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Unpopped popcorn is listed as 590 mg sodium, popped has 450 mg. How does it reduce? Where does it go? Carbohydrates and fat goes down too, but not as much.
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Is that on a bag of microwave popcorn with some kind of flavor? I'd guess the expected result is that some of the flavoring is expected to remain in the bag after popping or stuck to the hull that doesn't wind up getting eaten. Or perhaps that is accounting for the kernels that don't pop this not getting eaten and not counting towards the full container value
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Some kernels will never pop because they have defects allowing the steam to escape, or because they're dried out. Popcorn pops because the water inside the seed is heated, and the pressure eventually increases so much that the hull can't withstand it anymore and it explodes, allowing the tissues inside to expand rapidly. But if there's a hole in the hull that lets the water escape, or there's very little water to begin with, the hull will never pop.
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What is happening inside the body of someone who has seasonal eczema (aka they are "allergic to winter")?
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Eczema is not really seasonal. If you have it, you have it year round. It's just that winter helps bring it out. [About Kids _URL_0_ - Eczema](_URL_1_) As a lifelong sufferer I can attest that things that dry out skin, like winter, can turn a few months of benign bliss into a nightmare real fast.
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Eczema is a skin condition where the moisture barrier breaks down and causes red patches of skin (dermatitis- inflammation of the skin). There are a few different types of Eczema ranging from mild to severe. There are also types that run in families. Eczema can be treated with special and sometimes expensive lotions or creams. Weather seems to have an effect on this condition. When there is a lot of moisture in the air (depending on your region), it helps to break own the moisture barrier at a faster rate in the skin causing more break outs. There are also specific locations where Eczema starts. Mostly at the inside of where the knees and elbows bend.
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What is the difference between rarity and scarcity?
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Strictly speaking the two are synonymous. There are very few instances where if you swapped the two words in a sentence, the meaning would change. However in economic terms scarcity normally refers to something that is produced, usually in an amount too small to meet demand. Rarity is normally associated with things that aren't produced (or are no longer produced) and thus only exist in a limited, finite amount. A rule of thumb might be that if something is rare, chances are it will always be rare. If something is scarce, it may not necessarily be that way forever.
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Perceived scarcity causes people to pay a higher price. By implying that something is around for "a limited time", even if they can reasonably make it all the time, they can charge a higher price and people will still go buy it.
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How does the process of hibernation work? As in how does the animal not starve over that long period of time?
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If you watch squirrels around late autumn, you'll see that they get pretty fat. The animals will eat tons of food (A lot of it has been food they've stored up) before the hibernation season. These animals then experience a rapid slow down in their metabolism to help them to be able to live off of their fat deposits. This is the time they actually sleep and rest for most of the days. However, as some mistakenly believe, they do not actually sleep the entire time. They still get up and move around, especially during the milder winter days.
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I can answer a couple of these. (For bears) They don't pee or poop but do lose a lot of weight to breathing out water vapor. Sleep shouldn't affect any immune function. It's often not true hibernation either, just a period of their life when they stay in the den and do very little other than sleep. But you could wake them if you wanted, although what you hope to gain, I'm not sure.
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Would you be able to trace every living thing's family lineage back to the same singular original source of DNA, or is it not that simple?
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[A single common ancestor is at least 10^2,860 times more probable than multiple ancestors.](_URL_0_)
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We inherit mitochondrial DNA from our mothers. Thus, if we map enough mitochondrial genomes from people all over the world, we can determine the most recent common ancestor for all living people today. Through this mapping, we have determined that the last female to leave an unbroken line of direct descendents lived 180k years ago. The other women alive at that time produced offspring, but none of them have maintained a direct line of descendents alive today. This does not mean we have proven that all people alive today descended from the same woman; rather, we have failed to prove that there are people alive today with unrelated ancestors. EDIT: Obviously we all share an ancestor,since we are all humans. I meant that we have yet to prove we are not directly related to the Mitochondrial Eve of 180k years ago. We may find evidence that there is a sub-population not related to the current Mitochondrial Eve, but we will then adjust the year backwards.
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When I turn up volume on my phone while playing over Bluetooth, does it just start sending a stronger audio signal, or does it send a "play louder" command to the receiver, without affecting the signal parameters?
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Bluetooth sends the sound in a digital format and the volume you desire as additional information. Else you would experience a drop in volume, es you increase the distance to your receiver, as your signal strength drops with distance.
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In both cases, the smartphone contains a digital signal (the audio) and information about the volume setting, both of which are transmitted to an audio controller, which drives a digital-to-analog converter, which drives a speaker. In the case of playing through wired analog speakers or earphones, all of that control and conversion circuitry is inside the phone. In the case of a Bluetooth speaker or headphones, the audio controller and the DAC are inside the Bluetooth device. In the case of analog output, the two volume controls are typically multiplicative, so that setting your volume to half on both will result in audio that is 1/4 as loud as setting both to full. In the case of digital output, the two volume controllers are typically linked, so that setting one to 1/2 is the same as setting the other to 1/2.
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Why does texture change the enjoyment of certain foods?
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This has been studied, but with no definitive results other than it does indeed impact our perception of taste. The first observation is that "taste" isn't a singular sense - the cognitive experience of sense we call "taste" is one we already know involves smell and taste-bud-receptor-taste, but it also clearly involves "feeling" (aka texture) as well. The classic study for this is to ask people about a flavor that is controlled to be identical, but with different flavorless textures added. People will then describe the intensity or other characteristics of the flavor differently based upon changes to said texture. As for enjoyment, this is entirely subject. You'll have to answer that :)
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A lot of things influence flavor. Hormones and what fats are in the milk/meat are some of the biggest contributors to taste.
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How DNA from blood is changed when getting a bloodtransfusion
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The transfusion does contain the other person's DNA if it has white blood cells in it, but your body isn't really looking that closely at it. Your immune system looks for improper markers on the cells, ones that shouldn't be there. If you have Type B- blood and get a transfusion of A- or O+, your body would destroy it, because the A or the + are foreign. As long as there aren't any markers you shouldn't have, the donated blood works as an acceptable substitute until your own blood can replace it. Edit: red blood cells lose their nucleus at maturity and carry no DNA.
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Generally speaking, you're not getting any DNA in donor blood. Red blood cells don't contain DNA (overly-simplified, they technically have some), and the donation process filters out proteins and other stuff dissolved in the blood. Plus, you don't really have free DNA floating around in your serum, either. When you receive packed red cells, you're just getting mature red cells, which lost their nuclei before leaving your bone marrow.
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The significance of the famous line "Let them eat cake"
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[It was supposedly said by Marie Antoinette](_URL_0_), who was the Queen of France during the French Revolution. The story is that someone came up to Marie and told her that all the peasants were starving because they had no bread. She said "Well, then, let them eat cake instead!" because she was so posh and rich and pompous that the concept of starvation didn't even register to her. Obviously, the story is total bullshit. She certainly never said that. The whole idea of the French Revolution was that the aristocracy were a bunch of rich assholes who didn't give a fuck about regular people, so the "cake" story fit into the revolutionists' propaganda.
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I'm not sure at what point cakes became the norm but in his latest series "Heston's Great British Food", British chef Heston Blumenthal explains that throughout the 17th century it was actually pies that were served at weddings. These pies would be huge and contain a number of secret fillings that wouldn't be revealed until the pie was cut and served to guests. I'd imagine that the cake became more popular as sugar became cheaper and more readily available to the masses, whereas pies had even be known to contain rotting and undesirable flesh - affordable for even the lower echelons of society. EDIT: Grammar.
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How do countries get rid of nuclear warheads when they decide they no longer want/need them?
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They take them apart and mix the plutonium with a ceramic forming a fuel pellet. These pellets are then shipped to the correct type of nuclear reactor and used as nuclear fuel. A lot of Soviet and American warheads dismantled due to treaties ended up as fuel in Canadian nuclear reactors as the two powers didn't trust each other.
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The US threw an assload of money and resources at the problem. The Manhattan Project budget was over $20 billion (2019 dollars) and employed over 100k people. The US also had the advantage of not having to worry about other countries boycotting or embargoing them for building the bomb. Countries these days can face severe trade sanctions if they get caught building a bomb. The major nuclear superpowers are also the ones happening to sit on the large uranium reserves, so if you want to build a nuke, you need a fuel source and the big boys just aren’t going to hand over a ton of ore for you to play with.
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Why are heirloom tomatoes "better" than normal tomatoes?
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There is the idea that most main stream "regular" tomatoes have been bred to achieve characteristics such as appearance, maximum yield, storage/resiliency, pick green then ripen etc. All at the expense of flavor. Heirloom varieties predate that commercialization and therefore have retained more robust and unique flavor.
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The tomatoes cultivated in industrial cropping systems have been bred for firmness. Firmness allows them to be picked by machines rather than by hand and to be transported without damaging them. They're also picked before they're fully ripe, which makes them even firmer, and they're then ripened with ethylene gas before processing or sale.
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What is energy? What is a photon?
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Energy is a quantity that is conserved in systems that don't change over time. A photon is a particle that makes up electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can transmit force because electric fields make charged objects move and magnetic fields make moving charged objects change direction.
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Photons (from Greek φως, meaning light), in many atomic models in physics, are particles which transmit light. In other words, light is carried over space by photons. Photon is an elementary particle that is its own antiparticle. In quantum mechanics each photon has a characteristic quantum of energy. Photons have a rest mass of 0 (zero). However, Einstein's theory of relativity says that they do have a certain amount of momentum. Before the photon got its name, Einstein revived the proposal that light consists of separate pieces of energy (particles). These particles came to be known as photons.
