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3A729998703.jsonld | ['Governments and the Market for Longevity-indexed Bonds'] | ['Uncertainty about length of life, longevity risk, is a growing financial problem for pension funds and annuity providers. Unfortunately, there is a lack of financial instruments to hedge against this longevity risk, thereby complicating risk management by pension funds and hindering the expansion of the annuity market. Consequently, this paper examines the role of government in promoting a private market solution for longevity hedging financial products. Governments could in principle improve the market for annuities by issuing longevity-indexed bonds and by producing a longevity index. The paper argues that the first public policy role is hampered by the fact that governments are themselves already exposed to significant longevity risk. However, governments could take other steps such as producing a reliable longevity index.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729998703'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Governments and the Market for Longevity-indexed Bonds']
### Abstract:
['Uncertainty about length of life, longevity risk, is a growing financial problem for pension funds and annuity providers. Unfortunately, there is a lack of financial instruments to hedge against this longevity risk, thereby complicating risk management by pension funds and hindering the expansion of the annuity market. Consequently, this paper examines the role of government in promoting a private market solution for longevity hedging financial products. Governments could in principle improve the market for annuities by issuing longevity-indexed bonds and by producing a longevity index. The paper argues that the first public policy role is hampered by the fact that governments are themselves already exposed to significant longevity risk. However, governments could take other steps such as producing a reliable longevity index.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729998703']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729998711.jsonld | ['Competition and Regulation in Agriculture'] | ['The Competition Committee (WP2 on Competition and Regulation) hold a roundtable discussion in June 2004 on Competition and Regulation in Agriculture: Monopsony Buying and Joint Selling. Monopsonistic purchasing practices and joint price-setting activities in the agro-food sector were examined, with a particular focus on regulation and on the potential improvements that could arise from more pro-competitive regulations. Joint activity by producers can have a number of beneficial effects, such as from promoting a brand or food that would not otherwise be promoted, promoting a style of production (like organic production) or purchasing in large quantity in order to obtain quantity discounts. Harms may arise when the joint activity involves price or qualitysetting and there is little competition from close substitutes. Cartellike activity by producers has often been supported by governments but is unlikely to achieve stated public policy goals because it often leads to higher consumer prices but enhance land values more than farmer income. Potentially monopsonistic purchasing practices in the agricultural sector were also considered. At times, price manipulation by large purchasers may occur. Competition authorities play an important role in assuring that activities of purchasers do not involve market power, particularly when purchases are concentrated in few, large firms and sellers have limited options besides selling into a highly concentrated market. However, to the extent that purchasers wish to contract for very specific forms of production, such as specific varieties of grain, there can be good commercial reasons that a purchaser would wish to focus on a specific forms of production and agriculture products should not be considered different from supplies in other sectors, which are customized for different purchasers.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729998711'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Competition and Regulation in Agriculture']
### Abstract:
['The Competition Committee (WP2 on Competition and Regulation) hold a roundtable discussion in June 2004 on Competition and Regulation in Agriculture: Monopsony Buying and Joint Selling. Monopsonistic purchasing practices and joint price-setting activities in the agro-food sector were examined, with a particular focus on regulation and on the potential improvements that could arise from more pro-competitive regulations. Joint activity by producers can have a number of beneficial effects, such as from promoting a brand or food that would not otherwise be promoted, promoting a style of production (like organic production) or purchasing in large quantity in order to obtain quantity discounts. Harms may arise when the joint activity involves price or qualitysetting and there is little competition from close substitutes. Cartellike activity by producers has often been supported by governments but is unlikely to achieve stated public policy goals because it often leads to higher consumer prices but enhance land values more than farmer income. Potentially monopsonistic purchasing practices in the agricultural sector were also considered. At times, price manipulation by large purchasers may occur. Competition authorities play an important role in assuring that activities of purchasers do not involve market power, particularly when purchases are concentrated in few, large firms and sellers have limited options besides selling into a highly concentrated market. However, to the extent that purchasers wish to contract for very specific forms of production, such as specific varieties of grain, there can be good commercial reasons that a purchaser would wish to focus on a specific forms of production and agriculture products should not be considered different from supplies in other sectors, which are customized for different purchasers.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729998711']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A729999629.jsonld | ['Exploring the Relationship Between Education and Obesity'] | ['An epidemic of obesity has been developing in virtually all OECD countries over the last 30 years. Existing evidence provides a strong suggestion that such an epidemic has affected certain social groups more than others. In particular, a better education appears to be associated with a lower likelihood of obesity, especially among women. This paper sheds light on the nature and the strength of the correlation between education and obesity. Analyses of health survey data from Australia, Canada, England, and Korea were undertaken with the aim of exploring this relationship. Social gradients in obesity were assessed across the entire education spectrum, overall and in different population sub-groups. Furthermore, investigations testing for mediation effects and for the causal nature of the links observed were undertaken to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between education and obesity.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729999629'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Exploring the Relationship Between Education and Obesity']
### Abstract:
['An epidemic of obesity has been developing in virtually all OECD countries over the last 30 years. Existing evidence provides a strong suggestion that such an epidemic has affected certain social groups more than others. In particular, a better education appears to be associated with a lower likelihood of obesity, especially among women. This paper sheds light on the nature and the strength of the correlation between education and obesity. Analyses of health survey data from Australia, Canada, England, and Korea were undertaken with the aim of exploring this relationship. Social gradients in obesity were assessed across the entire education spectrum, overall and in different population sub-groups. Furthermore, investigations testing for mediation effects and for the causal nature of the links observed were undertaken to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between education and obesity.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A729999629']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730000044.jsonld | ['International licensing and the strengthening of intellectual property rights in developing countries during the 1990s'] | ['Global intellectual property reform has been underway since the early 1990s (Box 1). With respect to international trade, a central pillar of the reform is the World Trade Organisation’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) that came into effect on 1 January 1995. Clearly, a strengthening of intellectual property laws worldwide can benefit those in industrialised nations who own most of the intellectual properties (e.g. copyrights on books, music, and software, patent rights on inventions, and trademark rights on business symbols and names).....'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730000044'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['International licensing and the strengthening of intellectual property rights in developing countries during the 1990s']
### Abstract:
['Global intellectual property reform has been underway since the early 1990s (Box 1). With respect to international trade, a central pillar of the reform is the World Trade Organisation’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) that came into effect on 1 January 1995. Clearly, a strengthening of intellectual property laws worldwide can benefit those in industrialised nations who own most of the intellectual properties (e.g. copyrights on books, music, and software, patent rights on inventions, and trademark rights on business symbols and names).....']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730000044']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730000214.jsonld | ['The surge in borrowing needs of OECD governments : Revised estimates for 2009 and 2010 Outlook'] | ['OECD governments are facing ongoing, unprecedented challenges in raising smoothly large volumes of funds at lowest possible cost, while balancing refinancing-, repricing- and interest rate risks. Amidst continued uncertainty about the pace of recovery as well as the timing and sequencing of the steps of the exit strategy, gross borrowing needs of OECD governments are expected to reach almost USD 16 trillion in 2009, up from an earlier estimate of around USD 12 trillion. The tentative outlook for 2010 shows a stabilising borrowing picture at around the level of USD 16 trillion. A looming additional challenge is the risk that when the recovery gains traction, yields will start to rise. Although there are signs that issuance conditions are becoming tougher, most OECD debt managers have been successful in financing the surge in funding needs. Less successful auctions can therefore best be interpreted as “single market events” and not as unambiguous evidence of systemic market absorption problems. The future could become more challenging though, given that rising issuance is occurring in tandem with increasing overall debt levels and debt service costs. In response, sovereign debt managers, with the essential support of the fiscal authorities, need to implement a timely and credible medium-term exit strategy to avoid future "crowding out" and systemic issuance problems, while reducing government borrowing costs.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730000214'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['The surge in borrowing needs of OECD governments : Revised estimates for 2009 and 2010 Outlook']
### Abstract:
['OECD governments are facing ongoing, unprecedented challenges in raising smoothly large volumes of funds at lowest possible cost, while balancing refinancing-, repricing- and interest rate risks. Amidst continued uncertainty about the pace of recovery as well as the timing and sequencing of the steps of the exit strategy, gross borrowing needs of OECD governments are expected to reach almost USD 16 trillion in 2009, up from an earlier estimate of around USD 12 trillion. The tentative outlook for 2010 shows a stabilising borrowing picture at around the level of USD 16 trillion. A looming additional challenge is the risk that when the recovery gains traction, yields will start to rise. Although there are signs that issuance conditions are becoming tougher, most OECD debt managers have been successful in financing the surge in funding needs. Less successful auctions can therefore best be interpreted as “single market events” and not as unambiguous evidence of systemic market absorption problems. The future could become more challenging though, given that rising issuance is occurring in tandem with increasing overall debt levels and debt service costs. In response, sovereign debt managers, with the essential support of the fiscal authorities, need to implement a timely and credible medium-term exit strategy to avoid future "crowding out" and systemic issuance problems, while reducing government borrowing costs.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730000214']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A73000077X.jsonld | ['Revisiting the asset-meltdown hypothesis'] | ['The present article focuses on the so-called “asset meltdown hypothesis”, which postulates a direct link between demographic developments and the level of assetprices. In particular, proponents of this hypothesis argue, when baby boomers startentering retirement they will become net sellers of financial assets to finance retirement consumption. As subsequent generations are smaller in numbers, other things equal, this would put downward pressure on financial asset prices. Revisiting this hypothesis, there is some support for a link between demographics and financial asset prices, although the link may not be strong. A number of mitigating factors exist, so that “other things” will not be equal. A major question in this context is to what extent demographic developments and their implications for other variables affecting financial asset prices are already reflected in financial asset prices and how fast any additional pressures on financial asset prices will play themselves out.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73000077X'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Revisiting the asset-meltdown hypothesis']
### Abstract:
['The present article focuses on the so-called “asset meltdown hypothesis”, which postulates a direct link between demographic developments and the level of assetprices. In particular, proponents of this hypothesis argue, when baby boomers startentering retirement they will become net sellers of financial assets to finance retirement consumption. As subsequent generations are smaller in numbers, other things equal, this would put downward pressure on financial asset prices. Revisiting this hypothesis, there is some support for a link between demographics and financial asset prices, although the link may not be strong. A number of mitigating factors exist, so that “other things” will not be equal. A major question in this context is to what extent demographic developments and their implications for other variables affecting financial asset prices are already reflected in financial asset prices and how fast any additional pressures on financial asset prices will play themselves out.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73000077X']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730000869.jsonld | ['Pension Fund Demand for High-quality Long-term Bonds : Quantifying Potential "Scarcity" of Suitable Investments'] | ['The article describes the results of a modeling exercise to gauge the size of potential pension fund demand for bonds under some simplifying assumptions, so as to illustrate the potential role of this specific group of investors. It provides a measure of the potential excess demand for high-quality fixed-income instruments from pension funds, using the admittedly restrictive assumptions that pension funds invest only in high-quality bonds in an attempt to achieve cash-flow matching of their liabilities.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730000869'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Pension Fund Demand for High-quality Long-term Bonds : Quantifying Potential "Scarcity" of Suitable Investments']
### Abstract:
['The article describes the results of a modeling exercise to gauge the size of potential pension fund demand for bonds under some simplifying assumptions, so as to illustrate the potential role of this specific group of investors. It provides a measure of the potential excess demand for high-quality fixed-income instruments from pension funds, using the admittedly restrictive assumptions that pension funds invest only in high-quality bonds in an attempt to achieve cash-flow matching of their liabilities.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730000869']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730001725.jsonld | ['Residential Energy Demand'] | ['This paper provides a concise review of the empirical literature on residential energy demand. It also discusses the findings in the reviewed literature and their implications for the choice of policy instruments. While there is a plethora of studies on the technical possibilities, i.e. the potential energy savings that new technologies allow, it is plain that energy consumption also depends on our attitudes, preferences and income as well as relative prices1. Therefore, this review is based on the idea that energy demand is essentially driven by human behaviour and our main task is then to explore a range of empirical evidence that sheds useful light on our limited objective. Indeed, the literature on energy demand is impressively rich; already in the early years of the 1980s there were more than 2 500 papers available on this topic (Joerges, 1988 cited in Weber, undated). This brief review will focus mainly on the economics domain, a limitation to be true, although pointers will be given to findings in related fields.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730001725'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Residential Energy Demand']
### Abstract:
['This paper provides a concise review of the empirical literature on residential energy demand. It also discusses the findings in the reviewed literature and their implications for the choice of policy instruments. While there is a plethora of studies on the technical possibilities, i.e. the potential energy savings that new technologies allow, it is plain that energy consumption also depends on our attitudes, preferences and income as well as relative prices1. Therefore, this review is based on the idea that energy demand is essentially driven by human behaviour and our main task is then to explore a range of empirical evidence that sheds useful light on our limited objective. Indeed, the literature on energy demand is impressively rich; already in the early years of the 1980s there were more than 2 500 papers available on this topic (Joerges, 1988 cited in Weber, undated). This brief review will focus mainly on the economics domain, a limitation to be true, although pointers will be given to findings in related fields.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730001725']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730001970.jsonld | ['The Electricity Sector in Russia'] | ['The electricity sector plays a vital role in the economy of Russia and the well being of its citizens. Already partly privatised, reform of the structure and regulation of the sector has been on and off the political agenda for years. As part of the OECD’s long-term active support for reform efforts in the Russian Federation, a meeting was held in Moscow in May 2001 among experts from OECD member countries and Russian officials to discuss what could be learned from the experiences of reform in electricity sectors in OECD countries. Key recommendations addressed restructuring – ensuring sufficient deconcentration in generation and independent, non-discriminatory control of grid access by separate ownership of generation and transmission – transmission pricing, universal service, institutional arrangements – empowering an independent regulator with transparent objectives, powers, processes and decisions – and transitional arrangements. Russia is unique, but many of the policy considerations in Russia will also be important in many other countries.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730001970'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['The Electricity Sector in Russia']
### Abstract:
['The electricity sector plays a vital role in the economy of Russia and the well being of its citizens. Already partly privatised, reform of the structure and regulation of the sector has been on and off the political agenda for years. As part of the OECD’s long-term active support for reform efforts in the Russian Federation, a meeting was held in Moscow in May 2001 among experts from OECD member countries and Russian officials to discuss what could be learned from the experiences of reform in electricity sectors in OECD countries. Key recommendations addressed restructuring – ensuring sufficient deconcentration in generation and independent, non-discriminatory control of grid access by separate ownership of generation and transmission – transmission pricing, universal service, institutional arrangements – empowering an independent regulator with transparent objectives, powers, processes and decisions – and transitional arrangements. Russia is unique, but many of the policy considerations in Russia will also be important in many other countries.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730001970']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730002055.jsonld | ['Does distance matter? : The effect of geographic isolation on productivity levels'] | ['The author is grateful to Jyoti Rahman, David Gruen, Lewis Evans, Ben Dolman, Robert Ewing, Graeme Davis, Janine Murphy, Gene Tunny, Dave Turner and Sveinbjörn Blöndal for helpful comments in preparing this paper. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Treasury or the Australian Government.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002055'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Does distance matter? : The effect of geographic isolation on productivity levels']
### Abstract:
['The author is grateful to Jyoti Rahman, David Gruen, Lewis Evans, Ben Dolman, Robert Ewing, Graeme Davis, Janine Murphy, Gene Tunny, Dave Turner and Sveinbjörn Blöndal for helpful comments in preparing this paper. The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Treasury or the Australian Government.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002055']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730002063.jsonld | ['Whatever happened to Canada-US economic growth and productivity performance in the information age?'] | ['Some of the recent “hype” about how advances in technology are forging a “new economy” has evaporated. Interest in “dot.com” start-up companies in the US has waned with the decline in stock market valuations. Some of the more extravagant claims – in particular, that the “new economy” would see the end to recessions – have been tempered by the recent slowdown in the US economy.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002063'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Whatever happened to Canada-US economic growth and productivity performance in the information age?']
