question
stringlengths 19
300
| answer
stringlengths 31
1.02k
| negative_1
stringlengths 31
1.02k
|
|---|---|---|
Why does the taste of water change depending on your level of thirst?
|
I heard it has something to do with your brain sending out signals to the rest of your body, taste buds included. Your body need water to live, to survive. When you are super thirsty, water mostly taste sweet. Your taste buds trick you so you would drink more water.
|
When the water hits your taste buds, they are stimulated a little. The problem is they have been overloaded with sugar and acid, thus they are temporarily unable to *report* sugar and acid at that moment. Therefore they report the only thing left: alkaline (bitter) taste. Add that to the fact that most water has dissolved minerals in it that make it ever-so-slightly alkaline.
|
Why is the United States economy growing, but wages remain stagnant?
|
Because the growth is: * In part comprised by a rising population which doesn't impact median wages. * Captured mostly by high earners rather than the median earner.
|
The inflation caused rarely meets the increase in pay. The other issue is that increasing prices of labour makes some people lose their jobs and it's down to a value judgement as to whether the increase in living standard of some poor people is worth the decrease in living standard of other poor people. Poor people also spend a greater percentage of their pay than rich people do. But seriously, be very skeptical when anyone (including me) talks about economics because it isn't fully understood and we use MODELS THAT APPROXIMATE THE TRUTH and are not necessarily the truth.
|
bar ownership in 19th Century America
|
This totally depends on where these bars are located. In urban working-class areas, saloons were likely owned by someone from whatever immigrant group dominated that area. These would probably be located close to (or within) residential areas or right next to factories or wherever it was men in these areas worked. They would generally go to saloons for their lunch break to get a meal and have some beer to get them through the rest of the day. Unfortunately I do not know as much about what saloons were like in middle- and upper-class, white, Protestant areas.
|
During the eighteenth century, most households actually brewed their own beer, in three different types: an extremely low alcohol beer, for pregnant/nursing women and babies that have been weened, a beer with a larger (but still small) amount of alcohol for women and children, and a relatively strong beer for the men of the household. Colonial pubs generally brewed their own beer, and they were run basically as a large household. There was never a large variety of alcohols and foods available, with only one type of meal (the price of which was set by law) for poorer guests, usually something like a stew, and a better meal for upper class guests, probably served with wine or something better fitting their status. If the tavern served spirits, they were probably imported ones such as rum or brandy, as whiskey distilling in America did not take off until after the Revolution. A decent read on the subject is Gregg Smith's "Beer in America: the Early years".
|
Is there a scale for measuring pain, and if so what does it look like?
|
I assume we’re looking for more that the doctor asking how much it hurts in a scale of 1-10? There’s a site that shows a lot of different scales, this caught my eye but I’m not sure if it’s a global scale. [Pain scale](_URL_0_)
|
Pain can't even be defined, let alone measured. Seriously, try to define pain! In the end it doesn't really matter because pain is a subjective experience. It doesn't matter what caused the pain, only how much you are in and that's pretty well measured by asking the patient 'on a scale of 1-10, 1 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain imaginable'.
|
Is it a coincidence that our Aphelion and Solstice are so close to each other?
|
The date of the aphelion/perihelion is not fixed, the apse points rotate (over about 110,000 years) and so does the Earth's axis (over about 26,000 years). The apse points change with respect to the solstices in a 21,000 year cycle, or by about a day every 50 years. It is somewhat of a coincidence that we started figuring this out when they were close.
|
Literally an amazing coincidence. The sun is 400x farther away from us than the moon, and the sun is roughly 400x the circumference of the moon, making it a perfect match. It won't stay that way, however... As we will inevitably move farther away from the sun at some point.
|
Why is it that no matter how intoxicated you may be when something traumatic/ dramatic happens you achieve sudden sobriety ?
|
You don't get sober. Your thinking may seem more sober to you because of the adrenaline rush, but you're still drunk and impared.
|
Certainly depends on your intoxication level. Suffice to say, alcohol contributes to a temporary condition called ataxia - which is an impairment of your balance and motor coordination. It's likely a result of the alcohol slowing down or impairing the communication of a part of your brain called your "cerebellum". The cerebellum controls much of your motor skills. With the impairment in communication (the communication works through a complex mechanism best simplified as electrical wires) one develops traditional ataxia signs such as * unsteady gait * slurred speech (can't control jaw) * clumsiness of their hands and movement * double vision The ataxia (and its symptoms) get progressively more severe as one gets progressively more drunk.
|
sharps recepticles in public restrooms
|
> I can't imagine there are that many diabetics doing their insulin shots in the Safeway bathroom, You'd be surprised how often this precise situation happens. Plus, it costs Safeway a relatively small amount to avoid having their workers poked with needles doing cleaning/maintenance on their property... which exposes them to lawsuits. Yeah, some of the needles might be from illicit drug use, but if you were the Safeway owners/managers wouldn't you rather provide sharps containers than have your employees/customers getting stuck while in your bathrooms? That's a huge lawsuit.
|
not discouraging any further contributions on this topic, but FYI, toilet paper is such a popular topic that it has it's own section in the "popular questions" wiki* [Toilet Hygiene](_URL_0_) *see the "popular questions" link on the sidebar, or wiki tab above
|
Why arent there any home or business owners defending their property during the Baltimore riots?
|
Insurance covers property loss. Insurance can't bring you back to life, or make you heal faster after being beaten by an angry mob. Short of a gun or heavy weapon, no one person or even group of people can stop a riot. Legally speaking, if you start shooting/attacking rioters, you're going to be in trouble. A whole lot more than if you just walk away and deal with the repercussions of your destructive community members.
|
The Black Panthers weren't a violent group, they just carried guns in public and held demonstrations, which was perfectly legal. It was J Edgar Hoover who demonized them and named them Public Enemy Number 1.
|
Why can't people just ignore obvious media attention-whores, like the Kardashian family until they go away?
|
There are enough people who actually care to watch what the Kardashians do, buy clothes they sell, download their apps, and follow their social media. As long as there are people who want to see them they will never go away because they will be making money.
|
Kim Kardashian was a young wealthy socialite, a friend to Paris Hilton and daughter of Robert Kardashian who was one of OJ Simpson's lawyers. Her big break (if you want to call it that) was when a sex tape with Kim and her boyfriend was 'accidentally' leaked. THAT is how Kim Kardashian became famous - by making a sex tape. What's worse is that her sisters and half-sisters are famous for even less; they're famous for being related to her. Now they have the kind of bizarre, circular fame that almost only exists on 'reality' TV: they get paid a lot of money to be on TV, and the subjects of the shows are them spending a lot of money, for which they paid a lot of money, which they get filmed spending.... and the cycle continues. The next question is why do people watch these wealthy do-nothings?
|
Where did the custom of football commentators, especially Spanish speaking ones, dragging out the "o" in goal come from?
|
If you are going to yell a one-syllable word for a long time because you're HAAAAPPYYYYYYYYYYYYYY, you have three choices in spanish: ¡GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGOL! which makes you sound like you have a stutter. ¡GOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOL! which makes the word sound long and nice ¡GOLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL! which sounds awful. Yelling L is hard. Of course, you can also say: ¡gol! and proceed to describe how the player kneels in front of the public in the corner, is hugged by nr. 2 and nr. 5 and now sprints. But that lacks emotion.
|
There were numerous games called football during the era that the game was developed. The ones that survived were American Football, Association Football, and Rugby Football. It is believed that they were named such because they were played on foot but that is likely just urban myth. Association Football was shortened to "Soccer" in Britain before it was brought over to the USA but the name only stuck in the US.
|
How do speakers create the sounds of certain instruments (drums, guitar, etc.) without actually having the physical elements of each of those instruments?
|
A sound is just a vibration of air. A drum beat or a guitar cord are just combinations of certain air vibrations. A speaker can sound like a guitar or a drum because it can make the same air vibrations as those instruments.
|
ALL sounds and vibrations in nature are waves. Think about it, an atom cannot move instantaneously from one position to another. So sound is just waves. But you can add how many waves you want of different pitch, phase, and amplitude, as you want, to create a unique wave. That's how all sounds are formed.
|
How were Hispanics and other minorities (aside from blacks) treated during the American Civil Rights era?
|
Latinos were also segregated in the Jim Crow South, although it was far from the level of severity blacks experienced. Source: Martin, Michael E. Residential Segregation Patterns of Latinos in the United States, 1991–2000. New York: Routledge, 2007.
|
There were black communities set up by African Americans in the late 1870s-80s, but they weren't protected by the government like Native American reservations. The people participating in the communities were called [exodusters](_URL_1_) because of the exodus from the south to states like Kansas. One of the more well known exoduster communities is [Nicodemus, Kansas.](_URL_0_) African Americans in the south first wanted these communities so they could get away from the persecution of the whites in the south during reconstruction years, where they were still subject to persecution and violence despite their new found freedom.
|
Why do some lamps make you turn the nob twice to turn the light on?
|
Those types of lamps require a 3-way bulb. One that runs at a low wattage, medium wattage, and a high wattage. When you put in a bulb that doesn't support the lowest voltage and turn it on, nothing happens. You have to turn it on again to get to a high enough voltage that the bulb can run on.
|
These are probably lamps designed for three-way bulbs but loaded with one-way bulbs. The switch supports more levels of "on" than your bulb does.
|
You know the arrow on the car signaling your next turn? Where does the sound come from and how does it make it?
|
Originally it came from a solenoid switch, a switch activated by an electromagnet. The current would make a magnetic field to close the circuit and light the signal, creating a clicking noise behind the dashboard. These days the sound is expected as feedback that the signal is activated and it is produced by a speaker or in some cases a solenoid switch that isn't connected to anything.
