question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
Which English county was represented by the ‘Nine children of honour’ at the coronation of King Henry VIII? | h2g2 - CORNWALL FACTS - 100 interesting facts about Kernow and the Cornish
CORNWALL FACTS - 100 interesting facts about Kernow and the Cornish
Created
1. Modern archaeology now admits that the Cornish and Welsh of today are the remnants of an ancient race native to these islands since at least the Neolithic period, between 4,000 and 6,000 years ago.
2. Cornwall was originally part of the kingdom of Dumnonia that may well predate the Roman occupation.
3. Cornwall is an older nation than England and one of the oldest Duchies in Europe.
4. In 936 the English King Athelstan fixed the boundary between England and Cornwall as the east bank of the river Tamar.
5. There is no mention in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles that Cornwall was ever conquered by the English or absorbed into Wessex.
6. No record exists of any formal annexation of Cornwall to England.
7. Cornwall’s continued independence is strongly supported by the fact that it has enjoyed a special status, as Earldom and Duchy.
8. Many treaty's and documents up until the 18th century made reference to there being a distinction between Anglia and Cornubia and maps of the British Isles produced up until the 18th century often showed Cornwall as a distinct entity on a par with Wales.
9. The Cornish had and arguably continue to have a perceived national identity other than English.
10. Cornwall and the Cornish have had an identity distinct form the English for centuries as is evidenced by the existence of the Cornish language as a mother tongue up until the late 18th or early 19th century and the subsequent successful revival of said language in the 20th century. The language exits in our First, Familial and Place names.
11. Constitutionally the nature of Cornwall and its description of being a county of England are disputed - if correct these arguments would indicate a de jure status for Cornwall as a Duchy and a crown dependency not a county of England.
12. Cornwall was portrayed on numerous maps, including the famous Mappa Mundi, as separate from England right up until the mid 16th century and Henry VIII even listed England and Cornwall separately in the list of his realms given in his coronation address.
13. During the 1549 Anglo-Cornish war, English and foreign mercenaries killed 4,000 Cornish fighters before moving into Cornwall and in total slaughtered up to 11% of its population before the butchery was stopped - with families deprived of their menfolk and livelihoods, the true figure of deaths caused by this barbaric crime accounted for 20% of the Cornish population.
14. Cornwall was not party to the Act of Union in 1707.
15. Cornwall's legal right to its own Parliament has existed for over 800 years - the right was confirmed and strengthened by the Charter of Pardon 1508, which added to its rights that of veto over acts, statutes, laws, etc., passed by the Westminster government - these rights were granted in perpetuity and cannot be lawfully rescinded.
16. Cornwall's right to its own sovereign Parliament, and the powers it processes under the Charter of Pardon were confirmed as valid in British law by the then Lord Chancellor, Lord Elwyn Jones in 1977.
17. In British law - a law that has been continually ignored and breached by England - no officer or agent of the Crown (this would include both Westminster and the Anglican Church) can legally set foot upon Cornish soil without the express and joint permissions of the Duke of Cornwall and Cornwall's Stannary Parliament.
18. Cornwall was successfully described as a Duchy in the Cornish Foreshore Case of 1856 and also that the Duke of Cornwall is the head of state, not the UK monarch.
19. In the notable 1856 Duchy of Cornwall v the Crown case it was confirmed by the Attorney General to the Duchy, Sir George Harrison, that Cornwall was, in law, a Palatine State , extra-territorial to the English Crown and whose quasi-sovereign is the Duke of Cornwall; that during the Kingdom, Earldom and Duchy, Cornwall had always been treated as distinct from England; and that its eastern boundary confirmed that set up in 931 AD, that is, the east bank of the Tamar river; all of which was accepted as the legal position by the Court.
20. Cornwall is officially a Duchy and that’s the title recommended by the Kilbrandon Report back in 1973 to be used instead of “county” - the imposition of county status imposed on Cornwall in 1889 was not lawful.
21. The Welsh are regarded by the UK Government as a national minority, however before the 1960's there was little difference between Cornwall and Wales in constitutional terms.
22. Cornwall’s rights have been ignored for 450 years, and there is an ongoing stream of official untruths - many organisations operate in Cornwall in direct breach of the Duchy Charters - HM Inspector of Taxes, the Crown Prosecution Service, Crown Courts, English Heritage, English Nature, English Estates etc.
23. Cornwall's distinction was reflected by the first Duke of Cornwall when, in 1351, he commissioned a survey of his Duchy of Cornwall lands to ascertain what was held, and by whom, of his tenants in "Cornwall & England". There are many historical references to corroborate this distinction and it has been the Cornish perception of themselves up to the present day, but hidden from the world by being classified, since 1889, as an English administrative county.
24. Cornwall and Wales both have a similar relationship to the Crown, with the same person, the heir to the thrown, acting as Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cornwall and both countries have shared origins - so why are the Cornish treated differently by the Government ?
25. The Cornish language gained official UK Government recognition in 2002 and funding in 2005.
26. Since 2001, the Cornish have been officially recognised on the ONS UK national Census as one of Britain's ethnic group categories (ie Catagory "A" White Group - 1 British, 2 Irish, 3 English, 4 Scottish, 5 Welsh, 6 Cornish, 38 Northern Irishand) and on the recent local school census it was possible to record oneself as Cornish (as opposed to English).
27. Cornwall is legally an extra territorial land from England and not an administrative county which it has illegally been for near on 400 years
28. 90% of Cornish place names are of Celtic origin and derived from the Kernewek language.
29. The Cornish are accepted by many within the European Community as a national minority.
http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/maps-states2.asp?id_pays=45
30. In 1652 the English puritan preacher, Roger Williams complained that "we have Indians...in Cornwall, Indians in Wales, Indians in Ireland".
31. In 1360 the Treaty of Brétigny syas: "John, by the Grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, Earl of Anjou, confirmed the aforesaid; and Richard, King of Germany and Earl of Cornwall, in like manner, confirmed the aforesaid".
32. In the fifteenth century the Croyland Chronicle states: "In order zealously to carry out the same, he sent the venerable men of God, brothers Egelmer and Nigel, his fellow-monks, with relics of the saints, into the western parts, namely, Flanders and France. To the northern parts and into Scotland he sent the brothers Fulk and Oger, and into Denmark and Norway the brothers Swetman and Wulsin the younger; while to Wales, Cornwall and Ireland he sent the brothers Augustin and Osbert".
33. In 1485 Polydore Vergil, an Italian cleric commissioned by King Henry VII to write a history of England, states that "The whole country of Britain is divided into four parts, whereof the one is inhabited by Englishmen, the other of Scots, the third of Welshmen, the fourth of Cornish people ... and which all differ among themselves either in tongue, either in manners, or else in laws and ordinances."
34. In 1509 King Henry VIII's coronation procession includes "nine children of honour" representing "England and France, Gascony, Guienne, Normandy, Anjou, Cornwall, Wales and Ireland."
35. In 1531 from the court of King Henry VIII, the Italian diplomat Lodovico Falier writes in a letter that "The language of the English, Welsh and Cornish men is so different that they do not understand each other". He also claims it is possible to distinguish the members of each group by alleged "national characteristics".
36. In 1538 writing to his government, the French ambassador in London, Gaspard de Coligny Chatillon, indicates ethnic differences thus: "The kingdom of England is by no means a united whole, for it also contains Wales and Cornwall, natural enemies of the rest of England, and speaking a [different] language.
37. In 1603 Following Queen Elizabeth I's death, the Venetian ambassador writes that the "late queen had ruled over five different 'peoples': 'English, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish ... and Irish'".
38. In 1616 Arthur Hopton [later ambassador to Madrid] writes that "England is ... divided into three great Provinces, or Countries ... speaking a several and different language, as English, Welsh and Cornish".
39. During the eighteenth century, Samuel Johnson created a Cornish declaration of independence that he used in his essay "Taxation no Tyranny" - "We are the acknowledged descendants of the earliest inhabitants of Britain, of men, who, before the time of history, took possession of the island desolate and waste, and, therefore, open to the first occupants. Of this descent, our language is a sufficient proof, which, not quite a century ago, was different from yours."
40. Many maps of the isles prior to the seventeenth century showed Cornwall ("Cornubia"/"Cornwallia") as a nation on a par with Wales, notably Gerardus Mercator (1512), Sebastian Munster (1515), Abraham Ortelius and Girolamo Ruscelli.
41. In 1937 Bartholomew published a Map of European Ethnicity prepared by the Edinburgh Institute of Geography which featured "Celtic Cornish"
42. On 12 July 2005, Jim Fitzpatrick MP, an ODPM Parliamentary Under Secretary in the Labour government, said in a Commons in response to Andrew George Lib Dem MP for St Ives, Cornwall, that he "realises that the people of Cornwall consider that they have a separate identity."
43. In July 2005 Phil Woolas MP, Minister for Local Government, said "On your point about Cornwall’s desire to control its own future, the Government is very much aware of the strength of feeling about Cornwall’s separate identity and distinctiveness ... The Government recognises that many people in Cornwall consider they have a separate identity."
44. Non-governmental organizations such as Eurominority and the Federal Union of European Nationalities also give varying degrees of recognition to a Cornish people.
45. In the late 1930s, when the outside world was becoming increasingly vociferous over the Nazi's treatment of the German Jews, German newspapers, fed by the Nazi propagandists, tried to counter criticism from British sources by claiming that the English should be the last to complain, since they had 'persecuted' the Cornish from time immemorial.
46. In March 2004 a Morgan Stanley Bank survey showed that 44% of the inhabitants of Cornwall believe themselves to be Cornish rather than British or English.
47. In 1977 the Plaid Cymru MP Dafydd Wigley in Parliament asked the Attorney General for England and Wales if he would provide the date upon which enactments of the Charter of Pardon of 1508 were rescinded. The reply, received on 14 May 1977, stated that a Stannator's right to veto Westminster legislation had never been formally withdrawn.
48. In 1997 the Liberal Democrat Andrew George MP attempted to raise a Duchy-related question but he was prevented by an injunction that disallows MPs raising any questions in Parliament that are in any way related to the Duchy.
49. Recently Lord Whitty, in the House of Lords, recognised that Cornwall has a "special case" for devolution and on a visit to Cornwall, Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott said "Cornwall has the strongest regional identity in the UK".
50. The Council of Europe has urged the Government to extend the cultural, educational and other benefits of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities to the Cornish and a 2nd UK report was submited this year with a decision due in late 2006.
51. Cornwall is the only Celtic nation (out of Cornwall, Brittany, Galicia, the Irish Republic, Isle of Man, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) that has no form of effective self-government.
52. The Cornish and Welsh languages predate English and are the only European languages along with Basque language to have been in use before, during and after the Roman empire.
53. The 1998 Tamar bridge act recognises that the Cornish foreshore and river beds are the responsibility of the Duchy of Cornwall.
54. Out of a tiny gross domestic product of 3.6billion pounds, the Government takes over 1.95 billion in taxes from Cornwall and puts back less than 1.62 billion, a gap of over 300 million pounds. (Business Age: Oct. 02: Kevin Cahill, "The Killing of Cornwall" )
55. In 1997, Scotland, Wales and Cornwall had no Tories elected in the general election.
56. In 2005, in a clear message to Westminster, all five Cornish MPs elected were not from the two major parties, but were Liberal Democrats.
57. A Cornish Assembly will help to rebuild a sense of "Cornishness" that is fast disappearing.
58. Because of its cultural and linguistic simularities with Wales, Cornwall was originally charted by the Anglo-Norman's as 'South Wales'.
59. Cornwall is seen by many as distinct as Wales and Scotland are from England.
60. It is argued that Cornwall should have the same rights as the other recognised Celtic Nations and be permitted to run it's own affairs.
61. Cornwall is a member of the Celtic League, the Pan-Celtic Congress and the Federal Union of European Nationalities (FUEN) which has special participatory status at the council of Europe in Strasbourg and consultative status to the United Nations.
62. Cornwall has two unique Celtic sports, Cornish Hurling and Cornish Wrestling, both chronically ignored and under funded.
63. Many Cornish festivals and events, like the Obby Oss have their origins in the Celtic Britons and predate the arrival of the English in the British Isles.
64.The Cornish language is closely related to that of Wales and Brittany.
65. Many Cornish people cite laws and constitutional peculiarities related to the Duchy of Cornwall, a private estate belonging to the Prince of Wales, that seem to indicate that the territory of Cornwall is not simply an English county.
66. Cornwall is larger than more than 20 UN nations, and one of the oldest Duchies in Europe.
67. In 2005 Mebyon Kernow became the largest political group on a Cornish town council (Camborne) after a by-election.
68. Cornwall has it's own Cornish Stannary Parliament which deals with Cornish constitutional issues and has the ancient right of Cornish tin-miners' assemblies to veto legislation from Westminster.
69. Cornwall 2000 is a the Human Rights organisation which works with Cornish cultural issues.
70. The Cornish flag is an exact reverse of the former Breton national flag (black cross on a white field) and is known by the same name "Gwynn ha Du" - white and black.
71. At present, the Parliament and Government of the UK, as well as Cornwall Council, treat Cornwall as an administrative and ceremonial county of England.
72. Many Cornish people assert that Cornwall is, or ought to be, separate from England, but do not necessarily mean to advocate separation from the United Kingdom (merely Cornwall's recognition as a fifth 'home nation'.)
73. An ancient tale, the legend of Brutus, recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth, makes explicit reference to a distinct origin of the Cornish people.
74. Extracted from a commission of the first Duke of Cornwall:- 25 Edw. III to "John Dabernoun, our Steward and Sheriff of Cornwall greeting. On account of certain escheats we command you that you inquire by all the means in your power how much land and rents, goods and chattels, whom and in whom, and of what value they which those persons of Cornwall and England have, whose names we send in a schedule enclosed"......
75. The 18th century writer, Richard Gough, noted that "Cornwall seems to be another Kingdom", in his Brittania (4 vols; London, 1806).
76. The Cornish Constitutional Convention — composed of many political groups in Cornwall (including Mebyon Kernow) — gathered over 50,000 signatures in 2000 on a petition to create a Cornish Assembly resembling the National Assembly for Wales.
77. Many Cornish people argue that the Cornish are a distinct ethnic group, that people in Cornwall typically refer to 'England' as beginning east of the Tamar, and that there is a Cornish language.
78. The Cornish fully qualify as an ethnic group - The Oxford Modern English Dictionary defines "ethnic" as: of a social group having a common national or cultural background; denoting origin by birth or descent rather than nationality; relating to race or culture.
79. Investigations have revealed that during Henry VIII's reign a minimum of 60,000 people of all ages were judicially hung, beheaded, stretched, shredded, burnt or otherwise despatched in England and Cornwall - The population of England and Cornwall at this time was estimated at 2.8m, so pro rata, this was a higher death toll than incurred by the population of Europe under Hitler, and Stalin and Pol Pot used similar unconstitutional devices to eliminate 'social undesirables'.
80. Mebyon Kernow has for many years sought for Cornwall the position of a first-order (NUTS 1) EU region, which would put Cornwall on the same statistical level as Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Regions of England.
81. The people of Cornwall have UK passports and pay UK taxes (not as some believe, English passports and English taxes).
82. Recently the Office of National Statistics (ONS) has had some accusations of racial discrimination leveled against it by only providing a Census tickbox for "British" and "Irish" in category "A". There have been widespread calls for extra tickboxes on the next 2011 Census for people to clearly identify as "Cornish", "English" and "Welsh".
83. Cornwall is recognised by many as a "stateless nation" and the Cornish as a UK "national minority"
84. Contrarary to popular belief the Cornish language didn't completely die out. During the 1840s, there were a group of children in Zennor Parish, brought up bilingually, who habitually spoke Cornish among themselves. One of these, John Mann (then of Chapel Street, St Just) was still alive, at the age of 80, in 1914, ten years after Jenner's Handbook had kick started the Cornish language revival.
85. Cornish was revived as a living language at the beginning of the twentieth century. The revival was led by the scholar Henry Jenner, who published the first book to encourage the use of Cornish as a living language in 1904. It's title was 'The Handbook of the Cornish Language'. Cornish shares a distinction with Hebrew as being one of the few languages that has been successfully revived.
86. The earliest known reference to Corneu/Cerniu/Kernow is in the Ravenna Cosmography of c700 AD, drawn from Roman sources of c400 AD, with its mention of "Durocornovio" (fortress of the Cornish), identified as Tintagel by Prof. Charles Thomas.
87. The Cornish uprising of 1497 was followed by the subsequent destruction of Cornish monasteries from 1536 through to 1545 which brought an end to the formal scholarship that had sustained the Cornish cultural identity. For the Cornish populace, the attack on their autonomous Cornish identity together with the 1549 Act of Uniformity was a step too far and aggravated by the assaults on their legal rights and culture, the extinguishing of their religion, and ever greater tax demands, the 1549 Cornish uprising began.
88. The Act of Uniformity in 1549 which established the Book of Common Prayer as the sole legal form of worship in Cornwall and England proved to be a turning point in Cornish history which led to the 1549 Cornish Uprising. With the imposition of this Act, the rights that had been granted by Henry VII in the 1508 Charter of Pardon to the Cornish were totally trampled on. (Cornwall's legal right to its own Parliament had previously been confirmed and strengthened by the Charter of Pardon 1508, granted by Henry VII, which is still fully valid at law even today).
89. The imposition of the book of Common prayer in 1549 was enforced by the murder of Cornish priests and the populace, the destruction of texts and traditions, the beating of children and the use of English in church education. This went on for a period of nearly 150 years - long enough to force tens of thousands to give up their native Cornish language.
90. The Institute of Molecular Research's genetic survey was emphatic in including the Cornish with the other Celts in sharing the amazingly ancient genetic strain along the western side of Britain.
91. The tin miners of Cornwall once traded with the Phoenicians and at this time Cornwall was known as The Cassiterides or The Tin Islands.
92. Cornwall was also known as The Stannaries. (Stannum is Latin for tin) No fixed boundaries were set for the Stannaries so in effect they covered all of Cornwall and as each Stannary appointed 6 Stannators to the Stannary Parliament, the Parliament represented all of Cornwall.
93. The 1847 Cornish potato famine, which deprived the working classes of one of their staple foods, occurred at the same time as the Irish potato famine. Combined with an increase in wheat and flour prices, which put the price of bread out of the reach of Cornish miners and their families, it is recorded in Cornish history as the "Corn Riots".
94. In 722AD the Cornish allied with Danish Vikings in order to hold Wessex from expanding into Cornwall. A Wessex Saxon army led by King Ine was comprehensibly destroyed by an alliance of Cornish and Vikings near the Camel estuary. This battle, as well as the Vikings continually attacking Wessex, enabled Cornwall to stay autonomous from Wessex.
95. Cornwall showed a very different type of settlement pattern than Saxon Wessex. Places continued (even after 1066) to be named in the Celtic Cornish tradition not Saxon tradition and Saxon architecture is very rare in Cornwall.
96. The English translation of the Great Charter of 1337 as deployed in Rowe v Brenton (Manning edition 1830) states that the Kings son is “Duke of Cornwall and heir to the Kingdom of England”. A revised Government translation states that the Kings son is “Duke of Cornwall in the Kingdom of England” (Halsburys Laws 1973). There is a Parliamentary injunction preventing MP’s from raising questions about, or even attempting to discuss, these matters.
97. The Charter Roll of 16th March 1337 announcing the Great Charter said that inspiration was drawn from the time when Cornwall was recognised as being a separate Kingdom, and that the intention was to “restore Cornwall’s original ancient honours”. Today the Duchy states that the “main purpose of the Charter is to create an income for the Duke”. There is a Parliamentary injunction preventing MP’s from raising questions about, or even attempting to discuss, these matters.
98. In 1857 the Duchy stated that the three Charters confirm and acknowledge Cornwall as being co-terminus with the Duchy, which is extra-territorial to England and subject to its own chief ruler, law making apparatus and tax raising regime. Today the Duchy states that it is merely a collection of private estates. There is a Parliamentary injunction preventing MP’s from raising questions about, or even attempting to discuss, these matters.
99. Halsburys Laws refer only to the 17th March 1337 Great Charter. Two subsequent Charters of 18th March 1337 and 3rd Jan 1338 confirming that Cornwall was for all time to be subject to its own law-making regime, and not subject to England’s Summons of Exchequer are not referenced. There is a Parliamentary injunction preventing MP’s from raising questions about, or even attempting to discuss, these matters.
100. It remains an undisputed fact that Cornwall, once a separate country, has never formally been integrated into England, which is why some even today still believe that Cornwall and England are technically two distinct countries - they maintain that it takes a specific Act of Parliament to merge the two countries, as opposed to merging them by stealth.
| Cornwall |
In humans, Daltonism is better known by what name? | Royal Ancestors – Hylbom Family Ancestry Project
Royal lines of descent [2] from William I through his son Henry I :
LINE 1: William I King of England “the Conqueror” (1027 – 1087) – 28th g-grandfather – Henry I [3] King of England (1068 – 1135) – Matilda [4] of England Empress (1102 – 1167) – Henry II [5] King of England (1133 – 1189) – John “Lackland” King of England (1166 – 1216) – Henry III King of England (1207 – 1272) – Edward I (Longshanks) King of England (1239 – 1307) – Edward II King of England (1284 – 1327) – Edward III King of England (1312 – 1377) – John of Gaunt [6] Duke of Lancaster (1340 – 1399) – Joan Beaufort [7] Countess of Westmorland (1379 – 1440) – Eleanor Neville [8] Countess of Northumberland (1397 – 1472) – Thomas Percy [9] Lord Egremont (1422 – 1460) – Johanna Percy (1460 – 1537) – William Harris (1490 – 1556) – William Harris (1518 – 1559) – William Harris of Shenfield (1545 – 1601) – William Harris (1596 – 1656) – Robert Harris (1630 – 1710) – William Harris (1665 – 1733) – Robert Overton Harris (1696 – 1765) – Anna Harris (1724 – 1775) – Sarah Ann Dabney (1740 – 1822) – Dabney Waller (1772 – 1849) – Elizabeth Dabney Waller (1808 – 1881) – Jacintha Ann Pollard (1833 – ) – Elizabeth Minor Hancock (1850 – 1928) – Seddie Gunnell (1875 – 1946) – Elizabeth Gunnell Hamlin (1901 – 1982) – Tor Martin Hylbom (1939 – 2009) – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 2 (Alternative line of descent through an illegitimate daughter of Henry I ): William I King of England “the Conqueror” (1027 – 1087) – 29th g-grandfather – Henry I King of England (1068 – 1135) – Elizabeth or Sibylla (illegitimate) Wife of Fergus of Galloway [10] ( – 1165) – Uchtred mac Fergusa [11] Lord of Galloway (1120 – 1174) – Lochlann (Roland) [12] Lord of Galloway “Constable of the King of Scots” ( – 1200) – Alan Fitz Roland [13] Lord of Galloway (1175 – 1234) – Helen of Galloway [14] (1190 – 1245) – Elizabeth (or Isabel) de Quincy [15] (1220 – 1282) – Elizabeth Comyn [16] (1248 – 1328) – Robert de Umfraville [17] 8th Earl of Angus (1277 – 1325) – Elizabeth de Umfraville (1320 – 1381) – Eleanor de Boroughdon [18] ( – 1380) – Joan Talboys (1360 – 1398) – Hawise Luttrell Baroness (1393 – 1421) – Sir Godfrey Hilton Baron Luttrell (1419 – 1472) – Elizabeth Hilton (1455 – 1522) – Anne Thimbleby (1487 – 1537) – Eleanor Booth (1510 – 1547) – William Hamby (1543 – 1612) – Robert Hamby (1573 – 1635) – Catherine Hamby (1615 – 1650) – Anne Hutchinson (1643 – 1716) – Ann Dyer (1672 – 1731) – Joseph Clarke (1694 – 1737) – Benjamin Clarke (1721 – 1790) – John Clarke (1780 – 1865) – Oratio Dyer Clarke (1811 – 1899) – Harriet Allen Clarke (1839 – 1898) – Clarence Clark Hamlin (1868 – 1940) – Elizabeth Gunnell Hamlin (1901 – 1982) – Tor Martin Hylbom (1939 – 2009) – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 3: LINE 1 through Henry II , then: William Longespee [19] (1176 – 1226), 25th g-grandfather – Stephen Longespee Justiciar of Ireland, Seneschal of Gascony (1216 – 1260) – Ela Longespee [20] (1244 – 1276) – Alan la Zouche [21] 1st Baron la Zouche of Ashby (1267 – 1314) – Maud la Zouche [22] (1290 – 1349) – Maud de Holand [23] (1319 – ) – Alice de Swinnerton [24] ( – 1350) – Nicholas de Gresley (1345 – 1380) – Thomas Gresley (1367 – 1456) – Margaret Gresley [25] (1393 – 1456) – Sir Thomas Blount (1422 – 1468) – Anne Blount (1454 – 1501) – Robert Marbury (1490 – 1545) – William Marbury (1525 – 1581) – Francis Marbury [26] (1555 – 1611) – Anne Marbury (1591 – 1643) – Edward (Capt.) Hutchinson (1613 – 1675) – Anne Hutchinson [27] (1643 – 1716) – and continung as in LINE 2 through – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 4: LINE 1 through Henry II , then: Eleanor of England [28] (1162 – 1214), 25th g-grandmother – Berengaria [29] Queen Regnant of Castile (1180 – 1246) – Ferdinand III [30] King of Castile (1199 – 1252) – Eleanor of Castile [31] (1241 – 1290) – Edward II King of England (1284 – 1327) – and continuing as in LINE 1 through – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 5: LINE 3 through through Maud La Zouche, then: Elizabeth De Holland [32] (1285 – 1387), 23rd g-grandmother – Elizabeth Boteler [33] 4th Baroness Boteler of Wem (1345 – 1411) – Robert Ferrers [34] 2nd Baron Ferrers of Wem (1373 – 1396) – Mary De Ferrers [35] (1394 – 1458) – John Neville (1416 – 1482) – Joan Neville [36] (1443 – 1486) – Agnes Gascoigne (1457 – 1504) – Jane Plumpton (1489 – ) – Anne Maleverer (1504 – 1560) – Brian Snawsell (1530 – 1558) – Robert Snawsell (1563 – 1647) – Joane Snawsell (1586 – 1656) – Robert (Gen) Overton [37] (1609 – 1678) – William Overton (1638 – 1697) – Temperance Overton (1679 – 1710) – Robert Overton Harris (1696 – 1765) – and continuing as in LINE 1 through – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 6: LINE 1 through Edward I , then: Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (Plantagenet) [38] (1282 – 1316), 22nd g-grandmother – Eleanor de Bohun [39] Countess of Ormond (1304 – 1363) – Petronilla Butler [40] (1332 – 1368) – Sir Richard Talbot [41] 4th Baron Talbot (1361 – 1383) – Mary Talbot (1383 – 1433) – Sir Thomas Greene (1400 – 1461) – Elizabeth Greene (1421 – 1460) – Sir Edward Raleigh (1441 – 1509) – Sir Edward Raleigh (1470 – 1508) – Bridget Raleigh (1506 – 1584) – Elizabeth Cope (1529 – 1584) – Bridget Elizabeth Dryden (1563 – 1644) – Anne Marbury (1591 – 1643) – and continuing as in LINE 3 through – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 7: LINE 1 through Edward I , then: Thomas of Brotherton Plantagenet [42] Earl of Norfolk, Marshal of England (1300 – 1338), 22nd g-grandfather – Lady Margaret Plantagenet [43] Duchess of Norfolk (1321 – 1399) – Lady Elizabeth de Segrave [44] Baroness of Mowbray (1338 – 1368) – Alianore de Mowbray [45] (1364 – 1399) – Eudo Ivo de Welles (1387 – 1421) – Sir Lionel de Welles [46] 6th Lord of Welles, Baron of Hellowe (1406 – 1461) – Eleanor Welles [47] (1428 – 1490) – Anne Hoo [48] (1448 – 1510) – Anne Copley (1479 – 1536) – George Lusher – Anne Lusher (1551 – 1579) – Sarah Lechford (1575 – 1638) – Sarah Browne (1600 – 1653) – Pardon Tillinghast (1622 – 1718) – Hannah Tillinghast (1682 – 1731) – Lillis Haile (1714 – 1797) – Jesse Mason (1737 – 1823) – Lydia Mason (1765 – 1812) – Lydia Baker (1788 – 1851) – Fayette B Hamlin (1812 – 1866) – Henry Fayette Hamlin (1834 – 1901) – Clarence Clark Hamlin (1868 – 1940) – and continuing as above through – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 8: LINE 1 through Edward I , then: Joan of Acre Plantagenet [49] (1272 – 1307), 23rd g-grandmother – Alianor (Eleanor) De Clare [50] (1292 – 1337) – Isabel Despenser [51] (1312 – 1356) – Mary (or Isabel) FitzAlan [52] ( – 1396) – Ankaret LeStrange [53] 7th Baroness Strange of Blackmere (1361 – 1413) – Mary Talbot (1383 – 1433) – and continuing as in LINE 6 through – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 9: LINE 7 through Anne Hoo, then: Eleanor Copley [54] (1470 – 1536), 15th g-grandmother – George West [55] (1510 – 1538) – William West [56] 1st Baron De La Warr ( – 1595) – Thomas West [57] 2nd Baron De La Warr (1556 – 1602) – Elizabeth West [58] (1573 – 1633) – Elizabeth Pelham [59] (1604 – 1628) – Anne Humphrey (1625 – 1693) – Hannah Myles (1669 – 1742) – Sampson Mason (1700 – 1731) – Hannah Mason (1728 – 1798) – Reuben Baker (1758 – 1811) – Lydia Baker (1788 – 1851) – and continuing as in LINE 7 through – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 10: LINE 1 through Edward III , then: Lionel Plantagenet of Antwerp [60] Duke of Clarence (1338 – 1368), 20th g-grandfather – Philippa Plantagenet [61] 5th Countess of Ulster (1355 – 1378) – Elizabeth Mortimer [62] Baroness Camoys (1371 – 1417) – Henry Percy [63] 2nd Earl of Northumberland (1394 – 1455) – Thomas Percy Lord Egremont (1422 – 1460) – and continuing as in LINE 1 through – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 11: WARNING: Many facts are still unknown regarding Richard Ingraham, immigrant to Massachusetts in about 1630. His English ancestry is not proven. Claims of royal descent should be viewed with skepticism, although the proposed lineage is presented as a curiosity and as a guide for further research: LINE 10 through Henry Percy 2nd Earl of Northumberland, then: Henry Percy [64] 4th Earl of Northumberland (1449 – 1489) – Henry Algernon Percy [65] 5th Earl of Northumberland (1478 – 1527) – Thomas Percy [66] (1504 – 1537) – Mary Percy [67] (1532 – 1598) – Sir Henry of Red House Slingsby [68] (1560 – 1634) – Eleanor Slingsby [69] ( – 1657) – Arthur Ingraham (1576 – 1655) – Richard Ingraham (1600 – 1683) – Elizabeth Ingraham (1629 – 1660) – Mary Bullock (1652 – 1730) – John Haile (1677 – 1718) – Lillis Haile (1714 – 1797) – and continuing as in LINE 7 through – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 12: LINE 2 through Helen of Galloway, then: Margaret de Quincy [70] Countess of Derby (1218 – ), 26th g-grandmother – Robert De Ferrers [71] 6th Earl of Derby (1239 – 1279) – John De Ferrers [72] 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley (1271 – 1324) – Robert De Ferrers [73] 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley (1309 – 1350) – Robert De Ferrers (1341 – 1381) – Robert Ferrers 2nd Baron Ferrers of Wem (1373 – 1396) – and continuing as in LINE 5 through – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
LINE 13: LINE 2 through Helen of Galloway, then: Helen de Quincy [74] (1214 – 1296), 23rd g-grandmother – Margery la Zouche (1251 – 1329) – Euphemia Fitzroger Clavering (1267 – 1329) – Ralph Neville [75] 2nd Baron Neville de Raby (1291 – 1367) – John Neville [76] 3rd Baron Neville de Raby (1328 – 1388) – Ralph de Neville [77] 1st Earl of Westmorland (1364 – 1425) – Eleanor Neville Countess of Northumberland (1397 – 1472) – and continuing as in LINE 1 through – Tor Martin (Majerus) Hylbom
[1] It could be argued that Edgar the Atheling, who was proclaimed as king by the Witenagemot but never crowned, was really the last Anglo-Saxon king.
[2] The most direct line of descent is also the most problematic, since it hinges on the connection between the noble family of Percy and the Harris family of Virginia. According to the Visitations of Essex of 1558, there was a Joane da. to Sr. Thomas Percy Knt. Who married Arthur Harris of Prickwell in Sussex (? In Essex). This Sr. Thomas Percy Knt. is said to be the 2o son of Henry Earl of Northumberland and Elianor da. & coheir to Sr. Richard Harbottell Knight. Despite what is reported in published sources, many researchers have pointed out correctly that this Sr. Thomas Percy Knt. could not refer to Sir Thomas Percy (1504-1537) who was a participant in the 1537 Bigod’s Rebellion, an act for which he was convicted of treason and hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn by Henry VIII. That Thomas Percy could not have had a daughter, Johanna, who was old enough to be the mother of William Harris (1490-1556), who is believed to be the g-grandfather of William Harris (1596-1656), immigrant to Virginia of 1621. One possible explanation, offered by William Deyo (former President of the Virginia Genealogical Society and the Tribal Historian of the Patawomeck Indians of Virginia) is that Johanna Percy is actually the sister of Sir Thomas Percy’s father, Henry Algernon Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland (1477-1527), and that the Essex herald placed Johanna in the wrong generation. Such errors are not unknown, and it is highly unlikely that the official herald would have stated a descent from a noble family such as Percy at the beginning of the pedigree without good cause. However, Henry Percy, 4th Earl is not known to have had a daughter named Johanna. Another possible explanation could lie in the fact there there seem to have been two men by the name of “Thomas Percy” who married women by the name of “Eleanor Harbottle” in different generations. The pedigree above connects the Percy and Harris families through Thomas Percy, Lord of Egremont (1422-1460), who was the son of Henry Percy the 2nd Earl of Northumberland, and Thomas’ supposed wife Eleanor Harbottle (1426-1483). One problem, however, is that this Eleanor’s father is thought be be named “Robert” (1401-1443) and not “Richard”, as stated in the Visitations of Essex of 1558. [In any case, I am also descended from Sir Thomas Percy (1504-1537) through his daughter, Mary.] As discussed elsewhere under the heading of William Harris (1596-1656), there is also a great deal of uncertainty and even controversy regarding the English origins and descendant branches of the Harris family or families that settled in Virginia in the early 17th century. If documents exist in Virginia or England to clarify the situation, researchers most likely would have discovered them by now. Many times, the “proof” is simply not available, and researchers must construct the mostly likely explanation that harmonizes with the incomplete records and other historical clues that exist, while acknowledging the problems in the source material. The preponderence of evidence suggests a connection between these families, even if the records may unfortunately not exist that would conclusively prove the exact nature of the connection.
17th-century drawing of Henry’s coronation in the “Claudius Pontificals” manuscript
[3] Henry I was the fourth son of William I of England. He succeeded his elder brother William II as King of England in 1100 and defeated his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, to become Duke of Normandy in 1106. A later tradition called him “Beauclerc” for his scholarly interests – he could read Latin and put his learning to effective use – and “Lion of Justice” for refinements which he brought about in the royal administration, which he rendered the most effective in Europe, rationalizing the itinerant court, and his public espousal of the Anglo-Saxon legal tradition. Henry’s reign established deep roots for the Anglo-Norman realm, in part through his dynastic (and personal) choice of a Scottish princess who represented the lineage of Edmund Ironside for queen. His succession was hurriedly confirmed while his brother Robert was away on the First Crusade, and the beginning of his reign was occupied by wars with Robert for control of England and Normandy. He successfully reunited the two realms again after their separation on his father’s death in 1087. Upon his succession he granted the baronage a Charter of Liberties, which linked his rule of law to the Anglo-Saxon tradition, forming a basis for subsequent limitations to the rights of English kings and presaged Magna Carta, which subjected the king to law. The rest of Henry’s reign, a period of peace and prosperity in England and Normandy, was filled with judicial and financial reforms. He established the biannual Exchequer to reform the treasury. He used itinerant officials to curb the abuses of power at the local and regional level that had characterized William Rufus’ unpopular reign, garnering the praise of the monkish chroniclers. The differences between the English and Norman populations began to break down during his reign and he himself married a descendant of the old English royal house. He made peace with the church after the disputes of his brother’s reign and the struggles with Anselm over the English investiture controversy (1103–07), but he could not smooth out his succession after the disastrous loss of his eldest son William in the wreck of the White Ship. His will stipulated that he was to be succeeded by his daughter, the Empress Matilda, but his stern rule was followed by a period of civil war known as the Anarchy.
Geoffrey of Anjou, Matilda’s second husband
[4] Empress Matilda, also known as Matilda of England or Maude, was the daughter and heir of King Henry I of England. Matilda and her younger brother, William Adelin, were the only legitimate children of King Henry to survive to adulthood. However, her brother’s death in the White Ship disaster in 1120 resulted in Matilda being her father’s sole heir. As a child, Matilda was betrothed to and later married Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, acquiring the title Empress. The couple had no known children and after eleven years of marriage Henry died, leaving Matilda widowed. However, she was then married to Geoffrey, Count of Anjou in a union which her father hoped would produce a male heir and continue the dynasty. She had three sons by Geoffrey of Anjou, the eldest of whom eventually became King Henry II of England. Upon the death of her father in 1135, Matilda was usurped to the throne by her rival and cousin Stephen of Blois, who moved quickly and became crowned King of England whilst Matilda was in Normandy, pregnant with her third child. Their rivalry for the throne led to years of unrest and civil war in England that have been called The Anarchy. Matilda was the first female ruler of the Kingdom of England, though the length of her effective rule was brief – a few months in 1141. She was never crowned and failed to consolidate her rule (legally and politically). For this reason, she is normally excluded from lists of English monarchs, and her rival (and cousin) Stephen of Blois is listed as monarch for the period 1135–1154. She campaigned unstintingly for her oldest son’s inheritance, living to see him ascend the throne of England in 1154.
King Henry II of England and his children. (British Library, Royal 14 B VI); from left: William, Henry the young King, Richard Lionheart, Matilda, Geoffrey, Eleonor, Joan, John Lackland
[5] Henry II, also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England (1154–89) and Lord of Ireland. At various times, he also controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany. Henry was the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda, who was the daughter of King Henry I and took the title of Empress from her first marriage. He became actively involved by the age of 14 in his mother’s efforts to claim the throne of England, and was made the Duke of Normandy at 17. He inherited Anjou in 1151 and shortly afterwards married Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to the French king Louis VII had recently been annulled. King Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry’s military expedition to England in 1153, and he inherited the kingdom on Stephen’s death a year later. Still quite young, he now controlled what would later be called the Angevin empire, stretching across much of western Europe. Henry was an energetic and sometimes ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his royal grandfather, Henry I. During the early years of the younger Henry’s reign he restored the royal administration in England, re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou, Maine and Touraine. Henry soon came into conflict with Louis VII and the two rulers fought what has been termed a “cold war” over several decades. Henry expanded his empire, often at Louis’s expense, taking Brittany and pushing east into central France and south into Toulouse. Despite numerous peace conferences and treaties no lasting agreement was reached. Although Henry usually worked well with the local hierarchies of the Church, his desire to reform England’s relationship with the Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket’s death in 1170.
Coat of arms of John of Gaunt asserting his kingship over Castile and León, combining the Castilian castle and lion with lilies of France, the lions of England and his heraldic difference
[6] John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (second creation) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was called “John of Gaunt” because he was born in Ghent (located in the Flemish region of Belgium), rendered in English as Gaunt. When he became unpopular later in life, scurrilous rumors and lampoons circulated that he was actually the son of a Ghent butcher, perhaps because Edward III was not present at the birth. This story always drove him to fury. As a younger brother of Edward, Prince of Wales (Edward, the Black Prince), John exercised great influence over the English throne during the minority of his nephew, Richard II, and during the ensuing periods of political strife, but was not thought to have been among the opponents of the king. Marriages and descendants: John’s first child was an illegitimate daughter, Blanche (1359-1389). Blanche was the daughter of John’s mistress Marie de St. Hilaire of Hainaut (1340-after 1399), who was a lady in waiting to his mother, Queen Philippa. The affair apparently took place before John’s first marriage. On 19 May 1359 at Reading Abbey, John married his third cousin, Blanche of Lancaster, daughter of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster. The wealth she brought to the marriage was the foundation of John’s fortune. Blanche died of bubonic plague on 12 Sep 1369 at Bolingbroke Castle, while her husband was away at sea. Their son Henry Bolingbroke became Henry IV of England, after the duchy of Lancaster was taken by Richard II upon John’s death while Henry was in exile. Their daughter Philippa became Queen of Portugal by marrying King John I of Portugal in 1387. All subsequent kings of Portugal were thus descended from John of Gaunt. In 1371, John married Infanta Constance of Castile, daughter of King Peter of Castile, thus giving him a claim to the Crown of Castile, which he would pursue. Though John was never able to make good his claim, his daughter by Constance, Katherine of Lancaster, became Queen of Castile by marrying Henry III of Castile. During his marriage to Constance, John of Gaunt had fathered four children by a mistress, the widow Katherine Swynford (whose sister Philippa de Roet was married to Chaucer). Prior to her widowhood, Katherine had borne at least two, possibly three, children to Lancastrian knight Sir Hugh Swynford. The known names of these children are Blanche and Thomas. (There may have been a second Swynford daughter.) John of Gaunt was Blanche Swynford’s godfather. Constance died in 1394. John married Katherine in 1396, and their children, the Beauforts, were legitimised by King Richard II and the Church, but barred from inheriting the throne (excepta regali dignitate or “not eligible for the royal dignity”). From the eldest son, John, descended a granddaughter, Margaret Beaufort, whose son, later King Henry VII of England, would nevertheless claim the throne. All monarchs of England and later of Great Britain, the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth Realms from Henry IV onwards are descended from John of Gaunt. In William Shakespeare’s play The Tragedy of King Richard II, the famous England speech is spoken by the character of John of Gaunt as he lies on his deathbed (Act II, scene i, 42-54).