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What is the actual process of the body when you are dying? For instance from blood loss
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Blood is a transporter. It transport pretty much everything fron one place to another. For example oxygen from your lungs to every cell in your body. When you loose too much blood, there isnt enough supply of stuff to cells and brain(most important) when there isnt enough supply cells die. Cells die you die.
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A lot of blood which is normally distributed equally throughout the body is being sent to your vital organs. For example, if someone is experiencing stomach pains and become pale and weak, their blood is being sent to the stomach organs to help heal the illness.
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Was it common for crossbowmen to accidentally shoot themselves in the feet?
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I apologize to the mods in advance, but I believe this only requires a rather brief answer: you don't load a crossbow until after you've cocked it. It shouldn't even be possible to do so for the type of crossbow that OP is thinking of (which would be held against the ground while pulling the string back by putting a foot through a metal loop at the front); crossbow bolt nocks don't clip to the string in the way that some arrows (especially modern ones) do. They would fall off, even if the crossbowman ignored the most obvious safety procedure. Repeating crossbows would be cocked while loaded, but the cocking motion is performed while the bolt is facing away from the shooter, so it would be nearly impossible to shoot oneself in the foot by accident with one of them either.
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A quick flick through Alm's *A Survey of European Crossbows* turns up a late 15th century example, perhaps from Burgundy, equipped with a safety catch. As it had a steel prod and was drawn using a windlass, I would suggest that it was a military, not a hunting, weapon. W. F. Patterson's *A Guide to the Crossbow* notes that some Han Dynasty crossbow trigger mechanisms had holes in them that might indicate a safety in the form of a wooden pin that could be pulled out with the aid of a string attaching it to the body of the crossbow, but he emphasizes that this is speculation only. /u/Valkine may be able to shed more light on the subject.
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What is this skin disease?
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This is [Mycosis Fungoides](_URL_0_), a type of t-cell lymphoma (cancer).
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I think it is similar to relieving an itch. There scab is incongruous to the surrounding area, and it feels like it shouldn't be there. Plus the scab is drier than the skin so where your healthy skin connects with it there is irritation. Just some guesses.
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What became of the 'rags to riches' soccer team?
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You are talking about the English team Leicester City F.C. and they are still currently at the top of the Premiere League.
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A great question! Robert Edelman addresses this question in regards to football teams in the U.S.S.R. in his book *Spartak Moscow: A History of the People's Team in the Workers State* [(relevant pages 269-70)] (_URL_0_). His assertion is: yes, sometimes, although less frequently than you might think in the case of Spartak Moscow, and generally difficult or impossible to prove.
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Could a moon exsist inside of the "Goldilocks" zone, and still support life?
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Well, the moon might orbit its planet perpendicularly to the planet's orbit, and get enough sunshine. If it is inside the hospitable zone and large enough to hold an atmosphere, it is definitely theoretically possible for it to support life.
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Yes, as long as the moon has sufficient mass and a magnetic field to support an atmosphere, it is theoretically possible for a moon to sustain life. Note that in the case of our moon, it can not, since it does not have sufficient mass, or a liquid iron core capable of sustaining a dynamo for creating a magnetic field. Sustaining life on our moon is thus only possible through domes and other structures.
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We know that obesity increases the risk of cancer. Doesn't the fact that obese people have more cells alone increases the risk?
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> More cells I'm afraid that your initial preposition is a little wrong. [Fat cell numbers stay constant through adult life](_URL_0_), if you get fatter or thinner the fat cells are just getting bigger or smaller, not changing in number. And even if that was not the case (eg getting fat as a child results in more fat cells), it's usually only cells that are actively dividing many times that are more prone to mutate into cancer cells, fat cells are some of the laziest in the body so are very unlikely to generate cancer, but [it's not unknown](_URL_1_)
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Some studies do show a correlation between height and cancer risks. [Women's study](_URL_2_) Obesity can also be an associated factor to certain cancers, such as uterine, colorectal, and breast cancers. For colon cancer, obesity is likely to be associated with diet and (lack of) exercise. For breast cancer, "fat cells" contain hormones. Therefore a post-menopausal woman who is obese will have a longer exposure to hormones than her non-obese female counterpart. In some cases obesity may also be tied to other risk factors associated with lifestyle, such as nulliparity. Nulliparous females may have a slightly higher risk for breast and ovarian cancer compared to women who have had at least 1 full-term pregnancy. As a reminder, cancer is not typically caused by one thing, but rather a compound of multiple factors.
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How exactly does DNA knows where and when to stop growing a body part?
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It's actually quite simple. Each gene that makes up your DNA has a specific letter combination that says exactly what to do when the RNA reads it by matching it with its matching letter. There are 3 that tell it to stop encoding. These are TAG, TAA and TGA, which when transcoded into RNA goto UAG, UAA, and UGA. These codons have no other purpose than to tell the encoding protein to stop and that there is no information after that relating to the specific purpose of that protein. & #x200B; Oh, and there's a codon that tells it that there's a new gene starting after the stop and a whole lot of garbage DNA we don't understand, usually AUG.
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While most of your cells are constantly replaced, and even those that aren't will have a portion of their atoms exchanged through normal biological activity, some parts undergo exchange very slowly. For cells that don't divide and never get replaced, the DNA doesn't incorporate new, or lose old, atoms, unless they're damaged.
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Did any religion consider the chicken sacred?
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Puranik Hinduism ( the one mostly in practice today in India ) does have a tiny bit of importance attached to chickens in an aspect of it. A goddess called “Bahuchara.” - an avatar of Shakti - is said to have a rooster as her vehicle. Edit: you are mistaken, Hinduism considers a lot of animals holy. Horse for example, is one of the most sacred animals in ancient tradition. A successful horse sacrifice ( aswamegha ) could make you an emperor.
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No. No animal is capable of that kind of detailed thought to establish a religion. None of even close.
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If you short circuit a 9 V battery, does an infinite amount of Amps flow through the wire?
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The wire will have nearly zero resistance, but the battery *also* has a resistance. The bigger your battery is the less resistance it will have, but a 9V battery is made of 6 internal cells that are each very small. Additionally, the battery chemistry matters, so your normal alkaline battery will have more resistance than a lithium polymer battery. Finally, the level to which the battery is charged will affect its internal resistance. A fresh alkaline 9V battery can be expected to have an internal resistance on the order of 1-2 Ohms, so you're looking at maybe 5-10 Amps. Plenty to heat up a wire, but not so much that it's going to explode in your face. A lead acid car battery may have only 0.04 ohms (varies, of course), so its 12 volts can push 300 Amps on a large enough wire.
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The point is, resistance isn't around zero. A battery might have 2500mAh capacity at 1.5V. The battery itself has a resistance of about 0.2 ohms. A wire connecting both terminals might have about 0.002 ohms. According to Ohm's law, this setup will draw around 7.5 amps, or 7500mA. A 2500mAh battery can deliver 2500mA for one hour, or 7500mA for 1/3 of an hour. So, if the circuit doesn't catch fire or melt it will manage to deliver this current for about 20minutes before it runs dead.
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Current research about the existence of multiple universes and/or alternate universes
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Here is a 2012 paper on the topic, which might be more technical then you're looking for. _URL_0_ > In both the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics and the multiverse of eternal in ation the world is viewed as an unbounded collection of parallel universes. A view that has been expressed in the past by both of us is that there is no need to add an additional layer of parallelism to the multiverse in order to interpret quantum mechanics Most modern discussion revolves around inflation and cosmology, e.g. that the rapid expansion of space after the big bang lead to multiple regions that will never be in contact with one another.
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You're quite right, we can't prove they exist. And that is exactly the reason why there is currently no evidence at all that other universes exist. Some scientists *suspect* they exist, because some mathematical models predict that there ought to be other universes. However, there are lots of competing mathematical models, and there is no evidence to support the "multiple universes" models over the other ones (nor the other way round). That doesn't stop people supporting the "multiple universes" models, because they've put a lot of work into them and they really want to see if they can find evidence for them one day. But as yet, the evidence isn't there.
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How and when was ISIS created?
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In the simplest of terms, IS is pretty much AQI (al-Qaeda in Iraq) gone amok and rebelled from AQC's (al-Qaeda Central) control. It started with JTJ (Jamaat Tawhid wal-Jihad) - > AQI (al-Qaeda in Iraq) - > MSC (Mujahideen Shura Council) - > ISI (Islamic State of Iraq) - > ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Sham) - > IS (Islamic State)
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Some are joining the Kurds, including at least two Americans to my knowledge. But many are joining ISIS. Why are they going? That's complex. They were probably already radical Islamic fundamentalists, and when this most recent war broke out in Syria/Iraq, they saw the opportunity to join the cause they support. Why are they radical Islamic fundamentalists? That's even more complex. Maybe they're alienated from Western society, either because of its culture or because they have a lack of social and economic opportunities. Maybe they've come under the influence of a hardline cleric (who have their own various reasons for being so extreme), and are "true believers". Maybe they're sadistic sociopaths who saw all the rape, plunder, and murder that ISIS is wreaking on the civilian population and thought they'd like to get in on that action.
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[Physics] Can we artificially warp spacetime?
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Spaceship engines using exotic matter have been hypothesized. Exotic matter doesent exist(or has not been discovered yet) but it warps spacetime differently than normal matter. Just by distributing exotic matter properly over the spaceship, you could make it constantly 'fall' forwards.
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There was a Nobel laureate in physics on Dr Karl's show a few weeks back who pointed out that you're really talking about expanding spacetime, just just space. That being so, he said, you can view it as expanding into the future.
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How does EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) therapy work?