|
It's essentially the Doppler effect. At rest, an object that makes sound sends out a wave at the speed of sound in all directions. As the object begins moving, it starts to catch up to the sound waves it released a second ago. This is why emergency vehicle sirens sound higher pitched as they approach and lower pitched as they travel past you. Now speed the object up to the speed of sound. The waves it sends out forward are stuck right where they were emitted essentially. And every second, they continue to build up more and more. This condensed pressure wave is what causes the boom.
|
After suffering a head injury how is it possible to lose all of your personal memories, but you able to remember your vocabulary and skills that you may have learned?
|
[Episodic memories](_URL_1_) (memories of events that happened to you) are stored in a different part of the brain than the parts that deal with language skills. It's also a different part than is used for [semantic memories](_URL_2_) (memories of facts) and [procedural memories](_URL_0_) (memories of how to perform actions). Thus damage to part of the brain that lets you recall episodic memories won't necessarily affect other functionality. So you might forget events that happened to you, but not the capital of South Dakota, or how to ride a bike, or how to speak. Similarly, you can have damage to the language portions of your brain that cause you to be unable to speak or understand speech, without affecting memories of past events.
|
Memories, abilities, personality, speech and all the other things stored in the brain aren't stored in the same place. Think of it like your computer hard drive, you don't store every single file on your desktop, you keep them in folders. The brain has different locations (folders) that deal with different functions. If one of those folders gets damaged then only those files may be lost and so, only that functionality is impaired. Damage the speech folder and the person may not be able to communicate. Damage the short term memory folder and they have short term memory loss.
|
why is it freezing in space if there is no matter in the vacuum to transfer body heat into?
|
Heat can be transferred two basic ways. One is conduction, like when your body is in contact with cold air. As you realize, you need something to conduct the heat *to* for this to work. The other mechanism is radiation. Your body is constantly radiating infrared light, carrying away heat energy. (This is known as "black body radiation".) Black body radiation isn't all that fast, so freezing in outer space will take a bit of time. All objects that have a temperature above absolute zero will emit black body radiation, so this process will eventually freeze you, probably after you've died from some other issue like running out of oxygen to breathe.
|
Lots of commentators are pointing out that you'll freeze very very slowly in space. Since there isn't anything to transfer heat to in a vacuum, does that mean that space is the coldest place you can be where you'll stay warm for the longest time?
|
Why does our saliva make our lips more chapped? Why does it not moisturize our lips for us, forcing us into applying chapstick?
|
Your lips are covered in the same oils that the rest of your skin has but the enzymes in saliva break down that oil and clean it away, leaving your lips chapped.
|
Lips naturally have a thin oily layer that helps preserve moisture. Licking your lips removes this layer, ironically making your lips drier in the long term after the saliva dries up.
|
Why does it feel good to stretch out on the floor or in bed in the morning?
|
Your muscles are held in their shape and place by a filmy covering called "fascia". As you sleep or remain motionless the fascia can grow and restrict muscle movement. A good stretch in the morning moves your muscles and the movement brushes away the fascia growth in the night. And you will feel free and looser. Its also good for you. Keeps you mobile and limber. At least this is my understanding. Hope its been useful or at least interesting!
|
The use of muscles releases endorphins, which make you feel good. After hours of being paralyzed (your brain shuts down your muscles at night so you don't actually move around in response to your dreams), any movement will feel good. Stretching is a nice balance of using the muscles and stimulating bloodflow without actually putting in much exertion.
|
How large Graham's number is using atoms, stars, blackholes etc. (or even A multiverse)
|
Okay: The Planck volume is the theoretical smallest size anything can exist in. It is about 10^-105 m^3 . The observable universe is about 93 billion light years across, and has a volume on the order of 10^80 m^3 . So you can fit around 10^185 of the smallest possible thing into the Universe. So, what if we make a number that was just 10^185 9s, written one after the other? How close to Graham's number would this be? Not even close, I'm afraid. If you took that new number and wrote a new number by writing out that number of 9s ... it still wouldn't be close. If you repeat the process another 50 or so times, you might get there, but my maths skills aren't quite there to work out how many times.
|
The difference is that the force has units: I can express it in Newtons, pounds, etc. It's about 2.57 x 10^-118 Newtons. Graham's number is an integer and can't be rescaled the same way a quantity can. In terms of significant digits, there are uncertainties on all the necessary quantities: the mass of hydrogen, the size of the universe, and the gravitational constant. If you take these into account, you will not have very many significant digits for the force.
|
What stops companies such as Apple or Abercrombie suing people in places, such as in Turkey or India, who are selling fake merchandise or claiming to represent them?
|
The fact that its India and turkey. Laws and courts are different in different countries. Just because your company has a registered trademark in US doesn't mean anything in India.
|
Well, getting sued just means there will be a court case. Assuming that you *lose* that case and are ordered to pay damages but don't have money, you can have your wages [garnished](_URL_0_) or things you own [seized](_URL_1_) and sold.
|
How come royal families before birth control didn't have tons of kids?
|
Other people have talked about infant mortality, but there were sometimes other factors at stake - first, when you have an arranged marriage, you can be paired with a person whom you personally dislike or find unattractive. So you do your royal obligation to make an heir, and no more. Second, lots of them were gay, or just uninterested in women. Third, especially with the more inbred rulers, insanity and impotence were severe problems as well. *Sex with Kings* and *Sex with the Queen* go into all these interesting stories.
|
Actually as far as I understand the whole royal thing is not well defined, and usually decided more on a case by case basis rather than rules. It currently only seems to include immediate family. For example the Queens [nice](_URL_1_) and [nephew](_URL_0_), her sister's children who are the grandchildren of the late king are not part of the royal family. When they were born they were with in a couple of heartbeats of being monarch themselves and still aren't to far down on the line of succession (Lady Sarah was originally in 7th place and has dropped to 21st). Fun fact by the way: The line of succession is not endless. There are a limited number of people whose are descended from Sophia of Hanover who is the official current starting point of the royal descent, about 5000 and a bit more than 4000 of them are theoretically eligible to ascend to the throne. [Some people have traced down the line of the last person in line and it turned out to be a commoner women living in Germany.](_URL_2_)
|
Why do onions make me cry?
|
Your eyes produce tears to wash away any irritants, such as smoke. Onions absorb chemicals from the ground when they grow, which are released as gas when you cut the onion open. This gas, like smoke, irritates your eyes, leading to the production of tears. Edit: I do not know what I am talking about!
|
Onions contain a volatile gas known as syn-Propanethial S-oxide (C₃H₆OS). When cut, the gas is released and the sulfur irritates the eyes.
|
Why does "platonic" mean an unromantic relationship? What does it have to do with Plato?
|
It came from Plato's writings in *Symposium* about the interest Socrates took in young men. From that we derived "platonic love", or, love without sensual desire.
|
Your question fascinated Socrates as well: "Socrates, sitting up on the couch, began to bend and rub his leg, saying, as he rubbed: 'How singular is the thing called pleasure, and how curiously related to pain, which might be thought to be the opposite of it; for they never come to a man together, and yet he who pursues either of them is generally compelled to take the other. They are two, and yet they grow together out of one head or stem; and I cannot help thinking that if Aesop had noticed them, he would have made a fable about God trying to reconcile their strife, and when he could not, he fastened their heads together; and this is the reason why when one comes the other follows, as I find in my own case pleasure comes following after the pain in my leg, which was caused by the chain.'" from Phaedo
|
How do corporate subsidies work and why should I be pissed about it?
|
Depends on the subsidy and why it's given. In some cases a subsidy makes sense, for instance so your country can feed itself in case of war (farm subsidies), or because you want to get a nascent industry off the ground (China does this with...everything...for 30 years!), or because everyone else is doing it and your country's businesses can't compete without it (the Export-Import bank). Sometimes it makes no sense or is actively harmful, such as with corn ethanol subsidies. Paying farmers to grow corn to be turned into ethanol for green reasons....while using more energy to process it than you get out of it, clogging up engines, and costing more than gasoline does. But we keep paying for it because it's a law and some farmers already bought corn-farming gear and don't/can't move into something else.
|
If I understand what you're asking - the tax is placed on the consumer, the tax relief is provided to the consumer. The tax is used for specific things, which are determined when the tax is levied, and become essentially crowdfunding of important things. The tax breaks and subsidies for wildly profitable industries are generally the result of corruption in lobbying.
|
Why can't we harvest all the worlds energy from the Earths magma core?
|
1. The core is solid iron. Magma is in the *mantle*, not the core. 2. We are currently unable to dig completely through the crust. We simply don't have technology that can withstand the intense heat and pressure. 3. Assuming that we could dig through to the mantle, we'd have to find some way to funnel it to the surface and siphon off the heat, while simultaneously *not* cooling down en route and plugging our bore hole with solid rock. That's much easier said than done.
|
You can. However, in most places there isn't sufficient geothermal energy to power a lot of stuff unless you are digging an impractically far distance. In those places where lots of heat energy is close to the surface, we absolutely do this. [Iceland](_URL_0_) is good example.
|
How come it's a 13 hour flight to Japan, but a 9 hour flight back?
|
Jet stream The jet stream is a channel of very high speed air that circles the globe. In the northern hemisphere it blows from west to east, flying into it can significantly slow a plane down, flying with it can significantly speed it up Look at the flight path the planes are taking. The one going to Japan is likely swinging up north and following a Great Circle route to cover the least distance, the one returning is likely flying in more of what looks like a straight line(on normal map projections) Now look at where the jet stream is/will be. If the plane can fly in high speed air then it can have a much higher ground speed. The forces on the plane only care about its speed relative to the surrounding air, if it has a 100 MPH tail wind then instead of going 550 MPH(ground speed) it can go 650 MPH(ground speed) while using the exact same amount of fuel significantly reducing the travel time
|
Maybe because they already overbook in a lot of flights.
|
Why are dark-skinned people less likely to get sunburnt?