This is a 1640 drawing of the tombs of Katherine Swynford and her daughter Joan Beaufort, as they were before they were despoiled in 1644.
[7] Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, was the third or fourth child (and only daughter) of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and his mistress, later wife, Katherine Swynford. In her widowhood, she was a powerful landowner in the North of England. In 1391, at the age of twelve, Joan married Robert Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Wem, and they had two daughters before he died in about 1395 (including a daughter, Mary, from whom we are also descended – see below). Along with her three brothers, Joan had been privately declared legitimate by their cousin Richard II of England in 1390, but for various reasons their father secured another such declaration from Parliament in January 1397. Joan was already an adult when she was legitimized by the marriage of her mother and father with papal approval. The Beauforts were later barred from inheriting the throne by a clause inserted into the legitimation act by their half-brother, Henry IV of England, although it is not clear that Henry IV possessed sufficient authority to alter an existing parliamentary statute. Soon after this declaration, on 3 Feb 1397, when she was eighteen, Joan married Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, who had also been married once before. When Ralph de Neville died in 1425, his lands and titles should, by law of rights, have passed on to his eldest surviving son from his first marriage, another Ralph Neville. Instead, while the title of Earl of Westmorland and several manors were passed to Ralph, the bulk of his rich estate went to his wife, Joan Beaufort. Although this may have been done to ensure that his widow was well provided for; by doing this, Ralph essentially split his family into two, and the result was years of bitter conflict between Joan and her stepchildren, who fiercely contested her acquisition of their father’s lands. Joan however, with her royal blood and connections, was far too powerful to be called to account, and the senior branch of the Nevilles received little redress for their grievances. Inevitably, when Joan died, the lands would be inherited by her own children. Joan died on 13 Nov 1440 at Howden in Yorkshire. Rather than be buried with her husband Ralph (who was not buried with his first wife, though his monument has effigies of himself and his two wives) she was entombed next to her mother in the magnificent sanctuary of Lincoln Cathedral. Joan Beaufort was the grandmother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England, whom Henry VII defeated to take the throne. (Henry then married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, and their son became Henry VIII of England). King Henry’s sixth wife, Catherine Parr was also a descendant through Joan and Ralph’s son, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury making the couple third cousins. Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, ‘the Kingmaker’, was also a descendant.
Henry Percy was buried at the abbey of St Albans Cathedral.
[8] Lady Eleanor Neville was the second daughter of Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland (died 1425), by his second wife, Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and Katherine Swynford. She was married first to Richard le Despenser, 4th Baron Burghersh, a grandson of Gaunt’s younger brother Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York. After his early death without issue, she married Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (killed at the First Battle of St Albans, 1455). Eleanor and Henry had 10 children, including two who are our known ancestors: Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont (1422-1460) and Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland (1421-1461).
Battles in the Wars of the Roses were small but vicious. Hastily gathered armies, led by personal enemies, did their best to wipe each other out.
[9] Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont, was the son of Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland and Lady Eleanor Neville. He was made Lord Egremont in 1449. Egremont was involved in the Percy-Neville feud and fought in the Battle of Heworth Moor. In the Wars of the Roses, Egremont fought on the Lancastrian side. Egremont fought in the First Battle of St Albans, where his father was killed, and he himself was killed at the battle of Northampton.
Dundrennan Abbey, in Rerrick Civil Parish, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland was a Cistercian monastery in the Romanesque architectural style, established in 1142 by Fergus of Galloway, King David I of Scotland, and monks from Rievaulx Abbey.
[10] Fergus of Galloway was King, or Lord, of Galloway from an unknown date (probably in the 1110s), until his death in 1161. He was the founder of that “sub-kingdom,” the resurrector of the Bishopric of Whithorn, the patron of new abbeys (e.g. Dundrennan Abbey), and much else besides. He became a legend after his death, although his actual life is clouded in mystery. Fergus of Galloway first appears in the historical sources in 1136. His origins and his parentage, however, are something of a mystery. Over the years, Fergus’ origins have been the subject of much discussion and even more fanciful fictional elaboration by historical writers. Fergus is known to have had in his lifetime two wives, the names of both being unknown. By these wives, though, three children are known: Gille Brigte, Uchtred and Affraic, wife to Olaf I Godredsson, King of Mann. Fergus may have married an illegitimate daughter of Henri Beauclerc, King Henry I of England. Her name, however, is unknown. One of the candidates is Sibylla, the widow of King Alaxandair I mac Maíl Choluim of Scotland, but there is little evidence for this. Another candidate could be Elisabeth; but likewise, there is little evidence. If he did marry a daughter of Henry I, the marriage can be interpreted as part of the forward policy of Henry I in the northwest of his dominions and the Irish Sea zone in general, which was engineered in the second decade of the 12th century. It may have been during this time that Fergus began calling himself rex Galwitensium (“King of Galloway”). However, while his possible father-in-law lived, Fergus, (like King David I of Scotland), seems to have remained a faithful “vassal” to Henry.
[11] Uchtred mac Fergusa was Lord of Galloway from 1161-1174, ruling jointly with his half-brother Gille Brigte (Gilbert). They were sons of Fergus of Galloway. Their mothers’ names are unknown, but Uchtred may have been born to one of the many illegitimate daughters of Henry I of England. As a boy he was sent as a hostage to the court of King Máel Coluim IV of Scotland. When his father, Fergus, died in 1161, Uchtred was made co-ruler of Galloway along with Gilla Brigte. They participated in the disastrous invasion of Northumberland under William I of Scotland in 1174. King William was captured, and the Galwegians rebelled, taking the opportunity to slaughter the Norman and Saxon settlers in their land. During this time Uchtred was brutally mutilated, blinded, castrated and killed by his brother Gille Brigte and Gille Brigte’s son, Máel Coluim. Gille Brigte then seized control of Galloway entire. Uchtred had married Gunhilda of Dunbar, and they were the parents of Lochlann and Eve of Galloway, wife of Walter de Berkeley.
[12] Lochlann (or Lachlan), also known by his French name Roland, was the son and successor of Uchtred, Lord of Galloway as the “Lord” or “sub-king” of eastern Galloway. After the death of his uncle Gille Brigte in 1185, Lochlann went about to seize the land of Gille Brigte’s heirs. In this aim he had to defeat the men who would defy his authority in the name of Gille Brigte’s heir. He seems to have done so, defeating the resistors, who were led by men called Gille Pátraic and Henric Cennédig. Yet resistance continued under a warrior called Gille Coluim of Galloway. Lochlann’s aims moreover encouraged the wrath of a more important political figure that any of the above. King Henry II of England was outraged. A few years before Gille Brigte’s death, Henry had taken his son and successor Donnchad as a hostage. Hence Henry was the patron and protector of the man Lochlann was trying to disinherit. When King William of Scotland was ordered to visit Henry in southern England, William was told that Lochlann must be stopped. However, William and Lochlann were friends, and so in the end Henry himself brought an army to Carlisle, and threatened to invade unless Lochlann would submit to his judgment. Lochlann did so. As it transpired, Lochlann kept most of Galloway, and Donnchad was given the new “Mormaerdom” of Carrick in compensation. More than any previous Lord of Galloway, he was the loyal man and vassal of the King of Scotland. After all, he owed his lands to the positive influence of King William. Whereas Lochlann’s grandfather, Fergus had called himself King of Galloway, Lochlann’s favorite title was “Constable of the King of Scots”. Lochlann had led William’s armies north into Moireabh against the pretender Domnall mac Uilleim, who claimed the Scottish throne as a grandson of King Donnchad II of Scotland. Lochlann defeated him in 1187 at the Battle of Mam Garvia, a mysterious location probably near Dingwall. Lochlann, unlike his uncle Gille Brigte, welcomed French and English colonization into his eastern lands. In this, he was following his overlord, King William I of Scotland. Of all the Lords of Galloway, Lochlann is the least mentioned in the Gaelic annals, suggesting that he had lost touch somewhat with his background in the world of greater Irish Sea Gaeldom. In 1200, he was in the company of King William in England, who was giving homage to the new king, John. Lochlann used the opportunity to make legal proceeding in Northampton regarding the property claims of his wife, Helena, daughter and heiress of Richard de Morville. It was here that he met his death and was buried. Lochlann and Helena had a son Alan, who succeeded to Galloway.
[13] Alan Fitz Roland was the last of the MacFergus dynasty of quasi-independent Lords of Galloway. He was also hereditary Constable of Scotland. He was the son of Roland, or Lochlann, Lord of Galloway and Helen de Morville. His date of birth is uncertain, but he was considered an adult in 1196. In right of his mother, he inherited the de Morville Lordship of Lauderdale, as well as others in that vicinity. West of Blainslie, in Lauderdale, but in the Lordship of Melrose, are the lands of Threepwood, which were granted by Alan, Constable of Scotland, to the monks of Melrose between 1177 and 1204. In 1212 Alan responded to a summons from King John I of England by sending 1,000 troops to join the war against the Welsh. In this year he also sent one of his daughters to England as a hostage. She died in 1213 in the custody of her maternal uncle. Alan is listed as one of the 16 men who counseled King John regarding the Magna Carta. Alan, like his forebears, maintained a carefully ambiguous relationship with both the English and Scottish states, acting as a vassal when it suited his purpose and as an independent monarch when he could get away with it. His considerable sea power allowed him to supply fleets and armies to aid the English King John in campaigns both in France and Ireland. In 1225, Alan lent military aid to Ragnvald Godredsson, King of the Isles against Ragnvald’s half-brother, Olaf. Sometime later, Alan’s illegitimate son, Thomas, was married to Ragnvald’s daughter. The marriage gave Alan a stake in the kingship, and it appears that Thomas was intended to succeed to the Kingship of the Isles. However, the marriage appears to have angered the Manx people, and Ragnvald was deposed from the kinship and replaced by Olaf in 1226. Ragnvald may well have gone into exile at Alan’s court. In 1228, Alan and his brother, Thomas, and Ragnvald, attacked and devastated the Isle of Man, while Olaf was absent in the Hebrides. Alan died in 1234 and is buried at Dundrennan Abbey in Galloway. Alan was married three times. His first wife was Helen daughter of Roger de Lacy, Constable of Chester. His second marriage, which took place in 1209, was to Margaret (d. before 1228), eldest daughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon (d. 1219). His third marriage was to Rose (d. after 1237), daughter of Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Ulster (d. 1242). Alan had numerous children from his first two marriages, although only daughters reached adulthood. His eldest daughter from his first marriage, Helen, married Roger de Quincy (d. 1264). One daughter from his second marriage, Christina (or Christiana) (d. 1246), married William de Forz (d. 1260). Another daughter from his second marriage, Dervorguilla (d. 1290), married John de Balliol (d. 1314). Alan also had bastard son, Thomas, who survived into adulthood. With Alan’s death his holdings were divided between his three daughters and their husbands. A popular attempt was made within Galloway to establish his illegitimate son, Thomas, as ruler, but this failed, and Galloway’s period as an independent political entity came to an end.
Arms of De Quincy: Gules, seven mascles or three, three, one
[14] Helen married Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester (1195-1264) a nobleman who was prominent on both sides of the Anglo-Scottish border, as Earl of Winchester and Constable of Scotland. He was the second son of Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester, and Margaret de Beaumont. He probably joined his father on the Fifth Crusade in 1219, where the elder de Quincy fell sick and died. His elder brother having died a few years earlier, Roger thus inherited his father’s titles and properties. However, he did not take possession of his father’s lands until February 1221, probably because he did not return to England from the crusade until then. He did not formally become earl until after the death of his mother in 1235. Roger married Helen of Galloway (b.c1208), eldest daughter and co-heiress of Alan, Lord of Galloway. Without legitimate sons to succeed him, Alan’s lands and dignities were divided between the husbands of his three daughters, so Roger acquired Alan’s position as Constable of Scotland, and one-third of the lordship of Galloway (although the actual title of Lord of Galloway went through Helen’s half-sister Devorguilla to her husband John I de Balliol). The Galwegians rebelled under Gille Ruadh, not wanting their land divided, but the rebellion was suppressed by Alexander II of Scotland. Roger ruled his portion of Galloway strictly, and the Galwegians revolted again in 1247, forcing Roger to take refuge in a castle. Faced with a siege and little chance of relief, Roger and a few men fought their way out and rode off to seek help from Alexander, who raised forces to again suppress the rebellion. In the following years Roger was one of the leaders of the baronial opposition to Henry III of England, although he fought for Henry against the Welsh in the 1250s and 1260s. Following Helen’s death in 1245, Roger married Maud de Bohun, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, around 1250. Maud died only two years later, and Roger married his third wife, Eleanor de Ferrers, daughter of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby the same year. Roger had three daughters by his first wife, but no sons. His subsequent marriages produced no issue. After his death his estates were divided between the daughters, and the earldom of Winchester lapsed. The three daughters of Roger and Helen of Galloway were: Ellen, who married Alan la Zouche, Lord Zouche of Ashby (1205-1270) – grandfather of Alan la Zouche, husband of Eleanor de Segrave, above); Elizabeth (also known as Isabel), who married Alexander Comyn, 2nd Earl of Buchan; Margaret (or Margery), who married William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby (and was thus stepmother to her own stepmother).
[15] Elizabeth married Alexander Comyn, 2nd Earl of Buchan (died 1289), a Scoto-Norman magnate who was one of the most important figures in the 13th century Kingdom of Scotland. He was the son of William Comyn, jure uxoris Earl of Buchan, and Marjory, Countess of Buchan, the heiress of the last native Scottish Mormaer of Buchan, Fergus. During his long career, Alexander was Justiciar of Scotia (1258–89), Constable of Scotland (1275–89), Sheriff of Wigtown (1263–66), Sheriff of Dingwall (1264–66), Ballie of Inverie (in Knoydart) and finally, Guardian of Scotland (1286–89) during the first interregnum following the death of King Alexander III. In 1284 he joined with other Scottish noblemen who acknowledged Margaret of Norway as the heiress to King Alexander. He died sometime after 10 Jul 1289. Alexander had at least nine children with his wife, Elisabeth, daughter of Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester.
[16] Elizabeth married Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus (1245–1308) was the first of the Anglo-French de Umfraville line to rule the Earldom of Angus in his own right. His father was Gilbert de Umfraville (d. shortly before 13 Mar 1245), a Norman, and feudal Baron of Prudhoe in Northumberland, and his mother was Matilda, Countess of Angus. He succeeded his father in infancy. He also carried on the line of the earlier Gaelic earls through his mother. He succeeded her sometime after 1247 (when she was still living with her third husband Richard de Dover) as an infant, certainly no older than three. Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, paid £10,000 to act as Gilbert’s warden. Gilbert eventually grew into his inheritance, and although he was primarily an English magnate, there are still a few of his recorded grants. Gilbert was the nominal ruler of the province for more than half a century. As Earl of Angus he was summoned in 1276 for a campaign in Gwynedd against Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. In 1284 he attended the parliament with other Scottish noblemen who acknowledged Margaret of Norway as the heir to King Alexander. In 1296 he again joined Edward I in his conquest of Scotland. He also founded a chantry for two priests at Prudhoe castle to celebrate mass daily. He died in 1308, and was succeeded by his second son, Robert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus.
[17] Robert de Umfraville, 8th Earl of Angus (c. 1277-1325) was an Anglo-Norman baron in Northumberland and the eighth Earl of Angus. He was the second son of Gilbert de Umfraville and Elizabeth Comyn, daughter of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan. He was more than thirty years old at his father’s death. He adhered to Edward II both against Scots and barons, and was regularly summoned to the English parliaments as Earl of Angus. He fought at the Battle of Bannockburn, and was taken prisoner after the battle by Robert Bruce, but soon released. Though formerly in opposition to the Despensers, he sat in judgment on Thomas of Lancaster. Bruce deprived him of his Scottish estates and title, and before 1329 the real earldom had been vested in the House of Stuart, from whom it passed in 1389 to a bastard branch of the Douglases. Robert married twice. His first wife was Lucy, sister and heiress of William of Kyme, whose considerable estates in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, including the castle of Kyme, passed thus to the Umfravilles. By her he had a son Gilbert and a daughter Elizabeth. By his second wife, Eleanor, he had two sons, Robert and Thomas.
[18] Eleanor is an ancester of several notable individuals: President George Washington (11th g-grandmother [gg]), Charles, Prince of Wales (19th gg), PM Winston Churchill (17th gg), Princess Diana Spencer (17th gg) and Presidents Bush and Roosevelt.
This art postcard depicts the English against the French in the naval battle of Damme in 1213 (published by Gale & Polden).
[19] William Longespée, jure uxoris 3rd Earl of Salisbury was an English noble, primarily remembered for his command of the English forces at the Battle of Damme and for remaining loyal to King John. His nickname ‘Longespée’ is generally taken as a reference to his great size and the outsize weapons he used to wield. He was an illegitimate son of Henry II of England. His mother was unknown for many years, until the discovery of a charter of William mentioning “Comitissa Ida, mater mea” (English: “Countess Ida, my mother”). This Ida de Tosny, a member of the prominent Tosny or Toesny family, later (1181) married Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk. King Henry acknowledged William as his son and gave him the Honor of Appleby, Lincolnshire in 1188. Eight years later, his half-brother, King Richard I, married him to a great heiress, Ela of Salisbury, 3rd Countess of Salisbury in her own right, and daughter of William of Salisbury, 2nd Earl of Salisbury.
[20] Ela was born in 1244 at Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, the eldest daughter and co-heiress of Stephen Longespee, Justiciar of Ireland, Seneschal of Gascony, and Emmeline de Ridelsford. Her paternal grandmother was Ela, Countess of Salisbury, who had founded Lacock Abbey, and for whom she was named. Ela had a younger sister, Emmeline, who became the second wife of Maurice FitzGerald, 3rd Lord of Offaly in 1273. In about 1266 in Northamptonshire, she married Sir Roger La Zouche, Lord of Ashby, the son of Sir Alan La Zouche and Helen de Quincy. Their marriage produced one son: Alan la Zouche, 1st Baron la Zouche of Ashby (19 October 1267 – 25 March 1314), married Eleanor de Segrave, by whom he had three daughters. Ela died on about 19 July 1276 at the age of 32. Her younger sister Emmeline, co-heiress to their father and the wife of the 3rd Lord of Offaly, did not bear any children. Thus when she died in 1291, her property was inherited by Maud La Zouche, Baroness Holland, the daughter of Ela’s only son, Alan.
Rockingham Castle entrance. Rockingham Castle formerly a royal castle and hunting lodge, now the family home of the Saunders Watson family, in Rockingham Forest on the northern edge of the English county of Northamptonshire a mile to the north of Corby.
[21] Alan la Zouche, 1st Baron la Zouche of Ashby was born at North Molton, Devonshire, the only son of Roger La Zouche and his wife, Ela Longespee, daughter of Stephen Longespee and Emmeline de Ridelsford. He received seisin of his father’s lands after doing homage on 13 Oct 1289. Alan was governor of Rockingham Castle and steward of Rockingham Forest, England. Alan La Zouche died without any sons at the age of 46, and his barony fell into abeyance among his daughters.
[22] Maud la Zouche married Robert de Holland, 1st Baron Holand (1283-1328), an English nobleman, born in Lancashire. He was a son of Sir Robert de Holland of Upholland, Lancashire and Elizabeth, daughter of William de Samlesbury. He was a favorite official of Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster and had been knighted by 1305. His favored treatment by the powerful earl caused his rival knights in the area, led by Sir Adam Banastre, Sir Henry de Lea, and Sir William de Bradshagh (Bradshaw), to start a campaign of violence towards him and the earl’s other supporters known as the Banastre Rebellion. The rebels protested against the earl’s actions and authority by attacking the homes of his supporters and several castles, including Liverpool Castle. Sir Robert later assisted in the hunt for fugitives after the rebels had been routed in Preston by a force under the command of the Sheriff. The manors of Thornton and Bagworth was acquired by him in 1313. From 1314-1321 he was called to Parliament as a member of the House of Lords. In 1322 his part in the Battle of Boroughbridge, when he defected from Lancaster to the King, was deemed treacherous and cowardly and led to his disfavor. Although King Edward III of England would later pardon him, the partisans of the Earl of Lancaster considered him a traitor and had him executed. The execution occurred in 1328 by beheading in Essex. His head was sent to the new earl and his body to Lancashire to be buried.
The Battle of Boroughbridge was fought 16 Mar 1322 (Edward II; the memorial cross; the Devil’s Arrows on the battlefield).
[23] As a child, Maud was affianced to marry John de Mowbray, 3rd Lord Mowbray. However, this marriage did not take place and she married to Thomas de Swinnerton, 3rd Lord Swinnerton of Swinnerton sometime after 1331. Thomas was at the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and the siege of Calais in 1347. In 1357 he was a prisoner in Scotland and the King gave £100 towards his ransom. Thomas is said to have died in December 1361.
[24] The tradition that Alice Swinnerton, wife of Nicholas de Gresley, is the daughter of Thomas Swinnerton has been challenged in an article by Nathaniel L. Taylor, “The Alleged Gresley-Swinnerton Marriage: A Closer Examination” (refer to link in “Library”).
[25] One source has cited a royal descent for Margaret’s husband, Sir Thomas Blount (d. 1456), as follows (I have not investigated further): Alfonso IX, King of León (d. 1230) + Berenguela, dau. Alfonso VIII, King of Castile by Eleanor, daughter of Henry II, King of England – Alfonso de Molina (1203-1272), had by an unidentified mistress: Urraca Alfonso + García Gómez Carrillo, ‘él de los garfios’ (living 1264) – García Gómez Carrillo + Elvira Alvarez Osorio – Juana García Carrillo + Diego Gutiérrez de Ceballos (d. 1330) [The ancestry of Juana García Carrillo is disputed in secondary sources, though her grandson, Pero López de Ayala, asserts that his grandmother’s grandfather was García Gómez Carrillo, ‘él de los garfios’, who is known to have had Urraca, illegitimate daughter of the infante Alfonso de Molina, as wife. However, this reconstruction of the Carrillo family disagrees with other available modern reconstructions, which however are not trustworthy in themselves. Refer to: Todd A. Farmerie and Nathaniel L. Taylor, “Notes on the Ancestry of Sancha de Ayala,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register 103 (1998), 36-48. Gens. 8-16: Meredith B. Colket, Jr., The English Ancestry of Anne Marbury Hutchinson & Katherine Marbury Scott (Philadelphia, 1936). Milton Rubincam, “The Spanish Ancestry of American Colonists”, National Genealogical Society Quarterly (December, 1963), 236; John Wentworth, The Wentworth Genealogy: English and American, 3 vols. (Chicago, 1870). Gens. 19-23: Nathaniel L. Taylor, “Three Calebs and a ‘Lara’: Untangling Gloucester Lanes,” NEHGS Nexus 16 (1999), 106-109.] – Elvira Alvarez de Ceballos + Fernán Pérez de Ayala – Inés Alfonso de Ayala + Diego Gómez de Toledo – Sancha de Ayala + Sir Walter Blount (1348-1403) – Sir Thomas Blount (d. 1456), Treasurer of Normandy under Henry V + Margaret Gresley. Also: Henri I, King of France (d. 1060) + Anna, daughter of Yaroslav, Grand Prince of Kiev – Hugh Magnus + Adelaide de Vermandois – Isabel de Vermandois + William de Warenne, Earl of Surrey (d. 1138) – Gundred + Roger de Beaumont, Earl of Warwick (d. 1153) – Waleran de Newburgh, Earl of Warwick (d. 1203) + Alice de Harcourt – Alice de Newburgh + William Mauduit of Hanslope (d. 1257) – Isabel Mauduit + William de Beauchamp of Elmley – Isabel de Beauchamp, widow of Henry Lovet + William le Blount (d. 1280) [Comment: This assumes the identity of Isabel, wife of William le Blount, as the widow of Henry Lovet as above. CP only states it as a possibility, but Croke provides other support for this identification, including the use of Beauchamp arms by Isabel’s son Piers le Blount.] – Sir Walter le Blount (d. 1324), M.P. Worcester, 1318, 1321 + Joan de Sodington – Sir John le Blount (d. 1358) + Isolde de Mountjoy – Sir Walter Blount (1348-1403) + Sancha de Ayala (see above, for continuation). Sources: Weis, Ancestral Roots, 7th ed., line 84, etc.; Complete Peerage 9:329 (“Mountjoy”); Europäische Stammtafeln, Neue Folge 3:699, 704.
[26] Francis Marbury, was a Cambridge educated English clergyman, school master and Puritan reformer, now remembered as a playwright and the father of Anne Hutchinson. As a young man he collided with the church authorities, and in particular with John Aylmer, over the issue of the provision of well-educated preachers. Aylmer called him an “overthwart, proud, puritan knave” in November 1578, and sent him to the Marshalsea, prison after hearing Marbury’s views on financing preachers by mulcting (fining) the bishops: “A man might cut a good large thong out of your hyde and the rest, and it would not be missed”. He was twice imprisoned, and spent time in Northampton, and Alford, Lincolnshire, unable to preach. He became lecturer at St Saviour, Southwark. With the support of Richard Vaughan, the Bishop of London, he was rehabilitated and moved to London. He was rector of St Martin Vintry in 1605, of St Pancras, Soper Lane in 1608, and of St Margaret, New Fish Street in 1610. Marbury was married twice producing eighteen children of which several survived to adulthood. Two daughters are remembered in early American colonial history. Anne Hutchinson, the early dissident pioneer and Protestant reformer, was his second daughter by his second marriage. Following in her father’s footsteps, she was a reformer who was a pioneer settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Netherlands and the unauthorized minister of a dissident church discussion group. His daughter Katherine married Richard Scott, moved to New England, and became one of the first Quakers in Providence.
Canons Ashby House, Northamptonshire, birthplace of Marbury’s wife, Bridget
[27] We are also descended from Anne Hutchinson’s son, Edward Dyer (1670 – 1760).
[28] Eleanor of England (known in Castilian as Leonor) was Queen of Castile and Toledo as wife of Alfonso VIII of Castile. She was a daughter of Henry II of England and his wife, Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine. Eleanor was a younger maternal half-sister of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. She was a younger sister of William IX, Count of Poitiers, Henry the Young King, Matilda, Duchess of Saxony, Richard I of England and Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany. She was also an older sister of Queen Joan of Sicily and King John of England. When she was 14 years old (before 17 Sep 1177), she was married to King Alfonso VIII of Castile in Burgos. The marriage was arranged to secure the Pyreneean border, with Gascony offered as her dowry. Of all Eleanor of Aquitaine’s daughters, her namesake Eleanor best inherited her mother’s political influence. She was almost as powerful as her husband, who specified in his will that she was to rule alongside their son in the event of his death. It was she who persuaded him to marry their daughter Berengaria to the King of Leon in the interest of peace. When Alfonso died, his Queen was reportedly so devastated with grief that she was unable to preside over the burial. Their eldest daughter, Berengaria, instead performed these honors. Eleanor then took sick and died only twenty-eight days after her husband. She was buried at Las Huelgas Abbey in Burgos.
Berenguela of Castile
[29] Berengaria (Castilian: Berenguela) was Queen regnant of Castile in 1217 and Queen consort of León from 1197-1204. The eldest daughter of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and his wife, Eleanor of England, she was the great granddaughter of another Berengaria, the wife of Alfonso VII of León and Castile and sister of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona. In the maternal line she was the granddaughter of King Henry II of England and another important woman of the age, Eleanor of Aquitaine. At the time of her birth, Berengaria was the only child of the king and queen, as those born earlier had not survived. Therefore she was the heir apparent to the throne of Castile, and hence a greatly desired party in all of Europe. Berengaria’s first engagement was agreed in 1187 when her hand was sought by Conrad, Duke of Rothenburg and fifth child of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. The next year, in Seligenstadt, Germany, the marriage contract was signed. Conrad then marched to Castile, where in Carrión the engagement was celebrated and the young count was knighted. The marriage was not consummated, at first due to Berengaria’s age and later because the king and queen, in 1189, had a son, Ferdinand, who was then designated heir to the throne. At this, Emperor Frederick, seeing his aspirations in Castile frustrated, lost all interest in continuing with his son’s wedding in spite of the princess’s dowry of 42,000 aureos. Conrad and Berengaria never saw each other again. Berengaria requested an annulment of the engagement from the Pope, influenced, no doubt, by third parties such as her grandmother Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was not interested in having a Hohenstaufen as a neighbor to her French fiefdoms. But those fears would later be neutralized when the duke was assassinated in 1196. Two years later, Berengaria married King Alfonso IX of León, her first cousin once removed, in Valladolid. They had five children: Berengaria (1198-1235) , married John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem; Constance (1200-1242), a nun in the Abbey of las Huelgas; Ferdinand III (1201-1252), King of Castile and León; Eleanor (1202) and Alfonso (1203-1272), Lord of Molina and Mesa by his first marriage. In 1204, Pope Innocent III annulled the marriage of Berengaria and Alfonso on the grounds of consanguinity, despite the fact that Celestine III had permitted it at the time. This was the second annulment for Berengaria as well as for Alfonso, and they vehemently sought a dispensation in order to stay together. But this pope was one of the harshest on matrimonial issues and denied their request, although they succeeded in having their children considered legitimate. Her marriage dissolved, Berengaria returned to Castile and to her parents, where she dedicated herself to the care of her children. On the death of Alfonso VIII in 1214, the crown passed to his heir prince Henry (third and sole surviving son of the late king), who was only ten years old. Thus began a period of regency, first under the young king’s mother, lasting 24 days until her own death, and then under his sister and heir presumptive Berengaria. At this point internal strife began, instigated by the nobility, primarily the House of Lara. This forced Berengaria to cede guardianship of the king and the regency of the realm to Count Álvaro Núñez de Lara in order to avoid civil conflict in Castile. In February, 1216, an extraordinary parliamentary session was held in Valladolid, attended by such Castilian magnates as Lope Díaz II de Haro, Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, Álvaro Díaz de Cameros, Alfonso Téllez de Meneses and others, who agreed, with the support of Berengaria, to make common cause against Álvaro Núñez de Lara. At the end of May the situation in Castile had grown perilous for Berengaria, so she decided to take refuge in the castle of Autillo de Campos, which was held by Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón (one of her allies) and sent her son Ferdinand to the court of León and his father, Alfonso IX. On 15 Aug 1216, an assembly of all the magnates of Castile was held to attempt to reach an accord that would prevent civil war, but disagreements led the families of Girón, Téllez de Meneses, and Haro to break definitively with Álvaro de Lara. Circumstances changed suddenly when Henry died on 6 Jun 1217 after receiving a head wound from a tile which came loose accidentally while he was playing with some other children at the palace of the Bishop of Palencia. His guardian, Count Álvaro Núñez de Lara, tried to hide the fact, taking the king’s body to the castle of Tariego, although it was inevitable that the news should reach Berengaria. The new sovereign was well aware of the danger her former husband posed to her reign. Being her brother’s closest agnate, it was feared that he would claim the crown for himself. Therefore, she kept her brother’s death and her own accession secret from Alfonso before finally abdicating in their son’s favor on 31 Aug 1217. Although she did not wish to be queen, Berengaria was always at her son’s side as an advisor, intervening in state policy, albeit in an indirect manner. In this way she arranged the marriage of her son with princess Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (known as Beatriz in Castile), daughter of Duke Philip of Swabia and granddaughter of two emperors: Frederick Barbarossa and Isaac II Angelos of Byzantium. This union with such an important family improved the lineage of the Castilian monarchy and opened the way for Ferdinand to participate actively in European affairs. The wedding took place on 30 Nov 1219. Another instance in which Berengaria’s mediation stood out developed in 1218 when the scheming Lara family, still headed by former regent Álvaro Núñez de Lara, conspired to have Alfonso IX, King of León and King Ferdinand’s father, invade Castile to seize his son’s throne. However, the death of Count Lara facilitated the intervention of Berengaria, who got father and son to sign the Pact of Toro on 26 Aug 1218, putting an end to confrontations between Castile and León. In 1222, Berengaria intervened anew in favor of her son, achieving the ratification of the Convention of Zafra, thereby making peace with the Laras by arranging the marriage of Mafalda, daughter and heiress of the Lord of Molina, Gonzalo Pérez de Lara, to her own son and King Ferdinand’s brother, Alfonso. In 1224 she arranged the marriage of her daughter Berengaria to John of Brienne, a maneuver which brought Ferdinand III closer to the throne of León, since John was the candidate Alfonso IX had in mind to marry his eldest daughter Sancha. By proceeding more quickly, Berengaria prevented the daughters of her former husband from marrying a man who could claim the throne of León. But perhaps her most decisive intervention on Ferdinand’s behalf took place in 1230, when Alfonso IX died and designated as heirs to the throne his daughters Sancha and Dulce from his first marriage to Theresa of Portugal, superseding the rights of Ferdinand III. Berengaria met with the princesses’ mother and succeeded in the ratification of the Treaty of las Tercerías, by which they renounced the throne in favor of their half-brother in exchange for a substantial sum of money and other benefits. Thus were the thrones of León and Castile united in the person of Ferdinand III. She intervened again in the second marriage of Ferdinand after the death of Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen, although they had had plenty of children, but with the aim that the king’s virtue not be diminished with illicit relations. This time, she chose a French noblewoman, Joan of Dammartin, a candidate put forth by the king’s aunt and Berengaria’s sister Blanche, widow of King Louis VIII of France. Berengaria behaved like an actual queen while her son Ferdinand was in the south, on his long campaigns of the Reconquista. She governed Castile and León with the skill that always characterized her, assuring him that she had his back well covered. She met with her son a final time in Pozuelo de Calatrava in 1245, afterwards returning to Castile, where she died the next year.
Ferdinand III, King of Castile, León and Galicia
[30] Saint Ferdinand III, T.O.S.F., was the King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. Ferdinand III was one of the most successful kings of Castile, securing not only the permanent union of the crowns of Castile and León, but also masterminding the most expansive campaign of Reconquista yet. By military and diplomatic effort, Ferdinand III greatly expanded the dominions of Castile into southern Spain, annexing many of the great old cities of al-Andalus, including the old Andalusian capitals of Córdoba and Seville, and establishing the boundaries of the Castilian state for the next two centuries. He was canonized in 1671 by Pope Clement X and, in Spanish, he is known as Fernando el Santo, San Fernando or San Fernando Rey. In 1219, Ferdinand married Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (1203-1235), daughter of the German king Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina. Elisabeth was called Beatriz in Spain. Their children were: Alfonso X, his successor, Frederick, Ferdinand (1225-1243/1248), Eleanor (born 1227) and died young, Berengaria (1228-1289), a nun at Las Huelgas, Henry and Philip (1231-1274), Sancho, Archbishop of Toledo and Seville (1233-1261), John Manuel, Lord of Villena and Maria, died an infant in 1235. Second marriage: After he was widowed, he married Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, before August 1237. They had four sons and one daughter: Ferdinand (1239-1260), Count of Aumale, Eleanor (c.1241-1290), married Edward I of England, Louis (1243-1269), Simon (1244), who died young and buried in a monastery in Toledo and John (1245), who died young and buried at the cathedral in Córdoba. Today Saint Fernando can still be seen in the Cathedral of Seville, for he rests enclosed in a marvelous gold and crystal casket worthy of the king. His golden crown still encircles his head as he reclines beneath the statue of the Virgin of the Kings. Several places named San Fernando were founded across the Spanish Empire in his honor.
This plaster cast after the original gilt bronze effigy of Queen Eleanor of Castile, first wife of Edward I (1241-90), by William Torel, ca. 1291-3 from the Confessor’s Chapel, Westminster Abbey, London.
[31] Eleanor of Castile was the first queen consort of Edward I of England. She was also Countess of Ponthieu in her own right from 1279 until her death in 1290, succeeding her mother and ruling together with her husband. Arranged royal marriages in the Middle Ages were not always happy, but available evidence indicates that Eleanor and Edward were devoted to each other. Edward is among the few medieval English kings not known to have conducted extramarital affairs or fathered children out of wedlock. The couple were rarely apart. She accompanied him on military campaigns in Wales, famously giving birth to their son Edward on 25 Apr 1284 in a temporary dwelling erected for her amid the construction of Caernarfon Castle. Contemporary evidence shows clearly that Eleanor had no impact on the political history of Edward’s reign. Even in diplomatic matters her role was minor, though Edward did heed her advice on the age at which their daughters could marry foreign rulers. Otherwise she merely bestowed gifts on visiting princes or envoys. Edward always honored his obligations to Alfonso X, but even when Alfonso’s need was desperate in the early 1280s, Edward did not send English knights to Castile. He sent only knights from Gascony, which was closer to Castile. In England, Eleanor did mediate disputes of a minor nature between Edward’s subjects, but only with Edward’s consent and only with the help of ranking members of his council. Edward was prepared to resist her demands, or to stop her, if he felt she was going too far in any of her activities, and expected his ministers to do likewise. Eleanor of Castile’s queenship is significant in English history for the evolution of a stable financial system for the king’s wife, and for the honing this process gave the queen-consort’s prerogatives. The estates Eleanor assembled became the nucleus for dower assignments made to later queens of England into the 15th century, and her involvement in this process solidly established a queen-consort’s freedom to engage in such transactions. Few later queens exerted themselves in economic activity to the extent Eleanor did, but their ability to do so rested on the precedents settled in her lifetime.
[32] Elizabeth de Holland married William Boteler 3rd Baron Boteler of Wem (2nd creation) (1331-1369).
[33] Elizabeth Boteler married Robert Ferrers 1st Baron Ferrers of Wem (1341-1381). Robert was the son of Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley (1309-1350), who inherited the title Baron Ferrers of Chartley upon his father’s death from poisoning in Gascony in 1324 and was summoned to parliament on 25 February 1342. Robert, 2nd Baron served frequently in the Scottish and French wars of Edward III as well as participating the victory at Cressy. Before 20 Oct 1333, he married a woman named Margaret. They had one son, John who succeeded his father as John de Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Chartley. After the death of Margaret, Robert remarried to Joan de la Mote before 1350. They had one son, Sir Robert Ferrers, summoned to parliament as the 4th Baron Boteler of Wem Jure uxoris through his marriage to Elizabeth Boteler, 4th Baroness Boteler of Wem.
[34] Sir Robert Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Wem was the son of Sir Robert Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Wem (created by Writ of Summons dated 28 Dec 1375, and Elizabeth Boteler, 4th Baroness Boteler of Wem, who died in June 1411, and paternal grandson of Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley and Agnes or Aeneas de Bohun. Upon the death of his father in December 1380, he became Baron Boteler of Wem jure matris (he predeceased his mother, so never actually became the 5th baron). After his death, his mother’s 3rd husband assumed this title jure uxoris as well as 2nd Baron Ferrers of Wem. He had no son but two daughters. Female siblings being co-heiresses in England, both baronies are still abeyant between the descendants of these two sisters. Robert Ferrers married Joan Beaufort in 1391 at Beaufort-en-Vallée, Anjou. They had two daughters: Elizabeth (1393-1434), who married John de Greystoke, 4th Baron Greystoke (1389-1436). They had 12 children. One of their daughters, Anne, married Sir Ralph Bigod, descendant of Hugh Bigod (Justiciar) and his wife Joan de Stuteville (daughter of Dervorguilla I of Galloway, daughter of Lochlann of Galloway), and became ancestress of George Gascoigne, poet, and Zachary Taylor, 12th president of the United States.
[35] Mary (or Margery) (1394-1458) married her stepbrother, Sir Ralph Neville, son of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmoreland, about 1413 in Oversley, Warwickshire.
[36] Joan was the mother of Sir William Gascoigne (c. 1450-1486) who married Margaret Percy and became ancestor of many notable persons including Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Diana, Princess of Wales, Catherine (Kate Middleton), Duchess of Cambridge, George Washington and William Howard Taft (1st and 27th President of the United States). In a study of the ancestry of Catherine, William Addams Reitwiesner uncovered that Kate Middleton shares ancestors with her husband Prince William (“The Ancestry of Catherine Middleton, now The Duchess of Cambridge, wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge”, published posthumously by the New England Historic Genealogical Society). The closest relationship is via Prince William’s mother and Catherine’s father through a common descent from Sir Thomas Fairfax (1475-1520) and his wife Agnes (or Anne) Gascoigne (1474-1504) (Joan’s granddaughter, not her daughter by the same name), daughter of Sir William Gascoigne and his wife, née Lady Margaret Percy. This makes William and Kate 15th cousins, as follows: William Arthur Philip Windsor (1982 – ) – Diana Frances Spencer, Princess of Wales (1961 – 1997) – Edward John Spencer, 8th Earl (1924 – 1992) – Albert Edward John Spencer (1892 – 1975) – Charles Robert Spencer (1857 – 1922) – Adelaide Horatia Elizabeth Seymour (1825 – 1877) – Horace Beauchamp Seymour (1791 – 1851) – Anne Horatia Waldegrave (1759 – 1801) – James Waldegrave 2nd Earl Waldegrave (1715 – 1763) – Mary Webbe (1696 – 1718) – Barbara Belasyse – John Belasyse 1st Baron Belasyse of Worlaby (1614 – 1689) – Thomas Belasyse 1st Viscount Fauconberge of Henknowle (1577 – 1652) – Henry Belasyse (1555 – 1624) – Margaret Fairfax – Nicholas Fairfax (1499 – 1571) – Agnes Gascoigne (1474 – 1504) – William Fairfax (1504 – 1557) – William Fairfax – John Fairfax – Benjamin Fairfax (1592 – 1675) – Benjamin Fairfax ( – 1708) – Sarah Fairfax (1654 – 1678) – Philip Meadows (1679 – 1752) – Sarah Meadows (1725 – 1800) – Thomas Martineau (1764 – 1826) – Elizabeth Martineau (1794 – 1850) – Frances Elizabeth Greenhow (1821 – 1892) – Francis Martineau Lupton (1848 – 1921) – Olive Christiana Lupton (1881 – 1936) – Peter Francis Middleton (1920 – 2010) – Michael Middleton (1949 – ) – Catherine (Kate) Middleton Duchess of Cambridge. Kate is my 17th cousin 2x removed. William is my 11th cousin 1x removed through William Gager (1592 – 1630).
