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3A1831653729.jsonld | ['Chapter 9. The Political Economy of Education Funding'] | ['In most countries, the government is the main provider of education services. Even when a private education sector exists, it is often subsidized. Given the substantial involvement of governments in the education sector and the importance of skill acquisition for individual and national welfare, understanding how societies allocate public resources for education is a crucial issue. The purpose of this chapter is to review positive models of public funding for education. Models reviewed in this chapter consist of a private layer and a political economy layer. In the private layer, firms and households make their decisions taking as given the public policies. In the political economy layer, voters or groups with conflicting interests determine the public policy, taking into account the private sector response to the policy. The questions addressed by the models in this chapter include: What is the majority preferred level of funding for public education when private options are available? How do various dimensions of household heterogeneity (e.g., income, age, ability, tastes) alter the political equilibrium? What is the level of public funding in each community when households can sort themselves into multiple communities? Why are large-scale vouchers in education so rare across the world? Why are public education expenditures as a fraction of GDP rising along the development path? The focus of this chapter is theory, but calibrated versions of the theory that rely on empirical work are also included. We also review the empirical evidence that has bearing on the theoretical models in this chapter.'] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653729'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 9. The Political Economy of Education Funding']
### Abstract:
['In most countries, the government is the main provider of education services. Even when a private education sector exists, it is often subsidized. Given the substantial involvement of governments in the education sector and the importance of skill acquisition for individual and national welfare, understanding how societies allocate public resources for education is a crucial issue. The purpose of this chapter is to review positive models of public funding for education. Models reviewed in this chapter consist of a private layer and a political economy layer. In the private layer, firms and households make their decisions taking as given the public policies. In the political economy layer, voters or groups with conflicting interests determine the public policy, taking into account the private sector response to the policy. The questions addressed by the models in this chapter include: What is the majority preferred level of funding for public education when private options are available? How do various dimensions of household heterogeneity (e.g., income, age, ability, tastes) alter the political equilibrium? What is the level of public funding in each community when households can sort themselves into multiple communities? Why are large-scale vouchers in education so rare across the world? Why are public education expenditures as a fraction of GDP rising along the development path? The focus of this chapter is theory, but calibrated versions of the theory that rely on empirical work are also included. We also review the empirical evidence that has bearing on the theoretical models in this chapter.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653729']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653737.jsonld | ['Chapter 8. Dropouts and Diplomas : The Divergence in Collegiate Outcomes'] | ['Although collegiate attainment rates have risen in many developed and developing countries over the last three decades, they have remained essentially flat in the United States over the same period. In this chapter, we distinguish various models of degree attainment in the general context of theoretical and empirical specifications of educational attainment. To explain collegiate degree attainment, we consider the roles of student demand, the supply side of the postsecondary education market, and the role of public support in determining outcomes. Although the study of college degree attainment has traditionally focused on demand-side determinants of attainment, including how students finance college attainment and academic preparation, we present here the evidence that supply-side determinants including the level of public subsidies and the associated stratification among colleges and universities are also important determinants of degree attainment. Review of this evidence and research suggests a number of unexplored areas for economic research related to college choice, in-college attainment, and the supply-side determinants of stratification and resources per student.'] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653737'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 8. Dropouts and Diplomas : The Divergence in Collegiate Outcomes']
### Abstract:
['Although collegiate attainment rates have risen in many developed and developing countries over the last three decades, they have remained essentially flat in the United States over the same period. In this chapter, we distinguish various models of degree attainment in the general context of theoretical and empirical specifications of educational attainment. To explain collegiate degree attainment, we consider the roles of student demand, the supply side of the postsecondary education market, and the role of public support in determining outcomes. Although the study of college degree attainment has traditionally focused on demand-side determinants of attainment, including how students finance college attainment and academic preparation, we present here the evidence that supply-side determinants including the level of public subsidies and the associated stratification among colleges and universities are also important determinants of degree attainment. Review of this evidence and research suggests a number of unexplored areas for economic research related to college choice, in-college attainment, and the supply-side determinants of stratification and resources per student.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653737']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653745.jsonld | ['Chapter 7. Educational Vouchers in International Contexts'] | ['International evidence on school choice largely focuses on educational voucher or voucher-like systems. The research to date primarily focuses on two complementary questions: what are the effects of school choice on students who exercise school choice? and what are the effects of school choice on the overall system that allows choice? In this chapter, we review the educational voucher focusing on these two research questions. We primarily focus on educational voucher programs in Chile, Colombia, and Sweden. We discuss each of these programs and the accompanying literature in depth. We briefly discuss research from other countries, especially ongoing research in India, which may provide key insights into voucher and school-choice debates. Although there are a number of similarities between research on school choice in the United States and abroad, research on school choice abroad presents an entirely different set of political circumstances, institutions, and funding schemes. We discuss these issues and their impact on generalizeability of international research. We also recommend future directions for voucher research, particularly, in identifying key components of voucher systems that have led to the observed effects to date.'] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653745'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 7. Educational Vouchers in International Contexts']
### Abstract:
['International evidence on school choice largely focuses on educational voucher or voucher-like systems. The research to date primarily focuses on two complementary questions: what are the effects of school choice on students who exercise school choice? and what are the effects of school choice on the overall system that allows choice? In this chapter, we review the educational voucher focusing on these two research questions. We primarily focus on educational voucher programs in Chile, Colombia, and Sweden. We discuss each of these programs and the accompanying literature in depth. We briefly discuss research from other countries, especially ongoing research in India, which may provide key insights into voucher and school-choice debates. Although there are a number of similarities between research on school choice in the United States and abroad, research on school choice abroad presents an entirely different set of political circumstances, institutions, and funding schemes. We discuss these issues and their impact on generalizeability of international research. We also recommend future directions for voucher research, particularly, in identifying key components of voucher systems that have led to the observed effects to date.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653745']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653753.jsonld | ['Chapter 6. The Design of Performance Pay in Education'] | ['This chapter analyzes the design of incentive schemes in education while reviewing empirical studies that evaluate performance pay programs for educators. Several themes emerge. First, education officials should not use one assessment system to create both educator performance metrics and measures of student achievement. To mitigate incentives for coaching, incentive systems should employ assessments that vary in both format and item content. Separate no-stakes assessments provide more reliable information about student achievement because they create no incentives for educators to take hidden actions that contaminate student test scores. Second, relative performance schemes are too rare in education. These schemes are more difficult to manipulate than systems built around psychometric or subjective performance standards. Third, assessment-based incentive schemes are mechanisms that complement rather than substitute for systems that promote parental choice, e.g. vouchers and charter schools.'] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653753'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 6. The Design of Performance Pay in Education']
### Abstract:
['This chapter analyzes the design of incentive schemes in education while reviewing empirical studies that evaluate performance pay programs for educators. Several themes emerge. First, education officials should not use one assessment system to create both educator performance metrics and measures of student achievement. To mitigate incentives for coaching, incentive systems should employ assessments that vary in both format and item content. Separate no-stakes assessments provide more reliable information about student achievement because they create no incentives for educators to take hidden actions that contaminate student test scores. Second, relative performance schemes are too rare in education. These schemes are more difficult to manipulate than systems built around psychometric or subjective performance standards. Third, assessment-based incentive schemes are mechanisms that complement rather than substitute for systems that promote parental choice, e.g. vouchers and charter schools.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653753']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653761.jsonld | ['Chapter 5. Inequality, Human Capital Formation, and the Process of Development'] | ["Conventional wisdom about the relationship between income distribution and economic development has been subjected to dramatic transformations in the past century. While Classical economists advanced the hypothesis that inequality is beneficial for economic development, the Neoclassical paradigm, which had subsequently dominated the field of macroeconomics, dismissed the Classical hypothesis and promoted the viewpoint that the study of income distribution has no importance for the understanding of macroeconomic activity and the growth process. A metamorphosis in these perspectives has taken place in the past two decades. Theory and subsequent empirical evidence have demonstrated that income distribution has a significant impact on the growth process. The modern approach has demonstrated that in the presence of credit market imperfections, income distribution has a long-lasting effect on investment in human capital, entrepreneurial activity, aggregate income, and economic development. Moreover, in contrast to the Classical viewpoint, which underscored beneficial effects of inequality for the growth process, the modern perspective advanced the hypothesis that inequality may be detrimental for human capital formation and economic development. The replacement of physical capital accumulation by human capital accumulation as the prime engine of economic growth has changed the qualitative impact of inequality on the process of development. In early stages of industrialization, as physical capital accumulation was a prime source of economic growth, inequality enhanced the process of development by channeling resources toward individuals whose marginal propensity to save is higher. However, in later stages of development, as human capital has become the main engine of economic growth, a more equal distribution of income, in the presence of credit constraints, has stimulated investment in human capital and economic growth. While the process of industrialization raised the importance of human capital in the production process, reflecting its complementarity with physical capital and technology, human capital accumulation has not benefited all sectors of the economy. Inequality in the ownership of factors of production has generated an incentive for some better-endowed agents to block the implementation of institutional changes and policies that promote human capital formation, resulting in a suboptimal level of investment in human capital from a growth perspective. The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy changed the nature of the main economic conflict in society. Unlike the agrarian economy, which was characterized by a conflict of interests between the landed aristocracy and the masses, the process of industrialization has brought about an additional conflict between the entrenched landed elite and the emerging capitalist elite. In light of a lower degree of complementarity between human capital and the agricultural sector, education has increased the productivity of labor in industrial production more than in agricultural and primary good production, inducing rural-to-urban migration and a decline in the return to landowners. Thus, while industrialists have had a direct economic incentive to support education policies that would foster human capital formation, landowners, whose interests lay in the reduction of the mobility of their labor force, have favored policies that deprived the masses of education. The adverse effect of the implementation of public education on landowners' income from agricultural production has been magnified by the concentration of land ownership. As long as landowners affected the political process and thereby the implementation of growth-enhancing education policies, inequality in the distribution of land ownership has been a hurdle for human capital accumulation, slowing the process of industrialization, and the transition to modern growth. Variation in the distribution of ownership over land and other natural resources across countries has contributed to disparity in human capital formation and the industrial composition of the economy, and thus to divergent development patterns across the globe. Moreover, in some societies, geographical conditions that led to income inequality brought about oppressive institutions designed to maintain the political power of the elite and to preserve the existing inequality."] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653761'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 5. Inequality, Human Capital Formation, and the Process of Development']
### Abstract:
["Conventional wisdom about the relationship between income distribution and economic development has been subjected to dramatic transformations in the past century. While Classical economists advanced the hypothesis that inequality is beneficial for economic development, the Neoclassical paradigm, which had subsequently dominated the field of macroeconomics, dismissed the Classical hypothesis and promoted the viewpoint that the study of income distribution has no importance for the understanding of macroeconomic activity and the growth process. A metamorphosis in these perspectives has taken place in the past two decades. Theory and subsequent empirical evidence have demonstrated that income distribution has a significant impact on the growth process. The modern approach has demonstrated that in the presence of credit market imperfections, income distribution has a long-lasting effect on investment in human capital, entrepreneurial activity, aggregate income, and economic development. Moreover, in contrast to the Classical viewpoint, which underscored beneficial effects of inequality for the growth process, the modern perspective advanced the hypothesis that inequality may be detrimental for human capital formation and economic development. The replacement of physical capital accumulation by human capital accumulation as the prime engine of economic growth has changed the qualitative impact of inequality on the process of development. In early stages of industrialization, as physical capital accumulation was a prime source of economic growth, inequality enhanced the process of development by channeling resources toward individuals whose marginal propensity to save is higher. However, in later stages of development, as human capital has become the main engine of economic growth, a more equal distribution of income, in the presence of credit constraints, has stimulated investment in human capital and economic growth. While the process of industrialization raised the importance of human capital in the production process, reflecting its complementarity with physical capital and technology, human capital accumulation has not benefited all sectors of the economy. Inequality in the ownership of factors of production has generated an incentive for some better-endowed agents to block the implementation of institutional changes and policies that promote human capital formation, resulting in a suboptimal level of investment in human capital from a growth perspective. The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy changed the nature of the main economic conflict in society. Unlike the agrarian economy, which was characterized by a conflict of interests between the landed aristocracy and the masses, the process of industrialization has brought about an additional conflict between the entrenched landed elite and the emerging capitalist elite. In light of a lower degree of complementarity between human capital and the agricultural sector, education has increased the productivity of labor in industrial production more than in agricultural and primary good production, inducing rural-to-urban migration and a decline in the return to landowners. Thus, while industrialists have had a direct economic incentive to support education policies that would foster human capital formation, landowners, whose interests lay in the reduction of the mobility of their labor force, have favored policies that deprived the masses of education. The adverse effect of the implementation of public education on landowners' income from agricultural production has been magnified by the concentration of land ownership. As long as landowners affected the political process and thereby the implementation of growth-enhancing education policies, inequality in the distribution of land ownership has been a hurdle for human capital accumulation, slowing the process of industrialization, and the transition to modern growth. Variation in the distribution of ownership over land and other natural resources across countries has contributed to disparity in human capital formation and the industrial composition of the economy, and thus to divergent development patterns across the globe. Moreover, in some societies, geographical conditions that led to income inequality brought about oppressive institutions designed to maintain the political power of the elite and to preserve the existing inequality."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653761']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A183165377X.jsonld | ['Chapter 4. Migration and Education'] | ["Sjaastad (1962) viewed migration in the same way as education: as an investment in the human agent . Migration and education are decisions that are indeed intertwined in many dimensions. Education and skill acquisition play an important role at many stages of an individual's migration. Differential returns to skills in origin and destination country are a main driver of migration. The economic success of the immigrant in the destination country is to a large extent determined by his or her educational background, how transferable these skills are to the host country labor market and how much he or she invests in further skills after arrival. The desire to acquire skills in the host country that have a high return in the country of origin may be another important reason for a migration. From an intertemporal point of view, the possibility of a later migration may affect educational decisions in the home country long before a migration is realized. In addition, the decisions of migrants regarding their own educational investment and their expectations about future migration plans may affect the educational attainment of their children. But migration and education are not only related for those who migrate or their descendants. Migrations of some individuals may have consequences for educational decisions of those who do not migrate, both in the home and in the host country. By easing credit constraints through remittances, migration of some may help others to go to school. By changing the skill base of the receiving country, migration may change incentives to invest in certain types of human capital. In addition, migrants and their children may create externalities that influence educational outcomes of nonmigrants in the destination country. This chapter will discuss some of the key areas that connect migration and education."] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183165377X'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 4. Migration and Education']
### Abstract:
["Sjaastad (1962) viewed migration in the same way as education: as an investment in the human agent . Migration and education are decisions that are indeed intertwined in many dimensions. Education and skill acquisition play an important role at many stages of an individual's migration. Differential returns to skills in origin and destination country are a main driver of migration. The economic success of the immigrant in the destination country is to a large extent determined by his or her educational background, how transferable these skills are to the host country labor market and how much he or she invests in further skills after arrival. The desire to acquire skills in the host country that have a high return in the country of origin may be another important reason for a migration. From an intertemporal point of view, the possibility of a later migration may affect educational decisions in the home country long before a migration is realized. In addition, the decisions of migrants regarding their own educational investment and their expectations about future migration plans may affect the educational attainment of their children. But migration and education are not only related for those who migrate or their descendants. Migrations of some individuals may have consequences for educational decisions of those who do not migrate, both in the home and in the host country. By easing credit constraints through remittances, migration of some may help others to go to school. By changing the skill base of the receiving country, migration may change incentives to invest in certain types of human capital. In addition, migrants and their children may create externalities that influence educational outcomes of nonmigrants in the destination country. This chapter will discuss some of the key areas that connect migration and education."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183165377X']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653826.jsonld | ['Introduction'] | ['The topics covered by the chapters of the current book Handbook of Economics in Education , step into some of the most obvious gaps that have become evident with the newly emerging research. While there are antecedents to the work in each of the chapters, recent research has taken the ideas into new and productive areas. The first two chapters cover developments in the econometric methods used and the emerging work with the international test score data. The next two chapters deal with family background and peers as much-researched determinants of educational outcomes beyond the traditional school resource inputs. Next are two chapters addressing specific topics related to the teaching profession: salary setting and licensure. Three chapters address separate institutional features of the school system: educational tracking, school accountability, and the GED as a credential for school dropouts. The final two chapters relate to valuation of school quality on the housing market and to apprenticeship as a specific combination of formal education with work-based training that is widely used in several countries, respectively.'] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653826'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Introduction']
### Abstract:
['The topics covered by the chapters of the current book Handbook of Economics in Education , step into some of the most obvious gaps that have become evident with the newly emerging research. While there are antecedents to the work in each of the chapters, recent research has taken the ideas into new and productive areas. The first two chapters cover developments in the econometric methods used and the emerging work with the international test score data. The next two chapters deal with family background and peers as much-researched determinants of educational outcomes beyond the traditional school resource inputs. Next are two chapters addressing specific topics related to the teaching profession: salary setting and licensure. Three chapters address separate institutional features of the school system: educational tracking, school accountability, and the GED as a credential for school dropouts. The final two chapters relate to valuation of school quality on the housing market and to apprenticeship as a specific combination of formal education with work-based training that is widely used in several countries, respectively.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653826']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653850.jsonld | ['Introduction to the Series'] | ['The series Handbooks in Economics produces handbooks for various branches of economics, each of which is a definitive source, reference, and teaching supplement for use by professional researchers and advanced graduate students. Each handbook provides self-contained surveys of the current state of a branch of economics in the form of chapters prepared by leading specialists on various aspects of this branch of economics. These surveys summarize not only received results but also newer developments, from recent journal articles and discussion papers. Some original material is also included, but the main goal is to provide comprehensive and accessible surveys.'] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653850'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Introduction to the Series']
### Abstract:
['The series Handbooks in Economics produces handbooks for various branches of economics, each of which is a definitive source, reference, and teaching supplement for use by professional researchers and advanced graduate students. Each handbook provides self-contained surveys of the current state of a branch of economics in the form of chapters prepared by leading specialists on various aspects of this branch of economics. These surveys summarize not only received results but also newer developments, from recent journal articles and discussion papers. Some original material is also included, but the main goal is to provide comprehensive and accessible surveys.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653850']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653877.jsonld | ['Chapter 10. Housing Valuations of School Performance'] | ['In this Chapter, we critically review the sizable literature that values school quality and performance through housing valuations. While highly variable in terms of research quality, the literature consistently finds housing valuations to be significantly higher in places where measured school quality is higher. Thus parents are prepared to pay substantial amounts of money to get their children educated in better performing schools. This conclusion emerges from studies across many countries, using a variety of identification strategies, and at different levels of the education system.'] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653877'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 10. Housing Valuations of School Performance']