|
Their skin has evolved to be less susceptible to UV rays. Thats actually exactly what skin pigmentation is for and nothing else. So its sort of the other way around, the people less likely to get sunburnt are dark-skinned
|
Darker skin is a result of higher levels of melanin in skin. Melanin's primary role is to block UV radiation. Most of the countries we think of as 'hotter' or inhabited by dark skinned individuals tend to be in the tropics, where solar radiation is more intense. There, higher levels of melanin protected the skin and the individual from too much UV exposure, which can lead to some skin cancers.
|
How can so many books be "Number One Best-Seller"?
|
Best Seller... in what? If you break everything up into categories you can have dozens of "Number One Best-Sellers". Best Seller... this week Best Seller... this year Best Seller... in Romance Best Seller... in Historical Fiction... and so on.
|
Every week the new york times publishes a list of books that have sold the most that week. The books on that list are called bestsellers. _URL_0_
|
How can Netlifx offer a great selection of movies and series without ads running ever fifteen minutes, yet traditional cable tv can’t, even though they charge customers much more than Netflix does?
|
Netflix offers a very similar value proposition to HBO. Subscribers pay a monthly fee and get a selection of movies and original programming and neither show ads. The monthly price of premium cable channels is very similar to the price of Netflix. Cable is a bundle of channels, offering in total far more content than Netflix (though it's a very broad bundle so only a small portion of the channels appeal to most subscribers). While the bundle price is higher, but each channel gets far less than Netflix gets (most channels get less than a dollar per month from each subscriber's cable bill) which means they supplement the monthly fee with ads. The other major difference is a cable bill also bundles together the content and delivery of said content. To fairly compare the price of cable with Netflix, you'd have to include some or all of your ISP bill too.
|
You are correct in your analysis on streaming services. They are limited by their servers because each user has to "connect" to the site and request service. A server is needed to handle that request, and a server can only handle so many connections at a time. Cable broadcasting, however, doesn't require any "connection". Broadcasting stations are constantly sending TV signals through cables and the air, and all you need to do to receive those signals is "reach out and grab them" as they pass along. You don't need to request anything from the broadcasting station; they'll send everything to you all the time, and you just have to choose which part of the signal you want (channel). The reason it's not so easy to get free cable as you might think, is because all the signals the broadcasting stations are sending out are encrypted. And you need a 'modem' to decrypt that signal into something watchable.
|
why do eggs go hard when you boil them?
|
Proteins in the eggs (and proteins in general) are made up of building blocks called amino acids. The amino acids bond with other amino acids and form strings which fold in certain ways. When you apply heat to the egg, you break these strings. As you continue to apply energy to the egg (in the form of heat) the amino acids form even stronger bonds with each other. When these strong bonds are formed, the water that was mixed with them gets forced out and the egg becomes hard.
|
Eggs harden inside the chicken. They are not laid soft. They can crack inside of the hen, and can repair themselves. They can also crack and have to be retrieved or the hen can die. The egg itself starts with the yolk, is surrounded by the white, and then the membrane that surrounds the white attracts calcite that is inside the hen. That makes the shell, and hardens. They are laid warm and coated with a bloom that covers the shell and protects it from spoiling. Edit: I have chickens. I have watched them lay and have held a seconds laid egg. Not sure why I am getting downvoted.
|
What does the interference pattern look like for the double slit experiment if the slits are replaced with holes?
|
It looks similar. The ["classic" double slit pattern](_URL_1_) is for infinitesimally small slits, and for finite size slits the signal is convolved by a [single-slit diffraction pattern.](_URL_2_). So, with a finite size circle instead of a slit, there would be the double slit signal convolved with a [circular diffraction pattern](_URL_0_), which is called an Airy disk.
|
That famous statement comes from a thought experiment in the Feynman lectures and experiments have only been performed recently. I don't know if anyone has actually placed a "detector in a slit". One group used a movable mask to cover up one of the slits and showed that the double slit pattern disappeared and re-appeared upon changing the position of the slit. Check out [their video here](_URL_0_).
|
For a freshwater fish living in a lake where it's really murky, how does it navigate?
|
A fish's lateral line system works as a mechanoreceptor, picking up vibrations in the water just like our ear picks up vibrations in the air. So in a way sort of like how submarines use sonar, fish can "hear" their environment as vibrations bounce off of everything around them.
|
Fish osmoregulate. Which means they can control how much salt is in their blood. Saltwater fish have special kidneys that let them release excess salt from their bodies since the amount of salt in the water is more than what is good for them so they release the excess salt back into the ocean. Freshwater fish do the opposite and release more water but still hold onto the little amount of salt thats in the water. Some fish are special cases where they live in freshwater and saltwater so they can do both like a salmon. Putting my science degree to use!
|
Why is it that the global population didn't begin to dramatically increase until after birth control became widely used?
|
You have an interesting point, but it's important that you not confuse correlation and causation. (Here are the [global figures](_URL_1_), if you're interested.) Though I don't have the background to comment on all of the factors likely involved, I can at least speak to the chemistry behind it. The early 20th century involved enormous advances in chemistry and medicine. For instance, the current world population could not be sustained without the fertilizer produced via the [Haber process](_URL_0_). Related advances in chemical knowledge that resulted in reliable methods of birth control (latex condoms, spermicides, hormone-based birth control, etc.) also allow more people to live who could not have before the 20^th century. Edit: typo.
|
There are numerous reasons leading to an increased birth rate, which is driving population expansion in these countries. * A lack of access and education about contraceptives. * Religious grounds - some religions dislike contraceptives or promote having children (Hinduism, whilst in general accepting of contraception, puts emphasis on families). * Social pressure to marry and have children (this may be linked to religious grounds) * Help - aid working and caring for the older parents.
|
Why is it that no matter what time I go to bed at night, I wake up every morning at 7:30am (give or take a few minutes)?
|
Try using a sleep-mask or re-arranging your room so your bed isn't in the same place as it as atm. It's probably because you have school/work at about that time, and your "inner clock" knows what time it is because of countless days of waking up from an alarm set at 7:30. I, for instance always wakes up at 9 AM, which doesn't actually bother me
|
From Quora b/c I'm a legend > This is an interesting phenomenon. Time of course continues to pass at the normal pace while we sleep, but our perception of time is temporarily suspended. This can be attributed to the altered state of consciousness associated with sleep. We are kept unaware of our surroundings, which would certainly make it difficult to remain informed of the passing of time. When we awaken in the morning, we have the memory of going to bed the night before, but new memories are rarely made while we sleep. Therefore, upon waking up the following morning it feels as if no time has passed, but our minds reason that many hours have elapsed simply because it is now light outside, and perhaps your bedside alarm clock is telling you that it is morning. Credit: [Phil Salant](_URL_1_) URL: _URL_0_
|
How is friction possible if atoms never actually touch each other?
|
Atoms may not touch in the way we normally imagine touch, but that's just because that idea of touch doesn't make sense on an atomic scale. It does not mean that touch never happens, it just means that our mental picture is only accurate at human scales. When things interact through touching, such as with friction, it just means that the atoms have gotten close enough together to interact across the gap between them. The same way that magnets can interact withought getting into physical contact, atoms interact across microscopic distances to create the phenomena of friction.
|
At the atomic scale, even the smoothest surfaces will be very rough and jagged. Also, two surfaces will never touch, they always have some gap between them. So say we have two surfaces with atomic "spikes". Due to the electrons in the atoms, the edges of these spike will carry a slightly negative charge. So, moving the top surface means moving some spikes (top surface) closer to other spikes (bottom surface). The negative charges repel eachother, so you will notice some resistance, which is what we call the force of friction.
|
What is the purpose of the short pillars or concrete spheres outside of stores like Target or grocery stores?
|
Correct. They're called bollards, and they keep the elderly (who sometimes confuse the accelerator and brake), and the occasional terrorist, from driving into the store.
|
To keep the outside air out, and to maintain the temperature indoors. Also aren't heaters, they're called [Air Doors](_URL_0_)
|
Has any monarch ever un-abdicated their throne?
|
Definitely. The most recent example I can think of is Gyanendra of Nepal, who reigned as King while an infant in the 1950s after his father and grandfather fled from the country after a dispute with the Rana family, who were the hereditary Prime Ministers and in some respect the real effectual rulers of Nepal. When the dispute ended, Gyanendra's reign was agreed to have ended, so he effectively abdicated. He was returned to the throne in the 21st century after a mysterious shooting spree by his nephew wiped out multiple royals. He then abdicated a second time when Nepal was transformed into a Republic, but he still has some political support and has stated that he wants to return to the throne, which would mean he would have reigned, abdicated, reigned again, abdicated again, and then reigned again. Source: _URL_0_
|
Yes, King Edward VII abdicated and his brother Albert became King George VI in 1937.
|
How does the fact that we live in a zero net energy universe explain that the universe could be created from nothing?
|
It doesn't. We genuinely don't know where the universe came from or what was before the big bang, and we're not even entirely sure if "before the big bang" even makes sense. However, what zero net energy does explain, is that no energy was created during the big bang. Therefore, the big bang doesn't violate mass-energy conservation.
|
The universe wasn't created from nothing. That's the flaw in your reasoning. The current model holds a rapid expansion in space-time proceeded from a singularity.
|
What are the causal mechanism for carcinogens?
|
Some do, some don't. It's a complicated question, but the reason why we can't treat or cure cancer (as in, treat or cure all cancers with the same approach) is that "cancer" is like "infection" — it's a wide range of related, but different, diseases. Instead, we can treat some types of cancer with some tools, and some others with other tools, and yet others we can't treat at all. Carcinogens are the flip side of that: they work in a wide range of ways, with some common features (DNA damage), but aside from broad commonalities they can be quite different. For example, the kind of DNA damage done by UV light is completely different from the kind of damage done by Human Papilloma Virus, and yet they both cause cancer.
|
Remove any other potential causes. If I can close off a system to the point that only thing x is changed from one sample to the next, and see that as thing x gets stronger thing y gets weaker I can reasonably call it causative. Alternately I can directly observer the causation happening. I can correlate gunshot wounds and blood loss, but I can prove it's causative by simply watching the bullet wound bleeding.