[37] Major-General Robert Overton was prominent soldier and scholar, who supported the Parliamentary cause during the English Civil War, and was imprisoned a number of times during the Protectorate and the English Restoration for his strong republican views. As positions hardened during the period before the English Civil War, Robert Overton supported the Parliamentary cause. At the outbreak of the First English Civil War, he tried to join the army of Lord Ferdinando Fairfax, but no official positions were available. He was allowed to fight without any definite rank and distinguished himself in the defence of Hull and at the Battle of Marston Moor. In August 1645 the governor of Pontefract, Sir Thomas Fairfax, appointed Overton deputy governor of Pontefract. Shortly after this appointment Overton captured Sandal Castle. Overton was acting governor during the siege. In the summer of 1647 Overton gained a commission in the New Model Army and in July was given command of the late Colonel Herbert’s foot regiment. During the political debates within the New Model Army we was a member of the Army Council and sat on the committee at the Putney Debates. In March 1648, Fairfax appointed Overton deputy governor of Kingston upon Hull. There he became friends with the notable Puritan poet Andrew Marvell, but was a very unpopular with the townsfolk. The townsfolk were known to by sympathetic to the Royalist cause and in June 1648 the town Mayor and some of the town council petitioned for his removal. The sources differ as to his actions during Second English Civil War. Barbara Taft writes that he spent the war in Hull (Taft, Barbara, “Overton, Robert (1608/9–1678/9)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004). Nan Overton West writes that he fought with Oliver Cromwell in Wales and the North of England, that he took the Isle of Axolme and was with Cromwell when Charles I was taken to the Isle of Wight (Overton West, Nan, The Overtons: 700 Years. With Allied Families from England to Virginia, Kentucky, and Texas, Abilene, Texas: H.V. Chapman & Sons, 1997). He supported the trial of the King in late 1648 early 1649, but wrote that he only wanted him deposed and not executed. He disagreed with other points of policy of the early Commonwealth government publishing his position in a pamphlet titled “The declaration of the officers of the garrison of Hull in order to the peace and settlement of the kingdom” and accompanying letter to Thomas Fairfax. The letter makes it clear that he supported actions like Pride’s Purge if the “corrupt Commons” stopped the Army’s reforms. Barbara Taft writes that the last six pages of the decleration reflect the case made in the Remonstrance by the New Model Army to Parliament, the rejection of which had triggered Pride’s Purge: a speedy end to the present parliament; a succession of free biennial parliaments with an equitable distribution of seats; future kings elected by the people’s representatives and having no negative voice; a “universal and mutual Agreement, … enacted and decreed, in perpetuum”, that asserts that the power of parliament is “inferior only to that of the people”. As divisions within the New Model Army widened during the Summer of 1649, fearing that these divisions would be used by their enemies, Overton issued a letter that made it clear that he sided with the Rump Parliament and the Grandees against the Levellers. When the Third Civil War broke out in 1650 he accompanied Cromwell to Scotland and commanded a Foot Brigade at the Battle of Dunbar his regiment was also involved in the English Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Inverkeithing (20 Jul 1651), where Overton commanded the reserve. When then New Model Army returned to England in pursuit of the invading Royalist Scottish army, Overton remained in Scotland as governor of Edinburgh. He helped complete the subjugation of Scotland and commanded an expedition to reduce the garrison forces in Orkney. On 14 May 1652 a grateful Parliament voted Scottish lands to him with an annual income of £400 pounds sterling. In December 1652, when George Monck’s successor Richard Deane was recalled, Monck appointed Overton as Military Commander over all the English forces in the Western Highlands with the rank of Major-General. He was also appointed governor of Aberdeen. In 1653 he returned to England because of his father’s death and succeeded to the family estate in Easington. He also resumed duties as governor of Hull. During 1650 he and his wife had become members of the “church” and in retrospect he considered the execution of Charles I as a fulfilment of Old Testament scripture, and often cited Ezekiel 21:26-27, concerning the humble and God’s “overturning” established order. Overton wrote: “the Lord…is forced to shake and shake and overturn and overturn; this is a shaking, overturning dispensation.” Some sources claim he was a Fifth Monarchist, but his views seemed to have spanned several of the religious beliefs and political grouping of the day and it is difficult to label him as belonging to any one group. He hailed Cromwell’s dissolution of the Rump Parliament in June 1653, but he subsequently became disenchanted and suspicious of Cromwell as Lord Protector. Although his letters to Cromwell remained cordial, during the early years of the Protectorate he seems to have become more and more disenchanted with the Lord Protector and the speed of reform. Cromwell informed him that he could keep his position in the army so long as he promised to relinquish his command when he could no longer support the policies of the Protectorate. In September 1654 Overton returned to his command in Scotland. In December 1654, Overton was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London for his part in the “Overton Revolt”. He was accused of planning a military insurrection against the government and plotting to assassinate Monck. It is not clear how involved he was in the plot, because he was good friends with Monck at the time and would have been unlikely to have been involved in a plot to kill him. But whatever his real position he was considered to have been too lenient with his “disaffected officers” in sanctioning their meetings and there was evidence that he held meetings with John Wildman, an incorrigible Leveller plotter, who would use anyone in order to bring down the Protectorate. Later while in the Tower of London, wrote to others informing them of Wildman’s plans. In 1655 Cromwell was convinced enough of his guilt to have him removed as governor of Hull and to confiscate the lands granted to him by Parliament in Scotland handing them back to Earl of Leven the owner before they were confiscated by Parliament. Overton remained imprisoned in the Tower until in March 1658 when he was moved to Elizabeth Castle on the island of Jersey. Barbara Taft mentions that “It is not unlikely that respect for Overton’s ability and fear of his appeal as an opposition leader played a major role in his imprisonment.” After Cromwell’s death and the re-installation of the Commonwealth, Grizelle, his sister, his wife Anne, her brother, and many Republicans, presented his case to Parliament, on 3 Feb 1659, along with letters from Overton’s close friend John Milton. Overton and John Milton probably became acquainted early on in St Giles in Cripplegate, where they moved and lived for a time. Milton considered Overton a scholar and celebrated him and his exploits in his “Defensio Secundo” by writing: “…bound to me these many years past in friendship of more than brotherly closeness and affection, both by the similarity of our tastes and the sweetness of your manners.” Milton also included Overton in his list of “twelve apostles of revolutionary integrity.” On 16 Mar 1659, Parliament ordered Overton released from prison after hearing his case, pronouncing his imprisonment illegal. Overton’s return was called “his greatest political triumph; a huge crowd, bearing laurel branches, acclaimed him and diverted his coach from its planned path.” In June 1659 he was restored to his command and further compensated for his losses. Charles II wrote him promising him forgiveness for past disloyalty and rewarded him for services in effecting the restoration. Overton was appointed governor of Hull and again was unpopular, many referring to him as “Governor Overturn,” because of his association with the Fifth Monarchists who used the phrase liberally. This perception was reinforced by the sermons of John Canne, a well known Fifth Monarchist preacher in Overton’s regiment at Hull. On 12 Oct 1659, he was one of seven Commanders in whom Parliament vested the government of the army until January 1660. By early 1660, Overton’s position started to diverge from that of Monck, as he did not support the return of Charles II, but he and his officers refused to aid Generals Lambert and Fleetwood. He sought to mediate and published an exhortation to them to maintain the Lord’s cause, entitled “The Humble Healing Advice of R.O.” His ambiguity of conduct and letters to troops in Yorkshire caused Monck much embarrassment, and as a result, Monck had Lord Thomas Fairfax order him to take any order Monck gave. On 4 Mar 1660, a day after Lambert’s arrest, Monck ordered Overton to surrender his command to Fairfax and come to London. Overton planned a stand, but he must have seen that defeat would have been inevitable. Hull’s disaffection for him and some division among the garrison caused him to allow himself to be replaced by Thomas Fairfax’s son, Charles Fairfax. The Garrison in Hull began the English Civil War as the first town to resist Charles I and was among the last to accept his son Charles II. After 1642 no monarch would set foot in Hull for over 200 years. Overton was an independent and a republican. He was regarded, perhaps falsely, as one of the Fifth Monarchists, and at the first rumor of insurrection was arrested and sent to the Tower of London in December 1660, where Samuel Pepys went to see him and wrote in his diary that Overton had been found with a large quantity of arms, which Pepys recorded that Overton said he only bought to London to sell. Overton was briefly at liberty in the Autumn of 1661. Realising that he might be re-arrested at any moment he spent the time arranging his financial and personal affairs he issued a series of deeds to make provision for his mother, his wife and family and to avoid confiscation of his property by the Crown. Most of his properties were sold to his family, to his sons Ebenezer and Fairfax and his daughter Joanna, and close friends. The last documents were executed on 7 Nov 1661 and on 9 Nov 1661 he was sent to Chepstow Castle. He managed a short interval of freedom but was again arrested on 26 May 1663 on “suspicion of seditious practices and for refusing to sign the oaths or give security.” As Andrew Marvell, the English Satirist, wrote in a letter to John Milton, “Col. Overton [was] one of those steady Republicans whom Cromwell was unable to conciliate and was under the necessity of security.” In 1664 the government sent him to Jersey, the second time he had been imprisoned there and this time it was to be for seven years. During this time he was allowed out and about on the island which was not uncommon for high-ranking political prisoners. Overton spent the years of his incarceration in Mont Orgueil Castle on Jersey Island trying to establish his freedom. He wrote a 370 page manuscript of letters, meditations and poetry to his beloved wife’s memory and about religious subjects. He remained a prisoner on Jersey until early December 1671 when he was released to his brother-in-law by a warrant that was signed by Charles II. He returned to England and lived his last years with or near his daughters and probably two sons in Rutland. Overton’s will was dated 23 Jun 1678 and died died shortly thereafter. He was buried either in Seaton churchyard, overlooking the Welland Valley and Rockingham Castle or in New Church Yard, Moorfields in London (sources are not in agreement).
[38] Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (sometime anachronistically Elizabeth Plantagenet) was the eighth and youngest daughter of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile. Of all of her siblings, she was closest to her younger brother Edward II of England, as they were only two years apart in age. First marriage: In April 1285 there were negotiations with Floris V for Elizabeth’s betrothal to his son John I, Count of Holland. The offer was accepted and John was sent to England to be educated. On 8 Jan 1297 Elizabeth was married to John at Ipswich. On 10 Nov 1299, John died of dysentery, though there were rumours of his murder. No children had been born from the marriage. Second marriage: On 14 Nov 1302 Elizabeth was married to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, 3rd of Essex, also Constable of England, at Westminster Abbey. The children of Elizabeth and Humphrey are: Hugh (1303 – 1305); Eleanor (1304 – 1363), married James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormonde and Thomas Dagworth, 1st Baron Dagworth; Humphrey (born and died 1305), buried with Mary or Margaret); Mary or Margaret de Bohun (born and died 1305), burined with Humphrey; John, 5th Earl of Hereford (1306-1335); Humphrey, 6th Earl of Hereford (1309-1361); Margaret, 2nd Countess of Devon (1311-1391), married Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon; William, 1st Earl of Northampton (1312-1360), twin of Edward, married Elizabeth de Badlesmere; Edward, twin of William; Eneas (1314-after 1322), when he’s mentioned in his father’s will and Isabel (born and died 1316). Elizabeth died giving birth to isabel, and they were buried together in Waltham Abbey.
Elizabeth de Bohun
[39] Eleanor de Bohun, Countess of Ormond, was born in Knaresborough Castle to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth daughter of King Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile. After the deaths of her parents, she was placed in the care of her aunt Mary Plantagenet and brought up at Amesbury Priory alongside various cousins including Joan Gaveston, Isabel of Lancaster and Joan de Monthermer. Edward II of England gave the priory a generous allowance of 100 marks annually for the upkeep of Eleanor and her younger cousin, Joan Gaveston. Eleanor was married twice; first in 1327 to James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormond, (son of Edmund Butler, Earl of Carrick and Lady Joan FitzGerald) who died in 1337 and secondly in 1343, to Thomas de Dagworth, Lord Dagworth who was killed in an ambush in Brittany in 1352. By her first marriage, Eleanor was an ancestress of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Parr, Queen consorts of King Henry VIII of England. Other descendants include the dukes of Beaufort, Newcastle, Norfolk, earls of Ormond, Desmond, Shrewsbury, Dorset, Rochester, Sandwich, Arundel, and Stafford. Children by James Butler: John (born 1330, died young); Petronilla, Baroness Talbot (died 1387) who married Gilbert Talbot, 3rd Baron Talbot and James, 2nd Earl of Ormond (1331-1382) who married Elizabeth Darcy. Children by Thomas Dagworth: Thomasine (1344-1409) married (1st) John De Dagworth and (2nd) William, 4th Baron Furnival and Nicholas (died 1401), who rebuilt Blickling Hall, later home of the Boleyn family.
[40] Petronilla married Gilbert Talbot, 3rd Baron Talbot (1332-1386)
[41] Sir Richard Talbot, 4th Lord Talbot, married Ankaret LeStrange, 7th Baroness Strange of Blackmere (1361-1413). In 1387, during his father’s lifetime, Richard 4th Baron was summoned to Parliament as Ricardo Talbot de Blackmere in right of his wife. His son Gilbert, the fifth Baron, also succeeded his mother as eighth Baron Strange of Blackmere.
[42] Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, Lord Marshal of England (1300-1338) was the son of Edward I of England and Margaret of France. His father died when he was 7 years old. Thomas’s half-brother, Edward, became king of England. The Earldom of Cornwall had been intended for Thomas, but Edward instead bestowed it upon his favourite, Piers Gaveston, in 1306. When Thomas was 10 years old, Edward assigned to him and his brother Edmund, the estates of Roger Bigod who had died without heir in 1306. In 1312, he was titled “Earl of Norfolk” and on 10 Feb 1316 he was created Lord Marshal of England. While his brother was away fighting in Scotland, he was left Keeper of England. Thomas was known for having a hot and violent temper. He was one of the many victims of the unchecked greed of Hugh the younger Despenser, who stole some of the young earl’s lands. He allied himself with Queen Isabella and Roger Mortimer, Earl of March when they invaded England in 1326, and stood as one of the judges in the trials against both Despensers. When his nephew Edward III reached his majority and took the government into his own hands Thomas became one of his principal advisors. It was in the capacity of Lord Marshal that he commanded the right wing of the English army at the Battle of Halidon Hill on 19 Jul 1333. Thomas married first, probably in 1319, Alice Hayles, daughter of Sir Roger Hayles and Alice Skogan. She was supposed to have been a great beauty. Her father was the coroner of Norfolk, which in the 14th century was a fiscal, not a medical position. His post demanded that he collect and protect revenues for the king. Thomas and Alice had three children: Edward of Norfolk (c. 1320-1334), Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk (c. 1320-1399) and Alice of Norfolk (1324–1352). Thomas’ descent passed through Margaret to the Mowbray family and ultimately the Howard Dukes of Norfolk, from whom descended two of the wives of Henry VIII of England, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard. Alice Hayles died in 1330, when a chantry was founded for her soul in Bosham, Sussex. Thomas was married again around 28 Mar 1335 to Mary Braose, widow of Ralph de Cobham, Lord Cobham.
[43] Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk, 2nd Countess of Norfolk (c. 1320 – 24 March 1399), also known as Lady Manny, was the daughter of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk, by his first wife Alice Hayles. She succeeded to the Earldom in 1338, and became Lord Marshal. Her childless brother, Edward, had died in 1334. She married firstly in 1337 to Sir John de Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave by whom she had four children: Edmund, died in the cradle; Elizabeth (1338-1368), married John de Mowbray, 4th Baron Mowbray; John (1340-1349) and Anne, Abbess of Barking. In 1338, Margaret inherited the Earldom of Norfolk when her father died, becoming the 2nd Countess of Norfolk. Along with this title came the office of Lord Marshal. To date, she is the only woman to have served in this position (or, as it was to be called in the future, Earl Marshal).
[44] On 25 Mar 1349, Elizabeth married John de Mowbray, 4th Baron Mowbray (1340-1368), the son of John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray and Joan of Lancaster, daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster. As was the custom of lords at the time, de Mowbray served in the French wars. The 4th Baron took the cross and died in Thrace near Constantinople, fighting the Turks in 1368. John and Elizabeth had at least two sons, and several daughters.
[45] Eleanor married John de Welles, 5th Baron Welles (1352–1421), an English soldier and noble. At a banquet in Edinburgh and presumably after too much alcohol, he issued, as Champion of England, the following challenge to David Lindsay (later 1st Earl of Crawford): “Let words have no place; if ye know not the Chivalry and Valiant deeds of Englishmen; appoint me a day and a place where ye list, and ye shall have experience.” As a result of the challenge, on St George’s Day, 23 Apr 1390, he fought David Lindsay in mock combat on horseback on London Bridge, losing the match by falling from his horse in their third charge against each other.
[46] Lionel de Welles, 6th Baron Welles, KG (1406-1461) was an English nobleman and soldier. He was killed fighting on the Lancastrian side at the Battle of Towton.
[47] Eleanor married Thomas Hoo, 1st Baron Hoo and Hastings KG (ca. 1396-1455), a Knight of the Garter and English courtier. Thomas was the son of Sir Thomas Hoo (c. 1370-1420) and wife (m. 1395) Eleanor de Felton (1378-1400). He succeeded his father in 1420, inheriting the family’s ancestral home of Luton Hoo in Bedfordshire as well as Mulbarton, Norfolk and other estates. He fought for Henry VI of England in France, and for his services was made, first Keeper of the Seals, then Chancellor of France. In 1439, he was granted the castle, lordship and honor of Hastings, and in 1445 elected Knight of the Garter. Two years later he was created Baron of Hoo and Hastings. Lord Hoo was twice married. His first wife was Elizabeth Wychingham, the daughter of Nicholas Wychingham of Witchingham, Norfolk, whom he married by settlement dated 1 July 1428. By her he had one daughter, Anne, who married Sir Geoffrey Boleyn, mercer and Lord Mayor of London. Lord Hoo married, secondly, before 1445, Eleanor Welles, daughter of Lionel de Welles, 6th Baron Welles, by whom he had three daughters, Anne (wife of Roger Copley, and secondly of William Greystoke), Eleanor (wife of James Carew of Beddington) and Elizabeth (wife of Thomas Masingbeard, and secondly Sir John Devenish). Lord Hoo died 13 Feb 1455. The barony of Hoo and Hastings become extinct at his death, and his properties passed to his four daughters and his half-brother, Sir Thomas Hoo, born 1416 to his father’s second wife, Elizabeth de Etchyngham. The brothers are interred together in the Dacre Tomb at Herstmonceux All Saints Church in Sussex.
[48] Anne married Roger Copley (1429-1490).
[49] Joan of Acre was an English princess, a daughter of King Edward I of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile. The name “Acre” derives from her birthplace in the Holy Land while her parents were on a crusade. She was married twice. Her first husband was Gilbert de Clare, Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, 7th Earl of Gloucester (1243-1295), one of the most powerful nobles in her father’s kingdom. He was also known as “Red” Gilbert de Clare or “The red earl”, probably because of his hair colour or fiery temper in battle. In April 1264, Gilbert de Clare led the massacre of the Jews at Canterbury, as Simon de Montfort had done in Leicester. Gilbert de Clare’s castles of Kingston and Tonbridge were taken by the King, Henry III. However, the King allowed de Clare’s Countess Alice de Lusignan, who was in the latter, to go free because she was his niece. However, on 12 May de Clare and de Montfort were denounced as traitors. Two days later, just before the Battle of Lewes, on 14 May, Simon de Montfort knighted the Earl and his brother Thomas. The Earl commanded the central division of the Baronial army, which formed up on the Downs west of Lewes. When Prince Edward had left the field in pursuit of Montfort’s routed left wing, the King and Earl of Cornwall were thrown back to the town. Henry took refuge in the Priory of St Pancras, and Gilbert accepted the surrender of the Earl of Cornwall, who had hidden in a windmill. Montfort and the Earl were now supreme and de Montfort in effect de facto King of England. On 20 Oct 1264, Gilbert and his associates were excommunicated by Pope Clement IV, and his lands placed under an interdict. In the following month, by which time they had obtained possession of Gloucester and Bristol, the Earl was proclaimed to be a rebel. However at this point he changed sides as he fell out with de Montfort and the Earl, in order to prevent de Montfort’s escape, destroyed ships at the port of Bristol and the bridge over the River Severn at Gloucester. Having changed sides, de Clare shared the Prince’s victory at Kenilworth on 16 July, and in the Battle of Evesham, 4 August, in which de Montfort was slain, he commanded the second division and contributed largely to the victory. On 24 Jun 1268 he took the Cross at Northampton in repentance and contrition for his past misdeeds. Joan’s second husband was Ralph de Monthermer, a squire in her household whom she married in secret. Joan is most notable for the claim that miracles have allegedly taken place at her grave, and for the multiple references to her in literature.
[50] Eleanor de Clare (1292–1337) married Hugh Despenser the Younger, favorite of her uncle Edward II. Hugh Despenser, 1st Lord Despenser (c. 1286-1326), also referred to as “the younger Despenser”, was the son and heir of Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester (the elder Despenser) and Isabella daughter of William, 9th Earl of Warwick. Hugh Despenser the younger became royal chamberlain in 1318. As a royal courtier, Despenser manoeuvred into the affections of King Edward, displacing the previous favorite, Roger d’Amory. This was much to the dismay of the baronage as they saw him both taking their rightful places at court and being a worse version of Gaveston. After many outrageous acts, the barons finally prevailed upon King Edward and forced Despenser and his father into exile in August 1321. Following the exile of the Despensers, the barons who opposed them fell out among themselves, and the King summoned the two men back to England. Early in the following year, King Edward took advantage of these divisions to secure the surrender of Marcher Lord Roger Mortimer, and the defeat and execution of the Earl of Lancaster, the Despensers’ chief opponents. The pair returned and King Edward quickly reinstated Despenser as royal favorite. His time in exile had done nothing to quell his greed, his rashness, or his ruthlessness. The time from the Despensers’ return from exile until the end of Edward II’s reign was a time of uncertainty in England. With the main baronial opposition leaderless and weak, having been defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge, and Edward willing to let them do as they pleased, the Despensers were left unchecked. They grew rich from their administration and corruption. This period is sometimes referred to as the “Tyranny”. This maladministration caused hostile feeling for them and, by proxy, Edward II. Despenser repeatedly pressed King Edward to execute Mortimer, who had been held prisoner in the Tower of London, following his surrender. However, Mortimer escaped from the Tower and fled to France. Queen Isabella had a special dislike for Hugh Despenser the younger. While Isabella was in France to negotiate between her husband and the French king, she formed a liaison with Roger Mortimer and began planning an invasion. Despenser supposedly tried to bribe French courtiers to assassinate Isabella, sending barrels of silver as payment. Roger Mortimer and the Queen invaded England in October 1326. Their forces numbered only about 1,500 mercenaries to begin with, but the majority of the nobility rallied to them throughout October and November. By contrast, very few people were prepared to fight for Edward II, mainly because of the hatred that the Despensers had aroused. The Despensers fled West with the King, with a sizable sum from the treasury. The escape was unsuccessful. Separated from the elder Despenser, the King and the younger Despenser were deserted by most of their followers, and were captured near Neath in mid-November. King Edward was placed in captivity and later forced to abdicate in favour of his son. The elder Despenser (the father) was hanged at Bristol on 27 Oct 1326, and younger Despenser (the son) was brought to trial on 24 Nov 1326, in Hereford, before Mortimer and the Queen. He was judged a traitor and a thief, and sentenced to public execution by hanging, as a thief, and drawing and quartering, as a traitor. Additionally, he was sentenced to be disembowelled for having procured discord between the King and Queen, and to be beheaded, for returning to England after having been banished. Immediately after the trial, Despenser was dragged behind four horses to his place of execution, where a great fire was lit. He was stripped naked, and Biblical verses denouncing arrogance and evil were carved into his skin. He was then hanged from a gallows 50 feet high, but cut down before he could choke to death. In Froissart’s account of the execution, Despenser was then tied to a ladder, and – in full view of the crowd – had his genitals sliced off and burned (in his still-conscious sight) then his entrails slowly pulled out, and, finally, his heart cut out and thrown into the fire. Finally, his corpse was beheaded, his body cut into four pieces, and his head mounted on the gates of London. Mortimer and Isabella feasted with their chief supporters, as they watched the execution. Four years later, in December 1330, his widow was given permission to gather and bury his remains at the family’s Gloucestershire estate, but only the head, a thigh bone and a few vertebrae were returned to her.
[51] Isabelle married Richard FitzAlan, 3rd Earl of Arundel, in 1321. Richard’s father, Edmund FitzAlan, was the second member of the FitzAlan family to be definitely styled Earl of Arundel. He is therefore counted variously as the 2nd, 7th or 9th Earl, depending on whether the claims of the first seven to have been Earls by tenancy are accepted. Though he had stood against Edward II in the past, Edmund FitzAlan, 2nd Earl of Arundel had loyally supported him since the 1320s. Thus it must have seemed to be politically prudent to Edmund to marry his heir Richard to the eldest daughter of the King’s closest friend and adviser Hugh le Despenser. For Hugh’s part, a large incentive for him must have been that he could expect his daughter Isabel would one day become Countess of Arundel. On 9 Feb 1321 at the royal manor Havering-atte-Bower, Isabel was duly married to Richard FitzAlan, the heir to the earldom of Arundel. Isabel was only eight at the time, while Richard was only seven. Their respective ages would come up later when Richard would try to seek an annulment. Richard and Isabel had one son, Edmund Fitzalan, born in 1327, and in 1331 Isabel’s husband became earl of Arundel. However in December 1344 Richard Fitzalan had their marriage annulled on the grounds that he had never freely consented to marry Isabel and that they both had renounced their vows at puberty but had been “forced by blows to cohabit, so that a son was born”. Isabel retired to several manors in Essex that were given to her by her ex-husband. Richard quickly remarried Eleanor of Lancaster, with whom he had apparently been having an affair. By his first marriage to Isabel Despenser he had two children: Edmund Fitzalan, who was bastardized by the annulment, married Sybil, daughter of William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury; Mary (Isabel) Fitzalan (died 29 Aug 1396), married John Le Strange, 4th Lord Strange of Blackmere. By the second marriage to Eleanor Plantagenet, he had 3 sons and 3 surviving daughters: Richard, who succeeded him as 11th Earl of Arundel, John, Thomas, Joan, Alice and Eleanor. When his father died in 1376 Edmund quarreled with his half-siblings, the children of his father’s second marriage, over inheritance rights. Edmund was imprisoned in the Tower of London until he was released in 1377 by request of his brothers-in-law. After their father was executed for treason in 1326, Isabel and her youngest sister Elizabeth were the only daughters of Hugh the Younger to escape being confined in nunneries, Isabel because she was already married and Elizabeth because of her youth. Richard’s father, Edmund Fitzalan, was executed by Isabella, and Richard did not succeed to his father’s estates or titles.
[52] The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom Extant, Extinct, or Dormant (CP) by George Edward Cokayne lists Mary as a daughter of Richard FitzAlan and his first wife, Isabel Despenser (CP, vol 1, p. 244). CP Corrections, Volume 14, p.596 retains the identification of John Strange’s wife Mary as a daughter of Richard, the 10th Earl, but mentions an alternative possibility that Mary was instead the daughter of Edmund FitzAlan, the 9th Earl (therefore Richard’s sister). It adds that if this were so, Mary would have been aged about 40 when her son John was born. Mary (Isabel) married John Le Strange, 4th Baron Strange of Blackmere.
[53] The title Baron Strange of Blackmere was created once in the Peerage of England. On 13 Jan 1309 Fulk le Strange was summoned to parliament. On the death of the fifth baron in 1375, it was inherited by Elizabeth Mowbray, née le Strange. And on her death in 1383, it was inherited by Ankaret Talbot, née le Strange. And on her son’s death in 1419, the barony was inherited by Ankaret Talbot, his daughter. On her death in 1421, the barony was inherited by her uncle, John Talbot who was created Earl of Shrewsbury, Earl of Waterford and Hereditary Lord High Steward of Ireland. On the death of the 7th earl respectively in 1616, the barony fell into abeyance.
[54] Eleanor Coply married Thomas West, 8th Baron De La Warr and 5th Baron West (c. 1457-11 Oct 1525). Thomas was the oldest son of Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr and 4th Baron of West and Catherine Hungerford. Thomas succeeded to his titles at the age of 19. He had an active military career under both Henry VII and Henry VIII, and was multiply honored as a result: 1478 (in the reign of Henry VII) – Knight of the Bath, 1497 – He commanded a retinue in the Battle of Deptford Bridge; 1510 (in the reign of Henry VIII) – Knight of the Garter; 1513 – He commanded a retinue in the Battle of the Spurs; 1520 – He was part of Henry VIII’s retinue at the Field of the Cloth of Gold; 1524 – He was appointed High Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex. Thomas was married three times and fathered eighteen children, including his heir, Thomas, and Sir Owen West, among whose heirs the Barony of West remains abeyant to this day. His wives were: (1st) Eleanor Percy (b. 1455), daughter of Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland and Lady Eleanor Poynings. This marriage was to remain childless; (2nd) Elizabeth Mortimer (d. 1502), daughter of Lord Hugh Mortimer of Mortimer’s Hall, Southampton County and Eleanor Cornwall. They had five sons and six daughters, including his eldest son, Thomas West, 9th Baron De La Warr and 6th Baron West (1479-1554), who married Elizabeth Bonville and (3rd) Eleanor Copley (b.1476), daughter of Sir Roger Copley of Sussex and Anne Hoo. They had three sons and four daughters. Thomas is buried in Broadwater Church, in Broadwater (now a suburb of Worthing), Sussex, England.
[55] Sir George West (1510-1538), married Elizabeth Morton.
[56] William West, 1st Baron De La Warr (of the second creation)was the nephew and adopted heir of Thomas West, 9th Baron De La Warr. William West was the eldest son of Sir George West, the third of four brothers, and of Elizabeth Morton, daughter of Sir George Morton of Lechlade. On 1 Feb 1550, he was attainted of attempting to poison his uncle. In English criminal law, attainder or attinctura is the metaphorical “stain” or “corruption of blood” which arises from being condemned for a serious capital crime (felony or treason). It entails losing not only one’s property and hereditary titles, but typically also the right to pass them on to one’s heirs, and this was the result in William’s case. His uncle died four years later, so far as we know of natural causes. William West was convicted of treason in 1556 for assisting the plot of George Dudley against Mary I of England. He argued that he was a peer and should be tried in the House of Lords, but was refused. He was nevertheless a captain in the siege of St. Quentin in 1557. In 1563, he was restored in blood (i.e. to his rights of inheritance by descent). He was knighted and created Baron Delaware on 5 Feb 1570. He took part as a peer in the trials and convictions of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk and later, his son, Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel. He was junior peer in his lifetime, as latest created. However, his son and descendants have been seated with the precedence of 1299, as though they had inherited his uncle Thomas’s title. By the modern rules of the House of Lords, his uncle’s title fell into abeyance between the daughters of William West’s second uncle, Sir Owen West, or their heirs. However, as Cokayne notes, such rules are at best modern approximations to actual medieval practice. What seems clear is that some, but not all, writers treat the letters patent as clarifying the descent of the ancient title, rather than creating a new one, hence William is sometimes referred to as 10th baron. He married Elizabeth Strange and was the father of one son, Thomas West, 2nd Baron De La Warr, and three daughters, Jane West, Elizabeth West, and Mary West. He was succeeded as Baron De La Warr by his son Thomas.
[57] Thomas West, 2nd and 11th Baron De La Warr of Wherwell Abbey in the English county of Hampshire was a member of Elizabeth I’s Privy Council and High Sheriff of Hampshire. Thomas was the only son of William West, 1st Baron De La Warr and Lady Elizabeth Strange. He succeeded his father, who had been created Baron De La Warr in 1597 by letters patent. In 1597 he petitioned the House of Lords to have the precedence of the original barony, 1299, on the basis that he actually held the ancient peerage. After his claim was admitted, he sometimes referred to himself as 11th Baron. On 19 Nov 1571 at Wherwell in Hampshire, he was married to Anne Knollys, daughter of Sir Francis Knollys and Catherine Carey, with whom he had thirteen children, including Elizabeth (1573-1633), Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (1577-1618), who married Lady Cicely Shirley, Francis West, Governor of Virginia (1586-1634) and John West, Governor of Virginia (1590-1659).
[58] Elizabeth West married (1st) in Wherwell, Hampshire, on 12 Feb 1593 Sir Herbert Pelham, Esq. and Knt., of Michelham (Bucksteep, Sussex, 1546 – Fordington, Dorset, 12 Apr 1620), already a widower with issue of Catherine Thatcher (about 1550 – 1593), whom he married in Westham, Sussex about 1565. Elizabeth and Herbert are (ancestors of John Davison Rockefeller Sr., b 1839 –his 7th g-grandparents). Elizabeth married (2nd) Sir Richard Saltonstall (1586-1661). Saltonstall led a group of English settlers up the Charles River to settle in what is now Watertown, Massachusetts in 1630. He was a nephew of the Lord Mayor of London Richard Saltonstall (1517–1600) and was amitted pensioner at Clare College, Cambridge in 1603. Before leaving England for North America, he served as aJustice of the Peace for the West Riding of Yorkshire and was Lord of the Manor of Ledsham. He was one of the grantees of the Massachusetts Company and left England on 26 Aug 1629 aboard the Arbella. He was named First Assistant to Governor John Winthrop. Saltonstall arrived in Massachusetts with his wife, Elizabeth, and his children, Richard, Jr., Samuel, Robert, Henry, Grace, Rosamund, John and Anne. The illness of one of his daughters caused him to return to England in 1631, along with his wife, daughters, and two of his sons. He maintained an interest in the colonies and was one of the patentees of the Connecticut Colony. In 1644, he was appointed ambassador to Holland, where his portrait was painted by Rembrandt. Saltonstall’s first wife was Grace Kaye. They had four children: sons Richard, Robert, and Samuel, and a daughter, Grace. After his wife died in 1625, Saltonstall married Lady Elizabeth West, by whom he had two additional children, Anne and John. Although Saltonstall only remained in Massachusetts for a brief time, his descendents played a major role in New England history. There are several monuments dedicated to Saltonstall in Watertown. These include Saltonstall Park on Main Street, Watertown and the Saltonstall Founders Memorial near the Charles River. There is a small granite monument commemorating their settlement close to the Mt. Auburn Bridge in Cambridge.
[59] Elizabeth Pelham died in England, but her husband, John Humphrey (1596-1661) subsequently arrived in Virginia in 1634 or 1635 with at least two daughters. John apparently returned to England in 1641, leaving his daughters behind in Virginia in the care of others.
[60] Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, jure uxoris 4th Earl of Ulster and 5th Baron of Connaught, KG was the third son, but the second son to survive infancy, of Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was so called because he was born at Antwerp. He was betrothed when a child to Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster (d. 1363), daughter and heiress of William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (d. 1332), and they married in 1352, but before this date he had entered into possession of her great Irish inheritance. He was called Earl of Ulster from 1347. Having been named as his father’s representative in England in 1345 and again in 1346, Lionel joined an expedition into France in 1355, but his chief energies were reserved for the affairs of Ireland. Appointed governor of that country, he landed at Dublin in 1361, and in November of the following year was created Duke of Clarence, the second Dukedom created in England, while his father made an abortive attempt to secure for him the crown of Scotland. His efforts to secure an effective authority over his Irish lands were only moderately successful. After holding a parliament at Kilkenny, which passed the celebrated Statute of Kilkenny in 1366, he dropped the task in disgust and returned to England. The poet Geoffrey Chaucer was at one time a page in Lionel’s household. Lionel’s wife died in Dublin in 1363, leaving behind a daughter, Philippa, whose descendants would one day claim the throne for the House of York. A second marriage was arranged for Lionel with Violante (c. 1353-1386), daughter of Galeazzo Visconti, lord of Pavia (d. 1378). The enormous dowry which Galeazzo promised with his daughter being exaggerated by the rumor of the time. Journeying to fetch his bride, Lionel was received in great state both in France and Italy, and was married to Violante at Milan on 28 May 1368. Some months were then spent in festivities, during which Lionel was taken ill at Alba, where he died. There was strong speculation at the time that he had been poisoned by his father-in-law although this has never been proven. Lionel’s only child, Philippa, married in 1368 Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March (1351–1381). Their granddaughter and eventual heir, Anne Mortimer, married into the Yorkist branch of the English Royal family. The House of York based its claim to the throne on this line of descent.
[61] Philippa was born in Eltham Palace, Kent, England. She was the daughter and only child of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence and Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster. Her father was the second son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. Philippa married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March in about 1368 at Reading Abbey, forging an alliance that would have far-reaching consequences in English history. During her own lifetime, Philippa was the heiress presumptive to her first cousin Richard II, and would be displaced in the succession by any children of the king. After her death in 1382, her rights passed on to her son, Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March. When Richard resigned his crown without issue on 29 Sep 1399, the rightful heir was Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, whose father Roger had died the previous year. However, the throne was usurped by Richard and Philippa’s first cousin, Henry Bolingbroke, an event that later precipitated the Wars of the Roses. As a result of her seniority in the line of succession to the throne of the Kingdom of England and her marriage into the powerful Mortimer family, her descendants eventually succeeded to the throne as the House of York under Edward IV. She died, most likely of a fever, on 5 Jan 1382 in Cork, Ireland, and was buried in Wigmore, Herefordshire.
[62] Elizabeth Mortimer, Baroness Camoys was an English noblewoman, who, as the granddaughter of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, was in the line of succession to the English throne. Her first husband was Sir Henry Percy, known to history as “Hotspur”. She married secondly Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys. Her mother Philippa was the only child of Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, and Elizabeth de Burgh, Countess of Ulster. Lionel was the second eldest son of King Edward III of England, therefore Lady Elizabeth, through her mother, was in the second senior line of succession to the English throne. Her younger brother, Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March was in point of fact, King Richard II’s heir presumptive. Besides Roger, she had two other brothers, Sir Edmund Mortimer and John. She had also one younger sister, Philippa, who married firstly John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, secondly, Sir Thomas Poynings, and thirdly as his second wife, Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel. On an unknown date, sometime before 10 Dec 1379, when she was still a child, she married her first husband, Henry Percy, eldest son of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland. He was about five or seven years her senior and would later acquire the reputation as a great soldier and warrior, known to history by the nickname of “Hotspur”. Together the couple resided at Alnwick Castle in Northumberland, and they had three children: Henry, Elizabeth and Matilda (died young). On 21 Jul 1403, her husband was killed in the Battle of Shrewsbury, while commanding the rebel army which fought against the royalist forces of King Henry IV. He was buried in Whitchurch, Shropshire. However, when rumors circulated throughout the kingdom that he was still alive, King Henry ordered that his body be exhumed. This done, the King dispatched Percy’s head to York where it was impaled on the city’s gate. His four quarters were first sent to London, Newcastle upon Tyne, Bristol and Chester before they were finally delivered to Elizabeth. She had him buried in York Minster in November of that same year. In January 1404, her husband was posthumously declared a traitor and his lands were forfeited to the Crown. Sometime after 1403, she married her second husband Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys, by whom she had two additional children: Roger Camoys and Alice Camoys. Upon her marriage to Camoys, Elizabeth was styled Baroness Camoys. Like her first husband, Baron Camoys was a renowned soldier who commanded the left wing of the English Army at the Battle of Agincourt on 25 Oct 1415. Elizabeth died on 20 Apr 1417. She was buried in St. George’s Church at Trotton, Sussex. Her second husband was buried beside her, and their table-tomb, with its fine monumental brass depicting the couple holding hands, can be viewed in the middle of the chancel inside the church. Through her eldest daughter, Elizabeth, Queen consort Jane Seymour was among her many descendants. Elizabeth is represented as Kate, Lady Percy in William Shakespeare’s play Henry IV, Part 1 and briefly again as Widow Percy in Henry IV, Part 2.
