serum level in kidney transplantation. Achieving the recommended therapeutic levels is necessary, but in different ethnic groups, the impact of the @entity205 level on @entity1 and graft survival has not been fully addressed yet. We investigated this issue by studying the 2-hour postdose serum concentration of @entity205 (C2) and the long-term graft and @entity1 survival in Iranian transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 397 kidney recipients were evaluated for the C2 serum levels. All @entity1 were under treatment with @entity617 , @entity618 , and @entity205 (Neoral). Measurements C2 were considered at different time intervals: the first 2 months, 2 to 6 months, and after 6 months posttransplantation. The mean of C2 levels at specified intervals were evaluated and compared with the recommended optimal ranges. @entity1 and graft survival rate were also calculated. RESULTS: In the studied @entity1 , C2 levels were lower than the upper recommended range in 96.9%, 83.6% and 64.5% in the first 2 months, between 2 and 6 months, and after 6 months posttransplantation, respectively. The overall 5-year @entity1 and graft survival rates were 95% and 85%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that the majority of the @entity1 had C2 levels lower than the recommended values, we observed good @entity1 and graft survival rates. Our data suggests that different populations may need different target levels definition.

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[Potential application of XXXX amniotic mesenchymal cells for seeding cells in bone tissue engineering].

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential of @entity1 amniotic mesenchymal cells (hAMC) serving as seeding cells in bone tissue engineering. METHODS: hAMC were isolated and cultured. The third passage of hAMC was cultured in osteogenic induced media [DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 0.1 mumol/L @entity619 , 50 mg/L @entity620 and 10 mmol/L @entity621 ] for one week. Calcified nodules were shown by @entity622 staining and counted under light microscope. Immunofluorescence cytochemical staining was used to detect collagen I (COL I) and @entity623 ( @entity623 ). Expression of @entity12 was examined in the amnion and hAMC by immunohistochemistry or immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: After osteoblast differentiation, calcified nodules were formed, on the average 18 per well. hAMC in calcified nodules showed positive expression of COL I and @entity623 . @entity12 was detected positive both in cells contained in amnion and in hAMC. CONCLUSION: hAMC are potential ideal candidates for seeding cells in bone tissue engineering.

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Hormone-induced 14-3-3y adaptor protein regulates steroidogenic acute regulatory protein activity and XXXX biosynthesis in MA-10 Leydig cells.

multiple_choice

@entity165 is the sole precursor of @entity134 hormones in the body. The import of @entity165 to the inner mitochondrial membrane, the rate-limiting step in @entity134 biosynthesis, relies on the formation of a protein complex that assembles at the outer mitochondrial membrane called the transduceosome. The transduceosome contains several mitochondrial and cytosolic components, including the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein ( @entity624 ). @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induces de novo synthesis of @entity624 , a process shown to parallel maximal @entity134 production. In the hCG-dependent steroidogenic MA-10 @entity19 Leydig cell line, the 14-3-3y protein was identified in native mitochondrial complexes by mass spectrometry and immunoblotting, and its levels increased in response to hCG treatment. The 14-3-3 proteins bind and regulate the activity of many proteins, acting via target protein activation, modification and localization. In MA-10 cells, @entity268 induces 14-3-3y expression parallel to @entity624 expression. Silencing of 14-3-3y expression potentiates hormone-induced steroidogenesis. Binding motifs of 14-3-3y were identified in components of the transduceosome, including @entity624 . Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate a hormone-dependent interaction between 14-3-3y and @entity624 that coincides with reduced 14-3-3y homodimerization. The binding site of 14-3-3y on @entity624 was identified to be Ser-194 in the @entity624 -related sterol binding lipid transfer (START) domain, the site phosphorylated in response to hCG. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 14-3-3y negatively regulates steroidogenesis by binding to Ser-194 of @entity624 , thus keeping @entity624 in an unfolded state, unable to induce maximal steroidogenesis. Over time 14-3-3y homodimerizes and dissociates from @entity624 , allowing this protein to induce maximal mitochondrial @entity134 formation.

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Psychological and @entity250 in long-term XXXX survivors.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The progressive increase in the number of @entity1 surviving long term after a diagnosis of @entity5 has led to a focus on the early and late complications of the disease and its treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of complications which may worsen quality of life and shorten long-term survival. METHODS: We identified 306 @entity5 @entity1 who had been disease-free without treatment for at least three years. Of these, 167 with @entity0 were enrolled in this study. A detailed questionnaire-based interview was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of the @entity1 (age, gender, marital status, education), the @entity5 (date of diagnosis, histology), and treatment. We also used the Beck Depression Inventory to screen for @entity308 , Spitzer's Quality of Life Index to assess quality of life, and the International Index of Erectile Function and the Female Sexual Function Index to get precise information on sexual function. RESULTS: Psychological effects were reported by 121 (72.4%) subjects. @entity250 were identified in 60 (35.9%) subjects. A correlation between frequency of @entity74 and severity of @entity250 was reported. The proportion of @entity74 was higher in younger @entity1 , those who were married, and those with low education. CONCLUSION: In survivors of @entity0 , the incidences of psychological and @entity250 are significant and frequently correlated, resulting in diminished quality of life.

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Psychological and XXXX in long-term @entity0 survivors.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The progressive increase in the number of @entity1 surviving long term after a diagnosis of @entity5 has led to a focus on the early and late complications of the disease and its treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of complications which may worsen quality of life and shorten long-term survival. METHODS: We identified 306 @entity5 @entity1 who had been disease-free without treatment for at least three years. Of these, 167 with @entity0 were enrolled in this study. A detailed questionnaire-based interview was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of the @entity1 (age, gender, marital status, education), the @entity5 (date of diagnosis, histology), and treatment. We also used the Beck Depression Inventory to screen for @entity308 , Spitzer's Quality of Life Index to assess quality of life, and the International Index of Erectile Function and the Female Sexual Function Index to get precise information on sexual function. RESULTS: Psychological effects were reported by 121 (72.4%) subjects. @entity250 were identified in 60 (35.9%) subjects. A correlation between frequency of @entity74 and severity of @entity250 was reported. The proportion of @entity74 was higher in younger @entity1 , those who were married, and those with low education. CONCLUSION: In survivors of @entity0 , the incidences of psychological and @entity250 are significant and frequently correlated, resulting in diminished quality of life.

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Mixture of Arnebia euchroma and Matricaria chamomilla (Marhame-Mafasel) for @entity158 relief of XXXX - a two-treatment, two-period crossover trial.

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: @entity571 is the most prevalent chronic @entity625 . Because of its chronic disease nature, local drugs are preferred due to lower complications. In the present study, the new herbal pomade Marhame-Mafasel for @entity626 was used in a double-blind crossover trial. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and safety of Marhame-Mafasel pomade, which consists of several medical herbs including Arnebia euchroma and Matricaria chamomilla, in @entity626 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover trial. Forty-two @entity1 with @entity158 associated with @entity626 (diagnosed by criteria of the European League against @entity627 and physical examination) were drawn from @entity1 attending the Clinic of Mostafa-Khomeini Hospital. In this study we assessed efficacy (analgesic effect and improved function) of herbal pomade Marhame-Mafasel, which was used locally in @entity1 with primary @entity626 over three weeks. The instrument of the study was the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) LK3.1 standard questionnaires. RESULTS: The @entity1 in each group were 21 @entity1 ; 30 (71.4%) were @entity1 and 12 (28.6%) of them were @entity1 . The @entity1 were between 40 and 76 years old. Six @entity1 had mild @entity625 , 15 had moderate @entity625 and 21 had severe @entity625 . The positive analgesic effect of the herbal pomade Marhame-Mafasel in primary @entity626 was proven. The herbal joint pomade Marhame-Mafasel had a significantly greater mean change in score compared to the placebo group for @entity571 severity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Herbal pomade Marhame-Mafasel in comparison to placebo has more effect on reduction of @entity158 of primary @entity626 .

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Mixture of Arnebia euchroma and Matricaria chamomilla (Marhame-Mafasel) for XXXX relief of @entity626 - a two-treatment, two-period crossover trial.

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: @entity571 is the most prevalent chronic @entity625 . Because of its chronic disease nature, local drugs are preferred due to lower complications. In the present study, the new herbal pomade Marhame-Mafasel for @entity626 was used in a double-blind crossover trial. The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and safety of Marhame-Mafasel pomade, which consists of several medical herbs including Arnebia euchroma and Matricaria chamomilla, in @entity626 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover trial. Forty-two @entity1 with @entity158 associated with @entity626 (diagnosed by criteria of the European League against @entity627 and physical examination) were drawn from @entity1 attending the Clinic of Mostafa-Khomeini Hospital. In this study we assessed efficacy (analgesic effect and improved function) of herbal pomade Marhame-Mafasel, which was used locally in @entity1 with primary @entity626 over three weeks. The instrument of the study was the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) LK3.1 standard questionnaires. RESULTS: The @entity1 in each group were 21 @entity1 ; 30 (71.4%) were @entity1 and 12 (28.6%) of them were @entity1 . The @entity1 were between 40 and 76 years old. Six @entity1 had mild @entity625 , 15 had moderate @entity625 and 21 had severe @entity625 . The positive analgesic effect of the herbal pomade Marhame-Mafasel in primary @entity626 was proven. The herbal joint pomade Marhame-Mafasel had a significantly greater mean change in score compared to the placebo group for @entity571 severity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Herbal pomade Marhame-Mafasel in comparison to placebo has more effect on reduction of @entity158 of primary @entity626 .

