Datasets:
bnsapa
/
cybersecurity-ner

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
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[ "Check", "Point", "researchers", "discovered", "another", "widespread", "malware", "campaign", "on", "Google", "Play", ",", "Google", "’", "s", "official", "app", "store", "." ]
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1501
[ "The", "malware", ",", "dubbed", "“", "Judy", "”", ",", "is", "an", "auto-clicking", "adware", "which", "was", "found", "on", "41", "apps", "developed", "by", "a", "Korean", "company", "." ]
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1502
[ "The", "malware", "uses", "infected", "devices", "to", "generate", "large", "amounts", "of", "fraudulent", "clicks", "on", "advertisements", ",", "generating", "revenues", "for", "the", "perpetrators", "behind", "it", "." ]
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1503
[ "The", "malicious", "apps", "reached", "an", "astonishing", "spread", "between", "4.5", "million", "and", "18.5", "million", "downloads", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1504
[ "Some", "of", "the", "apps", "we", "discovered", "resided", "on", "Google", "Play", "for", "several", "years", ",", "but", "all", "were", "recently", "updated", "." ]
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1505
[ "It", "is", "unclear", "how", "long", "the", "malicious", "code", "existed", "inside", "the", "apps", ",", "hence", "the", "actual", "spread", "of", "the", "malware", "remains", "unknown", "." ]
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1506
[ "We", "also", "found", "several", "apps", "containing", "the", "malware", ",", "which", "were", "developed", "by", "other", "developers", "on", "Google", "Play", "." ]
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1507
[ "The", "connection", "between", "the", "two", "campaigns", "remains", "unclear", ",", "and", "it", "is", "possible", "that", "one", "borrowed", "code", "from", "the", "other", ",", "knowingly", "or", "unknowingly", "." ]
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1508
[ "The", "oldest", "app", "of", "the", "second", "campaign", "was", "last", "updated", "in", "April", "2016", ",", "meaning", "that", "the", "malicious", "code", "hid", "for", "a", "long", "time", "on", "the", "Play", "store", "undetected", "." ]
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1509
[ "These", "apps", "also", "had", "a", "large", "amount", "of", "downloads", "between", "4", "and", "18", "million", ",", "meaning", "the", "total", "spread", "of", "the", "malware", "may", "have", "reached", "between", "8.5", "and", "36.5", "million", "users", "." ]
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1510
[ "Similar", "to", "previous", "malware", "which", "infiltrated", "Google", "Play", ",", "such", "as", "FalseGuide", "and", "Skinner", ",", "Judy", "relies", "on", "the", "communication", "with", "its", "Command", "and", "Control", "server", "(", "C", "&", "C", ")", "for", "its", "operation", "." ]
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1511
[ "After", "Check", "Point", "notified", "Google", "about", "this", "threat", ",", "the", "apps", "were", "swiftly", "removed", "from", "the", "Play", "store", "." ]
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1512
[ "How", "Judy", "operates", ":", "To", "bypass", "Bouncer", ",", "Google", "Play", "’", "s", "protection", ",", "the", "hackers", "create", "a", "seemingly", "benign", "bridgehead", "app", ",", "meant", "to", "establish", "connection", "to", "the", "victim", "’", "s", "device", ",", "and", "insert", "it", "into", "the", "app", "store", "." ]
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1513
[ "Once", "a", "user", "downloads", "a", "malicious", "app", ",", "it", "silently", "registers", "receivers", "which", "establish", "a", "connection", "with", "the", "C", "&", "C", "server", "." ]
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1514
[ "The", "server", "replies", "with", "the", "actual", "malicious", "payload", ",", "which", "includes", "JavaScript", "code", ",", "a", "user-agent", "string", "and", "URLs", "controlled", "by", "the", "malware", "author", "." ]
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1515
[ "The", "malware", "opens", "the", "URLs", "using", "the", "user", "agent", "that", "imitates", "a", "PC", "browser", "in", "a", "hidden", "webpage", "and", "receives", "a", "redirection", "to", "another", "website", "." ]