[63] Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, was an English nobleman and military commander in the lead up to the Wars of the Roses. He was the son of Henry “Hotspur” Percy, and the grandson of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland. Father and grandfather were killed in different rebellions against Henry IV in 1403 and 1405 respectively, and the young Henry spent his minority in exile in Scotland. Only after the death of Henry IV in 1413 was he reconciled with the Crown, and in 1416 he was created Earl of Northumberland. In the following years, Northumberland occasionally served with the king in France, but his main occupation was the protection of the border to Scotland. At the same time, a feud with the Neville family was developing, particularly with Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury. This feud became entangled with the conflict between the Duke of York and the Duke of Somerset over control of national government. The conflict culminated in the first battle of the Wars of the Roses, at St Albans, where both Somerset and Northumberland were killed. Children of Henry Percy and Eleanor Neville: John (1418- ); Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland (1421-1461), killed at the Battle of Towton; Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont (1422-1460), killed at the Battle of Northampton; Katherine (1423-after 1475), married Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent; George (1424-1474); Ralph (1425-1464), killed at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor; Richard (1427-1461), killed at the Battle of Towton; William (1428-1462), Bishop of Carlisle; Anne Percy (1436-1522); and Joan.
[64] Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, was the only one of the Percy family to appear to take the side of the House of York during the Wars of the Roses. His father was loyal to the House of Lancaster. He was killed in the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461. The earldom of Northumberland was forfeited by the victorious Yorkists. The adolescent Percy was imprisoned in the Fleet Prison and later transported to the Tower of London in 1464. In 1465, John Neville was named Earl of Northumberland in his place. Percy eventually swore fealty to Edward IV and was released in 1469. He petitioned for the return of his paternal titles and estates to him, gaining the support of Edward IV himself. John Neville had to quit his title and was instead named Marquess of Montagu in 1470. However the restoration of the title to Percy was delayed by the Parliament of England until 1473. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1474. For the following twelve years, Percy held many of the important government posts in northern England , such as warden of the east and middle marches, which were traditional in his family. He commanded the Yorkist reserve at the Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 Aug 1485. Percy never committed his forces to the battle. His inactivity played an important part in the defeat and death of Richard III. Historians suspect him of treason in favor of victor Henry VII of England, although there is an alternative theory that his forces, placed behind those of King Richard, were in no position to take part in the battle before Richard was killed. If the first theory is true, then Henry himself was either unaware or not appreciative of his treasonous intentions. Percy was arrested along with Ralph Neville, 3rd Earl of Westmorland and Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. He was imprisoned for several months but swore allegiance to the new King. Henry VII released him on terms of good behavior. Percy was allowed to retain his titles and lands as well as returning to his old posts. In April 1489, Percy held temporary residence in his estates of Yorkshire. Henry VII had recently allied himself to Anne of Brittany against Charles VIII of France. Taxes rose to finance the military action. Sir John Egremont of Yorkshire led a riot in protest at the high taxation, known as the Yorkshire rebellion. Percy was targeted by the rioters as he approached the city and lynched on 28 Apr 1489. He was buried at Beverley Minster. Henry was married to Maud Herbert, Countess of Northumberland after 1473 but before 1476. She was daughter to William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1423-1469) and his wife Anne Devereaux.
[65] Henry Algernon Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland, was an English noble who was a member of the courts of both Henry VII and Henry VIII. Henry Algernon Percy was well looked after and brought up at the court of Henry VII, while his sisters’ marriages were the object of careful negotiation. He was made Knight of the Bath on 21 Nov 1489, at the time when Prince Arthur (the first son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York) was created Prince of Wales. On 28 Apr 1489 Henry Algernon Percy succeeded his father, Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland, as 5th Earl of Northumberland. Northumberland attended Henry VII at the conclusion of the treaty of Etaples in 1492 and took a prominent part in the elaborate ceremony of 1494, when Prince Henry was created Knight of theBath. In 1495 he was made a Knight of the Garter. In 1497 he served in the royal army against the Cornish rebels and fought at the battle of Blackheath. On 14 May 1498 he received livery of his lands and entered into the management of his various castles and estates. How important Northumberland’s position was can be seen from The Northumberland Household Book, which was edited from the manuscript in possession of the Duke of Northumberland by Thomas Percy in 1770. It was begun in 1512. His income was about £2,300. a year, which probably does not include all that he received by way of gift. But on his various retinues of servants he spent no less than £1,500. a year, and as the margin had to meet all such expenses as his journeys to the court, and as he was extraordinarily magnificent in taste, he was soon in debt. In 1501 he was appointed constable of Knaresborough, steward of the Lordship of Knaresborough and master forester in the forest there. On 1 Apr 1502 he was a commissioner of oyer and terminer for London. He was also constantly in the commission of the peace for various counties. Northumberland received the important appointment of warden of the east marches towards Scotland on 30 Jun 1503, and one of his first duties was to escort Margaret to Scotland on her way to join James IV of Scotland, and his splendid dress and numerous servants pleased the princess. Northumberland seems to have irritated Henry VII just before the king died. He had disposed of the wardship and marriage of Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Sir John Hastings. He was fined £10,000, an amount of money quite as difficult to raise, and it is extraordinary that he managed to pay half the money before Henry VIII came to the throne. The new king cancelled the remainder of the debt on 21 Mar 1510. On 4 Feb 1512 he was a trier of petitions from Gascony and beyond the sea. Northumberland served in the war of 1513 as a grand captain, with a very large retinue. From Calais he went to the siege of Thérouanne and in the battle of the Spurs he commanded the “showrers and forridors”, Northumberland men on light geldings. The next year he was a chief commissioner of array for various counties. As Thomas Wolsey rose, the great nobles had one by one to submit to his tyranny. Northumberland, on the advice of Will Hatty, was suspected of being too friendly with Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, and so, on a charge of interfering with the king’s prerogative about the wards, he was cast into the Fleet Prison in 1516. Possibly he was only put there so that Wolsey might have the credit of getting him out. He was examined in the Court of the Star Chamber, and soon set free. Northumberland was friendly with George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, and they arranged to go on a pilgrimage this year together. Shrewsbury had been anxious to marry his daughter to a son of Buckingham, but, having disputed about money matters, the parents broke off the match. It was now arranged, most unfortunately as it turned out, that the lady should marry Northumberland’s son, the Lord Percy, in June 1517. Northumberland met Queen Margaret of Scotland at York to conduct her on her way home. He undertook the duty with reluctance, doubtless from want of money, and his wife was excused attendance. In 1518 he was one of those who held lands in Calais. Wolsey in 1519, in a letter to the king, expressed suspicions of his loyalty, but he escaped the fate of the Duke of Buckingham and went to the Field of the Cloth of Gold, where he was a judge of the lists. The same year, 1517, Northumberland had a grant of the honor of Holderness. He was present at Henry’s meeting with the emperor in May 1522, and attested the ratification of the treaty made. He seems to have been offered, but not to have accepted, the wardenship of all the marches towards Scotland in 1523, and is said to have incurred the contempt of his tenants by his refusal. But he continued active while Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey was in chief command. In 1523 he made an inroad into Scotland, and was falsely accused by Dacre of going to war with the crosskeys of York, a royal badge, on his banner. He cleared himself easily enough. In 1524 he was again on the border. In 1525 he had some trouble with the council of the north, of which he had been a member since 1522, but he cleared himself and took part in the ceremony of the creation of Henry Fitzroy, Henry VIII’s natural son, Earl of Nottingham. He died at Wressell on 19 May 1527, and was buried at Beverley, where he had built a splendid shrine. Northumberland was magnificent in his tastes, and being one of the richest magnates of his day, kept a very large establishment, and was fond of building. Leland praised the devices for the library at Wressell, presumably arranged by him. He encouraged the poet John Skelton, who wrote the elegy on his father. A manuscript formerly in his possession forms British Museum Reg. Bib. 18 D ii. It consists of poems, chiefly by Lydgate.
[66] Sir Thomas Percy (c. 1504–2 June 1537) was a participant in the 1537 Bigod’s Rebellion in the aftermath of the Pilgrimage of Grace, a Roman Catholic uprising against Henry VIII of England. He was convicted of treason and hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn.
[67] Mary Percy married Francis Slingsby, born 1522 in Petworth, Sussex, England and died 1600 in Scriven, Knaresborough, West Riding, England.
[68] Sir Henry Slingsby (1560-1634) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1601-24. Slingsby was the son of Francis Slingsby and his second wife. He held a number of offices including feodary for the Duchy of Lancaster and feodary of Tickhill. He was receiver of Pontefract castle, and was receiver surveyor and collector of Knaresborough and Wakefield in 1588. He was janitor and deputy keeper of Knaresborough Castle and bailiff and coroner within the liberty of Knaresborough. He was chief forester of Knaresborough and Wharfdale and was custodian of Bilton park in about 1600. He succeeded to the estates of his father in 1600. In 1601, Slingsby was elected Member of Parliament for Knaresborough. He was also Justice of the Peace for the West Riding of Yorkshire in 1601. He was knighted in 1602. From 1603 he was a member of the council in the north. In 1604, he was re-elected MP for Knaresborough. He was Sheriff of Yorkshire from 1611-12. In 1614 he was elected MP for Knaresborough again and was re-elected in 1621 and 1624. Slingsby died at Nun Monckton, Yorkshire, at the age of about 74 and was buried on the 28 Dec 1634 in the family chapel in Knaresborough church. Slingsby married Frances Vavasour, daughter of William Vavasour of Weston. His wife died on 24 Jul 1611.
[69] Eleanor Slingby married Sir Arthur Ingram, an English investor, landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1624-42. Responsible for the construction, purchase and sale of many manor houses and estates in Yorkshire, the Ingram family are most associated with Temple Newsam which became the seat of this wealthy family for over 300 years. Ingram was born at Thorpe-on-the-Hill (near Leeds). The second son of Hugh Ingram of Rothwell and Ann Goldthorpe of York, he came from a poor working-class background to become the most extensive landowner in Yorkshire and one of the richest men in the country at the time. He became a linen draper in London and married Anne, the daughter of a wealthy haberdasher, Richard Goldthorpe, formerly Lord Mayor of York and the MP for the city. He was an influential man and obtained the Controllership of the Customs for the port of London from 1601. He worked extensively as an investment consultant and trade advisor and later moved into real estate. He was responsible for the sale of Castleford Mills in 1607 and Castleford Manor in 1610. In 1612, Ingram was appointed as Secretary of the Council of the North and was knighted by James I in 1613. In 1615 he became Cofferer of the Household. However, he was soon blackballed from court because of his working-class background and shrewd business practices. He moved back to Yorkshire and became highly active in real estate development. Temple Newsam House: In 1619 he built a new mansion on the site of the former Archbishop’s Palace in York. In 1621 he acquired from the Crown the ruinous Sheriff Hutton Castle in the Forest of Galtres, north of York. He employed its cut stone in building Sheriff Hutton Park nearby. In 1622 he purchased the manor house at Temple Newsam and estate from the Duke of Lennox (who had been granted it by King James I) for £12,000. Temple Newsam is a Tudor-Jacobean house with grounds landscaped by Capability Brown and lies to the east of Leeds, just south of Halton Moor, Halton, Whitkirk and Colton. As Ingram became more prosperous, his power and ties increased. Ingram served as High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1620 and became the Member of Parliament (MP) for York in 1624 and served four terms until 1629 when King Charles I dispensed with parliament. In 1636, Ingram purchased the Manor of Knottingley for £4,000, and in 1637 he bought Knottingley Mills from Francis Tyndall[, as well as the manor of Bentley from York barrister John Levett for £4,000. Sometime in late 1638 or early 1639 he is documented as having paid the painter George Geldorp to paint his portrait. In the late 1630s he also built Ingram House in Bootham. In April 1640, Ingram was elected MP for Windsor for the Short Parliament and in November 1640, he became the MP for Callington for the Long Parliament. He erected a new manor house at Hill Top, Knottingley shortly before his death in August 1642. Ingram was survived by three sons; the oldest, William, studied at Cambridge University and became a divine. His flamboyant grandson Henry joined the court in exile of Charles II and was rewarded with the title of Viscount of Irvine after the Restoration.
[70] Margaret de Quincy (born 1218) was the second wife of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby (1193-1254). She was also the daughter of Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester and Helen of Galloway. William’s daughter Eleanor by his first wife married Roger as histhird wife. Bizarrely, this means Margaret was both the stepmother and stepdaughter of William’s daughter, Eleanor.
[71] Robert III de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby was an English nobleman. He was born at Tutbury Castle in Staffordshire, England, the son of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby and the Earl’s 2nd wife Margaret de Quincy (born 1218), daughter of Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester and Helen of Galloway. In 1249, at the age of 10, he married the seven-year-old Mary (or Marie), daughter of Hugh XI of Lusignan Count of La Marche, the eldest of Henry III’s half-brothers, at Westminster Abbey. This arranged marriage is an indication of Henry’s high regard for Robert’s father. William died in 1254, so that Robert became a knight and inherited the title while he was still a minor. He and his estates became a ward of Prince Edward. In 1257, Edward sold the wardship to the queen and Peter of Savoy for 6000 marks, which might have been a source of Ferrers’ later antipathy for the prince. Robert came of age in 1260 and took possession of the vast estates he inherited. The first of these passed to him from his Norman ancestors, a large part of Derbyshire that included the area later known as Duffield Frith, together with parts of Staffordshire and Nottinghamshire. In addition, he received Chartley Castle in Staffordshire, and all Lancashire between the Ribble and the Mersey. This came from the estate of Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester, whose sister, Robert’s grandfather had married. By careful management, the estate had become worth around £1500, which meant that the Ferrers family was among the wealthiest in the country. However the estate was crippled by charges arising from William’s death. Firstly a third of its worth was accounted for by his mother’s dower, which included the major asset of Chartley. Nearly half was supporting a debt of around £800 incurred by his father, which the exchequer was calling in. To pay this he had taken a further loan, possibly from Jewish financiers in Worcester. Finally there was provision for his brother William and his wife Mary, who held two manors herself. It would seem that before taking his inheritance his only income had been the maritagium bestowed by King Henry. Unlike his predecessors, Robert was impetuous and violent, in part, perhaps, because he had inherited a severe form of gout from his grandfather. He was also unreliable and lacking in political sophistication. Almost as soon as he took control of his estate, he attacked the priory of Tutbury, which his family were patrons of. In the early years, Robert had taken little interest in politics, perhaps because of his preoccupation with the estate. Nevertheless he was acquainted with the reforms that were being pursued, and with Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, and Simon de Montfort, friends of the family. When de Montfort returned to England in 1263 to begin a rebellion against the king that became known as the Second Barons’ War, Robert had to take sides, and moved towards de Montfort. He is on record during May and June as taking the ‘Three Castles’ – Grosmont, Skenfrith, and Whitecastle in South Wales, which belonged to Prince Edward. When in January 1264, Louis IX of France declared the Provisions of Oxford unlawful and invalid, further unrest followed. Robert first attacked Worcester in February 1264, sacking the Jewish quarter, plundering the religious and private houses, and damaging the fences and lands of the Royal parks in the neighborhood. He carried away the bonds recording his loans, effectively ameliorating his debt problem. He then went on to join Simon de Montfort’s forces at Gloucester Castle, recently taken by Edward. To Robert’s extreme annoyance, Edward escaped, having made a truce with Henry de Montfort, Simon’s son. It would seem that de Ferrers’ motives were less about support for reform, than they were about hatred of Edward. The origins of this may well have been in the Ferrers family’s long held claims on the estate of Peverel Castle through the marriage of Margaret Peverel to Robert the second earl. King John had assigned stewardship of the estate to the fourth earl, Robert’s grandfather, but King Henry had taken it back and awarded it to Prince Edward in 1222. Finally there was Edward’s custodianship during Robert’s minority and the fact that some land had not been relinquished. Be that as it may, Robert of Gloucester observed that “Of no one was Edward more afraid.” Edward’s brief escape, however, allowed him, to attack Northampton Castle where de Ferrers brother William, Anker de Frescheville, Lord of Crich and Baldwin Wake, Lord of Chesterfield were taken prisoner in March 1264. Edward went on to attack de Ferrers at Chartley Castle, and later to destroy Tutbury Castle. This was followed by the Battle of Lewes in May. That Robert did not join de Montfort there would support the idea that his activities were largely motivated by self-interest. Prince Edward and the king having finally been captured gave de Ferrers his opportunity, gaining the royal castles of Bolsover, Horston, and Tickhill Castle, Yorkshire. By the end of 1264, he had also taken Peverel and, it is believed, Chester Castles. De Montfort’s Parliament broadened elected representation beyond the nobility to freeholder groups . Some of the Barons felt that he had gone too far and he began to lose support. Meanwhile Edward continued under house arrest, and de Montfort was working out an agreement for his release that included surrender of large portions of his lands. That these were lands that de Ferrers had appropriated made de Montfort a new and dangerous adversary. He summoned de Ferrers to the session of Parliament for January 1265, ordered him to surrender Peverel Castle, and accused him of “diverse trespasses”, after which he had him arrested and sent to the Tower of London. Meanwhile de Montfort was steadily losing support and, in May, the Earl of Gloucester deserted to the side of the King. With his assistance, and that of Roger de Mortimer, Edward escaped from Kenilworth Castle. When he defeated de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in August 1265, the rebels were shown little mercy. In spite of de Ferrers’ activities against Prince Edward’s estates, his support in the North Midlands was potentially useful to King Henry, as was his money. Ferrers was released and, on paying 1500 marks, was given a pardon, his inheritance was secured, and mediation arranged in his quarrel with Prince Edward. Far from accepting his good fortune, in 1266 he joined a number of previous Montfortian supporters, including Baldwin de Wake, lord of Chesterfield, in a fresh rebellion. Initially, it would seem that the rebels gathered at de Ferrers’ substantial Duffield Castle. However, from Tutbury, the royalist army, under Prince Henry, a nephew of Henry III, bypassed Duffield and proceeded to Chesterfield to intercept a force from the North under John d’Ayville. Robert was, therefore, compelled to move northwards, crossing the River Amber, which was then flooded, reaching Chesterfield on May 15, 1266, just as d’Ayville arrived from Dronfield. There they engaged the Royal forces in battle and were defeated. One account suggests that they were surprised in their quarters and most of them killed. Other accounts suggest that de Ferrers himself managed to take Chesterfield but was left exposed by the defeat of the other participants. Most of them withdrew into the forest where they lived as outlaws for two years. de Ferrers was taken prisoner, some accounts suggesting that he was taken while having treatment for his gout, some that he was in hiding and was betrayed. Robert was captured, attainted of high treason, and imprisoned in Windsor Castle until 1269. Duffield Castle was pulled down and Henry’s second son, Edmund, was given possession of his lands and goods. However, the Dictum of Kenilworth, issued in October 1266, provided that de Ferrers could reclaim his lands in return for a redemption payment of seven times their annual value. They were returned at Windsor in 1269, with a debt of £50,000 to be paid to Edmund by 9 July. Although the chances of Robert finding such a sum were remote, Edmund and his associates made their position more secure by a move that was unlikely to have been intended by those who drafted the Dictum of Kenilworth. De Ferrers was taken to the manor of Cippenham, Buckinghamshire, the property of Richard, earl of Cornwall. There, in the presence of John Chishall, the chancellor, he was required to assign the lands to twelve manucapters. He was kept imprisoned at Richard of Cornwall’s Wallingford Castle until the end of May and on 9 July the estate was transferred to Edmund. In time it would provide a considerable part of the revenues of the Duchy of Lancaster, while de Ferrers was left virtually landless and deprived of his title. He lived for another ten years, during which he attempted to regain his estates, with little success, largely because the machinations at Cippenham had been quietly supported by the King and his council. Edmund, in any case, was absent at the crusades until 1273 and no legal redress could be sought. Soon after Edmund’s return, de Ferrers seized his old Chartley Castle by force, but was soon ejected. He then took a more considered approach, enlisting the help of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester. In 1274, when Edward, now King, returned to England, de Ferrers pleaded that he had accepted the Kenilworth ruling, with its seven years’ redemption period, but that Edmund had refused. Edmund’s defence was the Cippenham ‘agreement’ and Ferrers’s failure to meet its terms. Ferrers argued that the ‘agreement’ was made under duress, but it was held that chancellor Chishall’s presence at the signing gave it full legal validity. Ferrers’s case was dismissed and, although, in 1275, he was able to recover his manor at Chartley (but not the castle), it marked the end of the great position of what had been one of England’s most powerful families. His final years were spent in the company of his family. His first wife, Mary, had died some time between 1266 and 1269, and the marriage had been childless. He married (2nd) 26 Jun 1269 Eleanor, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, Knt., of Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire, and Eleanor de Brewes, and granddaughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford. Until 1275, when he recovered Chartley, the family appeared to have lived on his mother’s dower lands in Northamptonshire. The couple had two children: John born at Cardiff, Wales 20 Jun 1271 (who later became 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley) and Eleanor, wife of Robert Fitz Walter, Knt., 1st Lord Fitz Walter. Sir Robert de Ferrers, sometime Earl of Derby, died shortly before 27 Apr 1279 and was buried at St. Thomas Priory at Stafford, Staffordshire. In Michaelmas term 1279 his widow, Eleanor, sued Edmund the king’s brother for dower in a third of Tutbury, Scropton, Rolleston, Marchington, Calyngewode, Uttoxeter, Adgeresley, and Newborough, Staffordshire and Duffield, Spondon, Chatesdene and nine other vills named in Derbyshire. Edmund appeared in court and stated he held nothing in Spondon or Chatesdene, and as regards the rest Eleanor had no claim to dower in them, because neither at the time Robert had married her nor any time afterwards had he been seised of them. About 1280 Eleanor petitioned the king for the restoration of the manor of Chartley, Staffordshire, stating it was part of the inheritance of her son, John de Ferrers, who is under age and in the king’s keeping. In 1284 she sued Thomas de Bray in a plea regarding custody of the land and heir of William le Botiller. In 1286 a commission was appointed by the king to investigate the persons who hunted and carried away deer and felled and carried away trees in the park of Eleanor late the wife of Robert de Ferrers at Chartley, Staffordshire. In 1290 she and her brother, Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, acknowledged they owed a debt of £200 to Robert de Tibetot and Matthew de Columbers, the king’s butler. Eleanor, Countess of Derby, died 20 Feb 1313/4, and was buried at Walden Abbey, Essex.
[72] Sir John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley was the son of Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby and Alianore de Bohun, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun and Eleanor de Braose, and granddaughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford. Sometime before 1300, Sir John married Hawise de Muscegros. Hawise was born on 21 Dec 1276, a daughter of Robert de Muscegros. She died about June 1340. The couple had one son, Robert, who was born in 1309 in Staffordshire and became Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley upon his father’s death. In 1264 John, without any true inheritance other than the turbulent spirit of his father, joined the Earl of Hertford and other rebellious Barons in opposing the collection of subsidies granted by the parliament then held at St Edmundsbury, to the crown. The ferment was allayed by the King’s confirming Magna Carta, and their charter of the forests, and by declaring that in future, no tax should be imposed upon the subject without the consent of Parliament, at the same time granting a pardon to the discontented lords and their adherents, in which pardon John de Ferrers is especially named. Soon after this he petitioned Pope Nicholas III, to interfere to procure him the lands of his late further which he had conferred upon Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, but his suit was ineffectual. John was subsequently involved the Scottish wars which led to his summoning to parliament as Baron Ferrers of Chartley, in the county of Stafford on the 6 Feb 1299 (a seat which came into the family of Ferrers by the marriage of William, fifth Earl of Derby, with Agnes, sister and co-heir of Ranulph, Earl of Chester.) He married Hawyse, niece and heiress of Cecilla de Muscegros, by whom he acquired a great increase in fortune. In 1273, he was again involved in the wars against Scotland and subsequently in 1288 he was constituted Seneschal of Aquitaine by Edward II. He died in 1324 in Gascony, apparently as a result of poisoning, and was succeeded by his son Robert (later Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley).
[73] Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley, was the son of John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley and Hawise de Muscegros, a daughter of Robert de Muscegros. He inherited the title Baron Ferrers of Chartley upon his father’s death from poisoning in Gascony in 1324 and was summoned to parliament on 25 Feb 1342. Robert served frequently in the Scottish and French wars of Edward III as well as participating the victory at Cressy. Before 20 Oct 1333, he married a woman named Margaret. They had one son, John who succeeded his father as John de Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Chartley. After the death of Margaret, Robert remarried to Joan de la Mote before 1350. They had one son, Sir Robert Ferrers, summoned to parliament as the 4th Baron Boteler of Wem Jure uxoris through his marriage to Elizabeth Boteler, 4th Baroness Boteler of Wem, by whom he had Robert Ferrers, 5th Baron Boteler of Wem. Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley, died on the 28 August 1350.
[74] Helen, married Alan la Zouche (1205–1270). Alan la Zouche (or de la, also Zouch) Baron Zouche (d. 1270) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and soldier. He was the son of Roger de la Zouch and the grandson of Alan de la Zouch. This elder Alan, the first of the family to be established in England, was a younger son of “Galfridus vicecomes”, that is, in all probability of Geoffrey, viscount of Porhoet in Brittany (d. 1141). His elder brother, Eudes de Porhoet, was for a few years count of Brittany, but with a disputed title, and his uncle, also named Alan, was founder of the viscounty of Rohan. Under Henry II Alan de Porhoet, or de la Zouch, established himself in England, and married Adeliza or Alice de Belmeis, sole heiress of the house of Belmeis, her inheritance including Tong Castle in Shropshire, Ashby (afterwards called Ashby-de-la-Zouch) in Leicestershire, North Molton in Devonshire, and other lands in Cambridgeshire and elsewhere. As her husband, Alan de la Zouch became an important personage at Henry II’s court. Their sons, William de la Zouch (d. 1199) and Roger de la Zouch (d. 1238?), succeeded in turn to these estates. Roger’s Breton connection was almost fatal to him in 1204, but he managed to regain John’s favor, and devoted himself to that king to the last. In the first year of Henry III’s reign he was rewarded by receiving grants of the forfeited estates of his kinsmen, the viscounts of Rohan. He died before 3 Nov 1238. Early service: On 15 Jun 1242, Alan was summoned to attend the king Henry III with horses and arms in Gascony. He was at La Sauve in October, at Bordeaux in March and April 1243, and at La Réole in November. Before 6 Aug 1250, Zouch was appointed justice of Chester and of the four cantreds in North Wales. Matthew Paris says that he got this office by outbidding his predecessor, John de Grey. He offered to pay a ferm of twelve hundred marks instead of five hundred. Zouch boasted that Wales was nearly all reduced to obedience to the English laws, but his high-handed acts provoked royal interference and censure. He continued in office as the Lord Edward’s deputy after the king’s grant of Chester and Wales to his eldest son. In Ireland: Ireland had been among the lands which Edward had received from Henry III in 1254. In the spring of 1256 Zouch was sent to there on the service of the Lord Edward, and soon afterwards he was appointed justice of Ireland under Edward, his first official mandate being dated 27 Jun 1256. In 1257 he was still in Ireland. On 28 Jun 1258 he received a mandate from the king, now under the control of the barons, not to admit any justice or other officer appointed by Edward to Ireland unless the appointment had the consent of the king and the barons. However, he ceased to hold office soon after this, Stephen Longespee being found acting as justice in October 1258. Loyalist: During the barons’ wars Zouch adhered to the king. He was on 9 Jul 1261 appointed sheriff of Northamptonshire, receiving in October a letter from the king urging him to keep his office despite any baronial interlopers. He remained sheriff until 1264, and sometimes ignored the provisions of Magna Carta by acting as justice itinerant in his own shire and also in Buckinghamshire and Hampshire. In 1261 he was also made justice of the forests south of Trent, and in 1263 king’s seneschal. In April 1262 he held forest pleas at Worcester. On 12 Dec 1263 he was one of the royalist barons who agreed to submit all points of dispute to the arbitration of Louis IX. According to some accounts he was taken prisoner early in the battle of Lewes by John Giffard. He escaped almost immediately and took refuge in Lewes Priory, where he is said to have been found after the fight disguised as a monk. In the summer of 1266 he was one of the committee of twelve arbitrators appointed to arrange the terms of the surrender of Kenilworth Castle. On 23 Jun 1267, after the peace between Henry III and Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester, he was appointed warden of London and constable of the Tower. He continued in office until Michaelmas, whereupon his tenure was prolonged until Easter 1268. In 1270 Zouch had a suit against Earl Warenne with regard to a certain estate. On 19 Jun 1270, the trial was proceeding before the justices in banco at Westminster Hall, and Zouch seemed likely to win the case. He was murderously attacked by Earl Warenne and his followers. Roger, his son, was wounded and driven from the hall. Alan himself was seriously injured and left on the spot. He was still surviving when, on 4 Aug 1270, Warenne made his peace with the crown and agreed to pay a substantial compensation to the injured Zouches. He died on 10 Aug 1270, and on 20 Oct 1270 his son Roger received seisin of his estate. Legacy: Zouch was a benefactor of the Knights Templars, to whom he gave lands at Sibford, and to the Belmeis family foundation of Buildwas Abbey, after having carried on protracted lawsuits with that house. Family: Zouch married Helen (Elena) (d. 1296), one of the daughters and coheirs of Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester, and in 1267 succeeded to her share of the Quincy estates. Their eldest son, Roger de la Zouch, married Ela, daughter of Emelina, countess of Ulster, was summoned to parliament, and died in 1285, being succeeded by his son Alan, then aged 18, who died in 1314, being also summoned to parliament between 1297 and his death.
[75] Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby was an English aristocrat, son of Ralph Neville, 1st Baron Neville de Raby and Euphemia de Clavering. Neville led the English forces to victory against the Scottish king David II of Scotland at the Battle of Neville’s Cross on 17 Oct 1346. He married Alice de Audley on 14 Jan 1326 with whom he had thirteen children.
[76] John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby was an English peer and soldier. He was born at Castle Raby, County Durham, England to Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby and Alice de Audley. He fought in the Battle of Neville’s Cross on 17 Oct 1346 as a Captain in his father’s division. He was Knighted in 1360, and after his father’s death in 1367, he succeeded to the title of 3rd Baron Neville of Raby. In 1368 he served as the English ambassdor to France. He was Admiral of the King’s fleet and served in the wars against the Scots and French. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1369. In 1381 he was appointed a joint Warden of the Eastern March towards Scotland and from 1386 until his death was a full warden. Neville married Maud Percy, daughter of Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy and Idoine de Clifford. After Maud died in 1379, John married a second time to Elizabeth Latimer, daughter of William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland. John had six children by Maud Percy and two children by Elizabeth Latimer.
[77] Sir Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, 4th Baron Neville de Raby, Lord of Richmond, Earl Marshal, KG, PC, was an English nobleman of the House of Neville. He was born in Raby Castle, County Durham, England, the son of John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby by Lady Maud Percy. He was knighted by Thomas of Woodstock during the French expedition of 1380. In 1388, following the death of his father, he became the fourth Baron Neville de Raby. In 1391, Neville was put on the commission that undertook the duties of Constable in place of Thomas of Woodstock and was repeatedly engaged in negotiations with the Scots. On 29 Sep 1397, due to his support for King Richard II against the Lords Appellant, Neville was created the 1st Earl of Westmorland. As a Lancastrian, he supported the overthrow of Richard by Henry Bolingbroke and Bolingbroke’s coronation as King Henry IV in October 1399. He was rewarded with an appointment as Earl Marshal for life (but resigned in 1412). He was also invested as a Privy Counsellor before 4 Dec 1399. In 1403, he was made a Knight of the Garter, taking the place left vacant by the death of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York. King Henry IV endowed him with the honor and lordship of Richmond for life. Like the first lords of Richmond and Peter II of Savoy before him, Ralph was endowed with Richmond, but without a title. The Nevilles were natural rivals of the House of Percy. In 1403, the power of the Percys had fallen at the Battle of Shrewsbury. Both marches had been in their hands, but the west marches was now assigned to Neville, whose influence in the east was also paramount. Neville had prevented Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, from marching to reinforce Henry Hotspur Percy before embarking on a new revolt to secure his enemy, Northumberland. In May 1403, while the Percys were in revolt with Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk, and Archbishop Scrope, Neville met them at Shipton Moor, near York, and suggested a parley between the leaders. Scrope and Mowbray were seized after Mowbray let his followers disperse and handed over to Northumberland at Pontefract Castle. It is believed by some historians that the two surrendered voluntarily. If Neville had betrayed them, he certainly shared no part in their execution. In the later part of his career, Neville was mainly engaged with defence of the northern border in his capacity as Warden of the West March (1403-14). In 1415 he decisively defeated an invading Scottish army at the Battle of Yeavering. In 1422, he was a member of the Council of Regency during the minority of King Henry VI. He married twice, and produced numerous issue by each wife: Firstly to Lady Margaret de Stafford, c.1382, daughter of Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford, and Philippa de Beauchamp. She was buried at Brancepeth Castle. Secondly to Lady Joan Beaufort, before 29 Nov 1396, at Château de Beaufort, Maine-et-Loire, Anjou, France. Lady Joan was the daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (a younger son of King Edward III), by his third wife Katherine Swynford. Joan Beaufort was buried with her mother, Katherine Swynford, under a carved-stone canopy in the sanctuary of Lincoln Cathedral.
(1896)
| i don't know |
‘The Black and Gold’ is a nickname of which American football team? | NFL Team Colors | CanineJournal.com
NFL Team Colors
59 E-mail
Total: 521
How do we keep this site running? This post may contain affiliate links — the cost is the same to you, but we get a referral fee. Compensation does not affect rankings. Thanks!
Yes, your pup will look super cool during dog day at the ballgame sporting your favorite team’s NFL colors. Please purchase your pet sports products from a licensed vendor and support your sports team franchise. Team logos and corresponding materials are licensed by their respective owners.
Here is a listing of team colors submitted by users to help guide your purchasing decision. This page is for informative purposes only.
NFL Colors By League and Team:
American Football Conference (AFC):
Miami Dolphins – aqua green & orange
New England Patriots – navy blue & red
New York Jets – green & white
Baltimore Ravens – purple, black & gold
Buffalo Bills – royal blue, red & white
Cincinnati Bengals – black & orange
Cleveland Browns – brown, orange & white
Pittsburgh Steelers – black & gold
Houston Texans – navy blue & red
Indianapolis Colts – royal blue & white
Jacksonville Jaguars – teal, black & gold
Tennessee Titans – navy blue, medium “Titans” blue & red
Denver Broncos – navy blue, orange & white
Kansas City Chiefs – red, yellow & white
Oakland Raiders – grey & black
| Pittsburgh Steelers |
Who plays Detective Inspector Dave Creegan in the UK television series ‘Touching Evil’? | What's in a Nickname? The Origins of All 32 NFL Team Names | Mental Floss
What's in a Nickname? The Origins of All 32 NFL Team Names
Getty Images
Like us on Facebook
What do newspaper headline type and the New Deal have to do with the Oakland Raiders and Philadelphia Eagles? Here are the stories behind the nicknames of the NFL’s 32 teams—and what they were almost called.
ARIZONA CARDINALS
Getty Images
The franchise began play in Chicago in 1898 before moving to St. Louis in 1960 and Arizona in 1988. Team owner Chris O’Brien purchased used and faded maroon jerseys from the University of Chicago in 1901 and dubbed the color of his squad’s new outfits “cardinal red.” A nickname was born. The team adopted the cardinal bird as part of its logo as early as 1947 and first featured a cardinal head on its helmets in 1960.
ATLANTA FALCONS
Getty Images
Shortly after insurance executive Rankin Smith brought professional football to Atlanta, a local radio station sponsored a contest to name the team. Thirteen hundred people combined to suggest more than 500 names, including Peaches, Vibrants, Lancers, Confederates, Firebirds, and Thrashers. While several fans submitted the nickname Falcons, schoolteacher Julia Elliott of nearby Griffin was declared the winner of the contest for the reason she provided. “The falcon is proud and dignified, with great courage and fight,” Elliott wrote. “It never drops its prey. It is deadly and has great sporting tradition.” Elliott won four season tickets for three years and a football autographed by the entire 1966 inaugural team.
BALTIMORE RAVENS
Getty Images
Ravens, a reference to Edgar Allan Poe’s famous poem, beat out Americans and Marauders in a contest conducted by the Baltimore Sun. Poe died and is buried in Baltimore.
Of the more than 33,000 voters in the Sun’s phone-in poll, more than 21,000 picked Ravens. “It gives us a strong nickname that is not common to teams at any level, and it gives us one that means something historically to this community,” said team owner Art Modell, who had attempted to buy the Colts nickname back from the franchise that left Baltimore for Indianapolis in 1984. The Marauders nickname referenced a B-26 built during World War II by the Glenn L. Martin Company, a predecessor to Lockheed Martin that was based in Baltimore. Other names considered included the Railers, Bulldogs, Mustangs, and Steamers.
BUFFALO BILLS
Getty Images
The Bills nickname was suggested as part of a fan contest in 1947 to rename Buffalo’s All-America Football Conference team, which was originally known as the Bisons. The Bills nickname referenced frontiersman Buffalo Bill Cody and was selected over Bullets, Nickels, and Blue Devils. It helped that the team was owned by the president of Frontier Oil, James Breuil. Buffalo was without a team from 1950 to 1959, when owner Ralph Wilson acquired a franchise in the AFL. Wilson solicited potential nicknames from fans for his new franchise and ultimately chose Bills in homage to the city’s defunct AAFC team.
CAROLINA PANTHERS
Getty Images
Panthers team president Mark Richardson, the son of team owner Jerry Richardson, chose the Panthers nickname because "it's a name our family thought signifies what we thought a team should be—powerful, sleek and strong." Richardson also chose the 1995 expansion team’s color scheme of black, blue, and silver, a choice that initially came under scrutiny from NFL Properties representatives. According to one newspaper report, the concern was raised at the 1993 NFL meetings that a team nicknamed the Panthers that featured black in its color scheme would appeal to street gangs and reflect poorly on the league.
CHICAGO BEARS
Getty Images
In 1921, the Decatur Staleys, a charter member of the American Professional Football Association, moved to Chicago and kept their nickname, a nod to the team’s sponsor, the Staley Starch Company. When star player George Halas purchased the team the following year, he decided to change the nickname. Chicago played its home games at Wrigley Field, home of baseball’s Cubs, and Halas opted to stick with the ursine theme.
CINCINNATI BENGALS
Getty Images
Team owner, general manager, and head coach Paul Brown nicknamed Cincinnati’s AFL expansion franchise the Bengals in 1968 in honor of the football team nicknamed the Bengals that played in the city from 1937-1942. According to Brown, the nickname “would provide a link with past professional football in Cincinnati.” Brown chose Bengals over the fans’ most popular suggestion, Buckeyes.
CLEVELAND BROWNS
Getty Images
There’s some debate about whether Cleveland’s professional football franchise was named after its first coach and general manager, Paul Brown, or after boxer Joe Louis, who was nicknamed the “Brown Bomber.” Team owner Mickey McBride conducted a fan contest in 1945 and the most popular submission was Browns. According to one version of the story, Paul Brown vetoed the nickname and chose Panthers instead, but a local businessman informed the team that he owned the rights to the name Cleveland Panthers. Brown ultimately agreed to the use of his name and Browns stuck.
DALLAS COWBOYS
Getty Images
The Cowboys, who began play in the NFL in 1960, were originally going to be nicknamed the Steers. The team’s general manager, Texas E. Schramm, decided that having a castrated bovine as a mascot might subject the team to ridicule, so he decided to go with Rangers instead. But fearing that people would confuse the football team with the local minor league baseball team nicknamed the Rangers, Schramm finally changed the nickname to Cowboys shortly before the season began.
DENVER BRONCOS
Getty Images
Denver was a charter member of the AFL in 1960 and Broncos, which was submitted along with a 25-word essay by Ward M. Vining, was the winning entry among 162 fans who responded in a name-the-team contest. A Denver team by the same name played in the Midwest Baseball League in 1921.
DETROIT LIONS
Getty Images
Radio executive George A. Richards purchased and moved the Portsmouth Spartans to Detroit in 1934 and renamed the team the Lions. The nickname was likely derived from Detroit’s established baseball team, the Tigers, who won 101 games and the AL pennant that year. As the team explained it, “The lion is the monarch of the jungle, and we hope to be the monarch of the league.”
GREEN BAY PACKERS
Getty Images
Team founder Earl “Curly” Lambeau’s employer, the Indian Packing Company, sponsored Green Bay’s football team and provided equipment and access to the field. The Indian Packing Company became the Acme Packing Company and later folded, but the nickname stuck.
HOUSTON TEXANS
Getty Images
Houston’s 2002 expansion franchise became the sixth professional football team nicknamed the Texans. The Dallas Texans were an Arena Football League team from 1990 to 1993 and Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones revived the team in 2000. He was planning to keep the old nickname, but ultimately renamed the team the Desperados. Houston owner Bob McNair chose Texans over Apollos and Stallions.
INDIANAPOLIS COLTS
Getty Images
The Baltimore Colts, a member of the All-America Football Conference from 1947-1950, were named in honor of the region’s history of horse breeding. The name remained when a new franchise began play in 1953 and after the team relocated to Indianapolis in 1984.
JACKSONVILLE JAGUARS
Getty Images
The Jaguars nickname was selected through a fan contest in 1991, 2 years before the city was officially awarded an expansion team and 4 years before the team would begin play. Other names considered included the Sharks and Stingrays. While Jaguars aren’t native to Jacksonville, the oldest living jaguar in North America was housed in the Jacksonville Zoo.
KANSAS CITY CHIEFS
Getty Images
The Chiefs began play in the AFL in 1960 as the Dallas Texans. When the team moved to Kansas City in 1963, owner Lamar Hunt changed the team’s name to the Chiefs after also considering Mules, Royals, and Stars. Hunt said the name was locally important because Native Americans had once lived in the area. Hunt may have also been swayed by Kansas City mayor H. Roe Bartle, whose nickname was The Chief. Bartle helped lure the team to Kansas City by promising Hunt that the city would meet certain attendance thresholds.