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Master student in neuropsychology here. I think I could give you a different perspective on this. We had a lecture by Marcel van den Hout who researches this topic. The results suggest, that EMDR simply works because it is a task that occupies your working memory system. Following a fast movement with your eyes is a difficult task that needs you to pay attention to it in order to keep up with it. The memories you retrieve during this time are simply less vivid because your brain does not have the capacity to deal with them extensively - it is occupied following the movement of the finger. By this, you are not being overwhelmed by emotions while thinking of these memories - thus you can deal with them better. The lecture he gave us on this topic is quite a while ago, so I can't remember too many details. You can find a recent article by him here: _URL_0_
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I'm not a neurologist or psychiatrist, but I can tell you how it kind of works for me. When I move my eyes to remember, it's more like I'm looking away from what I was focused on rather than visually focusing on something new. It's kind of like daydreaming when can be staring off into space without really seeing what you're looking at. Looking away just helps me look inward to figure something out (working out a problem, going through memories, etc).
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How does EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) therapy work?
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I’ve taken EMDR a few times and it is really weird. I sat and started at these two big water droplets that reflected light off one side then the next second the reflection would go to the other side, idk if that makes sense but that’s what it was. And while your watching these two water droplets move you think about the trauma. Once you’re done it’s weird how much of a weight feels lifted off of you.
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I'm not a neurologist or psychiatrist, but I can tell you how it kind of works for me. When I move my eyes to remember, it's more like I'm looking away from what I was focused on rather than visually focusing on something new. It's kind of like daydreaming when can be staring off into space without really seeing what you're looking at. Looking away just helps me look inward to figure something out (working out a problem, going through memories, etc).
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Is AI currently being used to make weather forecasting better (more accurate, longer date ranges etc)?
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The problem with the weather is is that it is inherently unpredictable and AI won't help much. If we knew everything exactly, the exact energy and direction of every single molecule, we would be able to predict the weather on any moment wr like, even for next year August 10th on 4:43pm, as precisely as we can an eclipse. The issue is that weather is what's called a chaotic system. That means that small changes in the initial conditions (conditions now) have a big impact on how the system evolves. If we measure it's 15 degrees and feed that to a computer and it's actually 15.001 degrees, a year from now the prediction would be wildly off. There are lots and lots of such variables: pressure, wind flow, the change in wind flow, etc. Tiny errors will magnify over time, limiting our predictive power. Since we don't know everything perfectly, our weather predictions will always be limited
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[Here's](_URL_0_) an interesting article about this topic. tl;dr: Shipping losses in the late 1860s prompted the US government to set up an agency for weather monitoring, while the explosion in environmental science in the mid-1800s in Europe led to similar developments there. However, it was a very inexact science, and it wasn't until WWII (when predicting atmospheric conditions for flying and other military manoeuvres became crucial) and the beginning of computing power that weather forecasting would be recognisable as such to us today.
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Why does letting a cell phone battery die before charging it extend the battery life?
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It really depends on the kind of battery that is being used -- or rather, the material inside it. Older NiCd batteries did have a memory effect. Lets say you charge it to full, use half the power, and charge it to full again. Over time the battery will sort of adjust to only using half the original capacity. Newer Li-ion batteries do not have the memory effect. Given that your cell phone is probably somewhat new, you probably have this type of battery and do not really need to worry about it. The thing to note though, is that no matter what kind of rechargable battery you have, they do indeed lose capacity over time and use.
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Look at sales. There have been quite a few smart phones that have focused on battery life being the number 1 priority. The problem was that they didn't sell as well as the new phone that's 1 mm thinner.
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what exactly is octane and why is 6 extra octane (premium vs regular) such a big deal?
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Octane is a measure of the resistance of a fuel to preignition. The higher the octane number, the harder fuel/air mix can be squeezed before it ignites. Preignition is bad because it can cause damage to the car's engine. You want the fuel/air mix to ignite when the spark plug fires, and not before. Cars that have high compression ratios, or are turbocharged, or are otherwise optimized for high performance will want premium gas to help them run at their best. Some cars that want premium can also run on regular, although they will do so at reduced performance and fuel economy. But if an engine is not designed to use it, burning premium gas doesn't give any benefit. If you have an ordinary engine, you won't get more power or better economy by using higher-octane gas. Unless your friend has a car that wants it, he's only wasting his money by buying premium. The best thing to do is to read the owner's manual for the car, and to burn the least expensive grade of fuel that it recommends.
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Higher octane ratings burn slower and are used to prevent engine knock in cars that reach higher RPMs. You shouldn't have any adverse effects on your car by using high-octane fuel, but if the owner's manual doesn't call for high octane fuel, it won't actually help any either, and you're essentially just wasting money.
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How do T.V. Stations know how many people are watching their shows? Can someone possibly "hide" from this?
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There's a company called Nielsen that tracks viewers within a given area - they send out "boxes" that are attached to TVs, which lets them know what channels/shows are watched and at what time. People get paid to have these boxes (last I heard, it may have changed). If you don't have one of these boxes, you're not part of the statistic, so there's nothing you need to do to "hide".
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They don't know that information. They get their ratings info from companies who pay average people to record their TV watching preferences. They even use that info and sample size and guess how many were watching.
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For every scientific name of a thing or phenomenon that is named after a person, is there a corresponding official term that doesn't carry the person's name? (Brownian motion : pedesis)
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This is a common point of contention among scientists even in closely related fields. For example, proton spin-physicists use terms like "Collins Effect" and "Sivers Effect"; Collins effect is a jet asymmetry from final-state configurations (how stuff is leaving a collision of protons) and the Sivers effect is a jet asymmetry from initial-state configurations (how the stuff is arranged in the protons *before* they collide). So you could call them "final state fragmentation asymmetry" and "initial state kT asymmetry" and actually communicate something with the title. Much in the field of heavy ion collisions is given such descriptive titles (color glass condensate, eg). There's often a bit of discussion when these people get together about why don't the spin-physicists use better terms. Sorry it's not exactly the answer to your question, but that answer is probably "sure we could give descriptive names to things, but sometimes those descriptions are very large and unwieldy"
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They aren't necessarily exclusive, but these terms are often found in sci-fi where the meanings are molded to fit a particular story, and don't necessarily have some fixed meaning. Do you have a specific instance you are referring to? In actual physics, they are extremely speculative, and not things for which exists much, if any, evidence.
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Why doesn't blood settle in your legs and feet while just standing there like it does in your head when upside down?
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The veins in the legs have one-way valves in them (called, obviously enough, veinous valves) that prevent blood from flowing back down and pooling. The veinous valves also help push the blood back up the vertical column, reducing the pressure needed in the feet to make the blood circulate normally. These valves don't exist in the head, so it's harder for blood to make the round trip if you're upside down.
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Your heart doesn't have the pumping power to push all the blood from your legs back upwards to the heart when you are standing. The blood pooling in your veins needs help from the leg muscles to push itself back to the heart. There are a set of one-way valves in your leg veins that prevent the blood from flowing back downwards. When you are locking your knees/legs, you are preventing your leg muscles from moving and also putting pressure to prevent the blood from flowing back upwards. When too much of your overall blood ends up in your legs and not enough in your head, you will pass out. Consistently pooled blood in the legs also causes varicose veins and can lead to deep vein thrombosis as clots may form in the non-flowing blood.
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Where do herbivores get their proteins from?
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A lot of it that others are not saying is that herbivores eat a lot more food than omnivores and carnivores. This is actually called an [energy pyramid](_URL_0_) and is a pretty straightforward way on how energy travels around the circle of life!
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No. You need protein, and you also need the protein you do eat to contain all the essential amino acids. Most animal sources will give it to you, most plant sources, by themselves, will not.
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What is the temperature of steam off the surface of boiling water?
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For the most part, steam immediately above the surface of boiling water will be exactly 100C, or whatever the boiling point is at your particular air pressure. The steam will be in thermal equilibrium with the liquid water, so it won't exceed its temperature. If you want to get steam that is hotter than 100C, you would have to isolate the steam and heat it. You could create these conditions inside an oven, but not on a stovetop.
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That's not steam. It's water vapor (liquid water droplets suspended in the air). Actual steam is invisible.
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Why is my university's internet so much better than anything I can get for a reasonable price?
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Well if you are at a more tech-heavy university (or a school that has more money to put into technology in general), you may find that you have very fast internet. But your internet back home is nothing like that! Why is that? Think of it like water pipes under your house and the school. If your house wants water, you will have a small pipe from one company, and you will have a slower rate of water into your house. Your college buys much bigger pipes, maybe even from two or three companies. These pipes will transfer much more water than your houses pipes. Now change the water with internet, and the more water you have the faster your internet speeds will go.
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Supply and demand. There is a huge supply of money available in the form of students loans. That allows colleges to charge whatever the market will bear, and a market of government subsidized loans can bear quite a bit. On the supply side, it has caused all sorts of matchbook universities to spring up in an attempt to grab all of that cash. For better or worse. ITT Tech might give a good technical education for the money, while many online colleges are an absolute waste of money since a degree from them has no value in the job market. (Prestige may be illusory, but its effect can be very real).
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Why and how do the owners of nonprofit/not for profit organizations earn salaries.
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Nonprofit means that the business entity itself cannot earn money, but they are still allowed to pay their employees salaries, and that includes the CEO/president.