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Not all are lost: interrupted laboratory monitoring, XXXX , and loss to follow-up (LTFU) in a large South African treatment program.

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BACKGROUND: Many @entity645 treatment programs in resource-limited settings are plagued by high rates of loss to follow-up (LTFU). Most studies have not distinguished between those who briefly interrupt, but return to care, and those more chronically lost to follow-up. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 11,397 adults initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 71 Southern African Catholic Bishops Conference/Catholic Relief Services @entity645 treatment clinics between January 2004 and December 2008. We distinguished among @entity1 with @entity204 , within the first 7 months on ART; @entity1 with interruptions in laboratory monitoring (ILM), defined as missing visits in the first 7 months on ART, but returning to care by 12 months; and those LTFU, defined as missing all follow-up visits in the first 12 months on ART. We used multilevel logistic regression models to determine @entity1 and clinic-level characteristics associated with these outcomes. RESULTS: In the first year on ART, 60% of @entity1 remained in care, 30% missed laboratory visits, and 10% suffered @entity204 . Of the 3,194 @entity1 who missed laboratory visits, 40% had ILM, resuming care by 12 months. After 12 months on ART, @entity1 with ILM had a 30% increase in detectable @entity646 compared to those who remained in care. Risk of LTFU decreased with increasing enrollment year, and was lowest for @entity1 who enrolled in 2008 compared to 2004 [OR 0.49, 95%CI 0.39-0.62]. CONCLUSIONS: In a large community-based cohort in South Africa, nearly 30% of @entity1 miss follow-up visits for @entity404 monitoring in the first year after starting ART. Of those, 40% have ILM but return to clinic with worse virologic outcomes than those who remain in care. The risk of chronic LTFU decreased with enrollment year. As ART availability increases, interruptions in care may become more common, and should be accounted for in addressing program LTFU.

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Head-to-head comparison between bicycle exercise testing and coronary XXXX score and coronary stenoses on multislice computed tomography.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To perform a head-to-head comparison between signs of @entity63 during bicycle exercise testing and @entity453 on multislice computed tomography (MSCT) in @entity1 with suspected @entity453 ( @entity453 ). METHODS: Two hundred and one @entity1 underwent exercise testing, followed by 64-slice MSCT. A subgroup of 63 (31%) @entity1 also underwent conventional coronary angiography. The exercise test was positive or negative based on electrocardiographic signs of @entity63 . On MSCT, total @entity460 score was obtained. Based on MSCT angiography, the @entity1 were classified as having normal MSCT or @entity453 [with nonobstructive and obstructive @entity453 (>/=50% luminal narrowing) present]. RESULTS: In 178 @entity1 with interpretable examinations, the exercise test was positive in 36 (20%) and negative in 142 (80%) @entity1 . @entity460 score was identical in @entity1 with a positive [median (interquartile range) 11 (0-343)] and a negative exercise test [18 (0-335), P=NS]. The prevalence of nonobstructive @entity453 was the same in two @entity1 groups [13 (36%) @entity1 with a positive vs. 54 (38%) @entity1 with a negative exercise test, P=NS]. Although obstructive @entity453 was observed in 15 (42%) @entity1 having a positive exercise test, obstructive lesions were also present in 38 (27%) @entity1 without @entity63 on exercise testing. The findings were confirmed by conventional coronary angiography. CONCLUSION: No correlation was observed between @entity63 on exercise testing and both @entity460 scoring and nonobstructive @entity453 on MSCT. A large proportion of obstructive lesions on MSCT were not observed on exercise testing. Potentially, MSCT may provide additional information on @entity453 .

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A simple clinical predictive index for objective estimates of mortality in XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: We sought to develop a simple point score that would accurately capture the risk of @entity204 for @entity1 with @entity647 ( @entity647 ). DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis of data from two randomized trials. Baseline clinical variables collected within 24 hours of enrollment were modeled as predictors of hospital mortality using logistic regression and bootstrap resampling to arrive at a parsimonious model. We constructed a point score based on regression coefficients. SETTING: Medical centers participating in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Trials Network (ARDSnet). @entity1 : Model development: 414 @entity1 with nontraumatic @entity647 participating in the low tidal volume arm of the ARDSnet Acute Respiratory Management in ARDS study. Model validation: 459 @entity1 participating in the ARDSnet Assessment of Low tidal Volume and elevated End-expiratory volume to Obviate Lung Injury study. Model Validation: 459 @entity1 participating in the ARDSnet Assessment of Low tidal Volume and elevated End-expiratory volume to Obviate Lung Injury trial. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Variables comprising the prognostic model were hematocrit <26% (1 point), @entity648 >or=2 mg/dL (1 point), fluid balance >2.5 L positive (1 point), and age (1 point for age 40-64 years, 2 points for age >or=65 years). Predicted mortality (95% confidence interval) for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4+ point totals was 8% (5% to 14%), 17% (12% to 23%), 31% (26% to 37%), 51% (43% to 58%), and 70% (58% to 80%), respectively. There was an excellent agreement between predicted and observed mortality in the validation cohort. Observed mortality for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4+ point totals in the validation cohort was 12%, 16%, 28%, 47%, and 67%, respectively. Compared with the Acute Physiology Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the point score were greater in the development cohort (0.72 vs. 0.67, p = 0.09) and lower in the validation cohort (0.68 vs. 0.75, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality in @entity1 with @entity647 can be predicted using an index of four readily available clinical variables with good calibration. This index may help inform prognostic discussions, but validation in nonclinical trial populations is necessary before widespread use.

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A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial assessing safety and efficacy of active site inactivated recombinant factor VIIa in subjects with XXXX or acute @entity649 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of active site inactivated recombinant factor VIIa (FFR-rFVIIa) in @entity1 with acute @entity649 . DESIGN: Phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. SETTING: Forty-six intensive care units (ICU) in ten countries. @entity1 : All adult (>or=18 years), mechanically ventilated @entity1 with acute onset (within 48 hour) of @entity647 /acute @entity649 were included. INTERVENTIONS: Four sequential (in ascending order) treatment groups (cohorts) in single and multiple dosing strategies. Subjects were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either FFR-rFVIIa or placebo within each cohort. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Data were collected daily for 7 days and on days 14 and 28 for efficacy variables including hematology and coagulation parameters, plasma d-dimer levels, plasma @entity650 levels, vital signs, ventilator parameters, @entity651 score, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. The study was discontinued prematurely by the Safety Committee based on statistical analysis of the mortality in cohort 3 (4 x 400 microg/kg), which suggested that, after adjusting for prognostic covariates, 28-day mortality was significantly higher in this cohort than in the placebo group and time to death was significantly shorter. A total of 214 @entity1 (147 male) were included in the trial, mean age 59 years (range, 24-85 years). Overall, there were no significant differences in mortality rates in treated and placebo @entity1 (36/144 deaths FFR-rFVIIa, 15/70 placebo). There was no treatment effect of FFR-rFVIIa on vital signs, blood chemistry parameters, hematology parameters, or amount of transfusion products required. There was a trend to increased @entity548 with increasing FFR-rFVIIa dose. CONCLUSION: In this randomized double-blind, placebo- controlled, dose-escalation trial, FFR-rFVIIa had no beneficial effects on morbidity or outcome overall. The cohort of @entity1 receiving 4 x 400 g/kg of FFR-rFVIIa had increased mortality rates compared with placebo-treated @entity1 , and there was a trend to increased risk of serious @entity548 with increasing doses.

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A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial assessing safety and efficacy of active site inactivated recombinant factor VIIa in subjects with @entity647 or acute XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of active site inactivated recombinant factor VIIa (FFR-rFVIIa) in @entity1 with acute @entity649 . DESIGN: Phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. SETTING: Forty-six intensive care units (ICU) in ten countries. @entity1 : All adult (>or=18 years), mechanically ventilated @entity1 with acute onset (within 48 hour) of @entity647 /acute @entity649 were included. INTERVENTIONS: Four sequential (in ascending order) treatment groups (cohorts) in single and multiple dosing strategies. Subjects were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to either FFR-rFVIIa or placebo within each cohort. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Data were collected daily for 7 days and on days 14 and 28 for efficacy variables including hematology and coagulation parameters, plasma d-dimer levels, plasma @entity650 levels, vital signs, ventilator parameters, @entity651 score, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. The study was discontinued prematurely by the Safety Committee based on statistical analysis of the mortality in cohort 3 (4 x 400 microg/kg), which suggested that, after adjusting for prognostic covariates, 28-day mortality was significantly higher in this cohort than in the placebo group and time to death was significantly shorter. A total of 214 @entity1 (147 male) were included in the trial, mean age 59 years (range, 24-85 years). Overall, there were no significant differences in mortality rates in treated and placebo @entity1 (36/144 deaths FFR-rFVIIa, 15/70 placebo). There was no treatment effect of FFR-rFVIIa on vital signs, blood chemistry parameters, hematology parameters, or amount of transfusion products required. There was a trend to increased @entity548 with increasing FFR-rFVIIa dose. CONCLUSION: In this randomized double-blind, placebo- controlled, dose-escalation trial, FFR-rFVIIa had no beneficial effects on morbidity or outcome overall. The cohort of @entity1 receiving 4 x 400 g/kg of FFR-rFVIIa had increased mortality rates compared with placebo-treated @entity1 , and there was a trend to increased risk of serious @entity548 with increasing doses.