### Abstract:
['Some of the recent “hype” about how advances in technology are forging a “new economy” has evaporated. Interest in “dot.com” start-up companies in the US has waned with the decline in stock market valuations. Some of the more extravagant claims – in particular, that the “new economy” would see the end to recessions – have been tempered by the recent slowdown in the US economy.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002063']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730002071.jsonld | ['New challenges in the use of governement debt issuance procedures, techniques and policies in OECD markets'] | ['Government debt issuance procedures and policies differ across OECD jurisdictions, in particular in terms of technical standards for selling techniques, primary dealer systems and other primary market arrangements. However, the increased integration of global financial markets (including the jump in the integration of European government debt markets since the introduction of the Euro) has been an important catalyst in the standardisation of the structure and types of instruments as well as the convergence of general procedures and policies for the issuance government debt. In many countries, the ongoing credit and economic crises have prompted a review of existing issuance procedures and policies. This article provide (a) a survey of the general characteristics of government debt issuance procedures and related primary dealer (PD) arrangements in the OECD area; and (b) an evaluation of the challenges and changes generated by the impact of the turmoil in global financial markets on issuance procedures and policies.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002071'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['New challenges in the use of governement debt issuance procedures, techniques and policies in OECD markets']
### Abstract:
['Government debt issuance procedures and policies differ across OECD jurisdictions, in particular in terms of technical standards for selling techniques, primary dealer systems and other primary market arrangements. However, the increased integration of global financial markets (including the jump in the integration of European government debt markets since the introduction of the Euro) has been an important catalyst in the standardisation of the structure and types of instruments as well as the convergence of general procedures and policies for the issuance government debt. In many countries, the ongoing credit and economic crises have prompted a review of existing issuance procedures and policies. This article provide (a) a survey of the general characteristics of government debt issuance procedures and related primary dealer (PD) arrangements in the OECD area; and (b) an evaluation of the challenges and changes generated by the impact of the turmoil in global financial markets on issuance procedures and policies.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002071']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730002500.jsonld | ['National Legislative and Regulatory Activities'] | ['One amendment changes the funding of the activities of the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) whereby part of the fees is transformed into taxes. Besides taxes, fees and administrative fines, funding is possible by means of donations, legacies and extra fees.'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002500'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['National Legislative and Regulatory Activities']
### Abstract:
['One amendment changes the funding of the activities of the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) whereby part of the fees is transformed into taxes. Besides taxes, fees and administrative fines, funding is possible by means of donations, legacies and extra fees.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002500']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730002551.jsonld | ['The Implementation and the Effects of Regulatory Reform : Past Experience and Current Issues'] | ['This article reviews trends, outcomes and issues in regulatory reform in OECD countries. First, it summarises the evidence on the evolution of regulatory environments and the economy-wide and sectoral effects of reforms (including privatisation) in both competitive and non-competitive industries in the past two decades. Turning to network industries, it then discusses the main policy issues raised by the need to adapt the regulation of the non-competitive segments of these industries to increasing competition in liberalised markets. It focuses on four topics that dominate the debate over regulatory reform: i) the move from command-and-control to incentivebased regulatory approaches relying on the removal of entry barriers in competitive markets, the adoption of price-cap mechanisms and the design of efficient and competitively-neutral charges for accessing the fixed networks of incumbents; ii) the pros and cons of structural measures such as privatisation, and vertical and horizontal separation of formerly integrated monopolies; iii) the ways to ensure that important non-economic objectives, such as universality of service, continue to be achieved in a more competitive environment at a minimum cost for society; and iv) the design of regulatory mechanisms and institutions that encourage best practice regulation.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002551'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['The Implementation and the Effects of Regulatory Reform : Past Experience and Current Issues']
### Abstract:
['This article reviews trends, outcomes and issues in regulatory reform in OECD countries. First, it summarises the evidence on the evolution of regulatory environments and the economy-wide and sectoral effects of reforms (including privatisation) in both competitive and non-competitive industries in the past two decades. Turning to network industries, it then discusses the main policy issues raised by the need to adapt the regulation of the non-competitive segments of these industries to increasing competition in liberalised markets. It focuses on four topics that dominate the debate over regulatory reform: i) the move from command-and-control to incentivebased regulatory approaches relying on the removal of entry barriers in competitive markets, the adoption of price-cap mechanisms and the design of efficient and competitively-neutral charges for accessing the fixed networks of incumbents; ii) the pros and cons of structural measures such as privatisation, and vertical and horizontal separation of formerly integrated monopolies; iii) the ways to ensure that important non-economic objectives, such as universality of service, continue to be achieved in a more competitive environment at a minimum cost for society; and iv) the design of regulatory mechanisms and institutions that encourage best practice regulation.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002551']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730002578.jsonld | ['Competition and Regulation Issues in the Pharmaceutical Industry'] | ['The pharmaceutical sector is a dynamic, research-intensive industry that is fundamentally influenced by a web of regulations designed to a) promote research and innovation in the design and production of drugs, b) protect consumers from potentially harmful effects of drugs, and c) to control public and private expenditure on drugs. These objectives are sometimes in conflict and may require a balancing of the interests of producers and consumers. Since most consumers have some form of health insurance, their incentives to control their purchasers of pharmaceuticals or to purchase from the most efficient pharmacist are limited. Health insurers seek to control pharmaceutial expenditure through various policies such as co-payments, lists of approved drugs and maximum reimbursement levels for different drugs. If reimbursement levels for pharmacists are set at a national or regional level, incentives for entry by new pharmacists are excessive in certain locations, typically leading to restrictions on the establishment of new pharmacies. Wellthought out reform of this industry has the potential to reduce pharmaceutical expenditures while maintaining the quality of the drugs consumed.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002578'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Competition and Regulation Issues in the Pharmaceutical Industry']
### Abstract:
['The pharmaceutical sector is a dynamic, research-intensive industry that is fundamentally influenced by a web of regulations designed to a) promote research and innovation in the design and production of drugs, b) protect consumers from potentially harmful effects of drugs, and c) to control public and private expenditure on drugs. These objectives are sometimes in conflict and may require a balancing of the interests of producers and consumers. Since most consumers have some form of health insurance, their incentives to control their purchasers of pharmaceuticals or to purchase from the most efficient pharmacist are limited. Health insurers seek to control pharmaceutial expenditure through various policies such as co-payments, lists of approved drugs and maximum reimbursement levels for different drugs. If reimbursement levels for pharmacists are set at a national or regional level, incentives for entry by new pharmacists are excessive in certain locations, typically leading to restrictions on the establishment of new pharmacies. Wellthought out reform of this industry has the potential to reduce pharmaceutical expenditures while maintaining the quality of the drugs consumed.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002578']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730002802.jsonld | ['Stocktaking Report and Policy Recommendations on Risk Awareness and Education on Natural Catastrophes'] | ['The growing cost and frequency of natural catastrophes and their implications for economic growth and development have led to a concern over the level of public awareness and education relative to large-scale catastrophes and disaster risk reduction measures. Public awareness and education of disaster risk reduction are, in particular, increasingly acknowledged as important components of effective risk management of natural catastrophes. The financial component of disaster risk management and mitigation strategies, involving risk transfer and compensation strategies, is also recognised as being important for reducing the financial impact of catastrophes on individuals, businesses, and governments, and permitting more rapid economic and social recovery. As such, systematic promotion of public awareness and education of risks and risk reduction measures, including financial loss-sharing and risk transfer tools, is an important aspect of national and international strategies to reduce vulnerability and losses from catastrophic events.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002802'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Stocktaking Report and Policy Recommendations on Risk Awareness and Education on Natural Catastrophes']
### Abstract:
['The growing cost and frequency of natural catastrophes and their implications for economic growth and development have led to a concern over the level of public awareness and education relative to large-scale catastrophes and disaster risk reduction measures. Public awareness and education of disaster risk reduction are, in particular, increasingly acknowledged as important components of effective risk management of natural catastrophes. The financial component of disaster risk management and mitigation strategies, involving risk transfer and compensation strategies, is also recognised as being important for reducing the financial impact of catastrophes on individuals, businesses, and governments, and permitting more rapid economic and social recovery. As such, systematic promotion of public awareness and education of risks and risk reduction measures, including financial loss-sharing and risk transfer tools, is an important aspect of national and international strategies to reduce vulnerability and losses from catastrophic events.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730002802']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730003523.jsonld | ['Regulatory and institutional framework in Japan against the background of Fukushima'] | ['On 11 March 2011, Japan endured one of the worst natural disasters in its history when a massive earthquake hit the Pacific coast of the country, followed by a tsunami, which led to a terrible loss of lives. It also led to serious accidents at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power units which the Japanese authorities classified at level 7 on the International Nuclear'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730003523'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Regulatory and institutional framework in Japan against the background of Fukushima']
### Abstract:
['On 11 March 2011, Japan endured one of the worst natural disasters in its history when a massive earthquake hit the Pacific coast of the country, followed by a tsunami, which led to a terrible loss of lives. It also led to serious accidents at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power units which the Japanese authorities classified at level 7 on the International Nuclear']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730003523']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730003531.jsonld | ['Consumer Protection and Financial Innovation : A Few Basic Propositions'] | ['The issue of financial innovation and consumer protection is mostly about access and suitability. Access refers to a situation in which affordable, mainstream financial products are available to all segments of the population across the range of income levels and demographic characteristics. Suitability addresses the appropriateness of the products for particular consumer groups. Innovative products will tend generally to be either positive for access to finance or neutral. But products that actually result in increased access to finance may nonetheless still raise suitability issues. Innovative products can be particularly difficult for retail consumers to understand and better financial education is needed to help address financial illiteracy. In addition, service providers should have appropriate internal controls to minimise the chances that consumers take on inappropriate exposures. Even the best disclosures, alone, may not be adequate, so to avoid situations in which retail investors become involved with unsuitable products, institutions should be “encouraged” to develop sufficient measures for client protection as part of their product development activities. Stricter penalties should be used when needed to address mis-selling, fraud or firm misconduct. JEL Classification: G01, G28, G38. Keywords: Financial innovation, consumer protection, financial regulation'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730003531'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Consumer Protection and Financial Innovation : A Few Basic Propositions']
### Abstract:
['The issue of financial innovation and consumer protection is mostly about access and suitability. Access refers to a situation in which affordable, mainstream financial products are available to all segments of the population across the range of income levels and demographic characteristics. Suitability addresses the appropriateness of the products for particular consumer groups. Innovative products will tend generally to be either positive for access to finance or neutral. But products that actually result in increased access to finance may nonetheless still raise suitability issues. Innovative products can be particularly difficult for retail consumers to understand and better financial education is needed to help address financial illiteracy. In addition, service providers should have appropriate internal controls to minimise the chances that consumers take on inappropriate exposures. Even the best disclosures, alone, may not be adequate, so to avoid situations in which retail investors become involved with unsuitable products, institutions should be “encouraged” to develop sufficient measures for client protection as part of their product development activities. Stricter penalties should be used when needed to address mis-selling, fraud or firm misconduct. JEL Classification: G01, G28, G38. Keywords: Financial innovation, consumer protection, financial regulation']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730003531']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730003736.jsonld | ['Financial crisis: Deposit insurance and related financial safety net aspects'] | ['Government provision of a financial safety net for banks and other financialinstitutions has been a key element of the policy response to the current financialcrisis. In the process, the design of many safety net elements, such as depositinsurance, has been redrawn in many jurisdictions. In particular, governmentsextended existing guarantees and introduced new ones. While these measures didnot address the root causes of the lack of confidence, they were neverthelesshelpful in avoiding a further accelerated loss of confidence, thus buying valuabletime.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730003736'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Financial crisis: Deposit insurance and related financial safety net aspects']
### Abstract:
['Government provision of a financial safety net for banks and other financialinstitutions has been a key element of the policy response to the current financialcrisis. In the process, the design of many safety net elements, such as depositinsurance, has been redrawn in many jurisdictions. In particular, governmentsextended existing guarantees and introduced new ones. While these measures didnot address the root causes of the lack of confidence, they were neverthelesshelpful in avoiding a further accelerated loss of confidence, thus buying valuabletime.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730003736']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730003795.jsonld | ['International Regulatory Activities'] | ['International Atomic Energy Agency Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive Sources supplementary to the Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources (2008) 52nd IAEA General Conference (2008)'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730003795'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['International Regulatory Activities']
### Abstract:
['International Atomic Energy Agency Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive Sources supplementary to the Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources (2008) 52nd IAEA General Conference (2008)']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730003795']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730003906.jsonld | ['What is holding back productivity growth in India ? : Recent microevidence'] | ['This article examines recent micro-evidence on the productivity of Indian firms, helping to explain why India’s manufacturing sector has not performed as well as many observers expected. A series of structural distortions are documented, all of which may depress the performance of manufacturing, and thus the economy as a whole. These distortions exist at multiple levels, and reflect long-standing problems with the reallocation of labour across sectors, the excessively small scale of firms, low firm turnover, poor product market integration, high industry concentration and persistent state ownership. Combined, these phenomena represent severe restraints on the level and growth of productivity in manufacturing, and suggest that much remains to be done to improve the strength and sustainability of India’s development path.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730003906'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['What is holding back productivity growth in India ? : Recent microevidence']
### Abstract:
['This article examines recent micro-evidence on the productivity of Indian firms, helping to explain why India’s manufacturing sector has not performed as well as many observers expected. A series of structural distortions are documented, all of which may depress the performance of manufacturing, and thus the economy as a whole. These distortions exist at multiple levels, and reflect long-standing problems with the reallocation of labour across sectors, the excessively small scale of firms, low firm turnover, poor product market integration, high industry concentration and persistent state ownership. Combined, these phenomena represent severe restraints on the level and growth of productivity in manufacturing, and suggest that much remains to be done to improve the strength and sustainability of India’s development path.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730003906']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A73000399X.jsonld | ["Households' wealth composition across OECD countries and financial risks borne by households"] | ['The first section of this article presents a combined analysis of households’ financial and non-financial balance sheets across OECD countries over the period 1995-2006, based on two OECD data collections – financial balance sheet accounts and households’ financial and non-financial assets. The scope of the study mainly covers households’ gross wealth (financial, dwellings and land) and therefore does not include debt. The second section, based on the OECD households’ financial and non-financial assets database, analyses financial risks borne by households investing their savings either in investment fund shares, in life insurance reserves or in pension schemes, and how these allocations have changed and developed over time in various OECD countries.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73000399X'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ["Households' wealth composition across OECD countries and financial risks borne by households"]
### Abstract:
['The first section of this article presents a combined analysis of households’ financial and non-financial balance sheets across OECD countries over the period 1995-2006, based on two OECD data collections – financial balance sheet accounts and households’ financial and non-financial assets. The scope of the study mainly covers households’ gross wealth (financial, dwellings and land) and therefore does not include debt. The second section, based on the OECD households’ financial and non-financial assets database, analyses financial risks borne by households investing their savings either in investment fund shares, in life insurance reserves or in pension schemes, and how these allocations have changed and developed over time in various OECD countries.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73000399X']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730004341.jsonld | ['The current financial crisis : Causes and policy issues'] | ['This article treats some ideas and issues that are part of ongoing reflection at the OECD. They were first raised in a major research article for the Reserve Bank of Australia conference in July 2008, and benefited from policy discussion in and around that conference. One fundamental cause of the crisis was a change in the business model of banking, mixing credit with equity culture. When this model was combined with complex interactions from incentives emanating from macro policies, changes in regulations, taxation, and corporate governance, the current crisis became the inevitable result. The paper points to the need for far-reaching reform for a more sustainable situation in the future.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730004341'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['The current financial crisis : Causes and policy issues']
### Abstract:
['This article treats some ideas and issues that are part of ongoing reflection at the OECD. They were first raised in a major research article for the Reserve Bank of Australia conference in July 2008, and benefited from policy discussion in and around that conference. One fundamental cause of the crisis was a change in the business model of banking, mixing credit with equity culture. When this model was combined with complex interactions from incentives emanating from macro policies, changes in regulations, taxation, and corporate governance, the current crisis became the inevitable result. The paper points to the need for far-reaching reform for a more sustainable situation in the future.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730004341']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730005127.jsonld | ['Regulatory issues related to financial innovation'] | ['This note explores various regulatory issues related to financial innovation. It starts from a premise that financial innovations are neither always helpful (or benign) nor always threatening. Innovations have the potential to provide for a more efficient allocation of resources and thereby a higher level of capital productivity and economic growth. Many financial innovations have had this effect. But others have not. Examples of the latter include products that may have been misrepresented to end-users and resulted in delinquencies, bankruptcies or other problems among them, or products that have been inadequately managed with respect to the various credit or market risks they entail. Considerations of problems aside, innovation should be seen as a natural aspect of the workings of a competitive system. Thus, the ideal policy approach is to find an appropriate balance between preserving safety and soundness of the system and allowing financial institutions and markets to perform their intended functions. That approach entails first ensuring that the necessary market-framing and market-perfecting rules are in place and then establishing a proper structure for reviewing financial innovations. Seven steps needed to accomplish this task are outlined in the report.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730005127'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Regulatory issues related to financial innovation']
### Abstract:
['This note explores various regulatory issues related to financial innovation. It starts from a premise that financial innovations are neither always helpful (or benign) nor always threatening. Innovations have the potential to provide for a more efficient allocation of resources and thereby a higher level of capital productivity and economic growth. Many financial innovations have had this effect. But others have not. Examples of the latter include products that may have been misrepresented to end-users and resulted in delinquencies, bankruptcies or other problems among them, or products that have been inadequately managed with respect to the various credit or market risks they entail. Considerations of problems aside, innovation should be seen as a natural aspect of the workings of a competitive system. Thus, the ideal policy approach is to find an appropriate balance between preserving safety and soundness of the system and allowing financial institutions and markets to perform their intended functions. That approach entails first ensuring that the necessary market-framing and market-perfecting rules are in place and then establishing a proper structure for reviewing financial innovations. Seven steps needed to accomplish this task are outlined in the report.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730005127']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730005453.jsonld | ['The Influence of Policies on Trade and Foreign Direct Investment'] | ['This paper assesses the importance of border and non-border policies for global economic integration. The focus is on four widely-advocated policies: removing explicit restrictions to trade and FDI; promoting domestic competition; improving the adaptability of labour markets; and ensuring adequate levels of infrastructure capital. The analysis covers FDI and trade in both goods and services, thus aiming to account for the most important channels of globalisation and dealing with most modes of cross-border services supply. The results highlight that, despite extensive liberalisation over the past two decades, there is scope for further reducing policy barriers to integration of OECD markets. Remaining barriers have a significant impact on bilateral trade and FDI, with anticompetitive domestic regulations and restrictive labour market arrangements estimated to curb integration as much as explicit trade and FDI restrictions. Simulating the removal of such barriers suggests that the quantitative effects of further liberalisation of trade, FDI and domestic product and labour markets on global integration could be substantial...'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730005453'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['The Influence of Policies on Trade and Foreign Direct Investment']
### Abstract:
['This paper assesses the importance of border and non-border policies for global economic integration. The focus is on four widely-advocated policies: removing explicit restrictions to trade and FDI; promoting domestic competition; improving the adaptability of labour markets; and ensuring adequate levels of infrastructure capital. The analysis covers FDI and trade in both goods and services, thus aiming to account for the most important channels of globalisation and dealing with most modes of cross-border services supply. The results highlight that, despite extensive liberalisation over the past two decades, there is scope for further reducing policy barriers to integration of OECD markets. Remaining barriers have a significant impact on bilateral trade and FDI, with anticompetitive domestic regulations and restrictive labour market arrangements estimated to curb integration as much as explicit trade and FDI restrictions. Simulating the removal of such barriers suggests that the quantitative effects of further liberalisation of trade, FDI and domestic product and labour markets on global integration could be substantial...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730005453']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730005585.jsonld | ['The contribution of economic geography to GDP per capita'] | ['This article examines how much of the dispersion in economic performance across OECD countries can be accounted for by the proximity to areas of dense economic activity. To do so, various indicators of distance to markets and transportation costs are added as determinants in an augmented Solow model, which serves as a benchmark. Measures of distance to markets are found to have a statistically significant effect on GDP per capita. And the estimated economic impact is far from negligible. The reduced access to markets relative to the OECD average could contribute negatively to GDP per capita by as much as 11% in Australia and New Zealand. Conversely, a favourable impact of around 6-7% of GDP is found in the case of two centrally-located countries: Belgium and the Netherlands. The paper provides also some tentative evidence that spending on R&D and human capital might have a stronger effect on GDP per capita in countries with a higher degree of urban concentration.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730005585'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['The contribution of economic geography to GDP per capita']