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With a corporation, any earnings the corporation makes go to the corporation. To leave the corporation, the earnings have to be distributed to shareholders (or spent on the business). As a result, any money a nonprofit corporation makes is considered to go straight to the nonprofit where it will presumably be reinvested in the company since nonprofits can't make distributions to shareholders. With an LLC, the profits and losses pass through the entity directly to the owners and are accounted for with the owners' personal finances. Because of this, it can be hard to make sure that the owners of a nonprofit LLC aren't actually getting the income from the LLC. The IRS does allow nonprofit LLCs, but all of the owners have to be nonprofit entities themselves so that if the income does pass through, the IRS knows it's passing through to other nonprofits and won't go to individuals.
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What kind of impact did the burning of Washington, D.C. in 1814 have on the U.S.'s economy?
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Practically none, Washington was still a small swampy town of only small economic value. The only major loss were the naval yards which had several ships under construction. The loss of Baltimore or New Orleans would have been much more significant than the loss of Washington Anthony Pitch wrote *The Burning of Washington: British Invasion of 1814* which is an excellent narrative history of the sack if you are interested.
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There seem to be two things going on, from perusing the Congressional records and the Washington Papers at LOC. They only wanted to do this once, and were very concerned about getting a good amount of land for their money. Remember that you didn't have refrigeration or canning in 1790, so you needed to be able to have dairies and stables etc. etc. Travel by water was key to the location of the city, so you also needed to be able to support shipbuilding and at least one port. The federal treasury was small and they did not particularly want to go into debt for this. So they intended to sell parcels of land in the city to fund the building projects for the various federal buildings (Here is a broadside from the Washington Papers at the LOC giving info and terms of that _URL_0_::) You can peruse a lot of source materials related to the founding of DC at the Library of Congress site here: _URL_1_
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Where do the electrons go in a Neutron Star?
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They combine with the protons to form neutrons (an up becomes a down), while a neutrino shoots out. So to answer the question of where the electron "goes," the electron-ness is carried away in the form of the neutrino, while the charge is cancelled out by the proton's.
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For the neutron to decay N - > P + e^- + antineutrino and for this reaction to be energetically favourable, the electron has to have an unoccupied low energy quantum state to fall into. But all these states are already occupied by the free electrons which are highly degenerate. So the reaction cannot proceed in an energetically favourable way. So that's why neutron stars are stable against decay.
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How can a central bank set a negative interest rate and why?
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It's a rare circumstance that nominal interest rates are actually negative, because you're guaranteed a 0% interest rate by holding cash. What's more common is that real interest rates are negative: the interest they return is less than inflation, so in the end, you get back less than you put in. If the interest rate is 2%, but inflation is 3%, the real interest rate is -1%. That still beats your 0% cash, which would have a -3% real interest rate. A negative nominal rate is only possible if, for some reason, cash is unsafe, and you're essentially willing to pay the government to store and protect your money. You can only hide so much under your bed (and that's not perfectly safe), and banks can fail.
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Low interest rates make loans easier and stimulate investment. High interest rates make loans more difficult and discourage investment. Central banks use interest rates as a tool to try to increase economic growth or decrease it. Usually what they do is they watch the economy and they lower interest rates when unemployment is the most serious concern. When inflation is the largest concern, they will raise interest rates to try to keep prices in check. They try to make all changes slowly and they try to telegraph every move so that nobody is surprised or shocked.
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What would happen if you broke the sound barrier underwater?
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Cavitation becomes an issue at those speeds, so breaking the sound barrier underwater isn't something we've accomplished. In theory, you'd see a sonic boom, but more realistically, we'd see cavitation(like we do with certain species of mantis shrimp).
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Advanced High Speed Underwater Munition (AHSUM) program has successfully broken the sound barrier in water. [Source](_URL_0_) ---- [And then there's breaking the speed of light in water.](_URL_1_)
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Who's the highest ranking person in the history of the United States Government to have committed suicide?
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James forrestal, first secretary of defense. Not sure about effects. There was a classified report and some conspiracy theories floating around about him being assassinated but I don't think anything came of it.
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Apparently not. According to [Italian Wikipedia](_URL_0_), during the years of Mussolini's rule in Italy there were 183 people sentenced to death, of which 118 were actually carried out. (EDIT: I misread. Those numbers are from 1931-43 only, so the actual number of executions could be higher. Doesn't change the conclusion) But if we look at [executions in Texas](_URL_1_) and compare it with the [terms of Governors of Texas](_URL_2_), we can very quickly see that Ann Richards, Governor from 1991 to 1995, only oversaw 50 executions during her term. And voila! Not true, without breaking the 20-year rule and without even having to count any further back than Richards.
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What's going on when I stand up too fast, and the blood rushes to my head?
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The blood doesn't rush *to* your head; the blood rushes **away** from your head. When you stand up, the blood begins to pool in your lower extremities. Your body compensates for this by contracting your blood vessels and raising your blood pressure, but that can take a second to kick in. Your eyes "blotting out" is caused by a lack of blood flow to the visual cortex in your brain, which causes your brain to be unable to fully process visual information. If your body failed to act quickly enough to get your blood pressure back under control, you'd eventually lose consciousness (i.e. faint).
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It could be caused by a drop in blood pressure as you rise. The momentary drop of blood pressure to the brain as the heart tries to pump blood up to a new elevation causes strange symptoms, like loss of peripheral vision, greying of vision, and light-headedness. You may want to read up on orthostatic hypotension to learn more.
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Why are some TV channels like Comedy Central allowed to keep cuss words uncensored while other TV channels must bleep them out?
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The FCC only covers broadcast television. Cable TV is self-regulating. If they're a cable channel, they can say shit as many times as they want. The reason they do bleep them is because each company sets a standard for content that they believe will keep their advertisers happy. It could also be covered by Safe Harbor _URL_0_
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Perhaps the advertisers are becoming more lenient. Programs that are not broadcast over-air are not subject to FCC regulations on censoring and the like. The main reason behind censoring is because some sponsors do not like profanity, meaning they'd be less likely to run ads because they do not want to be affiliated with it. No ads = no TV, so channels normally self-censor their programs to make them happy.
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Why do schools adopt a zero-tolerance policy and what do these policies generally dictate?
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Zero tolerance policies are there for the convenience of dishing out discipline & avoiding complaints about unequal punishment being dealt out. For example, a zero tolerance policy about fighting means that when you break up a fight, both people are automatically guilty and punished. The teacher doesn't have to figure out what's really going on & can get back to teaching. The school can't get accused to going easy on a popular kid or somebody whose parents are important in the community and having double standards. At least that's the idea behind them. Whether they actually work & improve the learning environment is up to debate. Just remember that you only ever hear about them when something goes horribly wrong & it becomes newsworthy.
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Zero tolerance of any sort is born of frustration. In this case, it's a reaction from a lot of publicity surrounding school bullying. Schools are expected to stop bullying but there's a lot of steps there that have to be managed in order to do that. The bullying must be detected, addressed and resolved. Some would argue schools are understaffed, lazy or uninterested in actually preventing problems so they take a very hard line approach to ending it. It also reduces the likelihood that parents can successfully sue if the school can demonstrate that it has and honors a no tolerance policy.
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Why is the belt the symbol of victory in the fighting world? Why no trophies or medals?
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> It is believed that the first championship belt was awarded in 1809 to Tom Cribb after his defeat of Jem Belcher. Basically, someone did it first, and it just caught on. As someone said, not all combat tournaments use belts. But lots do just based on a tradition started (I guess you could say) somewhat randomly.
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On a related side note, it's important to note that the difference equipment made on the battle field. Oftentimes, the "Champions" would have access to better equipment and armor, something that I have noticed isn't taken into account in the modern media and video games. Armor works, that's why they wore it. Here is an interesting video on it, you may have seen it before: _URL_0_
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How much energy is created when a gram of matter is destroyed with an equal amount of antimatter?
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2 grams (one of matter and one of antimatter) are .002kg, and the speed of light is 299,792,458 m/s, so substituting into E=mc^2, you get E=179751035747363.5 J (or roughly 1.8x10^14 J if that is more helpful). That's around 1.5 times the amount of energy released by the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.
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Following this, I'd like to know something basic: Why do matter and antimatter annihilate?
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Why do men's eyebrows get so bushy as we get older?
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Men produce a hormone called Dihydrotestosterone. One of the things this affects is hair follciles, stimulating growth particularly in eyebrows, the nose, ears, beard, and body hair. As men get older they sometimes produce more of it leading to those bushy eyebrows.
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Eyebrows keep the sweat from your brow out of your eyes. Eyelashes limit dust and whatnot getting into your eyes.
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What is the difference between a President and a Prime Minister?
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the Prime Minister is the Head of Government the President is the Head of State and Government the High Comissioner is the Head of Government A Head of State, best example would be the Queen is usually a figure head and does not have much role in the actual structure of government. A head of Government: Isn't a figure head but rather an active role in politics and has great influence. The President is both since he usually is the figure head who people symbolize a country with but also the head of government who plays an active role in politics.
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The Prime Minister runs the country. The President is a more ceremonial role. This is grossly oversimplified, and it may vary from country to country, but in general that sums it up.
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How does a fish's stomach/digestion work?
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It really depends on the fish but if you have ever caught a largemouth bass take a look inside of its mouth and down it throat. The throat is lined with sharp structures that [tear the prey apart](_URL_2_) before it gets to the stomach. also when they consume another fish the excess water is ejected through the gills so they dont actually swallow a lot of water when they eat. Now the deep sea "black swallower" latches onto its prey and slowly shoves it into its super stretchy stomach whole and alive where it suffocates and gets digested. [like this](_URL_2_)
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Suffocation would be the most common way. The scenarios I’m aware of would be a snake or a larger fish consuming a smaller fish or animal. Presumably if the prey was able to make it all the way into the stomach, then it would find a inhospitable environment - dark, acidic, and full of gases that break down food and not a ton of oxygen. Perhaps in the fish situation with loads of fresh water ingested the fish could live a bit longer, but I would speculate minutes. I don’t recommend trying a Steve-O “the Goldfish” for testing either.