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Endoscopic full-thickness resection of a lateral spreading XXXX after unplanned injection of dilute hyaluronic acid into the subserosal layer (with video).

multiple_choice

A 74-year-old @entity1 underwent colonoscopy for investigation of a @entity96 . A lateral spreading @entity5 of the non-granular type (LST-NG), 25 mm in diameter, was detected at the rectosigmoid junction. As magnifying image-enhanced colonoscopy suggested a @entity652 , endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) was chosen for removal of the LST-NG. The lesion was effectively and evenly lifted after injection of 0.4% hyaluronic acid diluted with @entity653 in the ratio of 1:1. A small amount of @entity654 dye was also added for coloration of the plane of resection. The lesion was completely removed en bloc. Although a blue-colored layer was identified in the resection defect, a small amount of a whitish layer was detected above the blue layer. The muscle layer was clearly located on the underside of the resected polyp. A total of 14 endoclips were used to close the defect completely. The @entity1 was successfully treated conservatively without surgery. Histology of the resected specimen showed that it contained a @entity655 . The surgical margin was free of neoplastic change horizontally and vertically. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of full-thickness resection associated with EMR after unplanned injection of dilute hyaluronic acid into the subserosal layer rather than the intended submucosal layer. We describe how to promptly recognize this complication during colonoscopy, in order to achieve immediate closure of the defect, with the identification of a "mirror target sign" on the colonic wall.

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Experimental pancreatitis results in increased blood-brain barrier permeability in @entity35 : a potential role of XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To measure the changes of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in @entity35 with @entity656 ( @entity656 ) and to investigate the role of @entity657 expression in this alteration. METHODS: @entity35 model of @entity656 ( @entity656 ) and @entity656 ( @entity656 ) was induced by pancreatic duct infusion of 5% and 0.5% @entity658 , respectively, and a saline infusion was used in the control. The severity of @entity656 was evaluated by a pathological score system. BBB permeability was detected by Evan's blue tracer and BBB tight junction was assessed by brain @entity659 expression. Immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect @entity657 expression in the brain. @entity594 was used as the antagonist of @entity657 . RESULTS: Compared to the control group, change of BBB permeability was more significant in @entity656 groups, but not in @entity656 groups. @entity659 level decreased 12 h after @entity656 induction. Pathological score of @entity656 group was higher than that in @entity656 group. BBB opening was associated with @entity660 . Brain @entity657 expression was detected in all the @entity656 groups, which was correlated with increased BBB permeability, but was not found in the control group or the @entity656 group. After treatment with @entity594 , brain @entity657 level decreased and BBB function improved synchronously in @entity656 groups. CONCLUSIONS: BBB permeability increased in @entity656 significantly and time-dependently, and was correlated with brain @entity657 expression. @entity594 may improve BBB function by inhibiting @entity657 expression.

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Experimental pancreatitis results in increased blood-brain barrier permeability in XXXX : a potential role of @entity657 .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To measure the changes of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in @entity35 with @entity656 ( @entity656 ) and to investigate the role of @entity657 expression in this alteration. METHODS: @entity35 model of @entity656 ( @entity656 ) and @entity656 ( @entity656 ) was induced by pancreatic duct infusion of 5% and 0.5% @entity658 , respectively, and a saline infusion was used in the control. The severity of @entity656 was evaluated by a pathological score system. BBB permeability was detected by Evan's blue tracer and BBB tight junction was assessed by brain @entity659 expression. Immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect @entity657 expression in the brain. @entity594 was used as the antagonist of @entity657 . RESULTS: Compared to the control group, change of BBB permeability was more significant in @entity656 groups, but not in @entity656 groups. @entity659 level decreased 12 h after @entity656 induction. Pathological score of @entity656 group was higher than that in @entity656 group. BBB opening was associated with @entity660 . Brain @entity657 expression was detected in all the @entity656 groups, which was correlated with increased BBB permeability, but was not found in the control group or the @entity656 group. After treatment with @entity594 , brain @entity657 level decreased and BBB function improved synchronously in @entity656 groups. CONCLUSIONS: BBB permeability increased in @entity656 significantly and time-dependently, and was correlated with brain @entity657 expression. @entity594 may improve BBB function by inhibiting @entity657 expression.

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Psychology of earthquake-induced XXXX , @entity583 and non-cardiac @entity662 .

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AIMS: To compare psychological factors in @entity1 presenting to hospital with earthquake-induced @entity661 , @entity583 ( @entity583 ) and non-cardiac @entity662 . We hypothesised that @entity1 with @entity661 and non-cardiac @entity662 would be more psychologically vulnerable than those with @entity583 . METHODS: Cardiology admitting staff in the week following the September 2010 Christchurch earthquake prospectively identified @entity1 with earthquake-precipitated @entity662 . Males were excluded. All consenting @entity1 met diagnostic criteria for one of the three conditions. @entity1 underwent a semistructured interview with a senior clinical psychologist who was blind to the cardiac diagnosis. Premorbid psychological factors, experience of the earthquake and psychological response were assessed using a range of validated tools. RESULTS: Seventeen @entity1 were included in the study, six with @entity661 , five with @entity583 and six with non-cardiac @entity662 . Earthquake experiences were notably similar across the groups. @entity1 with non-cardiac @entity662 scored high on the hospital @entity148 and @entity308 scale, the health @entity148 questionnaire, the Eysenck @entity663 scale and the Impact of Event scale. @entity1 with @entity661 scored as the most psychologically robust. @entity308 and extroversion scores were the same across groups. CONCLUSION: Our hypothesis was incorrect. @entity1 with non-cardiac @entity662 following an earthquake have higher @entity148 and @entity663 scores than @entity1 with either @entity583 . @entity661 following an earthquake is not specific to psychologically vulnerable @entity1 . The psychology of natural disaster-induced @entity661 may differ from that of sporadic cases.

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Psychology of earthquake-induced @entity661 , @entity583 and non-cardiac XXXX .

multiple_choice

AIMS: To compare psychological factors in @entity1 presenting to hospital with earthquake-induced @entity661 , @entity583 ( @entity583 ) and non-cardiac @entity662 . We hypothesised that @entity1 with @entity661 and non-cardiac @entity662 would be more psychologically vulnerable than those with @entity583 . METHODS: Cardiology admitting staff in the week following the September 2010 Christchurch earthquake prospectively identified @entity1 with earthquake-precipitated @entity662 . Males were excluded. All consenting @entity1 met diagnostic criteria for one of the three conditions. @entity1 underwent a semistructured interview with a senior clinical psychologist who was blind to the cardiac diagnosis. Premorbid psychological factors, experience of the earthquake and psychological response were assessed using a range of validated tools. RESULTS: Seventeen @entity1 were included in the study, six with @entity661 , five with @entity583 and six with non-cardiac @entity662 . Earthquake experiences were notably similar across the groups. @entity1 with non-cardiac @entity662 scored high on the hospital @entity148 and @entity308 scale, the health @entity148 questionnaire, the Eysenck @entity663 scale and the Impact of Event scale. @entity1 with @entity661 scored as the most psychologically robust. @entity308 and extroversion scores were the same across groups. CONCLUSION: Our hypothesis was incorrect. @entity1 with non-cardiac @entity662 following an earthquake have higher @entity148 and @entity663 scores than @entity1 with either @entity583 . @entity661 following an earthquake is not specific to psychologically vulnerable @entity1 . The psychology of natural disaster-induced @entity661 may differ from that of sporadic cases.

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Psychology of earthquake-induced @entity661 , XXXX and non-cardiac @entity662 .

multiple_choice

AIMS: To compare psychological factors in @entity1 presenting to hospital with earthquake-induced @entity661 , @entity583 ( @entity583 ) and non-cardiac @entity662 . We hypothesised that @entity1 with @entity661 and non-cardiac @entity662 would be more psychologically vulnerable than those with @entity583 . METHODS: Cardiology admitting staff in the week following the September 2010 Christchurch earthquake prospectively identified @entity1 with earthquake-precipitated @entity662 . Males were excluded. All consenting @entity1 met diagnostic criteria for one of the three conditions. @entity1 underwent a semistructured interview with a senior clinical psychologist who was blind to the cardiac diagnosis. Premorbid psychological factors, experience of the earthquake and psychological response were assessed using a range of validated tools. RESULTS: Seventeen @entity1 were included in the study, six with @entity661 , five with @entity583 and six with non-cardiac @entity662 . Earthquake experiences were notably similar across the groups. @entity1 with non-cardiac @entity662 scored high on the hospital @entity148 and @entity308 scale, the health @entity148 questionnaire, the Eysenck @entity663 scale and the Impact of Event scale. @entity1 with @entity661 scored as the most psychologically robust. @entity308 and extroversion scores were the same across groups. CONCLUSION: Our hypothesis was incorrect. @entity1 with non-cardiac @entity662 following an earthquake have higher @entity148 and @entity663 scores than @entity1 with either @entity583 . @entity661 following an earthquake is not specific to psychologically vulnerable @entity1 . The psychology of natural disaster-induced @entity661 may differ from that of sporadic cases.