### Abstract:
['In this Chapter, we critically review the sizable literature that values school quality and performance through housing valuations. While highly variable in terms of research quality, the literature consistently finds housing valuations to be significantly higher in places where measured school quality is higher. Thus parents are prepared to pay substantial amounts of money to get their children educated in better performing schools. This conclusion emerges from studies across many countries, using a variety of identification strategies, and at different levels of the education system.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653877']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653885.jsonld | ['Chapter 9. The GED'] | ["The General Educational Development (GED) credential is issued on the basis of an eight-hour subject-based test. The test claims to establish equivalence between dropouts and traditional high school graduates, opening the door to college and positions in the labor market. In 2008 alone, almost 500,000 dropouts passed the test, amounting to 12% of all high school credentials issued in that year. This chapter reviews the academic literature on the GED, which finds minimal value of the certificate in terms of labor market outcomes and that only a few individuals successfully use it as a path to obtain post-secondary credentials. Although the GED establishes cognitive equivalence on one measure of scholastic aptitude, recipients still face limited opportunity due to deficits in noncognitive skills such as persistence, motivation, and reliability. The literature finds that the GED testing program distorts social statistics on high school completion rates, minority graduation gaps, and sources of wage growth. Recent work demonstrates that, through its availability and low cost, the GED also induces some students to drop out of school. The GED program is unique to the United States and Canada, but provides policy insight relevant to any nation's educational context."] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653885'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 9. The GED']
### Abstract:
["The General Educational Development (GED) credential is issued on the basis of an eight-hour subject-based test. The test claims to establish equivalence between dropouts and traditional high school graduates, opening the door to college and positions in the labor market. In 2008 alone, almost 500,000 dropouts passed the test, amounting to 12% of all high school credentials issued in that year. This chapter reviews the academic literature on the GED, which finds minimal value of the certificate in terms of labor market outcomes and that only a few individuals successfully use it as a path to obtain post-secondary credentials. Although the GED establishes cognitive equivalence on one measure of scholastic aptitude, recipients still face limited opportunity due to deficits in noncognitive skills such as persistence, motivation, and reliability. The literature finds that the GED testing program distorts social statistics on high school completion rates, minority graduation gaps, and sources of wage growth. Recent work demonstrates that, through its availability and low cost, the GED also induces some students to drop out of school. The GED program is unique to the United States and Canada, but provides policy insight relevant to any nation's educational context."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653885']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653893.jsonld | ['Chapter 8. School Accountability'] | ["School accountability—the process of evaluating school performance on the basis of student performance measures—is increasingly prevalent around the world. In the United States, accountability has become a centerpiece of both Democratic and Republican federal administrations' education policies. This chapter reviews the theory of school-based accountability, describes variations across programs, and identifies key features influencing the effectiveness and possible unintended consequences of accountability policies. The chapter then summarizes the research literature on the effects of test-based accountability on students and teachers, concluding that the preponderance of evidence suggests positive effects of the accountability movement in the United States during the 1990s and early 2000s on student achievement, especially in math. The effects on teachers and on students' long-run outcomes are more difficult to judge. It is also clear that school personnel respond to accountability in both positive and negative ways, and that accountability systems run the risk of being counter-productive if not carefully thought out and monitored."] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653893'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 8. School Accountability']
### Abstract:
["School accountability—the process of evaluating school performance on the basis of student performance measures—is increasingly prevalent around the world. In the United States, accountability has become a centerpiece of both Democratic and Republican federal administrations' education policies. This chapter reviews the theory of school-based accountability, describes variations across programs, and identifies key features influencing the effectiveness and possible unintended consequences of accountability policies. The chapter then summarizes the research literature on the effects of test-based accountability on students and teachers, concluding that the preponderance of evidence suggests positive effects of the accountability movement in the United States during the 1990s and early 2000s on student achievement, especially in math. The effects on teachers and on students' long-run outcomes are more difficult to judge. It is also clear that school personnel respond to accountability in both positive and negative ways, and that accountability systems run the risk of being counter-productive if not carefully thought out and monitored."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653893']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653907.jsonld | ['Chapter 7. The Economics of Tracking in Education'] | ["Tracking refers to the practice of dividing students by ability or achievement. Students may be tracked within schools by placing them into different classrooms based on achievement, which is the typical practice in countries such as the United States or Canada. Alternatively, students could be streamed into different schools, with either vocational or academic emphases, as has been practiced commonly in Europe. Proponents of tracking argue that tracking can increase the efficiency of schooling by focusing on the needs of distinct groups of students. Opponents' main concerns relate to perpetuating and aggravating inequality. Evaluating effects of tracking on average student achievement and the distribution of achievement is difficult, in part because of variations from study to study and from country to country in the characteristics of the tracking system. Early work, largely in the United States and Britain, used variation across and within schools, and often found that tracking increased inequality in achievement. But more recent work in the United States has questioned these findings, suggesting that careful attention to endogenous placement of students into classrooms and endogenous use of tracking across schools changes results dramatically. Experimental studies on within-school tracking in the United States have produced mixed results, and one experiment in Kenya suggests that tracking can boost the achievement of both low-achieving and high-achieving students. A large body of work now uses geographical variation across regions, countries, grades, and time to identify the effects of tracking. These studies for the most part suggest that tracking aggravates inequality in outcomes. These results are fairly strong, and may be identifying the more dramatic effects that obtain when students are separated into vocational schools and more academically oriented schools, as opposed to the effects of within-school tracking. The paper concludes with an outline of how future research might better categorize and rigorously evaluate the real-world nuances of tracking."] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653907'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 7. The Economics of Tracking in Education']
### Abstract:
["Tracking refers to the practice of dividing students by ability or achievement. Students may be tracked within schools by placing them into different classrooms based on achievement, which is the typical practice in countries such as the United States or Canada. Alternatively, students could be streamed into different schools, with either vocational or academic emphases, as has been practiced commonly in Europe. Proponents of tracking argue that tracking can increase the efficiency of schooling by focusing on the needs of distinct groups of students. Opponents' main concerns relate to perpetuating and aggravating inequality. Evaluating effects of tracking on average student achievement and the distribution of achievement is difficult, in part because of variations from study to study and from country to country in the characteristics of the tracking system. Early work, largely in the United States and Britain, used variation across and within schools, and often found that tracking increased inequality in achievement. But more recent work in the United States has questioned these findings, suggesting that careful attention to endogenous placement of students into classrooms and endogenous use of tracking across schools changes results dramatically. Experimental studies on within-school tracking in the United States have produced mixed results, and one experiment in Kenya suggests that tracking can boost the achievement of both low-achieving and high-achieving students. A large body of work now uses geographical variation across regions, countries, grades, and time to identify the effects of tracking. These studies for the most part suggest that tracking aggravates inequality in outcomes. These results are fairly strong, and may be identifying the more dramatic effects that obtain when students are separated into vocational schools and more academically oriented schools, as opposed to the effects of within-school tracking. The paper concludes with an outline of how future research might better categorize and rigorously evaluate the real-world nuances of tracking."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653907']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653915.jsonld | ['Chapter 6. Licensure : Exploring the Value of this Gateway to the Teacher Workforce'] | ['Empirical research bears out the conventional wisdom that teacher quality is the key schooling resource influencing student achievement, so it is not surprising that policy makers attempt to influence it by regulating admission into the teacher labor market through licensure systems. Most of these systems require teachers to graduate from an approved teacher training institution and pass one or more tests, the notion being that these preservice requirements ensure a basic level of teacher competence. A criticism, however, is that these requirements dissuade talented individuals from attempting to become teachers, thereby lowering the quality of teachers in the workforce. It is shocking how little we actually know about key aspects of the teacher licensure–teacher quality equation. The great majority of the empirical literature on licensure speaks to one crucial link in the teacher licensure–teacher quality equation: the correlation between licensure requirements and student achievement. In general this literature suggests only weak links between specific licensure requirements and student achievement. Far less evidence exists on the impact of licensure on the pool of potential teachers, or who school district hiring officials would employ in the face of fewer requirements, or the absence of requirements altogether.'] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653915'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 6. Licensure : Exploring the Value of this Gateway to the Teacher Workforce']
### Abstract:
['Empirical research bears out the conventional wisdom that teacher quality is the key schooling resource influencing student achievement, so it is not surprising that policy makers attempt to influence it by regulating admission into the teacher labor market through licensure systems. Most of these systems require teachers to graduate from an approved teacher training institution and pass one or more tests, the notion being that these preservice requirements ensure a basic level of teacher competence. A criticism, however, is that these requirements dissuade talented individuals from attempting to become teachers, thereby lowering the quality of teachers in the workforce. It is shocking how little we actually know about key aspects of the teacher licensure–teacher quality equation. The great majority of the empirical literature on licensure speaks to one crucial link in the teacher licensure–teacher quality equation: the correlation between licensure requirements and student achievement. In general this literature suggests only weak links between specific licensure requirements and student achievement. Far less evidence exists on the impact of licensure on the pool of potential teachers, or who school district hiring officials would employ in the face of fewer requirements, or the absence of requirements altogether.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653915']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653931.jsonld | ['Chapter 4. Peer Effects in Education: How Might They Work, How Big Are They and How Much Do We Know Thus Far?'] | ['This chapter summarizes the recent literature on peer effects in student outcomes at the elementary, secondary, and post-secondary levels. Linear-in-means models find modest sized and statistically significant peer effects in test scores. But the linear-in-means model masks considerable heterogeneity in the effects experienced by different types of students. Using nonlinear models, one prevalent finding is larger peer effects in which high ability students benefit from the presence of other high ability students. Studies that stratify students by race and ability often find that students are affected both by the racial composition of their peers and by the achievement of their same-race peers. At the university level, several studies find modest sized effects from dormmate and roommate background on own academic performance. For both university and high school students, the measured peer effects on “social” outcomes such as drinking are larger than the effects on academic outcomes. Many authors find substantial peer effects in drinking, drug use, and criminal behavior. This chapter suggest areas for future investigation and data collection.'] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653931'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 4. Peer Effects in Education: How Might They Work, How Big Are They and How Much Do We Know Thus Far?']
### Abstract:
['This chapter summarizes the recent literature on peer effects in student outcomes at the elementary, secondary, and post-secondary levels. Linear-in-means models find modest sized and statistically significant peer effects in test scores. But the linear-in-means model masks considerable heterogeneity in the effects experienced by different types of students. Using nonlinear models, one prevalent finding is larger peer effects in which high ability students benefit from the presence of other high ability students. Studies that stratify students by race and ability often find that students are affected both by the racial composition of their peers and by the achievement of their same-race peers. At the university level, several studies find modest sized effects from dormmate and roommate background on own academic performance. For both university and high school students, the measured peer effects on “social” outcomes such as drinking are larger than the effects on academic outcomes. Many authors find substantial peer effects in drinking, drug use, and criminal behavior. This chapter suggest areas for future investigation and data collection.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653931']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A183165394X.jsonld | ['Chapter 3. Education and Family Background : Mechanisms and Policies'] | ["In every society for which we have data, people's educational achievement is positively correlated with their parents' education or with other indicators of their parents' socio-economic status. This topic is central in social science, and there is no doubt that research has intensified during recent decades, not least thanks to better data having become accessible to researchers. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize and evaluate recent empirical research on education and family background. Broadly speaking, we focus on two related but distinct motivations for this topic. The first is equality of opportunity. Here, the major research issues are: How important a determinant of educational attainment is family background, and is family background—in the broad sense that incorporates factors not chosen by the individual—a major, or only a minor, determinant of educational attainment? What are the mechanisms that make family background important? Have specific policy reforms been successful in reducing the impact of family background on educational achievement? The second common starting point for recent research has been the child development perspective. Here, the focus is on how human-capital accumulation is affected by early childhood resources. Studies with this focus address the questions: What types of parental resources or inputs are important for children's development, why are they important, and when are they important? In addition, this literature focuses on exploring which types of economic policy, and what timing of the policy in relation to children's social and cognitive development, are conducive to children's performance and adult outcomes. The policy interest in this research is whether policies that change parents' resources and restrictions have causal effects on their children."] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183165394X'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 3. Education and Family Background : Mechanisms and Policies']
### Abstract:
["In every society for which we have data, people's educational achievement is positively correlated with their parents' education or with other indicators of their parents' socio-economic status. This topic is central in social science, and there is no doubt that research has intensified during recent decades, not least thanks to better data having become accessible to researchers. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize and evaluate recent empirical research on education and family background. Broadly speaking, we focus on two related but distinct motivations for this topic. The first is equality of opportunity. Here, the major research issues are: How important a determinant of educational attainment is family background, and is family background—in the broad sense that incorporates factors not chosen by the individual—a major, or only a minor, determinant of educational attainment? What are the mechanisms that make family background important? Have specific policy reforms been successful in reducing the impact of family background on educational achievement? The second common starting point for recent research has been the child development perspective. Here, the focus is on how human-capital accumulation is affected by early childhood resources. Studies with this focus address the questions: What types of parental resources or inputs are important for children's development, why are they important, and when are they important? In addition, this literature focuses on exploring which types of economic policy, and what timing of the policy in relation to children's social and cognitive development, are conducive to children's performance and adult outcomes. The policy interest in this research is whether policies that change parents' resources and restrictions have causal effects on their children."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183165394X']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831653958.jsonld | ['Chapter 2. The Economics of International Differences in Educational Achievement'] | ['An emerging economic literature over the past decade has made use of international tests of educational achievement to analyze the determinants and impacts of cognitive skills. The cross-country comparative approach provides a number of unique advantages over national studies: It can exploit institutional variation that does not exist within countries; draw on much larger variation than usually available within any country; reveal whether any result is country-specific or more general; test whether effects are systematically heterogeneous in different settings; circumvent selection issues that plague within-country identification by using system-level aggregated measures; and uncover general-equilibrium effects that often elude studies in a single country. The advantages come at the price of concerns about the limited number of country observations, the cross-sectional character of most available achievement data, and possible bias from unobserved country factors like culture. This chapter reviews the economic literature on international differences in educational achievement, restricting itself to comparative analyses that are not possible within single countries and placing particular emphasis on studies trying to address key issues of empirical identification. While quantitative input measures show little impact, several measures of institutional structures and of the quality of the teaching force can account for significant portions of the large international differences in the level and equity of student achievement. Variations in skills measured by the international tests are in turn strongly related to individual labor-market outcomes and, perhaps more importantly, to cross-country variations in economic growth.'] | ['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653958'] | ['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 2. The Economics of International Differences in Educational Achievement']
### Abstract:
['An emerging economic literature over the past decade has made use of international tests of educational achievement to analyze the determinants and impacts of cognitive skills. The cross-country comparative approach provides a number of unique advantages over national studies: It can exploit institutional variation that does not exist within countries; draw on much larger variation than usually available within any country; reveal whether any result is country-specific or more general; test whether effects are systematically heterogeneous in different settings; circumvent selection issues that plague within-country identification by using system-level aggregated measures; and uncover general-equilibrium effects that often elude studies in a single country. The advantages come at the price of concerns about the limited number of country observations, the cross-sectional character of most available achievement data, and possible bias from unobserved country factors like culture. This chapter reviews the economic literature on international differences in educational achievement, restricting itself to comparative analyses that are not possible within single countries and placing particular emphasis on studies trying to address key issues of empirical identification. While quantitative input measures show little impact, several measures of institutional structures and of the quality of the teaching force can account for significant portions of the large international differences in the level and equity of student achievement. Variations in skills measured by the international tests are in turn strongly related to individual labor-market outcomes and, perhaps more importantly, to cross-country variations in economic growth.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4006664-2', 'gnd:4036229-2', 'gnd:4112628-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831653958']
### GND class:
['Bildungsökonomie', 'Lohn', 'Ausbildung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654032.jsonld | ['Chapter 12. Financial Intermediaries and Monetary Economics'] | ['We reconsider the role of financial intermediaries in monetary economics, and explore the hypothesis that the financial intermediary sector is the engine that drives the financial cycle through fluctuations in the price of risk. In this framework, balance sheet quantities emerge as a key indicator of risk appetite and, hence, for the “risk-taking channel” of monetary policy. We document evidence that balance sheets of financial intermediaries provide a window on the transmission of monetary policy through capital market conditions. Short-term interest rates are found to be important in influencing the size of financial intermediary balance sheets. Our findings suggest that the traditional focus on the money stock for the conduct of monetary policy may have more modern counterparts, and suggest the importance of tracking balance sheet quantities.'] | ['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654032'] | ['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 12. Financial Intermediaries and Monetary Economics']
### Abstract:
['We reconsider the role of financial intermediaries in monetary economics, and explore the hypothesis that the financial intermediary sector is the engine that drives the financial cycle through fluctuations in the price of risk. In this framework, balance sheet quantities emerge as a key indicator of risk appetite and, hence, for the “risk-taking channel” of monetary policy. We document evidence that balance sheets of financial intermediaries provide a window on the transmission of monetary policy through capital market conditions. Short-term interest rates are found to be important in influencing the size of financial intermediary balance sheets. Our findings suggest that the traditional focus on the money stock for the conduct of monetary policy may have more modern counterparts, and suggest the importance of tracking balance sheet quantities.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654032']
### GND class:
['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654067.jsonld | ['Chapter 9. Inflation Persistence'] | ['This chapter examines the concept of inflation persistence in macroeconomic theory. It begins by defining persistence — emphasizing the difference between reduced-form and structural persistence. It then examines a number of empirical measures of reduced-form persistence, considering the possibility that persistence may have changed over time. The chapter then examines the theoretical sources of persistence, distinguishing “intrinsic” from “inherited” persistence, and deriving a number of analytical results on persistence, emphasizing the influence of the monetary policy regime. It summarizes the implications for persistence from the literature on imperfect information models, learning models, and so-called “trend inflation models,” providing some new results throughout. Finally, it summarizes the results on persistence from the many studies of disaggregated price data.'] | ['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654067'] | ['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 9. Inflation Persistence']
### Abstract:
['This chapter examines the concept of inflation persistence in macroeconomic theory. It begins by defining persistence — emphasizing the difference between reduced-form and structural persistence. It then examines a number of empirical measures of reduced-form persistence, considering the possibility that persistence may have changed over time. The chapter then examines the theoretical sources of persistence, distinguishing “intrinsic” from “inherited” persistence, and deriving a number of analytical results on persistence, emphasizing the influence of the monetary policy regime. It summarizes the implications for persistence from the literature on imperfect information models, learning models, and so-called “trend inflation models,” providing some new results throughout. Finally, it summarizes the results on persistence from the many studies of disaggregated price data.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654067']
### GND class:
['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654075.jsonld | ['Chapter 8. How Has the Monetary Transmission Mechanism Evolved Over Time?'] | ['We discuss the evolution in macroeconomic thought on the monetary policy transmission mechanism and present related empirical evidence. The core channels of policy transmission — the neoclassical links between short-term policy interest rates, other asset prices such as long-term interest rates, equity prices, and the exchange rate, and the consequent effects on household and business demand — have remained steady from early policy-oriented models (like the Penn-MIT-SSRC MPS model) to modern dynamic, stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. In contrast, non-neoclassical channels, such as credit-based channels, have remained outside the core models. In conjunction with this evolution in theory and modeling, there have been notable changes in policy behavior (with policy more focused on price stability) and in the reduced form correlations of policy interest rates with activity in the United States. Regulatory effects on credit provision have also changed significantly. As a result, we review the empirical evidence on the changes in the effect of monetary policy actions on real activity and inflation and present new evidence, using both a relatively unrestricted factor-augmented vector autoregression (FAVAR) and a DSGE model. Both approaches yield similar results: Monetary policy innovations have a more muted effect on real activity and inflation in recent decades as compared to the effects before 1980. Our analysis suggests that these shifts are accounted for by changes in policy behavior and the effect of these changes on expectations, leaving little role for changes in underlying private-sector behavior (outside shifts related to monetary policy changes).'] | ['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654075'] | ['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 8. How Has the Monetary Transmission Mechanism Evolved Over Time?']