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How do babies breathe while in the womb?
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Avast, 'twas oft asked here. Ye may enjoy these: 1. [ELI5: why Dont Babies Drownsuffocate in the Womb...?](_URL_3_) 1. [ELI5: How Babies Breathe in the Womb and How They...?](_URL_7_) 1. [ELI5: How do Babies Breathelive During The...?](_URL_1_) 1. [ELI5: If You Can Survive Without Breathing While...?](_URL_0_) 1. [ELI5: How Are We Able to Breath in the Womb While...?](_URL_4_) 1. [ELI5: How Can Babies Breathe in the Amniotic...?](_URL_6_) 1. [ELI5: How Come We Can Breathe in Utero but Can...?](_URL_2_) 1. [ELI5: How Does an Unborn Baby Breathe in Its...?](_URL_5_)
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At the moment your baby is getting all their nutrients, including oxygen, through the umbilical cord, so they have no need to breathe. The lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, but that's 100% normal. Upon exiting the vaginal canal and hitting cold air a series of hormonal changes will take place which will kick start your babies lungs. The fluid will eventually be absorbed into the blood stream, and those first few breathes can be challenging for the baby, sometimes they need a little help, usually just vigorous rubbing of their bodies to get circulation moving, sometimes a little puff of air into their mouths. (This is where the cliche about spanking a newborn baby comes from - the shock jump starts the lungs.) But you have nothing to fear, your doctor will see any lung issues long before the birth, so any delays in that first breath won't mean anything is wrong.
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How well and for how long could Ancient Roman archers fire under heavy rain?
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Please, please, please, do not write a novel where archers "fire" anything! Archers did not "fire". There is nothing that burns or ignites in the process of "shooting" or "loosing" arrows from a bow. "Firing" is something that is done by artillerymen or musketeers, using firearms, not something that is done by archers using bows. It is an absolute anachronism to call shooting or loosing arrows "firing", or to have some fictional commander give the order, "Fire!" to a group of archers. I know that all too many authors have committed this grievous sin in the past. Please do not add to their number.
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A battle with *mainly* only arrows being fired from one army was the Battle of Carrhae. The Parthians rained arrows down on Crassus' Roman army, and when they tried to engage in close-quarters fighting, the Parthian horse archers pulled their famous move- they would run away but turn, face the Romans, and fire their arrows (known as the Parthian shot).
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Why is it that when you uninstall something on your computer, there are still folders related to what you uninstalled left behind with nothing in them ?
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On Windows, you can't immediately delete a file that is being accessed by some application or service. Consequently, you can't remove the directory that contains this file, even if you don't need it anymore. Now, you can tell Windows to delay the file's removal until it's closed (no longer accessed). That's why the file will be gone eventually. However, there's no way to tell Windows to delay the directory's removal until it's empty. Hence, occasional leftover empty directories.
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caches left by deleted apps. Folders and storage locations that are empty or unused and taking up excess memory/ram.
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What's the difference between a hurricane, typhoon, and cyclone?
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Geographical location, depending on where the tropical cyclone occurs will depend on which of the three names it is given. Tropical cyclones are named hurricanes in the Atlantic and Caribbeans. Typhoon in the Pacific Ocean, and cyclone within the Indian Ocean. Source: Geoscience major.
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Hurricanes and typhoons are generated by warm tropical water close to the equator. The water in the southern atlantic is much cooler and can't create the same amount of cyclonic energy. In addition, the wind patterns of the south atlantic blow eastwards (see "roaring forties"), as they do in the north atlantic. The longer the cyclone remains over warm, open water, the stronger it gets. These conditions simply don't exist in the southern or northern atlantic. Due to the rotation of the earth, these cylones always veer north as they get stronger.
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Why was the Titanic thought to be unsinkable?
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Check out these other answers while you're waiting: [Why was the Titanic considered “unsinkable?”](_URL_0_) by /u/PainInTheAssInternet [Was the Titanic really called unsinkable?](_URL_1_) by /u/hatheaded, which has a link to an article on the topic
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The actual shipbuilders did not dub the Titanic "unsinkable". It was the White Star Line VP who used that word as part of a promotion. While the design would protect against *small* icebergs, the belief was that larger icebergs would be avoided. If the ship were traveling at slower speeds and the lookouts were able to see large icebergs in clear waters, the ship might only collide with small icebergs, which might cause some damage, but not sink the entire ship.
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How do cupcake liners not burn in the oven?
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Paper burns at 451 degrees, and cupcakes usually cook around 350. You've gotta REALLY mess up to burn cupcake liners in an oven.
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There's two main reasons why that doesn't work: 1. Heat takes time to actually conduct through something. If you tried to bake a cake at 1000° for a minute, you'd end up with a scorched outside, but the inside of the cake would still be gooey batter. The heat just doesn't have time to move its way through the substance. 2. The chemical reactions that make food "bake" only happen at certain temperatures - a good example is the Maillard reaction, which gives browned food (meat, bread, toasty marshmallows) their flavor. That happens right around 300° F or so. So you need to get to at least that temperature to get the food cooking properly. But if you go too much higher than that, you start reaching the temperatures where food doesn't just brown, it burns. So if you scorch your food at 1000°, you'll skip the delicious browning temperatures and cut straight to burning them. No bueno.
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Has it been shown that there is no correlation between violent behavior and video games/movies?
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In fact, there is a correlation between violent behavior and video games, but it's the opposite of what's being projected. Since about 1990, violent crime of all sorts has been steadily decreasing in the United States. No one has really been able to attribute this decrease to any specific cause, although many have tried. During the same period, video game sales have been rising steadily. It's possible that these two trends are completely unrelated, but it seems exceedingly likely based on this trend that if video games have an effect on violent behavior, it is either in the other direction, or it is not significant on a societal scale. It's plausible that, since video games give young adult males something else to do with their time and a different way to channel aggressive behavior, that they really do help reduce crime, but this is just speculation.
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Actually, the most popular games tend to be simple ones like tetris, bejeweled, Farmville, and stuff like that. But I think the reason violence works well with video games is it's the easiest human fantasy for them to simulate. We're mainly into sex and violence (or love and death) as human, and sex and emotional stuff doesn't work as well with video games. But it's actually a pretty good medium for channeling cathartic violence.
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Would it be easier to drink something with a straw on earth with a pressure of 1atm or on mars at .007 atm?
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When you suck on a straw, it's actually the air pressure outside the straw which pushes the liquid into your mouth, where the pressure is lower. So, if you lowered the pressure in your mouth to the same amount on Earth as you could on Mars, then it would be easier to drink on Earth - more pressure means more force pushing the drink up the straw into your mouth. [This page](_URL_0_) gives a bit more detail.
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Yes. A straw works because the pressure inside the straw is less than the ambient atmospheric pressure. So the atmosphere pushes down on the liquid and forces it up the straw. One atmosphere of pressure can support a column of water only about 10 meters high (p = ϱgh).
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IS it possible to have matter (like atoms or even galaxies) in this universe expanding and getting away nearly speed of light?
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Yes it's possible, because although nothing can travel faster than light, there's a loophole. It really means, nothing can travel fast than light *through space*. The expansion of the universe however, is not matter flying away from other matter, it is space itself expanding. So the matter in space is travelling slower than light but space itself can expand at any speed it likes.
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The space *between* matter can expand faster than light, and it has.
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Why is astronaut Scott Kelly’s body suffering severe health issues after 300+ days in space?
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Low gravity causes problems with our bodies since they were built around an environment where there are certain pressures places on our body from living on Earth. Since he is in space with none of these pressures (namely gravity) his body becomes weaker, his blood flow is effected, pressure on the eyes is effected, etc. ETA: We just aren't built to be in zero g for long periods of time. Its one of the problems that prevent us from going to Mars right now is that it would take a year for a round trip. Thats really hard on our bodies and we haven't come up with a way to counter the effects yet.
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He has no choice. He has Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Its a condition that causes the death of neurons associated with voluntary muscle control.
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Why do old people wake up so early?
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A number of things: * You need less sleep as you get older * They nap during the day * They may go to bed earlier as they get tired more easily * They're retired, so they've got things they want to do, and life is too short for lie-ins now
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Of old is a very nebulous term, but in general people didn't think of time in terms of hours. Things were done based on dawn, noon, and dusk. People also kept track of time by prayer times that would ring out from abbeys. Starting pre-dawn with Matins and ending around 10 o'clock at night with Compline.
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difference between solar panel and solar cell
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A solar cell is a single unit that converts sunlight into electricity. A solar panel is a sheet of one or more solar cells laid out and attached together in order to be installed on a roof or other structure.
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What two types are you talking about? There are many ways to classify solar panels.
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If we could send a satellite to a black hole are there ways to transmit information back?
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As long as that satellite doesn't cross the event horizon it will be able to communicate just like normal. It's a bit of a common misconception that black holes act like cosmic vacuum cleaners or something - at reasonable distances from the event horizon a black hole behaves just like any other ordinary gravitating mass. For example, if the sun was replaced by a black hole of the same mass right now the earth and planets wouldn't all get sucked in- they'd just continue on happily in their (now darkened) orbits.
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There are a couple of problems with that idea: - Black holes are _really_ far away. The closest one we have found is Cygnus X-1, which is still 6,000 light years away. We simply don't have the technology to send something that far away yet. - Even if we could get there and we could send some signal back (a 12,000 year round trip is the best case scenario), we wouldn't learn anything useful. We can already observe black holes right up to the event horizon - the point beyond which the black hole begins to absorb everything. New data would have to be from inside the event horizon, wherein lies the problem - it absorbs nearly _everything_. There would be no way to get signal back outside to send back to us.