|
Is The Universe Cooling Faster than it Expands?
|
The question in your text is fine but the post title question is pretty strangely worded, and is asking something different. Unfortunately I'm not helpful on either but I can at least ask if you want to clarify what you mean by "cooling faster than it expands" or if you just want to know about the relationship as specified by the text.
|
It certainly depends on the temperature difference between the air and whatever is cooling. However, with any significant gradient in temperature, the conductive heat loss facilitated by the presence of air will be greater that the radiative heat loss associated with cooling in vacuum. It takes far longer to cool objects in space than seems intuitive.
|
Why are dogs' ears all floppy when they're puppies but stiffen up when they're adults?
|
The reason why ears are floppy in pups and erect as adults (in those prick eared breeds) is because the ear cartilage is soft and not fully formed. The cartilage doesn't start to harden or set until 16 weeks or so which is why their ears can be up one day or opposite ears over a few days etc. Now as for those that are cropped, the minor surgery is performed no younger than 8 weeks and no older than 16 weeks as it needs to be soft in order to get the ideal shape and they be fully erect by the time they finish teething.
|
Partially because we evolved to walk upright, that changed the way our spine works in relation to quadrupeds, and means we have a lot less flexibility in our neck than they do. The movement of our head is severely restricted, for this reason our neck muscles are a lot less powerful and developed than those of dogs. The other reason is exercise, dogs are insanely flexible and are constantly bending their bodies in crazy ways. The average modern human just walks upright or sits upright most of the day. I have 2 labs, male is 3 years old, female is 90 days old. The big guy uses the little girl as a pillow, and she doesn't even mind. She sleeps under the weight of the head of a 60kg dog, no problems. Sometimes she sleeps with her head hanging from the couch.
|
How do physicists at the LIGO Scientific Collaboration know where to point their instruments when searching for gravitational waves?
|
As I understand it they dont point them, but just watch the entire sky. For spatial information more than one is needed. The time difference between when the detectors see the bump gives the position in the sky. Obviously the more sites you the better we can pin point the location of the source.
|
They don't. These days they are directed through the millimeter wave detectors. Or they can opt for a hand screening.
|
When airports say that items may be "destroyed", how do they actually destroy them?
|
By throwing them away, or auctioning them, or whatever. The point is that those confiscated items *will not be returned to you*. So, as far as you're concerned, they've been destroyed.
|
The drugs have to be kept as physical evidence in the trials for whoever they were confiscated from. After that, yeah, they get destroyed.
|
Would it be effective to remove all nonfunctional junk DNA from human/animal genome?
|
There's no such thing as junk DNA, that term has fallen out of favor. There is coding DNA and non-coding DNA (formerly "junk"). We're learning that much non-coding DNA may have a structural or regulatory role that we are unaware of. That being said, there's a lot of DNA that can be done away with, but doing so wouldn't make any cellular process that much more efficient. The only process that would really be affected would be replication, and the enzymes that polymerize DNA are so mind-blowingly effective already that a couple million extra base pairs between friends isn't too much of a problem.
|
I think that would be a technicality. While the number of dna segments that we think of as "junk" is less than it used to be, there are still regions that we dont have an "apparent effect" on development, which may still be called junk dna. The convention that we have useless dna is not quite as credible anymore, but we still dont know what all of it does and therefore it wouldnt have any "apparent" (key word) effects. Either that question is cheap, poorly worded, wrong or all three.
|
Why can literally no one recreate new car smell in a bottle?
|
Part of the allure of a "new car smell" is the excitement of stepping into a brand new car... fresh off the assembly line, free of dirt, dust and human skin cells. "New Car Smell" seeks to recreate that experience, rather than emulate the actual smell... which is the smell of phthalates, VOCs and offgassing glues... and maybe the smell of the car dealer's cologne or aftershave :) Pretty challenging for a perfume/deodorizer R & D team, capturing that feel of actually owning a new car... which in reality is possibly accentuated with a little dizziness from a mild chemical poisoning (might want to crack that window and drive around the block awhile).
|
That smell is actually the smell of the petroleum based solvents used to make the plastic and vinyl parts of the car evaporating. You wouldn't want it to keep smelling that way because those fumes are actually toxic.
|
If the universe is expanding and everything is moving away from eachother how do galaxies collide?
|
I don't know if I'm the best person to answer this but... It's really just the same concept of smaller stars colliding because of gravitational forces, just applied to a galaxy of stars as a whole. That's what they mean when galaxies collide. The two concepts are one in the same, just imagine a plethora of stars from two galaxies interacting with each other when they get near. As a side note, the space between stars is so enormous that when two galaxies "collide", many stars may not even interact with each other at all. As for everything moving away from each other, I believe that's a general trend, but when you factor in gravity, bodies tend to come together faster than the expansion away. But that part I'm not so certain about. Correct me if I'm wrong! This information I heard very long ago! EDIT: Here is some wiki information that will back it up... _URL_0_
|
Space is expanding, but the forces that keep things together are unchanged. Imagine Holding a sitting dog on a leash while the ground between you expands super slowly. Nothings gonna Happen between you two. Now imagine Holding that dog with a Mile-Long leash out of wet toilet paper while the ground expands everywhere at the same speed. More distance means theres a faster "speed" of the ground expanding between you, so the leash is gonna break. This is why Galaxies scatter around while smaller Things Are unaffected.
|
What's happening inside you when you inhale nitrous oxide?
|
Nitrous oxide (N2O) or 'Nos' as some people call it, is a medical/recreational drug that can be inhaled for euphoric sensation or as a replacement (weak) anaesthetic. When you inhale the gas, less oxygen by % is being inhaled. This results in a reduction in oxygen supply to the brain, and you tend to feel quite light headed. It is a fat soluble molecule that can enter cells very easily, and reach synapses within our nervous system with no problem. It interferes with neurotransmitter molecules and their respective receptors in the body, and hence causes the anaesthetic/neurological effects. Some people actually report feeling aggressive or scared after inhaling N2O, and the mechanism for what causes the emotional changes is not fully understood (laughing, anxiety etc).
|
Nothing. Nitrogen and argon are just inert in this sense, they get inhaled and then exhaled back with no effect.
|
Why are hybrid species sterile? For example, why can't donkeys have babies with other donkeys?
|
One I can answer! Horses and donkeys have different numbers of chromosomes. These come together to make the baby mule, but when the mule grows up, its chromosomes can’t divide into even numbers (it ends up with an uneven number of chromosomes). This means all the sex cells aren’t considered as good cells, and they can’t come together to make another baby mule because the chromosomes would be really crazy then. As for other hybrid species, it gets really complicated. Some hybrid species have no problems with reproduction and can even regularly occur in nature. Other hybrids, such as rice, will take a few generations before they die out. But ultimately it comes down to amounts of chromosomes and whether they can divide evenly in the hybrid generation.
|
Mule is not able to make sperms or eggs on its own, so it is sterile. This is because of difference in number of chromosomes in horse 32 and donkey 31, as they are not of same species. If you crossbreed within species, like in different type of dogs,they would be fertile. Because of the cross between horse and donkey, mule carries copy of chromosomes from horse and another copy from mule with different count .As a result it can not go through meosis, a cellular process that is required to form egg and sperm, hence making them sterile. As far as I know, there are currently no way we can make interspecies hybrid fertile. With advanvlcement in technology, it may not be that far though.
|
How come on an airplane, I'm able to look down the aisle towards the front of the airplane with all windows closed and I'm able to determine whether the plane is pitched up or down?
|
Your sense of gravity doesn't require a visual reference point. You know the incline of the floor of the cabin the same way you do on the ground: by comparing what you see against the direction you sense is down.
|
They *do* track them, which is why we know when they go missing mid-flight. In this case, the plane's transponder stopped sending and it vanished from radar, which are the two main devices used for such tracking.
|
Why is it that we could create a Mars rover (Opportunity) able to drive more than 40km on the random surface of an alien planet in 2004 yet the first wheelchair capable of climbing a stair only came out around 2007 (as far as I know)?
|
I think you are confusing "able to make" with "able to make cheaply and safely enough that it can be sold commercially for a profit and pass all the safety regulations required for use with regular people". Scientists will always have access to new technology years (perhaps decades) before regular people because they have a lot of grant money to spend on research equipment, and because they are trained to safely use dangerous equipment that has not yet been made dummy-proof. Also keep in mind that the Mars rovers does not 100% drive itself. It is ultimately driven by a team of scientists on earth. It's not practical to have a team of scientists working in every old's man kitchen just to drive him up the stairs.
|
A human can get more done than a robot in a given timeframe. The rover moves at speed of 100 ft per hour. You can sleepwalk faster than that
|
How come, when you feel unsafe in your room, you instantly feel a little bit safer by pulling the covers over you?
|
I don't know the specifics but I bet it is the same thing that calms animals down when you cover their eyes. (Like when you are moving alligators around the zoo or whatnot). Less stimuli for your brain to try to interpret through the thinking of feeling a threat.
|
Getting hurt in life is simply inevitable and no protection can guarantee your 100% safety. You simply just can’t prevent falling down and smashing your head. Things happen.
|
There were several search engines in use before Google came around (AskJeeves, etc). What made Google the ultimate game changer?
|
Google was one of the first (if not *the* first) to utilize intelligent algorithms to cache and crawl websites. Pretty sure Yahoo and others were still using humans to physically find web pages and hand enter then into the searchable database. Since Google was able to automate it so effectively (and continuously improving their algorithm to show the most relevant results) they kind of buried everything else for like, 20 years.
|
Google developed the worlds best search engine ever. It turns out that a search engine is also good for other things like finding customers for targeted ads. Those two things went hand in hand. Google also tried many new and different things like street view, maps, and many other things. If it worked, they stuck with it, if it didn't, they moved on to something else.
|
why is it we can it people into a medical induced coma but not any medical use to get them out of coma?