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Involvement of PDGF in pressure-induced mesangial cell proliferation through PKC and XXXX kinase pathways.

multiple_choice

In glomerular @entity101 , mesangial cells (MC) are subjected to at least two physical forces: mechanical stretch and high transmural pressure. Increased transmural pressure, as well as mechanical stretch, promotes MC proliferation, which may enhance @entity631 . The exact mechanism of this effect is not fully understood. We examined the effects of transmural pressure alone on cell proliferation and DNA synthesis and investigated the role of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and @entity664 ( @entity664 ), candidates for mediation of @entity8 , in the pressure-induced events. Pressure was applied to cultured MC placed in a sealed chamber using compressed helium gas. Application of pressure resulted in a time-dependent ( approximately 2 h) and pressure level-dependent (approximately 80 mmHg) increase in cell number (1.4-fold) and @entity665 incorporation (2.7-fold). Pressure-induced DNA synthesis was significantly suppressed by inhibitors of phospholipase C ( @entity666 ), protein kinase C [ @entity667 and @entity668 ], or @entity669 kinases ( @entity670 ). Pressure caused a rapid but transient formation of @entity671 , which was blocked by the phospholipase C inhibitor. Pressure also promoted a rapid increase in @entity669 kinase activity. Pressure increased mRNA levels of @entity672 , with a peak at 6 h, but not those of @entity673 or @entity664 . Pressure-induced DNA synthesis was partially inhibited by a neutralizing anti-PDGF antibody but not by an antibody against @entity664 or nonimmune IgG. Our results indicated that pressure by itself increases DNA synthesis and proliferation of cultured @entity35 MC possibly through activation of protein kinase C and @entity669 kinases, and @entity672 could be partially involved in these pathways.

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XXXX : a single center experience.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: The duodenum as primary site for @entity674 ( @entity674 ) is rare and mitotic rate, @entity5 size, type of mutation and number of chromosomal aberrations have prognostic implications. METHODS: We analyzed the outcome of 13 @entity1 with duodenal @entity674 who underwent surgical @entity5 resection. Either segmental duodenectomy or pylorus-preserving duodenopancreatectomy was performed. The @entity5 were histopathologically examined and the risk of progression was assessed based on @entity5 size and mitotic count. Additionally, mutation analysis of the KIT and @entity675 receptor @entity669 kinase genes and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) were performed in all cases. RESULTS: Eight @entity1 underwent segmental duodenectomy and five @entity1 were treated with pylorus-preserving duodenopancreatectomy. None of the five @entity674 with low or no risk for @entity5 according to the Miettinen classification developed @entity5 progress. In contrast, five of eight cases (62.5%) with high-risk @entity5 revealed @entity5 progress, and four of these @entity1 died (50%). The median overall survival for all @entity1 was 66 months, and the median disease-free survival 41 months. The operative procedure and type of mutation did not correlate with long-term survival. CGH analysis displayed -15q in 12/13 @entity5 , @entity676 in 11/13 cases as characteristic chromosomal aberrations for intestinal origin. Notably, -22q was present in three of four cases with @entity5 progress. CONCLUSIONS: Both segmental duodenectomy and pylorus-preserving duodenopancreatectomy are appropriate options to treat duodenal @entity677 and should be implemented depending on resectability and the @entity1 's performing state. The Miettinen classification and CGH findings correlate with the clinical course.

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Assessment of blood-brain barrier permeability using the in situ XXXX brain perfusion technique.

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To assess the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of 12 clinically-used drugs in @entity678 (+/+) and @entity678 (-/-) @entity19 , and investigate the influence of lipophilicity, nonspecific brain tissue binding, and @entity679 -mediated efflux on the rate of brain uptake. METHODS: The BBB partition coefficient (PS) was determined using the in situ @entity19 brain perfusion technique. The net brain uptake for 12 compounds, and the time course of brain uptake for selected compounds ranging in BBB equilibration kinetics from rapidly-equilibrating (e.g., @entity680 , @entity681 ) to slowly-equilibrating ( @entity682 ), was determined and compared. RESULTS: There was a sigmoidal relationship in @entity678 (-/-) @entity19 between the log-PS and clogD(7.4) in the range of 0-5. The brain uptake clearance was a function of both permeability and blood flow rate. The brain unbound fraction was inversely proportional to lipophilicity. @entity680 achieved brain equilibrium approximately 4,000-fold faster than @entity682 , based on the magnitude of PSxfu,brain. CONCLUSIONS: In situ brain perfusion is a useful technique to determine BBB permeability. Lipophilicity, ionization state, molecular weight and polar surface area are all important determinants for brain penetration. The time to blood-to-brain equilibrium varies widely for different compounds, and is determined by a multiplicity of pharmacokinetic factors.

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A randomized, controlled trial comparing traditional herbal medicine and XXXX inhibitors in the treatment of seasonal @entity683 .

multiple_choice

The herbal medicine, maoto, has been traditionally prescribed to @entity1 with @entity683 in Japan. To better understand the efficacy of maoto for the treatment of @entity683 , a randomized trial was conducted for comparison with @entity684 or @entity685 . Adult @entity1 with @entity683 symptoms, including @entity221 , positive for quick diagnostic kit for @entity683 within 48 h of @entity221 onset were assessed for enrollment. The data of 28 @entity1 randomly assigned to maoto (n = 10), @entity684 (n = 8), or @entity685 (n = 10) were analyzed for the duration of @entity221 (>37.5 C) and total symptom score from symptom cards recorded by the @entity1 . Viral isolation and serum cytokine measurements were also done on days 1, 3, and 5. Maoto granules, a commercial medical dosage form, are made from four plants: Ephedra Herb, Apricot Kernel, Cinnamon Bark, and Glycyrrhiza Root. Median durations of @entity221 of @entity1 assigned maoto, @entity684 , or @entity685 were 29, 46, or 27 h, respectively, significantly different for maoto and @entity684 . No significant between-group differences were found in total symptom score among three groups. Viral persistent rates and serum cytokine levels ( @entity686 , @entity650 , @entity687 , @entity688 , and @entity310 ) during the study period showed no differences among three groups. The administration of oral maoto granules to healthy adults with seasonal @entity683 was well tolerated and associated with equivalent clinical and virological efficacy to @entity689 inhibitors.

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A randomized, controlled trial comparing traditional herbal medicine and @entity689 inhibitors in the treatment of seasonal XXXX .

multiple_choice

The herbal medicine, maoto, has been traditionally prescribed to @entity1 with @entity683 in Japan. To better understand the efficacy of maoto for the treatment of @entity683 , a randomized trial was conducted for comparison with @entity684 or @entity685 . Adult @entity1 with @entity683 symptoms, including @entity221 , positive for quick diagnostic kit for @entity683 within 48 h of @entity221 onset were assessed for enrollment. The data of 28 @entity1 randomly assigned to maoto (n = 10), @entity684 (n = 8), or @entity685 (n = 10) were analyzed for the duration of @entity221 (>37.5 C) and total symptom score from symptom cards recorded by the @entity1 . Viral isolation and serum cytokine measurements were also done on days 1, 3, and 5. Maoto granules, a commercial medical dosage form, are made from four plants: Ephedra Herb, Apricot Kernel, Cinnamon Bark, and Glycyrrhiza Root. Median durations of @entity221 of @entity1 assigned maoto, @entity684 , or @entity685 were 29, 46, or 27 h, respectively, significantly different for maoto and @entity684 . No significant between-group differences were found in total symptom score among three groups. Viral persistent rates and serum cytokine levels ( @entity686 , @entity650 , @entity687 , @entity688 , and @entity310 ) during the study period showed no differences among three groups. The administration of oral maoto granules to healthy adults with seasonal @entity683 was well tolerated and associated with equivalent clinical and virological efficacy to @entity689 inhibitors.