### Abstract:
['We discuss the evolution in macroeconomic thought on the monetary policy transmission mechanism and present related empirical evidence. The core channels of policy transmission — the neoclassical links between short-term policy interest rates, other asset prices such as long-term interest rates, equity prices, and the exchange rate, and the consequent effects on household and business demand — have remained steady from early policy-oriented models (like the Penn-MIT-SSRC MPS model) to modern dynamic, stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. In contrast, non-neoclassical channels, such as credit-based channels, have remained outside the core models. In conjunction with this evolution in theory and modeling, there have been notable changes in policy behavior (with policy more focused on price stability) and in the reduced form correlations of policy interest rates with activity in the United States. Regulatory effects on credit provision have also changed significantly. As a result, we review the empirical evidence on the changes in the effect of monetary policy actions on real activity and inflation and present new evidence, using both a relatively unrestricted factor-augmented vector autoregression (FAVAR) and a DSGE model. Both approaches yield similar results: Monetary policy innovations have a more muted effect on real activity and inflation in recent decades as compared to the effects before 1980. Our analysis suggests that these shifts are accounted for by changes in policy behavior and the effect of these changes on expectations, leaving little role for changes in underlying private-sector behavior (outside shifts related to monetary policy changes).']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654075']
### GND class:
['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654083.jsonld | ['Chapter 7. DSGE Models for Monetary Policy Analysis'] | ['Monetary DSGE models are widely used because they fit the data well and they can be used to address important monetary policy questions. We provide a selective review of these developments. Policy analysis with DSGE models requires using data to assign numerical values to model parameters. The chapter describes and implements Bayesian moment matching and impulse response matching procedures for this purpose.'] | ['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654083'] | ['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 7. DSGE Models for Monetary Policy Analysis']
### Abstract:
['Monetary DSGE models are widely used because they fit the data well and they can be used to address important monetary policy questions. We provide a selective review of these developments. Policy analysis with DSGE models requires using data to assign numerical values to model parameters. The chapter describes and implements Bayesian moment matching and impulse response matching procedures for this purpose.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654083']
### GND class:
['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654105.jsonld | ['Chapter 5. Imperfect Information and Aggregate Supply'] | ['This paper surveys the research in the past decade on imperfect information models of aggregate supply and the Phillips curve. This new work has emphasized that information is dispersed and disseminates slowly across a population of agents who strategically interact in their use of information. We discuss the foundations on which models of aggregate supply rest, as well as the microfoundations for two classes of imperfect information models: models with partial information, where agents observe economic conditions with noise, and models with delayed information, where they observe economic conditions with a lag. We derive the implications of these two classes of models for the existence of a nonvertical aggregate supply, the persistence of the real effects of monetary policy, the difference between idiosyncratic and aggregate shocks, the dynamics of disagreement, and the role of transparency in policy. Finally, we present some of the topics on the research frontier in this area.'] | ['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654105'] | ['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 5. Imperfect Information and Aggregate Supply']
### Abstract:
['This paper surveys the research in the past decade on imperfect information models of aggregate supply and the Phillips curve. This new work has emphasized that information is dispersed and disseminates slowly across a population of agents who strategically interact in their use of information. We discuss the foundations on which models of aggregate supply rest, as well as the microfoundations for two classes of imperfect information models: models with partial information, where agents observe economic conditions with noise, and models with delayed information, where they observe economic conditions with a lag. We derive the implications of these two classes of models for the existence of a nonvertical aggregate supply, the persistence of the real effects of monetary policy, the difference between idiosyncratic and aggregate shocks, the dynamics of disagreement, and the role of transparency in policy. Finally, we present some of the topics on the research frontier in this area.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654105']
### GND class:
['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654113.jsonld | ['Chapter 4. Rational Inattention and Monetary Economics'] | ['Rational inattention theory is economic theory that recognizes that people have finite information-processing capacity, in the sense of Shannon and engineering information theory. This approach is still in the early stages of development, but it promises to provide a unified explanation for some of the frictions and delays that are important in dynamic macroeconomics and finance. In this chapter we introduce the basic ideas of information theory, show how it can be introduced formally into dynamic optimization problems, discuss existing applications of the approach, and indicate some of its implications for macroeconomic modeling and monetary policy.'] | ['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654113'] | ['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 4. Rational Inattention and Monetary Economics']
### Abstract:
['Rational inattention theory is economic theory that recognizes that people have finite information-processing capacity, in the sense of Shannon and engineering information theory. This approach is still in the early stages of development, but it promises to provide a unified explanation for some of the frictions and delays that are important in dynamic macroeconomics and finance. In this chapter we introduce the basic ideas of information theory, show how it can be introduced formally into dynamic optimization problems, discuss existing applications of the approach, and indicate some of its implications for macroeconomic modeling and monetary policy.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654113']
### GND class:
['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654121.jsonld | ['Chapter 3. Money and Inflation : Some Critical Issues'] | ['We consider what, if any, relationship there is between monetary aggregates and inflation, and whether there is any substantial reason for modifying the current mainstream mode of policy analysis, which frequently does not consider monetary aggregates at all. We begin by considering the body of thought known as the “quantity theory of money.” The quantity theory centers on the prediction that there will be a long-run proportionate reaction of the price level to an exogenous increase in the nominal money stock. The nominal homogeneity conditions that deliver the quantity-theory result are the same as those that deliver monetary neutrality, an important principle behind policy formulation. The quantity theory implies a ceteris paribus unitary relationship between inflation and money growth. Simulations of a New Keynesian model suggest that we should expect this relationship to be apparent in time series data, with no heavy averaging or filtering required, but with allowance needed for the phase shift in the relationship between monetary growth rates and inflation. While financial innovation can obscure the relationship between monetary growth and inflation, evidence of a money growth/inflation relationship does emerge from the United States time series and G7 panel data. Various considerations suggest that studies of inflation and monetary policy behavior can benefit from including both interest rates and money in the empirical analysis.'] | ['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654121'] | ['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 3. Money and Inflation : Some Critical Issues']
### Abstract:
['We consider what, if any, relationship there is between monetary aggregates and inflation, and whether there is any substantial reason for modifying the current mainstream mode of policy analysis, which frequently does not consider monetary aggregates at all. We begin by considering the body of thought known as the “quantity theory of money.” The quantity theory centers on the prediction that there will be a long-run proportionate reaction of the price level to an exogenous increase in the nominal money stock. The nominal homogeneity conditions that deliver the quantity-theory result are the same as those that deliver monetary neutrality, an important principle behind policy formulation. The quantity theory implies a ceteris paribus unitary relationship between inflation and money growth. Simulations of a New Keynesian model suggest that we should expect this relationship to be apparent in time series data, with no heavy averaging or filtering required, but with allowance needed for the phase shift in the relationship between monetary growth rates and inflation. While financial innovation can obscure the relationship between monetary growth and inflation, evidence of a money growth/inflation relationship does emerge from the United States time series and G7 panel data. Various considerations suggest that studies of inflation and monetary policy behavior can benefit from including both interest rates and money in the empirical analysis.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654121']
### GND class:
['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A183165413X.jsonld | ['Chapter 2. New Monetarist Economics : Models'] | ['The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the models used in New Monetarist Economics, which is our label for a body of recent work on money, banking, payments systems, asset markets, and related topics. A key principle in New Monetarism is that solid microfoundations are critical for understanding monetary issues. We survey recent papers on monetary theory, showing how they build on common foundations. We then lay out a tractable benchmark version of the model that allows us to address a variety of issues. We use it to analyze some classic economic topics, like the welfare effects of inflation, the relationship between money and capital accumulation, and the Phillips curve. We also extend the benchmark model in new ways, and show how it can be used to generate new insights in the study of payments, banking, and asset markets.'] | ['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183165413X'] | ['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 2. New Monetarist Economics : Models']
### Abstract:
['The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the models used in New Monetarist Economics, which is our label for a body of recent work on money, banking, payments systems, asset markets, and related topics. A key principle in New Monetarism is that solid microfoundations are critical for understanding monetary issues. We survey recent papers on monetary theory, showing how they build on common foundations. We then lay out a tractable benchmark version of the model that allows us to address a variety of issues. We use it to analyze some classic economic topics, like the welfare effects of inflation, the relationship between money and capital accumulation, and the Phillips curve. We also extend the benchmark model in new ways, and show how it can be used to generate new insights in the study of payments, banking, and asset markets.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4019902-2', 'gnd:4121333-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183165413X']
### GND class:
['Geldpolitik', 'Geldtheorie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654199.jsonld | ['Social Economics : A Brief Introduction to the Handbook'] | ['This chapter provides an introduction to social economics, the study, with the methods of economics, of social phenomena in which aggregates affect individual choices. Such phenomena include social norms and conventions, cultural identities and stereotypes, peer and neighborhood effects, etcetera. The aim is to illustrate the intellectual vitality and richness of the recent literature in social economics by organizing its main contributions in a series of surveys. Social economics, for instance, does not lend itself naturally to a classic distinction along the theory/empirical work line, as concepts and measurements are often developed in tight connection with each other. Traditionally, economists have considered preferences as exogenous parameters for the study of individual choice. These self-imposed constraints have traditionally limited the scope of economic theory outside of purely economic phenomena, such as markets. A different approach to the study of the endogenous formation of preferences is to characterize those systems of preferences that are stable under some specific dynamic selection mechanism. Economists have traditionally studied externalities as well as strategic interactions, that is, environments in which the actions of some agents affect either the set of feasible actions available to other agents or their preferences.'] | ['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654199'] | ['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm'] | Document
### Title: ['Social Economics : A Brief Introduction to the Handbook']
### Abstract:
['This chapter provides an introduction to social economics, the study, with the methods of economics, of social phenomena in which aggregates affect individual choices. Such phenomena include social norms and conventions, cultural identities and stereotypes, peer and neighborhood effects, etcetera. The aim is to illustrate the intellectual vitality and richness of the recent literature in social economics by organizing its main contributions in a series of surveys. Social economics, for instance, does not lend itself naturally to a classic distinction along the theory/empirical work line, as concepts and measurements are often developed in tight connection with each other. Traditionally, economists have considered preferences as exogenous parameters for the study of individual choice. These self-imposed constraints have traditionally limited the scope of economic theory outside of purely economic phenomena, such as markets. A different approach to the study of the endogenous formation of preferences is to characterize those systems of preferences that are stable under some specific dynamic selection mechanism. Economists have traditionally studied externalities as well as strategic interactions, that is, environments in which the actions of some agents affect either the set of feasible actions available to other agents or their preferences.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654199']
### GND class:
['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654210.jsonld | ['Contributors'] | ['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book, Handbook of Social Economics, such as Alberto Alesina, Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and others. Their names have been mentioned along with their addressfor reference to the reader.'] | ['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654210'] | ['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm'] | Document
### Title: ['Contributors']
### Abstract:
['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book, Handbook of Social Economics, such as Alberto Alesina, Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and others. Their names have been mentioned along with their addressfor reference to the reader.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654210']
### GND class:
['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654245.jsonld | ['Chapter 15. Learning in Networks'] | ['We choose between alternatives without being fully informed about the rewards from different courses of action. In making our decisions, we use our own past experience and the experience of others. So the ways in which we interact - our social network - can influence our choices. These choices in turn influence the generation of new information and shape future choices. These considerations motivate a rich research programme on how social networks shape individual and collective learning. The present paper provides a summary of this research.'] | ['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654245'] | ['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 15. Learning in Networks']
### Abstract:
['We choose between alternatives without being fully informed about the rewards from different courses of action. In making our decisions, we use our own past experience and the experience of others. So the ways in which we interact - our social network - can influence our choices. These choices in turn influence the generation of new information and shape future choices. These considerations motivate a rich research programme on how social networks shape individual and collective learning. The present paper provides a summary of this research.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654245']
### GND class:
['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654253.jsonld | ['Chapter 14. Diffusion, Strategic Interaction, and Social Structure'] | ['We provide an overview and synthesis of the literature on how social networks influence behaviors, with a focus on diffusion. We discuss some highlights from the empirical literature on the impact of networks on behaviors and diffusion. We also discuss some of the more prominent models of network interactions, including recent advances regarding interdependent behaviors, modeled via games on networks.'] | ['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654253'] | ['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 14. Diffusion, Strategic Interaction, and Social Structure']
### Abstract:
['We provide an overview and synthesis of the literature on how social networks influence behaviors, with a focus on diffusion. We discuss some highlights from the empirical literature on the impact of networks on behaviors and diffusion. We also discuss some of the more prominent models of network interactions, including recent advances regarding interdependent behaviors, modeled via games on networks.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654253']
### GND class:
['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654288.jsonld | ['Chapter 11. Does Culture Matter?'] | ['This paper reviews the literature on culture and economics, focusing primarily on the epidemiological approach. The epidemiological approach studies the variation in outcomes across different immigrant groups residing in the same country. Immigrants presumably differ in their cultures but share a common institutional and economic environment. This allows one to separate the effect of culture from the original economic and institutional environment. This approach has been used to study a variety of issues, including female labor force participaiton, fertility, labor market regulation, redistribution, growth, and financial development among others.'] | ['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654288'] | ['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 11. Does Culture Matter?']
### Abstract:
['This paper reviews the literature on culture and economics, focusing primarily on the epidemiological approach. The epidemiological approach studies the variation in outcomes across different immigrant groups residing in the same country. Immigrants presumably differ in their cultures but share a common institutional and economic environment. This allows one to separate the effect of culture from the original economic and institutional environment. This approach has been used to study a variety of issues, including female labor force participaiton, fertility, labor market regulation, redistribution, growth, and financial development among others.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654288']
### GND class:
['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654296.jsonld | ['Chapter 10. Civic Capital as the Missing Link'] | ['This chapter reviews the recent debate about the role of social capital in economics. We argue that all the difficulties this concept has encountered in economics are due to a vague and excessively broad definition. For this reason, we restrict social capital to the set of values and beliefs that help cooperation, which for clarity we label civic capital . We argue that this definition differentiates social capital from human capital and satisfies the properties of the standard notion of capital. We then argue that civic capital can explain why differences in economic performance persist over centuries and discuss how the effect of civic capital can be distinguished empirically from other variables that affect economic performance and its persistence, including institutions and geography.'] | ['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654296'] | ['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 10. Civic Capital as the Missing Link']
### Abstract:
['This chapter reviews the recent debate about the role of social capital in economics. We argue that all the difficulties this concept has encountered in economics are due to a vague and excessively broad definition. For this reason, we restrict social capital to the set of values and beliefs that help cooperation, which for clarity we label civic capital . We argue that this definition differentiates social capital from human capital and satisfies the properties of the standard notion of capital. We then argue that civic capital can explain why differences in economic performance persist over centuries and discuss how the effect of civic capital can be distinguished empirically from other variables that affect economic performance and its persistence, including institutions and geography.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654296']
### GND class:
['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm']
<|eot_id|> |
3A183165430X.jsonld | ['Chapter 9. The Economics of Cultural Transmission and Socialization'] | ['This paper presents a survey of the theoretical and empirical literature on cultural transmission and socialization. It has been prepared for the Handbook of Social Economics , edited by Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and Matt Jackson, to be published by Elsevier Science in 2010.'] | ['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183165430X'] | ['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 9. The Economics of Cultural Transmission and Socialization']
### Abstract:
['This paper presents a survey of the theoretical and empirical literature on cultural transmission and socialization. It has been prepared for the Handbook of Social Economics , edited by Jess Benhabib, Alberto Bisin, and Matt Jackson, to be published by Elsevier Science in 2010.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183165430X']
### GND class:
['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654342.jsonld | ['Chapter 5. Theories of Statistical Discrimination and Affirmative Action: A Survey'] | ['This chapter surveys the theoretical literature on statistical discrimination and affirmative action. This literature suggests different explanations for the existence and persistence of group inequality. This survey highlights such differences and describes in these contexts the effects of color-sighted and color-blind affirmative action policies, and the efficiency implications of discriminatory outcomes.'] | ['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654342'] | ['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 5. Theories of Statistical Discrimination and Affirmative Action: A Survey']
### Abstract:
['This chapter surveys the theoretical literature on statistical discrimination and affirmative action. This literature suggests different explanations for the existence and persistence of group inequality. This survey highlights such differences and describes in these contexts the effects of color-sighted and color-blind affirmative action policies, and the efficiency implications of discriminatory outcomes.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654342']
### GND class:
['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654369.jsonld | ['Chapter 3. Preferences for Status : Evidence and Economic Implications'] | ['This chapter brings together some of the recent empirical and experimental evidence regarding preferences for social status. While briefly reviewing evidence from different literatures that is consistent with the existence of preferences for status, we pay special attention to experimental work that attempts to study status directly by inducing it in the lab. Finally, we discuss some economic implications.'] | ['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654369'] | ['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 3. Preferences for Status : Evidence and Economic Implications']
### Abstract:
['This chapter brings together some of the recent empirical and experimental evidence regarding preferences for social status. While briefly reviewing evidence from different literatures that is consistent with the existence of preferences for status, we pay special attention to experimental work that attempts to study status directly by inducing it in the lab. Finally, we discuss some economic implications.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654369']
### GND class:
['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654377.jsonld | ['Chapter 2. Social Norms and Preferences, Chapter for the Handbook for Social Economics edited by J. Benhabib, A. Bisin and M. Jackson'] | ["Social norms are often posited as an explanation of differences in economic behavior and performance of societies that are difficult to explain by differences in endowments and technology. Economists are often reluctant to incorporate social aspects into their analyses when doing so leads to models that depart from the standard model. I discuss ways that agents' social environment can be accommodated in standard models and the advantages and disadvantages of doing so."] | ['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654377'] | ['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 2. Social Norms and Preferences, Chapter for the Handbook for Social Economics edited by J. Benhabib, A. Bisin and M. Jackson']
### Abstract:
["Social norms are often posited as an explanation of differences in economic behavior and performance of societies that are difficult to explain by differences in endowments and technology. Economists are often reluctant to incorporate social aspects into their analyses when doing so leads to models that depart from the standard model. I discuss ways that agents' social environment can be accommodated in standard models and the advantages and disadvantages of doing so."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654377']
### GND class:
['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654385.jsonld | ['Chapter 1. Nature and Nurture Effects On Childrens Outcomes : What Have We Learned From Studies of Twins And Adoptees?'] | ["There is a rich history of using data from twins and from adoptees to control for genetic influences and thereby examine the impact of environment on children's outcomes. The behavioral genetics model is the workhorse of this literature and for a variety of outcomes including IQ scores and personality measures behavioral geneticists find that the bulk of the variance that can be explained is correlated with genetic influences. However, finding that variation in test scores has a large genetic component is quite different than asking whether test scores can be improved by interventions and changes in policy or whether such interventions pass a cost benefit test. Economists have recently begun asking how the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment, income and health vary when a child is being raised by adoptive rather than biological parents. Results suggest that both the biological and the nurturing parents contribute a great deal to the transmission of income and education to their children"] | ['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654385'] | ['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 1. Nature and Nurture Effects On Childrens Outcomes : What Have We Learned From Studies of Twins And Adoptees?']