|
Medically induced coma is done through drugs(barbiturates). Drugs wear off, patient wakes up. Comas cause by accident are a result of damage to the brain which is slow to repair/rewire if it ever does.
|
We understand absolutely nothing about Comas. We don't even know why sleep anesthesia works and it's consequences on the body.
|
What will it mean for science if NASA announces it has found running water on Mars?
|
[Seems it's been confirmed, there is salt water running on Mars.](_URL_0_) A big thing people don't seem to be considering is that now we know there's salt water on Mars, NASA has cause to begin funding research on how to make salt water usable, most likely leading to massive strides in that kind of technology, which will help us on earth when fresh water becomes scarce. :(
|
Pretty much anything up to a planet-covering, space-faring civilization is possible. We don't know much of anything about how life might have developed on Mars, if it ever existed. It might have developed faster or slower than here on Earth, likely would have followed entirely different development paths. There hasn't been significant liquid water on Mars for hundreds of millions of years, at least. If we assume there's been no life on Mars since then, that's plenty of time for even large structures to disintegrate, and be covered by blowing sand. Orbiting cameras don't have the resolution to pick up even the largest fossils, and the rovers and other probes have only explored the tiniest fraction of the surface of the planet. It'll be interesting to see what turns up with future explorations of Mars.
|
How do recently made movies have the same title? How does movie title copywriting work?
|
You cannot copyright or trademark titles. This is because they are generally too short to have significant content and the copyright office will not accept them. Trademarks on the otherehand cannot be applied to words alone and require artistic design or concept for them to be trademarked. When it comes to copyright the movie is copywritten as a whole... title story etc... for trade mark a logo has to be designed or content has to be produced that needs protection from recreation by other individuals, and thus it has to come down to a specific use in the industry and requires that proof of property exist, which is extremely hard to prove, and trade marks are extremely limited in their scope when they are awarded, e.g. Tangled is TMed by Disney but I could theoretically make another animated movie with the same exact name if I can prove the name best applies to my film and it doesn't violate the copyright on the Disney movie of the same name. (Deleted and edited for clarification. )
|
It's in the name: a copyright is your "right" not to have someone else "copy" your art. A trademark is a "mark" you use to distinguish your goods from your competitors in your trade. The movie "Incredibles 2" is subject to copyright, because its an artistic work. No one can copy the movie itself or any artistic aspects of the movie. "Pixar" is a trademark. It tells you who made the movie, so that if you like it you might see more Pixar movies. No one else can make movies using the name "Pixar" because it might confuse moviegoers, but you can probably start a coffee shop called "Pixar Coffee" because one one will think the same people are making animation and brewing lattes. (C) is just a shorthand notation that means "copyright." It's used to alert people that something is subject to a copyright. (R) means "Registered," which means the person who owns the trademark went through the extra step of "registering" it with the federal government.
|
If temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy, is a bottle of water speeding past me "warmer" than a bottle of water in my hand?
|
It has more energy, but it isn't really "warmer". The question abuses the definition of temperature. Temperature is about the molecular average kinetic energy, not the macroscopic energy. (An analogy: It's like asking how fast can a fish swim, and then you put your fish tank into your car and drive down the road and talk about how fast your fish is "swimming" down the road.) Temperature is a statistical average of small scale properties. The zillions of water molecules inside a stationary water bottle bottle wiggle with various kinds of kinetic energy, and the average kinetic energy of the wiggling molecules correlates very well with how much energy is stored in the water. If you throw the water bottle very fast you definitely add energy, but normal people wouldn't call the added energy "temperature". The water as a whole is going fast, but the random wiggling of the water molecules hasn't gotten any more vigorous.
|
Theoretically, if you shook it fast enough. But the warmth from your hand will likely contribute more heat than you shaking it. And besides that, thermodynamics is working against you. By shaking the bottle, you're circulating the water. This means the hottest water is transferring some of its energy to the cooler bottle, resulting in a more efficient transfer of energy.
|
What exactly are the Freemasons?
|
Freemasons are members a of social club. They gather once or twice a month and hang out. Outside the meeting hall, Freemason try to improve society and themselves. They do so by volunteering or doing other charitable acts. Freemasons consider one another as brothers, and like real brothers, they will help eachother out. There is a secretive element to the Freemasons. They have a lot of historical knowledge and rituals that they do not reveal to the public. The secrets are not world changing. A Freemason did an AMA once, and he said that the secrets of Freemasonry are similar to the secrets of a good book or movie. They stay quiet because they do not want to ruin to story for others. EDIT: Freemasonry is open to most people: you must be a man, must be older than 21 (that might vary in different regions), must be born a free man, and must believe in a higher power. If you ask a Freemason to join, it is their duty to help you do so.
|
Short answer: we're an initiatory society for men. Long answer: Freemasonry is a symbolic system that teaches a moral philosophy within a social and philanthropic framework. Our lessons are cast in terms of a belief in a supreme being and a desire to improve ourselves as moral members of our communities. We carry on the long tradition of the Western initiation, peppered with symbols and terminology of European stonemasonry and Judeo-Christian allegory (though Freemasonry is not a religion, nor is it specific to any religion). We don't "believe" anything as a group. Belief is a matter for individual Masons to engage with their religion. We simply teach that moral philosophy and let the member apply it to their circumstances.
|
How have "inner city" areas in the USA become centres of poverty?
|
The idea of inner city poverty is for the most part a sweeping generalisation, many cities across the world have poverty stricken areas and wealthy areas in the heart of a city. However during the 60s with the introduction of the civil rights act, segregation was no longer a determining factor in an individuals location. Therefore many African Americans began moving into the inner city's due to their new found freedom. However white Americans not used to being integrated moved to the edge of cities which is now known as 'white flight' this suburbanisation of areas left many in the inner city struggling economically, particularly with the collapse of traditional industry around the same time. Therefore these inner areas have remained poorer and as such crime rates increase due to gang culture etc. This has remained and for many in the suburbs of cities life was privileged with the economic opportunities in the inner city and the suburbs.
|
If a neighborhood gains a higher standard of living, then it will generally displace the lower economic strata that were already there. A neighborhood that had a certain economic class of people will often lose those people in order to gentrify. To some, this looks like a reshuffling of the problem. Rather than fixing the economic issues that lead to poverty, we're simply moving out the poor and moving the rich in.
|
Why are American doctors so willing to prescribe strong painkillers when doctors in every other country aren't?
|
**Tl;dr: It all boils down to different medical training and different laws.** American doctors prescribe pain medication to prevent chronic pain, which is much more difficult to treat. Also, it is much more difficult for Americans to buy strong pain medications over the counter. In many Asian countries, prescription pain killers could be bought over the counter, so I have met many people who have self-medicated and taken tranquilizers (which don't do a good job at relieving pain) for minor jaw aches related to TMJ. Also, in my understanding, ~~lidocaine~~ codeine could be purchased fairly easily in European countries due to more lax regulations. EDIT: Thanks /u/shlogan!
|
Because it is illegal federally, pharmacies that do sell it would get into a ton of trouble and wouldn't be able to sell controlled medications anymore including pain and ADD meds
|
Why do planes need to be pressurized when flying at ~15,000 ft, yet hikers/backpackers routinely climb up to that elevation without any problems?
|
most commercial transports fly at 30k-40k ft. they are pressurized to air at 6k-8k ft. hikers and backpackers practice for low air environments. most air plane passengers dont. i bet you cant go to 15k ft regularly without discomfort. that's a tiny % of the population that can do well at altitudes like that. above 10k is pretty bad already - my relatives had oxygen tanks next to their beds when they went to Lhasa one year.
|
At high altitudes the atmospheric pressure is very low - there's less air than there is down at the surface. If the plane wasn't pressurized there wouldn't be enough air to breathe.
|
Why does it take the eyes time to "adapt to the dark"?
|
The adaptation to darkness occurs by three mechanisms: 1. pupillary size (iris cranking itself open), which takes only seconds 2. neural adaptation (bipolar cells, amacrine cells etc becoming desensitized/more sensitized depending on the amount of signal they're receiving) which also takes mere seconds 3. photochemical changes involving the rhodopsin-retinal cycle, which can take up to minutes or even hours. When light hits rhodopsin, it breaks down into retinal and opsin, exciting the rod/cone in the process. but putting retinal and opsin back together takes a few minutes. The amount of re-constituted rhodopsins determines how light-sensitive your eyes are, and that's the main reason your eyes take so long to adjust. edit: pupillary, not papillary
|
The pupils are actually not very important in this because their size can only vary so much. The photoreceptors of the retina change in response to the light level, and that's where most of the adjustability comes from. While the photopigments can be deactivated very quickly in response to bright light, if you then go back to a dark environment, the photopigments need to be regenerated, and that's a slow process that can take up to 45 minutes. Simply put, in order to adjust to darkness, the eye needs to produce certain chemicals, and to adjust to bright light, it just needs to deactivate them. Putting something together takes a lot longer than breaking it.
|
- What's the difference between relative and absolute motion?
|
In strictly physical terms, *all* motion is relative: there is no such thing as absolute motion. The key to understanding motion problems is to be clear about the frame of reference. You might be standing still on the ground, with a dog sitting next to you. According to your frame of reference, the dog is stationary. However, to someone in a car driving past you, you and the dog are both going backwards. What about someone in a plane, or in orbit, or standing on the Moon?
|
You can see this already in classical physics. Look at Newton's Second Law. The forces determine the acceleration. Adding a constant velocity does not change the acceleration. Thus, already in Newtonian physics, acceleration is absolute while velocity is relative.
|
Is natural selection still doing it's job?
|
'Human interference' doesn't stop natural selection. It simply modifies the selective pressures.
|
DefInitely not an expert in this area, but this is my understanding. Natural selection only applies to "reproductive fitness" of an individual (e.g. How fit they are to breed). Medical care enabling humans to live to be 100 doesn't have much influence on the natural selection process unless you are keeping those elderly people alive to breed or in someway influencing the reproductive fitness of younger people as a result of having a larger elderly population. Medical care that allows people who would normally never survive long enough to reproduce, or medical care that allows someone who would normally be infertile does have influence on the natural selection process.