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Why in quantum mechanics is it deemed okay to "cancel" infinities to make the problem work?
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in many practical sciences, infinity isn't *actually* infinity, but instead it's a stand-in for an arbitrarily large number. for instance, if you are calculating the magnetic field of a wire, you can assume its length is infinite to simplify the calculation. this works because the length relative to the distance from it is *gigantic*, even if the wire is only a foot or so long.
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I think you're combining a couple of related concepts, which might be leading to the confusion. Pi isn't infinite, but it does have an infinite number of digits, which are two different things. Like you guessed, your calculator will have a rounded-off version of it, and that's good enough. In actual math work with it, though, they treat pi sort of like you would a variable. Pi divided by 2 is just dealt with as pi/2, and 3 added to pi is just dealt with as pi + 3. If at the end of everything they need some decimal version of it, that's when they do a rounded off calculation, but in a lot of cases, that's not important. ∞ isn't a number (except in some obscure types of math), so an operation like ∞ + 3 is meaningless and isn't done. It'll come up in things like limits, where the idea is that a mathematician wants to know what happens to an equation when a variable gets bigger and bigger, but they're not actually doing any operations on ∞ itself.
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How can makeup not be tested on animals?
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Makeup is tested on animals....and interestingly enough some of the makeup that is tested on animals is produced using human plasma donations. If you see plasma donation centers that pay for you to donate, that product will never be used for human consumption! it goes to testing facilities and makeup producers! That is why the American Red Cross can not pay for product.....its intent is to be used for human consumption.
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I think the point is that we test shampoos and make-up and things of that nature on animals. A lot of animal testing is not for the betterment of the animals themselves; just humans.
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Why do horses get euthanized after injuries.
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Horses pretty much have to stand. Lying down causes circulation problems and lead to organ damage/failure. They also really need to distribute the weight properly over their 4 legs. Doing otherwise can lead to muscle damage and other problems. Horses evolved in such a way that they stand for pretty much their entire life. They're not built to re-distribute their weight across 3 limbs like a dog or cat. A horse puts about 60% of their weight across their front legs, so damage to just one of their legs either means increased weight on the remaining front leg, or having to carry more weight on the back.
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This was asked before and had good answers by u/Iphikrates : _URL_0_ Humans are more durable than horses in long distances. We are stronger than we look.
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Why don't they use Hawkeye on every point in tennis, to avoid human error?
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It takes a little bit of time to confirm or reverse a call. Why waste this time after every play and make matches longer? Most points don't have any controversial shots worth reviewing. Why bother using a machine to tell that the ball didn't make it over the net or went out by two feet? Since there are multiple people judging where the ball bounces on any given point, the officiating is generally reliable. Hawkeye is good too, albeit still not perfect. However, the on-court officials have the advantage of being able to communicate with players and to understand all the rules of the game. Not every tennis court has this technology available to them, so some matches can't use it. Also, all players have are used to playing matches without it.
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For the same reason why it's rare for a professional tennis player to get hit by the ball while playing....as professionals, they're more likely to catch/hit the ball than get hit by it. as pros, they *are* the best of the best, so it shouldn't come as a surprise to see them have amazing reaction times and coordination while playing.
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how we know what a black hole is.
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We can't see them. But we can see how they distort the space around them. Everything has gravitational pull, and the denser something is the more pull it has. Light is subject to gravity, and only an object so dense that light cannot reflect off of it ("escape" its pull) could distort the light around it to the degree that we see with black holes. So we call these extremely dense objects black holes. Really, we don't know exactly what they are. We may never find out. Some fringe theories suggest that they could be "wormholes" into other parts of our universe or into another universe. Who knows?
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Chris Adami, professor of microbiology and astronomy (I know, odd combination) who has done some work related to black holes, had [an AMA](_URL_2_) in /r/science the other day. I'll just carry over [this comment](_URL_0_) > It is true, we don't know what's behind the event horizon. If the black hole would be sufficiently massive (like, really supermassive) then if you are far enough from the center you would not be able to tell that you are inside of a black hole. After all, galaxies are moving around in the universe, and for all we know they could be orbiting the center of a black hole. However, this is all speculation. A good book for a beginner is perhaps Kip Thorne's book _URL_1_
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Why are the Mets in 3rd, yet teams below have a higher percentage win?
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I'm not sure where you're getting your rankings from. The [MLB standings](_URL_0_), as of today (12 Aug), shows the Mets in first in the Eastern Division and the Pirates second in the Central Division. You can't compare their ranks directly because they're in different divisions.
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Because the rules allow for stadiums to design fields within certain parameters. That design is in order to benefit the team. Baseball teams play half their games outside of their own field, so it evens out. Every team gets half their games in their home field which is tuned to their advantage. The result is that teams win more often at home. Since most people who attend baseball games live nearby, that means fans see their team win more often, which means they have a better time, drink more $10 beers, and come more often.
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Why is there a Guinness World record for the longest time spent in an anechoic chamber? Wouldn't a deaf person be able to stay there indefinitely?
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A normal person can stay in there indefinitely. Veritasium did this on his youtube channel. He said its weird but it definitely didnt cause him to freak out or anything. He stated he could have easily stayed much longer but hed already broken the time someone said was the longest that had been done.
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Depends. Even in a very quiet environment there is still a lot of noise from machinery, traffic, nature, everything really. You don't normally hear it because other noise drowns it out. There are rooms called 'anechoic chambers' which are specially designed to be as quiet as possible, and no one can sit in them for more than 45 minutes, because the sound of their own body working becomes intolerable. If you cup you hands over your ears you can hear your blood pumping, imagine that being the loudest thing you hear incessantly, and not being able to escape.
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How exactly does the flavor of wine change with aeration?
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Wine has different volatile in it with different evaporation points. Aeration helps to both oxygenate the actual compounds themselves which can change their flavor slightly, it also the swirling the glass warms the wine to increase the amount of a volotiles that are gases that you can smell them. So when you swirle the glass more oxygen contacts chemicals in the wine and it releases some of the harsher alcohols and flavonoids that you might not like but also increases the concentration gases in the air that you can smell. Now when you taste something, most of what you're tasting is actually your sense of smell which is why we have a cold everything tastes like crap. So by having more of the smelly stuff in the air you can taste more of the wine.
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Flavor tones in wines are a lot like finding shapes in the clouds, they don’t actually exist but when you take a sip of that wine the flavors you taste remind you of something you once ate or smelled.
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How do Political Think Tanks work? How do they make money? Do they make money?
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Political think tanks are research organizations. They collect and crunch data to determine the consequences of political policies. Most of them are non-profit, and they earn money via endowment from a corporation or organization that they are a part of, or through investment, donations, grants. They may sell books or collections of data. They may provide programs or workshops that require membership fees. Their staff may be largely volunteer as well, so they have small overhead. Some for-profit think tanks exist, they may take money from companies to make data look like it suggests something beneficial for that company, or output data and articles and research that helps the company.
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It's essentially a centre politicians use to help their ideas become solid proposals. They come in different forms from the hard right to the hard left and are run by people close to the political parties they research for. Reputable think tanks are meant to house policy wonks and actual experts on varying matters of government and how said party's ideology can become political policy. They work very much in tandem with political parties and are meant to be the "brains" behind the politicians making sure that they're proposals are sound and workable.
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Why is does it matter that the NFL is no longer tax-exempt?
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They no longer have to disclose their executives salaries. Other than that there won't really be any change in the amount the NFL or teams pay in taxes, or the amount of money the government gets from their taxes.
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The NFL brings in between 6 and 10 billion dollars a year of taxable income, a good portion of which goes into the cities where the teams are.
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What is a monolithic structure in operating systems?
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A monolithic structure means the kernel (all OS's have them) are set up so that the kernel does everything. This was the way it was first done in Linux - back when you had to compile your own kernel if you wanted support for sound (for example). As kernels got more sophisticated, they became too large to go with the "one size fits all" things, so they evolved to use modules, that could be added in whenever needed, and to accomodate more complex and sophisticated hardware. Nowadays, I don't know what Windows uses, but as for MacOS, I'm pretty sure they use a monolithic kernel, since the hardware is pretty narrowly defined. Linux used modules, but I'm not sure about Android or iOS. Soneone else could give a better better idea about these things. Hope this helps.
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An operating system is a collection of thousands of services and libraries. Programs are usually built by combining interactions with these services and calls to the libraries. Additionally, programs must be built in accordance with the "ABI" (application binary interface) for the operating system. This defines what a "program" must look like to the operating system. Since every operating system provides a different set of services and libraries and significantly different operating systems will use a different ABI, programs must be ported to achieve the same effects using the different services and libraries available on the new operating system and built to conform to the target's ABI.
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Why do you vomit with intense physical activity?
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Body needs the blood to transport oxygen to your muscles and not your stomach, which is probably digesting something. So you throw up so the stomach will stop digesting, thus rerouting the blood that would be giving oxygen to those cells to muscle cells. Edit: Stupid ass spelling
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If something irritates the stomach lining (like ipecac), it will trigger an ejection. And if something messes with signals between the body and brain, it may also trigger. Most non-poison vomits are the brain realising something is wrong (motion sickness being a great example - "the eyes say we're moving, but everything else says we're stationary. Crap, we've been poisoned! EMPTY THE STOMACH!").
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How accurate is William Shakespeare's portrayal of Richard III to the real life King?