### Abstract:
['This article examines how much of the dispersion in economic performance across OECD countries can be accounted for by the proximity to areas of dense economic activity. To do so, various indicators of distance to markets and transportation costs are added as determinants in an augmented Solow model, which serves as a benchmark. Measures of distance to markets are found to have a statistically significant effect on GDP per capita. And the estimated economic impact is far from negligible. The reduced access to markets relative to the OECD average could contribute negatively to GDP per capita by as much as 11% in Australia and New Zealand. Conversely, a favourable impact of around 6-7% of GDP is found in the case of two centrally-located countries: Belgium and the Netherlands. The paper provides also some tentative evidence that spending on R&D and human capital might have a stronger effect on GDP per capita in countries with a higher degree of urban concentration.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730005585']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A73000595X.jsonld | ['The policy determinants of investment in tertiary education'] | ['The purpose of this article is to discuss how policies can affect investment in tertiary education in ways that would eliminate some of the perceived shortcomings of existing systems, while preserving or (preferably) enhancing equality of access to higher education. To this end, the analysis focuses on the institutional set-up of tertiary education that provides incentives for supplying quality educational services; the private returns from higher education which act to attract prospective students; and, individual funding mechanisms to help overcome the liquidity constraints that may restrict participation in higher education. These mechanisms should also be designed so as to prevent uncertainty about future incomes from unduly deterring investment in tertiary studies by risk-averse individuals. Joaquim Oliveira Martins, Romina Boarini, Hubert Strauss and Christine de la Maisonneuve'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73000595X'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['The policy determinants of investment in tertiary education']
### Abstract:
['The purpose of this article is to discuss how policies can affect investment in tertiary education in ways that would eliminate some of the perceived shortcomings of existing systems, while preserving or (preferably) enhancing equality of access to higher education. To this end, the analysis focuses on the institutional set-up of tertiary education that provides incentives for supplying quality educational services; the private returns from higher education which act to attract prospective students; and, individual funding mechanisms to help overcome the liquidity constraints that may restrict participation in higher education. These mechanisms should also be designed so as to prevent uncertainty about future incomes from unduly deterring investment in tertiary studies by risk-averse individuals. Joaquim Oliveira Martins, Romina Boarini, Hubert Strauss and Christine de la Maisonneuve']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73000595X']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730006158.jsonld | ['The Design of Government Guarantees for Bank Bonds : Lessons from the Recent Financial Crisis'] | ['In 2010 authorities have taken the first steps to end some of the public support measures put in place in response to the financial crisis, starting with government guarantees for bond issues. Financial institutions have made extensive use of this tool, which has been effective in avoiding a further tightening of funding conditions, but this type of public support has, nonetheless, raised some concerns. First, the cost of issuing guaranteed bonds has mainly reflected the characteristics of the sovereign guarantor rather than those of the issuer, thus favouring “weak” borrowers with a “strong” sovereign backing. This situation has the potential to distort competition and create incentives for excessive risk taking. Such effects could have been reduced by the choice of a different fee determination mechanism. Second, the continued availability in 2010 of guarantee schemes, despite a declining overall usage, may be alleviating the pressure on some weak financial institutions to address their weaknesses: the average creditworthiness of banks issuing after mid-2009, when market conditions became more favourable, has sharply declined. JEL Classification: G01, G12, G21, G28. Keywords: financial crisis, policy response to the crisis, government guaranteed bonds, competitive distortions'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730006158'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['The Design of Government Guarantees for Bank Bonds : Lessons from the Recent Financial Crisis']
### Abstract:
['In 2010 authorities have taken the first steps to end some of the public support measures put in place in response to the financial crisis, starting with government guarantees for bond issues. Financial institutions have made extensive use of this tool, which has been effective in avoiding a further tightening of funding conditions, but this type of public support has, nonetheless, raised some concerns. First, the cost of issuing guaranteed bonds has mainly reflected the characteristics of the sovereign guarantor rather than those of the issuer, thus favouring “weak” borrowers with a “strong” sovereign backing. This situation has the potential to distort competition and create incentives for excessive risk taking. Such effects could have been reduced by the choice of a different fee determination mechanism. Second, the continued availability in 2010 of guarantee schemes, despite a declining overall usage, may be alleviating the pressure on some weak financial institutions to address their weaknesses: the average creditworthiness of banks issuing after mid-2009, when market conditions became more favourable, has sharply declined. JEL Classification: G01, G12, G21, G28. Keywords: financial crisis, policy response to the crisis, government guaranteed bonds, competitive distortions']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730006158']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730006557.jsonld | ['Nuclear Renaissance in Italy : Maintaining Momentum'] | ['Following the adoption of Law No. 99 of 23 July 2009, Italy is on the threshold of returning to nuclear power, even though there are many more challenges yet to overcome. It should be recalled that Law No. 99/2009 includes enabling provisions empowering the Government to issue one or more implementing decrees providing rules for the siting of new nuclear power plants, the licensing process for the construction, operation and dismantling of those plants, as well as rules for interim storage and the final disposal of nuclear waste. On 15 February 2010, upon the proposal of the Ministry of Economic Development, the Italian Council of Ministers issued Legislative Decree No. 31/20102 (hereinafter “decree”) implementing the enabling provisions.'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730006557'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Nuclear Renaissance in Italy : Maintaining Momentum']
### Abstract:
['Following the adoption of Law No. 99 of 23 July 2009, Italy is on the threshold of returning to nuclear power, even though there are many more challenges yet to overcome. It should be recalled that Law No. 99/2009 includes enabling provisions empowering the Government to issue one or more implementing decrees providing rules for the siting of new nuclear power plants, the licensing process for the construction, operation and dismantling of those plants, as well as rules for interim storage and the final disposal of nuclear waste. On 15 February 2010, upon the proposal of the Ministry of Economic Development, the Italian Council of Ministers issued Legislative Decree No. 31/20102 (hereinafter “decree”) implementing the enabling provisions.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730006557']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730007049.jsonld | ['R&D and Productivity Growth : Panel Data Analysis of 16 OECD Countries'] | ['This study investigates the long-term effects of various types of R&D on multi-factor productivity growth, which are the spillover effects of R&D activities. Econometric estimates are conducted on a panel of 16 OECD countries, over the period 1980-98. All results are averages over countries and time, and little can be said about country specificities. Major results are as follows: an increase of 1 per cent in business R&D generates 0.13 per cent in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries that are intensive in business R&D, and in countries where the share of defence-related government funding is lower; a 1 per cent increase in foreign R&D generates 0.46 per cent in productivity growth, and the effect is larger in countries intensive in business R&D; 1 per cent more in public R&D generates 0.17 per cent in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries where the share of universities (as opposed to government labs) is higher, in countries where the share of defence R&D is lower, and in countries which are intensive in business R&D.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007049'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['R&D and Productivity Growth : Panel Data Analysis of 16 OECD Countries']
### Abstract:
['This study investigates the long-term effects of various types of R&D on multi-factor productivity growth, which are the spillover effects of R&D activities. Econometric estimates are conducted on a panel of 16 OECD countries, over the period 1980-98. All results are averages over countries and time, and little can be said about country specificities. Major results are as follows: an increase of 1 per cent in business R&D generates 0.13 per cent in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries that are intensive in business R&D, and in countries where the share of defence-related government funding is lower; a 1 per cent increase in foreign R&D generates 0.46 per cent in productivity growth, and the effect is larger in countries intensive in business R&D; 1 per cent more in public R&D generates 0.17 per cent in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries where the share of universities (as opposed to government labs) is higher, in countries where the share of defence R&D is lower, and in countries which are intensive in business R&D.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007049']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730007197.jsonld | ['Competition Law and Policy in South East Europe'] | ['Competition policy is a strong building block foundation of market economies. Development of competition policies in South East Europe (“SEE”) aims at creating a level playing field for investment, which is of major importance for the economic progress of the countries in the region. In 2001, a comprehensive programme for building capacities of SEE competition authorities was launched as a contribution to stability, sustainable growth and welfare in the region. Funded by the South East Europe Compact for Reform, Investment, Integrity and Growth, it was organised by the OECD Competition Division in partnership with the competition authorities of Bulgaria, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Slovenia. The long-term objectives of the programme were to strengthen national competition authorities of the region as law enforcers and advocates for economic reform based on competition principles. A major objective was also to support the establishment of intra-regional co-operation in the competition policy area. This concluding report draws on the experiences and the documentation produced by the representatives of SEE competition authorities, and provides an overview of the competition regimes in the SEE countries.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007197'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Competition Law and Policy in South East Europe']
### Abstract:
['Competition policy is a strong building block foundation of market economies. Development of competition policies in South East Europe (“SEE”) aims at creating a level playing field for investment, which is of major importance for the economic progress of the countries in the region. In 2001, a comprehensive programme for building capacities of SEE competition authorities was launched as a contribution to stability, sustainable growth and welfare in the region. Funded by the South East Europe Compact for Reform, Investment, Integrity and Growth, it was organised by the OECD Competition Division in partnership with the competition authorities of Bulgaria, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Slovenia. The long-term objectives of the programme were to strengthen national competition authorities of the region as law enforcers and advocates for economic reform based on competition principles. A major objective was also to support the establishment of intra-regional co-operation in the competition policy area. This concluding report draws on the experiences and the documentation produced by the representatives of SEE competition authorities, and provides an overview of the competition regimes in the SEE countries.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007197']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A73000726X.jsonld | ['Private pensions and the financial crisis : How to ensure adequate retirement income from DC pension plans'] | ['The current economic and financial crisis has shaken confidence in funded pension systems in general and in defined contribution (DC) pension plans in particular. The crisis has highlighted the impact of market conditions on retirement savings accumulated in DC pension plans and the uncertainty as to whether those retirement savings may prove adequate to finance retirement – particularly for those close to retirement. The purpose of this paper is to provide recommendations on how to ensure adequate retirement income from DC pension plans. In this context, this paper addresses three main questions: 1) How much do people need to save? 2) How can the effects of market risk on DC pension plans be alleviated? 3) How can retirement income be protected during the payout phase? The analysis concludes that in order to deliver adequate retirement income from DC pension plans with a certain degree of certainty, there is a need for comprehensive measures which include: higher contributions; increasing the contribution period by postponing retirement; setting as default options relatively conservative investment policies including life-cycle strategies; and managing risk in the payout phase with inflationindexed life annuities.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73000726X'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Private pensions and the financial crisis : How to ensure adequate retirement income from DC pension plans']
### Abstract:
['The current economic and financial crisis has shaken confidence in funded pension systems in general and in defined contribution (DC) pension plans in particular. The crisis has highlighted the impact of market conditions on retirement savings accumulated in DC pension plans and the uncertainty as to whether those retirement savings may prove adequate to finance retirement – particularly for those close to retirement. The purpose of this paper is to provide recommendations on how to ensure adequate retirement income from DC pension plans. In this context, this paper addresses three main questions: 1) How much do people need to save? 2) How can the effects of market risk on DC pension plans be alleviated? 3) How can retirement income be protected during the payout phase? The analysis concludes that in order to deliver adequate retirement income from DC pension plans with a certain degree of certainty, there is a need for comprehensive measures which include: higher contributions; increasing the contribution period by postponing retirement; setting as default options relatively conservative investment policies including life-cycle strategies; and managing risk in the payout phase with inflationindexed life annuities.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73000726X']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730007308.jsonld | ['Making the most of the international aid system'] | ['This article outlines how the global development set-up looks today. The picture is of a complex “ecosystem”, with many different types of organisations delivering assistance in a variety of different forms. This complexity presents both opportunities and threats to the developing countries on the receiving end. Without some oversight and guidance, the system could become burdensome and inefficient. The article describes how the DAC is in a unique position to keep track of the trends and to help to bring harmony to the system. It describes these issues in relation to the more than 200 “multilateral donors” – such as the United Nations, the World Bank and the global funds – which today receive or serve as a channel for 40% of all aid. The challenge is to ensure this is being delivered effectively and that efforts are as co-ordinated as possible, both with each other and with the priorities of the developing countries in which they work. As an example, the latest global plans to tackle climate change are a test case for the development community: the article explores how this can be done without increasing the complexity further.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007308'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Making the most of the international aid system']
### Abstract:
['This article outlines how the global development set-up looks today. The picture is of a complex “ecosystem”, with many different types of organisations delivering assistance in a variety of different forms. This complexity presents both opportunities and threats to the developing countries on the receiving end. Without some oversight and guidance, the system could become burdensome and inefficient. The article describes how the DAC is in a unique position to keep track of the trends and to help to bring harmony to the system. It describes these issues in relation to the more than 200 “multilateral donors” – such as the United Nations, the World Bank and the global funds – which today receive or serve as a channel for 40% of all aid. The challenge is to ensure this is being delivered effectively and that efforts are as co-ordinated as possible, both with each other and with the priorities of the developing countries in which they work. As an example, the latest global plans to tackle climate change are a test case for the development community: the article explores how this can be done without increasing the complexity further.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007308']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730007316.jsonld | ['Competition Law and Policy in Switzerland'] | ['Swiss competition policy has traditionally been relatively lenient and low profile. The impact of competition policy on economic development has therefore been at best neutral. As the slow rate of growth becomes an issue, however, a more vigorous approach to competition has been identified as an important factor for improving growth prospects. The 2003 reform of the Cartel Act strengthened Swiss competition law, in particular by introducing direct sanctions for the most serious infringements and a leniency programme, thus bringing it closer to that of the European Union and of many other OECD countries. The Swiss Competition Commission has been given considerable new powers to combat private restraints of competition. Comco will have to enforce the new laws resolutely and step up action to promote regulatory reforms. In doing so, it is burdened by institutional arrangements and mechanisms that temper its full independence. The Swiss competition enforcers do not benefit from the networks of exchanges available to national competition authorities in EU member States. Matters are further complicated by a relative lack of resources. Strengthening competition is key for an effective internal market. The amendments to strengthen the Cartel Law and pending reform proposals signal determination on the part of the Confederation to tackle the problems. This report served as the basis for a peer review in the Competition Committee in 2005.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007316'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Competition Law and Policy in Switzerland']
### Abstract:
['Swiss competition policy has traditionally been relatively lenient and low profile. The impact of competition policy on economic development has therefore been at best neutral. As the slow rate of growth becomes an issue, however, a more vigorous approach to competition has been identified as an important factor for improving growth prospects. The 2003 reform of the Cartel Act strengthened Swiss competition law, in particular by introducing direct sanctions for the most serious infringements and a leniency programme, thus bringing it closer to that of the European Union and of many other OECD countries. The Swiss Competition Commission has been given considerable new powers to combat private restraints of competition. Comco will have to enforce the new laws resolutely and step up action to promote regulatory reforms. In doing so, it is burdened by institutional arrangements and mechanisms that temper its full independence. The Swiss competition enforcers do not benefit from the networks of exchanges available to national competition authorities in EU member States. Matters are further complicated by a relative lack of resources. Strengthening competition is key for an effective internal market. The amendments to strengthen the Cartel Law and pending reform proposals signal determination on the part of the Confederation to tackle the problems. This report served as the basis for a peer review in the Competition Committee in 2005.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007316']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730007839.jsonld | ['The determinants of unemployment across OECD countries : Reassessing the role of policies and institutions'] | ['Andrea Bassanini and Romain Duval are economists at the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs and the OECD Economics Department, respectively. Catherine Chapuis-Grabiner, Sébastien Martin and Rebecca Oyomopito provided excellent research assistance. Comments from Sveinbjorn Blöndal, Wendy Carlin, Jean-Philippe Cotis, Martine Durand, Jorgen Elmeskov, Michael P. Feiner, David Howell, Etienne Lehmann, Edmond Malinvaud, John P. Martin, Giuseppe Nicoletti, Stefano Scarpetta, Paul Swaim, Raymond Torres and participants to the joint WP1/WP5 EPC-ELSAC meeting in Paris, January 2006, and the Séminaire Fourgeaud, Paris, May 2006, are also gratefully acknowledged. Any errors are the responsibilities of the authors alone. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or of its member countries.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007839'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['The determinants of unemployment across OECD countries : Reassessing the role of policies and institutions']
### Abstract:
['Andrea Bassanini and Romain Duval are economists at the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs and the OECD Economics Department, respectively. Catherine Chapuis-Grabiner, Sébastien Martin and Rebecca Oyomopito provided excellent research assistance. Comments from Sveinbjorn Blöndal, Wendy Carlin, Jean-Philippe Cotis, Martine Durand, Jorgen Elmeskov, Michael P. Feiner, David Howell, Etienne Lehmann, Edmond Malinvaud, John P. Martin, Giuseppe Nicoletti, Stefano Scarpetta, Paul Swaim, Raymond Torres and participants to the joint WP1/WP5 EPC-ELSAC meeting in Paris, January 2006, and the Séminaire Fourgeaud, Paris, May 2006, are also gratefully acknowledged. Any errors are the responsibilities of the authors alone. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or of its member countries.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007839']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730007855.jsonld | ["Publicly provided services and the distribution of households' economic resources"] | ['Conventional income distribution statistics subtract taxes from household income but do not take into account the distributional effects of the services financed through these taxes. As many of the functions of government are available to the population free of charge or at a subsidised rate, this means that income distribution figures exaggerate the degree of inequality in the distribution of resources. This article examines the extent to which this is the case, and assesses whether statements about the relative inequality prevailing in different countries are reliable. Estimates of the impact of government services on the static distribution of household income, based on two different approaches, show that publicly-provided goods and services significantly narrow the dispersion of income inequality across countries with only small changes in the ranking of individual countries, and that the effects are larger when looking at the extremes of the distributions.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007855'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ["Publicly provided services and the distribution of households' economic resources"]
### Abstract:
['Conventional income distribution statistics subtract taxes from household income but do not take into account the distributional effects of the services financed through these taxes. As many of the functions of government are available to the population free of charge or at a subsidised rate, this means that income distribution figures exaggerate the degree of inequality in the distribution of resources. This article examines the extent to which this is the case, and assesses whether statements about the relative inequality prevailing in different countries are reliable. Estimates of the impact of government services on the static distribution of household income, based on two different approaches, show that publicly-provided goods and services significantly narrow the dispersion of income inequality across countries with only small changes in the ranking of individual countries, and that the effects are larger when looking at the extremes of the distributions.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730007855']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730008592.jsonld | ['Evaluating the Effectiveness of Financial Education Programmes'] | ['Policy makers in many countries are giving more attention to ‘financial literacy’ or ‘financial capability’, and there are many financial education programmes. The need to evaluate the effectiveness of these programmes is likely to increase. But little evaluation is currently taking place, and the evaluations made so far show mixed and inconclusive results. It is not clear whether this is a consequence of poor evaluation methods or poor programme design, or, that financial education works patchily. But it does mean that a positive impact from financial education has not been unambiguously proven; nor has a clear picture emerged of what works best and why. Evaluation of financial education is inherently difficult, and the impact of any one programme can probably never be fully isolated. Nevertheless, this paper suggests that evaluating the effectiveness of financial education can and should be improved. It begins to develop an approach to do so, including a Financial Education Evaluation (FEE) Framework which can be tailored for any programme in any country. This paper also suggests guidelines for governments and other public authorities to lead the way towards better evaluation of the benefits, costs and value for money of financial education.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730008592'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Evaluating the Effectiveness of Financial Education Programmes']