### Abstract:
["There is a rich history of using data from twins and from adoptees to control for genetic influences and thereby examine the impact of environment on children's outcomes. The behavioral genetics model is the workhorse of this literature and for a variety of outcomes including IQ scores and personality measures behavioral geneticists find that the bulk of the variance that can be explained is correlated with genetic influences. However, finding that variation in test scores has a large genetic component is quite different than asking whether test scores can be improved by interventions and changes in policy or whether such interventions pass a cost benefit test. Economists have recently begun asking how the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment, income and health vary when a child is being raised by adoptive rather than biological parents. Results suggest that both the biological and the nurturing parents contribute a great deal to the transmission of income and education to their children"]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4027266-7', 'gnd:4066514-8', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4120990-4', 'gnd:4132883-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654385']
### GND class:
['Interaktion', 'Wirtschaftssoziologie', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Bekundete Präferenz', 'Soziale Norm']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654490.jsonld | ['Chapter 9. Analysis of Numerical Errors'] | ['This paper provides a general framework for the quantitative analysis of stochastic dynamic models. We review the convergence properties of some numerical algorithms and available methods to bound approximation errors. We then address the convergence and accuracy properties of the simulated moments. We study both optimal and non-optimal economies. Optimal economies generate smooth laws of motion defining Markov equilibria, and can be approximated by recursive methods with contractive properties. Non-optimal economies, however, lack existence of continuous Markov equilibria, and need to be simulated by numerical methods with weaker approximation properties.'] | ['gnd:4112736-5', 'gnd:4132280-0', 'gnd:4148259-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654490'] | ['Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 9. Analysis of Numerical Errors']
### Abstract:
['This paper provides a general framework for the quantitative analysis of stochastic dynamic models. We review the convergence properties of some numerical algorithms and available methods to bound approximation errors. We then address the convergence and accuracy properties of the simulated moments. We study both optimal and non-optimal economies. Optimal economies generate smooth laws of motion defining Markov equilibria, and can be approximated by recursive methods with contractive properties. Non-optimal economies, however, lack existence of continuous Markov equilibria, and need to be simulated by numerical methods with weaker approximation properties.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4112736-5', 'gnd:4132280-0', 'gnd:4148259-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654490']
### GND class:
['Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654504.jsonld | ['Chapter 8. Advances in Numerical Dynamic Programming and New Applications'] | ['Dynamic programming is the essential tool in dynamic economic analysis. Problems such as portfolio allocation for individuals and optimal economic growth are typical examples. Numerical methods typically approximate the value function. Recent work has focused on making numerical methods more stable, and more efficient in its use of information. This chapter presents two examples where numerical dynamic programming is applied to high-dimensional problems from finance and the integration of climate and economic systems.'] | ['gnd:4112736-5', 'gnd:4132280-0', 'gnd:4148259-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654504'] | ['Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 8. Advances in Numerical Dynamic Programming and New Applications']
### Abstract:
['Dynamic programming is the essential tool in dynamic economic analysis. Problems such as portfolio allocation for individuals and optimal economic growth are typical examples. Numerical methods typically approximate the value function. Recent work has focused on making numerical methods more stable, and more efficient in its use of information. This chapter presents two examples where numerical dynamic programming is applied to high-dimensional problems from finance and the integration of climate and economic systems.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4112736-5', 'gnd:4132280-0', 'gnd:4148259-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654504']
### GND class:
['Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654539.jsonld | ['Chapter 5. Computational Methods for Derivatives with Early Exercise Features'] | ['In this paper we consider various computational methods for pricing American style derivatives. We do so under both jump diffusion and stochastic volatility processes. We consider integral transform methods, the method of lines, operator-splitting, and the Crank-Nicolson scheme, the latter being used to generate the benchmark solution. Overall, we find that the method of lines approach is quite competitive with other methods for the problems considered in this paper. As one goes to higher dimensions it may be necessary to use methods such as the sparse grid approach.'] | ['gnd:4112736-5', 'gnd:4132280-0', 'gnd:4148259-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654539'] | ['Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 5. Computational Methods for Derivatives with Early Exercise Features']
### Abstract:
['In this paper we consider various computational methods for pricing American style derivatives. We do so under both jump diffusion and stochastic volatility processes. We consider integral transform methods, the method of lines, operator-splitting, and the Crank-Nicolson scheme, the latter being used to generate the benchmark solution. Overall, we find that the method of lines approach is quite competitive with other methods for the problems considered in this paper. As one goes to higher dimensions it may be necessary to use methods such as the sparse grid approach.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4112736-5', 'gnd:4132280-0', 'gnd:4148259-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654539']
### GND class:
['Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654571.jsonld | ['Chapter 1. Learning About Learning in Dynamic Economic Models'] | ['This chapter of the Handbook of Computational Economics is mostly about research on active learning and is confined to discussion of learning in dynamic models in which the system equations are linear, the criterion function is quadratic, and the additive noise terms are Gaussian. Though there is much work on learning in more general systems, it is useful here to focus on models with these specifications since more general systems can be approximated in this way and since much of the early work on learning has been done with these quadratic-linear-gaussian systems. We begin with what has been learned about learning in dynamic economic models in the last few decades. Then we progress to a discussion of what we hope to learn in the future from a new project that is just getting underway. However before doing either of these we provide a short description of the mathematical framework that will be used in the chapter.'] | ['gnd:4112736-5', 'gnd:4132280-0', 'gnd:4148259-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654571'] | ['Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 1. Learning About Learning in Dynamic Economic Models']
### Abstract:
['This chapter of the Handbook of Computational Economics is mostly about research on active learning and is confined to discussion of learning in dynamic models in which the system equations are linear, the criterion function is quadratic, and the additive noise terms are Gaussian. Though there is much work on learning in more general systems, it is useful here to focus on models with these specifications since more general systems can be approximated in this way and since much of the early work on learning has been done with these quadratic-linear-gaussian systems. We begin with what has been learned about learning in dynamic economic models in the last few decades. Then we progress to a discussion of what we hope to learn in the future from a new project that is just getting underway. However before doing either of these we provide a short description of the mathematical framework that will be used in the chapter.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4112736-5', 'gnd:4132280-0', 'gnd:4148259-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654571']
### GND class:
['Wirtschaftsinformatik', 'Ökonometrie', 'Computersimulation']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654598.jsonld | ['Index'] | ['This chapter is an index to the methods and terminologies that have been used in this publication titled Development Economics, volume 5. The chapter also highlights the page numbers where these have been used in the publication.'] | ['gnd:4066438-7', 'gnd:4213090-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654598'] | ['Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Entwicklungsökonomie'] | Document
### Title: ['Index']
### Abstract:
['This chapter is an index to the methods and terminologies that have been used in this publication titled Development Economics, volume 5. The chapter also highlights the page numbers where these have been used in the publication.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4066438-7', 'gnd:4213090-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654598']
### GND class:
['Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Entwicklungsökonomie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654652.jsonld | ['Chapter 73. Investment in EducationInputs and Incentives'] | ['From the point of view of economic development, education is the acquisition of knowledge and skills through experiences from conception onwards over the life cycle that increase productivity broadly defined. Education can occur through, but is not limited to, formal educational activities such as preschool programs, schools, and formal training programs. The proximate determinants of education are experiences or inputs into knowledge and skills production functions. Within a dynamic forward-looking model of human capital investments, these experiences are determined sequentially by a series of family or individual decisions given past, current and expected future resources, markets, policies, and other institutions. The context in which these microinvestment demands are made, in turn, reflects decisions of suppliers of services that are explicitly related to education as well as of options that may be importantly related to education through other experiences, such as in labor markets. To understand the nature of inputs and incentives related to education in developing countries, attention must be paid to both the demand and the supply sides for investments in education, both of which are conditioned significantly by policy choices. Therefore, there are numerous important policy questions related to educational inputs and incentives. What are critical inputs into different educational processes? How important are various incentives for improving these inputs? How effective are various demand-side policies versus supply-side policies? How important are policies that have direct impact on input decisions versus policies that alter longer-run incentives to invest in current education through altering expected longer-run returns from such investments? What are the benefits relative to the resource costs of alternative policies for improving educational inputs? This chapter assesses the current state of empirical knowledge, and gaps in that knowledge, on educational incentives and inputs in developing countries as related to such questions.'] | ['gnd:4066438-7', 'gnd:4213090-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654652'] | ['Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Entwicklungsökonomie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 73. Investment in EducationInputs and Incentives']
### Abstract:
['From the point of view of economic development, education is the acquisition of knowledge and skills through experiences from conception onwards over the life cycle that increase productivity broadly defined. Education can occur through, but is not limited to, formal educational activities such as preschool programs, schools, and formal training programs. The proximate determinants of education are experiences or inputs into knowledge and skills production functions. Within a dynamic forward-looking model of human capital investments, these experiences are determined sequentially by a series of family or individual decisions given past, current and expected future resources, markets, policies, and other institutions. The context in which these microinvestment demands are made, in turn, reflects decisions of suppliers of services that are explicitly related to education as well as of options that may be importantly related to education through other experiences, such as in labor markets. To understand the nature of inputs and incentives related to education in developing countries, attention must be paid to both the demand and the supply sides for investments in education, both of which are conditioned significantly by policy choices. Therefore, there are numerous important policy questions related to educational inputs and incentives. What are critical inputs into different educational processes? How important are various incentives for improving these inputs? How effective are various demand-side policies versus supply-side policies? How important are policies that have direct impact on input decisions versus policies that alter longer-run incentives to invest in current education through altering expected longer-run returns from such investments? What are the benefits relative to the resource costs of alternative policies for improving educational inputs? This chapter assesses the current state of empirical knowledge, and gaps in that knowledge, on educational incentives and inputs in developing countries as related to such questions.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4066438-7', 'gnd:4213090-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654652']
### GND class:
['Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Entwicklungsökonomie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654660.jsonld | ['Chapter 72. Population and Health Policies*'] | ["The program evaluation literature for population and health policies is in flux, with many disciplines documenting biological and behavioral linkages from fetal development to late life mortality, chronic disease, and disability, though their implications for policy remain uncertain. Both macro- and microeconomics seek to understand and incorporate connections between economic development and the demographic transition. The focus here is on research methods, findings, and questions that economists can clarify regarding the causal relationships between economic development, health outcomes, and reproductive behavior, which operate in many directions, posing problems for identifying causal pathways. The connection between conditions under which people live and their expected life span and health status refers to “health production functions.” The relationships between an individual's stock of health and productivity, well-being, and duration of life encompasses the “returns to health human capital.” The control of reproduction improves directly the well-being of women, and the economic opportunities of her offspring. The choice of population policies may be country specific and conditional on institutional setting, even though many advances in biomedical and public health knowledge, including modern methods of birth control, are now widely available. Evaluation of a policy intervention in terms of cost effectiveness is typically more than a question of technological efficiency, but also the motivation for adoption, and the behavioral responsiveness to the intervention of individuals, families, networks, and communities. Well-specified research strategies are required to address (1) the economic production of health capacities from conception to old age; (2) the wage returns to increasing health status attributable to policy interventions; (3) the conditions affecting fertility, family time allocation, and human capital investments; and (4) the consequences for women and their families of policies which change the timing as well as number of births."] | ['gnd:4066438-7', 'gnd:4213090-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654660'] | ['Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Entwicklungsökonomie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 72. Population and Health Policies*']
### Abstract:
["The program evaluation literature for population and health policies is in flux, with many disciplines documenting biological and behavioral linkages from fetal development to late life mortality, chronic disease, and disability, though their implications for policy remain uncertain. Both macro- and microeconomics seek to understand and incorporate connections between economic development and the demographic transition. The focus here is on research methods, findings, and questions that economists can clarify regarding the causal relationships between economic development, health outcomes, and reproductive behavior, which operate in many directions, posing problems for identifying causal pathways. The connection between conditions under which people live and their expected life span and health status refers to “health production functions.” The relationships between an individual's stock of health and productivity, well-being, and duration of life encompasses the “returns to health human capital.” The control of reproduction improves directly the well-being of women, and the economic opportunities of her offspring. The choice of population policies may be country specific and conditional on institutional setting, even though many advances in biomedical and public health knowledge, including modern methods of birth control, are now widely available. Evaluation of a policy intervention in terms of cost effectiveness is typically more than a question of technological efficiency, but also the motivation for adoption, and the behavioral responsiveness to the intervention of individuals, families, networks, and communities. Well-specified research strategies are required to address (1) the economic production of health capacities from conception to old age; (2) the wage returns to increasing health status attributable to policy interventions; (3) the conditions affecting fertility, family time allocation, and human capital investments; and (4) the consequences for women and their families of policies which change the timing as well as number of births."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4066438-7', 'gnd:4213090-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654660']
### GND class:
['Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Entwicklungsökonomie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654687.jsonld | ['Chapter 70. Labor Regulations, Unions, and Social Protection in Developing Countries : Market Distortions or Efficient Institutions?'] | ["This chapter reviews what economists have learned about the impact of labor market institutions, defined broadly as government regulations and union activity on labor outcomes in developing countries. It finds that: (1) Labor institutions vary greatly among developing countries but less than they vary among advanced countries. Unions and collective bargaining are less important in developing than in advanced countries while government regulations are nominally as important. (2) Many developing countries' compliance with minimum wage regulations produces spikes in wage distributions around the minimum in covered sectors. Most studies find modest adverse effects of the minimum on employment so that the minimum raises the total income of low-paid labor. (3) In many countries minimum wages spillover to the unregulated sector, producing spikes in the wage distributions there as well. (4) Employment protection regulations and related laws shift output and employment to informal sectors and reduce gross labor mobility. (5) Mandated benefits increase labor costs and reduce employment modestly while the costs of others is shifted largely to labor, with some variation among countries. (6) Contrary to the Harris-Todaro two-sector model in which rural-urban migration adjusts to produce a positive relation between unemployment and wages across regions and sectors, wages and unemployment are inversely related by the wage curve. (7) Unions affect nonwage outcomes as well as wage outcomes. (8) Cross-country regressions yield inconclusive results on the impact of labor regulations on growth while studies of country adjustments to economic shocks, such as balance of payments problems, find no difference in the responses of countries by the strength of labor institutions. (9) Labor institution can be critical when countries experience great change, as in China's growth spurt and Argentina's preservation of social stability and democracy after its 20012002 economic collapse. Cooperative labor relations tend to produce better economic outcomes. (10) The informal sector increased its share of the work force in the developing world in the past two decades. The persistence of large informal sectors throughout the developing world, including countries with high rates of growth, puts a premium on increasing our knowledge of how informal sector labor markets work and finding institutions and policies to deliver social benefits to workers in that sector."] | ['gnd:4066438-7', 'gnd:4213090-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654687'] | ['Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Entwicklungsökonomie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 70. Labor Regulations, Unions, and Social Protection in Developing Countries : Market Distortions or Efficient Institutions?']
### Abstract:
["This chapter reviews what economists have learned about the impact of labor market institutions, defined broadly as government regulations and union activity on labor outcomes in developing countries. It finds that: (1) Labor institutions vary greatly among developing countries but less than they vary among advanced countries. Unions and collective bargaining are less important in developing than in advanced countries while government regulations are nominally as important. (2) Many developing countries' compliance with minimum wage regulations produces spikes in wage distributions around the minimum in covered sectors. Most studies find modest adverse effects of the minimum on employment so that the minimum raises the total income of low-paid labor. (3) In many countries minimum wages spillover to the unregulated sector, producing spikes in the wage distributions there as well. (4) Employment protection regulations and related laws shift output and employment to informal sectors and reduce gross labor mobility. (5) Mandated benefits increase labor costs and reduce employment modestly while the costs of others is shifted largely to labor, with some variation among countries. (6) Contrary to the Harris-Todaro two-sector model in which rural-urban migration adjusts to produce a positive relation between unemployment and wages across regions and sectors, wages and unemployment are inversely related by the wage curve. (7) Unions affect nonwage outcomes as well as wage outcomes. (8) Cross-country regressions yield inconclusive results on the impact of labor regulations on growth while studies of country adjustments to economic shocks, such as balance of payments problems, find no difference in the responses of countries by the strength of labor institutions. (9) Labor institution can be critical when countries experience great change, as in China's growth spurt and Argentina's preservation of social stability and democracy after its 20012002 economic collapse. Cooperative labor relations tend to produce better economic outcomes. (10) The informal sector increased its share of the work force in the developing world in the past two decades. The persistence of large informal sectors throughout the developing world, including countries with high rates of growth, puts a premium on increasing our knowledge of how informal sector labor markets work and finding institutions and policies to deliver social benefits to workers in that sector."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4066438-7', 'gnd:4213090-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654687']
### GND class:
['Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Entwicklungsökonomie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1831654695.jsonld | ['Chapter 69. Governance and Development'] | ['In this chapter, we discuss whether or not governance is an important source of variation in development experiences. We draw four main conclusions. First, governance is best thought of a subset of institutions and as such emphasis on governance is consistent with much recent academic work. Nevertheless, governance is a quite vague rubric which is difficult to unbundle. Second, the governance of a society is the outcome of a political process and as such is closely related to the literature on the political economy of development. Third, improving governance necessitates understanding the nature of the entire political equilibrium. Finally, an important research frontier is understanding the forces that create or impeded endogenous changes in governance.'] | ['gnd:4066438-7', 'gnd:4213090-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654695'] | ['Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Entwicklungsökonomie'] | Document
### Title: ['Chapter 69. Governance and Development']
### Abstract:
['In this chapter, we discuss whether or not governance is an important source of variation in development experiences. We draw four main conclusions. First, governance is best thought of a subset of institutions and as such emphasis on governance is consistent with much recent academic work. Nevertheless, governance is a quite vague rubric which is difficult to unbundle. Second, the governance of a society is the outcome of a political process and as such is closely related to the literature on the political economy of development. Third, improving governance necessitates understanding the nature of the entire political equilibrium. Finally, an important research frontier is understanding the forces that create or impeded endogenous changes in governance.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4066438-7', 'gnd:4213090-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831654695']
### GND class:
['Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Entwicklungsökonomie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1835686397.jsonld | ['An OCL implementation for model-driven engineering of C++'] | ['Unlike traditional development techniques, Model-Driven Software Development utilizes models as the cornerstone of a software development process and the basis for automated generation of required development artifacts. Its goal is to automate transformations between models and source code. The Object Constraint Language (OCL) is a standard method for querying and validating standardized UML or Ecore models. Several toolchains implement this approach, for example the common Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF). However, most of these solutions are based on Java or are proprietary solutions. A reason for this is that open source implementations for C++ based on an explicit standardized meta-model are still missing, which are necessary to query a model using OCL during runtime. The Model-Driven Engineering for C++ (MDE4CPP) project is an EMF-like, model-driven environment for common Eclipse Ecore and several OMG specifications like UML, fUML, or PSCS. Although already supporting the execution of UML models, the project did not support OCL so far. This paper presents the concept and implementation of OCL4CPP: an OCL parsing tool for checking, querying, and validating Ecore and UML models at run time within MDE4CPP. It describes implementation details as well as the use of the OCL parser for example applications.'] | ['gnd:105398068X', 'gnd:1135597375', 'gnd:1251490662', 'gnd:1327630605', 'gnd:134295390', 'gnd:137841248', 'gnd:4193754-5', 'gnd:4226127-2', 'gnd:4832365-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1835686397'] | ['Smartwatch', 'Deep learning', 'Hammer, Maximilian', 'Jungebloud, Tino', 'Zimmermann, Armin', 'Maschotta, Ralph', 'Maschinelles Lernen', 'Neuronales Netz', 'Modellgetriebene Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['An OCL implementation for model-driven engineering of C++']
### Abstract:
['Unlike traditional development techniques, Model-Driven Software Development utilizes models as the cornerstone of a software development process and the basis for automated generation of required development artifacts. Its goal is to automate transformations between models and source code. The Object Constraint Language (OCL) is a standard method for querying and validating standardized UML or Ecore models. Several toolchains implement this approach, for example the common Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF). However, most of these solutions are based on Java or are proprietary solutions. A reason for this is that open source implementations for C++ based on an explicit standardized meta-model are still missing, which are necessary to query a model using OCL during runtime. The Model-Driven Engineering for C++ (MDE4CPP) project is an EMF-like, model-driven environment for common Eclipse Ecore and several OMG specifications like UML, fUML, or PSCS. Although already supporting the execution of UML models, the project did not support OCL so far. This paper presents the concept and implementation of OCL4CPP: an OCL parsing tool for checking, querying, and validating Ecore and UML models at run time within MDE4CPP. It describes implementation details as well as the use of the OCL parser for example applications.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:105398068X', 'gnd:1135597375', 'gnd:1251490662', 'gnd:1327630605', 'gnd:134295390', 'gnd:137841248', 'gnd:4193754-5', 'gnd:4226127-2', 'gnd:4832365-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1835686397']
### GND class:
['Smartwatch', 'Deep learning', 'Hammer, Maximilian', 'Jungebloud, Tino', 'Zimmermann, Armin', 'Maschotta, Ralph', 'Maschinelles Lernen', 'Neuronales Netz', 'Modellgetriebene Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A184360244X.jsonld | ['VANET-based traffic light management for an emergency vehicle'] | ['Wireless communications have affected our lifestyle in the last decades. It is helpful to improve quality of life for communities. Communications among vehicles usually take place in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications are aspects of communications in the transportation which are growing rapidly. They can play a pivotal role in the transportation field. Management of traffic lights (TLs) is crucial to control traffic flow especially at an intersection. The goal of this paper is to manage the TLs at an intersection when an emergency vehicle (EV) is approaching. First, we simulate an intersection which includes TLs via simulation of urban mobility (SUMO). Later, we simulate VANETs communication to manage the TLs at the intersection when the EV is coming with the help of objective modular network testbed in C++ (OMNeT++) and vehicles in network simulation (Veins). Finally, the impact of V2I communication on delivery efficiency of the emergency service is investigated. Simulation results show an improvement in delivery efficiency of the emergency service.'] | ['gnd:1238715893', 'gnd:13002077X', 'gnd:4033447-8', 'gnd:4274324-2', 'gnd:7713781-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A184360244X'] | ['Gholamhosseinian, Ashkan', 'Seitz, Jochen', 'Künstliche Intelligenz', 'Computersicherheit', 'Internet der Dinge'] | Document