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1516
[ "Once", "the", "targeted", "website", "is", "launched", ",", "the", "malware", "uses", "the", "JavaScript", "code", "to", "locate", "and", "click", "on", "banners", "from", "the", "Google", "ads", "infrastructure", "." ]
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1517
[ "Upon", "clicking", "the", "ads", ",", "the", "malware", "author", "receives", "payment", "from", "the", "website", "developer", ",", "which", "pays", "for", "the", "illegitimate", "clicks", "and", "traffic", "." ]
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1518
[ "The", "JavaScript", "code", "locates", "the", "targeted", "ads", "by", "searching", "for", "iframes", "which", "contain", "ads", "from", "Google", "ads", "infrastructure", ",", "as", "shown", "in", "the", "image", "below", ":", "The", "fraudulent", "clicks", "generate", "a", "large", "revenue", "for", "the", "perpetrators", ",", "especially", "since", "the", "malware", "reached", "a", "presumably", "wide", "spread", "." ]
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1519
[ "Who", "is", "behind", "Judy", "?", "The", "malicious", "apps", "are", "all", "developed", "by", "a", "Korean", "company", "named", "Kiniwini", ",", "registered", "on", "Google", "Play", "as", "ENISTUDIO", "corp", "." ]
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1520
[ "The", "company", "develops", "mobile", "apps", "for", "both", "Android", "and", "iOS", "platforms", "." ]
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1521
[ "It", "is", "quite", "unusual", "to", "find", "an", "actual", "organization", "behind", "mobile", "malware", ",", "as", "most", "of", "them", "are", "developed", "by", "purely", "malicious", "actors", "." ]
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1522
[ "It", "is", "important", "to", "note", "that", "the", "activity", "conducted", "by", "the", "malware", "is", "not", "borderline", "advertising", ",", "but", "definitely", "an", "illegitimate", "use", "of", "the", "users", "’", "mobile", "devices", "for", "generating", "fraudulent", "clicks", ",", "benefiting", "the", "attackers", "." ]
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1523
[ "In", "addition", "to", "the", "clicking", "activity", ",", "Judy", "displays", "a", "large", "amount", "of", "advertisements", ",", "which", "in", "some", "cases", "leave", "users", "with", "no", "option", "but", "clicking", "on", "the", "ad", "itself", "." ]
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1524
[ "Although", "most", "apps", "have", "positive", "ratings", ",", "some", "of", "the", "users", "have", "noticed", "and", "reported", "Judy", "’", "s", "suspicious", "activities", ",", "as", "seen", "in", "the", "images", "below", ":", "As", "seen", "in", "previous", "malware", ",", "such", "as", "DressCode", ",", "a", "high", "reputation", "does", "not", "necessarily", "indicate", "that", "the", "app", "is", "safe", "for", "use", "." ]
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1525
[ "Hackers", "can", "hide", "their", "apps", "’", "real", "intentions", "or", "even", "manipulate", "users", "into", "leaving", "positive", "ratings", ",", "in", "some", "cases", "unknowingly", "." ]
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1526
[ "Users", "can", "not", "rely", "on", "the", "official", "app", "stores", "for", "their", "safety", ",", "and", "should", "implement", "advanced", "security", "protections", "capable", "of", "detecting", "and", "blocking", "zero-day", "mobile", "malware", "." ]
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1527
[ "PHA", "Family", "Highlights", ":", "Bread", "(", "and", "Friends", ")", "January", "9", ",", "2020", "In", "this", "edition", "of", "our", "PHA", "Family", "Highlights", "series", "we", "introduce", "Bread", ",", "a", "large-scale", "billing", "fraud", "family", "." ]
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1528
[ "We", "first", "started", "tracking", "Bread", "(", "also", "known", "as", "Joker", ")", "in", "early", "2017", ",", "identifying", "apps", "designed", "solely", "for", "SMS", "fraud", "." ]
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1529
[ "As", "the", "Play", "Store", "has", "introduced", "new", "policies", "and", "Google", "Play", "Protect", "has", "scaled", "defenses", ",", "Bread", "apps", "were", "forced", "to", "continually", "iterate", "to", "search", "for", "gaps", "." ]