### Abstract:
['Policy makers in many countries are giving more attention to ‘financial literacy’ or ‘financial capability’, and there are many financial education programmes. The need to evaluate the effectiveness of these programmes is likely to increase. But little evaluation is currently taking place, and the evaluations made so far show mixed and inconclusive results. It is not clear whether this is a consequence of poor evaluation methods or poor programme design, or, that financial education works patchily. But it does mean that a positive impact from financial education has not been unambiguously proven; nor has a clear picture emerged of what works best and why. Evaluation of financial education is inherently difficult, and the impact of any one programme can probably never be fully isolated. Nevertheless, this paper suggests that evaluating the effectiveness of financial education can and should be improved. It begins to develop an approach to do so, including a Financial Education Evaluation (FEE) Framework which can be tailored for any programme in any country. This paper also suggests guidelines for governments and other public authorities to lead the way towards better evaluation of the benefits, costs and value for money of financial education.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730008592']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730008614.jsonld | ['Country review of Argentina'] | ['The Inter-American Development Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development co-operate in competition law and policy to promote increased economic growth, employment and economic efficiency and a higher average standard of living in the medium to long term. There is increasing consensus that sound competition law and policy are essential to achieving these goals. “Peer review” is a core element of OECD work. The mechanisms of peer review vary, but it is founded upon the willingness of all OECD countries and their partners to submit their laws and policies to substantive questioning by other members. This process provides valuable insights to the reviewed country and promotes transparency and mutual understanding for the benefit of all. The benefits of this process are particularly clear in the area of competition law and policy. As a result of the activities of the Competition Committee, OECD countries that once had real conflicts on competition issues have become partners in seeking to halt harmful international anticompetitive practices. The Committee has also become an important forum for assessing and demonstrating the usefulness of applying competition policy principles to economic and other regulatory systems. IDB/OECD co-operation in competition law and policy centers on annual meetings of the Latin American Competition Forum. LACF meetings include substantive roundtable discussions and peer reviews of national laws and institutions. The peer reviews have examined Brazil, Chile, Peru and now Argentina. The IDB is pleased to participate and finance this work, as part of its efforts to promote a better business climate for investment in the counties of Latin America and the Caribbean. We want to thank the Government of Argentina for volunteering to be peer reviewed at the fourth LACF meeting, held in San Salvador, El Salvador, on 11-12 July, 2006. It was encouraging to hear Argentina’s Delegation confirm at the meeting that the report’s recommendations were helpful and to hear from Delegates of other countries that this review has improved their understanding of Argentina’s competition law and policy. Finally, we want to thank Mr. John Clark, the author of the report, and the many competition officials whose written and oral contributions to the Forum have been so important to its success.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730008614'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Country review of Argentina']
### Abstract:
['The Inter-American Development Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development co-operate in competition law and policy to promote increased economic growth, employment and economic efficiency and a higher average standard of living in the medium to long term. There is increasing consensus that sound competition law and policy are essential to achieving these goals. “Peer review” is a core element of OECD work. The mechanisms of peer review vary, but it is founded upon the willingness of all OECD countries and their partners to submit their laws and policies to substantive questioning by other members. This process provides valuable insights to the reviewed country and promotes transparency and mutual understanding for the benefit of all. The benefits of this process are particularly clear in the area of competition law and policy. As a result of the activities of the Competition Committee, OECD countries that once had real conflicts on competition issues have become partners in seeking to halt harmful international anticompetitive practices. The Committee has also become an important forum for assessing and demonstrating the usefulness of applying competition policy principles to economic and other regulatory systems. IDB/OECD co-operation in competition law and policy centers on annual meetings of the Latin American Competition Forum. LACF meetings include substantive roundtable discussions and peer reviews of national laws and institutions. The peer reviews have examined Brazil, Chile, Peru and now Argentina. The IDB is pleased to participate and finance this work, as part of its efforts to promote a better business climate for investment in the counties of Latin America and the Caribbean. We want to thank the Government of Argentina for volunteering to be peer reviewed at the fourth LACF meeting, held in San Salvador, El Salvador, on 11-12 July, 2006. It was encouraging to hear Argentina’s Delegation confirm at the meeting that the report’s recommendations were helpful and to hear from Delegates of other countries that this review has improved their understanding of Argentina’s competition law and policy. Finally, we want to thank Mr. John Clark, the author of the report, and the many competition officials whose written and oral contributions to the Forum have been so important to its success.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730008614']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730008908.jsonld | ['Outlook for the Securitisation Market'] | ['Securitisation issuance has slumped in recent years, with the market having become increasingly dependent on central bank and government support in both Europe and the United States. Despite facing a number of threats that could inhibit a recovery in the shorter term, the securitisation market is expected to recover over a longer term horizon. Funding costs have improved, but investor confidence in the asset class remains weak, and the impact of regulatory reform is as yet difficult to fully assess. A long-term sustainable recovery for the securitisation market remains in the hands of regulators and policy makers. They must be awake to the possibility that a recovery in securitisation markets could be a prerequisite to unlocking credit markets in general and supporting a wider global economic recovery.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730008908'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Outlook for the Securitisation Market']
### Abstract:
['Securitisation issuance has slumped in recent years, with the market having become increasingly dependent on central bank and government support in both Europe and the United States. Despite facing a number of threats that could inhibit a recovery in the shorter term, the securitisation market is expected to recover over a longer term horizon. Funding costs have improved, but investor confidence in the asset class remains weak, and the impact of regulatory reform is as yet difficult to fully assess. A long-term sustainable recovery for the securitisation market remains in the hands of regulators and policy makers. They must be awake to the possibility that a recovery in securitisation markets could be a prerequisite to unlocking credit markets in general and supporting a wider global economic recovery.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730008908']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730008983.jsonld | ['Production and Use of ICT : A Sectoral Perspective on Productivity Growth in the OECD Area'] | ['This paper examines the roles of the ICT-producing sector and of key ICT-using industries in overall productivity growth in OECD countries. The ICT manufacturing sector, in particular, has been characterised by very high rates of productivity growth in many countries and provides a large contribution to labour productivity growth in Finland, Ireland and Korea. In a few countries, notably the United States and Australia, certain ICT-using services have also experienced an above-average pick-up in productivity growth in the second half of the 1990s. Further structural reform may be needed before ICT use will also show up in the productivity statistics of other OECD countries. Differences in the measurement of productivity in ICT-producing and -using industries across countries complicate the cross-country analysis.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730008983'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Production and Use of ICT : A Sectoral Perspective on Productivity Growth in the OECD Area']
### Abstract:
['This paper examines the roles of the ICT-producing sector and of key ICT-using industries in overall productivity growth in OECD countries. The ICT manufacturing sector, in particular, has been characterised by very high rates of productivity growth in many countries and provides a large contribution to labour productivity growth in Finland, Ireland and Korea. In a few countries, notably the United States and Australia, certain ICT-using services have also experienced an above-average pick-up in productivity growth in the second half of the 1990s. Further structural reform may be needed before ICT use will also show up in the productivity statistics of other OECD countries. Differences in the measurement of productivity in ICT-producing and -using industries across countries complicate the cross-country analysis.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730008983']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730009238.jsonld | ['National Legislative and Regulatory Activities'] | ['Argentina Amendment to the Criminal Code (2004) Australia Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) Amendment Act (2006) Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Legislation Amendment Act (2006) Finland Amendments to the Radiation Act and Radiation Decree (2005) France Decree on Securing Financing for Nuclear Charges (2007)Decree Licensing the Construction of the Basic Nuclear Installation “Flamanville 3” Comprising an EPR Reactor (2007) Germany Amendment to the Act on Preventive Radiation Protection (2006) Administrative Provisions on the Supervision of Environmental Radioactivity (2006)Ordinance on Radioactive Drugs (2007) Amendment to the Ordinance on the Treatment of Foodstuffs with Radiation (2006) European Agreement Relating to the International Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) (2006)Ordinance on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail (2006)Ordinance to Amend the RID Regulations (2006) Ordinance on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods on the Rhine and Mosel Rivers (2006) Amendments to the 1961 Foreign Trade Act and to the 1993 Foreign Trade Ordinance (2006) Iceland Regulations in the Field of Radiation Protection (2003) Indonesia Decree on Nuclear Reactor Licensing (2006) Ireland Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road Act 1998 (Appointment of Competent Authorities) Order (2006) Italy Decree on Emergency Planning with Regard to the Transport of Radioactive and Fissile Materials (2006) Netherlands Covenant Between the Government and the Borssele Operator Concerning the Life Extension (2006) New Zealand Consolidated Edition of the 1965 Radiation Protection Act (2005) Poland Regulation on Ionising Radiation Sources (2006) Romania Decision Approving the Structure and Organisation of the Romanian Nuclear Agency (2007)Amendment of the 2003 Decision Approving the Internal Rules of the National Commission for the Control of Nuclear Activities (CNCAN) (2007) Amendment of the 2003 Ordinance on the Management of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste, including Final Disposal (2007) Russian Federation Act on Administrative and Property Management of the Civilian Nuclear Energy Sector (2007) Slovak Republic Amendment of the Atomic Act (2007) Slovenia Regulation on Monitoring of Radioactivity (2007) South Africa Regulations on the Contents of the Annual Public Report (2006)Regulations on the Keeping of Records (2006)Regulations on Safety Standards and Regulatory Practices (2006) Sweden Amendment to the Act and Ordinance on Nuclear Activities (2006)'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730009238'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['National Legislative and Regulatory Activities']
### Abstract:
['Argentina Amendment to the Criminal Code (2004) Australia Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) Amendment Act (2006) Commonwealth Radioactive Waste Management Legislation Amendment Act (2006) Finland Amendments to the Radiation Act and Radiation Decree (2005) France Decree on Securing Financing for Nuclear Charges (2007)Decree Licensing the Construction of the Basic Nuclear Installation “Flamanville 3” Comprising an EPR Reactor (2007) Germany Amendment to the Act on Preventive Radiation Protection (2006) Administrative Provisions on the Supervision of Environmental Radioactivity (2006)Ordinance on Radioactive Drugs (2007) Amendment to the Ordinance on the Treatment of Foodstuffs with Radiation (2006) European Agreement Relating to the International Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) (2006)Ordinance on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail (2006)Ordinance to Amend the RID Regulations (2006) Ordinance on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods on the Rhine and Mosel Rivers (2006) Amendments to the 1961 Foreign Trade Act and to the 1993 Foreign Trade Ordinance (2006) Iceland Regulations in the Field of Radiation Protection (2003) Indonesia Decree on Nuclear Reactor Licensing (2006) Ireland Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road Act 1998 (Appointment of Competent Authorities) Order (2006) Italy Decree on Emergency Planning with Regard to the Transport of Radioactive and Fissile Materials (2006) Netherlands Covenant Between the Government and the Borssele Operator Concerning the Life Extension (2006) New Zealand Consolidated Edition of the 1965 Radiation Protection Act (2005) Poland Regulation on Ionising Radiation Sources (2006) Romania Decision Approving the Structure and Organisation of the Romanian Nuclear Agency (2007)Amendment of the 2003 Decision Approving the Internal Rules of the National Commission for the Control of Nuclear Activities (CNCAN) (2007) Amendment of the 2003 Ordinance on the Management of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Radioactive Waste, including Final Disposal (2007) Russian Federation Act on Administrative and Property Management of the Civilian Nuclear Energy Sector (2007) Slovak Republic Amendment of the Atomic Act (2007) Slovenia Regulation on Monitoring of Radioactivity (2007) South Africa Regulations on the Contents of the Annual Public Report (2006)Regulations on the Keeping of Records (2006)Regulations on Safety Standards and Regulatory Practices (2006) Sweden Amendment to the Act and Ordinance on Nuclear Activities (2006)']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730009238']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730009440.jsonld | ['Improving public spending efficiency in primary and secondary education'] | ['Influenced by the perceived link between higher levels of educational attainment and growth, the education sector has seen significant reform efforts in recent years in a number of countries. Public spending in this sector has increased on average by one-fifth in real terms over the past decade and growth in terms of spending per student has also been marked in many countries (Figure 1, upper panel); governments in the OECD area now spend on average around 3% of GDP on primary and secondary education. However, a close correspondence between the level of resources and educational outcomes is difficult to demonstrate empirically: cross-sectional evidence reveals only a weak correlation between national spending per student or teaching resources and mean pupil performance in standardised tests (Figure 1, lower panels). Extra resources devoted to education do not automatically lead to commensurate improvements in outcomes.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730009440'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Improving public spending efficiency in primary and secondary education']
### Abstract:
['Influenced by the perceived link between higher levels of educational attainment and growth, the education sector has seen significant reform efforts in recent years in a number of countries. Public spending in this sector has increased on average by one-fifth in real terms over the past decade and growth in terms of spending per student has also been marked in many countries (Figure 1, upper panel); governments in the OECD area now spend on average around 3% of GDP on primary and secondary education. However, a close correspondence between the level of resources and educational outcomes is difficult to demonstrate empirically: cross-sectional evidence reveals only a weak correlation between national spending per student or teaching resources and mean pupil performance in standardised tests (Figure 1, lower panels). Extra resources devoted to education do not automatically lead to commensurate improvements in outcomes.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730009440']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730009904.jsonld | ['Regulatory reform in road freight'] | ['This study analyses regulatory developments across OECD Member countries in the road freight industry, with a focus on how these developments have affected competition and performance. Over the past two decades, a growing number of OECD countries have recognised that regulations unduly restricting competitive developments in this industry needed to be relaxed. Still, the pace and scale of liberalisation has varied widely from one country to another. The main remaining impediment to competition is the restrictive web of bilateral international and/or multilateral agreements that continue to impose discrimination on foreign hauliers. The empirical evidence available suggests that liberalisation has promoted efficiency and consumer welfare in the countries that have implemented reforms.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730009904'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Regulatory reform in road freight']
### Abstract:
['This study analyses regulatory developments across OECD Member countries in the road freight industry, with a focus on how these developments have affected competition and performance. Over the past two decades, a growing number of OECD countries have recognised that regulations unduly restricting competitive developments in this industry needed to be relaxed. Still, the pace and scale of liberalisation has varied widely from one country to another. The main remaining impediment to competition is the restrictive web of bilateral international and/or multilateral agreements that continue to impose discrimination on foreign hauliers. The empirical evidence available suggests that liberalisation has promoted efficiency and consumer welfare in the countries that have implemented reforms.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730009904']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730010422.jsonld | ['The Private Equity Boom : Causes and Policy Issues'] | ['Private equity, by focusing on under-performing companies that can be transformed and subsequently re-floated, fosters rapid corporate restructuring – enhancing productivity. M&A and private equity deals are very strong at present, and private equity use of leverage is accelerating sharply...'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730010422'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['The Private Equity Boom : Causes and Policy Issues']
### Abstract:
['Private equity, by focusing on under-performing companies that can be transformed and subsequently re-floated, fosters rapid corporate restructuring – enhancing productivity. M&A and private equity deals are very strong at present, and private equity use of leverage is accelerating sharply...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730010422']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730011488.jsonld | ['Retirement Behaviour in OECD Countries : Impact of Old-Age Pension Schemes and other Social Transfer Programmes'] | ['This paper examines the impact of old-age pension systems and other social transfer programmes on the retirement decision of older males in OECD countries. For each of the 55-59, 60-64 and 65+ age groups, a new panel dataset of retirement incentives embedded in those schemes is constructed, focusing mainly on the implicit tax rate on continued work. These currently differ widely across OECD countries: they are high in most Continental European Countries, compared with Japan, Korea, English-speaking and Nordic countries. Simple cross-country correlations and panel data econometric estimates both show that implicit taxes on continued work have sizeable effects on the departure of older male workers from the labour force ...'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730011488'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Retirement Behaviour in OECD Countries : Impact of Old-Age Pension Schemes and other Social Transfer Programmes']
### Abstract:
['This paper examines the impact of old-age pension systems and other social transfer programmes on the retirement decision of older males in OECD countries. For each of the 55-59, 60-64 and 65+ age groups, a new panel dataset of retirement incentives embedded in those schemes is constructed, focusing mainly on the implicit tax rate on continued work. These currently differ widely across OECD countries: they are high in most Continental European Countries, compared with Japan, Korea, English-speaking and Nordic countries. Simple cross-country correlations and panel data econometric estimates both show that implicit taxes on continued work have sizeable effects on the departure of older male workers from the labour force ...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730011488']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730011674.jsonld | ['Improving Competition in Real Estate Transactions'] | ['The OECD Competition Committee debated improving competition in real estate transactions in February 2007. Real estate transactions are subject to a variety of potential limitation of competition that can have significant effects on ordinary consumers. In fact, because of the annual volume of transactions and the fact that real estate expenses (mortgage payments and rent) constitute a significant portion of spending out of available revenue to spend (often exceeding 25%), the impacts of anti-competitive action i this sector may have larger financial value than in most other sectors. Practices of real estate agents vary significantly across countries, but a common trend appears to be the introduction of listing services that may provide a platform for anti-competitive practices to spread, at the same time as the Internet potentially provides improved opportunities for real estate sellers to reach buyers directly. In many countries, the operation of transferring legal title to properties is subject to cartel-like prices. Competitive problems have also been identified in the mortgage markets, with cartel activity having been found in a least one case and a lack of non-bank sources of finance in some countries.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730011674'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Improving Competition in Real Estate Transactions']
### Abstract:
['The OECD Competition Committee debated improving competition in real estate transactions in February 2007. Real estate transactions are subject to a variety of potential limitation of competition that can have significant effects on ordinary consumers. In fact, because of the annual volume of transactions and the fact that real estate expenses (mortgage payments and rent) constitute a significant portion of spending out of available revenue to spend (often exceeding 25%), the impacts of anti-competitive action i this sector may have larger financial value than in most other sectors. Practices of real estate agents vary significantly across countries, but a common trend appears to be the introduction of listing services that may provide a platform for anti-competitive practices to spread, at the same time as the Internet potentially provides improved opportunities for real estate sellers to reach buyers directly. In many countries, the operation of transferring legal title to properties is subject to cartel-like prices. Competitive problems have also been identified in the mortgage markets, with cartel activity having been found in a least one case and a lack of non-bank sources of finance in some countries.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730011674']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730011690.jsonld | ['Climate Change and Africa'] | ['Climate change is a major threat to sustainable growth and development in Africa, and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its overdependence on rain-fed agriculture, compounded by factors such as widespread poverty and weak capacity. The main longer-term impacts include: changing rainfall patterns affecting agriculture and reducing food security; worsening water security; decreasing fish resources in large lakes due to rising temperature; shifting vectorborne diseases; rising sea level affecting low-lying coastal areas with large populations; and rising water stress.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730011690'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Climate Change and Africa']
### Abstract:
['Climate change is a major threat to sustainable growth and development in Africa, and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its overdependence on rain-fed agriculture, compounded by factors such as widespread poverty and weak capacity. The main longer-term impacts include: changing rainfall patterns affecting agriculture and reducing food security; worsening water security; decreasing fish resources in large lakes due to rising temperature; shifting vectorborne diseases; rising sea level affecting low-lying coastal areas with large populations; and rising water stress.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730011690']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730012174.jsonld | ['Fiscal equalisation'] | ['By Hansjörg Blöchliger and Claire Charbit Fiscal equalisation is a transfer of fiscal resources across jurisdictions to offset disparities in revenue raising capacity or public service cost. It covers on average 2.5% of GDP or 5% of total government expenditure across OECD countries. Equalisation reduces fiscal disparities by two-thirds on average and in some countries levels them virtually out. Strong equalisation comes at a price: on average, around 70% of a jurisdiction’s additional tax income must be dedicated to an equalisation fund. The equalisation rate is generally higher for jurisdictions with low fiscal capacity, reducing their tax effort and likely to slow down regional economic convergence. Cost equalisation is larger than revenue equalisation in terms of GDP despite smaller cost disparities, pointing at inefficiencies in the distribution formulae. Fiscal equalisation can be pro-cyclical but most countries succeed in reducing fluctuations of entitlements, sometimes at the cost of sub-central budget needs. Fiscal equalisation is very country specific, and data and analysis must be taken with care.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730012174'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Fiscal equalisation']
### Abstract:
['By Hansjörg Blöchliger and Claire Charbit Fiscal equalisation is a transfer of fiscal resources across jurisdictions to offset disparities in revenue raising capacity or public service cost. It covers on average 2.5% of GDP or 5% of total government expenditure across OECD countries. Equalisation reduces fiscal disparities by two-thirds on average and in some countries levels them virtually out. Strong equalisation comes at a price: on average, around 70% of a jurisdiction’s additional tax income must be dedicated to an equalisation fund. The equalisation rate is generally higher for jurisdictions with low fiscal capacity, reducing their tax effort and likely to slow down regional economic convergence. Cost equalisation is larger than revenue equalisation in terms of GDP despite smaller cost disparities, pointing at inefficiencies in the distribution formulae. Fiscal equalisation can be pro-cyclical but most countries succeed in reducing fluctuations of entitlements, sometimes at the cost of sub-central budget needs. Fiscal equalisation is very country specific, and data and analysis must be taken with care.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730012174']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A73001228X.jsonld | ['Competition Law and Policy in the European Union'] | ['Competition policy played a central role in the development of the EU and its institutions. The European Commission, supported by the European courts, developed the framework for competition policy in Europe. This framework has been built since the Treaty of Rome in 1957 on a foundation of promoting market opening while strengthening the institutions of the European Community. The competition policy of the European Community is now in transition toward a basis in market-centered economic considerations, as well as on application through the now-extensive network of nationallevel authorities. The “modernisation” reforms of the enforcement process became effective in May 2004, along with changes in the control of mergers, and the Commission has been considering revisions to its policies about other topics, notably abuse of dominance and state aid. As the Member States adapt their substantive rules to those of the Community, the roles of the European Commission, the national competition agencies and the courts are changing. Co-ordination of enforcement among many agencies in the European Community, particularly concerning applications for leniency as part of cartel investigations, is increasingly important. The Commission moved to strengthen its capacity for economic analysis and to correct weaknesses in its decision process that had been revealed in critical court decisions. The challenge to this system, well adapted for administrative application, is to produce results that are convincing to the courts while maintaining policy consistency in a system of decentralised enforcement. This report served as the basis for a peer review in the Competition Committee in 2005.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73001228X'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Competition Law and Policy in the European Union']