### Title: ['VANET-based traffic light management for an emergency vehicle']
### Abstract:
['Wireless communications have affected our lifestyle in the last decades. It is helpful to improve quality of life for communities. Communications among vehicles usually take place in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications are aspects of communications in the transportation which are growing rapidly. They can play a pivotal role in the transportation field. Management of traffic lights (TLs) is crucial to control traffic flow especially at an intersection. The goal of this paper is to manage the TLs at an intersection when an emergency vehicle (EV) is approaching. First, we simulate an intersection which includes TLs via simulation of urban mobility (SUMO). Later, we simulate VANETs communication to manage the TLs at the intersection when the EV is coming with the help of objective modular network testbed in C++ (OMNeT++) and vehicles in network simulation (Veins). Finally, the impact of V2I communication on delivery efficiency of the emergency service is investigated. Simulation results show an improvement in delivery efficiency of the emergency service.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:1238715893', 'gnd:13002077X', 'gnd:4033447-8', 'gnd:4274324-2', 'gnd:7713781-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A184360244X']
### GND class:
['Gholamhosseinian, Ashkan', 'Seitz, Jochen', 'Künstliche Intelligenz', 'Computersicherheit', 'Internet der Dinge']
<|eot_id|> |
3A1882944704.jsonld | ['Review essay : Want not, waste not: the environmental impact of two generations of WMD proliferation and the implications for Asia'] | ["Over the past fifty years the development and testing of weapons ofmass destruction (WMD) have caused tremendous environmental, healthand social damage to various parts of the planet. Six books dealingwith various aspects of WMD are reviewed here, with the goal ofbroader conclusions about the relationships between political systems,culture, and environment. The requirements of local culture havestrongly influenced decisions to acquire WMD, and the manners inwhich these weapons have been developed, tested and used. The FormerSoviet Union is highlighted, since in that closed society WMD development and testing have been especially devastating. Statesconsidering WMD must be made aware of the true costs, andnon-proliferation thinking must therefore include deep sensitivity tonot only political decision-making, but local culture. Suggestionsare offered about how an ``anthropology of WMD'' might contribute tonon-proliferation."] | ['gnd:4048737-4', 'gnd:4077575-6', 'gnd:4128665-0', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1882944704'] | ['Recht', 'Soziale Situation', 'Kriminalsoziologie'] | Document
### Title: ['Review essay : Want not, waste not: the environmental impact of two generations of WMD proliferation and the implications for Asia']
### Abstract:
["Over the past fifty years the development and testing of weapons ofmass destruction (WMD) have caused tremendous environmental, healthand social damage to various parts of the planet. Six books dealingwith various aspects of WMD are reviewed here, with the goal ofbroader conclusions about the relationships between political systems,culture, and environment. The requirements of local culture havestrongly influenced decisions to acquire WMD, and the manners inwhich these weapons have been developed, tested and used. The FormerSoviet Union is highlighted, since in that closed society WMD development and testing have been especially devastating. Statesconsidering WMD must be made aware of the true costs, andnon-proliferation thinking must therefore include deep sensitivity tonot only political decision-making, but local culture. Suggestionsare offered about how an ``anthropology of WMD'' might contribute tonon-proliferation."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4048737-4', 'gnd:4077575-6', 'gnd:4128665-0', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1882944704']
### GND class:
['Recht', 'Soziale Situation', 'Kriminalsoziologie']
<|eot_id|> |
3A323415067.jsonld | ['Extension of the Ahiezer-Kac Determinant Formula to the Case of Real-Valued Symbols with Two Real Zeros'] | ['The Fredholm determinant asymptotics for self-adjoint convolution operators on finite intervals with real symbols vanishing on the real axis is studied. Explicit formulae are obtained in the case where the symbol satisfies the generalized zero index condition and has only two simple zeros of analytic type. These formulae are direct extensions of the AhiezerKacSzegö limit theorem which, in particular, take into account the oscillating character of the asymptotics.'] | ['gnd:4037944-9', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A323415067'] | ['Mathematik'] | Document
### Title: ['Extension of the Ahiezer-Kac Determinant Formula to the Case of Real-Valued Symbols with Two Real Zeros']
### Abstract:
['The Fredholm determinant asymptotics for self-adjoint convolution operators on finite intervals with real symbols vanishing on the real axis is studied. Explicit formulae are obtained in the case where the symbol satisfies the generalized zero index condition and has only two simple zeros of analytic type. These formulae are direct extensions of the AhiezerKacSzegö limit theorem which, in particular, take into account the oscillating character of the asymptotics.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4037944-9', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A323415067']
### GND class:
['Mathematik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A333940237.jsonld | ['Kluwer-EZUL-Testdatensatz (1) : Monte Carlo Simulations of Adsorbed Solutions in Heterogeneous Porous Materials'] | ['We present results of a Monte Carlo simulation study of binary mixtures of ethane and methane in silica gel. The molecular model treats the adsorbent as a matrix of silica microspheres. The adsorption isotherms, adsorption selectivities and isosteric heats of adsorption have been determined for these systems. The results are compared with predictions from the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory and with experiment. The heats of adsorption are accurately described by the IAS theory. The adsorption isotherms are accurately described by the IAS theory at low bulk pressure but the IAS theory overpredicts the density at high bulk pressure. This latter effect is opposite to that observed in bulk mixtures of this type where nonidealities generally lead to a density increase on mixing. The pressure dependence of the selectivity does not exhibit a maximum at low pressure. We discuss this effect in terms of the adsorbent microstructure.'] | ['gnd:4000536-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A333940237'] | ['Adsorption'] | Document
### Title: ['Kluwer-EZUL-Testdatensatz (1) : Monte Carlo Simulations of Adsorbed Solutions in Heterogeneous Porous Materials']
### Abstract:
['We present results of a Monte Carlo simulation study of binary mixtures of ethane and methane in silica gel. The molecular model treats the adsorbent as a matrix of silica microspheres. The adsorption isotherms, adsorption selectivities and isosteric heats of adsorption have been determined for these systems. The results are compared with predictions from the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory and with experiment. The heats of adsorption are accurately described by the IAS theory. The adsorption isotherms are accurately described by the IAS theory at low bulk pressure but the IAS theory overpredicts the density at high bulk pressure. This latter effect is opposite to that observed in bulk mixtures of this type where nonidealities generally lead to a density increase on mixing. The pressure dependence of the selectivity does not exhibit a maximum at low pressure. We discuss this effect in terms of the adsorbent microstructure.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000536-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A333940237']
### GND class:
['Adsorption']
<|eot_id|> |
3A333942108.jsonld | ['Kluwer-EZUL-Testdatensatz (2) : Monte Carlo Simulations of Adsorbed Solutions in Heterogeneous Porous Materials'] | ['We present results of a Monte Carlo simulation study of binary mixtures of ethane and methane in silica gel. The molecular model treats the adsorbent as a matrix of silica microspheres. The adsorption isotherms, adsorption selectivities and isosteric heats of adsorption have been determined for these systems. The results are compared with predictions from the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory and with experiment. The heats of adsorption are accurately described by the IAS theory. The adsorption isotherms are accurately described by the IAS theory at low bulk pressure but the IAS theory overpredicts the density at high bulk pressure. This latter effect is opposite to that observed in bulk mixtures of this type where nonidealities generally lead to a density increase on mixing. The pressure dependence of the selectivity does not exhibit a maximum at low pressure. We discuss this effect in terms of the adsorbent microstructure.'] | ['gnd:4000536-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A333942108'] | ['Adsorption'] | Document
### Title: ['Kluwer-EZUL-Testdatensatz (2) : Monte Carlo Simulations of Adsorbed Solutions in Heterogeneous Porous Materials']
### Abstract:
['We present results of a Monte Carlo simulation study of binary mixtures of ethane and methane in silica gel. The molecular model treats the adsorbent as a matrix of silica microspheres. The adsorption isotherms, adsorption selectivities and isosteric heats of adsorption have been determined for these systems. The results are compared with predictions from the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory and with experiment. The heats of adsorption are accurately described by the IAS theory. The adsorption isotherms are accurately described by the IAS theory at low bulk pressure but the IAS theory overpredicts the density at high bulk pressure. This latter effect is opposite to that observed in bulk mixtures of this type where nonidealities generally lead to a density increase on mixing. The pressure dependence of the selectivity does not exhibit a maximum at low pressure. We discuss this effect in terms of the adsorbent microstructure.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000536-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A333942108']
### GND class:
['Adsorption']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729972925.jsonld | ['The macroeconomic policy challenges of continued globalisation'] | ['This article investigates the macroeconomic policy challenges associated with a prospective continuation of international trade and financial integration over the next two decades, making use of a global macroeconomic model newly developed by the OECD. The analysis has several important policy implications. First, with the shares of non-OECD economies in world output, trade, and capital markets rising substantially, global economic developments would become much more dependent on developments in these economies than they used to be. Second, the sustainability of existing global current account imbalances will depend in part on the future build-up and composition of international assets and liabilities. While the imbalances could be sustainable for some time if economic integration continues at its current pace, a slowdown of the globalisation process would raise the likelihood of a disruptive adjustment in financial markets. Third, the increase in trade and financial linkages implies that macroeconomic shocks in a given country or region have a larger impact on other economies in the future than they do today. Policymakers in the OECD may have to act more promptly and more vigorously to economic “shocks” in the non-OECD economies in order to limit the impact on OECD economies.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729972925'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['The macroeconomic policy challenges of continued globalisation']
### Abstract:
['This article investigates the macroeconomic policy challenges associated with a prospective continuation of international trade and financial integration over the next two decades, making use of a global macroeconomic model newly developed by the OECD. The analysis has several important policy implications. First, with the shares of non-OECD economies in world output, trade, and capital markets rising substantially, global economic developments would become much more dependent on developments in these economies than they used to be. Second, the sustainability of existing global current account imbalances will depend in part on the future build-up and composition of international assets and liabilities. While the imbalances could be sustainable for some time if economic integration continues at its current pace, a slowdown of the globalisation process would raise the likelihood of a disruptive adjustment in financial markets. Third, the increase in trade and financial linkages implies that macroeconomic shocks in a given country or region have a larger impact on other economies in the future than they do today. Policymakers in the OECD may have to act more promptly and more vigorously to economic “shocks” in the non-OECD economies in order to limit the impact on OECD economies.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729972925']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729973514.jsonld | ['Case Law'] | ['Canada Brunswick News Inc. v Her Majesty the Queen in the Right of the Province of New Brunswick denying release of nuclear power feasibility study (2008) Germany Judgement of the Federal Administration Court on the so-called “Biblis-obligations” (2008) United States Judgement of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims on the interpretation of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Standard Contract (2008) Summary Order of the U.S. Court of Appeals on petitions for revision of Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations (2008)'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729973514'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Case Law']
### Abstract:
['Canada Brunswick News Inc. v Her Majesty the Queen in the Right of the Province of New Brunswick denying release of nuclear power feasibility study (2008) Germany Judgement of the Federal Administration Court on the so-called “Biblis-obligations” (2008) United States Judgement of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims on the interpretation of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Standard Contract (2008) Summary Order of the U.S. Court of Appeals on petitions for revision of Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations (2008)']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729973514']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729973565.jsonld | ['The Objectives of Competition Law and Policy and the Optimal Design of a Competition Agency'] | ["This article comprises two notes by the Secretariat, one on the Objectives of Competition Law and Policy and the other one on the Optimal Design of a Competition Agency. Both notes were prepared to provide a framework for discussion at the meeting of the Global Forum on Competition (GFC) held on 10-11 February 2003. It was decided to link these topics together in the GFC's agenda after it was recognised that the objectives of competition law and policy can have an important bearing on the optimal design of a competition institution. However, it was agreed that the treatment of objectives should be oriented primarily towards a discussion of how they relate, or may relate, to the design of competition enforcement institutions within the broader government. Accordingly, the note on objectives does not fully explore the pros and cons of specific objectives that may be included in the competition law and policy objectives of one or more jurisdictions, although this topic is discussed to a degree. The principal focus of the two notes is to provide an analysis and synthesis of the responses to two questionnaires that were sent in advance to GFC meeting participants in respect of the respective topics. In addition, the objectives note incorporates some of the additional information provided by participants in their separate written contributions prepared for circulation at the GFC meeting. The most important themes emerging from the questionnaires and written contributions on Objectives were i) among OECD countries, there appears to be a shift away from use of competition laws to promote what might be characterised as broad public interest objectives; ii) there does not appear to be a strong correlation between competition law and policy objectives (broadly defined) and the design of the competition agency; iii) greater independence also was the step/measure most frequently identified as being likely to lead to better promotion/attainment of the articulated objectives. Turning to the note on Optimal Design, the key themes emerging from the responses to the questionnaire were i) there is a broad variety of different models and approaches to the design of competition agencies within the overall apparatus of government (broadly defined); ii) despite the institutional variety, there is a core of common tasks assigned to most competition agencies. Specifically, these agencies normally investigate, take at least certain kinds of decisions on competition cases and engage in competition advocacy; iii) around half the respondents reported having medium influence on their governments, legislative bodies, and other bodies of public administration through advocacy initiatives."] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729973565'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['The Objectives of Competition Law and Policy and the Optimal Design of a Competition Agency']
### Abstract:
["This article comprises two notes by the Secretariat, one on the Objectives of Competition Law and Policy and the other one on the Optimal Design of a Competition Agency. Both notes were prepared to provide a framework for discussion at the meeting of the Global Forum on Competition (GFC) held on 10-11 February 2003. It was decided to link these topics together in the GFC's agenda after it was recognised that the objectives of competition law and policy can have an important bearing on the optimal design of a competition institution. However, it was agreed that the treatment of objectives should be oriented primarily towards a discussion of how they relate, or may relate, to the design of competition enforcement institutions within the broader government. Accordingly, the note on objectives does not fully explore the pros and cons of specific objectives that may be included in the competition law and policy objectives of one or more jurisdictions, although this topic is discussed to a degree. The principal focus of the two notes is to provide an analysis and synthesis of the responses to two questionnaires that were sent in advance to GFC meeting participants in respect of the respective topics. In addition, the objectives note incorporates some of the additional information provided by participants in their separate written contributions prepared for circulation at the GFC meeting. The most important themes emerging from the questionnaires and written contributions on Objectives were i) among OECD countries, there appears to be a shift away from use of competition laws to promote what might be characterised as broad public interest objectives; ii) there does not appear to be a strong correlation between competition law and policy objectives (broadly defined) and the design of the competition agency; iii) greater independence also was the step/measure most frequently identified as being likely to lead to better promotion/attainment of the articulated objectives. Turning to the note on Optimal Design, the key themes emerging from the responses to the questionnaire were i) there is a broad variety of different models and approaches to the design of competition agencies within the overall apparatus of government (broadly defined); ii) despite the institutional variety, there is a core of common tasks assigned to most competition agencies. Specifically, these agencies normally investigate, take at least certain kinds of decisions on competition cases and engage in competition advocacy; iii) around half the respondents reported having medium influence on their governments, legislative bodies, and other bodies of public administration through advocacy initiatives."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729973565']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729974057.jsonld | ["Collective Pension Funds : International Evidence and Implications for China's Enterprise Annuities Reform"] | ['Collective pension funds (CPFs) – occupational pension funds that cover the employees of more than one employer (enterprise) – have been operating in OECD countries for decades. Generally speaking, there are two models, i.e. closed pension funds, with membership restricted to a particular industry or group of industries, and open pension funds, open to all types of companies. The governance structure of such funds also operates in two ways – via an internal model (with trustees appointed by employers and employees) and an external model (with professional, commercial trustees). In this report, we first describe and analyse how CPFs are operated in selected OECD countries and non-OECD economies. Then, we review occupational pensions (or Enterprise Annuities – EA – in Chinese terminology) in general and CPFs in particular. Given the problems holding back the development of EA plans among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China, and bearing in mind both China’s specific situations and international best practices, we propose a number of policy recommendations to promote the development of CPFs covering the SME sector. Our practical policy recommendations include: 1) industry funds with more open membership; 2) establishment of new purpose-built industry funds; 3) establishment of new regional EA administration centres acting as independent pension councils (trustees) for open pension funds; 4) in parallel to these policy initiatives in China, commercial trustees should be encouraged to establish CPFs targeting the SME sector.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729974057'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ["Collective Pension Funds : International Evidence and Implications for China's Enterprise Annuities Reform"]
### Abstract:
['Collective pension funds (CPFs) – occupational pension funds that cover the employees of more than one employer (enterprise) – have been operating in OECD countries for decades. Generally speaking, there are two models, i.e. closed pension funds, with membership restricted to a particular industry or group of industries, and open pension funds, open to all types of companies. The governance structure of such funds also operates in two ways – via an internal model (with trustees appointed by employers and employees) and an external model (with professional, commercial trustees). In this report, we first describe and analyse how CPFs are operated in selected OECD countries and non-OECD economies. Then, we review occupational pensions (or Enterprise Annuities – EA – in Chinese terminology) in general and CPFs in particular. Given the problems holding back the development of EA plans among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China, and bearing in mind both China’s specific situations and international best practices, we propose a number of policy recommendations to promote the development of CPFs covering the SME sector. Our practical policy recommendations include: 1) industry funds with more open membership; 2) establishment of new purpose-built industry funds; 3) establishment of new regional EA administration centres acting as independent pension councils (trustees) for open pension funds; 4) in parallel to these policy initiatives in China, commercial trustees should be encouraged to establish CPFs targeting the SME sector.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729974057']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729975037.jsonld | ['Decree setting out rules for the siting, construction and operation of nuclear installations'] | ['This article presents the text of the Italian Decree setting out rules for the siting, construction and operation of nuclear installations of 23 July 2009.'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729975037'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Decree setting out rules for the siting, construction and operation of nuclear installations']
### Abstract:
['This article presents the text of the Italian Decree setting out rules for the siting, construction and operation of nuclear installations of 23 July 2009.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729975037']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729976270.jsonld | ['Tax systems in European Union countries'] | ['Despite recent cuts, the tax-to-GDP ratio in most EU countries remains much higher than in other economies. The tax mix is also different, with high tax wedges on labour and a stronger reliance on consumption and environmentally related taxes. While there is not much room for cutting taxes significantly without downsizing public spending, further re-balancing the tax burden away from labour could contribute to better employment performance. Greater reliance on property taxes, which are low by international standards, less use of reduced VAT rates and tax incentives targeted to specific saving vehicles should be considered. EU countries’ experience in reforming their tax system may also provide useful insights for other regions where international integration is deepening. The free movement of goods, people and capital within the EU area, combined with the advent of the single currency, has also affected the design of national tax systems and has brought to the fore a number of international taxation issues.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729976270'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Tax systems in European Union countries']
### Abstract:
['Despite recent cuts, the tax-to-GDP ratio in most EU countries remains much higher than in other economies. The tax mix is also different, with high tax wedges on labour and a stronger reliance on consumption and environmentally related taxes. While there is not much room for cutting taxes significantly without downsizing public spending, further re-balancing the tax burden away from labour could contribute to better employment performance. Greater reliance on property taxes, which are low by international standards, less use of reduced VAT rates and tax incentives targeted to specific saving vehicles should be considered. EU countries’ experience in reforming their tax system may also provide useful insights for other regions where international integration is deepening. The free movement of goods, people and capital within the EU area, combined with the advent of the single currency, has also affected the design of national tax systems and has brought to the fore a number of international taxation issues.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729976270']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729976297.jsonld | ['Equity in Student Achievement Across OECD Countries : An Investigation of the Role of Policies'] | ['This paper focuses on inequalities in learning opportunities for individuals coming from different socio-economic backgrounds as a measure of (in)equality of opportunity in OECD countries and provides insights on the potential role played by policies and institutions in shaping countries’ relative positions. Based on harmonised 15-year old students’ achievement data collected at the individual level, the empirical analysis shows that while Nordic European countries exhibit relatively low levels of inequality, continental Europe is characterised by high levels of inequality – in particular of schooling segregation along socio-economic lines – while Anglo-Saxon countries occupy a somewhat intermediate position. Despite the difficulty of properly identifying causal relationship, cross-country regression analysis provides insights on the potential for policies to explain observed differences in equity in education.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729976297'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Equity in Student Achievement Across OECD Countries : An Investigation of the Role of Policies']
### Abstract:
['This paper focuses on inequalities in learning opportunities for individuals coming from different socio-economic backgrounds as a measure of (in)equality of opportunity in OECD countries and provides insights on the potential role played by policies and institutions in shaping countries’ relative positions. Based on harmonised 15-year old students’ achievement data collected at the individual level, the empirical analysis shows that while Nordic European countries exhibit relatively low levels of inequality, continental Europe is characterised by high levels of inequality – in particular of schooling segregation along socio-economic lines – while Anglo-Saxon countries occupy a somewhat intermediate position. Despite the difficulty of properly identifying causal relationship, cross-country regression analysis provides insights on the potential for policies to explain observed differences in equity in education.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729976297']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729976319.jsonld | ['Secondary market liquidity in domestic debt markets : Key policy conclusions'] | ['The Tenth OECD/World Bank/IMF Annual Global Bond Market Forum highlighted that liquidity is a complex concept with different dimensions – micro liquidity vs. macro liquidity, market liquidity vs. funding liquidity, endogenous vs. exogenous liquidity, and so on. Relative liquidity (including ‘liquidity freezes or squeezes’) can best be explained by focusing on the market’s institutional structure, in particular the architecture of electronic trading platforms, the importance of OTC trading, the nature and width of the investor base, disclosure requirements, valuation methods, the role of primary dealers including market-making requirements or conventions, tax factors, and the role of issuers of government bonds and other fixed-income instruments in primary and secondary markets.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729976319'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Secondary market liquidity in domestic debt markets : Key policy conclusions']