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1530
[ "They", "have", "at", "some", "point", "used", "just", "about", "every", "cloaking", "and", "obfuscation", "technique", "under", "the", "sun", "in", "an", "attempt", "to", "go", "undetected", "." ]
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1531
[ "Many", "of", "these", "samples", "appear", "to", "be", "designed", "specifically", "to", "attempt", "to", "slip", "into", "the", "Play", "Store", "undetected", "and", "are", "not", "seen", "elsewhere", "." ]
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1532
[ "In", "this", "post", ",", "we", "show", "how", "Google", "Play", "Protect", "has", "defended", "against", "a", "well", "organized", ",", "persistent", "attacker", "and", "share", "examples", "of", "their", "techniques", "." ]
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1533
[ "TL", ";", "DR", "Google", "Play", "Protect", "detected", "and", "removed", "1.7k", "unique", "Bread", "apps", "from", "the", "Play", "Store", "before", "ever", "being", "downloaded", "by", "users", "Bread", "apps", "originally", "performed", "SMS", "fraud", ",", "but", "have", "largely", "abandoned", "this", "for", "WAP", "billing", "following", "the", "introduction", "of", "new", "Play", "policies", "restricting", "use", "of", "the", "SEND_SMS", "permission", "and", "increased", "coverage", "by", "Google", "Play", "Protect", "More", "information", "on", "stats", "and", "relative", "impact", "is", "available", "in", "the", "Android", "Security", "2018", "Year", "in", "Review", "report", "BILLING", "FRAUD", "Bread", "apps", "typically", "fall", "into", "two", "categories", ":", "SMS", "fraud", "(", "older", "versions", ")", "and", "toll", "fraud", "(", "newer", "versions", ")", "." ]
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1534
[ "Both", "of", "these", "types", "of", "fraud", "take", "advantage", "of", "mobile", "billing", "techniques", "involving", "the", "user", "’", "s", "carrier", "." ]
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1535
[ "SMS", "Billing", "Carriers", "may", "partner", "with", "vendors", "to", "allow", "users", "to", "pay", "for", "services", "by", "SMS", "." ]
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1536
[ "The", "user", "simply", "needs", "to", "text", "a", "prescribed", "keyword", "to", "a", "prescribed", "number", "(", "shortcode", ")", "." ]
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1537
[ "A", "charge", "is", "then", "added", "to", "the", "user", "’", "s", "bill", "with", "their", "mobile", "service", "provider", "." ]
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1538
[ "Toll", "Billing", "Carriers", "may", "also", "provide", "payment", "endpoints", "over", "a", "web", "page", "." ]
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1539
[ "The", "user", "visits", "the", "URL", "to", "complete", "the", "payment", "and", "enters", "their", "phone", "number", "." ]
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1540
[ "Verification", "that", "the", "request", "is", "coming", "from", "the", "user", "’", "s", "device", "is", "completed", "using", "two", "possible", "methods", ":", "The", "user", "connects", "to", "the", "site", "over", "mobile", "data", ",", "not", "WiFi", "(", "so", "the", "service", "provider", "directly", "handles", "the", "connection", "and", "can", "validate", "the", "phone", "number", ")", ";", "or", "The", "user", "must", "retrieve", "a", "code", "sent", "to", "them", "via", "SMS", "and", "enter", "it", "into", "the", "web", "page", "(", "thereby", "proving", "access", "to", "the", "provided", "phone", "number", ")", "." ]
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1541
[ "Fraud", "Both", "of", "the", "billing", "methods", "detailed", "above", "provide", "device", "verification", ",", "but", "not", "user", "verification", "." ]
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1542
[ "The", "carrier", "can", "determine", "that", "the", "request", "originates", "from", "the", "user", "’", "s", "device", ",", "but", "does", "not", "require", "any", "interaction", "from", "the", "user", "that", "can", "not", "be", "automated", "." ]
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1543
[ "Malware", "authors", "use", "injected", "clicks", ",", "custom", "HTML", "parsers", "and", "SMS", "receivers", "to", "automate", "the", "billing", "process", "without", "requiring", "any", "interaction", "from", "the", "user", "." ]