### Abstract:
['Competition policy played a central role in the development of the EU and its institutions. The European Commission, supported by the European courts, developed the framework for competition policy in Europe. This framework has been built since the Treaty of Rome in 1957 on a foundation of promoting market opening while strengthening the institutions of the European Community. The competition policy of the European Community is now in transition toward a basis in market-centered economic considerations, as well as on application through the now-extensive network of nationallevel authorities. The “modernisation” reforms of the enforcement process became effective in May 2004, along with changes in the control of mergers, and the Commission has been considering revisions to its policies about other topics, notably abuse of dominance and state aid. As the Member States adapt their substantive rules to those of the Community, the roles of the European Commission, the national competition agencies and the courts are changing. Co-ordination of enforcement among many agencies in the European Community, particularly concerning applications for leniency as part of cartel investigations, is increasingly important. The Commission moved to strengthen its capacity for economic analysis and to correct weaknesses in its decision process that had been revealed in critical court decisions. The challenge to this system, well adapted for administrative application, is to produce results that are convincing to the courts while maintaining policy consistency in a system of decentralised enforcement. This report served as the basis for a peer review in the Competition Committee in 2005.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73001228X']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730012670.jsonld | ['Review of Competition Law and Policy in the Czech Republic'] | ['The Czech Republic competition law is based on familiar European substantive concepts. Features that were appropriate for a transition setting are being revised in anticipation of EU accession. The enforcement body was at one time a separate Ministry; now, the Czech Office for the Protection of Economic Competition is an independent agency. Provisions for exemption are well controlled, and the processes for applying it are working well; however, stronger enforcement powers may be needed to deal with secret cartels. The major challenge of improving competitiveness by completing the reform of the inherited industrial structure requires solving problems of corporate governance and financing. The role of competition policy in that task will be modest.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730012670'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Review of Competition Law and Policy in the Czech Republic']
### Abstract:
['The Czech Republic competition law is based on familiar European substantive concepts. Features that were appropriate for a transition setting are being revised in anticipation of EU accession. The enforcement body was at one time a separate Ministry; now, the Czech Office for the Protection of Economic Competition is an independent agency. Provisions for exemption are well controlled, and the processes for applying it are working well; however, stronger enforcement powers may be needed to deal with secret cartels. The major challenge of improving competitiveness by completing the reform of the inherited industrial structure requires solving problems of corporate governance and financing. The role of competition policy in that task will be modest.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730012670']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730012700.jsonld | ['The Temelín-Judgement of the European Court of Justice'] | ['On 27 October 2009, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) rendered its milestone decision in the so called ÈEZ case which deals with the operation of the Temelín nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic. The nuclear power plant in Temelín has strongly strained the relationship between Austria and the Czech Republic throughout its history, involving not only local communities but also high level politicians, members of parliament and European Union institutions. For the outside world it is difficult to understand that antinuclear politics is part of the Austrian identity. Against the background of this tense relationship, the case was brought before the ECJ, whose judgement shall be analysed in this paper.'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730012700'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['The Temelín-Judgement of the European Court of Justice']
### Abstract:
['On 27 October 2009, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) rendered its milestone decision in the so called ÈEZ case which deals with the operation of the Temelín nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic. The nuclear power plant in Temelín has strongly strained the relationship between Austria and the Czech Republic throughout its history, involving not only local communities but also high level politicians, members of parliament and European Union institutions. For the outside world it is difficult to understand that antinuclear politics is part of the Austrian identity. Against the background of this tense relationship, the case was brought before the ECJ, whose judgement shall be analysed in this paper.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730012700']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730012719.jsonld | ['Retirement saving and the payout phase : How to get there and how to get the most of it'] | ["In the wake of a dramatic financial crisis and with the first waves of baby boomers approaching retirement we hardly need to think about how best to arrive at the pension funds' payout phase. This paper argues that there is an urgent need to raise retirement saving, to reduce defined contribution plan members' exposure to investment risks and to provide the financial industry with cheap and safe payout instruments. These challenges are also likely to call for a more active government role."] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730012719'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Retirement saving and the payout phase : How to get there and how to get the most of it']
### Abstract:
["In the wake of a dramatic financial crisis and with the first waves of baby boomers approaching retirement we hardly need to think about how best to arrive at the pension funds' payout phase. This paper argues that there is an urgent need to raise retirement saving, to reduce defined contribution plan members' exposure to investment risks and to provide the financial industry with cheap and safe payout instruments. These challenges are also likely to call for a more active government role."]
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730012719']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730013235.jsonld | ['The Contribution of the Asset Management Industry to Long-term Growth'] | ['The global asset management industry was severely hit by the worldwide financial crisis, but has recovered well from the crisis. The resiliency of the asset management industry can be explained by a more diversified industry and investors turning to greater diversification in asset classes. The asset management industry is a vital source of economic growth as intermediary in the savings-investment channel. The industry is also one of the most important providers of liquidity needed to ensure smooth functioning of capital markets and provides the means for its clients to diversify their portfolios and achieve their investment goals. Asset managers should act as the ‘stewards’ of their clients’ interest. But less ‘sticky’ liabilities tend to create short-termism of asset managers. A sound governance framework, more transparency, better communication with clients and better management of their expectations may be needed to overcome this problem. But clients themselves, at the institutional as well as retail level, will also have to adopt a more long-term view to appropriately evaluate the risk and returns of their portfolios. Vehicles for longterm retail investment need to be developed and support by fiscal and other incentives may be considered.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730013235'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['The Contribution of the Asset Management Industry to Long-term Growth']
### Abstract:
['The global asset management industry was severely hit by the worldwide financial crisis, but has recovered well from the crisis. The resiliency of the asset management industry can be explained by a more diversified industry and investors turning to greater diversification in asset classes. The asset management industry is a vital source of economic growth as intermediary in the savings-investment channel. The industry is also one of the most important providers of liquidity needed to ensure smooth functioning of capital markets and provides the means for its clients to diversify their portfolios and achieve their investment goals. Asset managers should act as the ‘stewards’ of their clients’ interest. But less ‘sticky’ liabilities tend to create short-termism of asset managers. A sound governance framework, more transparency, better communication with clients and better management of their expectations may be needed to overcome this problem. But clients themselves, at the institutional as well as retail level, will also have to adopt a more long-term view to appropriately evaluate the risk and returns of their portfolios. Vehicles for longterm retail investment need to be developed and support by fiscal and other incentives may be considered.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730013235']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730013596.jsonld | ['Less than you thought : The fiscal autonomy of sub-central governments'] | ['State and local governments in OECD countries have access to various fiscal resources. Discretion over them varies considerably, and so does sub-central governments’ power to shape their budget and to determine outcomes like public sector efficiency, equity in access to public services or the long term fiscal stance. Data on the revenue structure of sub-central governments (SCG) would therefore be helpful. But indicators have long insufficiently reflected the way state and local budgets are funded. The most frequently used indicator is the ratio of SCG to total tax revenue, which is a poor measure for assessing the true autonomy SCGs enjoy. Since the power over fiscal revenue is a critical determinant for government finance, a set of more refined indicators for assessing fiscal autonomy should be established.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730013596'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Less than you thought : The fiscal autonomy of sub-central governments']
### Abstract:
['State and local governments in OECD countries have access to various fiscal resources. Discretion over them varies considerably, and so does sub-central governments’ power to shape their budget and to determine outcomes like public sector efficiency, equity in access to public services or the long term fiscal stance. Data on the revenue structure of sub-central governments (SCG) would therefore be helpful. But indicators have long insufficiently reflected the way state and local budgets are funded. The most frequently used indicator is the ratio of SCG to total tax revenue, which is a poor measure for assessing the true autonomy SCGs enjoy. Since the power over fiscal revenue is a critical determinant for government finance, a set of more refined indicators for assessing fiscal autonomy should be established.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730013596']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730013626.jsonld | ['Environmentally Responsible Food Choice'] | ['The purpose of this paper is to review and assess the role of relevant explanatory variables that influence individual purchase decisions for “environmentally responsible” food consumption. In particular, we provide a detailed review of the key empirical studies in the area of consumer demand for those foods which can be broadly considered as environmentally responsible products (ERPs). We give this definition because the choice of ERPs is a consequence of individual concerns towards environmental and health issues and consumers are directly and indirectly responsible for the environmental and health effects of their food consumption choices. The decision to purchase ERPs should reduce negative environmental effects from intensive agricultural practices, helping to preserve a public good like the environment. Consumption of ERPs should also curb health risks from chemicals for all the household members eating the food purchased in the shops. Therefore, the choice of ERPs reflects both “public” and “private” demands.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730013626'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Environmentally Responsible Food Choice']
### Abstract:
['The purpose of this paper is to review and assess the role of relevant explanatory variables that influence individual purchase decisions for “environmentally responsible” food consumption. In particular, we provide a detailed review of the key empirical studies in the area of consumer demand for those foods which can be broadly considered as environmentally responsible products (ERPs). We give this definition because the choice of ERPs is a consequence of individual concerns towards environmental and health issues and consumers are directly and indirectly responsible for the environmental and health effects of their food consumption choices. The decision to purchase ERPs should reduce negative environmental effects from intensive agricultural practices, helping to preserve a public good like the environment. Consumption of ERPs should also curb health risks from chemicals for all the household members eating the food purchased in the shops. Therefore, the choice of ERPs reflects both “public” and “private” demands.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730013626']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730013634.jsonld | ['National Legislative and Regulatory Activities'] | ['Belarus Act on the Use of Atomic Energy (2008) France Safety guideline on final disposal of radioactive waste in a deep geological repository (2008) Decree concerning the procedures applicable to foreign spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste reprocessing (2008) Germany Amendment to the 1986 Act on Preventive Protection of the Public Against Radiation (2008) Order on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (2008) Act on the 2004 Protocols to Amend the Paris Convention and the Brussels Supplementary Convention; Act to Amend the Atomic Energy Act (2008) Hungary Energy Policy 2007-2020 Framework Strategy (2008) Indonesia Regulation on licensing of uses of ionizing radiation sources and nuclear materials (2008) Italy Implementing law on urgent provisions for economic development etc. (2008) Montenegro Law on the Environment (2008) Romania Decision on the organisational structure of the Nuclear Agency (2008) Decision on the selection of the investors of Units 3 and 4 of Cernavoda NPP (2008)Consolidated version the Civil Protection Law (2008) National strategy for preventing emergency situations (2008) National strategy for information sharing and communication in the event of an emergency (2008) Russian Federation Decree transferring responsibilities to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology (2008) Slovak Republic Transposition of Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom (2008) Ukraine Decree creating the state enterprise “Nuclear Fuel” (2008) Amendment to the law on radioactive waste management (2008) United Kingdom New Ministry for Energy and Climate Change (2008) United States Next generation nuclear plant licensing strategy (2008) Public health and environmental radiation protection standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada (2008) Inflation adjustment to the Price-Anderson Act (2008)'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730013634'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['National Legislative and Regulatory Activities']
### Abstract:
['Belarus Act on the Use of Atomic Energy (2008) France Safety guideline on final disposal of radioactive waste in a deep geological repository (2008) Decree concerning the procedures applicable to foreign spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste reprocessing (2008) Germany Amendment to the 1986 Act on Preventive Protection of the Public Against Radiation (2008) Order on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (2008) Act on the 2004 Protocols to Amend the Paris Convention and the Brussels Supplementary Convention; Act to Amend the Atomic Energy Act (2008) Hungary Energy Policy 2007-2020 Framework Strategy (2008) Indonesia Regulation on licensing of uses of ionizing radiation sources and nuclear materials (2008) Italy Implementing law on urgent provisions for economic development etc. (2008) Montenegro Law on the Environment (2008) Romania Decision on the organisational structure of the Nuclear Agency (2008) Decision on the selection of the investors of Units 3 and 4 of Cernavoda NPP (2008)Consolidated version the Civil Protection Law (2008) National strategy for preventing emergency situations (2008) National strategy for information sharing and communication in the event of an emergency (2008) Russian Federation Decree transferring responsibilities to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology (2008) Slovak Republic Transposition of Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom (2008) Ukraine Decree creating the state enterprise “Nuclear Fuel” (2008) Amendment to the law on radioactive waste management (2008) United Kingdom New Ministry for Energy and Climate Change (2008) United States Next generation nuclear plant licensing strategy (2008) Public health and environmental radiation protection standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada (2008) Inflation adjustment to the Price-Anderson Act (2008)']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730013634']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730013685.jsonld | ['Use of derivatives for debt management and domestic debt market development : Key conclusions'] | ['The Ninth OECD/World Bank/IMF Annual Global Bond Market Forum held on 22-23 May 2007 in Paris, France, highlighted that there has been very sharp growth in the use of derivative instruments in both mature and emerging market countries. The use of derivative instruments is helping public debt managers in their portfolio management operations and in supporting market development. Several institutional and structural impediments, however, remain toward the more active use of derivative products. Most developed market debt managers use derivative instruments for debt management purposes, while this is the case for only a handful of emerging markets. Several emerging markets, though, are taking steps towards developing the legal environment necessary to support derivative markets, and are addressing the challenges posed by illiquidity of the underlying cash market, deficiencies in prudential regulation, and restrictions on market participation.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730013685'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Use of derivatives for debt management and domestic debt market development : Key conclusions']
### Abstract:
['The Ninth OECD/World Bank/IMF Annual Global Bond Market Forum held on 22-23 May 2007 in Paris, France, highlighted that there has been very sharp growth in the use of derivative instruments in both mature and emerging market countries. The use of derivative instruments is helping public debt managers in their portfolio management operations and in supporting market development. Several institutional and structural impediments, however, remain toward the more active use of derivative products. Most developed market debt managers use derivative instruments for debt management purposes, while this is the case for only a handful of emerging markets. Several emerging markets, though, are taking steps towards developing the legal environment necessary to support derivative markets, and are addressing the challenges posed by illiquidity of the underlying cash market, deficiencies in prudential regulation, and restrictions on market participation.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730013685']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730014037.jsonld | ['Overview of Advances in Risk Management of Government Debt'] | ['Modern risk management has become an important tool for achieving strategic debt targets in the OECD area. In essence, risk management policies, based on the use of formal methods, are now an integral part of debt management in most OECD jurisdictions. In general, risk management tolerances and policies are approved (and often set) by the Ministry of Finance (or other appropriate Ministry). This strategy about risks entails an explicit political decision about the trade-off between costs and risks. The actual risk management operation is often run at a separate agency responsible for management of the sovereign debt or at the central bank if it manages the debt, and is typically segregated from other treasury...'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730014037'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Overview of Advances in Risk Management of Government Debt']
### Abstract:
['Modern risk management has become an important tool for achieving strategic debt targets in the OECD area. In essence, risk management policies, based on the use of formal methods, are now an integral part of debt management in most OECD jurisdictions. In general, risk management tolerances and policies are approved (and often set) by the Ministry of Finance (or other appropriate Ministry). This strategy about risks entails an explicit political decision about the trade-off between costs and risks. The actual risk management operation is often run at a separate agency responsible for management of the sovereign debt or at the central bank if it manages the debt, and is typically segregated from other treasury...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730014037']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730014142.jsonld | ['Dealing with the crisis and thinking about the exit strategy'] | ['This article looks at the stages of crisis management and some of the different degrees of transparency on losses and risks in the US and Europe. It also compares alternative approaches to dealing with impaired assets used in the USA and Europe. Exposure to off-balance losses remains a key issue. Europe, surprisingly, has been and remains the major issuer of collateralised synthetic obligations that have been so prominent in the crisis. The capital needs of banks over the next few years is examined, and great uncertainties remain due to the unknown extent to which off-balance sheet vehicles will need to be consolidated. Finally, the requirements of longer-run reform are outlined.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730014142'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Dealing with the crisis and thinking about the exit strategy']
### Abstract:
['This article looks at the stages of crisis management and some of the different degrees of transparency on losses and risks in the US and Europe. It also compares alternative approaches to dealing with impaired assets used in the USA and Europe. Exposure to off-balance losses remains a key issue. Europe, surprisingly, has been and remains the major issuer of collateralised synthetic obligations that have been so prominent in the crisis. The capital needs of banks over the next few years is examined, and great uncertainties remain due to the unknown extent to which off-balance sheet vehicles will need to be consolidated. Finally, the requirements of longer-run reform are outlined.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730014142']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730015017.jsonld | ['The Challenges of Narrowing the US Current-Account Deficit and Implications for Other Economies'] | ['This article uses the OECD’s interlink model to explore several possible channels through which a narrowing of the US current account deficit could occur. The shocks considered include dollar depreciation, fiscal consolidation, and an improvement in the non-price competitiveness of US producers. A key conclusion is that shocks would have to be very large in order to materially reduce the US external deficit, largely because of the offsetting impact of second-round effects. In addition...'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730015017'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['The Challenges of Narrowing the US Current-Account Deficit and Implications for Other Economies']
### Abstract:
['This article uses the OECD’s interlink model to explore several possible channels through which a narrowing of the US current account deficit could occur. The shocks considered include dollar depreciation, fiscal consolidation, and an improvement in the non-price competitiveness of US producers. A key conclusion is that shocks would have to be very large in order to materially reduce the US external deficit, largely because of the offsetting impact of second-round effects. In addition...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730015017']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730015181.jsonld | ['Tax Ratios on Labour and Capital Income and on Consumption'] | ['This paper presents revised tax ratios based on more realistic assumptions than those used in a previous study applying the same approach (based on tax revenue statistics and national accounts data) to measuring the effective tax burden. Although the levels of the revised tax ratios are sometimes quite different from those previously found, the two data sets are generally highly correlated. The paper also presents a sensitivity analysis of relaxing some remaining unrealistic assumptions for countries and periods where that is possible. It is found that this often has a large effect on the tax ratios, especially for capital, and the two data sets are sometimes no longer highly correlated. This highlights the need to use these ratios in conjunction with other indicators, such as average effective tax rates, to corroborate the story they tell.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730015181'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Tax Ratios on Labour and Capital Income and on Consumption']
### Abstract:
['This paper presents revised tax ratios based on more realistic assumptions than those used in a previous study applying the same approach (based on tax revenue statistics and national accounts data) to measuring the effective tax burden. Although the levels of the revised tax ratios are sometimes quite different from those previously found, the two data sets are generally highly correlated. The paper also presents a sensitivity analysis of relaxing some remaining unrealistic assumptions for countries and periods where that is possible. It is found that this often has a large effect on the tax ratios, especially for capital, and the two data sets are sometimes no longer highly correlated. This highlights the need to use these ratios in conjunction with other indicators, such as average effective tax rates, to corroborate the story they tell.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730015181']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730015599.jsonld | ["Investment: Unlocking Africa's Potential"] | ['It is now time to invest in Africa. The prospects are good. Africa is already attracting growing flows of private resources, as a result of its greater political stability and economic reforms. Significant new investors are now engaging in Africa, from within and outside the continent. Development assistance and debt relief alone will not be sufficient to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Africa now needs more and sustainable investment, both domestic and foreign, in order to accelerate economic growth and progress in poverty reduction, and become better integrated into the global economy. We call for the fulfilment of commitments made at African and G8 Summits and other global fora, including support from development partners to help Africa mobilise more investment, and better focus on mobilisible domestic revenue sources and indigenous resources. Areas such as infrastructure, extractive industry, tourism, agribusiness and ICT are particularly important drivers of development, and require support from development partners.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730015599'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ["Investment: Unlocking Africa's Potential"]
### Abstract:
['It is now time to invest in Africa. The prospects are good. Africa is already attracting growing flows of private resources, as a result of its greater political stability and economic reforms. Significant new investors are now engaging in Africa, from within and outside the continent. Development assistance and debt relief alone will not be sufficient to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Africa now needs more and sustainable investment, both domestic and foreign, in order to accelerate economic growth and progress in poverty reduction, and become better integrated into the global economy. We call for the fulfilment of commitments made at African and G8 Summits and other global fora, including support from development partners to help Africa mobilise more investment, and better focus on mobilisible domestic revenue sources and indigenous resources. Areas such as infrastructure, extractive industry, tourism, agribusiness and ICT are particularly important drivers of development, and require support from development partners.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730015599']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730015637.jsonld | ['The Decline in Private Saving Rates in the 1990s in OECD Countries : How Much Can Be Explained by Non-wealth Determinants?'] | ['The substantial decline in private-sector saving rates observed in several OECD countries in the late 1990s coincided in several cases with a sharp increase in household financial net worth. This was seen by many observers as evidence that the strong rise in equity and residential property prices during the late 1990s had been treated by households as a permanent increase in wealth, leading to an unsustainable drop in saving and raising fears of an eventual negative wealth effect. Applying estimation techniques for systems of dynamic panel equations, this paper looks at basic determinants of private saving for a sample of 15 OECD countries and finds that the sharp decline in saving observed after 1995 can be largely explained, even in a post-sample fashion, by fundamentals other than financial wealth. Among the determinants, the rise in public-sector saving is found to have contributed the most to the decline in private saving between 1995 and 2000. Based on this investigation, there is little evidence that consumers had gone too far in responding to the stock market boom of the late 1990s, even in countries where private saving rates have fallen to historically low levels. On the other hand, the results suggest that a loosening of fiscal policy may have a limited stimulatory impact on private consumption...'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730015637'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['The Decline in Private Saving Rates in the 1990s in OECD Countries : How Much Can Be Explained by Non-wealth Determinants?']