LOS ANGELES RAMS
Getty Images
The Rams, who originated in Cleveland in 1936 and spent 1946 through 1994 in the Los Angeles area before moving to St. Louis, are back in LA this season. The team traces their nickname to the college ranks. Principal owner Homer Marshman and general manager Damon “Buzz” Wetzel chose the nickname because Wetzel’s favorite football team had always been the Fordham Rams. Fordham—Vince Lombardi’s alma mater—was a powerhouse at the time.
MIAMI DOLPHINS
Getty Images
A name-the-team contest drew nearly 20,000 entries and resulted in the nickname for the Miami franchise that entered the AFL as an expansion team in 1966. More than 600 fans suggested Dolphins, but Marjorie Swanson was declared the winner after correctly predicting a tie in the 1965 college football game between Miami and Notre Dame as part of a follow-up contest. Swanson, who won a lifetime season pass to Dolphins games, told reporters she consulted a Magic 8-Ball before predicting the score of the game. Miami owner Joe Robbie was fond of the winning nickname because, as he put it, “The dolphin is one of the fastest and smartest creatures in the sea.”
MINNESOTA VIKINGS
Getty Images
According to the Vikings’ website, Bert Rose, Minnesota’s general manager when it joined the NFL in 1961, recommended the nickname to the team’s Board of Directors because “it represented both an aggressive person with the will to win and the Nordic tradition in the northern Midwest.” The expansion franchise also became the first pro sports team to feature its home state, rather than a city, in the team name.
NEW ENGLAND PATRIOTS
Getty Images
Seventy-four fans suggested Patriots in the name-the-team contest that was conducted by the management group of Boston’s original AFL franchise in 1960. “Pat Patriot,” the cartoon of a Minuteman preparing to snap a football drawn by the Boston Globe’s Phil Bissell, was chosen as the team’s logo soon after. While the first part of the team’s name changed from Boston to New England in 1971, Patriots remained.
NEW ORLEANS SAINTS
Getty Images
New Orleans was awarded an NFL franchise on All Saints’ Day, November 1, 1966. The nickname was a popular choice in a name-the-team contest sponsored by the New Orleans States-Item, which announced the news of the new franchise with the headline, “N.O. goes pro!” The nickname, chosen by team owner John Mecom, was a nod to the city’s jazz heritage and taken from the popular song, “When the Saints Go Marching In.”
NEW YORK GIANTS
Getty Images
New York owner Tim Mara borrowed the Giants nickname from John McGraw’s National League baseball team, a common practice by football teams during an era when baseball was the nation’s preeminent team sport.
NEW YORK JETS
Getty Images
Originally nicknamed the Titans, the team was renamed the Jets in 1963 after Sonny Werblin led an investment group that purchased the bankrupt franchise for $1 million.
According to a contemporary New York Times story, the franchise considered calling itself the Dodgers, but nixed the idea after Major League Baseball didn’t like it. Gothams also got some consideration, but the team didn’t like the idea of having it shortened to the Goths, because “you know they weren’t such nice people.” The last finalist to fall was the New York Borros, a pun on the city’s boroughs; the team worried that opposing fans would make the Borros-burros connection and derisively call the squad the jackasses.
Eventually the team became the Jets since it was going to play in Shea Stadium, which is close to LaGuardia Airport. According to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the name was supposed to reflect the “modern approach of his team.”
OAKLAND RAIDERS
Getty Images
Chet Soda, Oakland’s first general manager, sponsored a name-the-team contest in 1960. Helen A. Davis, an Oakland policewoman, submitted the winning entry, Señors, and was rewarded with a trip to the Bahamas. The nickname, an allusion to the old Spanish settlers of northern California, was ridiculed in the weeks that followed, and fans also claimed that the contest was fixed. Scotty Stirling, a sportswriter for the Oakland Tribune who would later become the team’s general manager, provided another reason to abandon the nickname. “That’s no good,” Stirling said. “We don’t have the accent mark for the n in our headline type.” Responding to the backlash, Soda and the team’s other investors decided to change the team’s nickname to Raiders, which was a finalist in the contest along with Lakers.
Philadelphia Eagles
Getty Images
In 1933, Bert Bell and Lud Wray purchased the bankrupt Frankford Yellowjackets. The new owners renamed the team the Eagles in honor of the symbol of the National Recovery Act, which was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal.
PITTSBURGH STEELERS
Getty Images
Pittsburgh’s football team shared the same nickname as the city’s baseball team, the Pirates, from 1933 to 1940. Before the 1940 season, owner Art Rooney held a rename-the-team contest. A change couldn’t hurt, as Pittsburgh had failed to post a winning season in its first 7 years. Joe Santoni, who worked in a mill for Pittsburgh Steel, was one of several fans who suggested Steelers. Santoni received a pair of season tickets, which he would renew every year until his death in 2003.
SAN DIEGO CHARGERS
Getty Images
Team owner Barron Hilton sponsored a name-the-team contest and promised a trip to Mexico City to the winner in 1960. Gerald Courtney submitted “Chargers” and Hilton reportedly liked the name so much that he didn’t open another letter.
There are varying accounts as to why Hilton chose Chargers for his franchise, which spent one year in Los Angeles before relocating to San Diego. According to one story, Hilton liked the name, in part, for its affiliation with his new Carte Blanche credit card. The owner also told reporters that he was fond of the “Charge!” bugle cry played at the Los Angeles Coliseum.
SAN FRANCISCO 49ERS
Getty Images
The 49ers, who began play in the All-America Football Conference in 1946, were named after the settlers who ventured to the San Francisco area during the gold rush of 1849.
SEATTLE SEAHAWKS
Getty Images
There were 1,700 unique names among the more than 20,000 submitted in a name-the-team contest in 1975, including Skippers, Pioneers, Lumberjacks, and Seagulls. About 150 people suggested Seahawks. A Seattle minor league hockey team and Miami’s franchise in the All-America Football Conference both used the nickname in the 1950s. “Our new name suggests aggressiveness, reflects our soaring Northwest heritage, and belongs to no other major league team,” Seattle general manager John Thompson said. The Seahawks’ helmet design is a stylized head of an osprey, a fish-eating hawk of the Northwest.
TAMPA BAY BUCCANEERS
Getty Images
A panel of local sportswriters and representatives from the NFL expansion team, including owner Hugh F. Culverhouse, chose Buccaneers from an original list of more than 400 names in 1975. The nickname, which was a popular choice among fans in a name-the-team contest, was a nod to the pirates who raided Florida’s coasts during the 17th century.
TENNESSEE TITANS
Getty Images
After relocating from Houston to Tennessee in 1995, the team played two seasons as the Oilers before owner Bud Adams held a statewide contest to rename the team. Titans was chosen over nicknames such as Tornadoes, Copperheads, South Stars, and Wranglers. “We wanted a new nickname to reflect strength, leadership and other heroic qualities,'' Adams told reporters.
WASHINGTON REDSKINS
Getty Images
One year after he acquired an NFL franchise in Boston, George Preston Marshall changed the team’s nickname from Braves to Redskins. According to most accounts, the nickname was meant to honor head coach and Native American William Henry “Lone Star” Dietz, though some question whether Dietz was a Native American. The Redskins kept their controversial nickname when they relocated to Washington, DC, in 1937.
A version of this post originally appeared in 2010.
| i don't know |
Secret Island, a former gunpowder mill, is situated in which English county? | Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker - Essex Ghost Hunters
Haunted Places
Our Recommendations
Below you’ll find haunted places in and around around Essex with history about their spiritual activity. In most places we’ve visited, we’ve heard noises, seen orbs and sometimes even experienced physical contact or objects being moved.
We often run ghost hunting events at some of the most haunted places throughout the UK. If you'd like more information visit our events page .
Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker
The Secret Nuclear Bunker at Kelvedon Hatch, in the Borough of Brentwood in the English county of Essex, is a large underground bunker maintained during the cold war as a potential regional government headquarters. Since being decommissioned in 1992, the bunker has been open to the public as a tourist attraction, with a museum focusing on its cold war history.
Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker was built as an RAF Rotor Station, then it became a civil defence centre and finally a Regional Government HQ. It was designed to allow up to 600 people survive the aftermath of a nuclear war, but thankfully it has never been used as a emergency nuclear bunker.
Since becoming a museum, Kelvedon Hatch Nuclear Bunker has become notorious as a haunted location, appearing on Living TV’s ‘Most Haunted’ as well as other programmes and has been the focus of many paranormal investigations. There is a story that during the construction of the bunker’s walls (10ft wide and 100ft deep), concrete was being poured day and night. One morning the day shift found the foreman’s hat floating on the wet concrete and the man in question nowhere to be found and never to be seen again.
Several apparitions roam the complex, including a grey figure who moves from room to room. Witnesses have described it as taking the form of an ‘unusually tall elderly lady’. As well as an RAF officer who has been spotted on several occasions, more than one person has had the frightening experience of meeting with a woman in uniform who angrily instructs them to leave the building. A similar experience has also been reported by a visitor walking through the dormitory, he was told to ‘go back’ by a disembodied voice, but there was no-one else in the area.
The main paranormal hotspot is the sick bay, which contained many cardboard coffins (easier to store, they fold up). Dark shadows are often seen flitting back and forth. Mediums have reported a malevolent presence which may be responsible for the feelings of dread and foreboding which many people experience whist in this area. Such negative forces exist in the bunker, especially the sick bay, which is presumed to originate way before the bunker was built.
Stones have been reported to be thrown at people, loud crashed and bangs have been heard from empty rooms at night. Odd lights and mists have been seen to materialise from thin air and foul smells have been reported on many ghost hunts, all of which are unexplainable.
| Essex |
Singer Dan Reynolds is the frontman of US band ‘Imagine’ what’? | Haunted Places - Our Recommendations - Essex Ghost Hunters
Minsden Chapel
Hertfordshire
Minsden Chapel, situated in an isolated wooded area in Hertfordshire, dates back to the 14th Century. It is now a…
Mistley Towers
Essex
Mistley Towers are located in The Walls, Mistley, Essex. They are the twin towers of the now demolished Church of…
North Weald Redoubt Fort
Essex
Between 1889 and 1903 13 Mobilisation Centres were built as part of the London Defence Scheme. Their main function…
Palace Theatre
Essex
Palace Theatre is located in Westcliff-On-Sea, Southend. The theatre opened on Monday 21 October 1912 and named as the “Palace of Varieties” on 14 November. The…
Peterborough Museum
Cambridgeshire
The museum was originally built as a private home for a local magistrate known as Thomas Cooke in 1816. However,…
Pitsea Mount (St. Michaels Church)
Essex
Pitsea Mount is situated right by the A13, on the east side of Basildon. St. Michaels church stands tall and overlooks Pitsea and the surrounding area.
Pluckley Screaming Woods
Kent
Pluckley screaming woods are situated in Kent, also known as Dering Woods. The woods are located near to the small…
Potsford Gibbet
Suffolk
The Potsford Gibbet is situated in Potsford woods, Suffolk. It was the site of many hangings in the 17th century; the last recorded execution was in 1699, this was when…
Reculver Towers
Kent
The Reculver Towers are all that remain of a Saxon church, St. Mary’s. Located near Herne Bay, the church was…
| i don't know |
Mary Lennox, Colin and Dickon are all characters in which children’s novel? | SparkNotes: The Secret Garden: Character List
The Secret Garden
Plot Overview
Character Analysis
Mary Lennox - One of the novel's two protagonists, Mary Lennox is a ten-year-old girl who, after the death of her parents in India, is sent to live with her uncle in Yorkshire, England. Mary changes drastically over the course of The Secret Garden: she evolves from a spoiled, unloved and unloving creature to a girl who is full of spirit and surrounded by friends. She begins the book as its central character, but is later displaced by Colin.
Read an in-depth analysis of Mary Lennox.
Colin Craven - The other of the novel's protagonists, Colin Craven is Archibald Craven's ten-year-old son and heir. He was born shortly after the death of his mother, and his father could not bear to look at him because of his resemblance to her. It is feared that he will grow to be a hunchback like his father, and he has been treated as an invalid since his birth. Colin's childhood has been entirely bedridden, and his servants have been commanded to obey his every whim. As a result, Colin is extremely imperious and gloomy; when we first meet him, he is certain he is going to die. By novel's end, however, he too will have undergone a transformation: he will have become a vigorous optimist, and will have won his father's love. Both his and Mary's conversions are effected by the magical properties inherent in the secret garden.
Read an in-depth analysis of Colin Craven.
Dickon Sowerby - Dickon is alternately described as "a common moor boy" and "a Yorkshire angel"; he is both. Two years older than Colin and Mary, Dickon has lived on Missel Moor his entire life, and has a uniquely intimate relationship with the land. He is described as looking like the god Pan (the god of ...): he has rosy cheeks, rough curly hair, and blue eyes precisely the same color as the sky over the moor; he even carries a set of pan-pipes. Like Pan, he has the power to charm both animals and people: all the creatures who come close to him are instantly tamed, and he counts a fox, a crow, and two wild squirrels among his pets. His power to tame creatures works on Colin and Mary as well, and is one of the central causes of their wondrous transformations. He is the brother of Martha and the son of Susan.
Read an in-depth analysis of Dickon Sowerby.
Martha Sowerby - Mary's friend and maidservant, Martha is distinguished by her charming frankness and levelheaded approach to all aspects of life. Her simplicity and kindness are a great help to Mary upon the latter's arrival at Misselthwaite. In her very ordinariness, Martha represents the goodness of all the people of Yorkshire.
Ben Weatherstaff - Ben Weatherstaff is a gruff elderly gardener who is only permitted to stay at Misselthwaite because he was a favorite of the late Mistress Craven. He introduces Mary to the robin redbreast, and helps the children keep the secret of the garden. Ben himself clandestinely tended the garden during the ten years in which it was locked, out of love and loyalty for the Mistress Craven. Although he is rather rough, Ben's essential kindness is fundamental to his character.
Archibald Craven - The master of Misselthwaite Manor, who suffers from a crooked spine and general ill health. He has been in a crushing depression ever since the death of his wife, ten years before the novel begins. Archibald spends most of his time abroad, since he wants to see neither his house nor his son, Colin, because these remind him of his late wife. At novel's end, he undergoes a change of heart after his wife comes to him in a dream. Master Craven comes to embrace his son when he realizes that this latter is in perfect health.
Lilias Craven - Archibald's late wife, who died ten years before the outset of the novel. Her spirit is associated with both roses and the secret garden. Her portrait hangs in her son's room beneath a rose-colored curtain, and she is described by all who knew her as the gentlest, sweetest, and most beautiful of women. She represents an absent ideal.
Susan Sowerby - The mother of Martha and Dickon (as well as of twelve other children), Susan Sowerby functions as a symbol for the concept of motherhood itself. She is all-nurturing, all-knowing, and appears dressed in a hooded blue cloak like that of the Christian Virgin Mary (the mother of Jesus Christ). Both Mary and Colin express the wish that she were their mother; stories of her sustain each of them before their respective transformations.
Mrs. Medlock - The head of the servants at Misselthwaite Manor, Mrs. Medlock is distinguished by her punctilious obedience of all of Master Craven's odd rules. Beneath her rigid exterior, she, like all the people of Yorkshire, is basically kind. She and Susan Sowerby were friends in their girlhood.
Dr. Craven - Archibald's brother and Colin's uncle, he tends to Colin during the latter's illness. He is a bit stuffy and officious, and both Colin and Mary laugh at him at every opportunity. Described as a weak man, he half-hopes for Colin's death so that he might inherit Misselthwaite.
More Help
| The Secret Garden |
‘International ‘what’ is the official colour of the paint on the Golden Gate Bridge in California? | Mary Lennox in The Secret Garden
NEXT
Character Analysis
Mary Lennox is a Grade-A, no-holds-barred brat. And the thing about this analysis of Mary's character is that it doesn't take a lot of reading between the lines. We're not throwing out some wild theory about who Mary Lennox is at the beginning of The Secret Garden. Nope, Frances Hodgson Burnett comes right out and tells us in the first paragraph of the novel that Mary is:
[…] as tyrannical and selfish a little pig as ever lived. (1.1)
It's a rare main character that the narrator of the book seems to dislike as much or more than we, the readers, do. But there you have it: Mary Lennox is the most selfish pig that has ever lived, according to her creator. So why are we reading about her?
We're reading about Mary to see what might make her a less tyrannical and selfish little pig. After all, that first paragraph doesn't just tell us that Mary is so terrible to her governesses that none of them stick around for longer than three months. It also tells us that Mary's mother hadn't wanted kids, and that she basically handed baby Mary over to a string of bullied servants with the instruction to "keep the child [Mary] out of sight as much as possible" (1.1). In other words, Mary wasn't born a self-centered monster; she became one through her neglected upbringing.
So The Secret Garden is at least partly the story of a lonely, selfish girl meeting friends—Dickon, Ben Weatherstaff, the robin, and even Colin Craven—and taking care of a garden. As she gets to know other people—people who haven't been paid by her mother to keep her quiet and out of sight—she becomes less of a pig and more of an actual, generous human being.
On the one hand, sure, Mary's care for the Secret Garden and especially for Colin Craven totally transforms her into a much nicer kind of character. But oddly enough, it also lessens her place in the novel overall. Mary is definitely the main character in the first thirteen chapters of The Secret Garden, before Colin makes his surprise entrance. But the second half of the book focuses primarily on Colin's efforts to learn to walk, to investigate Magic, and to reunite with his absent father.
In short, once Mary stops misbehaving, the book pretty much stops paying attention to her. Maybe she should have kept those tantrums going for a little while longer.
Mistress Mary Quite Contrary
Before she makes it over to Yorkshire, Mary gets a nasty nickname from another English kid living in India: Mistress Mary Quite Contrary. We chat about the specific meaning of the nursery rhyme on which this name is based in our section on " Allusions ." Check it out if you want to learn more about Queen "Bloody" Mary and her intensely morbid "garden." For now, we're just going to focus on what Mary Lennox's nickname says about her character.
We've already talked (a lot, we know) about Mary's contrariness—the fact that she always seems at odds with other people, and she seems to argue a lot just to get her way. But what about the Mistress part? This implies something else super-important about Mary's character: She comes from a rich family, and she's used to being able to boss her servants around. The novel implies that, if she had grown up as part of a poor family (like the Sowerbys), she would never have been able to act out the way she does at the beginning of the novel.
But Mary doesn't only come from a rich family—she comes from a rich Anglo-Indian family. That is, her parents are British people living high and mighty in colonial India. Frances Hodgson Burnett emphasizes the fact that a lot of Mary's insults have a specifically racist edge, since she is used to throwing them at her oppressed servants. For example, Mary wants to call her nanny, "Pig! Pig! Daughter of Pigs!" because "to call a native a pig is the worst insult of all" (1.6). So Mary is doubly spoiled: she thinks she can treat people however she wants because she has lots of money and because she is a white English girl in British India.
Now the novel is not at all on Mary's side in her awful behavior to her Indian servants. But the novel still demonstrates some definite prejudices about India of its own. For more on The Secret Garden and its attitudes towards India, go check out our "Themes" section.
In the Words of One Direction: You Don't Know You're Beautiful. (Oh oh!) That's What Makes You Beautiful.
Mary Lennox starts out the novel "the most disagreeable-looking child ever seen" (1.1), and then she ends the book "like a blush rose" (26.56). Obviously, the thing that makes the difference in Mary's appearance—awful at the start of the book and pretty at the end of it—is all of her outdoorsy exercise. As Mary puts in physical work, she looks healthier and healthier, which does her looks a world of good.
But here's the key thing: As Mary starts to get prettier, she doesn't really notice. We're told:
Mary had not had time to pay much attention to her changing face. (26.58)
So Mary isn't only better looking, she's also better overall. It's an important sign of how much she is improving as a person that, even though she's getting prettier, she also isn't obsessed with how she looks. Unlike Mary's mother, who was vain and shallow, Mary's prettiness comes second to who Mary is on the inside (at least, by the end of the book). For more on Mary's beautiful (but self-absorbed) mother, be sure to read up on Mrs. Lennox elsewhere in this section.
| i don't know |
In the game of chess which move is also known as ‘Fool’s Mate’? | Fool's Mate - Chess.com
Chess.com
68,174 Reads
616 Comments
Fool's mate, also known as the "two-move checkmate," is the quickest possible checkmate in the game of chess. One example consists of the moves leading to the position shown...
There are eight slight variations on the pattern — White might play f2-f4 instead of f2-f3 or move the g-pawn before the f-pawn, and Black may play e7-e6 instead of e7-e5.
The fool's mate received its name because it can only occur if White plays extraordinarily weakly, i.e. like a fool. Even among rank beginners, the mate almost never occurs in practice.
The same basic mating pattern may also occur later in the game. There is, for instance, a well-known trap in the Dutch Defence which occurred in 1896 between Frank Melville Teed and Eugene Delmar that runs 1.d4 f5 2.Bg5 h6 3.Bf4 g5 4.Bg3 f4; it seems that Black has won the bishop, but now comes 5.e3 (threatening Qh5#, the basic Fool's mate idea) 5...h5 6.Bd3?! (6.Be2 is probably better, but this move sets a trap) 6...Rh6? (defending against Bg6#, but...) 7.Qxh5+! Rxh5 8.Bg6#...
A similar mate can occur in From's gambit (Bird's opening) 1. f4 e5 2. g3 exf4 3. gxf4?? Qh4#...
More generally, the term fool's mate is applied to all similar mates early in the game; for example, 1.e4 g5 2.d4 f6 3.Qh5#
The pattern of the simplest fool's mate is maintained: a player advances his f- and g-pawns, allowing a queen mate along the unblocked diagonal. One such fool's mate is widely reported to have occurred in a possibly apocryphal 1959 game between Masefield (or Mayfield, depending on the source consulted) and Trinka (or Trinks or Trent) which lasted just three moves: 1.e4 g5 2.Nc3 f5 3.Qh5#
(variants on these moves also exist).
Even more generally, the term "Fool's mate" is used in chess variants for the shortest possible mate, especially those which bear a resemblance to the orthodox chess fool's mate. Fool's mate in progressive chess, for example, is 1.e4 f6 2. Nc3 g5 3. Qh5#
| Fool's mate |
Pied is French for which part of the body? | The United States Chess Federation - Glossary
The United States Chess Federation
Learn About Chess
Adjournment – A game unfinished at the end of the playing session that is resumed at a later time; the last move is sealed in an envelope. Adjournments were gradually phased out in the 90’s, partly because players could now use powerful computer programs.
Algebraic notation– system for labeling a chess board so that each of the 64 squares is denoted by a number and a letter, from a-1 to h-8; files (left to right) are a-h and ranks (top to bottom) are 1-8. Algebraic notation has replaced descriptive notation in the past 30 years.
Bishop – Piece that moves diagonally as many squares as it wants. It’s worth about the same as a knight, and significantly less than a rook.
Black - player with the black pieces; black moves second, a major disadvantage when playing an experienced player.
Blindfold chess- Playing chess without sight of the board, indicating the moves orally in algebraic notation. Usually played in friendly exhibitions for fun and publicity.
Blitz – chess games with extremely fast time limits, usually five minutes per player
Blunder - very poor move, sometimes indicated on scoresheets or published analysis with two question marks; in contrast, an excellent move may be followed with one or two exclamation points.
Board one (also first board) – the highest ranked player on a team
Castling – A special, composite move in which the king moves two squares toward the corner, while the rook jumps to the square adjacent to the king. Castling brings the king to safety and centralizes the rook, and experienced players castle in almost every game.
Check- the King is in immediate attack. The king must escape check by either capturing the attacking piece, fleeing, or blocking the check with another piece. It is not possible to capture an opponent’s king.
Checkmate- a position in which the king is in check and cannot make any legal move to get out of check. Few professional games end in checkmate, because players tend to resign long before checkmate. Often abbreviated to mate.
Chessbase- Company founded in 1987 in Germany by Frederic Friedel. Chessbase developed software, which organizes millions of chess games and allows players to sift through all games played by a particular opponent or in any opening. Virtually every professional chess player uses chessbase regularly. Chessbase.com is a popular chess news source on the net, run by the same company.
Chess clock – a double push-button clock to keep track of the time each player spends on a game; after moving, players stop their own clocks and start the opponent’s
Closed position- Type of position in which there are few pawn trades and pieces are locked in behind pawn structures. Players who like long-term planning thrive in closed positions. See open position.
Compensation- Compensation is what you get in return for a material sacrifice. Typical types of compensation could be a lead in development or superior pawn structure. Also see sacrifice and material. “He sacrificed a Knight, but he didn’t have enough compensation.”
Cook - An unintended solution of a chess problem. The term may also be used more generally to refer to a refutation to published analysis.
D-4 - White moves the Queen’s pawn two squares on the first move. The second most popular first move choice, most often the choice of strategic players. Top American players such as Igor Novikov, Alexander Onischuk, Yury Shulman, Susan Polgar and Irina Krush favor D4
Descriptive notation- Notation system, which labels squares relative to each side’s pieces. For instance, 1.e4 in algebraic notation translates as 1.PK4 in descriptive. (Pawn to King 4). In our analysis session, my octogenarian opponent started spouting out variations in descriptive notation.
Dragon - An opening set-up for black in which the pawn structure supposedly resembles a dragon. A very risky and aggressive system. The Dragon is a subvaration of the Sicilian. American Grandmaster Sergey Kudrin is feared as a violent practitioner of the Dragon.
Starting position of the Dragon
Draw- Result in which the outcome is undecided or deadlocked. A draw is worth half a point. There are many ways to achieve a draw, e.g., upon agreement, when there is insufficient material for either side to give checkmate or when the position is repeated three times.
E-4 -Moving the King pawn two squares on the first move. E4, usually the choice of attacking players, is the most popular move by a small margin, just ahead of D4. Former World Champion Bobby Fischer and unofficial champ Paul Morphy were both loyal 1.e4. Today, top U.S. players such as Larry Christiansen, Nick DeFirmian, Anna Zatonskih and Alexander Stripunsky prefer 1.e4.
Elo ratings- rating system (now used by FIDE and USCF) to estimate the relative strength of chess players based on previous results; named after Professor Arpad Elo. The Fide and USCF ratings are separate systems although they use similar formulas-it is more difficult to obtain a FIDE rating, because it requires international play. If you do get a FIDE rating, chances are it will be slightly lower than your USCF rating. Important U.S. tournaments like the World Open and the U.S. Championship are Fide rated and USCF rated.
Endgame- the phase of the game in which the material is reduced (usually queens are traded) and the result often settled; it’s important to memorize the most common ones.
Exchange – Sometimes “exchange” is used as a synonym for trade, but it also refers to a common material imbalance, involving the difference in value between a Rook (5) and a minor piece, Bishop or Knight (3). When an experienced player says: “I just sacrificed an exchange”, she means that she willingly gave up a Rook for a bishop or Knight, for some sort of tactical or positional reason.
Expert – player with a USCF rating from 2000 – 2199; the category just beneath master
FIDE (Federation International Des Echecs)- The worldwide chess federation, founded in Paris in 1924. FIDE assigns international ratings, awards titles, and organizes the most prestigious tournaments, including the Olympiad and World Championships. The president of Fide since 1995, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov is also the president of Kalmykia.
Fish – slang for a weak chess player
Flag - indicator on a chess clock that drops when a time is reached- even when using digital clocks, players often shout out “flag” to announce a victory on time.
Fools’ mate - black checkmates white in two moves; very rare, since it requires white to play the worst moves possible.
Final position of Fools’ Mate
Forfeit- A player forfeits a game if he or she is an hour or more late to the game or runs out of time before arriving (in the case of a shorter time control.) You can also forfeit a game by cheating, use of a cell phone in a tournament hall or forgetting to record your result.
Gambit – opening that involves the planned sacrifice of material
GM - grandmaster
Grandmaster – The most distinguished title in chess, awarded by FIDE. A grandmaster is usually rated between 2500 up to 2851.
IM - international master
International master- the ranking just below Grandmaster, usually rated between 2400 and 2500, and also awarded by FIDE.
Kibitzer – Players who hang around post-mortems or skittles rooms, offering often colorful, and sometimes unwanted advice or comment.
King- The centerpiece of the game and the only chess piece that cannot be captured. The King moves one square in any direction. Because the King must be carefully guarded against checkmate, the King is rarely used as a fighting piece until the last stages of the game.
King’s Indian Defense- A popular and aggressive defense against 1.d4. Otherwise known as the K.I.D.
Bobby Fischer, former American World Champion played the King’s Indian
whenever he got a chance.
Knight- In many languages, the knight translates to “horse”. A short-range but tricky piece, which moves in an L-shape. The knight is the only piece that can jump over other pieces, making it particularly valuable in closed positions.
Knockout– event in which a player is eliminated after losing a match. Each round, the field is halved.
Line - synonym for variation, often used when talking about various opening possibilities.
Master - player with a rating over 2200, as awarded by the USCF. A Life master is a player who competes in over 300 games with a rating over 2200. A Senior Master is a player with a USCF rating over 2400.
Material – pieces and pawns. Material is counted by a relative value system, which players use as a guideline when deciding whether to trade one piece for another. A large disadvantage in material often prompts experienced players to resign, because extra material is often the means to inevitable checkmate. The pawn, the least valuable piece, is counted as the basic unit, 1 point. Other approximate values are knight (3), bishop (3), Rook (5), Queen (9). Because the king cannot be captured, he is not assigned a point value.
Middlegame- the phase of the game between the opening and the endgame, where a player must rely on creativity, intuition, and calculating abilities.
Grandmaster norm (International master norm) - a performance over the 2600 (2450) level, three of which are required to become a grandmaster (international master.)
Olympiad – Biennale team tournaments contested by teams representing the members of FIDE. The first Olympiad was held in London 1927.
Open position- Positions in which there are many open files and diagonals, and fewer locked pawn structures. Often incites quick contact between enemy pieces, resulting in tactical play.
Open tournament – A tournament that is open to all comers, though there is often an entry fee.
Opening- the first phase of the game in which the pieces are developed. Strong amateur players have the basic ideas and moves of their openings memorized. Professional players memorize larger numbers of openings and variations, and often develop new, never before played ideas, novelties. The names of openings can come from great players who invented or mastered the systems, such as the Najdorf Defense. Or they can refer to the opening’s origin, such as the Berlin or English Opening. This glossary presents some of the most popular openings. For a more comprehensive and in depth survey of various chess openings, consider MCO written by Grandmaster Nick De Firmian. There are more books on openings than any other phase of the game, so you should be able to find at least a few books on even the most esoteric openings.
Pairings- A table of who plays whom in a chess tournament, posted on a tournament wallboard. Players with white are listed on the left side of a pairings list, and players with black are listed on the right. In the United States, most tournaments are structured in the Swiss system, in which players with similar results are paired against each other. Players usually alternate their colors each round. Tournament directors once calculated pairings by hand. Today computer programs are used almost exclusively. See also Swiss system and wallboard.
Pawn- The weakest piece on the board. Each player gets eight at the beginning of the game. Pawns are the only chess piece that cannot move backwards.
Pawn promotion – the exchange of a pawn that reaches the 8th rank (last row) for another piece, almost always a queen.
Pawn structures - locked formations, which determine the pace of the game; often set up early in the game.
Performance rating – The rating level at which a player performs in a single tournament. For instance, a master (2200) level player, has a 2500 performance rating if she has a tournament which would be average (e.g., three losses against 2500 players, and three wins against 2500 players), and would not result in a rating point gain or loss, for a player rated 2500.
Point - a unit used to give the result of a chess game; win, 1; draw 1/2; loss 0; in a 15 round tournament, a player who wins 8 games (8 points), draws 5 (2.5 points) and loses two (no points) has a total score that can be written 10.5 /15 or 10.5 – 4.5.
Post-mortem- analysis following a game
Provisional rating- An unofficial rating used for a player who has competed in very few tournaments. Because the sample size of the player’s results is so small, their rating is considered official only after they’ve completed 20 games.
Queen- The most valuable piece in chess, which can move on diagonals (like bishops) and in straight lines (like the rooks). In Medieval Europe, the queen was the weakest piece on the board, and her sudden change in powers in the 16th century quickened the pace of the game. The presence of queens allows for spectacular mating attacks and heightens the value of king safety. Trading queens alters the nature of the game, usually transforming it into an endgame.
Rapid chess - games with time controls that range from about 25 minutes a player to 60 minutes a player. This is in between the super fast pace of blitz, and the classical time controls which range from a total of 2 to 3.5 hours for each player.
Rating - numerical values used to rank chess players. A rating is a good estimate of the playing strength of a player, especially when the player is active. Classifications according to the USCF rating system include: senior master 2400+, master 2200-2399, expert 2000 – 2199, Class A 1800-1999, Class B1600-1799 to Class J under 200. Ratings go up when you win and down when you lose. How much they change depends on the rating of your opponent. (You win more for defeating a player higher rated than you) When a USCF member has played fewer than 20 rated games, his or her rating is provisional.
Resign – to give up by declaration. Often players resign in view of inevitable checkmate or a tremendous disadvantage in material. (For instance, a rook)
Rook- The most valuable piece besides the queen. The rook moves in straight lines and is particularly powerful in the endgame.
Round robin- an event in which everybody plays everybody.
Ruy Lopez- One of the most popular openings in chess, named after a Spanish priest who wrote a book on the opening in the 16th century. Also known as the Spanish opening.
Sacrifice – voluntary surrender of material in exchange for other advantages. Also see compensation. “ I sacrificed all my pieces and bazoom!! I got checkmate!”
Sandbagging- when a player artificially lowers his or her rating so that he or she can play in weaker sections at big money tournaments, therefore increasing his or her chances of winning money. If caught, sandbaggers can lose their USCF memberships for life.
Scholar’s mate - A four-move checkmate that shows up frequently in scholastic tournaments. See Basic Tips for a demo and how to avoid it.
Scholar’s mate-Don’t let it happen to you!
Score sheet –written record of a game. Both players keep score during a tournament game; moves must be written as they are made unless a delay is allowed due to extreme time pressure
Sicilian Defense- The Sicilian is the most aggressive way to meet 1.e4, and entails responding by pushing the black c-pawn two squares. It is also the most popular defense against 1.e4 outpacing the classical favorite 1…e5 in recent decades. The Sicilian has many different subvariations, such as the Dragon, the Najdorf, the Sveshnikov, the Kalashnikov and the Pelikan. Many players are afraid of the Sicilian because of the large body of theory thought necessary to play it well.
Skittles room - room for post-game analysis. In contrast to the strict silence observed in tournament halls, skittles rooms are often loud with many kibitzers voicing their opinions.
Simultaneous ( abbreviated to simul) - an exhibition in which a strong player is invited to take on many opponents at once. Can appear amazing to a lay observer, but depending on the strength of her opponents, simuls can actually be easy for a master chess player. The master doesn’t really think hard on each board as much as make an instant intuitive decision. This is usually enough for her to win.
Strategy - long-term planning and maneuvering
Style – A commonality between the opening systems, tactics and strategies a player favors. Adjectives such as quiet, balanced, sharp and aggressive are common ways to describe style. E.g., A sharp style is one that favors tactics and risky openings and variations. Talk of style can be misleading, since in many positions all strong chessplayers would choose the same move.
Swiss system – A popular tournament format for large fields, used for most open tournaments. Before the tournament, players (or teams) are ranked according to their ratings, and assigned seed numbers. In the first round, Players are paired according to their seeds. If there are ten players in a Swiss system, in the first round the number one seed will play the sixth seed, number two will play number seven, and so on. In following rounds, players are matched with opponents with the same or similar scores. A player and opponent can meet only once.
Tactics - short operations requiring proficiency in calculating that force checkmate or a quick win of material.
Three-move repetition – the same position appears three times with the same player to move; either player may claim a draw.
Time control - pre-determined time limit for a player to complete moves; if exceeded the game is lost. Time controls range from blitz games where each player has only three minutes to classical games, in which each player has three hours.
Time pressure – When a player is forced to make a large number of moves in a short time, or else her time will run out and she will lose, regardless of how strong her position is. Time pressure often causes blunders.
Touch-move rule - player who touches a piece must move or capture the piece
Tournament director (TDs)- Tournament directors are in charge of determining pairings and prizes and moderating any disputes or claims. In U.S tournaments, there is often a low ratio between players and tournament directors. Therefore, players often have to behave well and refrain from cheating on the honor system.
I wanted to claim a draw by three move repetition, but I couldn’t find a TD. Luckily my opponent just agreed to it.
Trade (pieces) –Mutual agreement to give up pieces for opponent’s pieces, usually of the same value. (e.g.) a rook for a rook or a knight for a bishop.
USCF – United States Chess Federation. A non profit organization founded in 1939, devoted to promoting chess in America. The USCF assigns national ratings, organizes national tournaments and publishes the magazine Chess Life. Their headquarters are located in Crossville, Tennessee. The USCF executive board, a team of six to seven influential volunteers, who are elected democratically by USCF members, makes major decisions. Click here or go to About USCF to find out more about the organization.
Variation - long strings of projected moves
Wallboard- At organized chess tournaments, there are wallboards, which display the pairings, results and score tables for each section. After a game, players are responsible for posting their results on the wallboard. They write 1 next to their name for a win, ½ for a draw and 0 for a loss. In very prestigious tournaments, there are often enough tournament directors to personally record the results.
White - player with the white pieces; White moves first, a definite advantage for an experienced player.
WGM , WIM- Women’s Grandmaster, Women’s International Master
Women’s Grandmaster- (Women’s International Master)- gender specific titles awarded by FIDE to women. The average performances and ratings are lower than the regular titles, and therefore the titles are controversial.
Women’s World Championship - World Championship in which participants are female. The first women’s World Championship was a round robin held in London 1927 (won by Vera Menchik), in conjunction with the first Olympiad. From 1952 to 1998, a challenger was determined in a series of candidates’ tournaments and matches. The challenger would then play a head to head match against the title holder. Since 2000, a three week long knockout format has been instated, under which four new Women’s World Champions have since been crowned (2000, Xie Jun, 2001, Zhu Chen, 2004 Antoaneta Stefanova and 2006 Xu Yuhua) Hungarian-American Grandmaster Susan Polgar is the only American woman to win the Women’s World Championship title. In 1996 Susan unseated Xie Jun from China in a match held in Jaen, Spain.
World Championship- Organized by FIDE and open to both men and women. Official world champions include only one American, Bobby Fischer. Paul Morphy from New Orleans is considered the unofficial world champion before Steinitz.
World Champions
Willhem Steinitz 1886–1894, Austria
Emanuel Lasker 1894–1921, Germany
Jose Raul Capablanca 1921–1927, Cuba
Alexander Alekhine 1927–1935+1937-1946, Russia/France
Max Euwe 1935-1937, Holland
Mikhail Botvinnik 1948–1957 +1958-1960+1961-1963, U.S.S.R (Russia)
Vasily Smyslov 1957–1958, U.S.S.R (Russia)
Mikhail Tal 1960–1961, U.S.S.R (Latvia)
Tigran Petrosian 1963–1969, U.S.S.R (Armenia)
Boris Spassky 1969–1972, U.S.S.R (Russia)
Robert J. Fischer 1972–1975, United States
Anatoly Karpov 1975–1985, U.S.S.R (Russia)
Garry Kasparov 1985–1993, U.S.S.R (Russia)
The World Championship has been marred since 1993 now by disagreements over who is the champion. It started with a split between FIDE and an organization, PCA, founded by the reigning champ at the time, Garry Kasparov. Between 1993 and 2000, Karpov and Kasparov both claimed to be World Champion.
Since then, many of the top players in the World refused to play in FIDE knockout World Championships held in 2000-2004. These knockouts produced four champions: Alexander Khalifman from Russia,Viswanathan (Vishy) Anand from India, Ruslan Ponomariov from Ukraine and Rustam Kasimdzhanov from Uzbekistan. However, during all these years, many considered Vladimir Kramnik to be the true World Champion, since he defeated the champion of champions, Garry Kasparov in a match. (London, 2000)
In 2005, the mess was partly settled by a super strong eight player round robin held in Argentina. Veselin Topalov from Bulgaria emerged as the winner. A match between Topalov and Kramnik is scheduled for 2006. When that match is over, the chess world will have an uncontested world champion for the first time in over a decade.
| i don't know |
Blinker, Fountain, Rocket and Cake are all types of what? | Fireworks Glossary
Fireworks Glossary
A handy A-Z guide to the various firework related terms and what they mean.
A
ADR: The provisions which came into effect on 1st January 2003 concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods (including fireworks). In layman’s terms the amount of fireworks you can carry in a vehicle is limited by their type, the vehicle, and whether the driver has been formally trained to transport them. The restrictions mainly apply to professional (commercial) displayers and their fireworks. See also DTR.
AERIAL SHELL: Typically the Category 4 firework used only by professionals. An aerial effect enclosed in a paper or card “shell” and launched from a mortar tube by a lifting charge (also contained in the shell). Effects vary from plain bangs (maroons) to expansive and pretty colours or multiple effects. Responsible for most of the quality aerial effects seen in a professional display.
AIRBOMB: Any shell effect launched from a firework that bangs, normally loudly. Also the general name given to the small tubular fireworks that launch this effect, formerly a common firework in garden displays capable of quite a loud bang and sometimes with a glowing star effect on ascension. Now a banned firework.
AIRBOMB BARRAGE: Multiple airbombs fused together into one firework, the advantage being you only light one fuse to let the barrage off and it normally works out cheaper “per bang” than buying singly.