|
Neglecting temperature and "space suits", could waves on Titan be surfed?
|
One problem would be that the oceans consist of liquid hydrocarbons like ethane and methane and those have a much lower [viscosity](_URL_0_) than water (factor 10 orso). Density is also about 50% lower, which would make it hard to stay afloat. Furthermore I assume the surface tension would be significantly lower, although I don't know if and how that affects surfing. All these problems aside, I don't see a particular reason surfing there would be impossible, but it would be quite a different experience.
|
It would most certainly experience tidal waves, but not the kind of waves we're use to. Waves on Earth are caused by winds. That's why large lakes that experience no tides can still have waves. Tides on Europa would be terrifying though, The surface is ice, so the waves are more of earthquakes as the icy crust cracks and bulges.
|
How is it possible that the wreckage of the USS Lexington along with its planes is still in such remarkable shape despite being under water for more than 75 years?
|
There can be a lot of factors. The chemical makeup of the water, the salinity, the current flow, pollution level, all of those can have a bearing on how much anything that sinks deteriorates. For an extreme example, look at the wreck of the [Vasa](_URL_0_). That was a ship that went down in the 17th century and was recovered in the 1960s, in *astonishingly* good condition considering it was a wooden ship that had been underwater for nearly three hundred and fifty years. Again it depends on the conditions at the particular site.
|
This looks like they incorporated data from a ship which was scanning the bottom looking for something. You notice that the area around the tracks is very smooth; the bottom isn't actually that smooth, it is just low resolution data. The ship managed to gather higher quality data as it went over it's search grid and that shows up as we can see more fine detail.
|
Beveridge Model vs Single Payer system
|
The answer to your question is written in black and white in the links you provided. From the Beveridge Model section: > The term 'Scandinavian model' of health care systems has a few common features: largely public providers, limited private health coverage, and regionally-run, devolved systems with limited involvement from the central government.. Due to this third characteristic, they can also be argued to be single-payer only on a regional level, or to be multi-payer systems, as opposed to the nationally run health coverage found in Canada, Taiwan and South Korea.
|
This is ELI5!! Keep it simple, people. Single payer is basically Medicare for all. We would pay a tax and basically all our doctor and hospital visits would be covered. No more need for deductibles, out-of-pockets, and all that other bullshit related to private insurances. So it's not only better, but MUCH cheaper, too.
|
How can scientists make determinations on a planets composition that is lightyears away?
|
While we can't do this easily for all planets (there's some technological limits regarding how sensitive current instruments are), this is generally done by looking at light either from the planet directly, or light passing through the planet's atmosphere if it goes in front of it's star. By looking at the spectrum of that light, we can figure out the composition. Different elements/molecules will leave different signals in that spectrum.
|
One of the methods we use to tell what other planets are made of is [Spectrophotometry](_URL_0_), which is just a fancy way of saying "we take a very hard look at what color and brightness something is". This gives us a good idea of what, for example, the atmosphere of Venus is made up of. As soon as you get to the deeper layers (or even below the surface) we can only take educated guesses. Temperature, on the other hand, is usually not remotely measured in astronomy. But since we know the distance from the sun and the approximate atmospheric makeup of a planet we can do some pretty good calculations on it.
|
Is there a function or benefit to cutaneous marginal pouch (also called Henry's Pocket) in cat and dog ears?
|
Not much research really. It's possible that it functions a similar role to the pinna notch in our ears, that is, it directs and attenuates other frequencies, with higher frequencies sometimes being eliminated and lower frequencies being directed into the ear. How the pocket would do this, I'm not sure. Possibly it is involved in spatial location or better reception of higher frequencies. Or perhaps it serves no function at all, and is merely a not uncommon feature of more mobile ears. The pocket itself is a modification of the anti-tragus, and bats use their tragus to localize sound, so it may be related to that, and bats' anti-tragus is sometimes similar to a cat's, although it's not as if anyone has researched the bat anti-tragus with any veracity either. Edit: a sentence added
|
Ever see an outie belly button??? Dr's have become very good at cutting the cord right so we don't have outie belly buttons anymore. Dogs, cats and all other animals chew the cord to cut it.
|
what are the obstacles that keep us from developing chips with more transistors?
|
When you're making microchips, you have a big wafer with a bunch of individual chips on it. Not all of those chips work. If you have 200 chips on a wafer and 10 of them don't work, that's not as big a deal as if you have 100 chips on a wafer and 9 of them don't work. The larger die also makes the lithography more difficult, so your yields are going to be lower for that reason as well. So we can make bigger chips, but it's disproportionately more expensive. The time is for research into lithography that can create smaller features with better yields. The main limiting factor in performance, however, is usually thermal or power efficiency.
|
as an engineer in manufacturing the biggest thing is turning some new concept or lab experiment into something that's mass produceable at a reasonable cost. Also generally there's not a lot of expertise to go from high level science to factory making the bits. The PHD folks who invent new technology tend to drastically underestimate how hard it is to scale something up for production. This is true for any tech field. A lot of headline science technologies fizzle when you go from a super tiny sample in the lab to something made in the tons or even pounds per day range.
|
How and why can the EU claim water doesn't prevent dehydration?
|
Companies can't claim on water-bottle labels that their product can help prevent dehydration. All claimed medicinal benefits need to be approved, and this wasn't approved. I don't know the exact legality, but it's a stupid claim and I would have denied it too. It's like a packet of chocolate claiming that eating it will prevent starvation. You have to take into account the person's total daily consumption, activity levels, exposure to sun, consumption of electrolytes and salts etc etc.
|
Being dehydrated doesn't stop your body from producing garbage that needs to get out.
|
Why have computers proccessors not really advanced in clock speed in the last 5 or so years?
|
Because faster processors would generate too much heat. So instead processor makers started to work to make the processor be able to multitask better (multiple cores) and be able to perform common instructions more efficiently.
|
Bremermann's limit is the theoretical computation limit in a self-contained system. It is 1.36 × 10^50 bits per second per kilogram. It is derived from Einstein's mass-energy equivalency and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. _URL_0_ This is the theoretical limit, and we have not come anywhere near these speeds. There are many more practical limitations. Transistors can only be shrunk to a certain size due to electron quantum tunneling effects. After this point, we need either a new transistor material, or develop a entirely new computing technology. Moore's law was a prediction made 1965 that processor speeds would double every year. This trend has held true, but we now predict that it will end around 2018-2020. _URL_1_
|
Why does your hand naturally curl up when resting?
|
Because that's the natural resting position of the tendons (and the muscles which pull on them) on the underside of your arm. Straightening your hand actually tenses the muscles on the top of your arm. You can feel it!
|
Yes, it's blood, or lack thereof. Blood gets pumped around your body by your heart, the blood feeds and takes oxygen to the tissues and cells of your body. It also removes "waste" from those cells. When you spin your arms quickly, the gravitational force forces the blood in your arm to the hands. The problem is your heart can't pump enough to get new blood to the cells and tissues in the hand, nor can it evacuate the "waste". The tingling sensation is your nerve cells not getting enough oxygen. (the same phenomenon happens when your leg "goes to sleep")
|
Are there accounts of the Oracle at Delphi making an incorrect prophecy that the Greeks acknowledged? How greatly would that affect their beliefs?
|
The Oracle's prophecies were intentionally vague. For instance what the Athenians asked the oracle what to do about the Persians when Xerxes invaded first it told them to submit to the persians. Then when they more or less asked for a better prophecy and were told that they would be saved if they stayed behind a wooden wall. Some belived that it referred to the hedge around the acropolis. Others believed that it referred to a sea battle they must fight. If they had lost then they may have believed they misinterpreted the oracle
|
Every oracle was different in its source, from the laurel-chewing Delphic priestess to the rustling oaks of Dodona, or the dreams sent by Ascelapius. But in common, questioners made donations and priests interpreted the results to them. Let's concentrate on the Delphic oracle as one of the best-described. Most questions had simple answers. When Xenophon left Athens to lead mercenaries for the rebel Persian prince, he asked to which gods he should sacrifice to ensure his success. His friend told him later that what he should have asked was if this were a good thing to do in the first place. So most questions had yes/no or otherwise simple answers. Tricky poems were for matters of state. And, yes, the interpreters at various times tried to control politics. Herodotus remarks that the Oracle was Medizing, favoring the Medes, in the Persian Wwars, and giving messages urging the defiant Hellenes to give up.
|
What is the best way to start planning for retirement?
|
You asked "What is the best way to start planning for retirement". I would suggest a different approach. Plans change, investments will vary, options depend on many factors. I advise you both agree to a retirement **commitment**. Commit to a percent of your income that will be invested every month and every year for the rest of your lives - - together. Commit that you will not touch that retirement nest egg EVER until retirement. For example, if you hit hard times, before you dip into the retirement fund, downsize. Sell stuff. Change jobs. Take on a second job. If you can commit that you will do this for each other, because you know that you want to provide for your "golden years" together, the rest - - the details - - will follow.
|
For the average joe who just has a little bit of money they want to see grow, your only smart option is index funds. They typically track the market, or at least a segment of the market, as a whole, and move up and down with it. Historically, index funds almost *always* beat out individuals who try to 'time the market' and buy individual stocks and do things manually. If the money is for retirement, look into "target date index funds". These are index funds which gradually shift in their risk-level as time goes on. When you're young, the fund buys/sells more stocks than any other security. As you get older, it starts to shift more and more into Bonds and other securities that are very low risk (but offer smaller returns). The idea being that as you get closer to retirement, you can't afford to be as risky with your savings.
|
why does the new pope get such good PR?