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Retroacetabular XXXX behind well-fixed prosthetic cups: pilot study of bearings-retaining surgery.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity690 are common radiological findings behind acetabular prosthetic cups. If the cup is well-fixed, the management is quite controversial. Although implant exchange is the most reliable procedure, in most cases it could be considered overtreatment, with the potential for further morbidity and @entity604 . Liner exchange associated with lesion debridement and grafting represents an alternative option that is less invasive. Here we present our experiences from a small pilot study of minimally invasive osteolysis treatment without bearings exchange in @entity1 with no evidence of liner wear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: <AbstractText Label="INCLUSION CRITERIA" NlmCategory="METHODS">retroacetabular @entity690 in ceramic-on- @entity691 or metal-on- @entity691 cementless total hip arthroplasties, affecting more than 50% of the bone-prosthesis interface on anteroposterior radiography. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: head penetration into the liner, suspected @entity281 . Six @entity1 were selected, two asymptomatic and four symptomatic. Only the symptomatic @entity1 accepted the proposed treatment (performed between June 2004 and March 2006). All of them received fluoroscopy-assisted lesion debridement through an iliac cortical window, morcellized bone allograft mixed with autologous platelet-rich plasma, joint exploration for culture and lavage through a small capsular window. @entity1 were followed up clinically and radiologically at six months, 12 months, and then yearly. RESULTS: Three @entity1 out of four showed clinical and radiological improvement. One showed radiological improvement only, and recently underwent cup exchange for subsequent loosening. The visual analog scale (VAS) values for @entity158 decreased on average, but not significantly. No major complications occurred. No recurrence was noted at 2.25-4 years' follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Although the small series does not allow any absolute conclusions to be drawn, the reported results seem to justify further, wider studies. It is still unclear if @entity690 associated with no wear of the poly liner would progress to implant failure if left untreated. Until the problem is better understood, this procedure might represent an interesting way to prevent potential loosening and severe @entity604 in intact sockets.

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Injectable XXXX cement patch as an on-lay graft for the sellar reconstructions following endoscopic endonasal approach.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: Skull base reconstruction after endoscopic endonasal resection of a variety of skull base lesions remains challenging because of some lethal complications such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. We investigated the outcomes of @entity692 (HA) cement patch as on-lay graft for skull base defects following endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA). METHODS: We analyzed 53 consecutive @entity1 who underwent sellar reconstruction using HA cement following EEA at our institution between July 2009 and March 2011. @entity1 were composed of 23 @entity1 and 30 @entity1 with a mean age of 47 years, ranging from 10 to 72 years. Among these @entity1 , 29 @entity1 (54.7%) experienced intraoperative CSF leaks with high-output, 10 @entity1 (18.9%) underwent CSF leaks with low output, and 14 @entity1 (26.4%) experienced no intraoperative CSF leak. Mean follow-up period for clinical outcomes was 8.6 months (range, 3-22 months). RESULTS: We performed injectable HA patch as on-lay graft over fascia lata for the skull base defects. Routine lumbar CSF drainage was not performed postoperatively in any @entity1 since the introduction of HA. During the follow-up period, three of 53 @entity1 (5.6%) demonstrated @entity693 associated with postoperative CSF leaks and underwent re-do reconstruction surgery. There was no allergic symptoms associated with HA cement. At an outpatient clinic, the defects were found to be covered with surrounding nasal mucosa at an average of 14 weeks (range, 3-28 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: The use of HA cement as an on-lay patch for the reconstruction of sellar defect demonstrated a low incidence of CSF leaks with minimal complications. HA cement may be an alternative option for repair of CSF leaks following EEA.

831

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Tumor XXXX expression and the risk of recurrence in @entity5 .

multiple_choice

There is emerging evidence for the prognostic role of various microRNA (miRNA) molecules in @entity694 . The aim of this study was therefore to compare the miRNA profiles in the @entity5 of @entity1 with recurrent and non-recurrent @entity694 . The study population included 110 @entity1 , 51 (46%) with stage I and 59 (54%) with @entity34 , who underwent curative colectomies between 1995 and 2005 without adjuvant therapy and for whom reliable miRNA expression data were available. RNA was extracted from @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) @entity5 samples. Initial profiling, using microarrays, was done in order to identify potential biomarkers of recurrence. The miRNA expression was later verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Findings were compared between @entity1 who had a recurrence within 36 months of surgery (bad prognosis group, n=23, 21%) and those who did not (good prognosis group, n=87, 79%) in the entire group and within each stage. The results showed that in stage I, none of the 903 miRNAs tested showed differential expression between @entity1 with good prognosis compared with those with poor prognosis. In contrast, in stage II, one miRNA, @entity695 , showed a clear differential expression between the groups (p=0.028). High expression of @entity695 was associated with a longer disease-free survival (DFS), on both univariate and multivariate analyses. Using @entity695 , the positive predictive value for non-recurrence was 94% (2 recurrences among 31 @entity1 ). The differential expression of @entity695 was verified by qRT-PCR, showing a similar impact of this @entity696 on DFS. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a significant impact of @entity695 on the risk of recurrence in @entity1 with stage II but not in @entity1 with @entity5 . Based on these results, a validation study is planned.

834

835

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Tumor @entity695 expression and the risk of recurrence in XXXX .

multiple_choice

There is emerging evidence for the prognostic role of various microRNA (miRNA) molecules in @entity694 . The aim of this study was therefore to compare the miRNA profiles in the @entity5 of @entity1 with recurrent and non-recurrent @entity694 . The study population included 110 @entity1 , 51 (46%) with stage I and 59 (54%) with @entity34 , who underwent curative colectomies between 1995 and 2005 without adjuvant therapy and for whom reliable miRNA expression data were available. RNA was extracted from @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) @entity5 samples. Initial profiling, using microarrays, was done in order to identify potential biomarkers of recurrence. The miRNA expression was later verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Findings were compared between @entity1 who had a recurrence within 36 months of surgery (bad prognosis group, n=23, 21%) and those who did not (good prognosis group, n=87, 79%) in the entire group and within each stage. The results showed that in stage I, none of the 903 miRNAs tested showed differential expression between @entity1 with good prognosis compared with those with poor prognosis. In contrast, in stage II, one miRNA, @entity695 , showed a clear differential expression between the groups (p=0.028). High expression of @entity695 was associated with a longer disease-free survival (DFS), on both univariate and multivariate analyses. Using @entity695 , the positive predictive value for non-recurrence was 94% (2 recurrences among 31 @entity1 ). The differential expression of @entity695 was verified by qRT-PCR, showing a similar impact of this @entity696 on DFS. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a significant impact of @entity695 on the risk of recurrence in @entity1 with stage II but not in @entity1 with @entity5 . Based on these results, a validation study is planned.

837

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839

[ XXXX - clinical health-service research on the current surgical therapy].

multiple_choice

INTRODUCTION: With about 135,000 operations every year appendectomy is one of the most frequent surgical operations in Germany. @entity697 has shown changes in diagnosis and therapy with time. The status of the laparoscopic appendectomy has had to be redefined recently. The aim of this study was to make an analysis of the current surgical therapy for @entity698 and the individual procedures. @entity1 AND METHODS: Three prospective multi-centre quality assurance studies (1988 / 89, 1996 / 97; 2008 / 09) of the "An-Institut" acquired 17,732 treatments from all supply levels of Germany. RESULTS: The average age of @entity1 increased within of the three studies from 25.7 to 34.6 years. Within the studies in 1996 / 97 and in 2008 / 09 the share of laparoscopic appendectomy advanced from 33.1 to 85.8 percent. In the study from 2008 / 09 the laparoscopic appendectomy showed a significant advantage over the conventional technique in terms of wound-healing disturbances (p < 0.001) and a clinical duration of stay (p < 0.001). At no stage of the appendix @entity32 did the laparoscopic appendectomy lead to a significant increase of intraabdominal abscesses. Compared with the conventional technique the operating time was shorter (46.6 min vs. 53.5 min). Currently the use of a stapler is the mostly frequently applied method of appendiceal stump closure (83.6 percent). CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic appendectomy is the most common method of current operative therapy. In comparison to former publications, there is no proof of any disadvantages of laparoscopic appendectomy.

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Subclinical @entity699 and CT appearance in XXXX : a multicenter study from Southern Sweden.

multiple_choice

Evaluation of subclinical @entity699 (SH) in @entity1 with @entity700 ( @entity700 ) including its correlation to size, attenuation at unenhanced computed tomography (CT) and unilateral or bilateral @entity550 . Nine hospitals in Southern Sweden investigated during 2005-2007 consecutively @entity1 with @entity700 with hormonal and CT examinations according a regional protocol. Two hundred and twenty-eight @entity1 with @entity700 with median size 2.0 cm were included. One mg overnight @entity619 suppression test (DST) was performed in 223 @entity1 and basal P-ACTH measured in 146 @entity1 . SH was defined as @entity701 >= 50 nmol/l at DST in combination with basal ACTH <2 pmol/l. In @entity1 with unilateral @entity700 42% (76/180) had inadequate suppression at DST and 23% (27/115) had SH. The probability for SH and inadequate suppression at DST correlated positively to size and inversely to attenuation at CT. Bilateral @entity700 were found in 43 @entity1 and of these 70% (30/43) had inadequate suppression at DST and 42% (13/31) SH. The @entity1 with SH or inadequate suppression at DST had increased frequency of @entity101 which increased further in @entity1 with post-DST @entity701 >= 140 nmol/l. The applied criterion for SH is useful for initial evaluation of @entity1 with @entity700 . SH is common in @entity1 with @entity700 , @entity66 . In @entity1 with unilateral @entity700 the probability for SH correlated positively to size and inversely to attenuation at CT. Furthermore, SH and the post-DST @entity701 concentration was associated with @entity101 .