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You should check out this documentary about him; it's full of interesting info. You should find plenty you can use; he was a fascinating man. Be objective and don't buy into all that Shakespearian bullshit; that's just political propaganda. Good luck! _URL_1_
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Related: how can we tell whether these kings, particularly the ones with unreasonably long reigns, refer to actual historical figures at all?
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Hawaiian Historians: Can you explain the historical origins on why some Native Hawaiians tie the traditional dress robe (ʻAʻahu) on the right , yet some tie on the left side?
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This is a great question, but a very specific one. I don't specialize directly in Hawaiian history, and I doubt that this kind of question is answerable through the kinds of primary texts I'd normally use in these cases -- my copy of Kamakau isn't handy right now, for example, but I'd be surprised if he was any help with this. If I were you, I'd do just what you did -- find some knowledgeable ali'i or kahuna and ask. Since that doesn't seem to be working, I think you might have to try the [Center for Hawaiian Studies at UH](_URL_0_). If you're on Oahu and it's convenient, you could try stopping by. Otherwise, it's probably best to set up an appointment or just e-mail. Any of the faculty might know the answer to this, but then again, it's possible that none of them would know. You could try starting with April Drexel? Good luck!
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Way back in the day, it was customary that someone help a woman dress (men dressed themselves), so the buttons were on the other side so the person manipulating the buttons could use them -- it just kind of stuck.
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How did comets form, and why is there water on them?
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Until somebody can give you a more thorough answer: Comets, like everything else form by a bunch of dust gradually getting clumped together by their gravity. What distinguishes comets is their composition. Water, dust, and ice make up comets because they can only form a certain distance from a sun, star or hot celestial body, whereas rocks can clump up together and stay intact in much hotter areas. Source: memory from intro to astronomy
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I believe it can be traced back to the beginning of the solar system. Water was pretty uniform in the dust cloud that eventually formed our solar system. When the sun ignited it blew the water out of the inner solar system. In the outer reaches of the solar system where the suns power is very weak, the water/ice was able to hang around. That's why it's commonly believed that Earth's water was delivered by comets after it was formed.
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Why do one's wrists and neck make cracking sounds when one stretches them?
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Bubbles build up in the synovial fluid between joints. When you stretch your joints out the bubbles escape from the fluid creating a popping/cracking sound.
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We don't know. The best theories are that it creates a small vacuum in the synovial fluid, which collapses and makes a noise, and that it may be caused by the rapid stretching of ligaments. But we've never observed these things directly. For now, we just have no idea.
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Why does pouring boiling hot water sound different than pouring cold water?
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Because water is a rather odd material; the speed of sound changes very dramatically inside water between 0-100C (over 100 m/s diff.). This effects sounds that interact with the fluid (such as it travelling inside a pipe into a glass). _URL_0_
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Hot water is less dense than cold water (above 0C) and so the warmer water "floats" to the top.
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why do people stick their tongue out when focusing?
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Looked this up one day. Those who hang their tongue out when concentrating have the best hand to eye coordination and concentrate better.
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Sticking your tongue out or biting your lip while concentrating is not really that weird. Michael Jordan was famous for his tongue sticking out while going up for a dunk. It is an example of what’s called motor overflow or motor disinhibition. It happens sometimes when our brains are working really hard at something. Normally, the brain keeps the brakes on the parts of the body it doesn’t want to move. However, when we concentrate really hard on a tough task, sometimes the brain lifts the brakes on other parts of the body (most often the face, lips, tongue, etc.) making them move without our control. As we get older our brains get better at controlling the brakes (inhibition) and the motor overflow goes away most of the time, but some people still have this happen when they are grown ups. There are studies that show it is more common in people with ADHD.
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what are Uber's costs that cause it to lose so much money?
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Uber is a technology company. They have thousands of engineers and they're investing heavily in making their software better. The app you see is only a tiny piece of that. Obviously they're constantly making improvements there, but the app is overall pretty simple. The app that drivers use is more complicated - it has to not only help drivers find their next ride, but also constantly keep track of the rides and send GPS coordinates so they can track the progress. The server side is where it really gets complicated. They need to track hundreds of thousands of drivers and riders simultaneously, around the world, and not only keep track of all of them, but make predictions in order to keep things running smoothly. If people start waiting too long, they automatically start surge pricing to attract more drivers. All of this R & D costs money. The only way for them to pay for it all is to continue to scale bigger and bigger, to the point where R & D is a small fraction of their total expenditures.
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Hey, look at this cool company that's bypassing all of these arcane, useless regulations and red tape! Cheap and accessible service is awesome! Why worry? A few months later: oh, whoops, it turns out those useless laws actually served a purpose, like protecting consumers from fraud and danger. Uber makes a habit of operating in legal grey zones. It's no surprise they run into occasional trouble while doing so. If anything, I'm surprised they don't get into trouble more often, especially considering they're caught up in scandal after scandal.
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If you heat something, the particles in it move faster, why can't we heat something to go faster then light?
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Heat is basically a form of energy. The problem with making any particle move close to and trying to reach the speed of light, is that the energy required to hit the speed of light increases "exponentially" to infinity. Even increasing the speed of one atom with a heat, it would require infinite energy. Accelerating an electron using electromagnetic forces to the speed of light, it would require infinite energy. Everything you try would require infinite energy _URL_0_ *As /u/natty_dread pointed out it's not technically exponential but increases by Lorentz Factor - (1-x)^(-1/2)
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It's much easier to set particles in motion (heat) than to slow them down (cool). But you can use electro-magnetic radiation to cool things, like this: _URL_0_, and even this: _URL_1_
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What happened to the old radio announcer announcer voice? Do people just not sound like that anymore? Or did it have to do with equipment?
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It kind of never existed. It was an affectation that came and went as a style of speech in a particular form of media, carried over from older public speaking styles. I'm not an expert but I wouldn't be surprised if it had to do with intonation and annunciation being important to having your unamplified voice carry in a room or outside, while maintaining an air of sophistication and wealth. But plenty of radio of the time and over the decades has allowed speech in the media to evolve, becoming more similar to the style of speech that people employ normally, if anything because speaking in a stilted way is seen as a bit gauche.
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Often these are used to justify mouth movements that existed in the original language, before the voices were dubbed. (Or conversely, to leave extra mouth movements that can be used if it's dubbed.)
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Why lightning doesn't knock planes out of the sky.
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Okay, here goes: electricity will always take the shortest path to the ground right? Well, since a airborne plane isn't grounded, lightening strikes generally don't hit planes for this reason. However, they do sometimes hit home and when they do... nothing happens. As ACrusaderA said, the light might flicker but it's very uncommon for something serious to go wrong. [NASA](_URL_0_) actually did a bunch of tests on this back in the 80's by flying a F-106 through violent electrical storms and determined that the most likely outcome of an airborne lightening strike is that the lightening will simply pass harmlessly through the plane and head to the ground (where it was trying to go anyway). Source: NASA
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Private pilot and Professional Engineer here. It’s a big sky. Plus, pilots are trained to avoid convective activity (updrafts and downdrafts), associated with storms, that can destabilize an aircraft. Occasionally, it happens. It’s a dramatic and upsetting occurrence for the pilots. The Faraday cage effect is real, and the lightning stroke’s current tends to distribute on the surface of the aircraft (presuming an aluminum skin here). But the aircraft’s surface is not perfectly intact; there are lots of holes, for things like antennas, control rods, fuel vents, light bulbs, air intakes, etc. Current can and does jump into the interior of an aircraft via these holes, and do lots of damage. Because any damage done may not be obvious, a lightning hit will cause the pilot to declare an emergency, and land at the nearest suitable airport, to evaluate the condition of the airplane.
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Why do some albums release a normal version, and a deluxe version with more songs?
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Usually because Deluxe versions come with items that 1) Can't make the charts and would otherwise adversely effect their ranking in album listings through B grade quality 2) Won't fit on a single CD. Most deluxe versions come with new, altered, or B grade material that would appear out of place on the primary release 3) Keeping the regular album at the regular price means people will buy it from a regular audience, however a deluxe version can be purchased by hardcore fans at a higher price.
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Well especially with older albums like "2112" by Rush for example, the song "2112" literally took up half the album. Apple/Amazon doesn't like the fact that you just bought essentially half an album for $.99. Therefore you can only get the song with the whole album. Misc. legal crap might have something to do with it as well.
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What are the best books on the life of Charlemagne?
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I hesitate to recommend this to you, but I DO recommend it as a good candidate for someone with good general history interest and knowledge, but relatively little on the man himself. *Charlemagne: From The Hammer to The Cross* by Richard Winston is a good read. I just finished it a few weeks ago. It was written in 1954, and the author is clearly of the WW2 generation. It was a bit jarring, but effective, to come upon Charlemagne's "final solution to the Saxon question." You don't live through WW2 and then walk on eggshells with your choice of words. The subject himself has a pretty impressive credit and debit balance, and it all gets a good airing. Many points should have gotten more time, but in his defense, this is one book, not 7 books, and the historical written record is pretty thin. Spoilers - There's lots of killing people and breaking stuff, Irene of Athens is a piece of work, and Abul-Abbas the elephant gets a good long mention.
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There is not a single good book, but there are a few good books that will get you from Clovis to Charles the Simple. Ian Wood's *The Merovingian Kingdoms* is accessible, relatively short, and written by one of the most important early medieval historians working today. Wallace-Hadrill's *Long Haired Kings* is dated but a good read by a brilliant historian. Edward James' *The Franks* is a good synthetic history as well. For the Carolingians Costambeys, Innes, and Maclean's *The Carolingian World* is the new hot textbook synthetic history. Pierre Riche's *The Carolingians* is dated but accessible and fairly short, its not a bad place to start for a quick over view. Those are some good places to start for overviews and they can guide you towards more specific topics and works through their footnotes and bibliographies.