AQUA SHELL: A shell designed to be launched across, and break on, water.
B
BALL ROCKET: Popular style of rocket which mimics an aerial shell “on a stick”. Generally, but not always, gives a bigger and louder effect than a standard plastic head rocket.
BANG: What most fireworks do. The “technical” term for a bang in firework circles is “report”. In consumer fireworks there is now a noise limit of 120db which was brought in through new regulations. It has helped to protect small furry animals and old ladies up and down the country.
BANGER: Now banned, a small tubular firework that simply banged, in effect an airbomb that stayed on the ground. Cheap and misused, it was a major cause of injuries until banned from sale to the public. Today, any firework that bangs is quite often erroneously described as a “banger” by the press or public who are unaware of the various correct firework terms. More info .
BARRAGE: A continual and concentrated assault of firework effects, or the general name given to a firework that launches such an effect.
BATTERY: Several fireworks (e.g. candles) fused together for added effect, with a single fuse to light.
BEES: A swarm or cluster of points of light that move and dissipate under their own power. Similar to FISH, but less vigorous and generally less persistent.
BENGAL FLARE: See FLARE.
BFA / BRITISH FIREWORKS ASSOCIATION: An association of UK firework companies who import fireworks working together to address problems concerning noise, illegal fireworks and so on, and to promote the safer use and sale of fireworks.
BLACK MATCH: This is the fast burning fuse used extensively in a professional display. It is also found inside some consumer fireworks such as candle fans and set pieces.
BLINKER: A small ground based firework that strobes (flashes).
BLOCKBUSTER: A popular and long-running shell effect candle by Vulcan which became the standard against which most 28-30mm candles have been judged in the noughties. Largely superceeded in recent years by better and cheaper alternatives in cakes.
BLOSSOM: A pretty or colourful effect likened to a flower, or an effect that opens up and expands, like a flower blossoming.
BOMBETTE: A shell effect within a cake or candle, launched by a lifting charge. Can contain a variety of effects.
BONFIRE: Traditional on Guy Fawkes but don’t feel obliged to have one! Turn them over before lighting (animals nesting!).
BONFIRE SOCIETY: Traditional English society which organises bonfires, displays and meetings. Many do this for charitable reasons.
BOUQUET: A number of fireworks (normally candles) fused together, lighting one fuse sets them all off for a long duration or concentrated effect.
BORE: The internal diameter of a firework tube, this determines the size of the effects or shells contained within. Generally, a wider bore means a more powerful effect, e.g. a 30mm candle will usually be more powerful than a 14mm candle.
BPA: British Pyrotechnists Association. “The trade body that represents the majority of professional firework display companies in the United Kingdom.” More info .
BREAK: The point at which a shell effect explodes into life.
BRITISH STANDARDS (BS) 7114: The legal standard to which fireworks sold to the public in this country must conform. These standards govern various aspects of the firework such as the minimum length of fuse, debris range and so on and are for the benefit of user safety.
BROCADE: Common term that describes an effect like a PEONY, in other words an expanding sphere of stars, the brocade having more persistence. In the case of gold, it is similar to willow, palm and kamuro effects.
BUTTERFLY: A professional shell effect which sees two cones of effects eject in opposite directions, creating a symmetrical butterfly effect.
C
CAKE: A multi-shot firework in which the effects or shells are placed in tubes so they are aligned in a horizontal plane (rather than stacked vertically as in a candle). For example, a typical 8-shot cake would have eight tubes each with one shell in, but a typical 8-shot candle would consist of one tube, with eight shells stacked vertically. More info .
CANDLE: A firework consisting of a shell or effect in a card tube. A lifting charge propels the effect into the air. The common name for these is “roman candle”. Today’s candles can have many shots stacked on top of each other and candle batteries (several candles taped together and linked by a fuse) can create a devastating barrage. A battery of single shot candles, if packaged as a whole, are normally called a cake. Virtually all multi-shot fireworks today are either candles or cakes. More info .
CATEGORY 1/2/3/4: The British Standards classification fireworks are given in the UK. Category 1 fireworks (“indoor”) are the safest, and can be lit indoors. Be sure to only light fireworks indoors which are clearly labelled for this purpose. Category 2 fireworks (“garden”) are for use outdoors and spectators must be at least 5 metres away (8 metres on fireworks labelled with EU compliance). Category 3 fireworks (“display”) are for use outdoors and spectators must be at least 25 metres away, with these being the largest publicly available fireworks. Any other firework which does not meet these criteria or is considered unsafe for public or untrained use is a Category 4 (“professional”) firework and may only be sold to, or used by, a professional. More info .
CATHERINE WHEEL: See WHEEL.
CHERRY BOMB: The American equivalent of our old garden banger, shaped like a cherry. It is understood these have been banned over there too.
CHINESE CRACKERS: A number (typically 100, 250, 500 and so on) of small bangers strung together and connected by a rapid burning fuse, which when lit, creates a chain reaction of bangs. A potentially dangerous firework due to its erratic nature which is now banned from sale to the public in the UK. Still widely seen on the Continent during festivals and street celebrations, these can create huge amounts of litter and were one of the hardest fireworks to tidy up afterwards. More info .
CHINESE LANTERNS: Large balloons made from flame retardant paper with a wick on the bottom. This is lit and fills the lantern with hot air and it eventually lifts off. Completely silent and very pretty. Probably the cause of 99% of UFO reports in the last few years. More info .
COLD FALL OUT: Fall out that is not burning or hot. Indoor fireworks such as ice fountains have cold fall out.
COMET: A star or other projectile which leaves a glittering, persistent trail behind it.
COMPLAINT: What you’ll get from your neighbours if you let off loud fireworks without warning them first!
CONFETTI CANNON: A tube that fires confetti, streamers or other materials. Various types are available, the common ones being one-shot compressed air powered cannons which you activate by pulling a string or twisting the base.
CONIC FOUNTAIN: A type of fountain. See FOUNTAIN.
CRACKLE: A sound effect from a firework created by many small bangs or snaps.
CRACKLING COMET: A comet that leaves behind a tail of crackling effects rather than just quiet glitter.
CROSSETTE: An effect that splits in the sky, for example a coloured star which then splits into four or five other coloured stars.
DAMP SQUIB: A firework that fails to ignite or explode.
DISPLAY FIREWORK: A firework requiring 25 metres distance to spectators. See CATEGORY 1/2/3/4.
DIVISIONAL STORAGE: The name given to a type of storage used by professionals where a significantly greater quantity of fireworks can be stored.
DIY KIT: A kit (sold normally by mail order) comprising of numerous loose items to make a complete display.
DOUBLE BREAK: A firework or shell that has two, rather than one, effects. Also a rocket that bursts twice with two different effects.
DRAGONS EGGS: An increasingly common term to describe an effect whose exact characteristics seem open to interpretation, in general a gold or silver breaking effect that ends in crackles or strobes.
DTR: In relation to ADR, DTR refers to the training required by drivers of vehicles transporting dangerous goods including fireworks. ADR specifies limits of fireworks above which driver training is required.
DUD: Same as DAMP SQUIB.
E
EIG / EXPLOSIVES INDUSTRY GROUP: A UK organisation that “exists to represent and inform its members on all topics of explosive legislation in the UK”.
EJECTS BANGS & EJECTS STARS: Common descriptions on firework labels. If a firework only says “EJECTS STARS” it is likely to be fairly quiet, whereas “EJECTS BANGS” is likely to be noisier.
ELECTRICAL FIRING/IGNITION: Large professional displays or those requiring exact timing are often fired electrically. Here the fireworks have electrical igniters attached to them, and are normally all wired into a central control box. The firer then presses a button to ignite each firework. More complicated firing systems allow multiple firing, sequenced firing, and preprogrammed sequences at the touch of a button. The result is a very tight and well-timed show, although setting up can take much longer, as can planning, and the equipment to fire electrically is often expensive. New innovations include remote control firing systems. Firing systems are becoming more widely available to the public too thanks to special types of igniters that clip over a firework’s fuse.
EMBER: A burning piece of casing or paper from a firework. Most embers go out before reaching the ground but those that do not can pose a hazard to spectators, other fireworks or firers.
| Fireworks |
On a regular clockface, which number lies opposite 5? | Firecrackers | Wild Willys Fireworks
Signup For The Latest Updates From Wild Willy's Fireworks
Subscribe
WILD WILLY'S FIREWORKS
Established in 2006. We are a family owned retail and wholesale fireworks company located in Nebraska. We are passionate about fireworks and love connecting with our customers and providing them with the highest quality fireworks at the lowest prices.
NEBRASKA FIREWORKS SEASONS:
| i don't know |
A Biggin is a type of pot used for making what? | Brewing Techniques
3.16 A final note on brewing techniques
3.1 Proper extraction times
As a general rule, extraction time is directly proportional to grind coarseness. That is, the smaller the coffee particles, the shorter the extraction time should be. French press coffee generally has the longest extraction times, with coffee/water contact lasting as long as four minutes; the grind is, therefore, about the coarsest used. For those who prefer using a somewhat finer grind for this brewing method, the steeping period should be shortened. Espresso has the shortest contact time, about twenty-five seconds, so the particle size is among the smallest.
Most of the desirable flavors—and the caffeine—are extracted first. If the coffee is allowed to remain in contact with the water for too long for its particle size, additional compounds start to extract and these will make the coffee taste bitter. Similarly, if your particle size is disproportionately large for your extraction time, only a small quantity of the desirable compounds will be extracted, so the coffee will be underextracted and lacking in flavor (which is not the same as weak ).
3.2 A note on filtration versus percolation
William Ukers' treatise "All About Coffee" notes that "true" percolation refers to dripping through "fine interstices of china or metal," while in filtration the dripping occurs through a porous substance such as paper or cloth. As a result, much of the current nomenclature is technically incorrect. However, the popular conceptualization of "percolation" now refers to a particular brewing device that may use either metal or paper filters; see section 3.9 . Similarly, many drip devices use metal filters.
3.3 Drip
Most of the coffee consumed in the United States is produced via some variant of the drip method: hot water is poured over medium-grind coffee contained within a filter; the water steeps and drips through, yielding coffee. The only impediment to the water's passage is resistance from the ground coffee and the filter.
There are many variations on drip brewers' appearance and specific functionality; this FAQ will describe the more common ones.
3.3.1 Chemex® brewers
Invented in 1941, the Chemex® brewer resemble an hourglass and has a distinct "science lab" appearance—not surprising, considering that it was invented by a chemist, Dr. Peter J. Schlumbohm, who combined a heavily modified glass funnel and an Erlenmeyer flask. Special paper filters are placed in the upper section; these filters, different than standard paper filters, are quite thick and manage to trap sediment while passing a large portion of the aromatic compounds. The filter is filled with medium- to coarse-grind coffee, a small amount of the brewing water is poured over the grounds, just enough to wet them, then the rest of the hot water is poured. If the filter cannot hold all of the brewing water, stop pouring until the level drops (as the brewed coffee drips out), then continue to add the water.
Due to the thickness of the filters, you may find that a grind suitable for a standard paper filter is too fine for a Chemex® filter.
Chemex® is a trademarked term, and therefore does not refer to a generic style of brewer.
3.3.2 One-cup brewers
These are exactly that: they are small enough to fit onto a coffee mug, and brew one cup of coffee at a time. Some come with inserts that fit on top of and into the filter; these inserts have small perforations on their bottoms, and serve to regulate the flow of water dripping onto the coffee. These brewers often use metal filters, integrated into the unit as a whole. A few of these devices are made out of ceramic, while others are plastic; they esemble the filter basket section of auto-drip machines. Distinguish from 3.3.3 filtercone holders .
3.3.3 Filtercone holders
Similar to the one-cup brewers, but they make larger quantities, dispensing the coffee directly into thermally insulated containers. These generally accept cone-shaped paper filters or similarly shaped metal mesh ones .
3.3.4 Vietnamese coffee maker
This is basically a one-cup brewer, but there are some differences. The device has three parts: the main body looks like a small coffee cup and saucer molded together, with a threaded rod standing vertically in the middle of the inside; the bottom of the "cup" is a filter. A second filter fits into the main body; it has a hollow central post that screws onto the threaded rod. The last item is a lid. The cup or mug (onto which the coffee maker is placed) should first be heated by filling it with boiling water for a short while, then draining it. Place the main body onto the mug, fill it with finely ground coffee, and then screw the second filter down tightly. A coffee/chicory blend is traditional, as is pouring some sweetened condensed milk directly into the mug (though the milk can be added later). Pour a splash of very hot water into the brewer; the device should be filled up no more than a quarter of the way, as the ground coffee will soak up the water and expand. After about a half-minute, unscrew the second filter a couple of turns, fill the device with hot water and cover. It will take quite a long time to drain, perhaps five minutes.
3.3.5 Reversible coffee pot / flip pots / Napoletana
These are comprised of four parts. One part looks like a very small pot with tall sides, a second like watering can with a large top opening; each of these parts usually has a handle. These two parts snap together, the open sides facing each other. Inside these pieces is a two-piece assembly that looks like a saltshaker. When the internal assembly is removed and its perforated lid unscrewed, a second perforated surface can be seen inside the "saltshaker," about one inch from the lip. Ground coffee is placed inside and the top screwed on; water is placed inside the pot-shaped piece, and all of the pieces are assembled. The side with the water is placed on a hot stove. When it is hot enough, water will begin to seep out of a tiny hole near the lip of the bottom piece. At this point, you flip the pot over, and the hot water will seep through the coffee into the piece with the spout. When this finishes, the top and middle portions are removed and the coffee is served. Most flip pots also come with a fifth piece: a lid that fits onto the serving unit after the coffee has been brewed. Note that the water seeping through the hole may well mean that it is boiling, so try timing things so that you flip the pot before the water boils.
The Napoletana is not the only flip pot (reversible pot) that has been made, but it is the only one the average consumer will likely find these days.
3.3.6 Auto-drip
The most common variant of the drip method is auto-drip; their greatest advantage is that they simplify the brewing process. Water is heated in one chamber and then piped over grounds contained in a filter; the brewed coffee then drips down into a serving carafe. These automatic machines have two prime faults: one, except for a few high-end brands, they do not make the water hot enough, so extraction occurs at sub-optimal temperatures. Secondly, the manufacturers proudly tout the machines' warming plates for keeping the coffee hot. However, continued application of heat will cause the coffee to turn bitter; a better choice is to either buy a machine with an integrated insulated carafe, or pour the coffee into a separate insulated carafe once the brewing cycle is complete. With careful research, you can find an auto-drip machine that does in fact reach proper brewing temperatures, the overall convenience arguably makes such a machine the best choice for most people.
Other things to look for: good water dispersal (using a showerhead design to spread hot water over the grounds, rather than a single small spout), automatic shutoff for the warming plate (though you shouldn't use a warming plate, it's nice to have it shut off automatically if you forget about it).
For autodrip machines, you have a choice between paper and metal mesh filters ; the latter requires a slightly coarser grind.
3.4 Single-Serve Coffee Systems
Once confined to commercial establishments, these devices have started to make their way into homes. They are very convenient: the coffee is pre-packaged in variously shaped containers (depending upon the machine) which are inserted into the machine, a button is pushed, and coffee comes out. The main variation here is whether the machine pre-heats an entire resevoir (lengthening the initial wait but shortening the time it then takes to brew multiple cups) or heats water on-demand (shortening the initial wait but brewing consecutive cups more slowly). Some machines have an option to brew with less water, making a stronger cup.
These machines are generally akin to drip machines; although some pressure is often involved (sometimes creating a faux- crema ), they are not true espresso machines since they do not achieve nearly the requisite pressure .
Overall, the machines appear to be well-designed and they perform well. The weak point is the coffee itself. Since the machines use proprietary packaging, you are forced to use the manufacturer's coffee—similar in effect to inkjet printers and their cartridges. Since the coffee has been ground and packaged months in advance, you must rely on package technology to keep the coffee from staling. As a result, products reviews have found the quality of the brewed coffee to be spotty, and the most important issue not to be the machine itself, but the prepackaged coffee that can be used with it. While the packages' freshness may not favorably compare to freshly roasted and ground coffee, they will likely equal or exceed that of ground, canned coffee.
Some coffeemaker brands support a broader range of coffee options than others. And, as with inkjet cartridges, you can often use "compatible" packages, though the manufacturers obviously do not encourage this and will not repair under warranty if a third-party product causes damage.
There is an "unofficial" reusable adapter for one of the pod machines, the Philips Senseo, which seems to improve brew quality, albeit at the expense of convenience that is the machine's primary selling point.
3.5 Biggin
The Oxford English Dictionary claims that this device was named after a "Mr. Biggin," though some sources surmise that the name came from the Dutch "beggelin", meaning to trickle. The first and perhaps original version was little more than a cloth bag that fit into a container, the bag's opening was held in place at the top by a metal ring. Other variants were quite elaborate; in one, a metal plate was used in conjunction with a screw device. When the top of the screw was turned, the plate would rise, compressing the bag. Another variant did away with the bag altogether, and the coffee was kept contained in metal cylinder with a perforated metal disk bottom. The screw would cause the disk to rise up in the cylinder, pulling the ground coffee out of the brewed coffee.
Confusingly, certain French coffeemakers are labeled as Biggins. These devices are essentially drip pots, whereas to be labeled a Biggin, the device must operate by the steeping method: holding the coffee and water together, then isolating the spent grounds after the period concludes.
3.6 French Press / Press Pot / Cafetiere / Plunger Pot
A French press consists of two parts: a beaker-shaped container made out of glass, metal, or plastic, and a plunger, which is a multi-piece wire-mesh filter assembly attached perpendicularly to a metal rod. Other filters may also ship with the press or be retrofitted onto them, such as finer mesh one-piece units, or nylon mesh screens to be used in conjunction with the standard filter; these serve to better remove fine sediment.
Some presses are insulated; these work well for keeping the coffee hot during the steeping process. However, contrary to the manufacturers' instructions, you should pour off the coffee when it is ready and not keep in in the brewing vessel, else it will continue to steep and become bitter and over-extracted.
To use a press, warm the carafe (beaker) by filling it with hot water and allowing it to sit for a minute or so while your brew water heats; the filter assembly should also be warmed by placing it into the water heating the carafe. This warming stage is optional, but will improve coffee quality, especially when brewing lesser amounts (heat absorption by the device will lower extraction temperature). Heat the brewing water as per the section on water temperature . Empty the carafe and put in the ground coffee. Common practice is to use a grind somewhat between that of auto-drip and percolator, but some people prefer to use a medium grind (similar to auto-drip) with a proportionately shorter steeping time (see below).
Pour in the water and put the plunger in place but do not press it down yet; the lid, which is also part of the plunger assembly, will thereby reduce heat loss. Let it steep for about four minutes, a minute or two less if using a finer grind. In order to ensure thorough saturation, some people prefer to either stir the grounds about thirty seconds to a minute after adding the water, or, and perhaps better, add about a third of the water, wait about twenty or thirty seconds, then add the rest. If using a glass carafe, do not stir the grounds with a metal implement, as this may damage the carafe. When the time is up, push down the plunger to trap the grounds at the bottom, and pour off the coffee. If the plunger resists being pushed down, do not force it (there is anecdotal evidence that excessive pressure could cause the glass to shatter); back the plunger up and try again. If you have repeated problems pushing the plunger down, you have either ground the beans too finely, or your grinder produces excessive dust, which is choking the filter.
Note that this brewing method leaves all of the coffee oils in the coffee. This will create a rich, tasty cup, but there is some medical evidence that these oils may have adverse medical effects . Some people dislike the sediment that almost inevitably occurs when using the press.
Though not a fatal flaw, one issue that plagues French presses is heat loss. Pre-warming the carafe (and filter assembly) will reduce this problem, but the glass is quite thin, so the temperature of the water may drop below optimal brewing temperatures while steeping. Insulated presses will virtually eliminate heat loss; however, such presses now in production are made of either plastic or metal (stainless steel), and some users claim that this material lends an off-flavor to the coffee. Insulated fabric covers for presses, similar to tea cozies, are also available
In the United States, "French press" is the most commonly used appellation, whereas cafetiere is used in parts of Europe; however, cafetiere literally means "coffeemaker," so some confusion could arise if this term is used. The term plunger pot may have negative connotations, since in the US a plunger is also a device used to open clogged plumbing.
As an interesting side note: a press can be a good indicator of a coffee's freshness. When the hot water is added, very fresh coffee will foam up significantly, and stale coffee, not at all.
Like the biggin, this process is known as steeping.
3.7 Espresso
Espresso is a beverage created by forcing water at proper brewing temperatures through finely ground coffee at approximately 9 atmospheres of pressure; contrary to how it is often incorrectly described, steam does not contact the grounds. The resultant brew is quite different than coffee. While coffee is essentially a solution, espresso is at once a solution, a suspension of solids, and an emulsion. A proper espresso is capped with light-brown crema, which David Schomer, owner of Espresso Vivace, notes has been described as a " polyphasic colloidal foam. "
This topic is outside the scope of this document; see the Original espresso FAQ or this one .
3.8 Vacuum pot
Dating back to at least the 1830s, these devices were quite common in the 1930s through the 1950s. Though more complex forms exist, the basic principle remains the same for all of them. A lower container resembling an auto-drip machine's carafe is filled with water (hereafter, the lower bowl will be referred to as the carafe). An upper bowl, basically funnel-shaped, is put on top of the carafe, forming a seal; the funnel's tube leading down into the carafe nearly to the bottom. The top of the tube is covered by one of various designs of filters. Somewhat finely ground coffee is placed into this top bowl, then the carafe is placed onto a heat source. This can be a stovetop flame, an alcohol or butane lamp, or an electric element; if an electric stove is used, a wire trivet must be placed between the element and the carafe's bottom.If an alcohol lamp is used, it is best to pre-heat the water, due to relatively low amount of heat produced by the lamp.
As the unit is heated, the increased air pressure in the otherwise sealed carafe forces the water up the tube into the top bowl, where it mixes with the ground coffee. This is not caused by steam pressure; that would indicate that the water was overheated. What might appear to be steam is simply the hot air from the lower bowl, which has followed the water it pushed up and is now bubbling vigorously through the brewing coffee in the upper bowl. When most of the water has moved to the top portion, the heat is reduced and the mixture is allowed to steep for a minute or so. The device is removed from the heat source. As the lower bowl cools its internal pressure drops precipitously, pulling the liquid down from the upper chamber--often accompanied by a loud gurgling. The heating container now doubles as the serving carafe. Because of the filter, the grounds remain behind in the top container. This process produces an excellent cup of coffee, and is certainly quite fun to watch.
While most vac pot filters are made from cloth or plastic mesh, the now-discontinued Cory pots used a glass rod that fits into the top of the tube leading down to the lower bowl (the rod can also be found with some Silex pots). While effectively removing sediment, it also allows the coffee oils to remain in the brewed coffee. Cona currently makes a version for their vac pots, and many users feel the newer version of the rod works better than the older models.
Brands and places of manufacture: current manufacturers include Cona in England, Hario in Japan, Yama Glass in Taiwan, and Bodum in Denmark. Bodum currently also makes two electric models, small and large, that simplify the process. Black and Decker recently introduced a model; due to what may have been poor promotion, it was soon taken off of the market. Cory and Silex (Proctor-Silex) used to make them in the U.S.; Sunbeam once made a metal model with a built-in heating element. See here for more information.
One particularly interesting model is the balancing siphon coffee maker, the only current example of which is made by coffee4you.com . Dating back to models pioneered in the 1840s, the principle is basically the same as the above versions, but the two chambers (water and coffee) are positioned side-by-side on a balance beam. The weight of the water in the heating chamber causes that side of the balance to drop while the side with the coffee grounds chamber stays up in the air. A lamp is lit under the water chamber (to which hot water was added), and the soon near-boiling water is sucked over to the coffee chamber. Since the weight is transferred to the other side, the water chamber is lifted off of the lamp, which is automatically extinguished, causing the water chamber to eventually cool and suck the finished coffee back where it is dispensed via spigot.
This brewing method is closest to steeping, with the added twist of the pressure changes used to move the water.
3.9 Percolator
Originally a referent for a broader series of coffee makers (see section 3.2 ), the term percolator now generally refers to a specific sort of device. As defined in the United States, percolators consist of a chamber that holds the water, into which a long tube with a filter basket at the top end is placed. The filter basket is generally made of perforated metal, but many models accept paper filters. Coarsely ground coffee is placed into the filter and the water is heated, either by in integrated electric element or a stovetop burner. When the water boils, it is drawn up the tube and repeatedly passed over the grounds. That is, the brewed coffee drips back down into the hot water, and that coffee/water mix is then passed back over the grounds, over and over again.
Many people become sentimental when they think about percolators, often recalling childhood memories and the smell of coffee in the air in the morning. Nostalgia aside, percolators are by far the least well-regarded of brewing methods. The water is overheated, the brew overextracted (only water should be spread over coffee grounds, not already-brewed coffee), and the percolating action dissipates the complex, volatile compounds into the atmosphere. This is why people often recall that wonderful aromas: the aromatics that should be in the coffee are instead cast off into the atmosphere.
3.10 Ibrik / cezve / briki / mbriki
"Ibrik" and "cezve" are Turkish; "briki" and "mbiki" are Greek, though the difference is largely semantic. There may well be no definitive way to prepare this product, as there are significant regional variations in traditional preparation; several alternate brewing techniques will be noted.
First, fill the ibrik approximately two-thirds full with clean, cool water (if desired, sugar can also be added at this point) and heat until hot but not yet simmering, then add very finely powdered coffee. Some customs have you add the coffee before heating. The coffee should be evenly distributed on top of the water so as to block the opening. Use approximately one tablespoon per three ounces of water; more coffee should be added if a seal is not formed. The quantity of powdered coffee is very flexible, with some people insisting that they grew up using one teaspoon per three ounces, others saying a tablespoon or even more. Regardless, a quantity sufficient to seal off the neck of the ibrik is necessary. Differing opinions regarding coffee quantity may reflect a misrecollection of the container size.
The water should come nearly to a boil in a minute or two and begin to foam up through the coffee. If your coffee boils rather than foams, you may have used too little coffee or over-heated the water. When this foam rises somewhat thickly, remove the pot from the heat long enough for the foam to settle. One tradition has you immediately pour the coffee into a demitasse, making sure to cover the top with foam (and therefore not wait for it to settle before you pour). Another tradition is to repeat this foaming process one or two times with a low heat setting. The grounds should settle in the cup before drinking. Another tradition has you wait until the grounds settle in the ibrik itself, but this runs the risk of losing the foam before pouring. If you use the latter technique, you may wish to preserve the foam by scooping some into the cups before waiting for the grounds to settle.
One common tradition is to mix powdered cardamom with the coffee before heating.
This brewing method is known as "decoction."
Grinders tend to have trouble making the powder fine enough. Turkish coffee grinders, resembling pepper grinders, are available. Many feel that the lowly whirly blade grinders work adequately, but they may overheat the coffee during the long grinding process: Turkish grind is even finer than espresso grind, almost the consistency of talcum powder.
A note on boiling: it is unclear whether the water actually comes to a boil with this process, or whether the foaming is merely an effect that appears to mimic the visual appearance of boiling.
3.11 Moka pot
The moka pot is sometimes misleadingly referred to as a stovetop espresso maker. There are many variations in design for this device, but the basic function is the same. At its most basic, the moka pot consists of 3 parts:
1) a chamber at the bottom for the water. It has a threaded opening for the top (not middle) section, and a pressure relief valve. This section is almost invariably made from metal. Before using, it is filled with water to just below the relief valve; do not fill completely.
2) the middle part holds the ground coffee. It is a metal ring with a funnel attached to its bottom (all one piece); the funnel is separated from the ring by a screen, which usually spreads across the bottom of the ring before it narrows for the funnel. This component is also made of metal. This section simply drops into the lower section, and finely ground coffee is spooned in until full or slightly heaping. The grounds are not tamped.
3) The brewed coffee flows into and is poured from the top section, which has a threaded opening for the bottom section and is topped off by a lid, commonly one that flips open and closed. This component varies the most, both in shape and composition; there are also models where this section is made from clear, heat-resistant plastic, emabling the user to see the brewing coffee flowing in. The bottom of this section has a screen very similar to the one in the middle section. This screen also leads to a tube, one that points up into the upper section. The upper section gets threaded onto the bottom section, thereby slightly packing the coffee in the middle section.
The assembled device is placed on the stove and the water is heated. Since the lower chamber is airtight (the funnel bottom is situated below the waterline), the expanding air pushes down on the the water and forces it up the lower tube, through the coffee and through the top tube. It spurts out of the tube (which ends near the top of the upper chamber) and drops down into the bottom of the top reservoir. The brewed coffee is them poured off. This is similar to how a vacuum pot works, except that (1) rather than mixing with the coffee and steeping, the water is forced under some pressure though the coffee, and (2) the brewed coffee remains in the top portion. A moka pot can make good quality, strong coffee.
Notes:
1. Start with a somewhat coarser grind than used for drip. The trick is to allow a small amount of resistance to the water flow without creating a clog. Similarly, the coffee should not be packed, as the grounds will expand when they become wet and may otherwise clog the device. Too fine a grind may also choke the moka pot and possibly pop open the safety (pressure-relief) valve. On the other hand, if the coffee holder is not filled sufficiently, water (seeking the path of least resistance) may seek relatively empty "channels" in the coffee, thereby creating a weak brew. Make sure that there are no grounds on the lips of either the lower or middle sections, as this may prevent a tight seal.
2 . Stoves can vary; you want the water to heat in about five minutes, so a low to medium heat setting should be fine. Do not use a very high heat. Get to know your stove.
3. When the device makes a gurgling sound, remove it from the heat and it will finish brewing on its own. Do not be concerned if there is some water left in the bottom section; you would have to overheat the unit to get the last bit out.
4. It is crucial to have airspace in the bottom section; the pressure relief valve must be kept unblocked in case of a clog, to prevent the lower chamber from bursting, and the airspace is needed to help create the pressure used to push the water up.
The moka pots most commonly sold in the United States are made out of aluminum. Although there are no definitive links between aluminum and adverse health effects, (see, Scientific American: Is there any proof that Alzheimer's disease is related to exposure to aluminum--for instance, by using aluminum frying pans? many people insist that aluminum imparts a metallic taste, and will thus only use a stainless steel model. Some varieties have built-in wands that dispense the brew and/or can generate steam for steaming and milk.There is at least one electric moka pot.
As already noted, moka pots are sometimes referred to as stovetop espresso machines. However, these devices cannot achieve the pressure required to achieve the emulsion of oils and colloids unique to espresso; moka pots make strong coffee, but not espresso.
3.12 Cold water process
This promises to make a brew that is better tolerated by people who find that coffee upsets their stomachs. Basically, add one pound to about nine cups of cold water and store at room temperature overnight (about twelve hours). Filter and refrigerate; although refrigeration is not crucial, it will extend the usable shelf life. This makes a concentrate that is not directly drinkable. To serve, add one ounce of the concentrate to six ounces of very hot water. All of these proportions can be adjusted: use more or less water for steeping, and/or adjust dilution ratios. This coffee will be smoother and easier to drink, but it will lack the highlights and subtleties of hot-brewed coffee, since certain compounds are only extracted at the higher temperature ; many will find the taste lacking. There are two brands of commercial cold water process coffee makers, by Toddy Products® and Filtron®, that simplify steeping and, most especially, filtering.
Alternatively, you can simply use a French press for the whole process.
3.13 Microwave brewing
Distinguishable from simply heating the water in a microwave, there are various devices sold for brewing coffee in a microwave oven. These devices take various forms, but following are two examples.
One device works basically like a moka pot, but made out of plastic in order to be usable in the microwave. Another design has you combine the water and ground coffee in a chamber. When the water/coffee mixture hits a certain temperature, a bimetallic strip at the bottom bends, and the coffee drips down through a filter into a lower chamber or mug. Reviews of these products have not been positive.
3.14 Instant
This is partially a preparation method, and partially a form of coffee. Instant coffee is brewed coffee that has had the water removed by some form of evaporation.
First, coffee is brewed in large quantities, usually at a higher extraction rate than is normally used; a evaporative process is then used to concentrate the brew. Next, a powder is produced by one of two methods: (1) spray drying, where very fine streams of the brew are blown into hot, dry air, evaporating the water, or (2) freeze drying, where the liquid is first frozen, then placed in a vacuum, which vaporize the water through sublimation. The spray drying method is especially prone to loss of coffee essences, whish are partially captured during evaporation and added back to the powder.
Various agents are often added to color the resultant powder and cause it to clump together, in order to make it resemble ground coffee. A shot of aroma is added to give the powder a desirable smell when the container is opened; however, this is deceptive, as the aroma is not inherent in the powder and will not be reflected in the brewed cup. Instant coffees often contain a very large percentage of robusta beans. Instant is the least desirable method of preparing coffee.
3.15 Filters
There are five types of filters: paper, metal, plastic, cloth, and glass.
3.15.1 Paper filters
Paper filters are the most commonly encountered variety. They do the most thorough job in removing particulates, but will also absorb some of the essential oils and aromatics from the coffee. This will yield a brew with less aroma and perceived body; Chemex brand filters purport to allow the aromatic compound through. Filters are akin to copy paper in that their thicknesses can vary from brand to brand, as can their constituent fibers; as a result, their impact upon the brew's flavor will differ. These filters are disposable, with the concomitant factors of easier cleanup and increased waste and resource usage.
Paper filters may also be divided into bleached and natural varieties. The natural filters can impart a taste described as wet cardboard, especially if a lower-quality brand is used. Though once bleached with chlorine, most bleached filters are now whitened with oxygen.
Avoid cheap filters; in addition to possibly effecting the coffee's taste, they may clog easily, either overextracting or forcing you to use a coarser grind and thereby possibly underextracting.
Paper filters are most often used with most types of drip coffee makers and with percolators.
3.15.2 Metal filters
There are two quite different sorts of perforated metal filters. One sort uses relatively large holes to filter the coffee. They will allow all of the oils and aromatics through, but will also pass fine particulates into the brewed coffee. These filters are usually integrated into moka pots, Neapolitan flip pots, as well as many percolators. The other kind is the permanent metal filters sold for drip brewers (mainly auto-drip) in which the perforations, in the form of miniscule slits, are much, much finer. Most are either stainless steel or gold-plated in order to prevent off-tastes from being imparted to the coffee. They trap quite a lot of the particulates while passing the oils and aromatics, but the brew won't be quite as "clean" as with paper filters.
A different type of metal filters are the woven wire mesh filters, similar to the material used for window or door screens, but the mesh is considerably finer. Again, no coffee oils or aromatics are absorbed, but a quantity of particulates may be passed through. These filters are typically used with French presses and some autodrip machines.
3.15.3 Cloth filters
Cloth filters are rarely used these days, and were once used with many varieties of vacuum pots. Their absorption is similar to that of paper filters, but they can be rinsed and re-used many times. They should be very well cleaned periodically, or they may transmit off-flavors to the coffee.
Cloth holders, sometimes literally socks, have been used for steeping ground coffee in hot water, and have been used in devices such as the Biggin.
3.15.4 Plastic filters
These are sometimes sold with less-expensive drip machines. They do not trap oils and aromatics, and will pass sediment. Many feel that they impart an undesirable taste to the coffee, and they do not last very long. Nylon mesh filters are also sold for French presses, either for use on their own or in conjunction with the metal mesh filters. These do not seem to cause off-tastes, and will trap more sediment than the mesh filters. Some vacuum pots also use these nylon filters.
3.15.5 Glass filters
These work with many styles of vacuum pots and resemble a short glass wand; they fit into the downspout of the vacuum pot's upper bowl. They are surprisingly effective at keeping out particulates, especially the Cona models.
3.16 A final note on brewing techniques
The categorizations above are, to some degree, a simplification. Valid arguments may be proffered that the divisions are not so clear, that some brewing devices in one category are also akin to devices in a different one.
| Coffee |
Who wrote the 1870 novel ‘Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea’? | Brewing Techniques
3.16 A final note on brewing techniques
3.1 Proper extraction times
As a general rule, extraction time is directly proportional to grind coarseness. That is, the smaller the coffee particles, the shorter the extraction time should be. French press coffee generally has the longest extraction times, with coffee/water contact lasting as long as four minutes; the grind is, therefore, about the coarsest used. For those who prefer using a somewhat finer grind for this brewing method, the steeping period should be shortened. Espresso has the shortest contact time, about twenty-five seconds, so the particle size is among the smallest.
Most of the desirable flavors—and the caffeine—are extracted first. If the coffee is allowed to remain in contact with the water for too long for its particle size, additional compounds start to extract and these will make the coffee taste bitter. Similarly, if your particle size is disproportionately large for your extraction time, only a small quantity of the desirable compounds will be extracted, so the coffee will be underextracted and lacking in flavor (which is not the same as weak ).
3.2 A note on filtration versus percolation
William Ukers' treatise "All About Coffee" notes that "true" percolation refers to dripping through "fine interstices of china or metal," while in filtration the dripping occurs through a porous substance such as paper or cloth. As a result, much of the current nomenclature is technically incorrect. However, the popular conceptualization of "percolation" now refers to a particular brewing device that may use either metal or paper filters; see section 3.9 . Similarly, many drip devices use metal filters.
3.3 Drip
Most of the coffee consumed in the United States is produced via some variant of the drip method: hot water is poured over medium-grind coffee contained within a filter; the water steeps and drips through, yielding coffee. The only impediment to the water's passage is resistance from the ground coffee and the filter.
There are many variations on drip brewers' appearance and specific functionality; this FAQ will describe the more common ones.
3.3.1 Chemex® brewers
Invented in 1941, the Chemex® brewer resemble an hourglass and has a distinct "science lab" appearance—not surprising, considering that it was invented by a chemist, Dr. Peter J. Schlumbohm, who combined a heavily modified glass funnel and an Erlenmeyer flask. Special paper filters are placed in the upper section; these filters, different than standard paper filters, are quite thick and manage to trap sediment while passing a large portion of the aromatic compounds. The filter is filled with medium- to coarse-grind coffee, a small amount of the brewing water is poured over the grounds, just enough to wet them, then the rest of the hot water is poured. If the filter cannot hold all of the brewing water, stop pouring until the level drops (as the brewed coffee drips out), then continue to add the water.
Due to the thickness of the filters, you may find that a grind suitable for a standard paper filter is too fine for a Chemex® filter.
Chemex® is a trademarked term, and therefore does not refer to a generic style of brewer.
3.3.2 One-cup brewers
These are exactly that: they are small enough to fit onto a coffee mug, and brew one cup of coffee at a time. Some come with inserts that fit on top of and into the filter; these inserts have small perforations on their bottoms, and serve to regulate the flow of water dripping onto the coffee. These brewers often use metal filters, integrated into the unit as a whole. A few of these devices are made out of ceramic, while others are plastic; they esemble the filter basket section of auto-drip machines. Distinguish from 3.3.3 filtercone holders .
3.3.3 Filtercone holders
Similar to the one-cup brewers, but they make larger quantities, dispensing the coffee directly into thermally insulated containers. These generally accept cone-shaped paper filters or similarly shaped metal mesh ones .
3.3.4 Vietnamese coffee maker
This is basically a one-cup brewer, but there are some differences. The device has three parts: the main body looks like a small coffee cup and saucer molded together, with a threaded rod standing vertically in the middle of the inside; the bottom of the "cup" is a filter. A second filter fits into the main body; it has a hollow central post that screws onto the threaded rod. The last item is a lid. The cup or mug (onto which the coffee maker is placed) should first be heated by filling it with boiling water for a short while, then draining it. Place the main body onto the mug, fill it with finely ground coffee, and then screw the second filter down tightly. A coffee/chicory blend is traditional, as is pouring some sweetened condensed milk directly into the mug (though the milk can be added later). Pour a splash of very hot water into the brewer; the device should be filled up no more than a quarter of the way, as the ground coffee will soak up the water and expand. After about a half-minute, unscrew the second filter a couple of turns, fill the device with hot water and cover. It will take quite a long time to drain, perhaps five minutes.
3.3.5 Reversible coffee pot / flip pots / Napoletana
These are comprised of four parts. One part looks like a very small pot with tall sides, a second like watering can with a large top opening; each of these parts usually has a handle. These two parts snap together, the open sides facing each other. Inside these pieces is a two-piece assembly that looks like a saltshaker. When the internal assembly is removed and its perforated lid unscrewed, a second perforated surface can be seen inside the "saltshaker," about one inch from the lip. Ground coffee is placed inside and the top screwed on; water is placed inside the pot-shaped piece, and all of the pieces are assembled. The side with the water is placed on a hot stove. When it is hot enough, water will begin to seep out of a tiny hole near the lip of the bottom piece. At this point, you flip the pot over, and the hot water will seep through the coffee into the piece with the spout. When this finishes, the top and middle portions are removed and the coffee is served. Most flip pots also come with a fifth piece: a lid that fits onto the serving unit after the coffee has been brewed. Note that the water seeping through the hole may well mean that it is boiling, so try timing things so that you flip the pot before the water boils.
The Napoletana is not the only flip pot (reversible pot) that has been made, but it is the only one the average consumer will likely find these days.