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1544
[ "STRING", "&", "DATA", "OBFUSCATION", "Bread", "apps", "have", "used", "many", "innovative", "and", "classic", "techniques", "to", "hide", "strings", "from", "analysis", "engines", "." ]
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1545
[ "Here", "are", "some", "highlights", "." ]
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1546
[ "Standard", "Encryption", "Frequently", ",", "Bread", "apps", "take", "advantage", "of", "standard", "crypto", "libraries", "in", "`", "java.util.crypto", "`", "." ]
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1547
[ "We", "have", "discovered", "apps", "using", "AES", ",", "Blowfish", ",", "and", "DES", "as", "well", "as", "combinations", "of", "these", "to", "encrypt", "their", "strings", "." ]
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1548
[ "Custom", "Encryption", "Other", "variants", "have", "used", "custom-implemented", "encryption", "algorithms", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1549
[ "Some", "common", "techniques", "include", ":", "basic", "XOR", "encryption", ",", "nested", "XOR", "and", "custom", "key-derivation", "methods", "." ]
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1550
[ "Some", "variants", "have", "gone", "so", "far", "as", "to", "use", "a", "different", "key", "for", "the", "strings", "of", "each", "class", "." ]
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1551
[ "Split", "Strings", "Encrypted", "strings", "can", "be", "a", "signal", "that", "the", "code", "is", "trying", "to", "hide", "something", "." ]
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1552
[ "Bread", "has", "used", "a", "few", "tricks", "to", "keep", "strings", "in", "plaintext", "while", "preventing", "basic", "string", "matching", "." ]
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1553
[ "Going", "one", "step", "further", ",", "these", "substrings", "are", "sometimes", "scattered", "throughout", "the", "code", ",", "retrieved", "from", "static", "variables", "and", "method", "calls", "." ]
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1554
[ "Various", "versions", "may", "also", "change", "the", "index", "of", "the", "split", "(", "e.g", "." ]
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1555
[ "“", ".clic", "”", "and", "“", "k", "(", ")", ";", "”", ")", "." ]
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1556
[ "Delimiters", "Another", "technique", "to", "obfuscate", "unencrypted", "strings", "uses", "repeated", "delimiters", "." ]
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1557
[ "A", "short", ",", "constant", "string", "of", "characters", "is", "inserted", "at", "strategic", "points", "to", "break", "up", "keywords", ":", "At", "runtime", ",", "the", "delimiter", "is", "removed", "before", "using", "the", "string", ":", "API", "OBFUSCATION", "SMS", "and", "toll", "fraud", "generally", "requires", "a", "few", "basic", "behaviors", "(", "for", "example", ",", "disabling", "WiFi", "or", "accessing", "SMS", ")", ",", "which", "are", "accessible", "by", "a", "handful", "of", "APIs", "." ]
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1558
[ "Given", "that", "there", "are", "a", "limited", "number", "of", "behaviors", "required", "to", "identify", "billing", "fraud", ",", "Bread", "apps", "have", "had", "to", "try", "a", "wide", "variety", "of", "techniques", "to", "mask", "usage", "of", "these", "APIs", "." ]
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1559
[ "Reflection", "Most", "methods", "for", "hiding", "API", "usage", "tend", "to", "use", "Java", "reflection", "in", "some", "way", "." ]
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1560
[ "In", "some", "samples", ",", "Bread", "has", "simply", "directly", "called", "the", "Reflect", "API", "on", "strings", "decrypted", "at", "runtime", "." ]
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1561
[ "JNI", "Bread", "has", "also", "tested", "our", "ability", "to", "analyze", "native", "code", "." ]
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1562
[ "In", "one", "sample", ",", "no", "SMS-related", "code", "appears", "in", "the", "DEX", "file", ",", "but", "there", "is", "a", "native", "method", "registered", "." ]
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1563