### Abstract:
['The substantial decline in private-sector saving rates observed in several OECD countries in the late 1990s coincided in several cases with a sharp increase in household financial net worth. This was seen by many observers as evidence that the strong rise in equity and residential property prices during the late 1990s had been treated by households as a permanent increase in wealth, leading to an unsustainable drop in saving and raising fears of an eventual negative wealth effect. Applying estimation techniques for systems of dynamic panel equations, this paper looks at basic determinants of private saving for a sample of 15 OECD countries and finds that the sharp decline in saving observed after 1995 can be largely explained, even in a post-sample fashion, by fundamentals other than financial wealth. Among the determinants, the rise in public-sector saving is found to have contributed the most to the decline in private saving between 1995 and 2000. Based on this investigation, there is little evidence that consumers had gone too far in responding to the stock market boom of the late 1990s, even in countries where private saving rates have fallen to historically low levels. On the other hand, the results suggest that a loosening of fiscal policy may have a limited stimulatory impact on private consumption...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730015637']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730016234.jsonld | ['The Ending of the Multi-Fibre Agreement and Innovation in the Sri Lankan Textile and Clothing Industry'] | ['This case study analyses the effect that the end of the Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA) has had on innovation in the Sri Lankan textile and clothing sector. The ending of the quota system under the MFA led to an increase in the US and EU markets which has motivated a large number of innovations in the Sri Lankan textile and clothing sector. Some large companies have become a total services provider, while others are trying to establish their own brands. Product innovations with foreign partners, process innovations such as introduction of CAD/CAM, and various marketing and organisational innovations have been implemented. Keywords: innovation, textiles and clothing, garment, Sri Lanka, Multi-Fibre Agreement, MFA, competition , CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility, marketing, brands, fair-trade, outsourcing, FDI, joint-ventures'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730016234'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['The Ending of the Multi-Fibre Agreement and Innovation in the Sri Lankan Textile and Clothing Industry']
### Abstract:
['This case study analyses the effect that the end of the Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA) has had on innovation in the Sri Lankan textile and clothing sector. The ending of the quota system under the MFA led to an increase in the US and EU markets which has motivated a large number of innovations in the Sri Lankan textile and clothing sector. Some large companies have become a total services provider, while others are trying to establish their own brands. Product innovations with foreign partners, process innovations such as introduction of CAD/CAM, and various marketing and organisational innovations have been implemented. Keywords: innovation, textiles and clothing, garment, Sri Lanka, Multi-Fibre Agreement, MFA, competition , CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility, marketing, brands, fair-trade, outsourcing, FDI, joint-ventures']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730016234']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730016374.jsonld | ['Competition Issues in Road Transport'] | ['The road transport sector, an essential mode of transport in OECD economies, is conventionally divided into two, largely unrelated, parts – the road freight industry and the road passenger industry. The sectors under discussion – trucking, buses, and taxis – have quite different characteristics and scope for competition, which reflect inter alia differences in the timeliness and economies of scale and scope in operations. Trucking can sustain high level of competition and to some extent buses as well while there is some debate as to how and what form of competition can be introduced in taxis. As in the air transport industry, international trucking is governed by restrictive bilateral treaties. Most countries have liberalised their domestic trucking sector, removing controls on entry and prices. In the bus industry, long-distance bus services are liberalised in some countries while intra-city or local buses are very rarely liberalised. The taxi industry appears at first sight to be competitive with many buyers and many sellers.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730016374'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Competition Issues in Road Transport']
### Abstract:
['The road transport sector, an essential mode of transport in OECD economies, is conventionally divided into two, largely unrelated, parts – the road freight industry and the road passenger industry. The sectors under discussion – trucking, buses, and taxis – have quite different characteristics and scope for competition, which reflect inter alia differences in the timeliness and economies of scale and scope in operations. Trucking can sustain high level of competition and to some extent buses as well while there is some debate as to how and what form of competition can be introduced in taxis. As in the air transport industry, international trucking is governed by restrictive bilateral treaties. Most countries have liberalised their domestic trucking sector, removing controls on entry and prices. In the bus industry, long-distance bus services are liberalised in some countries while intra-city or local buses are very rarely liberalised. The taxi industry appears at first sight to be competitive with many buyers and many sellers.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730016374']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730016617.jsonld | ['Structural Reform in the Rail Industry'] | ['In a competition roundtable focused on separation of rail track ownership from that of train operations, accumulating evidence is examined that suggests the value of structural separation in the railways sector may be less than previously thought. Integration may yield benefits for a number of reasons, including externalities between train operations and rail maintenance, and difficulties in overseeing traffic in an environment with delays and imperfect information for the train dispatcher. The potential value of separation may differ between passenger operations and freight operations. While passenger operations often require subsidies and, in a separated regime, are often provided via competition for the market (concessions), freight operations offer more potential for beneficial vertical separation. For international traffic between moderate-sized countries, the ability to operate across borders may be limited by a number of factors, including language and technical specifications which need to be addressed in order to broaden the potential for international rail-based freight. This Roundtable on Structural Reform in the Rail Industry was held in 2005 in the Working Party on Regulation of the Competition Committee.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730016617'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Structural Reform in the Rail Industry']
### Abstract:
['In a competition roundtable focused on separation of rail track ownership from that of train operations, accumulating evidence is examined that suggests the value of structural separation in the railways sector may be less than previously thought. Integration may yield benefits for a number of reasons, including externalities between train operations and rail maintenance, and difficulties in overseeing traffic in an environment with delays and imperfect information for the train dispatcher. The potential value of separation may differ between passenger operations and freight operations. While passenger operations often require subsidies and, in a separated regime, are often provided via competition for the market (concessions), freight operations offer more potential for beneficial vertical separation. For international traffic between moderate-sized countries, the ability to operate across borders may be limited by a number of factors, including language and technical specifications which need to be addressed in order to broaden the potential for international rail-based freight. This Roundtable on Structural Reform in the Rail Industry was held in 2005 in the Working Party on Regulation of the Competition Committee.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730016617']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730016803.jsonld | ['Governance and investment of sovereign and public pension reserve funds in selected OECD countries'] | ['Many countries around the world are partly prefunding their otherwise pay-as-you-go (PAYG) financed social security systems by establishing or further developing existing public pension reserve funds (PPRFs). Most OECD countries have put in place internal and external governance mechanisms and investment controls to ensure the sound management of these funds and better isolate them from undue political influence. These structures and mechanisms are in line with OECD standards of good pension fund governance and investment management. In particular, the requirements of accountability, suitability and transparency are broadly met by these reserve funds. However, some specific details of the funds’ governance and investment management could be improved in a few countries, such as enhancing the expertise in the funds’ governing boards and constraining discretionary interventions by government. Such reforms will ultimately raise the long-term investment performance of the funds and the solvency of social security systems.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730016803'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Governance and investment of sovereign and public pension reserve funds in selected OECD countries']
### Abstract:
['Many countries around the world are partly prefunding their otherwise pay-as-you-go (PAYG) financed social security systems by establishing or further developing existing public pension reserve funds (PPRFs). Most OECD countries have put in place internal and external governance mechanisms and investment controls to ensure the sound management of these funds and better isolate them from undue political influence. These structures and mechanisms are in line with OECD standards of good pension fund governance and investment management. In particular, the requirements of accountability, suitability and transparency are broadly met by these reserve funds. However, some specific details of the funds’ governance and investment management could be improved in a few countries, such as enhancing the expertise in the funds’ governing boards and constraining discretionary interventions by government. Such reforms will ultimately raise the long-term investment performance of the funds and the solvency of social security systems.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730016803']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730017362.jsonld | ['Environmental Law and Nuclear Law : A Growing Symbiosis, by Sam Emmerechts'] | ['International nuclear law has developed over the last 50 years and during most of its history its main focus has been on protecting people and property. Protection of the environment has only made an occasional appearance, and the international conventions on nuclear third party liability amply illustrate this point. Under the Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy (1960) and the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (1963) the notion of nuclear damage is understood to cover personal injury and property damage causally related to a nuclear incident. The conventions do not refer to environmental damage at all.'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730017362'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Environmental Law and Nuclear Law : A Growing Symbiosis, by Sam Emmerechts']
### Abstract:
['International nuclear law has developed over the last 50 years and during most of its history its main focus has been on protecting people and property. Protection of the environment has only made an occasional appearance, and the international conventions on nuclear third party liability amply illustrate this point. Under the Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy (1960) and the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (1963) the notion of nuclear damage is understood to cover personal injury and property damage causally related to a nuclear incident. The conventions do not refer to environmental damage at all.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730017362']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730017699.jsonld | ['Case law'] | ['France – Decision of the Administrative Court in Strasbourg on the permanent shutdown of the Fessenheim nuclear power plant (2011) United States – Judgment of a US Court of Appeals on public access to sensitive security information and consideration of the environmental impacts of terrorist attacks on nuclear facilities (2011)'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730017699'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Case law']
### Abstract:
['France – Decision of the Administrative Court in Strasbourg on the permanent shutdown of the Fessenheim nuclear power plant (2011) United States – Judgment of a US Court of Appeals on public access to sensitive security information and consideration of the environmental impacts of terrorist attacks on nuclear facilities (2011)']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730017699']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730019551.jsonld | ['OECD Statistical Yearbook on African Central Government Debt : Summary and Overview'] | ['The borrowing requirements of African governments in financing their budget deficits are increasingly met by selling marketable instruments but also by the issuance of non-marketable debt in the form of bi-lateral, multilateral and concessional loans. The second edition of the OECD Statistical Yearbook on African Central Government Debt provides comprehensive quantitative information on African central government debt instruments, including both marketable and non-marketable debt. Individual country data are presented in a comprehensive standard framework to facilitate cross-country comparison.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730019551'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['OECD Statistical Yearbook on African Central Government Debt : Summary and Overview']
### Abstract:
['The borrowing requirements of African governments in financing their budget deficits are increasingly met by selling marketable instruments but also by the issuance of non-marketable debt in the form of bi-lateral, multilateral and concessional loans. The second edition of the OECD Statistical Yearbook on African Central Government Debt provides comprehensive quantitative information on African central government debt instruments, including both marketable and non-marketable debt. Individual country data are presented in a comprehensive standard framework to facilitate cross-country comparison.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730019551']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730019780.jsonld | ['Radioactive Waste Management Act (Republic of Korea, 2009)'] | ['The purpose of this act is to safeguard against the dangers and harmful effects of radioactive waste and to contribute to public safety and environmental protection by laying down requirements for the safe and efficient management of radioactive waste.'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730019780'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Radioactive Waste Management Act (Republic of Korea, 2009)']
### Abstract:
['The purpose of this act is to safeguard against the dangers and harmful effects of radioactive waste and to contribute to public safety and environmental protection by laying down requirements for the safe and efficient management of radioactive waste.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730019780']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730020045.jsonld | ['Review of Sectoral Reforms in the Czech Republic : Energy and Transportation Sectors'] | ['Since its creation in 1993, the Czech Republic has experienced a period of broad and deep changes to the legal structure and institutional frameworks that were necessary to ensure transition to a market economy. This chapter focuses on energy (gas and electricity) and transportation (road and rail freight) sectors, which are important in final consumption expenditure, and as inputs to other sectors, impact on overall economic competitiveness. Substantial progresses have been made over the past decade, the regulatory environment has been liberalised and some competition emerged. Reform, however, remains incomplete with the state still significantly involved in these sectors. Also, improvements are needed in the regulatory framework to build market confidence by improving clarity and transparency in the regulatory process. It is expected that prospects for Czech accession to the EU will encourage the authorities to establish such a framework in accordance with the relevant EU directives.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730020045'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Review of Sectoral Reforms in the Czech Republic : Energy and Transportation Sectors']
### Abstract:
['Since its creation in 1993, the Czech Republic has experienced a period of broad and deep changes to the legal structure and institutional frameworks that were necessary to ensure transition to a market economy. This chapter focuses on energy (gas and electricity) and transportation (road and rail freight) sectors, which are important in final consumption expenditure, and as inputs to other sectors, impact on overall economic competitiveness. Substantial progresses have been made over the past decade, the regulatory environment has been liberalised and some competition emerged. Reform, however, remains incomplete with the state still significantly involved in these sectors. Also, improvements are needed in the regulatory framework to build market confidence by improving clarity and transparency in the regulatory process. It is expected that prospects for Czech accession to the EU will encourage the authorities to establish such a framework in accordance with the relevant EU directives.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730020045']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730020290.jsonld | ['Senegal: Making Better Use of Agribusiness Potential'] | ['Senegal is a showcase of donors’ support to horticultural export development in sub-Saharan Africa. The first direct donor support to the Senegalese horticultural value chain dates back to 1998, with the World Bank-funded Agricultural Export Promotion Project (PPEA). Early recognition of the need to tackle the whole agricultural value chain, from inputs to production, processing and marketing, characterises donors’ support to the agricultural sector in Senegal. Facing declining traditional export sectors, groundnuts and fishing, Senegal has been undergoing a difficult transition process from traditional to commercial agriculture over the past decade. The 1994 devaluation of the CFA franc has benefited Senegal’s fruit and vegetables sub-sector, which presents the main hope of diversifying the country’s agricultural export structure. Consequently, the primary sector grew annually at an average 6.2 per cent between 2002 and 2005, which was much higher than real annual GDP growth. The chapter shows that aid to the agricultural sector has been proving positive in supporting the Senegalese government’s new sectoral development principle, the Accelerated Growth Strategy (SCA). Senegal has started to attract foreign investment in the export-oriented horticultural sector. Moreover, small and medium-sized horticultural producers and exporters, better organised and more empowered, have succeeded in increasing production and export volume, while simultaneously satisfying the stringent sanitary and phytosanitary requirements of the OECD markets. Today, Senegal’s agriculture faces challenges of expanding targeted products and markets. Donor assistance to Senegalese agriculture has evolved and donors are now applying a differentiated market approach for multiple private actors to work better with agricultural entrepreneurs. Strengthening Senegal’s agricultural potential and diversifying its agricultural production and export profile both horizontally and vertically are the long-term goals for both donors and the country.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730020290'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Senegal: Making Better Use of Agribusiness Potential']
### Abstract:
['Senegal is a showcase of donors’ support to horticultural export development in sub-Saharan Africa. The first direct donor support to the Senegalese horticultural value chain dates back to 1998, with the World Bank-funded Agricultural Export Promotion Project (PPEA). Early recognition of the need to tackle the whole agricultural value chain, from inputs to production, processing and marketing, characterises donors’ support to the agricultural sector in Senegal. Facing declining traditional export sectors, groundnuts and fishing, Senegal has been undergoing a difficult transition process from traditional to commercial agriculture over the past decade. The 1994 devaluation of the CFA franc has benefited Senegal’s fruit and vegetables sub-sector, which presents the main hope of diversifying the country’s agricultural export structure. Consequently, the primary sector grew annually at an average 6.2 per cent between 2002 and 2005, which was much higher than real annual GDP growth. The chapter shows that aid to the agricultural sector has been proving positive in supporting the Senegalese government’s new sectoral development principle, the Accelerated Growth Strategy (SCA). Senegal has started to attract foreign investment in the export-oriented horticultural sector. Moreover, small and medium-sized horticultural producers and exporters, better organised and more empowered, have succeeded in increasing production and export volume, while simultaneously satisfying the stringent sanitary and phytosanitary requirements of the OECD markets. Today, Senegal’s agriculture faces challenges of expanding targeted products and markets. Donor assistance to Senegalese agriculture has evolved and donors are now applying a differentiated market approach for multiple private actors to work better with agricultural entrepreneurs. Strengthening Senegal’s agricultural potential and diversifying its agricultural production and export profile both horizontally and vertically are the long-term goals for both donors and the country.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730020290']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730020606.jsonld | ['Residential Mobility and Public Policy in OECD Countries'] | ['Residential mobility is closely tied to the functioning of housing markets and has important implications for labour mobility and the efficient allocation of resources across the economy. This paper analyses patterns of residential mobility across OECD countries and the role of housing policies in enhancing or hampering residential mobility. Based on cross-sectional household data for 25countries, the results suggest that differences in residential mobility across countries are partially related to differences in public policies. After controlling for household and country- specific characteristics, residential mobility is higher in countries with lower transaction costs, more responsive housing supply, lower rent controls and tenant protection. Residential mobility tends also to be higher in environments with greater access to credit, suggesting that financial deregulation – by lowering borrowing costs and facilitating access to mortgage finance – facilitates mobility. This cross- country evidence is supported by city and state-level evidence for the United States. JEL classification: R23, R31, R21, R38, H20. Keywords: Housing markets, residential mobility, transaction costs, rental market regulations'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730020606'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Residential Mobility and Public Policy in OECD Countries']