3.3.6 Auto-drip
The most common variant of the drip method is auto-drip; their greatest advantage is that they simplify the brewing process. Water is heated in one chamber and then piped over grounds contained in a filter; the brewed coffee then drips down into a serving carafe. These automatic machines have two prime faults: one, except for a few high-end brands, they do not make the water hot enough, so extraction occurs at sub-optimal temperatures. Secondly, the manufacturers proudly tout the machines' warming plates for keeping the coffee hot. However, continued application of heat will cause the coffee to turn bitter; a better choice is to either buy a machine with an integrated insulated carafe, or pour the coffee into a separate insulated carafe once the brewing cycle is complete. With careful research, you can find an auto-drip machine that does in fact reach proper brewing temperatures, the overall convenience arguably makes such a machine the best choice for most people.
Other things to look for: good water dispersal (using a showerhead design to spread hot water over the grounds, rather than a single small spout), automatic shutoff for the warming plate (though you shouldn't use a warming plate, it's nice to have it shut off automatically if you forget about it).
For autodrip machines, you have a choice between paper and metal mesh filters ; the latter requires a slightly coarser grind.
3.4 Single-Serve Coffee Systems
Once confined to commercial establishments, these devices have started to make their way into homes. They are very convenient: the coffee is pre-packaged in variously shaped containers (depending upon the machine) which are inserted into the machine, a button is pushed, and coffee comes out. The main variation here is whether the machine pre-heats an entire resevoir (lengthening the initial wait but shortening the time it then takes to brew multiple cups) or heats water on-demand (shortening the initial wait but brewing consecutive cups more slowly). Some machines have an option to brew with less water, making a stronger cup.
These machines are generally akin to drip machines; although some pressure is often involved (sometimes creating a faux- crema ), they are not true espresso machines since they do not achieve nearly the requisite pressure .
Overall, the machines appear to be well-designed and they perform well. The weak point is the coffee itself. Since the machines use proprietary packaging, you are forced to use the manufacturer's coffee—similar in effect to inkjet printers and their cartridges. Since the coffee has been ground and packaged months in advance, you must rely on package technology to keep the coffee from staling. As a result, products reviews have found the quality of the brewed coffee to be spotty, and the most important issue not to be the machine itself, but the prepackaged coffee that can be used with it. While the packages' freshness may not favorably compare to freshly roasted and ground coffee, they will likely equal or exceed that of ground, canned coffee.
Some coffeemaker brands support a broader range of coffee options than others. And, as with inkjet cartridges, you can often use "compatible" packages, though the manufacturers obviously do not encourage this and will not repair under warranty if a third-party product causes damage.
There is an "unofficial" reusable adapter for one of the pod machines, the Philips Senseo, which seems to improve brew quality, albeit at the expense of convenience that is the machine's primary selling point.
3.5 Biggin
The Oxford English Dictionary claims that this device was named after a "Mr. Biggin," though some sources surmise that the name came from the Dutch "beggelin", meaning to trickle. The first and perhaps original version was little more than a cloth bag that fit into a container, the bag's opening was held in place at the top by a metal ring. Other variants were quite elaborate; in one, a metal plate was used in conjunction with a screw device. When the top of the screw was turned, the plate would rise, compressing the bag. Another variant did away with the bag altogether, and the coffee was kept contained in metal cylinder with a perforated metal disk bottom. The screw would cause the disk to rise up in the cylinder, pulling the ground coffee out of the brewed coffee.
Confusingly, certain French coffeemakers are labeled as Biggins. These devices are essentially drip pots, whereas to be labeled a Biggin, the device must operate by the steeping method: holding the coffee and water together, then isolating the spent grounds after the period concludes.
3.6 French Press / Press Pot / Cafetiere / Plunger Pot
A French press consists of two parts: a beaker-shaped container made out of glass, metal, or plastic, and a plunger, which is a multi-piece wire-mesh filter assembly attached perpendicularly to a metal rod. Other filters may also ship with the press or be retrofitted onto them, such as finer mesh one-piece units, or nylon mesh screens to be used in conjunction with the standard filter; these serve to better remove fine sediment.
Some presses are insulated; these work well for keeping the coffee hot during the steeping process. However, contrary to the manufacturers' instructions, you should pour off the coffee when it is ready and not keep in in the brewing vessel, else it will continue to steep and become bitter and over-extracted.
To use a press, warm the carafe (beaker) by filling it with hot water and allowing it to sit for a minute or so while your brew water heats; the filter assembly should also be warmed by placing it into the water heating the carafe. This warming stage is optional, but will improve coffee quality, especially when brewing lesser amounts (heat absorption by the device will lower extraction temperature). Heat the brewing water as per the section on water temperature . Empty the carafe and put in the ground coffee. Common practice is to use a grind somewhat between that of auto-drip and percolator, but some people prefer to use a medium grind (similar to auto-drip) with a proportionately shorter steeping time (see below).
Pour in the water and put the plunger in place but do not press it down yet; the lid, which is also part of the plunger assembly, will thereby reduce heat loss. Let it steep for about four minutes, a minute or two less if using a finer grind. In order to ensure thorough saturation, some people prefer to either stir the grounds about thirty seconds to a minute after adding the water, or, and perhaps better, add about a third of the water, wait about twenty or thirty seconds, then add the rest. If using a glass carafe, do not stir the grounds with a metal implement, as this may damage the carafe. When the time is up, push down the plunger to trap the grounds at the bottom, and pour off the coffee. If the plunger resists being pushed down, do not force it (there is anecdotal evidence that excessive pressure could cause the glass to shatter); back the plunger up and try again. If you have repeated problems pushing the plunger down, you have either ground the beans too finely, or your grinder produces excessive dust, which is choking the filter.
Note that this brewing method leaves all of the coffee oils in the coffee. This will create a rich, tasty cup, but there is some medical evidence that these oils may have adverse medical effects . Some people dislike the sediment that almost inevitably occurs when using the press.
Though not a fatal flaw, one issue that plagues French presses is heat loss. Pre-warming the carafe (and filter assembly) will reduce this problem, but the glass is quite thin, so the temperature of the water may drop below optimal brewing temperatures while steeping. Insulated presses will virtually eliminate heat loss; however, such presses now in production are made of either plastic or metal (stainless steel), and some users claim that this material lends an off-flavor to the coffee. Insulated fabric covers for presses, similar to tea cozies, are also available
In the United States, "French press" is the most commonly used appellation, whereas cafetiere is used in parts of Europe; however, cafetiere literally means "coffeemaker," so some confusion could arise if this term is used. The term plunger pot may have negative connotations, since in the US a plunger is also a device used to open clogged plumbing.
As an interesting side note: a press can be a good indicator of a coffee's freshness. When the hot water is added, very fresh coffee will foam up significantly, and stale coffee, not at all.
Like the biggin, this process is known as steeping.
3.7 Espresso
Espresso is a beverage created by forcing water at proper brewing temperatures through finely ground coffee at approximately 9 atmospheres of pressure; contrary to how it is often incorrectly described, steam does not contact the grounds. The resultant brew is quite different than coffee. While coffee is essentially a solution, espresso is at once a solution, a suspension of solids, and an emulsion. A proper espresso is capped with light-brown crema, which David Schomer, owner of Espresso Vivace, notes has been described as a " polyphasic colloidal foam. "
This topic is outside the scope of this document; see the Original espresso FAQ or this one .
3.8 Vacuum pot
Dating back to at least the 1830s, these devices were quite common in the 1930s through the 1950s. Though more complex forms exist, the basic principle remains the same for all of them. A lower container resembling an auto-drip machine's carafe is filled with water (hereafter, the lower bowl will be referred to as the carafe). An upper bowl, basically funnel-shaped, is put on top of the carafe, forming a seal; the funnel's tube leading down into the carafe nearly to the bottom. The top of the tube is covered by one of various designs of filters. Somewhat finely ground coffee is placed into this top bowl, then the carafe is placed onto a heat source. This can be a stovetop flame, an alcohol or butane lamp, or an electric element; if an electric stove is used, a wire trivet must be placed between the element and the carafe's bottom.If an alcohol lamp is used, it is best to pre-heat the water, due to relatively low amount of heat produced by the lamp.
As the unit is heated, the increased air pressure in the otherwise sealed carafe forces the water up the tube into the top bowl, where it mixes with the ground coffee. This is not caused by steam pressure; that would indicate that the water was overheated. What might appear to be steam is simply the hot air from the lower bowl, which has followed the water it pushed up and is now bubbling vigorously through the brewing coffee in the upper bowl. When most of the water has moved to the top portion, the heat is reduced and the mixture is allowed to steep for a minute or so. The device is removed from the heat source. As the lower bowl cools its internal pressure drops precipitously, pulling the liquid down from the upper chamber--often accompanied by a loud gurgling. The heating container now doubles as the serving carafe. Because of the filter, the grounds remain behind in the top container. This process produces an excellent cup of coffee, and is certainly quite fun to watch.
While most vac pot filters are made from cloth or plastic mesh, the now-discontinued Cory pots used a glass rod that fits into the top of the tube leading down to the lower bowl (the rod can also be found with some Silex pots). While effectively removing sediment, it also allows the coffee oils to remain in the brewed coffee. Cona currently makes a version for their vac pots, and many users feel the newer version of the rod works better than the older models.
Brands and places of manufacture: current manufacturers include Cona in England, Hario in Japan, Yama Glass in Taiwan, and Bodum in Denmark. Bodum currently also makes two electric models, small and large, that simplify the process. Black and Decker recently introduced a model; due to what may have been poor promotion, it was soon taken off of the market. Cory and Silex (Proctor-Silex) used to make them in the U.S.; Sunbeam once made a metal model with a built-in heating element. See here for more information.
One particularly interesting model is the balancing siphon coffee maker, the only current example of which is made by coffee4you.com . Dating back to models pioneered in the 1840s, the principle is basically the same as the above versions, but the two chambers (water and coffee) are positioned side-by-side on a balance beam. The weight of the water in the heating chamber causes that side of the balance to drop while the side with the coffee grounds chamber stays up in the air. A lamp is lit under the water chamber (to which hot water was added), and the soon near-boiling water is sucked over to the coffee chamber. Since the weight is transferred to the other side, the water chamber is lifted off of the lamp, which is automatically extinguished, causing the water chamber to eventually cool and suck the finished coffee back where it is dispensed via spigot.
This brewing method is closest to steeping, with the added twist of the pressure changes used to move the water.
3.9 Percolator
Originally a referent for a broader series of coffee makers (see section 3.2 ), the term percolator now generally refers to a specific sort of device. As defined in the United States, percolators consist of a chamber that holds the water, into which a long tube with a filter basket at the top end is placed. The filter basket is generally made of perforated metal, but many models accept paper filters. Coarsely ground coffee is placed into the filter and the water is heated, either by in integrated electric element or a stovetop burner. When the water boils, it is drawn up the tube and repeatedly passed over the grounds. That is, the brewed coffee drips back down into the hot water, and that coffee/water mix is then passed back over the grounds, over and over again.
Many people become sentimental when they think about percolators, often recalling childhood memories and the smell of coffee in the air in the morning. Nostalgia aside, percolators are by far the least well-regarded of brewing methods. The water is overheated, the brew overextracted (only water should be spread over coffee grounds, not already-brewed coffee), and the percolating action dissipates the complex, volatile compounds into the atmosphere. This is why people often recall that wonderful aromas: the aromatics that should be in the coffee are instead cast off into the atmosphere.
3.10 Ibrik / cezve / briki / mbriki
"Ibrik" and "cezve" are Turkish; "briki" and "mbiki" are Greek, though the difference is largely semantic. There may well be no definitive way to prepare this product, as there are significant regional variations in traditional preparation; several alternate brewing techniques will be noted.
First, fill the ibrik approximately two-thirds full with clean, cool water (if desired, sugar can also be added at this point) and heat until hot but not yet simmering, then add very finely powdered coffee. Some customs have you add the coffee before heating. The coffee should be evenly distributed on top of the water so as to block the opening. Use approximately one tablespoon per three ounces of water; more coffee should be added if a seal is not formed. The quantity of powdered coffee is very flexible, with some people insisting that they grew up using one teaspoon per three ounces, others saying a tablespoon or even more. Regardless, a quantity sufficient to seal off the neck of the ibrik is necessary. Differing opinions regarding coffee quantity may reflect a misrecollection of the container size.
The water should come nearly to a boil in a minute or two and begin to foam up through the coffee. If your coffee boils rather than foams, you may have used too little coffee or over-heated the water. When this foam rises somewhat thickly, remove the pot from the heat long enough for the foam to settle. One tradition has you immediately pour the coffee into a demitasse, making sure to cover the top with foam (and therefore not wait for it to settle before you pour). Another tradition is to repeat this foaming process one or two times with a low heat setting. The grounds should settle in the cup before drinking. Another tradition has you wait until the grounds settle in the ibrik itself, but this runs the risk of losing the foam before pouring. If you use the latter technique, you may wish to preserve the foam by scooping some into the cups before waiting for the grounds to settle.
One common tradition is to mix powdered cardamom with the coffee before heating.
This brewing method is known as "decoction."
Grinders tend to have trouble making the powder fine enough. Turkish coffee grinders, resembling pepper grinders, are available. Many feel that the lowly whirly blade grinders work adequately, but they may overheat the coffee during the long grinding process: Turkish grind is even finer than espresso grind, almost the consistency of talcum powder.
A note on boiling: it is unclear whether the water actually comes to a boil with this process, or whether the foaming is merely an effect that appears to mimic the visual appearance of boiling.
3.11 Moka pot
The moka pot is sometimes misleadingly referred to as a stovetop espresso maker. There are many variations in design for this device, but the basic function is the same. At its most basic, the moka pot consists of 3 parts:
1) a chamber at the bottom for the water. It has a threaded opening for the top (not middle) section, and a pressure relief valve. This section is almost invariably made from metal. Before using, it is filled with water to just below the relief valve; do not fill completely.
2) the middle part holds the ground coffee. It is a metal ring with a funnel attached to its bottom (all one piece); the funnel is separated from the ring by a screen, which usually spreads across the bottom of the ring before it narrows for the funnel. This component is also made of metal. This section simply drops into the lower section, and finely ground coffee is spooned in until full or slightly heaping. The grounds are not tamped.
3) The brewed coffee flows into and is poured from the top section, which has a threaded opening for the bottom section and is topped off by a lid, commonly one that flips open and closed. This component varies the most, both in shape and composition; there are also models where this section is made from clear, heat-resistant plastic, emabling the user to see the brewing coffee flowing in. The bottom of this section has a screen very similar to the one in the middle section. This screen also leads to a tube, one that points up into the upper section. The upper section gets threaded onto the bottom section, thereby slightly packing the coffee in the middle section.
The assembled device is placed on the stove and the water is heated. Since the lower chamber is airtight (the funnel bottom is situated below the waterline), the expanding air pushes down on the the water and forces it up the lower tube, through the coffee and through the top tube. It spurts out of the tube (which ends near the top of the upper chamber) and drops down into the bottom of the top reservoir. The brewed coffee is them poured off. This is similar to how a vacuum pot works, except that (1) rather than mixing with the coffee and steeping, the water is forced under some pressure though the coffee, and (2) the brewed coffee remains in the top portion. A moka pot can make good quality, strong coffee.
Notes:
1. Start with a somewhat coarser grind than used for drip. The trick is to allow a small amount of resistance to the water flow without creating a clog. Similarly, the coffee should not be packed, as the grounds will expand when they become wet and may otherwise clog the device. Too fine a grind may also choke the moka pot and possibly pop open the safety (pressure-relief) valve. On the other hand, if the coffee holder is not filled sufficiently, water (seeking the path of least resistance) may seek relatively empty "channels" in the coffee, thereby creating a weak brew. Make sure that there are no grounds on the lips of either the lower or middle sections, as this may prevent a tight seal.
2 . Stoves can vary; you want the water to heat in about five minutes, so a low to medium heat setting should be fine. Do not use a very high heat. Get to know your stove.
3. When the device makes a gurgling sound, remove it from the heat and it will finish brewing on its own. Do not be concerned if there is some water left in the bottom section; you would have to overheat the unit to get the last bit out.
4. It is crucial to have airspace in the bottom section; the pressure relief valve must be kept unblocked in case of a clog, to prevent the lower chamber from bursting, and the airspace is needed to help create the pressure used to push the water up.
The moka pots most commonly sold in the United States are made out of aluminum. Although there are no definitive links between aluminum and adverse health effects, (see, Scientific American: Is there any proof that Alzheimer's disease is related to exposure to aluminum--for instance, by using aluminum frying pans? many people insist that aluminum imparts a metallic taste, and will thus only use a stainless steel model. Some varieties have built-in wands that dispense the brew and/or can generate steam for steaming and milk.There is at least one electric moka pot.
As already noted, moka pots are sometimes referred to as stovetop espresso machines. However, these devices cannot achieve the pressure required to achieve the emulsion of oils and colloids unique to espresso; moka pots make strong coffee, but not espresso.
3.12 Cold water process
This promises to make a brew that is better tolerated by people who find that coffee upsets their stomachs. Basically, add one pound to about nine cups of cold water and store at room temperature overnight (about twelve hours). Filter and refrigerate; although refrigeration is not crucial, it will extend the usable shelf life. This makes a concentrate that is not directly drinkable. To serve, add one ounce of the concentrate to six ounces of very hot water. All of these proportions can be adjusted: use more or less water for steeping, and/or adjust dilution ratios. This coffee will be smoother and easier to drink, but it will lack the highlights and subtleties of hot-brewed coffee, since certain compounds are only extracted at the higher temperature ; many will find the taste lacking. There are two brands of commercial cold water process coffee makers, by Toddy Products® and Filtron®, that simplify steeping and, most especially, filtering.
Alternatively, you can simply use a French press for the whole process.
3.13 Microwave brewing
Distinguishable from simply heating the water in a microwave, there are various devices sold for brewing coffee in a microwave oven. These devices take various forms, but following are two examples.
One device works basically like a moka pot, but made out of plastic in order to be usable in the microwave. Another design has you combine the water and ground coffee in a chamber. When the water/coffee mixture hits a certain temperature, a bimetallic strip at the bottom bends, and the coffee drips down through a filter into a lower chamber or mug. Reviews of these products have not been positive.
3.14 Instant
This is partially a preparation method, and partially a form of coffee. Instant coffee is brewed coffee that has had the water removed by some form of evaporation.
First, coffee is brewed in large quantities, usually at a higher extraction rate than is normally used; a evaporative process is then used to concentrate the brew. Next, a powder is produced by one of two methods: (1) spray drying, where very fine streams of the brew are blown into hot, dry air, evaporating the water, or (2) freeze drying, where the liquid is first frozen, then placed in a vacuum, which vaporize the water through sublimation. The spray drying method is especially prone to loss of coffee essences, whish are partially captured during evaporation and added back to the powder.
Various agents are often added to color the resultant powder and cause it to clump together, in order to make it resemble ground coffee. A shot of aroma is added to give the powder a desirable smell when the container is opened; however, this is deceptive, as the aroma is not inherent in the powder and will not be reflected in the brewed cup. Instant coffees often contain a very large percentage of robusta beans. Instant is the least desirable method of preparing coffee.
3.15 Filters
There are five types of filters: paper, metal, plastic, cloth, and glass.
3.15.1 Paper filters
Paper filters are the most commonly encountered variety. They do the most thorough job in removing particulates, but will also absorb some of the essential oils and aromatics from the coffee. This will yield a brew with less aroma and perceived body; Chemex brand filters purport to allow the aromatic compound through. Filters are akin to copy paper in that their thicknesses can vary from brand to brand, as can their constituent fibers; as a result, their impact upon the brew's flavor will differ. These filters are disposable, with the concomitant factors of easier cleanup and increased waste and resource usage.
Paper filters may also be divided into bleached and natural varieties. The natural filters can impart a taste described as wet cardboard, especially if a lower-quality brand is used. Though once bleached with chlorine, most bleached filters are now whitened with oxygen.
Avoid cheap filters; in addition to possibly effecting the coffee's taste, they may clog easily, either overextracting or forcing you to use a coarser grind and thereby possibly underextracting.
Paper filters are most often used with most types of drip coffee makers and with percolators.
3.15.2 Metal filters
There are two quite different sorts of perforated metal filters. One sort uses relatively large holes to filter the coffee. They will allow all of the oils and aromatics through, but will also pass fine particulates into the brewed coffee. These filters are usually integrated into moka pots, Neapolitan flip pots, as well as many percolators. The other kind is the permanent metal filters sold for drip brewers (mainly auto-drip) in which the perforations, in the form of miniscule slits, are much, much finer. Most are either stainless steel or gold-plated in order to prevent off-tastes from being imparted to the coffee. They trap quite a lot of the particulates while passing the oils and aromatics, but the brew won't be quite as "clean" as with paper filters.
A different type of metal filters are the woven wire mesh filters, similar to the material used for window or door screens, but the mesh is considerably finer. Again, no coffee oils or aromatics are absorbed, but a quantity of particulates may be passed through. These filters are typically used with French presses and some autodrip machines.
3.15.3 Cloth filters
Cloth filters are rarely used these days, and were once used with many varieties of vacuum pots. Their absorption is similar to that of paper filters, but they can be rinsed and re-used many times. They should be very well cleaned periodically, or they may transmit off-flavors to the coffee.
Cloth holders, sometimes literally socks, have been used for steeping ground coffee in hot water, and have been used in devices such as the Biggin.
3.15.4 Plastic filters
These are sometimes sold with less-expensive drip machines. They do not trap oils and aromatics, and will pass sediment. Many feel that they impart an undesirable taste to the coffee, and they do not last very long. Nylon mesh filters are also sold for French presses, either for use on their own or in conjunction with the metal mesh filters. These do not seem to cause off-tastes, and will trap more sediment than the mesh filters. Some vacuum pots also use these nylon filters.
3.15.5 Glass filters
These work with many styles of vacuum pots and resemble a short glass wand; they fit into the downspout of the vacuum pot's upper bowl. They are surprisingly effective at keeping out particulates, especially the Cona models.
3.16 A final note on brewing techniques
The categorizations above are, to some degree, a simplification. Valid arguments may be proffered that the divisions are not so clear, that some brewing devices in one category are also akin to devices in a different one.
| i don't know |
Kumamoto, Virginica, Pacific and Marennes are all types of which seafood? | Elliott's Oyster House | Oyster List
Oysters baked with fresh spinach, Pernod, bacon and hollandaise sauce.
Pan Fried Oysters 14
With Elliott’s special recipe tartar sauce and Jack Daniel’s dipping sauce.
Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)
Originally from Japan, widely cultivated in the Northwest since the 1920’s. Different growing areas and methods allow Elliott’s to bring these to you at the peak of their season.
European Flat Oyster (Ostrea edulis)
Originally from the Belon river in Brittany France. This oyster was introduced to the United States in 1947.
Olympia Oyster (Ostrea lurida)
Once nearly extinct, this is the only oyster native to the west coast.
Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)
Some of East coast oysters we feature are now being grown here on the West coast.
Kumamoto Oyster (Crassostrea sikamea)
Originated in southern Japan, now grown in the Pacific Northwest.
Varietal Sampler
Raw or partially cooked food items can increase your risk of illness. Consumers who are vulnerable to foodborne illness should only consume food which is thoroughly cooked.
Hours
| Oyster |
How many scoring zones are on a standard dartboard? | The Pacific Shellfish Institute | Washington
Intern or volunteer on one of PSI's research projects or outreach campaigns.
FEATURED
The man with a plan
PSI researcher, Andy Suhrbier helps shellfish growers adapt to changing ocean conditions.
Shellfish production on both private and public lands has had a long and vibrant history in Washington State. since the 1860's and extensive estuarine areas in the state are currently used for commercial cultivation of oysters, clams, and mussels. Shellfish aquaculture plays an increasingly important role in domestic seafood production: Washington State is the largest producer of hatchery-reared and farmed shellfish in the U.S, with more than 300 farms accounting for 25% of the total domestic production by weight and an annual farmgate value exceeding $108 million.
Western Washington Indian tribes have harvested wild shellfish, including oysters and clams from Puget Sound and the coastal areas for thousands of years. Shellfish farming began in the mid-1800s and originally focused on the native Olympia oyster, which was abundant in Willapa Bay and South Puget Sound. In 1895, the Washington State Legislature passed the Bush Act and the Callow Act, which allowed for sale of state-owned tidelands into private ownership and further bolstered aquaculture in the state. The Olympia oyster industry reached its peak in the 1890s and then abruptly crashed due to over harvest and declining water quality conditions. By 1915, Olympia oyster harvest was almost non-existent in Puget Sound. Today, Olympia oysters are a priority species for restoration efforts.
Looking to find a replacement for the struggling Olympia oyster industry, in the 1920s, the Washington aquaculture industry began experimenting with the Japanese Pacific oyster and found that it was resilient and grew well in Puget Sound waters. However, natural reproduction of the species is not reliable in Puget Sound so growers had to import young oysters (seed) from Japan. In the 1970s, methods were developed to produce shellfish seed in hatcheries, which increased the availability of shellfish for aquaculture throughout the region. Prior to this, shellfish growers were completely dependent upon natural reproduction or imported Pacific oyster seed from Japan. In the 1970s, methods were developed to produce shellfish seed in hatcheries, which increased the availability of shellfish for aquaculture throughout the region. Prior to this, shellfish growers were completely dependent upon natural reproduction or imported Pacific oyster seed from Japan. Today, a number of species of oyster are raised on Washington tidelands including Kumamoto, Virginica and the native Olympia oyster, however, the Pacific oyster remains the most important and widely cultivated oyster in Washington and along the West Coast. Other commercially important bivalve species have developed over the years. These include mussels, Manila clams, softshell clams, and native geoduck clams.
Recreational harvest of shellfish has long been a popular activity in Washington. In 2011, roughly 347,000 recreational fishing/shellfishing licenses were purchased in the state. Today, popular sport fisheries exist for mussels, oysters, cockles, and a variaty of clams inlcuding razor, geoduck, Manila, native littlenecks, and butter clams. Harvest of native Olympia oysters is prohibited in all West Coast states due to declining populations.
Building off the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Shellfish Initiative, Washington State has also introduced its own Shellfish Initiative to promote shellfish as an important resource for jobs, industry, citizens and tribes. According to the Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers Association (PCSGA), "the initiative supports Governor Gregoire's goal of a "dig-able" Puget Sound by 2020, and encompasses the extraordinary value of shellfish resources on the coast." Learn more about the Washington State Shellfish Initiative...
| i don't know |
Which Roman martyr, who made a promise to God never to stain her purity, is the patron saint of chastity? | Saint Agnes
Saint Agnes
Feast Day: January 21
Saint Agnes: Patron Saint of purity, of the children of Mary, of young girls
"Christ made my soul beautiful with the jewels of grace and virtue. I belong to Him whom the angels serve."
- Saint Agnes
Profile
St. Agnes was a Roman girl who was only thirteen years old when she suffered martyrdom for her Faith. Agnes had made a promise, a promise to God never to stain her purity. Her love for the Lord was very great and she hated sin even more than death! Since she was very beautiful, many young men wished to marry Agnes, but she would always say, "Jesus Christ is my only Spouse."
Procop, the Governor's son, became very angry when she refused him. He had tried to win her for his wife with rich gifts and promises, but the beautiful young girl kept saying, "I am already promised to the Lord of the Universe. He is more splendid than the sun and the stars, and He has said He will never leave me!" In great anger, Procop accused her of being a Christian and brought her to his father, the Governor. The Governor promised Agnes wonderful gifts if she would only deny God, but Agnes refused. He tried to change her mind by putting her in chains, but her lovely face shone with joy. Next he sent her to a place of sin, but an Angel protected her. At last, she was condemned to death. Even the pagans cried to see such a young and beautiful girl going to death. Yet, Agnes was as happy as a bride on her wedding day. She did not pay attention to those who begged her to save herself. "I would offend my Spouse," she said, "if I were to try to please you. He chose me first and He shall have me!" Then she prayed and bowed her head for the death-stroke of the sword.
[The following relation is taken from Prudentius, de Coron. hym. 14, St. Ambrose, lib. i. de Virgin and Offic. lib. i. c. 41, and other fathers. Her acts are as ancient as the seventh century but not sufficiently authentic; nor are those given us in Chaldaic by Stephen Assemani of a better stamp; they contradict St. Ambrose and Prudentius in supposing that she finished her martyrdom by fire. See Tillemont, t. v.]
ST JEROME says[1] that the tongues and pens of all nations are employed in the praises of this saint, who overcame both the cruelty of the tyrant and the tenderness of her age, and crowned the glory of chastity with that of martyrdom. St. Austin observes[2] that her name signifies chaste in Greek, and a lamb in Latin. She has always been looked upon in the church as a special patroness of purity, with the Immaculate Mother of God and St. Thecla. Rome was the theatre of the triumph of St. Agnes; and Prudentius says that her tomb was shown within sight of that city. She suffered not long after the beginning of the persecution of Diocletian, whose bloody edicts appeared in March, in the year of our Lord 303. We learn from St. Ambrose and St. Austin that she was only thirteen years of age at the time of her glorious death. Her riches and beauty excited the young noblemen of the first families in Rome to vie with one another in their addresses who should gain her in marriage.[3] Agnes answered them all that she had consecrated her virginity to a heavenly spouse, who could not be beheld by mortal eyes. Her suitors, finding her resolution impregnable to all their arts and importunities, accused her to the governor as a Christian, not doubting but threats and torments would overcome her tender mind, on which allurements could make no impression. The judge at first employed the mildest expression and most inviting promises, to which Agnes paid no regard, repeating always that she could have no other spouse than Jesus Christ. He then made use of threats, but found her soul endowed with a masculine courage, and even desirous of racks and death. At last terrible fires were made, and iron hooks, racks, and other instruments of torture, displayed before her, with threats of immediate execution. The young virgin surveyed them all with an undaunted eye, and with a cheerful countenance beheld the fierce and cruel executioners surrounding her, and ready to dispatch her at the word of command. She was so far from betraying the least symptom of fear that she even expressed her joy at the sight, and offered herself to the rack. She was then dragged before the idols and commanded to offer incense, "but could by no means be compelled to move her hand, except to make the sign of the cross," says St. Ambrose.
The governor seeing his measures ineffectual, said he would send her to a house of prostitution, where what she prized so highly should be exposed to the insults of the debauchees.[4] Agnes answered that Jesus Christ was too jealous of the purity of his spouses to suffer it to be violated in such a manner, for he was their defender and protector. "You may," said she, "stain your sword with my blood, but will never be able to profane my body, consecrated to Christ." The governor was so incensed at this that he ordered her to be immediately led to the public brothel, with liberty to all persons to abuse her person at pleasure. Many young profligates ran thither, full of the wicked desire of gratifying their lust, but were seized with such awe at the sight of the saint that they durst not approach her-one only excepted, who, attempting to be rude to her, was that very instant, by a flash' as it were, of lightning from heaven, struck blind, and fell trembling to the ground. His companions, terrified, took him up and carried him to Agnes, who was at a distance, singing hymns of praise to Christ, her protector. The virgin by prayer restored him to his sight and health.
The chief prosecutor of the saint, who at first sought to gratify- his lust and avarice, now laboured to satiate his revenge by incensing the judge against her, his passionate fondness being changed into anger and rage. The governor wanted not others to spur him on, for he was highly exasperated to see himself baffled and set at defiance by one of her tender age and sex. Therefore, resolved upon her death, he condemned her to be beheaded. Agnes, transported with joy on hearing this sentence, and still more at the sight of the executioner, "went to the place of execution more cheerfully," says St. Ambrose, "than others go to their wedding." The executioner had secret instructions to use all means to induce her to a compliance, but Agnes always answered she could never offer so great an injury to her heavenly spouse, and, having made a short prayer, bowed down her neck to adore God, and received the stroke of death. The spectators wept to see so beautiful and tender a virgin loaded with fetters, and to behold her fearless under the very sword of the executioner, who with a trembling hand cut off her head at one stroke. Her body was buried at a small distance from Rome, near the Nomentan Road. A church was built on the spot in the time of Constantine the Great, and was repaired by Pope Honorius in the seventh century. It is now in the hands of Canon-Regulars, standing without the walls of Rome, and is honoured with her relics in a-very rich silver shrine, the gift of Pope Paul V, in whose-time they were found in this church, together with those of St. Emerentiana. The other beautiful rich church of St. Agnes, within the city, built by Pope Innocent X (the right of patronage being vested in the family of Pamphili), stands on the place where her chastity was exposed. The feast of St. Agnes is mentioned in all Martyrologies, both of the East and West, though on different days. It was formerly a holyday for the women in England, as appears from the Council of Worcester, held in the year 1240. St. Ambrose, St. Austin, and other fathers have wrote her panegyric. St. Martin of Tours was singularly devout to her. Thomas a Kempis honoured her as his special patroness, as his works declare in many places. He relates many miracles wrought and graces received through her intercession.
Marriage is a holy state, instituted by God, and in the order of providence and nature the general or more ordinary state of those who live in the world. Those, therefore, who upon motives of virtue, and in a Christian and holy manner, engage in this state, do well. Those, nevertheless, who, for the sake of practicing more perfect virtue, by a divine call, prefer a state of perpetual virginity, embrace that which is more perfect and more excellent. Dr. Wells, a learned Protestant, confesses that Christ[5] declares voluntary chastity, for the kingdom of heaven's sake, to be an excellency, and an excellent state of life.[6] This is also the manifest inspired doctrine of St. Paul;[7] and in the revelations of St. John[8] spotless virgins are called, in a particular manner, the companions of the Lamb, and are said to enjoy the singular privilege of following him wherever he goes. The tradition of the church has always been unanimous in this point; and among the Romans, Greeks, Syrians, and barbarians many holy virgins joyfully preferred torments and death to the violation of their integrity, which they bound themselves by vow to preserve without defilement in mind or body. The fathers, from the very disciples of the apostles, are all profuse in extolling the excellency of holy virginity, as a special fruit of the incarnation of Christ, his divine institution, and a virtue which has particular charms in the eyes of God, who delights in chaste minds, and chooses to dwell singularly in them. They often repeat that purity raises men, even in this mortal life, to the dignity of angels-purifies the soul, fits it for a more perfect love of God, and a closer application to heavenly things, and disengages the mind and heart from worldly thoughts and affections: it produces in the soul the nearest resemblance to God. Chastity is threefold- that of virgins, that of widows, and that of married persons; in each state it will receive its crown, as St. Ambrose observes,[9] but in the first is most perfect, so that St. Austin calls it fruit a hundred-fold, and that of marriage sixty-fold; but the more excellent this virtue is, and the higher its glory and reward, the more heroic and the more difficult is its victory; nor is it perfect unless it be embellished with all other virtues in a heroic degree, especially divine charity and the most profound humility.
Prayer to Saint Agnes
O sweetest Lord Jesus Christ, source of all virtue, lover of virgins, most powerful conqueror of demons, most severe extirpator of vice! Deign to cast Thine eyes upon my weakness, and through the intercession of Mary most blessed, mother and virgin, and of thy beloved spouse, St. Agnes, glorious virgin and martyr, grant me the aid of thy heavenly grace, in order that I may learn to despise all earthly things, and to love what is heavenly, to oppose vice and to be proof against temptation; to walk firmly in the path of virtue, not to seek honors, to shun pleasures, to bewail my past offences, to keep far from the occasions of evil, to keep free from bad habits, to seek the company of the good, and persevere in righteousness, so that, by the assistance of thy grace, I may deserve the crown of eternal life, together with St. Agnes and all the saints, forever and ever, in thy kingdom. Amen.
His Holiness, Pius IX., Oct. 30, 1854,
An Indulgence of One Hundred Days, once a day.
Readings
"Christ made my soul beautiful with the jewels of grace and virtue. I belong to Him whom the angels serve."
- Saint Agnes
Today is the birthday of a virgin; let us imitate her purity. It is the birthday of a martyr; let us offer ourselves in sacrifice. It is the birthday of Saint Agnes, who is said to have suffered martyrdom at the age of twelve.
There was little or no room in that small body for a wound. Yet she shows no fear of the blood-stained hands of her executioners. She offers her whole body to be put to the sword by fierce soldiers. She is too young to know of death, yet is ready to face it. Dragged against her will to the altars, she stretches out her hands to the Lord int he midst of the flames, making the triumphant sign of Christ the victor on the altars of sacrilege. She puts her neck and hands in iron chains, but no chain can hold fast her tiny limbs.
In the midst of tears, she sheds no tears herself. She stood still, she prayed, she offered her neck.
You could see fear in the eyes of the executioner, as if he were the one condemned. His right hand trembled, his face grew pale as he saw the girl's peril, while she had no fear for herself. One victim, but a twin martyrdom, to modesty and religion; Agnes preserved her virginity and gained a martyr's crown.
from an essay On Virgins by Saint Ambrose of Milan
Today is the birthday of a virgin; let us imitate her purity. It is the birthday of a martyr; let us offer ourselves in sacrifice. It is the birthday of Saint Agnes, who is said to have suffered martyrdom at the age of twelve."
"There was little or no room in that small body for a wound. Yet she shows no fear of the blood-stained hands of her executioners. She offers her whole body to be put to the sword by fierce soldiers. She is too young to know of death, yet is ready to face it. Dragged against her will to the altars, she stretches out her hands to the Lord int he midst of the flames, making the triumphant sign of Christ the victor on the altars of sacrilege. She puts her neck and hands in iron chains, but no chain can hold fast her tiny limbs."
"In the midst of tears, she sheds no tears herself. She stood still, she prayed, she offered her neck."
"You could see fear in the eyes of the executioner, as if he were the one condemned. His right hand trembled; his face grew pale as he saw the girl's peril, while she had no fear for herself. One victim, but a twin martyrdom, to modesty and religion; Agnes preserved her virginity and gained a martyr's crown."
-St. Ambrose
"This is a virgin's birthday; let us follow the example of her chastity. It is a martyr's birthday; let us offer sacrifices; it is the birthday of holy Agnes: let men be filled with wonder, little ones with hope, married woman with awe, and the unmarried with emulation. It seems to me that this child, holy beyond her years and courageous beyond human nature, received the name of Agnes (Greek: pure) not as an earthly designation but as a revelation from God of what she was to be."
-St. Augustine
| Saint Agnes (disambiguation) |
Algophobia is the persistent fear of what? | St. Agnes HD - YouTube
St. Agnes HD
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
The interactive transcript could not be loaded.
Loading...
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Published on Dec 9, 2015
St. Agnes of Rome was born in 291 AD and raised in a Christian family. Agnes was very beautiful and belonged to a wealthy family. Her hand in marriage was highly sought after, and she had many high ranking men chasing after her. However, Agnes made a promise to God never to stain her purity. Her love for the Lord was great and she hated sin even more than death!
Whenever a man wished to marry Agnes, she would always say, "Jesus Christ is my only Spouse."
According to legend, the young men she turned away became so angry and insulted by her devotion to God and purity that they began to submit her name to authorities as a Christian follower.
In one incident, Procop, the Governor's son, became very angry when she refused him. He tried to win her for his wife with rich gifts and promises, but the beautiful young girl kept saying, "I am already promised to the Lord of the Universe. He is more splendid than the sun and the stars, and He has said He will never leave me!"
In great anger, Procop accused her of being a Christian and brought her to his father, the Governor. The Governor promised Agnes wonderful gifts if she would only deny God, but Agnes refused. He tried to change her mind by putting her in chains, but her lovely face shone with joy.
Next he sent her to a place of sin, but an Angel protected her. At last, she was condemned to death. Even the pagans cried to see such a young and beautiful girl going to death. Yet, Agnes was as happy as a bride on her wedding day. She did not pay attention to those who begged her to save herself. "I would offend my Spouse," she said, "if I were to try to please you. He chose me first and He shall have me!" Then she prayed and bowed her head for the death-stroke of the sword.
Other accounts of Agnes' life hold the Prefect Sempronius responsible for her martyrdom. It is said he condemned the young girl to be dragged through the streets naked. Some versions of the legend state that Agnes' hair grew instantly to cover her entire body and all the men who attempted to rape the beautiful virgin were immediately struck blind.
The stories go on to explain that another man presided over Agnes' trial after Sempronius excused himself. The new man sentenced Agnes to death. At first, Agnes was tied to a stake, but either the wood would not burn or the flames parted away from her. This prompted an officer to draw his sword and behead the girl. It is believed that her blood, which poured out to the stadium, was soaked up with cloths by Christians.
She died a virgin-martyr at the age of 12 or 13 on 21 January 304.
Agnes was buried beside the Via Nomentana in Rome. Her bones are currently conserved beneath the high altar in the church of Sant'Angese fuori le mura in Rome, which was built over the catacomb that held her tomb. Her skull is preserved in the church of Sant'Agnese in Agone in Rome's Piazza Navona.
In 1858, Father Caspar Rehrl, an Austrian missionary founded the Congregation of Sisters of St. Agnes.
St. Agnes is widely known as the patron saint of young girls. She is also the patron saint of chastity, rape survivors and the Children of Mary. She is often represented with a lamb, the symbol of her virgin innocence, and a palm branch, like other martyrs. She is shown as a young girl in robes holding a palm branch with the lamb either at her feet or in her arms.
Her feast day is celebrated on January 21. On her feast day, it is customary for two lambs to be brought in to be blessed by the pope. On Holy Thursday the lambs' wool is removed and woven into the pallium the pope gives to a newly consecrated archbishop as a sign of his power and union with the pope.