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845

Subclinical XXXX and CT appearance in @entity700 : a multicenter study from Southern Sweden.

multiple_choice

Evaluation of subclinical @entity699 (SH) in @entity1 with @entity700 ( @entity700 ) including its correlation to size, attenuation at unenhanced computed tomography (CT) and unilateral or bilateral @entity550 . Nine hospitals in Southern Sweden investigated during 2005-2007 consecutively @entity1 with @entity700 with hormonal and CT examinations according a regional protocol. Two hundred and twenty-eight @entity1 with @entity700 with median size 2.0 cm were included. One mg overnight @entity619 suppression test (DST) was performed in 223 @entity1 and basal P-ACTH measured in 146 @entity1 . SH was defined as @entity701 >= 50 nmol/l at DST in combination with basal ACTH <2 pmol/l. In @entity1 with unilateral @entity700 42% (76/180) had inadequate suppression at DST and 23% (27/115) had SH. The probability for SH and inadequate suppression at DST correlated positively to size and inversely to attenuation at CT. Bilateral @entity700 were found in 43 @entity1 and of these 70% (30/43) had inadequate suppression at DST and 42% (13/31) SH. The @entity1 with SH or inadequate suppression at DST had increased frequency of @entity101 which increased further in @entity1 with post-DST @entity701 >= 140 nmol/l. The applied criterion for SH is useful for initial evaluation of @entity1 with @entity700 . SH is common in @entity1 with @entity700 , @entity66 . In @entity1 with unilateral @entity700 the probability for SH correlated positively to size and inversely to attenuation at CT. Furthermore, SH and the post-DST @entity701 concentration was associated with @entity101 .

846

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848

15-year experience with surgical XXXX : a comparison of @entity189 .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to compare the outcomes of periampullary and extra-ampullary duodenal @entity420 and segmental duodenal resection versus pancreatoduodenectomy and to evaluate prognostic factors. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all adults treated for @entity420 by operative resection at a large tertiary referral center from 1994 to 2009. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-four @entity1 had an operation for @entity420 over a 15-year period (periampullary, n = 25, and extra-ampullary, n = 99). Ninety-nine @entity1 (80%) underwent curative resection, including 24 (96%) with periampullary and 75 (76%) with @entity189 . The average number of lymph nodes sampled was eight with segmental resection and 12 with pancreatoduodenectomy (p < 0.001). Five-year overall survivals were 37% for the entire cohort (n = 124), 37% in the extra-ampullary group, and 38% in the periampullary group. @entity5 size (p = 0.20), positive nodes (p = 0.60), segmental resection versus pancreatoduodenectomy (p = 0.55), adjuvant therapy (p = 0.23), and R(1) versus R(0) resection (p = 0.21) were not associated with survival. In contrast, advanced T stage and pathologic grade were associated with poor survival. CONCLUSION: Extra-ampullary and periampullary duodenal @entity420 have similar survival after resection. For distal duodenal @entity5 , survival is improved by curative resection without being compromised by limited resection. The number of lymph nodes sampled was significantly less with segmental resection than pancreatoduodenectomy.

849

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15-year experience with surgical @entity189 : a comparison of XXXX .

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to compare the outcomes of periampullary and extra-ampullary duodenal @entity420 and segmental duodenal resection versus pancreatoduodenectomy and to evaluate prognostic factors. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of all adults treated for @entity420 by operative resection at a large tertiary referral center from 1994 to 2009. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-four @entity1 had an operation for @entity420 over a 15-year period (periampullary, n = 25, and extra-ampullary, n = 99). Ninety-nine @entity1 (80%) underwent curative resection, including 24 (96%) with periampullary and 75 (76%) with @entity189 . The average number of lymph nodes sampled was eight with segmental resection and 12 with pancreatoduodenectomy (p < 0.001). Five-year overall survivals were 37% for the entire cohort (n = 124), 37% in the extra-ampullary group, and 38% in the periampullary group. @entity5 size (p = 0.20), positive nodes (p = 0.60), segmental resection versus pancreatoduodenectomy (p = 0.55), adjuvant therapy (p = 0.23), and R(1) versus R(0) resection (p = 0.21) were not associated with survival. In contrast, advanced T stage and pathologic grade were associated with poor survival. CONCLUSION: Extra-ampullary and periampullary duodenal @entity420 have similar survival after resection. For distal duodenal @entity5 , survival is improved by curative resection without being compromised by limited resection. The number of lymph nodes sampled was significantly less with segmental resection than pancreatoduodenectomy.

852

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854

@entity5 and reconstruction with XXXX mesh.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of @entity702 mesh reconstruction after @entity5 resection. METHODS: From January 2007 to January 2011, 14 @entity1 with sternal @entity5 were admitted into Peking Union Medical Hospital. The clinical characteristics, surgical resection, and technique of reconstruction were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 14 @entity1 , 3 had a metastatic @entity5 , the primary sites of which were as follows: @entity96 in one case ( @entity3 19 years after operation), @entity0 in another case ( @entity3 5 years after operation), and @entity703 in the other case (found simultaneously). Two @entity1 showed local involvement of the sternum: 1 had @entity704 , and the other had myofibrosarcoma. The remaining 9 @entity1 had @entity5 : 4 were @entity705 , 3 @entity511 , 1 @entity706 . En bloc resection of the @entity5 was performed in all the 14 @entity1 . The defect was repaired with the @entity702 mesh adjusted to the shape of the defect and fixed with the stainless steel wire. Eleven @entity1 were followed up for a period from 2 months to 4 years, during which no translocation or broken of the @entity702 mesh was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Radical en bloc excision remains the treatment of @entity5 . Sternum defect reconstruction using @entity702 mesh as a rigid replacement proves appropriate and effective.

855

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XXXX and reconstruction with @entity702 mesh.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of @entity702 mesh reconstruction after @entity5 resection. METHODS: From January 2007 to January 2011, 14 @entity1 with sternal @entity5 were admitted into Peking Union Medical Hospital. The clinical characteristics, surgical resection, and technique of reconstruction were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 14 @entity1 , 3 had a metastatic @entity5 , the primary sites of which were as follows: @entity96 in one case ( @entity3 19 years after operation), @entity0 in another case ( @entity3 5 years after operation), and @entity703 in the other case (found simultaneously). Two @entity1 showed local involvement of the sternum: 1 had @entity704 , and the other had myofibrosarcoma. The remaining 9 @entity1 had @entity5 : 4 were @entity705 , 3 @entity511 , 1 @entity706 . En bloc resection of the @entity5 was performed in all the 14 @entity1 . The defect was repaired with the @entity702 mesh adjusted to the shape of the defect and fixed with the stainless steel wire. Eleven @entity1 were followed up for a period from 2 months to 4 years, during which no translocation or broken of the @entity702 mesh was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Radical en bloc excision remains the treatment of @entity5 . Sternum defect reconstruction using @entity702 mesh as a rigid replacement proves appropriate and effective.

858

859

860

Evidence for genetic heterogeneity in XXXX .

multiple_choice

@entity707 is a rare syndrome with @entity708 , @entity709 and @entity384 . The inheritance of the mutation is autosomal recessive. As a causal gene, the @entity710 gene (DSP) has so far been identified; it encodes an essential component of desmosomes, a cell-cell structure aimed at keeping cells attached to each other in tissues in which cells are often exposed to strong shear forces. Recently, familial cases of an @entity74 were documented with a new feature: hypo/ @entity711 . A mutation in the DSP gene was also evidenced in these latter cases. A @entity1 was seen for cardiogenetic consultation at the University Hospital of Lyon with @entity712 involving first degree @entity713 , complete @entity714 , non-compaction of the apex of the left ventricle and a @entity384 . A coronarography disclosed a complete @entity715 of the right coronary artery. At examination, he had also @entity708 , mild @entity709 and missing teeth (essentially molars and premolars). His family history was uninformative. His DNA was screened for mutations in the DSP and plakoglobin genes but no mutation could be found. This case suggests that @entity707 with hypo/ @entity711 is a heterogeneous condition in which genes other than DSP might be involved, although we cannot rule out a mutation in this gene consisting in a deletion of a single exon or a gene rearrangement.

861

862

863

Mental capacity to consent to treatment and admission decisions in older adult XXXX inpatients.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVES: There is little information about older adult @entity146 inpatients' capacity to consent to clinical decisions. In younger adults, lack of capacity is associated with poor insight and @entity716 rather than @entity73 . We assessed the prevalence and predictors of mental capacity to make treatment and admission decisions in older @entity146 inpatients, and asked their views about who should make these decisions. METHODS: We interviewed 99 @entity1 using the @entity34 ( @entity34 ) in three geographical locations. RESULTS: Fifty-two (52.5%) @entity1 had capacity for admission and 38 (38.4%) for treatment decisions. Capacity was associated with not having @entity303 , and higher levels of insight and cognition. Those with @entity308 were more likely to have capacity than those with @entity716 . 75% of @entity1 without capacity for admission were not detained legally. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 can have capacity to make decisions in one area but not in others. Many @entity1 are admitted and treated in a way that is contrary to the @entity1 rights legislation. The new Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards in England and Wales are likely to apply to a significant proportion of older inpatients. Most @entity1 wanted doctors to make treatment and admission decisions and very few wanted their family to make decisions on their behalf.