### Abstract:
['The Tenth OECD/World Bank/IMF Annual Global Bond Market Forum highlighted that liquidity is a complex concept with different dimensions – micro liquidity vs. macro liquidity, market liquidity vs. funding liquidity, endogenous vs. exogenous liquidity, and so on. Relative liquidity (including ‘liquidity freezes or squeezes’) can best be explained by focusing on the market’s institutional structure, in particular the architecture of electronic trading platforms, the importance of OTC trading, the nature and width of the investor base, disclosure requirements, valuation methods, the role of primary dealers including market-making requirements or conventions, tax factors, and the role of issuers of government bonds and other fixed-income instruments in primary and secondary markets.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729976319']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729976335.jsonld | ['Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC) and harmonisation of nuclear liability law within the European Union'] | ['Recent events at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants have demonstrated the importance of having strong and effective nuclear liability regimes in effect at the national and global levels to assure the availability of prompt and equitable compensation for nuclear damage in the event of a nuclear incident. In the aftermath of Chernobyl, the international community came together under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD/NEA) to review the nuclear liability principles in the 1963 Vienna Convention 1 and the 1960 Paris Convention,2 consider enhancements to improve the effectiveness of those principles and develop the basis for establishing a worldwide liability regime to supplement and enhance those principles with a view to increasing the amount of compensation available for nuclear damage.3 After an extensive and thorough review of the then existing liability regimes and numerous proposals for improvements, the international community adopted the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC)to be the basis for a worldwide liability regime. With the recent ratification of the CSC by the United States, the CSC is poised to come into effect. Now is the time for the international community, and especially those countries that use and promote the use of nuclear power, to act to bring the CSC into effect. Such action will establish a global regime'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729976335'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC) and harmonisation of nuclear liability law within the European Union']
### Abstract:
['Recent events at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants have demonstrated the importance of having strong and effective nuclear liability regimes in effect at the national and global levels to assure the availability of prompt and equitable compensation for nuclear damage in the event of a nuclear incident. In the aftermath of Chernobyl, the international community came together under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD/NEA) to review the nuclear liability principles in the 1963 Vienna Convention 1 and the 1960 Paris Convention,2 consider enhancements to improve the effectiveness of those principles and develop the basis for establishing a worldwide liability regime to supplement and enhance those principles with a view to increasing the amount of compensation available for nuclear damage.3 After an extensive and thorough review of the then existing liability regimes and numerous proposals for improvements, the international community adopted the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC)to be the basis for a worldwide liability regime. With the recent ratification of the CSC by the United States, the CSC is poised to come into effect. Now is the time for the international community, and especially those countries that use and promote the use of nuclear power, to act to bring the CSC into effect. Such action will establish a global regime']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729976335']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729976823.jsonld | ['The Economic Impact of Protracted Low Interest Rates on Pension Funds and Insurance Companies'] | ['A period of protracted low interest rates is a feasible, even if not the most likely, scenario going forward and such a scenario would adversely affect pension funds and insurance companies. Protracted low interest rates affect investment opportunities and have a potentially significant adverse effect on life insurance companies and institutions whose liabilities consist of a fixed investment return or benefit promises, such as is the case for defined-benefit pension funds. It cannot be ruled out that the financial institutions affected engage in “gambling for redemption” in an attempt to match the level of return promised to beneficiaries when financial markets were more elevated.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729976823'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['The Economic Impact of Protracted Low Interest Rates on Pension Funds and Insurance Companies']
### Abstract:
['A period of protracted low interest rates is a feasible, even if not the most likely, scenario going forward and such a scenario would adversely affect pension funds and insurance companies. Protracted low interest rates affect investment opportunities and have a potentially significant adverse effect on life insurance companies and institutions whose liabilities consist of a fixed investment return or benefit promises, such as is the case for defined-benefit pension funds. It cannot be ruled out that the financial institutions affected engage in “gambling for redemption” in an attempt to match the level of return promised to beneficiaries when financial markets were more elevated.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729976823']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729986632.jsonld | ['Review of Sectoral Reforms in Ireland'] | ['Sectoral reforms in Ireland have been an important part of the move toward market-based growth but as yet progress has varied among the sectors. Work by the OECD and by other organisations indicates that a range of key regulatory and competition issues remain in many sectors. In this report, we examine selected issues in electricity, gas and professional services, using legal services and pharmacies as case studies.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729986632'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Review of Sectoral Reforms in Ireland']
### Abstract:
['Sectoral reforms in Ireland have been an important part of the move toward market-based growth but as yet progress has varied among the sectors. Work by the OECD and by other organisations indicates that a range of key regulatory and competition issues remain in many sectors. In this report, we examine selected issues in electricity, gas and professional services, using legal services and pharmacies as case studies.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729986632']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729986705.jsonld | ['Legal and regulatory aspects of long-term operation of nuclear power plants in OECD member countries'] | ['Nuclear power plants are typically designed to operate for 30 to 40 years. Between 2010 and 2020 a large number of nuclear power plants in the world and in OECD member countries, in particular, will reach their 30th or 40th anniversary. 1 As of June 2011, out of 440 nuclear power plants operating in the world, approximately 81% had been in operation for more than 20 years and about 35% for more than 30 years.2 In OECD member countries there are at present 339 nuclear reactors in operation, of which 135 reactors (39.8% of the total number) are over 30 years old and 15 reactors (4.4% of the total number) are over 40 years old. All nuclear reactors in Finland have reached their 30th anniversary while in the United States 56% of all reactors are beyond 30. In the United Kingdom and Germany about 42% of nuclear reactors are older than 30 years while in Canada, France and Japan, the respective percentages in this age bracket amount to 22%, 34% and 30%.'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729986705'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Legal and regulatory aspects of long-term operation of nuclear power plants in OECD member countries']
### Abstract:
['Nuclear power plants are typically designed to operate for 30 to 40 years. Between 2010 and 2020 a large number of nuclear power plants in the world and in OECD member countries, in particular, will reach their 30th or 40th anniversary. 1 As of June 2011, out of 440 nuclear power plants operating in the world, approximately 81% had been in operation for more than 20 years and about 35% for more than 30 years.2 In OECD member countries there are at present 339 nuclear reactors in operation, of which 135 reactors (39.8% of the total number) are over 30 years old and 15 reactors (4.4% of the total number) are over 40 years old. All nuclear reactors in Finland have reached their 30th anniversary while in the United States 56% of all reactors are beyond 30. In the United Kingdom and Germany about 42% of nuclear reactors are older than 30 years while in Canada, France and Japan, the respective percentages in this age bracket amount to 22%, 34% and 30%.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729986705']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729987086.jsonld | ['Estimating the structural rate of unemployment for the OECD countries'] | ['The paper first reviews the conceptual framework underlying different measures of structural unemployment as well as alternative empirical methods that have been used to provide estimates of them. Drawing on this review, it goes on to develop a method for estimating time-varying NAIRUs across a range of OECD countries using a Kalman filter. It then discusses the resulting econometric estimates, and the scope for their further refinement given the associated range of uncertainties. Recent trends in the NAIRU estimates are reviewed: they fell in many countries in the second half of the 1990s, although actual unemployment has remained well above the NAIRU for a majority of countries throughout much of the 1990s, particularly in Europe. Finally, the relevance of such measures to analysing inflation developments and monetary policy is discussed.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729987086'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Estimating the structural rate of unemployment for the OECD countries']
### Abstract:
['The paper first reviews the conceptual framework underlying different measures of structural unemployment as well as alternative empirical methods that have been used to provide estimates of them. Drawing on this review, it goes on to develop a method for estimating time-varying NAIRUs across a range of OECD countries using a Kalman filter. It then discusses the resulting econometric estimates, and the scope for their further refinement given the associated range of uncertainties. Recent trends in the NAIRU estimates are reviewed: they fell in many countries in the second half of the 1990s, although actual unemployment has remained well above the NAIRU for a majority of countries throughout much of the 1990s, particularly in Europe. Finally, the relevance of such measures to analysing inflation developments and monetary policy is discussed.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729987086']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729987914.jsonld | ['Portfolio Effects in Conglomerate Mergers'] | ['In the context of conglomerate merger review, portfolio effects seem to refer to the pro- and anti-competitive effects possibly arising when: the parties enjoy market power but not necessarily dominance; and the products joined are complementary or have analogous properties. When complementary products are merged, there is a potential for considerable synergies that could benefit buyers. There is also an increased potential for forced tying, pure bundling, or analogous practices (e.g. full line forcing) that could restrict buyer choice but also lower prices. Under certain strict conditions, consumers could gain in the short run but suffer long term harm from such practices if they eventually result in a sufficient reduction of competitors and capacity in a market. The hypothetical nature of such harm has led some to conclude that instead of prohibiting mergers having potentially harmful portfolio effects, competition agencies should instead take a wait and see attitude. That would involve using abuse of dominance or monopolisation prohibitions to control negative effects should they actually materialise.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729987914'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Portfolio Effects in Conglomerate Mergers']
### Abstract:
['In the context of conglomerate merger review, portfolio effects seem to refer to the pro- and anti-competitive effects possibly arising when: the parties enjoy market power but not necessarily dominance; and the products joined are complementary or have analogous properties. When complementary products are merged, there is a potential for considerable synergies that could benefit buyers. There is also an increased potential for forced tying, pure bundling, or analogous practices (e.g. full line forcing) that could restrict buyer choice but also lower prices. Under certain strict conditions, consumers could gain in the short run but suffer long term harm from such practices if they eventually result in a sufficient reduction of competitors and capacity in a market. The hypothetical nature of such harm has led some to conclude that instead of prohibiting mergers having potentially harmful portfolio effects, competition agencies should instead take a wait and see attitude. That would involve using abuse of dominance or monopolisation prohibitions to control negative effects should they actually materialise.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729987914']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729987949.jsonld | ['Texts'] | ['Belarus Act on the Use of Atomic Energy (2008) Decree on steps to be taken for the construction of a nuclear power plant (2007)Regulation on the Department for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus (2007) Resolution of the Security Council on the development of nuclear power generation (2008) Spain Act Creating the Nuclear Safety Council, consolidated text (2007)'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729987949'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Texts']
### Abstract:
['Belarus Act on the Use of Atomic Energy (2008) Decree on steps to be taken for the construction of a nuclear power plant (2007)Regulation on the Department for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus (2007) Resolution of the Security Council on the development of nuclear power generation (2008) Spain Act Creating the Nuclear Safety Council, consolidated text (2007)']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729987949']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729988031.jsonld | ['Private remedies'] | ['The OECD Competition Committee debated private remedies in June 2006. The roundtable focused on class actions/collective actions and the interface between private enforcement and public enforcement: • Class Actions/Collective Actions: There is a strong case for the use fo class actions/collective actions to raise levels of deterrence and achieve greater compliance with competition laws, as theses actions may be the only practical way to ensure that customers with small claims also have their day in court. • Interface between Public and Private Enforcement: There is a widely shared concern that private litigation in competition cases can interfere with leniency programs in cartel cases. There is a trade-off between enabling the victims of a cartel to recover damages and incentives for cartel members to come forward, and no-one really knows with certainty how much protection from private litigation and damage awards is necessary so as not to deter leniency applicants. The prevailing view is that the integrity of leniency programs should be protected by a range of measures that limit a leniency applicant’s exposure to civil damages, but some delegates felt that the current trend provided unnecessary protection to leniency applicants to the detriment of private plaintiffs.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988031'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Private remedies']
### Abstract:
['The OECD Competition Committee debated private remedies in June 2006. The roundtable focused on class actions/collective actions and the interface between private enforcement and public enforcement: • Class Actions/Collective Actions: There is a strong case for the use fo class actions/collective actions to raise levels of deterrence and achieve greater compliance with competition laws, as theses actions may be the only practical way to ensure that customers with small claims also have their day in court. • Interface between Public and Private Enforcement: There is a widely shared concern that private litigation in competition cases can interfere with leniency programs in cartel cases. There is a trade-off between enabling the victims of a cartel to recover damages and incentives for cartel members to come forward, and no-one really knows with certainty how much protection from private litigation and damage awards is necessary so as not to deter leniency applicants. The prevailing view is that the integrity of leniency programs should be protected by a range of measures that limit a leniency applicant’s exposure to civil damages, but some delegates felt that the current trend provided unnecessary protection to leniency applicants to the detriment of private plaintiffs.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988031']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729988104.jsonld | ['How competitive is product market regulation in India? : An international and cross-state comparison'] | ["This paper assesses the extent to which India's regulatory environment promotes or inhibits competition in markets where technology and market conditions make competition viable. The analysis is based on the OECD’s indicators of Product Market Regulation (PMR) which have been used extensively over the last decade to benchmark regulatory frameworks in OECD countries and have proven useful in encouraging countries to implement structural reforms that enhance economic performance."] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988104'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['How competitive is product market regulation in India? : An international and cross-state comparison']
### Abstract:
["This paper assesses the extent to which India's regulatory environment promotes or inhibits competition in markets where technology and market conditions make competition viable. The analysis is based on the OECD’s indicators of Product Market Regulation (PMR) which have been used extensively over the last decade to benchmark regulatory frameworks in OECD countries and have proven useful in encouraging countries to implement structural reforms that enhance economic performance."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988104']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729988139.jsonld | ['U.S.India Nuclear Cooperation and Non-Proliferation'] | ['he “Agreement for Cooperation Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of India Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy”1 (hereinafter referred to as “U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation Agreement” or “123 agreement”) acknowledges a shift in international strategies and relations in both countries. As to India, it marks the end of nuclear isolation resulting from constraints, embargoes and controls and instead opens the path for nuclear commerce. With respect to the United States it entails a major geo-strategic ally in the evolving South- Asia region and promises large commercial benefits to the U.S. nuclear sector. This so called “nuclear deal” constitutes one of the major political, economic and strategic relationships developing between the two countries since 2001. It will lead to the separation of military and civilian nuclear installations in India, the latter to be placed under the safeguards system of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It thus de facto accepts India in the club of nuclear weapon states within the meaning of the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)2 although it is not party to this treaty, refuses adhering to it, officially possesses nuclear weapons and is not subject to a comprehensive system of safeguards.'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988139'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['U.S.India Nuclear Cooperation and Non-Proliferation']
### Abstract:
['he “Agreement for Cooperation Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of India Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy”1 (hereinafter referred to as “U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation Agreement” or “123 agreement”) acknowledges a shift in international strategies and relations in both countries. As to India, it marks the end of nuclear isolation resulting from constraints, embargoes and controls and instead opens the path for nuclear commerce. With respect to the United States it entails a major geo-strategic ally in the evolving South- Asia region and promises large commercial benefits to the U.S. nuclear sector. This so called “nuclear deal” constitutes one of the major political, economic and strategic relationships developing between the two countries since 2001. It will lead to the separation of military and civilian nuclear installations in India, the latter to be placed under the safeguards system of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It thus de facto accepts India in the club of nuclear weapon states within the meaning of the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)2 although it is not party to this treaty, refuses adhering to it, officially possesses nuclear weapons and is not subject to a comprehensive system of safeguards.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988139']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729988147.jsonld | ['Capacity Building for Effective Competition Policy in Developing and Transitioning Economies'] | ['This note begins by briefly addressing why competition policy is important for developing and transitioning economies. It then discusses some of the critical components of building a competition culture. Ideally, this process should begin by conducting a "needs assessment" in a number of areas. This assessment likely will lead to the identification of a list of steps that should be prioritised and undertaken. The priorities often can be grouped into three broad areas, namely, helping key constituencies to "buy in" to a competition culture, minimizing the extent to which a broad range of institutional mechanisms distort competition, and building an effective competition law enforcement regime to address private anticompetitive conduct. The note then summarizes the valuable perspectives of countries that have been providers or recipients of capacity building and technical assistance. It is based upon the responses to a questionnaire circulated in 2001 to delegates of the OECD’s Competition Committee and non-members who had been invited to participate in the second Global Forum on Competition, held in February 2002. This discussion is followed by a brief discussion of the potentially helpful roles that cooperation and peer review can play in the process of building the institutional capacity of a domestic enforcement authority. After briefly discussing the Doha Declaration, the note summarises the OECD’s capacity building activities in the competition field. Finally, in the conclusion, some suggestions are offered regarding a multi-faceted strategy for future capacity building and technical assistance activities.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988147'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Capacity Building for Effective Competition Policy in Developing and Transitioning Economies']
### Abstract:
['This note begins by briefly addressing why competition policy is important for developing and transitioning economies. It then discusses some of the critical components of building a competition culture. Ideally, this process should begin by conducting a "needs assessment" in a number of areas. This assessment likely will lead to the identification of a list of steps that should be prioritised and undertaken. The priorities often can be grouped into three broad areas, namely, helping key constituencies to "buy in" to a competition culture, minimizing the extent to which a broad range of institutional mechanisms distort competition, and building an effective competition law enforcement regime to address private anticompetitive conduct. The note then summarizes the valuable perspectives of countries that have been providers or recipients of capacity building and technical assistance. It is based upon the responses to a questionnaire circulated in 2001 to delegates of the OECD’s Competition Committee and non-members who had been invited to participate in the second Global Forum on Competition, held in February 2002. This discussion is followed by a brief discussion of the potentially helpful roles that cooperation and peer review can play in the process of building the institutional capacity of a domestic enforcement authority. After briefly discussing the Doha Declaration, the note summarises the OECD’s capacity building activities in the competition field. Finally, in the conclusion, some suggestions are offered regarding a multi-faceted strategy for future capacity building and technical assistance activities.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988147']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729988880.jsonld | ['Governance of Banks in China'] | ['With the economic reform in the late 1970s, it has been an objective of government policy for Chinese banks to move away from their traditional passive role of executing directives adapted to the active role in resource allocation of banks in a market economy. However, owing to unclear ownership structures and a history of support of regional and industrial policy, most Chinese banks have had difficulty making the transition. This is particularly true for the four large state-owned commercial banks (SOCBs). In 1998-99, a significant effort to strengthen SOCB balance sheets was undertaken, but the results were disappointing. In the most recent phase of the reform, which began in 2003, the authorities concluded that >further attempts at rehabilitation of the SOCBs had to address the issue of bank governance......'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988880'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Governance of Banks in China']
### Abstract:
['With the economic reform in the late 1970s, it has been an objective of government policy for Chinese banks to move away from their traditional passive role of executing directives adapted to the active role in resource allocation of banks in a market economy. However, owing to unclear ownership structures and a history of support of regional and industrial policy, most Chinese banks have had difficulty making the transition. This is particularly true for the four large state-owned commercial banks (SOCBs). In 1998-99, a significant effort to strengthen SOCB balance sheets was undertaken, but the results were disappointing. In the most recent phase of the reform, which began in 2003, the authorities concluded that >further attempts at rehabilitation of the SOCBs had to address the issue of bank governance......']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988880']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729988945.jsonld | ['Expanded guarantees for banks : Benefits, costs and exit issues'] | ['This article argues that the expansion of existing and the introduction of new guarantees for financial institutions has been a key element of the policy response to the recent financial crisis. Essentially, the government expanded its role as the provider of the safety net for banks by adopting the function of a guarantor of last resort. Among the various policy response measures, the expansion of guarantees has the benefit of entailing lower upfront fiscal costs relative to other options. Guarantees are not without cost however. Even if they do not generate significant upfront fiscal costs, they create contingent fiscal liabilities. Other potential costs include those arising from distortions to competition and incentives (moral hazard). For example, there may be a perception that similar guarantees will always be made available at low costs. The fact that the expansion of guarantees has not been as closely co-ordinated across borders as might have been desired has resulted in additional costs. To avoid additional costs arising from inconsistencies in exit strategies, close communication and coordination regarding pricing and timing issues is required, especially as a more formal framework for the public provision of insurance would still need to be developed.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988945'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Expanded guarantees for banks : Benefits, costs and exit issues']
### Abstract:
['This article argues that the expansion of existing and the introduction of new guarantees for financial institutions has been a key element of the policy response to the recent financial crisis. Essentially, the government expanded its role as the provider of the safety net for banks by adopting the function of a guarantor of last resort. Among the various policy response measures, the expansion of guarantees has the benefit of entailing lower upfront fiscal costs relative to other options. Guarantees are not without cost however. Even if they do not generate significant upfront fiscal costs, they create contingent fiscal liabilities. Other potential costs include those arising from distortions to competition and incentives (moral hazard). For example, there may be a perception that similar guarantees will always be made available at low costs. The fact that the expansion of guarantees has not been as closely co-ordinated across borders as might have been desired has resulted in additional costs. To avoid additional costs arising from inconsistencies in exit strategies, close communication and coordination regarding pricing and timing issues is required, especially as a more formal framework for the public provision of insurance would still need to be developed.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729988945']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729989267.jsonld | ["International Pooling of Operators' Funds : An Option to Increase the Amount of Financial Security to Cover Nuclear Liability?"] | ['Financial security to cover the third party liability of the operators of nuclear installations is nearly exclusively provided by the insurance industry. The recent revision exercises of the international nuclear liability conventions resulted in higher liability amounts and in a broader concept of compensable nuclear damage. This marks a new challenge for the insurance industry: its financial capacity is not unlimited, and there seems to emerge difficulties to cover the new liability in full.'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729989267'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ["International Pooling of Operators' Funds : An Option to Increase the Amount of Financial Security to Cover Nuclear Liability?"]