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How did blatant misspellings (i.e. thru,tonite) become somewhat socially acceptable?
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Some of that dates back to the 20s when cutesy misspellings of words became fashionable. Some of it is probably related to keeping down the cost of a telegram back in the day, or lack of space on a marquee or a sign. The small number of characters available in a tweet. There are all kinds of reasons for it.
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It's got a lot to do with what language is dominant. Before the Norman invasion of England, 'shit' and 'fuck' were not considered rude; they were words like any other (and fuck is not an acronym; it comes from old Germanic words meaning "to hit" or "to strike"). Once the Normans were in power, French became the language of the nobility and what was English at the time became the common or 'vulgar' language. To use English at court or in polite company became rude and socially ruinous. It wasn't until many years later that English was considered a language worthy of literature or polite society. Many "bad" words are just old English words that were popular in the pre-Norman days.
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My phone always tells me to unplug charger when reaches 100%; am I hurting my battery by leaving it plugged in?
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In most modern phones, you're not physically damaging the phones, because most phones actually stop charging once the battery is full. My phone actually states the reason it wants you to stop charging--to save electricity. But, as pointed out elsewhere, you could be shortening the lifespan of the battery by charging it all the time.
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Apple makes sure that the phone is charged to a minimum % (3%-5%?) before it turns on, to make sure it doesn't die again when you unplug it.
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What was Stalin's reaction to the The United States' use of the Manhattan Project?
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As has already been said Stalin for much of the project knew more than Harry Truman.
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There has been a lot of back-and-forth on this question in the last 30 years or so. I've tried to summarize the [current historical consensus here](_URL_0_). It is a tricky issue to unpack, in part because there wasn't one chain of decision-making involved. Most historians today do not think that the bomb was dropped just to scare the Soviet Union, but there were some of Truman's advisors who saw this as a secondary benefit to dropping the bomb. The best book on the tricky relationship between the USA and USSR at the end of the war is Tsuyoshi Hasegawa's _Racing the Enemy: Truman, Stalin, and the Surrender of Japan_. For the best discussion of exactly how Stalin reacted to the bomb, I recommend Michael Gordin's _Red Cloud at Dawn: Truman, Stalin, and the End of the Atomic Monopoly_.
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What exactly does my anti-malware programs do when they 'quarantine' something? Why don't they just delete the malicious files?
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It moves it to a different directory so that it won't be executed or opened. It doesn't delete it because a virus scanner can have false-positives. If it deletes a file that you actually need (like an OS file) for no good reason, your system will be busted. At least if it's moved to quarantine you might be able to boot into safe mode and move it back.
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Cs major here, Viruses aren't built from scratch each time. Something like 99% of viruses are built using code from a previous strain. So programs keep logs of what to look for and know to quarantine it. In your case, Sometimes they also look at permissions. Your AV is thinking "Hey taylaj your computer has code on it that can access a secured part of your HD! What should I do?! No response? I'll just quaranten it"
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Were the Romans aware of existence of Iceland and Svalbard? If not, did they then think Scotland was basically the end of the world?
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The Romans probably weren't aware of either. Iceland wasn't discovered until sometime around the 9th century AD by Norse sailors. Svalbard was discovered much later, by William Barents in 1595. Sources: _URL_0_ _URL_1_
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Follow-up question - did countries attacked by the Vikings even know that they were coming from Scandinavia?
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Radioactivity, nuclear/atomic explosions in nature?
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Radioactivity *is* a natural phenomenon. The discovery of radioactivity and of a bunch of radioactive elements predates our ability to synthetically create new radioactive elements. There are examples of naturally occurring nuclear chain reactions. See _URL_0_
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A nuclear detonation produces a large amout of extremely high energy photons (light) called gamma radiation. Those gamma photons are powerful enough to rip electrons from a large number of surrounding air molecules in a very small space. That sudden massive electrical charge imbalance in the upper atmosphere generates a very brief but extremely powerful EMP. Chemical explosives (i.e. Regular bombs) don't have a gamma component and do not generate any meaningful magnetic interference.
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Why does it feel colder in a car that’s been sitting out than it does standing outside?
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Because you're sitting on the cold seat, which transfers heat much better than the air does when you are standing up outside. The seat pulls heat from your body more effectively than the air does and you feel colder. If it is windy outside, the moving air probably transfers heat better than the seat, so it feel much warmer inside the car.
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The hotter temps are easy to explain. The sun shining through the windows allows radiative heating once it heats seats, etc., and then the hot air is trapped inside the vehicle, preventing air currents from dissipating it quickly. When it is really cold outside (it was -29C here last night, so I speak from recent experience) it is definitely warmer inside the car as you are protected from the winds and any heat you give off will be partially trapped inside the car, but it may not feel like it for the following reasons: * your clothing carries with it a warmer boundary layer of air that temporarily keeps you feeling warmer when you leave a warm building * once you sit in the car you are now in direct contact with colder materials and the temperature transfer from them cools you down quickly But believe me, it isn't colder inside the car. Standing outside in -29C gets old fast.
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Why do my testicles have a very distinctive smell when they sweat?
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Don't wanna be that guy, but your anus is pretty close to your balls. The mixture of butts and sweat can cause a pretty unique smell.
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You've got more than one kind of sweat gland. Eccrine sweat glands are found on pretty much all of your skin. They are the prevalent kind, and they sweat mostly water. Apocrine sweat glands are found in only some parts of the body, mainly the stinky parts. They produce a sweat higher in protein, and that is what bacteria go to town on, and what *they* excrete is what smells bad. Those glands ramp up at puberty.
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Food is made up of fats, carbohydrates, and protein, but what gives different foods their flavor and how do they work?
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Because there are *far* more substances in food than just carbs, fats, and protein. Those are three macronutrients, but there's also micronutrients and thousands of other chemicals present as well. Salt, for instance, is not one of those three, yet you have an entire taste bud set dedicated for that one chemical.
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Right, so your tongue can taste a few flavors. Some of the flavors come from multiple chemicals. One of those flavors is sweet, it comes from some (but not all) sugars, like fructuse and glucose, but also acesulfame potassium or sodium saccharine. The others are salty, bitter and sour. There's another one your tongue can detect, and the only chemical that triggers that taste is glutamate. That taste is called umami in japanese and savory in English. It makes things taste "good" or "hearty", but not in a specific way. Glutamate comes in foods like tomatoes, celery, seaweed. Seaweed is used in the manufacture of MSG. Here's more [I wrote](_URL_0_) in askscience. Edit: I'd like to add that there are other chemicals that activate your umami tastebuds, but glutamate is the most powerful and best known.
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why can you eat a pound easier than you can drink a pound?
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Assuming your talking about the weight, not currency, I'd disagree and say chugging a large glass of liquid is easier than chewing on a plate of food
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Its protein and fat content is higher. (Which is why it generally costs more per pound)
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If I tap a spark plug at a window, it'll shatter really easily. What causes this?
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The fact that it is a plug that makes sparks has nothing to do with hit. It's that it's hard and your energy is focused on a small point. It works the same way [that these little gizmos work](_URL_0_)
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This is caused by the tempering process used on the glass. This is the process used to make the glass shatter into tiny little pieces instead of large ones. This makes it less likely to cause injury.
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Why do PhDs and MDs/DOs not have separate titles to distinguish their degree levels?
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I've never heard anyone with a PhD say "I'm a doctor" (though it might be possible some people use it - and technically it would be "correct"). Usually, it goes "I have a doctorate" or just "I have a PhD". I don't think it has anything to do with difficulty and I can't imagine anyone with a PhD would mind if their title wasn't mistakable with that of a medical doctor. I don't actually like the title "PhD" myself, because of the "philosophy" part. It comes from historical heritage, but it isn't really contemporary. I just prefer "doctorate".
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The medieval university offered two types of post-graduate degrees: the masters and the doctorate. The masters was a teaching degree in the liberal arts. (Think "school master"). The doctorate was a degree for the three professional schools: Doctor of Law (aka JD), Doctor of Medicine (aka MD), and Doctor of Divinity (in theology, aka DD). The Doctor of Philosophy was a new teaching degree developed in the 19th century in the Germany university. But it was given to qualifying **undergraduates** and required very little research. Most of these PhD's then taught in a classical high school (gymnasium) or went into civil service. It's only when American universities (like Johns Hopkins) create the graduate school of arts & sciences (c. 1870-1890) that the PhD becomes a graduate research degree.
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After entering my credit card info on a website like Amazon and pressing the "checkout" button, what exactly happens? What is the process of my credit card getting charged?
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It's the same as if you went to Walmart and checked out with a credit card. You put in the card number and exp. date, the server sends that information, along with the purchase price and their vendor ID to their credit card clearing house, the clearing house coordinates with your card company to add the item to your bill, and you get the "purchase approved" picture, and then your item in a couple days.
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Its not a charge. It's called a preauth. It's to make sure that the cards has enough funds to cover the purchase. Preauths are never charged.
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What is the official procedure when someone, like say, the CEO of Samsung dies unexpectedly?
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CEOs are selected from the board of directors. If the CEO died the board would select a new CEO, but in the meantime someone (possibly the CFO in many companies) might be put in as an interim-CEO.
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Whichever family member is handling the estate will call to cancel the subscription, and send a death certificate to the service provider to verify the death of the subscriber. If the deceased has a will, they've typically designated someone in that will to handle all of this. If they don't have a will, it's basically up to the family to handle. I had to do this for all of my Dad's accounts years ago, and it sucked.
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