864

865

866

Work status and its determinants among XXXX with systemic sclerosis: a systematic review.

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE: To describe work status and factors associated with @entity717 ( @entity717 ) in @entity1 with SSc. METHODS: A systematic search strategy in various electronic databases from 1990 to 2011 was performed. All clinical studies concerning SSc @entity1 containing quantitative information on work status and/or factors associated with @entity717 were selected. Extracted were study characteristics, data on work status and/or factors associated with @entity717 . The methodological quality was evaluated in three quality aspects (selection bias, information bias and statistical analysis bias). A best evidence synthesis was employed to analyse the association between potential determinants and @entity717 . RESULTS: Twelve studies, described in 13 papers, including 2758 SSc @entity1 were selected. The methodological quality of one study was high. Employment rates varied between 11 and 82% after an average disease duration ranging from 2.5 to 14 years. There was moderate evidence for an association between more functional disability, more disease-specific symptoms and poorer quality of life on one side and presence of @entity717 on the other. There was moderate evidence for the absence of an association between @entity717 and age, sex and disease subset. Inconsistent evidence was seen for an association between @entity717 and education and disease duration. CONCLUSION: @entity717 is a major consequence of the disease in @entity1 with SSc and is associated with more functional disability, more disease-specific symptoms and poorer quality of life. This emphasizes the need for research into interventions to prevent or reduce @entity717 in @entity1 with SSc, especially in those with a poorer health status.

867

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@entity718 inhibits collagen degradation by XXXX keratocytes by inhibiting the activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinases.

multiple_choice

We investigated the inhibitory action of a synthetic peptidyl hydroxamate inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), @entity718 ( @entity718 ), on collagen degradation by @entity95 corneal stromal fibroblasts (keratocytes) cultured three-dimensionally in the type I collagen gel with medium containing @entity719 ( @entity719 ) and/or plasminogen. Degradation of collagen fibrils during culture was measured by the release of @entity720 , and activation of MMPs was also analyzed by gelatin zymography and Western blotting. Plasmin activity was measured using a synthetic substrate. In the absence of plasminogen, treatment of the cells with @entity719 in collagen gel greatly enhanced the production of proMMP-1, -3 and -9, but no significant degradation of collagen was detected. In the presence of plasminogen, @entity719 stimulated collagen degradation by keratocytes in a dose-dependent manner. This resulted from the plasminogen activator-plasmin system-dependent activation of proMMP-1, -3 and -9. @entity718 inhibited the collagen degradation in a dose-dependent fashion in the presence of plasminogen, whether @entity719 was present or not. @entity718 inhibited the activation of proMMP-3, and also prevented the activation of proMMP-9 and the conversion of @entity721 intermediates to the fully active @entity721 . @entity718 did not affect plasmin activity. The present results suggest that @entity718 inhibits @entity719 -stimulated collagen degradation in the presence of plasminogen, resulting from not only inhibiting active MMPs but also preventing the conversion of proMMPs to active MMPs.

870

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XXXX inhibits collagen degradation by @entity95 keratocytes by inhibiting the activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinases.

multiple_choice

We investigated the inhibitory action of a synthetic peptidyl hydroxamate inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), @entity718 ( @entity718 ), on collagen degradation by @entity95 corneal stromal fibroblasts (keratocytes) cultured three-dimensionally in the type I collagen gel with medium containing @entity719 ( @entity719 ) and/or plasminogen. Degradation of collagen fibrils during culture was measured by the release of @entity720 , and activation of MMPs was also analyzed by gelatin zymography and Western blotting. Plasmin activity was measured using a synthetic substrate. In the absence of plasminogen, treatment of the cells with @entity719 in collagen gel greatly enhanced the production of proMMP-1, -3 and -9, but no significant degradation of collagen was detected. In the presence of plasminogen, @entity719 stimulated collagen degradation by keratocytes in a dose-dependent manner. This resulted from the plasminogen activator-plasmin system-dependent activation of proMMP-1, -3 and -9. @entity718 inhibited the collagen degradation in a dose-dependent fashion in the presence of plasminogen, whether @entity719 was present or not. @entity718 inhibited the activation of proMMP-3, and also prevented the activation of proMMP-9 and the conversion of @entity721 intermediates to the fully active @entity721 . @entity718 did not affect plasmin activity. The present results suggest that @entity718 inhibits @entity719 -stimulated collagen degradation in the presence of plasminogen, resulting from not only inhibiting active MMPs but also preventing the conversion of proMMPs to active MMPs.

873

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875

Inhibin subunit gene expression in XXXX .

multiple_choice

OBJECTIVE(S): @entity722 ( @entity722 ) and mucinous @entity43 are associated with elevated circulating levels of immunoreactive inhibin. Measurement of serum inhibin levels provides a useful @entity5 marker in the management of @entity43 . Inhibin is a dimeric ovarian glycoprotein hormone consisting of one alpha and one of two beta subunits. The beta subunits can dimerize to form @entity723 . @entity723 is bound and its action modulated by another gonadal peptide, @entity724 . In this study the patterns of expression of the three inhibin subunit genes, the @entity724 gene, and the @entity723 receptor type II gene have been determined. METHODS: Gene expression was analyzed in RNA prepared from 16 primary @entity43 using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Gene-specific primes were used for RT-PCR; the products were analyzed by Southern blot analysis with gene-specific 32P-labeled probes. RESULTS: Widespread expression of these genes was found in all of the @entity5 types examined. Abundant expression of the inhibin alpha subunit gene was observed in the @entity722 and to a lesser extent in the mucinous and @entity5 . beta subunit expression was also present in the @entity722 and to a lesser extent in the other @entity5 . Widespread expression of both the @entity723 receptor type II and the @entity724 genes was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of the inhibin subunit genes in @entity722 and some @entity5 confirms that these @entity5 are the source of the increased immunoreactive inhibin seen in the circulation of @entity1 with @entity43 . Expression of the @entity723 receptor type II and @entity724 genes suggests a paracrine role for @entity723 in these @entity5 which may be modulated by @entity724 , particularly in the @entity722 .

876

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878

Is thrombolysis of lower extremity acute XXXX cost-effective?

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: The TOPAS (thrombolysis or peripheral artery surgery) trial randomized 544 @entity1 with @entity63 to either surgery or thrombolysis. Although statistically equivalent 1-year morbidities and mortalities were demonstrated, the comparative cost-effectiveness of these two interventions has not been explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We constructed a Markov decision-analytic model to determine the cost-effectiveness of thrombolysis relative to surgery for a hypothetical cohort of @entity1 with @entity432 . Our measure of outcome was the cost-effectiveness ratio (CER), defined as the incremental lifetime cost per quality-adjusted life year gained. Estimates of 1-year outcomes were based on the TOPAS trial: mortality (lysis, 20%; surgery, 17%), amputation (lysis, 15%; surgery, 13%), the number of additional interventions required following the initial procedure (lysis, 544; surgery, 439). Procedural costs were estimated from the cost accounting system at the New York Presbyterian Hospital as well as from the literature. RESULTS: Operative intervention for @entity432 extended life and was less costly compared to thrombolysis. The projected life expectancy for @entity1 who underwent initial surgery was 5.04 years versus 4.75 years for initial thrombolysis. The lifetime costs were 57,429 for surgery versus dollar;76,326 for thrombolysis. In performing sensitivity analyses, a threshold CER of 60,000 was considered what society would pay for accepted medical interventions. Thrombolysis became cost-effective if the 1-year mortality rate for lysis was lowered from 20 to 10.7%, if the amputation rate for lysis diminished from 15 to 3.9%, or if the 1-year cost of lysis could be reduced to a level below 13,000. CONCLUSIONS: Initial surgery provides the most efficient and economical utilization of resources for @entity432 . The high cost of thrombolysis is related to the expense of the lytic agents, the need for subsequent interventions in @entity1 treated with initial lysis, and the long-term costs of amputation in @entity1 who fail lytic therapy.

879

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Ophthalmic artery Doppler waveform changes associated with increased damage in XXXX @entity1 .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To characterize Doppler waveform variables (early systolic acceleration [ESA] and systolic/diastolic mean velocity ratios [Sm/Dm]) of the @entity432 ( @entity432 ) by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in eyes with @entity725 ( @entity725 ). METHODS: Analysis of CDI examinations of the retrobulbar circulation of @entity1 with @entity725 (n = 102), normal tension @entity726 (NTG, n = 89), and healthy controls (n = 59) by a condition-masked investigator. One-way ANOVA, chi-square, and Spearman's rank correlation tests were used to determine differences, establish comparisons, and to explore associations between variables, respectively. RESULTS: The overall Doppler waveform presented a shift to the right in the @entity726 groups, with significantly lower Sm/Dm ratios when compared to the control group (healthy: 2.94 0.86, @entity725 : 2.60 0.67, NTG: 2.63 0.84; P = 0.01). ESA was significantly lower in the @entity726 groups (healthy: 688.8 484 cm s(-2), @entity725 : 548.1 419 cm s(-2), NTG: 548.5 337 cm s(-2); P = 0.03). No statistical differences were, however, detected in the @entity432 velocities or resistance index (P ranged between 0.08 and 0.96). In the @entity726 groups, waveform parameters such as ESA, acceleration time, and systolic mean velocities correlated with systemic blood pressure variables (P < 0.05). In these groups, negative correlations were detected between Sm/Dm ratios and the degree of @entity227 ( @entity725 : P = 0.01; r = -0.25) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (NTG: P = 0.02; r = -0.25). CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of blood flow velocities in the @entity432 throughout the cardiac cycle seems to be altered in @entity726 @entity1 . Further studies on how systemic blood pressure affects waveform variables in @entity726 @entity1 may provide a better understanding of an underlying @entity455 .