### Abstract:
['Financial security to cover the third party liability of the operators of nuclear installations is nearly exclusively provided by the insurance industry. The recent revision exercises of the international nuclear liability conventions resulted in higher liability amounts and in a broader concept of compensable nuclear damage. This marks a new challenge for the insurance industry: its financial capacity is not unlimited, and there seems to emerge difficulties to cover the new liability in full.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729989267']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729989275.jsonld | ['Case Law'] | ['Canada – Criminal Court decision respecting attempted export of nuclear-related dual use items to Iran: Her Majesty the Queen vs Yadegari (2010) Czech Republic – Supreme Administrative Court on the legal status of CEZ (2010)'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729989275'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Case Law']
### Abstract:
['Canada – Criminal Court decision respecting attempted export of nuclear-related dual use items to Iran: Her Majesty the Queen vs Yadegari (2010) Czech Republic – Supreme Administrative Court on the legal status of CEZ (2010)']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729989275']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729989488.jsonld | ['Harmonisation of Nuclear Liability in the European Union : Challenges, Options and Limits'] | ['Recent discussions have identified gaps in the existing nuclear liability regimes in a more focused fashion. The so-called nuclear renaissance or nuclear new build1 cannot be limited to the mere multiplication of nuclear power plants. It must take place together with the creation and strengthening of legal frameworks for nuclear safety and radiation protection, security and safeguards. As the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD/NEA) highlights in its Nuclear Energy Outlook 2008...'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729989488'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Harmonisation of Nuclear Liability in the European Union : Challenges, Options and Limits']
### Abstract:
['Recent discussions have identified gaps in the existing nuclear liability regimes in a more focused fashion. The so-called nuclear renaissance or nuclear new build1 cannot be limited to the mere multiplication of nuclear power plants. It must take place together with the creation and strengthening of legal frameworks for nuclear safety and radiation protection, security and safeguards. As the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD/NEA) highlights in its Nuclear Energy Outlook 2008...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729989488']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729989925.jsonld | ['Media Mergers: Summary of the Discussion'] | ['The Chairman made three general opening points: market definition is an important issue in most jurisdictions, and seems to be fairly similar across countries; behavioural remedies are heavily used and are highly case specific; and competition authorities are wrestling with the relationship between competition and pluralism issues but generally try to avoid it. Some competition authorities believe that promoting competition in itself promotes pluralism so nothing else is needed from competition authorities. Some contributions note, however, that competition authorities are criticised for ...'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729989925'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Media Mergers: Summary of the Discussion']
### Abstract:
['The Chairman made three general opening points: market definition is an important issue in most jurisdictions, and seems to be fairly similar across countries; behavioural remedies are heavily used and are highly case specific; and competition authorities are wrestling with the relationship between competition and pluralism issues but generally try to avoid it. Some competition authorities believe that promoting competition in itself promotes pluralism so nothing else is needed from competition authorities. Some contributions note, however, that competition authorities are criticised for ...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729989925']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729990974.jsonld | ['Competition and regulation in retail banking'] | ['The Competition Committee debated retail banking in October 2006. Competition can improve the functioning of the retail banking sector without harming prudential regulation. The efficient functioning of the sector is important for economic performance. The sector is considered special primarily because of externalities related to potential “contagion” effects stemming from (i) the withdrawal-upondemand characteristic of some bank deposits and (ii) the role banks play in the payment system, and (iii) the fact that banks are important for the funding of consumers and SMEs. Customer mobility and choice is essential to simulate retail-banking competition. An important observation is that the degree of customer mobility is low and the longevity of customer-bank relationships is long. Financial information sharing platforms should therefore be promoted and, where limited by privacy laws, privacy laws should be modified in a way that maintains the goal of protecting privacy while also allowing consumers to receive the benefits of credit ratings.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729990974'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Competition and regulation in retail banking']
### Abstract:
['The Competition Committee debated retail banking in October 2006. Competition can improve the functioning of the retail banking sector without harming prudential regulation. The efficient functioning of the sector is important for economic performance. The sector is considered special primarily because of externalities related to potential “contagion” effects stemming from (i) the withdrawal-upondemand characteristic of some bank deposits and (ii) the role banks play in the payment system, and (iii) the fact that banks are important for the funding of consumers and SMEs. Customer mobility and choice is essential to simulate retail-banking competition. An important observation is that the degree of customer mobility is low and the longevity of customer-bank relationships is long. Financial information sharing platforms should therefore be promoted and, where limited by privacy laws, privacy laws should be modified in a way that maintains the goal of protecting privacy while also allowing consumers to receive the benefits of credit ratings.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729990974']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A72999130X.jsonld | ['Private pensions and policy responses to the financial economic crisis'] | ['This article discusses responses to current financial and economic crisis by regulators, supervisorss and policy makers in the area of private pensions. These responses are examined in the light of international guidelines, best practices and recommendations to improve the design of private pensions. Policy makers are reminded that private pensions continue to play an important role in a balanced pension system, with security coming from diversity of provision.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A72999130X'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Private pensions and policy responses to the financial economic crisis']
### Abstract:
['This article discusses responses to current financial and economic crisis by regulators, supervisorss and policy makers in the area of private pensions. These responses are examined in the light of international guidelines, best practices and recommendations to improve the design of private pensions. Policy makers are reminded that private pensions continue to play an important role in a balanced pension system, with security coming from diversity of provision.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A72999130X']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729991458.jsonld | ['The Second Corporate Governance Wave in the Middle East and North Africa'] | ['Ten years ago, corporate governance was a nascent concept in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This article charts the evolution of corporate governance across the MENA region over the past decade – as a concept and in practice – and proposes potential avenues for future work in this area. Initial interest in corporate governance in the region was propelled by the drive to attract foreign investment and the increasing development of local capital markets. A second wave now appears to be forming and its results will depend largely on the capacity of national regulators to enforce existing corporate governance provisions. JEL Classification: G03, G34 Keywords: corporate governance, Middle East and North Africa (MENA), corporate governance code, security regulators, hawkamah'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729991458'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['The Second Corporate Governance Wave in the Middle East and North Africa']
### Abstract:
['Ten years ago, corporate governance was a nascent concept in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). This article charts the evolution of corporate governance across the MENA region over the past decade – as a concept and in practice – and proposes potential avenues for future work in this area. Initial interest in corporate governance in the region was propelled by the drive to attract foreign investment and the increasing development of local capital markets. A second wave now appears to be forming and its results will depend largely on the capacity of national regulators to enforce existing corporate governance provisions. JEL Classification: G03, G34 Keywords: corporate governance, Middle East and North Africa (MENA), corporate governance code, security regulators, hawkamah']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729991458']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729991709.jsonld | ['Plea bargaining : settlement of cartel cases'] | ['Plea agreements or negotiated settlements can be an efficient way to formally dispose of cartel cases.They can provide substantial benefits to competition authorities by allowing them to allocate their resources more efficiently and to increase enforcement activities, thus achieving greater deterrence. Plea agreements have substantial benefits for defendants as well.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729991709'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Plea bargaining : settlement of cartel cases']
### Abstract:
['Plea agreements or negotiated settlements can be an efficient way to formally dispose of cartel cases.They can provide substantial benefits to competition authorities by allowing them to allocate their resources more efficiently and to increase enforcement activities, thus achieving greater deterrence. Plea agreements have substantial benefits for defendants as well.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729991709']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729991849.jsonld | ['Country Review: El Salvador'] | ['The OECD has been active in promoting competition policy among countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and formed a partnership with the Inter-American Development Bank to further this aim. The principal feature of this partnership has been the annual Latin American Competition Forum (LACF), at which senior officials from countries in the region discuss, in roundtable fashion, issues of competition policy of interest to them. Each of the first four Forums featured a peer review of one country in the region. At the fifth Forum held in 2007, work focused on the four Latin American peer review reports which had been produced in the framework of the Latin American Competition Forum (Brazil, Chile, Peru and Argentina) as well as the peer review of Mexico held in the OECD Competition Committee. This work assessed the impact that the peer reviews have had on competition policy and on the competition agencies in the countries concerned. “Peer review” is a core element of OECD work. The mechanisms of peer review vary, but it is founded upon the willingness of a country to submit its laws and policies to substantive questioning by other members of the international community. This process provides valuable insights to the reviewed country and promotes transparency and mutual understanding for the benefit of all.There is an emerging consensus on best practices in competition law enforcement and in applying competition policy principles to regulatory systems. Countries now co-operate regularly in such areas as anticartel enforcement and international mergers. Peer reviews are an important part of this process. The OECD and the IDB are pleased to have participated in this partnership for the promotion of competition policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. This work is consistent with the policies and goals of both organisations. Sound competition policy will promote economic growth and prosperity, bringing benefits to consumers in the region and substantially improving the business climate. Both organisations would like to thank the Government of El Salvador for volunteering to be peer reviewed at the sixth LACF meeting, held in Panama, on 10-11 September 2008. Finally, we want to thank Mr. John Clark, the author of the report, and the many competition officials whose written and oral contributions to the Forum have been so important to its success.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729991849'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Country Review: El Salvador']
### Abstract:
['The OECD has been active in promoting competition policy among countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and formed a partnership with the Inter-American Development Bank to further this aim. The principal feature of this partnership has been the annual Latin American Competition Forum (LACF), at which senior officials from countries in the region discuss, in roundtable fashion, issues of competition policy of interest to them. Each of the first four Forums featured a peer review of one country in the region. At the fifth Forum held in 2007, work focused on the four Latin American peer review reports which had been produced in the framework of the Latin American Competition Forum (Brazil, Chile, Peru and Argentina) as well as the peer review of Mexico held in the OECD Competition Committee. This work assessed the impact that the peer reviews have had on competition policy and on the competition agencies in the countries concerned. “Peer review” is a core element of OECD work. The mechanisms of peer review vary, but it is founded upon the willingness of a country to submit its laws and policies to substantive questioning by other members of the international community. This process provides valuable insights to the reviewed country and promotes transparency and mutual understanding for the benefit of all.There is an emerging consensus on best practices in competition law enforcement and in applying competition policy principles to regulatory systems. Countries now co-operate regularly in such areas as anticartel enforcement and international mergers. Peer reviews are an important part of this process. The OECD and the IDB are pleased to have participated in this partnership for the promotion of competition policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. This work is consistent with the policies and goals of both organisations. Sound competition policy will promote economic growth and prosperity, bringing benefits to consumers in the region and substantially improving the business climate. Both organisations would like to thank the Government of El Salvador for volunteering to be peer reviewed at the sixth LACF meeting, held in Panama, on 10-11 September 2008. Finally, we want to thank Mr. John Clark, the author of the report, and the many competition officials whose written and oral contributions to the Forum have been so important to its success.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729991849']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729992055.jsonld | ['Ghana: Agriculture is Becoming a Business'] | ['Ghana’s agricultural sector has two faces. On the one hand, Ghana continues to face food security problems due to stagnating productivity in the food crop sector and undeveloped internal food markets. On the other hand, horticultural exports have been increasing and recent investments in cocoa and pineapple processing can been seen as signs of an emerging modern agricultural sector. The horticultural sector currently receives a lot of attention from donors and the Ghanaian government. The examination of several large donor projects in this sector reveals that donors are increasingly taking a value chain approach and trying to link smallholder farmers to exporters via outgrower schemes. Donors are also making an effort to connect their projects with other ongoing interventions. However, donor approaches vary according to donor preferences, and multi-donor programmes would probably be a better solution. While the current focus of donors and the Ghanaian government in the horticultural sector is welcome, it bears the risk of leaving the north of Ghana, where food crop production and poverty are concentrated, further behind. Food crops should receive more attention not only to resolve Ghana’s food security problem but also to take advantage of growing demand from Ghana’s middle-income class, which provides the opportunity for developing a local food industry.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729992055'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Ghana: Agriculture is Becoming a Business']
### Abstract:
['Ghana’s agricultural sector has two faces. On the one hand, Ghana continues to face food security problems due to stagnating productivity in the food crop sector and undeveloped internal food markets. On the other hand, horticultural exports have been increasing and recent investments in cocoa and pineapple processing can been seen as signs of an emerging modern agricultural sector. The horticultural sector currently receives a lot of attention from donors and the Ghanaian government. The examination of several large donor projects in this sector reveals that donors are increasingly taking a value chain approach and trying to link smallholder farmers to exporters via outgrower schemes. Donors are also making an effort to connect their projects with other ongoing interventions. However, donor approaches vary according to donor preferences, and multi-donor programmes would probably be a better solution. While the current focus of donors and the Ghanaian government in the horticultural sector is welcome, it bears the risk of leaving the north of Ghana, where food crop production and poverty are concentrated, further behind. Food crops should receive more attention not only to resolve Ghana’s food security problem but also to take advantage of growing demand from Ghana’s middle-income class, which provides the opportunity for developing a local food industry.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729992055']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729992217.jsonld | ['OECD Guidelines on Pension Fund Asset Management'] | ['The OECD Guidelines on Pension Fund Asset Management set out a basic framework for the regulation of pension fund investment. The Guidelines start with the basic premise that the regulatory framework should take into account the retirement income objective of a pension fund. Two other essential aspects of the regulatory framework are the prudent person standard and the statement of investment policy. Regulations may also include quantitative limits, but only as long as they are consistent with and promote the prudential principles of security, profitability and liquidity pursuant to which assets should be invested. These Guidelines were developed by the Working Party on Private Pensions and the Insurance and Private Pensions Committee and were adopted by the OECD Council on 26 January 2006. They complement the "Recommendation of the Council on Core Principles of Occupational Pension Regulation", adopted by the OECD Council in July 2004.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729992217'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['OECD Guidelines on Pension Fund Asset Management']
### Abstract:
['The OECD Guidelines on Pension Fund Asset Management set out a basic framework for the regulation of pension fund investment. The Guidelines start with the basic premise that the regulatory framework should take into account the retirement income objective of a pension fund. Two other essential aspects of the regulatory framework are the prudent person standard and the statement of investment policy. Regulations may also include quantitative limits, but only as long as they are consistent with and promote the prudential principles of security, profitability and liquidity pursuant to which assets should be invested. These Guidelines were developed by the Working Party on Private Pensions and the Insurance and Private Pensions Committee and were adopted by the OECD Council on 26 January 2006. They complement the "Recommendation of the Council on Core Principles of Occupational Pension Regulation", adopted by the OECD Council in July 2004.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729992217']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729992373.jsonld | ['The subprime crisis : Size, deleveraging and some policy options'] | ['The paper revises our previous USD 300 bn estimate for mortgage related losses to a range of USD 350-420 bn. In doing this the paper explicitly rejects the previous approach based on implied defaults from ABX pricing, because these prices are affected by illiquidity and extreme volatility; they will likely lead to misleading estimates of losses. Instead it builds a proper default model approach and allows for recovery of collateral via house sales over time. The paper separates out the losses due to commercial banks in the US, and goes on to look at the implied deleveraging required to meet capital standards. It could take 6-12 months for banks to offset losses via earnings alone, depending on Fed rate cuts and the dividend policy of banks. Since even more capital than this is required if banks were to expand their balance sheets, the paper looks at possibilities for capital injections from groups like sovereign wealth funds; and it also looks at a novel plan for the use of public money with an RTC-style approach and the issue of zero coupon bonds. Finally the paper looks at the issues of moral hazard, the likely size of the impact in Europe and Asia and non-bank corporate leverage.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729992373'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['The subprime crisis : Size, deleveraging and some policy options']
### Abstract:
['The paper revises our previous USD 300 bn estimate for mortgage related losses to a range of USD 350-420 bn. In doing this the paper explicitly rejects the previous approach based on implied defaults from ABX pricing, because these prices are affected by illiquidity and extreme volatility; they will likely lead to misleading estimates of losses. Instead it builds a proper default model approach and allows for recovery of collateral via house sales over time. The paper separates out the losses due to commercial banks in the US, and goes on to look at the implied deleveraging required to meet capital standards. It could take 6-12 months for banks to offset losses via earnings alone, depending on Fed rate cuts and the dividend policy of banks. Since even more capital than this is required if banks were to expand their balance sheets, the paper looks at possibilities for capital injections from groups like sovereign wealth funds; and it also looks at a novel plan for the use of public money with an RTC-style approach and the issue of zero coupon bonds. Finally the paper looks at the issues of moral hazard, the likely size of the impact in Europe and Asia and non-bank corporate leverage.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729992373']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729993051.jsonld | ['Growth effects of education and social capital in the OECD countries'] | ['This paper surveys the empirical literature on the growth effects of education and social capital. The main focus is on the cross-country evidence for the OECD countries, but the paper also briefly reviews evidence from labour economics, to clarify where empirical work on education using macro data may be relatively useful. It is argued that on balance, the recent cross-country evidence points to productivity benefits of education that are at least as large as those identified by labour economists. The paper also discusses the implications of this finding. Finally, the paper reviews the emerging literature on the benefits of social capital. Since this literature is still in its early days, policy conclusions are accordingly harder to find.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729993051'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Growth effects of education and social capital in the OECD countries']
### Abstract:
['This paper surveys the empirical literature on the growth effects of education and social capital. The main focus is on the cross-country evidence for the OECD countries, but the paper also briefly reviews evidence from labour economics, to clarify where empirical work on education using macro data may be relatively useful. It is argued that on balance, the recent cross-country evidence points to productivity benefits of education that are at least as large as those identified by labour economists. The paper also discusses the implications of this finding. Finally, the paper reviews the emerging literature on the benefits of social capital. Since this literature is still in its early days, policy conclusions are accordingly harder to find.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729993051']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729993434.jsonld | ['How to Foster Investments in Long-Term Assets such as Infrastructure'] | ['Mobilising private sector funding is essential in bridging the infrastructure funding gap. This can be done by appropriate regulation, targeted public financial support, and active involvement by institutional investors. Creating an appropriate policy framework and lifting regulatory constraints on long-term investments will foster financial stability of retirement savings systems and enable the development of strategic infrastructure projects that contribute to long-term growth. As capital markets and bank funding have dried up as sources of infrastructure financing after the global financial crisis, finding alternative long-term debt sources is critical. Private infrastructure financing can be promoted by targeted public measures and by building an infrastructure management culture amongst asset managers. Infrastructure investments also require long-term policy planning, with long-term strategic policy frameworks that exceed political cycles and are built on wide political consensus. Stable and accessible programmes of infrastructure projects and public-private partnerships (PPPs) are key in attracting private sector investors, complemented by adequate regulation.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729993434'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['How to Foster Investments in Long-Term Assets such as Infrastructure']
### Abstract:
['Mobilising private sector funding is essential in bridging the infrastructure funding gap. This can be done by appropriate regulation, targeted public financial support, and active involvement by institutional investors. Creating an appropriate policy framework and lifting regulatory constraints on long-term investments will foster financial stability of retirement savings systems and enable the development of strategic infrastructure projects that contribute to long-term growth. As capital markets and bank funding have dried up as sources of infrastructure financing after the global financial crisis, finding alternative long-term debt sources is critical. Private infrastructure financing can be promoted by targeted public measures and by building an infrastructure management culture amongst asset managers. Infrastructure investments also require long-term policy planning, with long-term strategic policy frameworks that exceed political cycles and are built on wide political consensus. Stable and accessible programmes of infrastructure projects and public-private partnerships (PPPs) are key in attracting private sector investors, complemented by adequate regulation.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729993434']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729993523.jsonld | ['Investment in human capital through upper-secondary and tertiary education'] | ['This article examines various efficiency and equity aspects related to the skill acquisition of young people and older adults. The analysis suggests that human capital investment is associated with significant labour-market gains for individuals, including higher post-tax earnings and better employment prospects, which exceed the investment costs, mainly foregone earnings and tuition fees, by a significant margin. It also shows that the net benefits are strongly influenced by policy related factors, such as study length, tuition subsidies and student support. Overall, the estimates reported in the article indicate that there are strong incentives for the average student to continue studying beyond the compulsory schooling age, and also point to the benefits of such investment in education for society as a whole. However, the net gains fall with age, mainly reflecting a shorter period to take advantage of the benefits that come with education. Finally, the article notes that students in higher education tend to come from more affluent backgrounds and that they benefit from large public subsidies, whereas young people from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to participate in tertiary education and thus benefit from public subsidies.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729993523'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Investment in human capital through upper-secondary and tertiary education']
### Abstract:
['This article examines various efficiency and equity aspects related to the skill acquisition of young people and older adults. The analysis suggests that human capital investment is associated with significant labour-market gains for individuals, including higher post-tax earnings and better employment prospects, which exceed the investment costs, mainly foregone earnings and tuition fees, by a significant margin. It also shows that the net benefits are strongly influenced by policy related factors, such as study length, tuition subsidies and student support. Overall, the estimates reported in the article indicate that there are strong incentives for the average student to continue studying beyond the compulsory schooling age, and also point to the benefits of such investment in education for society as a whole. However, the net gains fall with age, mainly reflecting a shorter period to take advantage of the benefits that come with education. Finally, the article notes that students in higher education tend to come from more affluent backgrounds and that they benefit from large public subsidies, whereas young people from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to participate in tertiary education and thus benefit from public subsidies.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729993523']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729993884.jsonld | ['Case Law'] | ['France Judgement of the European Court of Human Rights on the Right to a Fair Trial, in the Litigation Collectif Stop MELOX and MOX versus France (2007) Decision of the Council of State Quashing a Decree Concerning a Nuclear Installation in Brennilis, for the Want of Public Information and Consultation (2007) South Africa Judgement of the Cape High Court in the Case of McDonald and Others versus Minister of Minerals and Energy and Others (2007) United Kingdom Decision of the Wick Sheriff Court Fining UKAEA for Plutonium Exposure (2007) United States Judgement of the US Court of Appeals on Environmental Analysis of the Effects of Terrorism (2006) Vacatur of US Court of Federal Claims Decision Regarding Price-Anderson Compensation of Costs in a Private Tort Claim (2007)'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729993884'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Case Law']
### Abstract:
['France Judgement of the European Court of Human Rights on the Right to a Fair Trial, in the Litigation Collectif Stop MELOX and MOX versus France (2007) Decision of the Council of State Quashing a Decree Concerning a Nuclear Installation in Brennilis, for the Want of Public Information and Consultation (2007) South Africa Judgement of the Cape High Court in the Case of McDonald and Others versus Minister of Minerals and Energy and Others (2007) United Kingdom Decision of the Wick Sheriff Court Fining UKAEA for Plutonium Exposure (2007) United States Judgement of the US Court of Appeals on Environmental Analysis of the Effects of Terrorism (2006) Vacatur of US Court of Federal Claims Decision Regarding Price-Anderson Compensation of Costs in a Private Tort Claim (2007)']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729993884']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729994090.jsonld | ['Improving the efficiency of health care spending : What can be learnt from partial and selected analyses of hospital performance?'] | ['There are no ready-made data on hospital outputs and inputs which would allow comprehensive international comparisons of hospital efficiency to be carried out. This paper, therefore, relies on selected evidence to compare hospital efficiency in a sub-set of OECD countries, based on three different approaches relying on, respectively: i) unit costs for standard hospital treatments; ii) overall efficiency levels in a set of paired countries; iii) within-country dispersion in individual hospital efficiency. The analysis suggests substantial cross-country differences in hospital performance. Although country coverage varies between the different approaches, making it difficult to assess the extent to which comparisons provide a consistent picture of national efficiency levels, cross-checks between the different indicator sets tend to support the robustness of the country rankings.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729994090'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Improving the efficiency of health care spending : What can be learnt from partial and selected analyses of hospital performance?']