|
The new pope has a much better feel for politics and is just generally a lot more progressive than the past pope. He's focusing a lot more on poverty and oppression, which is what Jesus was all about, instead of dogma and rules. He's also toned down the homophobia, though his opinion and the position of the church is still that homosexuality is a sin and same-sex marriage is wrong. He counseled a woman who had an abortion, though again, his opinion and the church's position haven't changed, they still believe life begins at conception and abortion is murder. He's nicer and more charismatic, and he's a lot more progressive, all of which are things the old pope lacked, who was boring and pretty regressive.
|
_URL_0_ Great video on how someone becomes the Pope.
|
- What if the US started flying helicopters in Syria to save people?
|
As soon as the first helicopter catches an RPG, and you know it'll happen, the US has a no-win situation which most likely involves air strikes and/or occupation. Also, the largest passenger helicopters carry 50-60 people tops, and UN estimates put the number of non-combatants killed so far at 5,000-8,000 people. That's a lot of round trips, is all I'm saying.
|
Humans aren't even able to drive ground vehicles safely. Helicopters require even more skill and willingness to obey the rules.
|
Is it possible for antimatter from the big bang to still exist today?
|
It is technically possible for entire galaxies to be made of antimatter, and some experiments have been done in an effort to determine if significant amounts of antimatter can be found anywhere. Unfortunately, there is no indication that antimatter exists in any large quantities in the universe. There were an unfathomable number of antimatter particles in the beginning stages of the time following the Big Bang. Even still, I don't know the probability that particles would have survived this long and if they did, there would be no way of distinguishing any single particle from another antimatter particle formed by natural processes more recently. The problem with antimatter is that it is electromagnetically attracted to its counterpart (if it has any charge at all), meaning that not only does it annihilate matter, but it will actively "try" to eliminate matter at any opportunity.
|
No; there's more matter than antimatter, to the point that almost all of the stuff floating around in the Universe is what we'd call matter. This is one of the bigger mysteries in physics, since generally you'd expect the two to have been created in equal amounts in the early Universe. There are speculative theories which try to [explain this asymmetry](_URL_1_), and it's hoped that the Large Hadron Collider will [be able to rule out or confirm](_URL_0_) many of those.
|
Why isn't chronic mania as common as chronic depression?
|
In the clinical sense, mania is an overactivity disorder while depression is an underactivity disorder. Simply due to energy constraints, it's much harder physically for the body and brain to be overactive than underactive because the energy has to come from somewhere, but is not necessarily required to go anywhere. Also, it's possible that there is a clinical asymmetry where for some reason mania is either harder to diagnose or easier to treat.
|
To be classified as disorder, the condition must have negative effects to the person, his ability to to function, or to his environment. Mania is in some sense opposite of depression, but it comes in cycles in almost all cases, even if not every bipolar person has clear depression between manic episodes. I think [hypomania](_URL_0_) in some cases might be what you are looking for.
|
If the sun is mostly made up of Hydrogen and Helium, why is sunlight display light over the full spectrum?
|
Sunlight is [blackbody radiation](_URL_0_), which emits at all wavelengths. You're thinking of electrons excited between orbitals, which isn't what produces light in the sun.
|
The light you see coming from the sun is 'black body radiation' caused by the temperature of the gases at the surface of the sun (approx 5000K). This is hot enough to generate an EM spectrum [rich in visible wavelengths](_URL_0_), but also spread across the entire visible band, so as to appear white. Hydrogen fusion is the source of the star's temperature, but does not give off visible wavelength directly. Chemiluminescence is not involved wither. At the extreme temperatures inside a star, there are no electrons left attached to the hydrogen to jump between energy levels and release photons.
|
I have long hair. I find pieces of it everywhere - in the shower, on my clothes, etc. If we lose so much hair randomly, why aren't we bald?
|
I dunno, I don't lose any hair and still I'm bald....
|
Balding is believed to be caused by a hormone called [DHT](_URL_0_) (di-hydro-testosterone), which is produced throughout the body from testosterone. So, basically, the male hormone testosterone eventually results in the baldness hormone. DHT causes the hair follicles (roots) to shrink and eventually stop producing hair.
|
Machiavellian actions/behavior
|
_URL_1_ _URL_0_ Machiavelli wrote a book called The Prince about governing that is, by modern standards at least ruthlessly pragmatic and manipulative. He said that it is better to be feared than to be loved, suggested concentrating ruthless acts in a short period (so that the people will forget them quicker), and talked about multiple ways to conquest. To be Machiavellian, is to be a schemer, creating temporary alliances, backstabbing when it suits you, and pretty much doing anything to increase your power.
|
Niccolò Machiavelli was a Florcian (from Florence, Republic of Florence [modern day Italy]). He wrote a very famous book called The Prince. The book is about intrigue and how to plot things. A trend of the book is that it is good to murder six nobles to prevent a war that'd kill thousands of soldiers and cost a lot. Take for example you are the second oldest son in a kingdom. Your older brother has died but his wife was pregnant just before he died (the child is legitimate). Your father then dies. You become the King, and just later your windowed sister in law gives birth the a boy (your dead brothers son). Had the king died slightly later this boy would be king and so has a very strong claim to your throne and Kingdom. This could lead to a very exspensive war, it'd be best to just have him die in some horiffic *accident*. Generally plotting to do something immoral or amoral but for the greater good can be seen as Machiavellian.
|
Why do we get a blood taste in our mouths for exercising too hard?
|
There's blood in your lungs. Not a lot, but the increased pressure of heavy respiration breaks some of the blood vessels and allows a small amount of blood to leak. You taste it because it's a very distinct flavor even in small amounts. It may also be caused by irritation of the mucus membranes of you are exercising in very cold or very dry environments. It's probably not a problem, but if it persists or happens often you might want to talk to your doctor about it to rule out any more serious causes.
|
One reason is local air pressure is lower around your mouth due to high relative velocity
|
Does every planet have a ring "zone" like Saturn?
|
Yes, basically. The zones are defined by a boundary called the Roche Limit. _URL_0_ Substantial bodies that orbit within this limit are torn apart by the tidal forces of the primary's gravity - i.e., the difference in force between the side facing the primary and facing away from it. Once torn apart, the material orbits at different speeds depending on the parameters of the orbit, so it spreads out into rings. This is one reason why thin rings in general are common around massive planets, but also why thick rings such as Saturn's are rare and short-lived. It's uncommon in planetary modeling for substantial masses to pass within the Roche limit after early eras, and the resulting debris (thick rings) does not survive very long by astronomical standards.
|
[Jupiter has rings for sure.](_URL_0_) The only thing is you often don't see them in pictures because they are really, really faint.
|
why the hair on different parts of your body is different?
|
The follicles are shaped differently which allows for more or less thick, course, curly, or different colour hair depending on where it is on your body.
|
I'll take a stab at it. I remember reading that the reason we can't feel our clothes on our bodies is because our bodies become desensitized to it. I'd guess hair is similar in that way. Somebody correct me if I'm completely off.
|
How do all the cells in our body stay stuck together?
|
Some cells stick together via channels and surface proteins. A lot of cells are bound in connective tissues. Collagen is the most abundant kind. There are several different types which have different properties and functions and it sort of holds everything together. Specialised cells reproduce and form the tissues, but most structures are held together by, or contain, some form of collagen matrix.
|
All of your cells are floating around in an extracellular matrix (ECM). The cells are actually bound to the ECM. Cell detachment occurs when a cell unbinds from the ECM "skeleton" and this activates a specific process of apoptosis known as anoikis. I'm not sure how in depth of an explanation you want on anoikis, so if you just google/wiki it you can go as in depth as you want.
|
why and when did we start calling policemen cops?
|
There are a few theories I have heard. 1. In the 1840's police officers wore copper buttons on their jackets - and they were originally referred to as "Coppers". 2. The term cop, as a noun, is derived from the verb, to cop, which means to take or seize. The story of cop being an acronym for "Constable On Patrol" has been debunked several times as the origin of the term.
|
Constables, but they filled a different role. The burden of filing a case fell upon the individual who had been wronged, not a detective or a prosecutor, and the only likely intervention from a constable was corralling a defendent who didn't want to appear in court. You should also keep in mind that most police forces were not formed to do "police work", but rather to implement control of unruly crowds or certain social groups, usually immigrants or free black communities. I assume the formation of the Boston Police Department was almost a direct response to the change in the social order caused by increased European (especially Irish) immigration. I thought the earliest police force in the United States had started in Charleston in the early 1820s in response to a growing free black community and the discovery of a attempted slave insurrection.
|
Most hydrogen has zero neutrons. Hydrogen fuses to make helium. Most helium has two neutrons. How does that work?
|
The way helium-4 is produced in this context is not a single fusion reaction. It's a chain of nuclear reactions and decays, the *net* transformation being [4p - > ^(4)He](_URL_0_).
|
1. A residual strong nuclear force. 2. Protons repel each other electrically, so as you add more protons, more neutrons are required to keep them apart (that's a simplistic explanation). Nuclei with too few neutrons break apart.
|
How are tablets so much cheaper than smartphones? I get that it's harder to fit all of the technology into a smaller device, but once they figure that out it's less materials overall
|
One big cost is the radio. The radio chip of a top tier cell phone is a ridiculously complex and expensive component that draws a ton of power because it has to have a range of miles and work on over a dozen different frequency allocations (so it can be a world phone). A tablet just needs a simple wifi chip with a range of a hundred feet and two different frequency ranges that are standard throughout the world. Then keep in mind the tablet, because it's larger, can use many generic components that don't have custom size and power requirements. Those components are made in bulk for many, many customers (high supply, moderate demand, low price). Compare to the cell phone, which because of its size and design that drastically varies from manufacturer to manufacturer requires custom components just for their model or two (low demand, low supply, high cost).
|
The issue is that people needed a computer smaller than a laptop or a desktop. The idea that the smartphone would so quickly grow to the point where it would be that replacement instead of the tablet came as a surprise to most.