882

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884

Ophthalmic artery Doppler waveform changes associated with increased damage in @entity726 XXXX .

multiple_choice

PURPOSE: To characterize Doppler waveform variables (early systolic acceleration [ESA] and systolic/diastolic mean velocity ratios [Sm/Dm]) of the @entity432 ( @entity432 ) by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in eyes with @entity725 ( @entity725 ). METHODS: Analysis of CDI examinations of the retrobulbar circulation of @entity1 with @entity725 (n = 102), normal tension @entity726 (NTG, n = 89), and healthy controls (n = 59) by a condition-masked investigator. One-way ANOVA, chi-square, and Spearman's rank correlation tests were used to determine differences, establish comparisons, and to explore associations between variables, respectively. RESULTS: The overall Doppler waveform presented a shift to the right in the @entity726 groups, with significantly lower Sm/Dm ratios when compared to the control group (healthy: 2.94 0.86, @entity725 : 2.60 0.67, NTG: 2.63 0.84; P = 0.01). ESA was significantly lower in the @entity726 groups (healthy: 688.8 484 cm s(-2), @entity725 : 548.1 419 cm s(-2), NTG: 548.5 337 cm s(-2); P = 0.03). No statistical differences were, however, detected in the @entity432 velocities or resistance index (P ranged between 0.08 and 0.96). In the @entity726 groups, waveform parameters such as ESA, acceleration time, and systolic mean velocities correlated with systemic blood pressure variables (P < 0.05). In these groups, negative correlations were detected between Sm/Dm ratios and the degree of @entity227 ( @entity725 : P = 0.01; r = -0.25) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (NTG: P = 0.02; r = -0.25). CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of blood flow velocities in the @entity432 throughout the cardiac cycle seems to be altered in @entity726 @entity1 . Further studies on how systemic blood pressure affects waveform variables in @entity726 @entity1 may provide a better understanding of an underlying @entity455 .

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Differential expression of @entity727 gene in XXXX .

multiple_choice

@entity356 accounts for 8% of the total @entity5 cases and 10% of total @entity5 deaths worldwide. In Iran, @entity356 is the leading cause of national @entity5 -related mortality. Most @entity1 @entity5 show substantial heterogeneity. The @entity5 stem cell (CSC) hypothesis has been proposed to reconcile this heterogeneity. @entity727 encodes a member of the krueppel @entity728 -type @entity219 -finger protein family that is required as a transcriptional regulator for self-renewal of stem cells. A total of 30 paired tissue gastric samples were examined for @entity727 gene expression by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Although the relative expression of the gene was significantly high in 47% of the examined @entity5 tissues, its expression was low in the others (53%). There was a statistically significant association between the @entity727 gene expression and different @entity5 types and grades. This is the first report that shows @entity727 was differentially expressed in @entity356 . Of note, it was overexpressed in diffused-type and grade III gastric tumoural tissues. Due to this, @entity727 may have the potential to be used as a target for therapeutic interventions.

888

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Differential expression of XXXX gene in @entity356 .

multiple_choice

@entity356 accounts for 8% of the total @entity5 cases and 10% of total @entity5 deaths worldwide. In Iran, @entity356 is the leading cause of national @entity5 -related mortality. Most @entity1 @entity5 show substantial heterogeneity. The @entity5 stem cell (CSC) hypothesis has been proposed to reconcile this heterogeneity. @entity727 encodes a member of the krueppel @entity728 -type @entity219 -finger protein family that is required as a transcriptional regulator for self-renewal of stem cells. A total of 30 paired tissue gastric samples were examined for @entity727 gene expression by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Although the relative expression of the gene was significantly high in 47% of the examined @entity5 tissues, its expression was low in the others (53%). There was a statistically significant association between the @entity727 gene expression and different @entity5 types and grades. This is the first report that shows @entity727 was differentially expressed in @entity356 . Of note, it was overexpressed in diffused-type and grade III gastric tumoural tissues. Due to this, @entity727 may have the potential to be used as a target for therapeutic interventions.

891

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893

Coronary and aortic XXXX in @entity1 new to dialysis.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity729 has been associated with all cause and @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ). Whether @entity729 is present in @entity1 with advanced chronic @entity8 starting dialysis or develops in @entity1 on dialysis is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of vascular and coronary @entity730 in @entity1 new to hemodialysis. METHODS: A total of 129 subjects new to dialysis were evaluated using electron beam computed tomography. The primary outcome was the presence and extent of coronary artery, aortic, and @entity340 . RESULTS: Forty-three percent of subjects had no significant @entity729 (total score </= 30) and 27% had no detectable @entity730 . Thirty-four percent had coronary artery scores that placed them above the 90th percentile for age and sex. @entity729 was significantly associated with a history of @entity453 and @entity731 ( @entity731 ) whereas @entity730 was significantly associated with @entity731 . Age (p < 0.0001), pulse pressure (p = 0.004), @entity6 (p = 0.009), and a history of smoking (p = 0.026) were independently associated with the extent of @entity729 . Age (p < 0.0001) and pulse pressure (p = 0.0003) were independently associated with the extent of @entity730 . CONCLUSIONS: A large fraction of @entity1 new to hemodialysis had no evidence of coronary artery or @entity730 . Coupled with the extensive @entity729 reported by others in prevalent dialysis @entity1 these findings suggest that dialysis-specific factors contribute to calcific @entity455 in @entity454 .

894

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896

Coronary and aortic @entity730 in XXXX new to dialysis.

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity729 has been associated with all cause and @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ). Whether @entity729 is present in @entity1 with advanced chronic @entity8 starting dialysis or develops in @entity1 on dialysis is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of vascular and coronary @entity730 in @entity1 new to hemodialysis. METHODS: A total of 129 subjects new to dialysis were evaluated using electron beam computed tomography. The primary outcome was the presence and extent of coronary artery, aortic, and @entity340 . RESULTS: Forty-three percent of subjects had no significant @entity729 (total score </= 30) and 27% had no detectable @entity730 . Thirty-four percent had coronary artery scores that placed them above the 90th percentile for age and sex. @entity729 was significantly associated with a history of @entity453 and @entity731 ( @entity731 ) whereas @entity730 was significantly associated with @entity731 . Age (p < 0.0001), pulse pressure (p = 0.004), @entity6 (p = 0.009), and a history of smoking (p = 0.026) were independently associated with the extent of @entity729 . Age (p < 0.0001) and pulse pressure (p = 0.0003) were independently associated with the extent of @entity730 . CONCLUSIONS: A large fraction of @entity1 new to hemodialysis had no evidence of coronary artery or @entity730 . Coupled with the extensive @entity729 reported by others in prevalent dialysis @entity1 these findings suggest that dialysis-specific factors contribute to calcific @entity455 in @entity454 .

897

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[ @entity432 in XXXX ].

multiple_choice

BACKGROUND: @entity166 can @entity732 . Which therapy is indicated? RESULTS: A 33-year-old @entity1 suddenly became blind in his left eye as the result of a @entity732 ( @entity732 ). This occurred during high-dosage treatment for @entity166 that had been diagnosed 3 weeks earlier. The echocardiogram showed distinct @entity47 and an abscess on the aortic valve. The @entity732 together with the ultrasound findings was considered an absolute indication for surgery of the aortic valve. During this emergency operation, a 2 cm @entity733 was found between the mitral and aortic valves. After removal of the abscess, together with the infected valve, a prosthetic valve was inserted. Following the operation, the @entity1 made an uneventful recovery. The antibiotic treatment was continued for several months. The left eye remained sightless. No recurrence of @entity166 occurred during the follow-up of 2 1/4 years. A branch retinal @entity432 occurred in the right eye of a 35-year-old @entity1 who had suffered from chronic @entity166 for several months. Insufficiency of more than one valve had been diagnosed on several occasions. The @entity1 , a @entity734 , had refused surgical treatment on each occasion. After 3 months, the @entity735 owing to @entity732 . Following high-dosage treatment with antibiotics, the @entity166 was healed. The right eye remained blind. One year later the @entity1 died. CONCLUSION: Retinal @entity432 of embolic origin in a @entity1 with @entity166 is an indication for immediate medical and/or surgical treatment. This is of particular importance if there is ultrasound evidence of an @entity340 .