[ "Two", "strings", "are", "passed", "into", "the", "call", ",", "the", "shortcode", "and", "keyword", "used", "for", "SMS", "billing", "(", "getter", "methods", "renamed", "here", "for", "clarity", ")", "." ]
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1564
[ "In", "the", "native", "library", ",", "it", "stores", "the", "strings", "to", "access", "the", "SMS", "API", "." ]
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1565
[ "The", "nativesend", "method", "uses", "the", "Java", "Native", "Interface", "(", "JNI", ")", "to", "fetch", "and", "call", "the", "Android", "SMS", "API", "." ]
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1566
[ "The", "following", "is", "a", "screenshot", "from", "IDA", "with", "comments", "showing", "the", "strings", "and", "JNI", "functions", "." ]
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1567
[ "WebView", "JavaScript", "Interface", "Continuing", "on", "the", "theme", "of", "cross-language", "bridges", ",", "Bread", "has", "also", "tried", "out", "some", "obfuscation", "methods", "utilizing", "JavaScript", "in", "WebViews", "." ]
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1568
[ "The", "following", "method", "is", "declared", "in", "the", "DEX", "." ]
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1569
[ "Without", "context", ",", "this", "method", "does", "not", "reveal", "much", "about", "its", "intended", "behavior", ",", "and", "there", "are", "no", "calls", "made", "to", "it", "anywhere", "in", "the", "DEX", "." ]
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1570
[ "However", ",", "the", "app", "does", "create", "a", "WebView", "and", "registers", "a", "JavaScript", "interface", "to", "this", "class", "." ]
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1571
[ "This", "gives", "JavaScript", "run", "in", "the", "WebView", "access", "to", "this", "method", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1572
[ "The", "app", "loads", "a", "URL", "pointing", "to", "a", "Bread-controlled", "server", "." ]
[ 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10 ]
1573
[ "The", "response", "contains", "some", "basic", "HTML", "and", "JavaScript", "." ]
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1574
[ "In", "green", ",", "we", "can", "see", "the", "references", "to", "the", "SMS", "API", "." ]
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1575
[ "In", "red", ",", "we", "see", "those", "values", "being", "passed", "into", "the", "suspicious", "Java", "method", "through", "the", "registered", "interface", "." ]
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1576
[ "Now", ",", "using", "these", "strings", "method1", "can", "use", "reflection", "to", "call", "sendTextMessage", "and", "process", "the", "payment", "." ]
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1577
[ "PACKING", "In", "addition", "to", "implementing", "custom", "obfuscation", "techniques", ",", "apps", "have", "used", "several", "commercially", "available", "packers", "including", ":", "Qihoo360", ",", "AliProtect", "and", "SecShell", "." ]
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1578
[ "More", "recently", ",", "we", "have", "seen", "Bread-related", "apps", "trying", "to", "hide", "malicious", "code", "in", "a", "native", "library", "shipped", "with", "the", "APK", "." ]
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1579
[ "Earlier", "this", "year", ",", "we", "discovered", "apps", "hiding", "a", "JAR", "in", "the", "data", "section", "of", "an", "ELF", "file", "which", "it", "then", "dynamically", "loads", "using", "DexClassLoader", "." ]
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1580
[ "The", "figure", "below", "shows", "a", "fragment", "of", "encrypted", "JAR", "stored", "in", ".rodata", "section", "of", "a", "shared", "object", "shipped", "with", "the", "APK", "as", "well", "as", "the", "XOR", "key", "used", "for", "decryption", "." ]
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1581
[ "After", "we", "blocked", "those", "samples", ",", "they", "moved", "a", "significant", "portion", "of", "malicious", "functionality", "into", "the", "native", "library", ",", "which", "resulted", "in", "a", "rather", "peculiar", "back", "and", "forth", "between", "Dalvik", "and", "native", "code", ":", "COMMAND", "&", "CONTROL", "Dynamic", "Shortcodes", "&", "Content", "Early", "versions", "of", "Bread", "utilized", "a", "basic", "command", "and", "control", "infrastructure", "to", "dynamically", "deliver", "content", "and", "retrieve", "billing", "details", "." ]