### Abstract:
['Residential mobility is closely tied to the functioning of housing markets and has important implications for labour mobility and the efficient allocation of resources across the economy. This paper analyses patterns of residential mobility across OECD countries and the role of housing policies in enhancing or hampering residential mobility. Based on cross-sectional household data for 25countries, the results suggest that differences in residential mobility across countries are partially related to differences in public policies. After controlling for household and country- specific characteristics, residential mobility is higher in countries with lower transaction costs, more responsive housing supply, lower rent controls and tenant protection. Residential mobility tends also to be higher in environments with greater access to credit, suggesting that financial deregulation – by lowering borrowing costs and facilitating access to mortgage finance – facilitates mobility. This cross- country evidence is supported by city and state-level evidence for the United States. JEL classification: R23, R31, R21, R38, H20. Keywords: Housing markets, residential mobility, transaction costs, rental market regulations']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730020606']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730020916.jsonld | ['The status of radioactive waste repository development in the United States December 2011'] | ['The current state of affairs concerning development in the United States of a permanent repository for disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is, in a word, uncertain. The President of the United States has asserted that he believes licensing and development of the Yucca Mountain repository should be abandoned, while other important parties believe licensing and development should continue. And not surprisingly, there is a disagreement as to what the law requires and whether the licensing process for the Yucca Mountain repository can be terminated at this point, even if the President would like for that to happen. The future of Yucca Mountain, and the future of radioactive waste disposal in the United States generally, currently are pending before the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and eventually the Supreme Court of the United States may decide some of the important legal issues concerning Yucca Mountain’s future. The November 2012 US elections also likely will have a significant impact on future radioactive waste repository development.'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730020916'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['The status of radioactive waste repository development in the United States December 2011']
### Abstract:
['The current state of affairs concerning development in the United States of a permanent repository for disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is, in a word, uncertain. The President of the United States has asserted that he believes licensing and development of the Yucca Mountain repository should be abandoned, while other important parties believe licensing and development should continue. And not surprisingly, there is a disagreement as to what the law requires and whether the licensing process for the Yucca Mountain repository can be terminated at this point, even if the President would like for that to happen. The future of Yucca Mountain, and the future of radioactive waste disposal in the United States generally, currently are pending before the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and eventually the Supreme Court of the United States may decide some of the important legal issues concerning Yucca Mountain’s future. The November 2012 US elections also likely will have a significant impact on future radioactive waste repository development.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730020916']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730021076.jsonld | ['Investment climate, capabilities and firm performance : Evidence from the world business environment survey'] | ['The World Business Environment Survey (WBES) provided a unique look at the impact of the investment climate on enterprise performance, employing a standard core questionnaire to more than 10 000 firms in 80 countries between late 1998 and mid-2000. This paper examines results of a special module of the survey administered in 28 of the WBES countries that focused on issues of competition, trade and firm capabilities in terms of technology and worker education and training. It confirms that key attributes of the investment climate such as corruption, financing, tax administration, regulations and policy uncertainty all matter in explaining firm performance as measured by sales growth, employment growth and investment growth. Further, excessive labour regulation is negatively associated with both employment and investment growth. The new data on firm capabilities suggest that firm investments in technology and skills are also critically associated with firm performance. Investment in technological capacity strongly relates to sales growth, while international technological acquisition relates clearly to employment and investment growth. Training matters as well, and it is quite clear that investments in private training services are significantly associated with all dimensions of firm growth. What is equally clear is that public training bears no significant relationship with firm performance. Firms that make no investments in training appear disproportionately influenced by three types of market failure. This link has direct implications for governments as they shape technology policy and training policy.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730021076'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Investment climate, capabilities and firm performance : Evidence from the world business environment survey']
### Abstract:
['The World Business Environment Survey (WBES) provided a unique look at the impact of the investment climate on enterprise performance, employing a standard core questionnaire to more than 10 000 firms in 80 countries between late 1998 and mid-2000. This paper examines results of a special module of the survey administered in 28 of the WBES countries that focused on issues of competition, trade and firm capabilities in terms of technology and worker education and training. It confirms that key attributes of the investment climate such as corruption, financing, tax administration, regulations and policy uncertainty all matter in explaining firm performance as measured by sales growth, employment growth and investment growth. Further, excessive labour regulation is negatively associated with both employment and investment growth. The new data on firm capabilities suggest that firm investments in technology and skills are also critically associated with firm performance. Investment in technological capacity strongly relates to sales growth, while international technological acquisition relates clearly to employment and investment growth. Training matters as well, and it is quite clear that investments in private training services are significantly associated with all dimensions of firm growth. What is equally clear is that public training bears no significant relationship with firm performance. Firms that make no investments in training appear disproportionately influenced by three types of market failure. This link has direct implications for governments as they shape technology policy and training policy.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730021076']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730021114.jsonld | ['National legislative and regulatory activities'] | ['Bulgaria General legislation Czech Republic General legislation France General legislation Regulatory infrastructure and activity Germany General legislation India Liability and compensation Organisation and structure Ireland Radiation protection General legislation Korea (Republic of) Organisation and structure Lithuania Regulatory infrastructure and activity Radioactive waste management Radiation protection International co-operation Nuclear safety Poland General legislation Romania Environmental protection Russian Federation Radioactive waste management Slovenia Nuclear safety Spain Liability and compensation Nuclear security Sweden Nuclear safety Turkey Radiation protection Regulatory infrastructure and activity Nuclear safety Liability and compensation United States General legislation'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730021114'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['National legislative and regulatory activities']
### Abstract:
['Bulgaria General legislation Czech Republic General legislation France General legislation Regulatory infrastructure and activity Germany General legislation India Liability and compensation Organisation and structure Ireland Radiation protection General legislation Korea (Republic of) Organisation and structure Lithuania Regulatory infrastructure and activity Radioactive waste management Radiation protection International co-operation Nuclear safety Poland General legislation Romania Environmental protection Russian Federation Radioactive waste management Slovenia Nuclear safety Spain Liability and compensation Nuclear security Sweden Nuclear safety Turkey Radiation protection Regulatory infrastructure and activity Nuclear safety Liability and compensation United States General legislation']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730021114']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730021297.jsonld | ['Does Computer Use Increase Educational Achievements? Student-level Evidence from PISA'] | ['The aim of this paper is to assess whether the use of ICT has an impact on student performances as measured in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2006. After controlling for observable students’ characteristics and self-selection, we did find a positive and significant effect of the frequency of computer use on science scores. In most countries, however, this effect seems larger when computer is used at home rather than at school. This finding questions the effectiveness of educational policies aimed at promoting computer use at school as a tool for learning.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730021297'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Does Computer Use Increase Educational Achievements? Student-level Evidence from PISA']
### Abstract:
['The aim of this paper is to assess whether the use of ICT has an impact on student performances as measured in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2006. After controlling for observable students’ characteristics and self-selection, we did find a positive and significant effect of the frequency of computer use on science scores. In most countries, however, this effect seems larger when computer is used at home rather than at school. This finding questions the effectiveness of educational policies aimed at promoting computer use at school as a tool for learning.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730021297']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730021394.jsonld | ['Competition Law and Policy in Mexico, 2004'] | ['This report on Mexico’s competition law and policy, which was the foundation for a peer review examination in early 2004, is a follow-up to a 1998 OECD assessment. Mexico’s competition commission (“CFC”) has become a mature and well-respected agency; however, the degree of general support for competition policy in Mexico remains an open question. The CFC has encountered problems in the courts, and its resources have declined despite an increasing workload. The 2004 report and peer review recommended a number of changes in operations and law to make enforcement and advocacy more effective. In 2006, Mexico revised its basic competition law to incorporate many of these recommendations, such as strengthening investigative powers for onsite inspections, increasing sanctions (including the possibility of orders to divest assets in case of serious, repeat violations) and providing for Senate approval of appointments to the CFC. In response to court rulings that some applications of the previous law were unconstitutional, the revised law now specifies when practices such as predatory pricing, exclusive dealing, cross subsidization and price discrimination would be violations. The merger notification system has been simplified. The amendments have also strengthened the CFC’s roles and powers of advocacy and policy advice in dealing with legislation, regulatory proceedings and other levels of government.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730021394'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Competition Law and Policy in Mexico, 2004']
### Abstract:
['This report on Mexico’s competition law and policy, which was the foundation for a peer review examination in early 2004, is a follow-up to a 1998 OECD assessment. Mexico’s competition commission (“CFC”) has become a mature and well-respected agency; however, the degree of general support for competition policy in Mexico remains an open question. The CFC has encountered problems in the courts, and its resources have declined despite an increasing workload. The 2004 report and peer review recommended a number of changes in operations and law to make enforcement and advocacy more effective. In 2006, Mexico revised its basic competition law to incorporate many of these recommendations, such as strengthening investigative powers for onsite inspections, increasing sanctions (including the possibility of orders to divest assets in case of serious, repeat violations) and providing for Senate approval of appointments to the CFC. In response to court rulings that some applications of the previous law were unconstitutional, the revised law now specifies when practices such as predatory pricing, exclusive dealing, cross subsidization and price discrimination would be violations. The merger notification system has been simplified. The amendments have also strengthened the CFC’s roles and powers of advocacy and policy advice in dealing with legislation, regulatory proceedings and other levels of government.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730021394']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730021718.jsonld | ['Regulatory reform in retail distribution'] | ['The main purpose of this paper is to analyse cross-country differences in the regulation of the retail distribution industry in the OECD area, focusing on the situation in 1998. Regulatory differences are cast against changes in the industry environment to highlight the potential interactions between regulation and market forces. A number of countries have extensively liberalised market access and price and service regulations. In some countries there is currently a tendency to introduce access restrictions for large outlets. In other countries market access has been traditionally hindered by restrictive regulations and administrative burdens. The available empirical evidence suggests that regulations that restrict shop opening hours and hinder access by imposing special requirements for outlet registration, siting and/or size thresholds curb the dynamism of the industry (e.g. lowering entry and exit rates, and preventing restructuring and modernisation) and competitive pressures, leading to lower employment growth and higher consumer prices.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730021718'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Regulatory reform in retail distribution']
### Abstract:
['The main purpose of this paper is to analyse cross-country differences in the regulation of the retail distribution industry in the OECD area, focusing on the situation in 1998. Regulatory differences are cast against changes in the industry environment to highlight the potential interactions between regulation and market forces. A number of countries have extensively liberalised market access and price and service regulations. In some countries there is currently a tendency to introduce access restrictions for large outlets. In other countries market access has been traditionally hindered by restrictive regulations and administrative burdens. The available empirical evidence suggests that regulations that restrict shop opening hours and hinder access by imposing special requirements for outlet registration, siting and/or size thresholds curb the dynamism of the industry (e.g. lowering entry and exit rates, and preventing restructuring and modernisation) and competitive pressures, leading to lower employment growth and higher consumer prices.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730021718']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730022455.jsonld | ['Effects of environmental policy on the type of innovation : The case of automotive emission-control technologies'] | ['This article uses patent data to assess policy factors (domestic and international) for patenting activity in automotive emission control technologies. Particular attention is paid to the role of different policy types and fuel prices on both post-combustion and integrated abatement technologies. The results confirm that fuel prices have played a role in the development of integrated strategies, while regulatory standards have been more important with respect to post-combustion technologies. In addition, ‘integrated’ abatement strategies are more closely linked to general determinants of innovation than is the case for post-combustion technologies. This has implications for the design of policies which encourage innovations with both private and public benefits.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730022455'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Effects of environmental policy on the type of innovation : The case of automotive emission-control technologies']
### Abstract:
['This article uses patent data to assess policy factors (domestic and international) for patenting activity in automotive emission control technologies. Particular attention is paid to the role of different policy types and fuel prices on both post-combustion and integrated abatement technologies. The results confirm that fuel prices have played a role in the development of integrated strategies, while regulatory standards have been more important with respect to post-combustion technologies. In addition, ‘integrated’ abatement strategies are more closely linked to general determinants of innovation than is the case for post-combustion technologies. This has implications for the design of policies which encourage innovations with both private and public benefits.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730022455']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730022528.jsonld | ['Competition Law and Policy in Russia'] | ['The Russian Federation is the first non-member economy to participate in the OECD Regulatory Reform Programme. This review aims to assist the Russian authorities’ efforts to foster competition, innovation, and economic growth as well as to meet important social objectives. It follows a multidisciplinary approach, with competition policy as one of the several areas under review. This Secretariat report served as a basis for a peer review in the Global Forum on Competition in Paris on 13 February 2004. It concludes that although a strong...'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730022528'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Competition Law and Policy in Russia']
### Abstract:
['The Russian Federation is the first non-member economy to participate in the OECD Regulatory Reform Programme. This review aims to assist the Russian authorities’ efforts to foster competition, innovation, and economic growth as well as to meet important social objectives. It follows a multidisciplinary approach, with competition policy as one of the several areas under review. This Secretariat report served as a basis for a peer review in the Global Forum on Competition in Paris on 13 February 2004. It concludes that although a strong...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730022528']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730022765.jsonld | ['Texts'] | ['This article presents the texts of the Council Directive 2009/71/Euratom of 25 June 2009 establishing a Community framework for the nuclear safety of nuclear installations, the Italian Law No. 99 of 23 July 2009 providing Provisions for the development and internationalisation of firms, with particular reference to energy, and the Japanese Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage (Act No. 147 of 1961), Act on Indemnity Agreements for Compensation of Nuclear Damage (Act No. 148 of 1961), Order for the Execution of the Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage (Cabinet Order No. 44 of 6 March 1962), and Order for the Execution of the Act on Indemnity Agreements for Compensation of Nuclear Damage (Act No. 45 of 1962).'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730022765'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Texts']
### Abstract:
['This article presents the texts of the Council Directive 2009/71/Euratom of 25 June 2009 establishing a Community framework for the nuclear safety of nuclear installations, the Italian Law No. 99 of 23 July 2009 providing Provisions for the development and internationalisation of firms, with particular reference to energy, and the Japanese Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage (Act No. 147 of 1961), Act on Indemnity Agreements for Compensation of Nuclear Damage (Act No. 148 of 1961), Order for the Execution of the Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage (Cabinet Order No. 44 of 6 March 1962), and Order for the Execution of the Act on Indemnity Agreements for Compensation of Nuclear Damage (Act No. 45 of 1962).']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730022765']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730023745.jsonld | ['An Overview of Hedge Funds and Structured Products : Issues in Leverage and Risk'] | ['The size of the hedge fund sector, using IOSCO sources and results from responses to an OECD Questionnaire on Hedge Funds, is around USD 1.4 trillion in assets under management (AUM). While this does not seem that large compared to total global AUM, the hedge fund share of trading turnover (augmented by leverage and investment style) is much greater than its share of global AUM....'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730023745'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['An Overview of Hedge Funds and Structured Products : Issues in Leverage and Risk']
### Abstract:
['The size of the hedge fund sector, using IOSCO sources and results from responses to an OECD Questionnaire on Hedge Funds, is around USD 1.4 trillion in assets under management (AUM). While this does not seem that large compared to total global AUM, the hedge fund share of trading turnover (augmented by leverage and investment style) is much greater than its share of global AUM....']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730023745']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730023915.jsonld | ['The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) International Organisation : Which Laws Apply to this International Nuclear Operator?'] | ['ITER is a research project the purpose of which is to demonstrate the scientific and technical feasibility of fusion as a new source of energy. After construction of large Tokamaks,1 such as the JT60 in Japan, TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor) in the United States, JET (Joint European Torus) in the United Kingdom and Tore Supra in France, this project is the last stage of research to be conducted before construction of an industrial'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730023915'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) International Organisation : Which Laws Apply to this International Nuclear Operator?']