|
‘Net Neutrality’ Debate
|
Net neutrality is a principle currently in place that makes it so governments and Internet Service Providers treat each piece of data on the Internet as equal. This means it is a violation if your ISP charges you more money for, say, access to YouTube as opposed to access to Reddit. Basically, no matter what site you use, you pay the same price. Verizon is suing the FCC to change that, because they want to start filtering websites into categories, and charging more money for sites with large amounts of data. The reason this is a bad thing is because they can use this proposed method to restrict access to certain parts of the Internet, and stop consumers from reaching websites they don't like, such as Netflix, which presents competition to Verizon's video on demand service, due to its competitive pricing. TL;DR: Abolishing net neutrality will allow your Internet company to decide what websites you can/can't see, and how much each one costs to access.
|
Because removing net neutrality can earn ISPs billions of dollars. It is in their best interests to try to get it removed (but not our best interests). 2 years ago, by making ISP's Common Carriers in the US, this was the official enforcement of net neutrality, but the ISP's can still try to get congress to change the rules for common carriers.
|
Science of the "Salt and Ice challenge"
|
It's a phenomenon called [freezing point depression](_URL_0_). Adding salt to ice lowers the freezing point of the solution. While a water/ice mixture at equilibrium is at zero degrees Celsius, a lowered freezing point would mean that the ice will melt (as the system is above the new freezing point). The process of melting is endothermic, so it absorbs heat from the system and lowers the temperature to below zero degrees Celsius. This is what can cause the frost-bites, and what makes this "challenge" a dangerous one.
|
When salt meets ice it lowers the freezing point of the water. The result is super cold water. This is why salt is used to melt ice on roads, and why you use salt and ice to make icecream. The reason is that the salt goofs up the formation of ice crystals, making it much harder for the water molecules to line up and freeze into ice.
|
Why are anti-particles shown as going backwards in time in Feynman diagrams?
|
Really, it's just a way of determining which quantities in your perturbation series are negative. It's mathematical notation only - it doesn't mean particles are actually traveling backwards through time. That being said, it is a necessary mathematical convention to preserve causality. Particles traveling a certain direction in time are indistinguishable from their anti-particles traveling the opposite direction in time, and this causes the probability amplitude over spacelike intervals to exactly cancel, giving zero probability of a particle taking a "faster than light" path.
|
The argument for this was that electrons have antiparticles called positrons that behave like an electron with a reversed time symmetry. So there could be one electron going forwards and backwards in time. One of the arguments against this is that if it were the case, we should see an equal amount of electrons and positrons. However, from what we can see, there seems to be an abundance of matter over antimater.
|
The psychology behind a mother blaming her child when said child is being molested/raped by the mother's husband.
|
Look at it from her perspective. Someone she loves and cares for is repeatedly and willingly raping someone else she loves and cares for. What do you *do* in that situation? The easy option is to just shut down. Ignore everything that's happening, and just kinda sit there until some tragic event solves the problem. But this is actually a difficult option for many people, because they feel like they should do *something* about it. The hard option is to blame one person for it. This is what you probably wanted her to do; specifically, she should blame the husband and take her daughter away. But if you're in an abusive marriage, standing up to your spouse often isn't an option. You may have literally had the ability to blame him beaten out of you. So knowing she had to blame *someone*, but unable to blame her husband, she settled on blaming the daughter. Extremely horrible, but understandable.
|
It's the set of beliefs and cultural attitudes that allow people to turn a blind eye to rape, or direct its ire back on the victim.
|
How are daily fantasy leagues NOT considered a form of gambling?
|
Gambling or not is irrelevant. The law says fantasy games are allowed and poker isn't. The law also says that betting on horses is legal subject to a separate law, and betting on horses is certainly gambling. People can debate you on your comparison up there, but it really doesn't matter. the law says poker is illegal and fantasy is legal.
|
It prevents people from working together to cheat the system. Let's say I get my kid sister to join the league as well and then just have her give me all her good players for all my bad players. Obviously it depends a bit on how the fantasy league is set up, but my team is now going to be about twice as good as everyone else and my sister can go back to watching Glee. When money becomes an issue fairness is even more of an issue.
|
Evolution, I understand some of it...but where exactly do monkeys come into play?
|
Think about it this way- We share a common ancestor with monkeys in the same way you share a common ancestor with your hypothetical (or real) sibling. **Did you descend from your sister?** No. Same idea here. The common ancestor of monkeys and humans was neither a modern monkey nor a human. Both monkeys and humans evolved from this common ancestor and became different from it and from each other.
|
They don't know that they blend in. It's evolution at it's finest. It's simply favorable mutations that occur that help that animal survive which it them passes onto its' offspring. We can actually see it happen in certain animal species. _URL_0_
|
Why does my video interpretation, not-for-profit music video gets flagged for copyright violation when I bought CD & iTunes?
|
Because the record companies couldn't care less about whether you like music. They want people to give them a lot of money, and they perceive videos like yours as a way for people to not give them a lot of money.
|
Basically because reaction videos fall under fair use, which encompasses satire or educational purposes. A song cover can actually also be monetized, depending on how the property owner has set their preferences. In general, if your cover uses the original track in any way, the IP owner can chose to block, restrict, or redirect revenue generated by the video.
|
Why are they called "Checks?"
|
As in a cheque? There have been suggestions that the word chek comes from ancient Pahlavi language which was used in the Achaemenid Empire in Persia. It may have spread from there to Arabic where saqq means a promise to pay a certain amount of money for delivered goods. (_URL_0_ )
|
I would like to add that, as far as the bank is concerned, an image of the check is the same as the physical check. The other replies have done a good job answering your other questions.
|
If you split a crystal and pushed the two pieces together would the lattice snap back into place?
|
Whenever you split a crystal in the real world, the surface atoms will have dangling bonds, which is a *very* high energy state. It will immediately find some way to lower that energy state, by either forming extra bonds with neighboring atoms, which creates an irregular crystal structure in the outer couple atoms, or by bonding with something else (eg. oxygen from the air). So because the structure is always modified in some way after the cleave, being able to put it back the way it was is unfathomably unlikely. Cold welding can happen (generally only in a vacuum), but it doesn't mean that the crystal has returned to the way it was before like nothing happened. It just means that enough bonds have formed between the two halves to make a solid connection.
|
Yes. Crystal formation will generally lead to a drop in entropy for that material. However, we're still going to obey thermodynamics so the entropy increase in whatever absorbed the excess heat will more than make up for it thus leading to an overall entropy increase. Like say how much heat liquid nitrogen gets out of freezing any water you pour into it. We can also talk about the entropy associated with defects in the crystal. As far as computational software, there is some, but it's really complicated, especially as fluids can move about so freely. One simple interesting model us the Ising model of magnetism, using that you can easily model a single magnetic chunk crystallize out of a lattice.
|
How do processors know which command to run first?
|
It's hardcoded. A processor when it's powered on starts executing whatever happens to be at an address burned into the processor's circuitry. There's a ROM of some sort at that address that contains initialization and boot code. For instance, X86 starts executing whatever happens to be at address 0xFFFFFFF0. That's only 16 bytes off the top of the address space, so all there is room for is for a jump instruction to wherever the actual initialization code is.
|
> Let's say at the start the CPU starts executing at ram address 0. How does the program there tell the CPU to start another program on another core? Cores (other than core 0) start in a state called Wait for SIPI. The main core (core 0) needs to send an *inter processor interrupt* called startup (SIPI). This interrupt contains the address the target core will start fetching code. Read here for more info _URL_0_ > How much of that process is typically managed by the hardware and how much is managed by the OS? The OS has to do everything pretty much. > Is there a "main core" that catches interrupts from the other cores (e.g. when one of the cores throws and exception or interrupts for a system call) or does that specific core jump into the kernel/exception handler? APIC does the routing of interrupts to whatever core it needs to (according to the table), so the OS can set up some interrupts to trigger some core, and others some other core.
|
What makes prions so lethal, and mysterious?
|
The poison is in the dosage. Prions are misfolded proteins that can change the conformation of other proteins. Such as amyloid. Beta-amyloid plaques, misfolded amyloid proteins, are formed by protein protein aggregation, proteins sticking together. These plaques can damage neural connections in the brain resulting in dementia. What makes them lethal is the fact that prions will continue these conformational changes in other proteins. If this occurs in the homeostasis regulating parts of the brain, death ensues, due to neural destruction. What makes them freaking amazing is that they are not living entities, not even viruses. They are just misfolded proteins that can cause other proteins to misfold.
|
They maybe have infected everything already. The thing is we only notice the ones which are really bad. The limiting factor for such really bad prions is that they kill their host. If the host dies too quickly then the prion would see a decrease in its ability to spread. It's similar to the thin line which most parasites need to tread... Be bad enough to survive off the host but not bad enough to aleffect too adversely the host's chances of survival.
|
Why is Academics, especially school and university teachers, strongly lean Democratic rather than Republican? how does this affect the Youth?
|
Teachers, at the K-12 level and at the university level are usually all union workers, and union workers strongly lean Democratic over Republican, because Democratic politicians tend to be pro-union and Republican politicians tend to be anti-union. That's one reason. Another reason is that the vast majority of teachers work in publicly-funded schools. Democrats like public schools and some want to increase their funding, which could mean pay raises for teachers and also more job security. Republicans tend to oppose government spending, and that might mean less money for public schools, and therefore pay cuts or layoffs for teachers. Teachers also almost all have post-graduate education (more than a bachelor's degree), and those with post-graduate educations in general tend towards the Democratic party.
|
The young, which students tend to be, do not have as much invested with the current culture or status quo. They often do not yet have jobs or have only entry level/base level jobs, do not tend to own property, do not tend to have much savings or investments, do not have families that they have to care for, etc. They basically do not have much to lose and so do not have much to protect. As such they can afford to be liberal and pursue massive change to society. As they get older and get more of the things mentioned above they have more to protect and so become more conservative as protecting what you have currently and resisting change that may harm what you have is what being conservative is primarily about.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.