### Abstract:
['There are no ready-made data on hospital outputs and inputs which would allow comprehensive international comparisons of hospital efficiency to be carried out. This paper, therefore, relies on selected evidence to compare hospital efficiency in a sub-set of OECD countries, based on three different approaches relying on, respectively: i) unit costs for standard hospital treatments; ii) overall efficiency levels in a set of paired countries; iii) within-country dispersion in individual hospital efficiency. The analysis suggests substantial cross-country differences in hospital performance. Although country coverage varies between the different approaches, making it difficult to assess the extent to which comparisons provide a consistent picture of national efficiency levels, cross-checks between the different indicator sets tend to support the robustness of the country rankings.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729994090']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729994732.jsonld | ['Texts'] | ['Lithuania Law on the Nuclear Power Plant (2007) People’s Republic of China Official Reply of the State Council to Questions on the Liabilities of Compensation for Damages Resulting from Nuclear Accidents (2007) Turkey Unofficial Translation of the Turkish Law No. 5710 Concerning the Construction and Operation of Nuclear Power Plants and the Sale of Energy Generated from Those Plants (2007)'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729994732'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Texts']
### Abstract:
['Lithuania Law on the Nuclear Power Plant (2007) People’s Republic of China Official Reply of the State Council to Questions on the Liabilities of Compensation for Damages Resulting from Nuclear Accidents (2007) Turkey Unofficial Translation of the Turkish Law No. 5710 Concerning the Construction and Operation of Nuclear Power Plants and the Sale of Energy Generated from Those Plants (2007)']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729994732']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729994740.jsonld | ['Preventing Market Abuses and Promoting Economic Efficiency, Growth and Opportunity'] | ['Effective competition law and policy are critical to achieving greater levels of economic efficiency, growth, employment and living standards. Pro-competitive reform and sound competition law enforcement have delivered dramatic price reductions, a proliferation of new products, superior quality and service and enhanced innovation wherever they have been embraced. Perhaps more importantly, they have strong links with key pillars of economic growth and development such as investment, governance, the cultivation of an entrepreneurial class, privatisation and trade. Achieving a better appreciation and understanding of these benefits and links is essential to making continued progress in removing ...'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729994740'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Preventing Market Abuses and Promoting Economic Efficiency, Growth and Opportunity']
### Abstract:
['Effective competition law and policy are critical to achieving greater levels of economic efficiency, growth, employment and living standards. Pro-competitive reform and sound competition law enforcement have delivered dramatic price reductions, a proliferation of new products, superior quality and service and enhanced innovation wherever they have been embraced. Perhaps more importantly, they have strong links with key pillars of economic growth and development such as investment, governance, the cultivation of an entrepreneurial class, privatisation and trade. Achieving a better appreciation and understanding of these benefits and links is essential to making continued progress in removing ...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729994740']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729994910.jsonld | ['The Stock Market, the Housing Market and Consumer Behaviour'] | ['After the buoyancy of stock markets in the late nineties, share prices have generally trended downwards since 2001. By contrast, house prices have continued to increase, rising more rapidly than the general price level in several countries. These developments have led to renewed interest in the impact of asset prices on consumption and overall demand. This paper analyses the roles of household financial wealth and housing wealth across G7 countries (with the exception of Germany), in determining private consumption. It provides some estimates of the sensitivity of consumption to various forms of wealth and tests whether these sensitivities have changed over time. The impacts of recent financial and housing market developments on consumption are also quantified. The main results are, first, that for all countries, wealth channels are identified, second, that these effects vary significantly across countries, and third that for some countries, their importance has tended to rise markedly over the recent past.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729994910'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['The Stock Market, the Housing Market and Consumer Behaviour']
### Abstract:
['After the buoyancy of stock markets in the late nineties, share prices have generally trended downwards since 2001. By contrast, house prices have continued to increase, rising more rapidly than the general price level in several countries. These developments have led to renewed interest in the impact of asset prices on consumption and overall demand. This paper analyses the roles of household financial wealth and housing wealth across G7 countries (with the exception of Germany), in determining private consumption. It provides some estimates of the sensitivity of consumption to various forms of wealth and tests whether these sensitivities have changed over time. The impacts of recent financial and housing market developments on consumption are also quantified. The main results are, first, that for all countries, wealth channels are identified, second, that these effects vary significantly across countries, and third that for some countries, their importance has tended to rise markedly over the recent past.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729994910']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729995054.jsonld | ['Competition and Regulation Issues in Telecommunications: Synthesis'] | ['The telecommunications industry has been transformed by increasingly vigorous competitive activity in an environment of rapid technical and regulatory change. As new technologies grow and as competitors enter and expand, firms often seek access to the networks of their competitors. The rules for connecting networks can be critical for the success of new and established networks and can have significant effects on investment. In fact, the most complex questions facing regulators in a potentially competitive telecommunications market are frequently focused on the conditions of access of one network to another’s network. One reason these problems are severe is that, as long as subscribers are only connected to one network, that network has a monopoly over calls that terminate with its subscribers, even if different networks might have competed to obtain that subscriber...'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729995054'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Competition and Regulation Issues in Telecommunications: Synthesis']
### Abstract:
['The telecommunications industry has been transformed by increasingly vigorous competitive activity in an environment of rapid technical and regulatory change. As new technologies grow and as competitors enter and expand, firms often seek access to the networks of their competitors. The rules for connecting networks can be critical for the success of new and established networks and can have significant effects on investment. In fact, the most complex questions facing regulators in a potentially competitive telecommunications market are frequently focused on the conditions of access of one network to another’s network. One reason these problems are severe is that, as long as subscribers are only connected to one network, that network has a monopoly over calls that terminate with its subscribers, even if different networks might have competed to obtain that subscriber...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729995054']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729995070.jsonld | ['Highlights of OECD Financial Outreach Activities in 2004'] | ['Following the end of the “Cold War”, the OECD has, since the early 1990s, been conducting “Outreach” activities (i.e. policy dialogue and capacity-building cooperation activities with non-Member economies), first with the Central and Eastern European countries in transition, and now extending to many other emerging economies. These “Outreach” activities have of course included financial sector reform, as the financial sector is often considered one of the key sectors in assisting these economies’ developments. The OECD’s efforts in this area have focused on, and continue to give primary attention to, capital market reform (including corporate governance) as well as insurance and pension market policies and reform on a regional basis; they have been recently targeting Asia, as this...'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729995070'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Highlights of OECD Financial Outreach Activities in 2004']
### Abstract:
['Following the end of the “Cold War”, the OECD has, since the early 1990s, been conducting “Outreach” activities (i.e. policy dialogue and capacity-building cooperation activities with non-Member economies), first with the Central and Eastern European countries in transition, and now extending to many other emerging economies. These “Outreach” activities have of course included financial sector reform, as the financial sector is often considered one of the key sectors in assisting these economies’ developments. The OECD’s efforts in this area have focused on, and continue to give primary attention to, capital market reform (including corporate governance) as well as insurance and pension market policies and reform on a regional basis; they have been recently targeting Asia, as this...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729995070']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729995143.jsonld | ['National Implementation and Enforcement of Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaties'] | ['The act of establishing a nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) by a state is a sovereign right protected by Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations and Article VII of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). It is a step towards nuclear disarmament by restricting the areas on earth and in space where such weapons may be freely produced, moved, tested, stationed and used. It is a measure of national security for states that wish to distance their territory and their populations completely from the nuclear arms race, its implications and its effects on development, health and international relations. When the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba) enters into force, probably this year, over half of the earth’s land mass and 119 countries will be protected in such zones.'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729995143'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['National Implementation and Enforcement of Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaties']
### Abstract:
['The act of establishing a nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) by a state is a sovereign right protected by Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations and Article VII of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). It is a step towards nuclear disarmament by restricting the areas on earth and in space where such weapons may be freely produced, moved, tested, stationed and used. It is a measure of national security for states that wish to distance their territory and their populations completely from the nuclear arms race, its implications and its effects on development, health and international relations. When the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba) enters into force, probably this year, over half of the earth’s land mass and 119 countries will be protected in such zones.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729995143']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729995593.jsonld | ['Risks Ahead for the Financial Industry in a Changing Interest Rate Environment'] | ['The current interest rate environment has been conducive to financial institutions assuming exposure to interest rate risks. As interest rates are expected to rise globally, albeit slowly, and current steep yield curves may soon flatten, such risks may materialise in the near future. At the same time, weaknesses in the banking sector still exist, especially for some segments of the European banking sector. While the effects of changes in interest rates and their structure on financial institutions differ, recent changes in asset and funding structures of banks make them generally more vulnerable to a changing interest rate environment. Currency risk exposure has also grown, and regional concentration may pose specific risks. An unravelling of carry trades will have a negative effect on some institutions. Proper risk management can help during an adjustment process, and regulatory reforms underway will better support risk management functions in financial institutions that are, in any case, already adjusting to the new environment. JEL Classification: G01, G12, G15, G21, G32 Keywords: financial crisis, interest rate risks, sovereign risks, bond markets, banks'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729995593'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Risks Ahead for the Financial Industry in a Changing Interest Rate Environment']
### Abstract:
['The current interest rate environment has been conducive to financial institutions assuming exposure to interest rate risks. As interest rates are expected to rise globally, albeit slowly, and current steep yield curves may soon flatten, such risks may materialise in the near future. At the same time, weaknesses in the banking sector still exist, especially for some segments of the European banking sector. While the effects of changes in interest rates and their structure on financial institutions differ, recent changes in asset and funding structures of banks make them generally more vulnerable to a changing interest rate environment. Currency risk exposure has also grown, and regional concentration may pose specific risks. An unravelling of carry trades will have a negative effect on some institutions. Proper risk management can help during an adjustment process, and regulatory reforms underway will better support risk management functions in financial institutions that are, in any case, already adjusting to the new environment. JEL Classification: G01, G12, G15, G21, G32 Keywords: financial crisis, interest rate risks, sovereign risks, bond markets, banks']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729995593']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729995941.jsonld | ['Regulation, market structure and performance in air passenger transportation'] | ['The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data are summarised by means of factor analysis. Controlling for market size, network length and other technological and economic differences, and combining national and route-level characteristics, cross-country and cross-route regressions show that i) productive efficiency increases and fares decline when regulations and market structures become more friendly to competition; ii) productive efficiency is sensitive to actual competitive pressures, as proxied by market concentration; iii) fares react to liberalisation independently from market structure, but in liberal environments their decline is amplified by actual competition between carriers; iv) business and economy fares tend to decline when they are liberalised and market concentration is reduced, but tend to increase when markets are dominated by airline alliances on the route; v) discount fares are affected by the overall market environment at route ends, charter regulations and the actual presence of challenger airlines on the route; and vi) airport congestion and dominance tend to increase fares in time-sensitive market segments.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729995941'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Regulation, market structure and performance in air passenger transportation']
### Abstract:
['The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data are summarised by means of factor analysis. Controlling for market size, network length and other technological and economic differences, and combining national and route-level characteristics, cross-country and cross-route regressions show that i) productive efficiency increases and fares decline when regulations and market structures become more friendly to competition; ii) productive efficiency is sensitive to actual competitive pressures, as proxied by market concentration; iii) fares react to liberalisation independently from market structure, but in liberal environments their decline is amplified by actual competition between carriers; iv) business and economy fares tend to decline when they are liberalised and market concentration is reduced, but tend to increase when markets are dominated by airline alliances on the route; v) discount fares are affected by the overall market environment at route ends, charter regulations and the actual presence of challenger airlines on the route; and vi) airport congestion and dominance tend to increase fares in time-sensitive market segments.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729995941']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729996875.jsonld | ['Land Use Restrictions as Barriers to Entry'] | ['The OECD Competition Committee debated competitive effects of land use restrictions in February 2008. Land use restrictions often serve valuable social purposes. The benefits of particular policies for land use must be balanced against the costs, though. The social harms that can arise when land use restrictions create “entry barriers” are rarely considered explicitly. Land use restrictions can raise the price and reduce supply of a broad range of real estate and, by preventing new and innovative stores from opening, reduce shopping options available to consumers. More careful integration of policy on land use restrictions with competition policy could benefit consumers and many entrepreneurs and reduce the likelihood that public or private restrictions will lead to supply scarcity. This roundtable examines competition problems affecting commercial construction and use permits, geographic density tests, adverse impact tests, access condition to rights of ay and private restrictions on land use. Steps are identified for improving public policies towards land use restrictions.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729996875'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Land Use Restrictions as Barriers to Entry']
### Abstract:
['The OECD Competition Committee debated competitive effects of land use restrictions in February 2008. Land use restrictions often serve valuable social purposes. The benefits of particular policies for land use must be balanced against the costs, though. The social harms that can arise when land use restrictions create “entry barriers” are rarely considered explicitly. Land use restrictions can raise the price and reduce supply of a broad range of real estate and, by preventing new and innovative stores from opening, reduce shopping options available to consumers. More careful integration of policy on land use restrictions with competition policy could benefit consumers and many entrepreneurs and reduce the likelihood that public or private restrictions will lead to supply scarcity. This roundtable examines competition problems affecting commercial construction and use permits, geographic density tests, adverse impact tests, access condition to rights of ay and private restrictions on land use. Steps are identified for improving public policies towards land use restrictions.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729996875']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729997413.jsonld | ['National Legislative and Regulatory Activities'] | ['BelarusAct on the development of atomic energy in the Republic of Belarus (2008) Decree on the construction of a nuclear power plant (2007) Statute of the Department of Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection in the Ministry of Emergency Situations – Gosatomnadzor (2007) France Decree establishing a Political Nuclear Council (2008) Decree authorising the establishment of the “Agence France Nucléaire International” within the Atomic Energy Commission (2008) Germany Ratification of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2007) Amendments to the 1993 Foreign Trade Ordinance (2008) List of Foreign Trade Regulations (2008) Italy Decree designating a working group to identify the procedures and methodology for establishing a centre for technological services and research (2008) Japan Criminal Radiation Emission Act (2007) Lithuania Amendment to the Law on the Nuclear Power Plant (2008) Poland Regulation on the emergency plans for radiation emergency (2007) Regulation on the requirements for controlled and supervised areas (2007) Regulation on the requirements for individual dose registration (2007) Regulation on the state owned public utility “Radioactive Waste Management Plant” (2007) Regulation on import, export and transit of spent nuclear fuel intended for reprocessing or storage (2007) Regulation on import, export and transit of nuclear materials, radioactive sources and equipment containing such sources (2007) Romania Government Decision on Romania’s Energy Policy for 2007 to 2010 (2007) Guidelines regarding the road haulage of hazardous goods on the Romanian territory (2007) Order adopting the INF Code (2008) Russian Federation Reform of the Russian nuclear power industry (2007) Slovenia Decree on the designation of affected areas and the compensation due to the limited use of land surrounding the Zirovki Vrh Uranium Mine (2008) Decree on safeguarding of nuclear materials (2008) Spain Law creating the Nuclear Safety Council (2007) Royal Decree amending the Regulation on Nuclear and Radioactive Installations (2008) Turkey Regulations on criteria to be met by investors who will construct and operate nuclear power plants (2008) European Union Commission Decision concerning the accession of the European Atomic Energy Community to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities (2007) Council Decision establishing Statutes for the Euratom Supply Agency (2008)Commission Decision establishing the standard document for the supervision and control of shipments of radioactive waste and spent fuel (2008)'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729997413'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['National Legislative and Regulatory Activities']
### Abstract:
['BelarusAct on the development of atomic energy in the Republic of Belarus (2008) Decree on the construction of a nuclear power plant (2007) Statute of the Department of Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection in the Ministry of Emergency Situations – Gosatomnadzor (2007) France Decree establishing a Political Nuclear Council (2008) Decree authorising the establishment of the “Agence France Nucléaire International” within the Atomic Energy Commission (2008) Germany Ratification of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2007) Amendments to the 1993 Foreign Trade Ordinance (2008) List of Foreign Trade Regulations (2008) Italy Decree designating a working group to identify the procedures and methodology for establishing a centre for technological services and research (2008) Japan Criminal Radiation Emission Act (2007) Lithuania Amendment to the Law on the Nuclear Power Plant (2008) Poland Regulation on the emergency plans for radiation emergency (2007) Regulation on the requirements for controlled and supervised areas (2007) Regulation on the requirements for individual dose registration (2007) Regulation on the state owned public utility “Radioactive Waste Management Plant” (2007) Regulation on import, export and transit of spent nuclear fuel intended for reprocessing or storage (2007) Regulation on import, export and transit of nuclear materials, radioactive sources and equipment containing such sources (2007) Romania Government Decision on Romania’s Energy Policy for 2007 to 2010 (2007) Guidelines regarding the road haulage of hazardous goods on the Romanian territory (2007) Order adopting the INF Code (2008) Russian Federation Reform of the Russian nuclear power industry (2007) Slovenia Decree on the designation of affected areas and the compensation due to the limited use of land surrounding the Zirovki Vrh Uranium Mine (2008) Decree on safeguarding of nuclear materials (2008) Spain Law creating the Nuclear Safety Council (2007) Royal Decree amending the Regulation on Nuclear and Radioactive Installations (2008) Turkey Regulations on criteria to be met by investors who will construct and operate nuclear power plants (2008) European Union Commission Decision concerning the accession of the European Atomic Energy Community to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities (2007) Council Decision establishing Statutes for the Euratom Supply Agency (2008)Commission Decision establishing the standard document for the supervision and control of shipments of radioactive waste and spent fuel (2008)']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729997413']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729997677.jsonld | ['Deregulation, Trade Reform and Innovation in the South African Agriculture Sector'] | ['This case study examines the effect of deregulation and trade reform on South Africa’s agriculture sector, which is highly dualistic consisting of a developed commercial sector and a subsistence farming sector. Deregulation and trade reform has led to substantial changes in innovation in the commercial agriculture sector, such as wine and fruit, leading to a large change in composition while innovation seems to have been more limited in subsistence agriculture, which lacks absorption capacity. Legal uncertainties related to land reform may also be a factor which can negatively affect innovation in the commercial farming sector. Keywords: innovation, deregulation, trade reform, South Africa, agriculture, wine, fruit, field crops, foreign investment, absorption capacity.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729997677'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Deregulation, Trade Reform and Innovation in the South African Agriculture Sector']
### Abstract:
['This case study examines the effect of deregulation and trade reform on South Africa’s agriculture sector, which is highly dualistic consisting of a developed commercial sector and a subsistence farming sector. Deregulation and trade reform has led to substantial changes in innovation in the commercial agriculture sector, such as wine and fruit, leading to a large change in composition while innovation seems to have been more limited in subsistence agriculture, which lacks absorption capacity. Legal uncertainties related to land reform may also be a factor which can negatively affect innovation in the commercial farming sector. Keywords: innovation, deregulation, trade reform, South Africa, agriculture, wine, fruit, field crops, foreign investment, absorption capacity.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729997677']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729998290.jsonld | ['What is the future for Latin American migration?'] | ['International migration in Latin America today presents several features that will remain constant up to 2030, and new issues will emerge such as the growing feminisation of migration, the special case of indigenous people or human rights aspects. A concentrated migration pattern to the United States and Spain dominate the region. Although this will continue during the next decades, there will also be an incipient pattern of diversification of destinations (other European countries, Canada and Japan). Little progress has been made regarding the productive use of remittances, and the agreements and programmes targeted for temporary labour migration have not become widespread and also continue to include meagre migrant worker quotas. Today, the main destinations for intraregional migrants are Argentina, Costa Rica and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, but there are some modest signs of change in the future.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729998290'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['What is the future for Latin American migration?']
### Abstract:
['International migration in Latin America today presents several features that will remain constant up to 2030, and new issues will emerge such as the growing feminisation of migration, the special case of indigenous people or human rights aspects. A concentrated migration pattern to the United States and Spain dominate the region. Although this will continue during the next decades, there will also be an incipient pattern of diversification of destinations (other European countries, Canada and Japan). Little progress has been made regarding the productive use of remittances, and the agreements and programmes targeted for temporary labour migration have not become widespread and also continue to include meagre migrant worker quotas. Today, the main destinations for intraregional migrants are Argentina, Costa Rica and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, but there are some modest signs of change in the future.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729998290']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
Subsets and Splits