### Abstract:
['ITER is a research project the purpose of which is to demonstrate the scientific and technical feasibility of fusion as a new source of energy. After construction of large Tokamaks,1 such as the JT60 in Japan, TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor) in the United States, JET (Joint European Torus) in the United Kingdom and Tore Supra in France, this project is the last stage of research to be conducted before construction of an industrial']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730023915']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730024687.jsonld | ['Determinants of FDI location in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)'] | ['This paper focuses on the location of foreign direct investment in Central European economies during transition with a view to addressing whether trade agreements and institutional integration have had an impact on FDI inflows and location.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730024687'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Determinants of FDI location in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)']
### Abstract:
['This paper focuses on the location of foreign direct investment in Central European economies during transition with a view to addressing whether trade agreements and institutional integration have had an impact on FDI inflows and location.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730024687']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730024768.jsonld | ['Review of Competition Law and Policy in Poland'] | ['Poland’s 1990 competition law, which supported its transition restructuring, now substantively follows the rules of the EU treaty. But enforcement still focuses on abuses by successors to pre-reform monopolies. Competition enforcement agency by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (OCCP) is combined with consumer protection and monitoring state aids, while Antimonopoly Court integrates regulatory policies by deciding cases about infrastructure regulation. Clarifying the OCCP’s independence from the government will support the integrity of law enforcement as well as a more publicly visible advocacy role.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730024768'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Review of Competition Law and Policy in Poland']
### Abstract:
['Poland’s 1990 competition law, which supported its transition restructuring, now substantively follows the rules of the EU treaty. But enforcement still focuses on abuses by successors to pre-reform monopolies. Competition enforcement agency by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (OCCP) is combined with consumer protection and monitoring state aids, while Antimonopoly Court integrates regulatory policies by deciding cases about infrastructure regulation. Clarifying the OCCP’s independence from the government will support the integrity of law enforcement as well as a more publicly visible advocacy role.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730024768']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730025004.jsonld | ['Towards More Harmonised Estimates of Investment in Software'] | ['The latest system of national accounts (SNA93) recommended that purchases of software (and any ownaccount production) should be treated as investment as long as the acquisition satisfied conventional asset requirements. This change added about 1 per cent to GDP in most OECD economies in the mid-1990s. However, the range of the revision has been significantly different across countries, leading many observers to question the comparability of these statistics. An OECD task force has formulated a set of recommendations describing a harmonised method for estimating software and this paper provides estimates of changes to GDP levels and growth that might be expected if the OECD recommendations were applied. Estimates of changes are also presented using an alternative harmonised method. Whichever harmonised method is applied, the impact on GDP levels is likely to be significant, and in some countries about 1 per cent of GDP ...'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730025004'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['Towards More Harmonised Estimates of Investment in Software']
### Abstract:
['The latest system of national accounts (SNA93) recommended that purchases of software (and any ownaccount production) should be treated as investment as long as the acquisition satisfied conventional asset requirements. This change added about 1 per cent to GDP in most OECD economies in the mid-1990s. However, the range of the revision has been significantly different across countries, leading many observers to question the comparability of these statistics. An OECD task force has formulated a set of recommendations describing a harmonised method for estimating software and this paper provides estimates of changes to GDP levels and growth that might be expected if the OECD recommendations were applied. Estimates of changes are also presented using an alternative harmonised method. Whichever harmonised method is applied, the impact on GDP levels is likely to be significant, and in some countries about 1 per cent of GDP ...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730025004']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730025292.jsonld | ['Promoting Competition in the Natural Gas Industry'] | ['Natural gas is a key source of energy for OECD countries, both in its own right and as an input into the production of electricity. Regulatory reform in this sector shares both important similarities and important differences with regulatory reform in other network industries. Like other network industries, regulatory reform in natural gas involves promoting competition in the competitive segments of the industry (particularly competition between gas producers), the development of a robust regime for access to the remaining essential facilities, and structural separation between the competitive and non-competitive segments of the industry. OECD countries have pursued each of these steps, licensing independent producers, pricing access to pipeline infrastructure and separating gas production from transportation (although long-term take-or-pay contracts make this last reform more difficult). Unlike other network industries, however, the structure of the industry varies widely from country to country according to the number of domestic gas producers, the geographic location of pipelines and the uses to which natural gas is put. Countries which rely primarily on imported gas have less to gain from domestic reform and much to gain from reform in producing countries. As OECD gas sources diminish and reliance on imports increases, regulatory reform in natural gas will increasingly become an issue for international trade.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730025292'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Promoting Competition in the Natural Gas Industry']
### Abstract:
['Natural gas is a key source of energy for OECD countries, both in its own right and as an input into the production of electricity. Regulatory reform in this sector shares both important similarities and important differences with regulatory reform in other network industries. Like other network industries, regulatory reform in natural gas involves promoting competition in the competitive segments of the industry (particularly competition between gas producers), the development of a robust regime for access to the remaining essential facilities, and structural separation between the competitive and non-competitive segments of the industry. OECD countries have pursued each of these steps, licensing independent producers, pricing access to pipeline infrastructure and separating gas production from transportation (although long-term take-or-pay contracts make this last reform more difficult). Unlike other network industries, however, the structure of the industry varies widely from country to country according to the number of domestic gas producers, the geographic location of pipelines and the uses to which natural gas is put. Countries which rely primarily on imported gas have less to gain from domestic reform and much to gain from reform in producing countries. As OECD gas sources diminish and reliance on imports increases, regulatory reform in natural gas will increasingly become an issue for international trade.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730025292']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730025462.jsonld | ['Documents and legal texts'] | ['European Union Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM of 19 July 2011 establishing a Community framework for the responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste India The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Rules Republic of Korea Act on Establishment and Operation of Nuclear Safety Commission Russian Federation Federal Law on the Management of Radioactive Wastes and amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730025462'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Documents and legal texts']
### Abstract:
['European Union Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM of 19 July 2011 establishing a Community framework for the responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste India The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Rules Republic of Korea Act on Establishment and Operation of Nuclear Safety Commission Russian Federation Federal Law on the Management of Radioactive Wastes and amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730025462']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730025519.jsonld | ['Recent trends in institutional investors statistics'] | ['Data to measure and analyse the increasing role of institutional investors in capital markets has been collected and published by the OECD for a number of years. This dataset is now integrated in the framework of the OECD Financial Accounts. This article presents an overview of institutional investors’ assets, their components and their development in the aggregate and by country.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730025519'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Recent trends in institutional investors statistics']
### Abstract:
['Data to measure and analyse the increasing role of institutional investors in capital markets has been collected and published by the OECD for a number of years. This dataset is now integrated in the framework of the OECD Financial Accounts. This article presents an overview of institutional investors’ assets, their components and their development in the aggregate and by country.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730025519']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730025586.jsonld | ['The incidence of carbon pricing : Norway, Russia and the Middle East'] | ['Russia, Norway and the Middle East are three regions that have distinct histories in energy policies. Current situations will make it more challenging for Russia and the Middle East to implement greenhouse gas abatement than it will be for Norway, even though all three are major energy producers. Relative to the world as a whole, Russia is most heavily impacted, with the Middle East less so but still significantly affected. Norway’s potential economic loss is only a little larger than the world average. This asymmetry implies that if the differences in impacts are not broadly understood, then international negotiations may be subjected to bargaining under asymmetric information. If so, they may not be able to reach agreement. The result reported here is thus a step in overcoming information asymmetries and facilitating successful negotiation. The results also have clear implications for the speed at which Russia undertakes energy market reforms, and for the manner in which Middle Eastern countries implement diversification of their economies.'] | ['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730025586'] | ['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik'] | Document
### Title: ['The incidence of carbon pricing : Norway, Russia and the Middle East']
### Abstract:
['Russia, Norway and the Middle East are three regions that have distinct histories in energy policies. Current situations will make it more challenging for Russia and the Middle East to implement greenhouse gas abatement than it will be for Norway, even though all three are major energy producers. Relative to the world as a whole, Russia is most heavily impacted, with the Middle East less so but still significantly affected. Norway’s potential economic loss is only a little larger than the world average. This asymmetry implies that if the differences in impacts are not broadly understood, then international negotiations may be subjected to bargaining under asymmetric information. If so, they may not be able to reach agreement. The result reported here is thus a step in overcoming information asymmetries and facilitating successful negotiation. The results also have clear implications for the speed at which Russia undertakes energy market reforms, and for the manner in which Middle Eastern countries implement diversification of their economies.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4014957-2', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730025586']
### GND class:
['Entwicklungspolitik', 'Wirtschaftspolitik']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730026094.jsonld | ['Evaluating risk sharing in private pensions plans'] | ['The principal purpose of this article is to analyse the trade-off between the (un)certainty in contributions on the one hand and benefits on the other that is embedded in different pension arrangements. The article employs the funding ratio (ratio of assets to liabilities) and the replacement rate (ratio of benefits to salaries) as key criteria for evaluating the risk sharing characteristics of a private pension plan from the perspective of the plan member. The stochastic simulations performed show that hybrid plans (those in between traditional DB and individual DC) appear to be more efficient and sustainable forms of risk sharing than either of the other two. Of the three main hybrid plans analysed, conditional indexation plans appear to have the greatest potential as sustainable forms of risk sharing.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730026094'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Evaluating risk sharing in private pensions plans']
### Abstract:
['The principal purpose of this article is to analyse the trade-off between the (un)certainty in contributions on the one hand and benefits on the other that is embedded in different pension arrangements. The article employs the funding ratio (ratio of assets to liabilities) and the replacement rate (ratio of benefits to salaries) as key criteria for evaluating the risk sharing characteristics of a private pension plan from the perspective of the plan member. The stochastic simulations performed show that hybrid plans (those in between traditional DB and individual DC) appear to be more efficient and sustainable forms of risk sharing than either of the other two. Of the three main hybrid plans analysed, conditional indexation plans appear to have the greatest potential as sustainable forms of risk sharing.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730026094']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730027279.jsonld | ['Thinking beyond Basel III : Necessary Solutions for Capital and Liquidity'] | ['In previous studies, the OECD has identified the main hallmarks of the crisis as too-big-to-fail institutions that took on too much risk; insolvency resulting from contagion and counterparty risk; the lack of regulatory and supervisory integration; and the lack of efficient resolution regimes. This article looks at how the Basel III proposals address these issues, helping to reduce the chance of another crisis like the current one. The Basel III capital proposals have some very useful elements, notably a leverage ratio, a capital buffer and the proposal to deal with pro-cyclicality through dynamic provisioning based on expected losses. However, this report also identifies some major concerns. For example, Basel III does not properly address the most fundamental regulatory problem that the “promises” that make up any financial system are not treated equally. This issue has many implications for the reform process, including reform of the structure of the supervision and regulation process and whether the shadow banking system should be incorporated into the regulatory framework – and, if so, how. Finally, modifications in the overall riskweighted asset framework are suggested that would deal with concentration issues.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730027279'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Thinking beyond Basel III : Necessary Solutions for Capital and Liquidity']
### Abstract:
['In previous studies, the OECD has identified the main hallmarks of the crisis as too-big-to-fail institutions that took on too much risk; insolvency resulting from contagion and counterparty risk; the lack of regulatory and supervisory integration; and the lack of efficient resolution regimes. This article looks at how the Basel III proposals address these issues, helping to reduce the chance of another crisis like the current one. The Basel III capital proposals have some very useful elements, notably a leverage ratio, a capital buffer and the proposal to deal with pro-cyclicality through dynamic provisioning based on expected losses. However, this report also identifies some major concerns. For example, Basel III does not properly address the most fundamental regulatory problem that the “promises” that make up any financial system are not treated equally. This issue has many implications for the reform process, including reform of the structure of the supervision and regulation process and whether the shadow banking system should be incorporated into the regulatory framework – and, if so, how. Finally, modifications in the overall riskweighted asset framework are suggested that would deal with concentration issues.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730027279']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730027457.jsonld | ['Credit: Some Macroeconomic, Market and Consumer Implications'] | ['Financial consumers are facing paradoxical situations. On the one hand, they are overly solicited to use credits on various forms. On the other hand, segments of the population do not have access to credit. In this paper, we examine some emerging issues regarding consumer protection and information in four OECD countries: Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. These four countries have much in common but nevertheless develop their own specific experience. By comparing their recent experience we identify some questions of emerging importance.'] | ['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730027457'] | ['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung'] | Document
### Title: ['Credit: Some Macroeconomic, Market and Consumer Implications']
### Abstract:
['Financial consumers are facing paradoxical situations. On the one hand, they are overly solicited to use credits on various forms. On the other hand, segments of the population do not have access to credit. In this paper, we examine some emerging issues regarding consumer protection and information in four OECD countries: Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. These four countries have much in common but nevertheless develop their own specific experience. By comparing their recent experience we identify some questions of emerging importance.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4000695-5', 'gnd:4066399-1', 'gnd:4066493-4', 'gnd:4113450-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730027457']
### GND class:
['Afrika', 'Wirtschaft', 'Wirtschaftspolitik', 'Entwicklung']
<|eot_id|> |
3A73002749X.jsonld | ['Creating a Better Business Environment for Financing Business, Innovation and Green Growth'] | ['Modern economies are increasingly reliant on innovation to improve their competitiveness and generate growth. However, the financing of innovation in Europe exhibits weaknesses that have been exacerbated by the recent economic and financial crisis, and which could have a material adverse impact on economic growth if left unchecked. This paper explains the European Investment Bank Group’s role in creating a better environment for financing business, innovation and green growth. It briefly presents to the reader the current challenges, both in relation to the availability of equity financing for earlier-stage business, innovation and green growth, but also the stark evidence of a continuing gap in bank lending. Moreover, it provides examples of ways that the financing of innovation can be improved against the backdrop of a flexible, business-oriented EU framework.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73002749X'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['Creating a Better Business Environment for Financing Business, Innovation and Green Growth']
### Abstract:
['Modern economies are increasingly reliant on innovation to improve their competitiveness and generate growth. However, the financing of innovation in Europe exhibits weaknesses that have been exacerbated by the recent economic and financial crisis, and which could have a material adverse impact on economic growth if left unchecked. This paper explains the European Investment Bank Group’s role in creating a better environment for financing business, innovation and green growth. It briefly presents to the reader the current challenges, both in relation to the availability of equity financing for earlier-stage business, innovation and green growth, but also the stark evidence of a continuing gap in bank lending. Moreover, it provides examples of ways that the financing of innovation can be improved against the backdrop of a flexible, business-oriented EU framework.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A73002749X']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730028275.jsonld | ['Environmental Regulation and Competition'] | ['Environmental protection and competitive markets are two of the highest policy priorities. In June 2006 the Competition Committee held a roundtable discussion on potential restrictions to competition due to environmental protection. Environmental regulations can constitute substantial barriers to entry in some markets, can provide a basis for predatory behaviour in some markets and can be harmful to competition and welfare through a variety of other channels. Environmental rules can thus raise prices to consumers by reducing competition in the market. Any assessment of the costs and benefits of an existing or proposed environmental rule is incomplete without an analysis of the costs generated by any resulting reduction in competition. On the other hand, there is no firm empirical evidence that environmental policy affects the competitiveness of firms and countries. Ideally, environmental policies should be effective and among equally effective policies, the policy that is least restrictive of competition should be chosen. Environmental policy makers should ensure that environmental benefits continue to outweigh costs, including the indirect costs associated with effects on market structure. Environmental policy is first and foremost about securing public environmental goods which are demanded in their own right and which are fundamental to a well-functioning market.'] | ['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730028275'] | ['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Environmental Regulation and Competition']
### Abstract:
['Environmental protection and competitive markets are two of the highest policy priorities. In June 2006 the Competition Committee held a roundtable discussion on potential restrictions to competition due to environmental protection. Environmental regulations can constitute substantial barriers to entry in some markets, can provide a basis for predatory behaviour in some markets and can be harmful to competition and welfare through a variety of other channels. Environmental rules can thus raise prices to consumers by reducing competition in the market. Any assessment of the costs and benefits of an existing or proposed environmental rule is incomplete without an analysis of the costs generated by any resulting reduction in competition. On the other hand, there is no firm empirical evidence that environmental policy affects the competitiveness of firms and countries. Ideally, environmental policies should be effective and among equally effective policies, the policy that is least restrictive of competition should be chosen. Environmental policy makers should ensure that environmental benefits continue to outweigh costs, including the indirect costs associated with effects on market structure. Environmental policy is first and foremost about securing public environmental goods which are demanded in their own right and which are fundamental to a well-functioning market.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4065839-9', 'gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4121924-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730028275']
### GND class:
['Wettbewerbspolitik', 'Zeitschrift', 'Wettbewerbsrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730028313.jsonld | ['Environmental Law Developments in Nuclear Energy'] | ['Climate change, the world’s unquenchable thirst for power and the geopolitical tensions and price instability associated with oil have combined to spark a renewed interest in nuclear energy. None of these factors would mean much if the nuclear industry had been plagued with significant safety concerns, but it has been 28 years since the Three Mile Island incident and 21 years since Chernobyl. In the interim, nuclear energy has provided a reliable source of base-load electricity to the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada.1 As of July 2007, over three-quarters of the operating nuclear reactor units in the U.S. have renewed or are seeking renewal of their operating licences for extended periods of up to 20 years.2 There are 19 separate locations at existing plants in the south eastern and north eastern United States, as well as Texas, which are currently considering constructing new nuclear reactors...'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730028313'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['Environmental Law Developments in Nuclear Energy']
### Abstract:
['Climate change, the world’s unquenchable thirst for power and the geopolitical tensions and price instability associated with oil have combined to spark a renewed interest in nuclear energy. None of these factors would mean much if the nuclear industry had been plagued with significant safety concerns, but it has been 28 years since the Three Mile Island incident and 21 years since Chernobyl. In the interim, nuclear energy has provided a reliable source of base-load electricity to the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada.1 As of July 2007, over three-quarters of the operating nuclear reactor units in the U.S. have renewed or are seeking renewal of their operating licences for extended periods of up to 20 years.2 There are 19 separate locations at existing plants in the south eastern and north eastern United States, as well as Texas, which are currently considering constructing new nuclear reactors...']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730028313']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730028496.jsonld | ['The Financial Policy Landscape : A Conceptual Overview'] | ['This article discusses different aspects of the formulation of financial policy against the backdrop of a changing financial services landscape. Recent trends and developments in the financial services industry, and some longer dated issues as well, present a number of challenges for regulators and supervisors.'] | ['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730028496'] | ['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt'] | Document
### Title: ['The Financial Policy Landscape : A Conceptual Overview']
### Abstract:
['This article discusses different aspects of the formulation of financial policy against the backdrop of a changing financial services landscape. Recent trends and developments in the financial services industry, and some longer dated issues as well, present a number of challenges for regulators and supervisors.']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4067488-5', 'gnd:4068097-6', 'gnd:4073788-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730028496']
### GND class:
['Zeitschrift', 'Zukunft', 'Kreditmarkt']
<|eot_id|> |
3A730028569.jsonld | ['International Regulatory Activities'] | ['European Union Council Directive on the Supervision and Control of Shipments of Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel (2006)'] | ['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730028569'] | ['Atomrecht'] | Document
### Title: ['International Regulatory Activities']
### Abstract:
['European Union Council Directive on the Supervision and Control of Shipments of Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel (2006)']
### GND ID:
['gnd:4068925-6', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A730028569']
### GND class:
['Atomrecht']
<|eot_id|> |
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