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1582
[ "In", "the", "example", "server", "response", "below", ",", "the", "green", "fields", "show", "text", "to", "be", "shown", "to", "the", "user", "." ]
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1583
[ "The", "red", "fields", "are", "used", "as", "the", "shortcode", "and", "keyword", "for", "SMS", "billing", "." ]
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1584
[ "State", "Machines", "Since", "various", "carriers", "implement", "the", "billing", "process", "differently", ",", "Bread", "has", "developed", "several", "variants", "containing", "generalized", "state", "machines", "implementing", "all", "possible", "steps", "." ]
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1585
[ "At", "runtime", ",", "the", "apps", "can", "check", "which", "carrier", "the", "device", "is", "connected", "to", "and", "fetch", "a", "configuration", "object", "from", "the", "command", "and", "control", "server", "." ]
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1586
[ "The", "configuration", "contains", "a", "list", "of", "steps", "to", "execute", "with", "URLs", "and", "JavaScript", "." ]
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1587
[ "The", "steps", "implemented", "include", ":", "Load", "a", "URL", "in", "a", "WebView", "Run", "JavaScript", "in", "WebView", "Toggle", "WiFi", "state", "Toggle", "mobile", "data", "state", "Read/modify", "SMS", "inbox", "Solve", "captchas", "Captchas", "One", "of", "the", "more", "interesting", "states", "implements", "the", "ability", "to", "solve", "basic", "captchas", "(", "obscured", "letters", "and", "numbers", ")", "." ]
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1588
[ "First", ",", "the", "app", "creates", "a", "JavaScript", "function", "to", "call", "a", "Java", "method", ",", "getImageBase64", ",", "exposed", "to", "WebView", "using", "addJavascriptInterface", "." ]
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1589
[ "The", "value", "used", "to", "replace", "GET_IMG_OBJECT", "comes", "from", "the", "JSON", "configuration", "." ]
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1590
[ "The", "app", "then", "uses", "JavaScript", "injection", "to", "create", "a", "new", "script", "in", "the", "carrier", "’", "s", "web", "page", "to", "run", "the", "new", "function", "." ]
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1591
[ "The", "base64-encoded", "image", "is", "then", "uploaded", "to", "an", "image", "recognition", "service", "." ]
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1592
[ "If", "the", "text", "is", "retrieved", "successfully", ",", "the", "app", "uses", "JavaScript", "injection", "again", "to", "submit", "the", "HTML", "form", "with", "the", "captcha", "answer", "." ]
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1593
[ "CLOAKING", "Client-side", "Carrier", "Checks", "In", "our", "basic", "command", "&", "control", "example", "above", ",", "we", "didn", "’", "t", "address", "the", "(", "incorrectly", "labeled", ")", "“", "imei", "”", "field", "." ]
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1594
[ "This", "contains", "the", "Mobile", "Country", "Code", "(", "MCC", ")", "and", "Mobile", "Network", "Code", "(", "MNC", ")", "values", "that", "the", "billing", "process", "will", "work", "for", "." ]
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1595
[ "In", "this", "example", ",", "the", "server", "response", "contains", "several", "values", "for", "Thai", "carriers", "." ]
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1596
[ "The", "app", "checks", "if", "the", "device", "’", "s", "network", "matches", "one", "of", "those", "provided", "by", "the", "server", "." ]
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1597
[ "If", "it", "does", ",", "it", "will", "commence", "with", "the", "billing", "process", "." ]
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1598
[ "If", "the", "value", "does", "not", "match", ",", "the", "app", "skips", "the", "“", "disclosure", "”", "page", "and", "billing", "process", "and", "brings", "the", "user", "straight", "to", "the", "app", "content", "." ]
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1599
[ "In", "some", "versions", ",", "the", "server", "would", "only", "return", "valid", "responses", "several", "days", "after", "the", "apps", "were", "submitted", "." ]
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