Support Catholic Online by Subscribing to our Channel:
| i don't know |
What is the surname of Woody, the assistant bartender, in the US television comedy series ‘Cheers’? | Learn and talk about Cheers, 1980s American comedy television series, 1982 American television series debuts, 1990s American comedy television series, 1993 American television series endings
The Tortellis (1987)
Cheers is an American sitcom that ran for eleven seasons between 1982 and 1993. The show was produced by Charles/Burrows/Charles Productions in association with Paramount Network Television for NBC and created by the team of James Burrows , Glen Charles , and Les Charles . The show is set in a bar named Cheers in Boston , Massachusetts , where a group of locals meet to drink, relax, and socialize. The show's main theme song, written and performed by Gary Portnoy lent its famous refrain " Where Everybody Knows Your Name " as the show's tagline . [1]
After premiering on September 30, 1982, it was nearly canceled during its first season when it ranked almost last in ratings for its premiere (74th out of 77 shows). Cheers, however, eventually became a highly rated television show in the United States, earning a top-ten rating during eight of its eleven seasons, including one season at number one. The show spent most of its run on NBC's Thursday night " Must See TV " lineup. Its widely watched series finale was broadcast on May 20, 1993, and the show's 270 episodes have been successfully syndicated worldwide. Nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series for all eleven of its seasons on the air, it earned 28 Primetime Emmy Awards from a record of 117 nominations. The character Frasier Crane ( Kelsey Grammer ) was featured in his eponymous spin-off show , which aired until 2004 and included guest appearances by virtually all of the major and minor Cheers characters.
During its run, Cheers became one of the most popular series of all time and has received critical acclaim. In 1997, the episodes " Thanksgiving Orphans " and " Home Is the Sailor ", aired originally in 1987, were respectively ranked No. 7 and No. 45 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time . [2] In 2002, Cheers was ranked No. 18 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . [3] In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked it as the eighth best written TV series [4] and TV Guide ranked it #11 on their list of the 60 Greatest Shows of All Time. [5]
Contents
Characters[ edit ]
Before the Cheers pilot " Give Me a Ring Sometime " was completed and aired in 1982, the series originally consisted of four employees in the first script. [6] Neither Norm Peterson nor Cliff Clavin , regular customers of Cheers, were featured; later revisions added them as among the regular characters of the series. [7]
In later years, Woody Boyd replaces Coach, who dies off-screen in season four (1985–86) to account for actor Nicholas Colasanto 's real life passing. Frasier Crane starts as a recurring character and becomes a permanent character. In season six (1987–88) Rebecca Howe replaces Diane Chambers , who was written out of the show after the finale of the previous season (1986–87). Lilith Sternin starts as a one-time character in an episode of season four, "Second Time Around" (1985). After she appears in two episodes in season five, she becomes a recurring character, and later featured as a permanent one for season ten (1991–92).
Original main characters[ edit ]
Cast of seasons one through three: left to right: (top) Shelley Long , Ted Danson ; (middle) Rhea Perlman , Nicholas Colasanto ; (bottom) George Wendt , John Ratzenberger
Ted Danson portrays Sam Malone , a bartender and an owner of Cheers. Sam is also a lothario . Before the series began, he was a baseball relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox nicknamed "Mayday Malone" until he became an alcoholic , harming his career. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Diane Chambers , his class opposite, in the first five seasons (1982–1987). During their off-times, Sam has flings with many not-so-bright "sexy women", [8] yet fails to pursue a meaningful relationship [8] and fails to seduce other women, such as intellectuals. After Diane is written out of the series, he tries to pursue Rebecca Howe, with varying results. At the end of the series, he is still unmarried and recovering from sexual addiction with a help of Dr. Robert Sutton's ( Gilbert Lewis ) group meetings, advised by Frasier.
Shelley Long portrays Diane Chambers , an academic, sophisticated graduate student. [6] In the pilot Diane is abandoned by her fiancé, leaving her without a job, a man, or money. Therefore she reluctantly becomes a cocktail waitress . Later she becomes a close friend of Coach [9] and has an on-and-off relationship with bartender Sam Malone , her class opposite. During their off-relationship times, Diane dates men who fit her upper-class ideals, such as Frasier Crane. In 1987, she leaves Boston behind for a writing career and to live in Los Angeles, California .
Nicholas Colasanto portrays Coach Ernie Pantusso , a "borderline senile" [8] co-bartender, widower, and retired coach. Coach is also a friend of Sam and a close friend of Diane. He has a daughter, Lisa. Coach is often tricked into situations, especially ones that put the bar at stake. Coach listens to people's problems and solves them. In 1985, Coach is explained to have died without explicit explanation; the actor Colasanto died of a heart attack. [10]
Rhea Perlman portrays Carla Tortelli , a "wisecracking, cynical" [6] cocktail waitress, who treats customers badly. She is also highly fertile and matrimonially inept. When the series premiered, she is the mother of four children by her ex-husband Nick Tortelli ( Dan Hedaya ). Later she bears four more, the depiction of which incorporated Perlman's real-life pregnancies. [11] All of her children are notoriously ill-behaved, except Ludlow, whose father is a prominent academician. She flirts with men, including ones who are not flattered by her ways, and believes in superstitions . Later she marries Eddie LeBec , an ice hockey player, who later becomes a penguin mascot for ice shows. After he died in an ice show accident by an ice resurfacer , Carla later discovers that Eddie had committed bigamy with another woman, whom he had gotten pregnant.
George Wendt portrays Norm Peterson , a bar regular and occasionally-employed accountant . A recurrent joke on the show, especially in the earlier seasons, was that the character was such a popular and constant fixture at the bar that anytime he entered through the front door everyone present would yell out his name ("NORM!") in greeting; usually this cry would be followed by one of the present bartenders asking Norm how he was, usually receiving a sardonic response and a request for a beer. He has infrequent accounting jobs and a troubled marriage with (but is still in love with and married to) Vera, an unseen character . Later in the series, he becomes a house painter and an interior decorator . The character was not originally intended to be a main cast role; [7] Wendt auditioned for a minor role of George for the pilot episode . The role was to only be Diane Chambers' first customer and had only one word: "Beer!" [12] After he was cast in a more permanent role, the character was renamed Norm. [13]
John Ratzenberger portrays Cliff Clavin , a know-it-all bar regular and mail carrier . He lives with his mother Esther Clavin ( Frances Sternhagen ) in first the family house and later an apartment. In the bar, Cliff unwittingly says things that either annoy people, motivate people into mocking him, drive people away, confuse people, are inaccurate, or are unnecessary to people. Ratzenberger auditioned for the role of a minor character George, but it went to Wendt, evolving the role into Norm Peterson. [14] The producers decided they wanted a resident bar know-it-all, [14] so the security guard Cliff Clavin was added for the pilot. The producers changed his occupation into a mail carrier as they thought such a man would have wider knowledge than a guard. [15]
Subsequent main characters[ edit ]
Main *
81
Before production of season 3 was finished, Nicholas Colasanto died. Therefore, his character Coach was written out as deceased in season 4. [10]
*In season 11, Bebe Neuwirth is given "starring" credit only when she appears.
For a more comprehensive list, see List of recurring characters in Cheers .
Although Cheers operated largely around that main ensemble cast, guest stars and recurring characters did occasionally supplement them. Notable repeat guests included Dan Hedaya as Nick Tortelli and Jean Kasem as Loretta Tortelli , who were the main characters in the first spin-off The Tortellis , Fred Dryer as Dave Richards, Annie Golden as Margaret O'Keefe, Derek McGrath as Andy Schroeder (also referred to as Andy Andy), interchangeably Joel Polis and Robert Desiderio as rival bar owner Gary, Jay Thomas as Eddie LeBec , Roger Rees as Robin Colcord , Tom Skerritt as Evan Drake , Frances Sternhagen as Esther Clavin, Richard Doyle as Walter Gaines, Keene Curtis as John Allen Hill, Anthony Cistaro as Henri, Michael McGuire as Professor Sumner Sloan, and Harry Anderson as Harry 'The Hat' Gittes. Jackie Swanson , who played the recurring role of Woody's girlfriend and eventual wife "Kelly Gaines-Boyd", appeared in 24 episodes from 1989 to 1993. The character is as equally dim and naive—but ultimately as sweet-natured—as Woody.
Paul Willson played the recurring barfly character of "Paul Krapence". (In one early appearance in the first season he was called "Glen", and was later credited on-screen as "Gregg" and "Tom", but he was playing the same character throughout.) Thomas Babson played "Tom", a law student often mocked by Cliff Clavin , for continually failing to pass the Massachusetts bar exam. "Al", played by Al Rosen , appeared in 38 episodes, and was known for his surly quips. Rhea Perlman's father Philip Perlman played the role of "Phil". [20]
Other celebrities guest-starred in single episodes as themselves throughout the series. Sports figures appeared on the show as themselves with a connection to Boston or Sam's former team, the Red Sox, such as Luis Tiant , Wade Boggs and Kevin McHale (of the Boston Celtics ). [21] Some television stars also made guest appearances as themselves such as Alex Trebek , Arsenio Hall , Dick Cavett , Robert Urich , George "Spanky" McFarland and Johnny Carson . Various political figures even made appearances on Cheers such as then- Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William J. Crowe , former Colorado Senator Gary Hart , then- Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill , then-Senator John Kerry , then- Governor Michael Dukakis , Ethel Kennedy (widow of Robert F. Kennedy ), and then- Mayor of Boston Raymond Flynn , the last five of whom all represented Cheers' home state and city.
In maternal roles, Glynis Johns , in a guest appearance in 1983, played Diane's mother, Helen Chambers. Nancy Marchand played Frasier's mother, Hester Crane, in an episode that aired in 1985. In an episode that aired in 1992, Celeste Holm played Kelly's jokester of a paternal grandmother.
The musician Harry Connick, Jr. appeared in an episode as Woody's cousin and plays a song from his Grammy-winning album We Are in Love (c. 1991). John Cleese won a Primetime Emmy Award for his guest appearance as "Dr. Simon Finch-Royce" in the fifth season episode, "Simon Says". Emma Thompson guest starred as Nanny G/Nannette Guzman , a famous singing nanny and Frasier's ex-wife. Christopher Lloyd guest starred as a tortured artist who wanted to paint Diane. Marcia Cross portrayed Rebecca's sister Susan in the season 7 episode Sisterly Love. John Mahoney once appeared as an inept jingle writer, which included a brief conversation with Frasier Crane, whose father he later portrayed on the spin-off Frasier. Peri Gilpin , who later played Roz Doyle on Frasier, also appeared in one episode of Cheers, in its 11th season, as Holly Matheson, a reporter who interviews Woody. The Righteous Brothers , Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley , also guest starred in different episodes.In the final episode of Kirstie Alley's run as Rebecca, she was wooed away from Cheers by the guy who came to fix one of the beer keg taps – surprising for a "high-class" lady – who happened to be Tom Berenger .
Notable guest appearances of actresses portraying Sam's sexual conquests or potential sexual conquests include: Kate Mulgrew in the three-episode finale of season four, portraying Boston councilwoman Janet Eldridge; Donna McKechnie as Debra, one of Sam's regular bimbos who pretends to be an intellectual in front of Diane; Barbara Babcock as Lana Marshall, a talent agent who specializes in representing male athletes, her clients with who she routinely sleeps on demand; Julia Duffy as Rebecca Prout, a depressed intellectual friend of Diane's; Alison La Placa as magazine reporter Paula Nelson; Carol Kane as Amanda, who Sam eventually learns was a fellow patient at the sanitarium with Diane; Barbara Feldon as Lauren Hudson, Sam's annual Valentine's Day fling (in an homage to Same Time, Next Year ); Sandahl Bergman as Judy Marlowe, a longtime casual sex partner and whose now grown daughter, Laurie Marlowe ( Chelsea Noble ), who has always considered Sam a pseudo-father figure, Sam falls for; Madolyn Smith-Osborne as Dr. Sheila Rydell, a colleague of Frasier and Lilith; Valerie Mahaffey as Valerie Hill, John Allen Hill's daughter who Sam pursues if only to gain an upper hand in his business relationship with Hill; and Alexis Smith as Alice Anne Volkman, Rebecca's much older ex-professor. In season 9 episode 17 I'm Getting My Act Together and Sticking It in Your Face, Sam, freaked as he believes that Rebecca wants to have a serious relationship with him, devises a plan to kibosh that thought in her mind, the plan which entails he being gay, his lover being a casual friend named Leon ( Jeff McCarthy ) - the plan ultimately leads to a kiss between Sam and Leon.
Death of Nicholas Colasanto[ edit ]
Near the end of production of the third season, the writers of Cheers had to deal with the death of one of the main actors. During the third season, Nicholas Colasanto 's heart condition (which had been diagnosed in the mid-1970s) had worsened. He had lost weight and was having trouble breathing during filming. Shortly before third season filming wrapped, Colasanto was hospitalized due to fluid in his lungs. Though he recovered, he was not cleared to return to work. While visiting the set in January 1985 to watch the filming of several episodes, co-star Shelley Long commented, "I think we were all in denial. We were all glad he was there, but he lost a lot of weight." Co-star Rhea Perlman added, "[He] wanted to be there so badly. He didn't want to be sick. He couldn't breathe well. It was hard. He was laboring all the time." Colasanto died of a heart attack in his home on February 12, 1985. While the cast was saddened, they knew he had been very ill. [22]
The third season episodes of Cheers were filmed out of order, partly to accommodate the pregnancy of cast member Long. As a result, the season finale, which included several scenes with Colasanto, had already been filmed at the time of his death. In the third season episodes that had not been filmed at this point, Coach is said to be "away" for various reasons.
The Cheers writing staff assembled in June 1985, at the start of the production of the fourth season, to discuss how to deal with the absence of Coach. They quickly discarded the idea that he might have moved away, as they felt he would never abandon his friends. In addition, as most viewers were aware of Colasanto's death, the writing staff decided to handle the situation more openly. The season four opener, "Birth, Death, Love and Rice", dealt with Coach's death as well as introduced Woody Harrelson , Colasanto's replacement. [22] [23]
( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Nearly all of Cheers took place in the front room of the bar, but the characters often went into the rear pool room or the bar's office. [25] Cheers did not show any action outside the bar until the first episode of the second season, which took place in Diane's apartment.
Cheers had several running gags , such as Norm arriving in the bar always saying "Afternoon everybody" and being greeted by a loud "Norm!" Early episodes generally followed Sam's antics with his various women, following a variety of romantic comedy clichés to get out of whatever relationship troubles he was in during each episode. As the show progressed and Sam got into more serious relationships, the general tone switched to a comedic take on Sam settling into a monogamous lifestyle. Throughout the series, larger story arcs began to develop that spanned multiple episodes or seasons, interspersed with smaller themes and one-off episodes.[ citation needed ]
The show's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between the intellectual waitress Diane Chambers and the bar owner Sam Malone, a former major league baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox and a recovering alcoholic. [26] After Shelley Long (Diane) left the show, the focus shifted to Sam's new relationship with Rebecca, a neurotic corporate ladder climber. Both relationships featured sexual tension that spanned many episodes.[ citation needed ]
See also: Sam and Diane
Many Cheers scripts centered or touched upon a variety of social issues, albeit humorously. As Toasting Cheers puts it, "The script was further strengthened by the writers' boldness in successfully tackling controversial issues such as alcoholism , homosexuality, and adultery." [27]
Social class was a subtext of the show. The "upper class" – represented by characters like Diane Chambers, Frasier Crane , Lilith Sternin and (initially) Rebecca Howe – rubbed shoulders with middle and working-class characters — Sam Malone, Carla Tortelli, Norm Peterson and Cliff Clavin. An extreme example of this was the relationship between Woody Boyd and a millionaire's daughter Kelly Gaines . Many viewers enjoyed Cheers in part because of this focus on character development in addition to plot development. [28]
Feminism and the role of women were also recurring themes throughout the show, with some critics seeing each of the major female characters portraying an aspect as a flawed feminist in her own way. [29] Diane was a vocal feminist, and Sam was the epitome of everything she hated: a womanizer and a male chauvinist . Their relationship led Diane to several diatribes on Sam's promiscuity. Carla insulted people, but was respected because of her tough attitude, wit, and power, while Diane was often ignored as she commanded little respect in any successful way. Rebecca was an ambitious businesswoman and gold-digger , seeking relationships with her superiors at the Lillian Corporation, most notably Evan Drake , to gain promotions or raises. She encountered a glass ceiling , and ended the show by marrying a plumber rather than a rich businessman. It was later revealed on Frasier that her husband struck it rich and left her, after which Rebecca returned to Cheers as a patron. Lilith was a high-profile psychiatrist with many degrees and awards, and commanded respect with her strong and rather stern demeanor. Like Rebecca, she was an executive woman of the 1980s who put much emphasis on her professional life. She was often shown to have the upper hand in her and Frasier's relationship.
Homosexuality was dealt with from the first season, which was rare in the early 1980s for American network television. [30] In the first season episode, " The Boys In The Bar " (the title being a reference to the movie " The Boys In The Band "), a friend and former teammate of Sam's comes out in his autobiography. Some of the male regulars pressure Sam to take action to ensure that Cheers does not become a gay bar . The episode won a GLAAD Media Award , and the script's writers, Ken Levine and David Isaacs, were nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award . Harvey Fierstein later appeared in the 1990s as "Mark Newberger", Rebecca's old high school sweetheart who is gay. The final episode included a gay man who gets into trouble with his boyfriend, played by Anthony Heald .
Addiction also plays a role in Cheers, almost exclusively through Sam. He is a recovering alcoholic who had bought a bar during his drinking days. After he achieved sobriety, Sam decided to continue to own and operate the bar for "sentimental reasons." Frasier has a notable bout of drinking in the fourth season episode, "The Triangle", while Woody develops a gambling problem in the seventh season's, "Call Me Irresponsible". Some critics believe Sam was portrayed as a generally addictive personality .[ original research? ]
In addition to extended story lines, Cheers had recurring themes. A heated rivalry between Cheers and a rival bar, Gary's Olde Towne Tavern, was portrayed starting with the fourth season episode, "From Beer to Eternity". Beginning in the sixth season, one episode of each season depicted some wager between Sam and Gary, which resulted in either a sports competition or a battle of wits that devolved into complex practical jokes. Aside from the very first and very last "Bar Wars" episodes, the Cheers gang almost always lost to Gary's superior ingenuity. They tricked him into missing the annual Bloody Mary contest in one episode. Another had Sam collaborating with Gary's crew to get revenge on his co-workers for a prior practical joke. Another episode involved a pickup basketball game, in which Gary tricked the people of Cheers into believing that a minor injury sustained by basketball great Kevin McHale was a season-ending injury. In the final season, Gary is tricked into destroying his own bar by Cheers patron Harry "The Hat".
Sam had a long-running feud with the upscale restaurant above the bar, Melville's Fine Sea Food. The restaurant's management disliked the bar's patrons, while Sam regarded the restaurant as snobbish (though customers often moved between the two businesses via a prominent staircase). This conflict escalated after Melville's came under the ownership of John Allen Hill ( Keene Curtis ), as Sam did not technically own the bar's poolroom and bathrooms. Subsequently forced to pay rent for them, Sam was often at the mercy of Hill's tyranny. Rebecca eventually helped Sam buy the back section from Hill. [31]
Cheers owners[ edit ]
The Cheers sign in 2005.
Cheers obviously had several owners before Sam, as the bar was opened in 1889. The "Est. 1895" on the bar's sign is a made-up date chosen by Carla for numerological purposes, revealed in the 8th season episode, "The Stork Brings a Crane". In the second episode, "Sam's Women", Coach tells a customer looking for Gus, the owner of Cheers, that Gus was dead. In a later episode, Gus O'Mally comes back from Arizona for one night and helps run the bar.
The biggest storyline surrounding the ownership of Cheers begins in the fifth season finale, " I Do, Adieu ", when Sam and Diane part ways, due to Shelley Long's departure from the series. In addition, Sam leaves on a trip to circumnavigate the Earth. Before he leaves, Sam sells Cheers to the Lillian Corporation. He returns in the sixth season premiere, "Home is the Sailor", having sunk his boat, to find the bar under the new management of Rebecca Howe. He begs for his job back and is hired by Rebecca as a bartender. In the seventh season premiere, "How to Recede in Business", Rebecca is fired and Sam is promoted to manager. Rebecca is allowed to keep a job at Lillian vaguely similar to what she had before, but only after Sam had Rebecca ( in absentia ) "agree" to a long list of demands that the corporation had for her.
From there Sam occasionally attempted to buy the bar back with schemes that usually involved the wealthy executive Robin Colcord . Sam acquired Cheers again in the eighth season finale, when it was sold back to him for 85¢ by the Lillian Corporation, after he alerted the company to Colcord's insider trading . Fired by the corporation because of her silence on the issue, Rebecca is hired by Sam as a hostess/office manager. For the rest of the episode, to celebrate Sam's reclaiming the bar, a huge banner hung from the staircase, reading "Under OLD Management"!
Conception[ edit ]
Three men developed and created the Cheers television series: Charles brothers —Glen and Les—and James Burrows . [32] The show centers around two characters, Sam Malone and Diane Chambers , similar to that of Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn role types. [32] Malone represents the average man, while Chambers represents class and sophistication. [32] The show revolves around characters in a bar under humorous adult themes and situations. [32]
The concept for Cheers was the result of a long process. The original idea was a group of workers who interacted like a family, the goal being a concept similar to The Mary Tyler Moore Show . The creators considered making an American version of the British Fawlty Towers , set in a hotel or an inn. When the creators settled on a bar as their setting, the show began to resemble the radio show Duffy's Tavern . They liked the idea of a tavern, as it provided a continuous stream of new people, for a variety of characters. [33]
After choosing a setting, the creators needed to choose a location. Early discussions centered on Barstow, California , then Kansas City, Missouri . They eventually turned to the East Coast and finally Boston. The Bull & Finch Pub in Boston, which was the model for Cheers, was chosen from a phone book . [34] When Glen Charles asked the bar's owner, Tom Kershaw, to shoot exterior and interior photos, he agreed, charging $1. Kershaw has since gone on to make millions, licensing the pub's image and selling a variety of Cheers memorabilia. The Bull & Finch became the 42nd busiest outlet in the American food and beverage industry in 1997. [33] During initial casting, Shelley Long, who was in Boston at the time filming A Small Circle of Friends , remarked that the bar in the script resembled a bar she had come upon in the city, which turned out to be the Bull & Finch. [35]
Production team[ edit ]
The crew of Cheers numbered in the hundreds. The three creators— James Burrows and the Charles brothers, Glen and Les —kept offices on Paramount's lot for the duration of the Cheers run. The Charles Brothers remained in overall charge throughout the show's run, frequently writing major episodes, though starting with the third season they began delegating the day-to-day running of the writing staff to various showrunners . Ken Estin and Sam Simon were appointed as showrunners for the third season, and succeeded by David Angell , Peter Casey and David Lee the following year. Angell, Casey and Lee would remain as showrunners until the end of the seventh season when they left to develop their own sitcom, Wings , and were replaced by Cheri Eichen, Bill Steinkellner and Phoef Sutton for the eighth through tenth seasons. For the final season, Tom Anderson and Dan O'Shannon acted as the showrunners.
James Burrows is regarded as being a factor in the show's longevity, directing 243 of the 270 episodes and supervising the show's production. [36] Among the show's other directors were Andy Ackerman , Thomas Lofaro, Tim Berry, Tom Moore , Rick Beren, as well as cast members John Ratzenberger and George Wendt. [28]
Craig Safan provided the series' original music for its entire run except the theme song. His extensive compositions for the show led to him winning numerous ASCAP Top TV Series awards for his music.
Casting[ edit ]
The character of Sam Malone was originally intended to be a retired football player and was slated to be played by Fred Dryer , but, after casting Ted Danson, it was decided that a former baseball player (Sam "Mayday" Malone) would be more believable. [37] [38] Dryer, however, would go on to play sportscaster Dave Richards, an old friend of Sam, in three episodes. The character of Cliff Clavin was created for John Ratzenberger after he auditioned for the role of Norm Peterson , which eventually went to George Wendt. While chatting with producers afterward, he asked if they were going to include a "bar know-it-all", the part which he eventually played. [39] Alley joined the cast when Shelley Long left, and Woody Harrelson joined when Nicholas Colasanto died. Danson, Perlman and Wendt were the only actors to appear in every episode of the series.
Filming styles and locations[ edit ]
"On Cheers, we never did everything twice. On Cheers, we went through the scene and I only reshot jokes that didn't work or I went back and picked up shots I missed."
James Burrows [40]
Most Cheers episodes were, as a voiceover stated at the start of each, "filmed before a live studio audience " on Paramount Stage 25 in Hollywood, generally on Tuesday nights. Scripts for a new episode were issued the Wednesday before for a read-through , Friday was rehearsal day, and final scripts were issued on Monday. Burrows, who directed most episodes, insisted on using film stock rather than videotape . He was also noted for using motion in his directorial style, trying to constantly keep characters moving rather than standing still. [41] During the first season when ratings were poor Paramount and NBC asked that the show use videotape to save money, but a poor test taping ended the experiment and Cheers continued to use film. [42]
Due to a decision by Glen and Les Charles, the cold open was often not connected to the rest of the episode, with the lowest-ranked writers assigned to create the jokes for them. Some cold opens were taken from episodes that ran too long. [43]
The first year of the show took place entirely within the confines of the bar, the first location outside the bar being Diane's apartment. When the series became a hit, the characters started venturing further afield, first to other sets and eventually to an occasional exterior location. The exterior location shots of the bar were of the Bull & Finch Pub , located directly north of the Boston Public Garden . The pub has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series, and draws nearly one million visitors annually. [33] [44] It has since been renamed Cheers Beacon Hill; its interior is different from the TV bar. The Pub itself is at 84 Beacon Street. (On the corner of Brimmer St). From August 2001 until 2014, there was a replica of the bar in Faneuil Hall to capitalize on the popularity of the show.
Theme song[ edit ]
Before " Where Everybody Knows Your Name ", written by Gary Portnoy and Judy Hart Angelo , became the show's theme song, Cheers' producers rejected two of Portnoy's and Hart Angelo's songs. The songwriters had collaborated to provide music for Preppies , an unsuccessful Broadway musical. When told they could not appropriate "People Like Us", Preppies's opening song, the pair wrote another song "My Kind of People", which resembled "People Like Us" and intended to satirize "the lifestyle of old decadent old-money WASPs ," but, to meet producers' demands, they rewrote the lyrics to be about "likeable losers" in a Boston bar. The show's producers rejected this song, as well. After they read the script of the series pilot, they created another song "Another Day". When Portnoy and Hart Angelo heard that NBC had commissioned thirteen episodes, they created an official theme song "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" and rewrote the lyrics. [45]
Critical reception[ edit ]
Cheers was critically acclaimed in its first season, though it landed a disappointing 74th out of 77 shows in that year's ratings. [46] This critical support, the early success at the Primetime Emmy Awards , and the support of the president of NBC's entertainment division Brandon Tartikoff , are thought to be the main reasons for the show's survival and eventual success. [47] Tartikoff stated in 1983 that Cheers was a sophisticated adult comedy and that NBC executives, "never for a second doubted" that the show would not be renewed. [32] Writer Levine believes that the most important reason was that the network recognized that it did not have other hit shows to help promote Cheers; as he later wrote, "[NBC] had nothing else better to replace it with." [48]
Ratings improved for the summer reruns after the first season. [49] The cast went on various talk shows to try to further promote the series after its first season. By the second season Cheers was competitive with CBS's top rated show Simon & Simon . [32] With the growing popularity of Family Ties , which ran in the slot ahead of Cheers from January 1984 until Family Ties was moved to Sundays in 1987, and the placement of The Cosby Show in front of both at the start of their third season (1984), the line-up became a runaway ratings success that NBC eventually dubbed " Must See Thursday ". The next season, Cheers ratings increased dramatically after Woody Boyd became a regular character as well. By the end of its final season, the show had a run of eight consecutive seasons in the Top Ten of the Nielsen ratings ; seven of them were in the Top Five. [50]
Cheers' was perhaps the first sitcom with a serialized storyline , [51] starting with the third season. The show's success helped make such multi-episode story arcs popular on television, which Les Charles regrets.
[W]e may have been partly responsible for what's going on now, where if you miss the first episode or two, you are lost. You have to wait until you can get the whole thing on DVD and catch up with it. If that blood is on our hands, I feel kind of badly about it. It can be very frustrating." [49]
Cheers began with a limited five-character ensemble consisting of Ted Danson, Shelley Long, Rhea Perlman, Nicholas Colasanto and George Wendt. By the time season 10 began, the show had eight front characters in its roster. Cheers was also able to gradually phase in characters such as Cliff, Frasier, Lilith, Rebecca, and Woody. During season 1, only one set, the bar, housed all of the episodes. Later seasons introduced other sets, but the show's ability to center the action in the bar and avoid straying was notable.
NBC dedicated a whole night to the final episode of Cheers , following the one-hour season finale of Seinfeld (which was its lead-in). The show began with a "pregame" show hosted by Bob Costas , followed by the final 98-minute episode itself. NBC affiliates then aired tributes to Cheers during their local newscasts, and the night concluded with a special Tonight Show broadcast live from the Bull & Finch Pub. Although the episode fell short of its hyped ratings predictions to become the most watched television episode , it was the most watched show that year, bringing in 93.5 million viewers (64 percent of all viewers that night), and ranked 11th all time in entertainment programming. The 1993 final broadcast of Cheers also emerged as the highest rated broadcast of NBC to date, as well as the most watched single episode from any television series throughout the decade 1990s on U.S. television. [52] [53] [54] [N 1]
The episode originally aired in the usual Cheers spot of Thursday night, and was then rebroadcast on Sunday. While the original broadcast did not outperform the M*A*S*H finale , the combined non-repeating audiences for the Thursday and Sunday showings did. It should also be noted that television had greatly changed between the two finales, leaving Cheers with a broader array of competition for ratings. [55]
In 2013, GQ magazine held an online competition to find the best TV comedy. Cheers was voted the greatest comedy show of all time. [56]
Awards and honors[ edit ]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of awards and nominations received by Cheers .
Over its eleven-season run, the Cheers cast and crew earned many awards. The show garnered a record 111 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, with a total of 28 wins. In addition, Cheers earned 31 Golden Globe nominations, with a total of six wins. Danson, Long, Alley, Perlman, Wendt, Ratzenberger, Harrelson, Grammer, Neuwirth, and Colosanto all received Emmy nominations for their roles. Cheers won the Golden Globe Award for "Best TV-Series – Comedy/Musical" in 1991 and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1983, 1984, 1989, and 1991. The series was presented with the "Legend Award" at the 2006 TV Land Awards , with many of the surviving cast members attending the event. [57]
The following are awards that have been earned by the Cheers cast and crew over its 11–season run:
Winner
Syndication[ edit ]
Cheers grew in popularity as it aired on American television and entered into off-network syndication in 1987, initially distributed by Paramount Domestic Television . When the show went off the air in 1993, Cheers was syndicated in 38 countries with 179 American television markets and 83 million viewers. [58] After going off the air, Cheers entered a long and successful continuing syndication run [28] on Nick at Nite , later moving to TV Land in 2004, lasting until 2008 on their line-up. [44]
The series began airing on Hallmark Channel in the United States in 2008, and WGN America in 2009, where it continues to air on both channels. In January 2011, Reelz Channel began airing the series in hour-long blocks. Me-TV began airing Cheers weeknights in 2010. When the quality of some earlier footage of Cheers began to deteriorate, it underwent a careful restoration in 2001 due to its continued success. [59] And more recently, USA Network also reran the series, but only on Sunday early mornings and weekday mornings (if there is a movie running in 2 1/2 hours).
In October 2008, Cheers began airing on The Hallmark Channel .
As of April 2011, Netflix began including Cheers as one of the titles on its "watch instantly" streaming service. Amazon added it to its Prime service in July. [60]
A Cheers rerun notably replaced the September 4, 1992 airing of Australia's Naughtiest Home Videos on Australia's Nine Network . The latter was canceled mid-episode on its only broadcast by Kerry Packer , who pulled the plug after a phone call. It was repeated several years later on the Nine Network shortly after Packer's death in 2005. Cheers currently airs on Eleven starting January 11, 2011 in Australia. Cheers was aired by NCRV in the Netherlands . After the last episode, NCRV simply began re-airing the series, and then again, thus airing the show three times in a row, showing an episode nightly.
As of 2012, Cheers has been repeated on UK satellite channel CBS Drama . Cheers is also shown on the UK free-to-air channel ITV4 where it is shown two episodes every weekday night. Because of the ITV syndication it is also available to watch on the online ITV Player for seven days after broadcast. On March 16, 2015, the series began airing on UK subscription channel Gold on weekdays at 9:30am and 10:00am.
They are also currently airing on ReelzChannel .
High definition[ edit ]
A high-definition transfer of Cheers began running on HDNet in the United States in August 2010. Originally shot on film (but transferred to and edited on videotape) the program was broadcast in a 4:3 aspect ratio, the newly transferred versions are in 16:9.[ original research? ] However, in the United Kingdom, the HD repeats on ITV4 HD are shown in the original 4:3 aspect ratio.
DVD releases[ edit ]
Paramount Home Entertainment and (from 2006 onward) CBS Home Entertainment have released all 11 seasons of Cheers on DVD in Region 1, Region 2 and Region 4.
On March 6, 2012, they released Fan Favorites: The Best of Cheers. Based on the 2012 Facebook poll, the selected episodes are: [61]
" Thanksgiving Orphans " (season 5, episode 9)
"Dinner at Eight-ish" (season 5, episode 20)
"Simon Says" (season 5, episode 21)
"An Old Fashioned Wedding", parts one and two (season 10, episodes 25)
On May 5, 2015, CBS DVD released Cheers- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1. [62]
Digital media distribution[ edit ]
The complete eleven seasons of Cheers are available through the United States Netflix streaming service, the ITunes Store, Amazon Prime Video, and Hulu Plus.
Licensing[ edit ]
The series lent itself naturally to the development of Cheers bar-related merchandise, culminating in the development of a chain of Cheers themed pubs. Paramount's licensing group, led by Tom McGrath , developed the Cheers pub concept initially in partnership with Host Marriott, which placed Cheers themed pubs in over 15 airports around the world. [63] Boston boasts the original Cheers bar, historically known to Boston insiders as the Bull and Finch, as well as a Cheers restaurant in the Faneuil Hall marketplace, and Sam's Place, a spin-off sports bar concept also located at Faneuil Hall. In 1997 Europe's first officially licensed Cheers bar opened in London's Regent's Street W1. Like Cheers Faneuil Hall, Cheers London is a replica of the set. The gala opening was attended by James Burrows and cast members George Wendt and John Ratzenberger. [64] The Cheers bar in London closed on 31st Dec 2008. The actual bar set had been on display at the Hollywood Entertainment Museum until the museum's closing in early 2006. [65]
The theme song to the show was eventually licensed to a Canadian restaurant, Kelsey's Neighbourhood Bar & Grill . [66]
CBS currently holds the rights to the Cheers franchise as the result of the 2006 Viacom split which saw Paramount transfer its entire television studio to CBS.
Spin-offs, crossovers, and cultural references[ edit ]
Woody, Cliff, and Norm on The Simpsons
Some of the actors and actresses from Cheers brought their characters into other television shows, either in a guest appearance or in a new spin-off series. The most successful Cheers spin-off was Frasier , which featured Frasier Crane following his relocation back to Seattle , Washington . Sam, Diane, and Woody all individually appeared in Frasier episodes, with Lilith appearing as a guest on multiple episodes. In the season nine episode "Cheerful Goodbyes", Frasier returns to Boston and meets up with the Cheers gang, later attending Cliff's retirement party.
Although Frasier was more successful, The Tortellis was the first series to spin-off from Cheers, premiering in 1987. The show featured Carla's ex-husband Nick Tortelli and his wife Loretta , but was canceled after 13 episodes and drew protests for its stereotypical depictions of Italian-Americans.
In addition to direct spin-offs, several Cheers characters had guest appearance crossovers with other shows, including Wings and St. Elsewhere (episode " Cheers "). Cheers has also been spoofed or referenced in other media, including The Simpsons (spoofing the title sequence and theme song in " Flaming Moe's "; actually visiting the place with vocal role reprisals of the majority of the principal cast in " Fear of Flying "), Scrubs (episode "My Life in Four Cameras"), Adventure Time (episode " Simon & Marcy "), the 2012 comedy film Ted , the 2011 video game Dragon Age II , and the 2015 video game Fallout 4 .
The final edition of Late Night with David Letterman (which aired on June 25, 1993; more than a month after Cheers' final episode) began with a scene at Cheers, in which the bar's TV gets stuck on NBC, and all of the bar patrons decide to go home instead of staying to watch Letterman. A similar scene aired in the Super Bowl XVII Pregame Show on NBC, in which the characters briefly discuss the upcoming game.
In the second season episode " Swarley " of the sitcom How I Met Your Mother , in the final scene, Barney walks into the bar and everyone shouts "Swarley," same as when the characters traditionally yelled "Norm!" whenever Norm Peterson entered the Cheers bar, and he turns and walks out dejectedly as Carl the bartender plays "Where Everybody Knows Your Name." The camera angle also changes to show the same bar set-up and framing for the main interior bar shots featured in Cheers. Additionally, the end credits are done in the gold "Cooper Black" font of the Cheers credits (which was a highly popular font for sitcoms of the early-to-mid-1980s).
The Star Trek: Deep Space Nine character Morn is named for Norm Peterson due to Armin Shimerman calling the originally nameless character "Norm" between takes.
The theatrical play Cheers Live On Stage reenacts a condensed version of the first two seasons of the show. [67]
Remake[ edit ]
In September 2011, Plural Entertainment debuted a remake of the series on Spanish television, also titled Cheers . Set at an Irish pub, it starred Alberto San Juan as Nicolás "Nico" Arnedo, the equivalent of Sam Malone in the original series. It also used the original theme song, rerecorded in Spanish by Dani Martín , under the title of " Dónde la gente se divierte ."
In December 2012, The Irish Film and Television Network announced that casting is underway on an Irish language version of Cheers produced by production company Sideline. The new show, tentatively titled Teach Seán, would air on Ireland's TG4 and features a main character who, like Sam Malone, is a bar owner, a retired athlete and a recovering alcoholic. Except because of the setting in Ireland, the barman is a "former hurling star" rather than an ex-baseball player. [68]
Cheers: Live On Stage[ edit ]
On September 9, 2016, a stage adaptation called, Cheers: Live On Stage, opened at the Schubert Theatre in Boston. Comprising pieces of the original TV series, the play was adapted by Erik Forrest Jackson. It is produced by Troika/Stageworks. The director was Matt Lenz. It starred Grayson Powell as "Sam Malone," Jillian Louis as "Diane Chambers," Barry Pearl as "Ernie 'Coach' Pantusso," Sarah Sirotta as "Carla Tortelli," Paul Vogt as "Norm Peterson" and Buzz Roddy as "Cliff Clavin." The production is scheduled to tour through 2017. [67] [69]
Notes[ edit ]
^ The article, "Cheers Finale Most-Watched Show of Season," from May 22, 1993, edition of Rocky Mountain News said that the share of viewing audience was 62. The 2009 article, " The gang gathers for one last round ," by Hal Boedeker, claims that the finale drew over 80 million viewers in 1993.
| Boyd |
Craniates are animals which have what? | 1000+ images about Cheers on Pinterest | Seasons, Tv couples and Cheer
Forward
Ted Danson (Sam Malone) and Woody Harrelson (Woody Boyd) in Cheers:- Woody: 'You know, I used to be afraid of the dark, but I got myself over it.' Sam: 'Oh yeah, how did you do that?' Woody: 'Oh well, I just shut my eyes, and pretended it wasn't there.'
See More
| i don't know |
In January 1997 which British yachtsman was found alive five days after his boat capsized in the Southern Ocean? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 9 | 1997: Bullimore rescued after five days
About This Site | Text Only
1997: Bullimore rescued after five days
The lone yachtsman, Tony Bullimore, feared drowned after his boat capsized in the Southern Ocean five days ago, has been found safe and well.
Mr Bullimore survived on "a little chocolate, water and sheer determination" crouched in the upturned hull of his yacht.
He is said to be suffering mild hypothermia and dehydration but is otherwise well.
His drifting yacht, the Exide Challenger, was spotted by an Australian navy ship.
There were no visible signs of life, but when the rescuers banged on the boat's hull, they were amazed to hear Mr Bullimore knocking back.
Asked for a cup of tea
Rescue co-ordinators say the yachtsman is very lucky to be alive.
He was wearing a survival suit which helped protect him against the extreme cold - but trapped in the boat's living quarters he probably had only enough air to last six days.
Mr Bullimore said his first reaction to hearing his rescuers outside his boat was, "absolutely ecstatic, I thought it would never happen."
Arriving on board the naval rescue ship, HMAS Adelaide, Mr Bullimore was said to be "babbling with excitement".
He also asked for a cup of tea.
His wife, Lalel, was told of the news of his rescue at the couple's home in Bristol.
She is now preparing to fly out to Australia for an emotional reunion with her husband.
She says she always believed her husband would be found.
She described him as a "survivor."
Mr Bullimore was taking part in the Vendee Globe single-handed non-stop round-the-world race.
Questions are already being asked about the high cost of the rescue operation and whether it is too risky to send lone yachtsman into the dangerous Southern Ocean.
Tony Bullimore was rescued after five days in the Southern Ocean
In Context
Tony Bullimore was reunited with his wife Lalel at the British High Commission office in Perth.
He needed decompression treatment in a specialised medical centre for a few weeks after his ordeal.
On his return to Britain, he was invited to an audience with the Queen.
Tony Bullimore's ordeal did not put him off sailing. He filmed a TV programme with comedian Lenny Henry in which they sailed from Kent to the Caribbean.
In an interview in the Observer in 2002, he said he planned to continue sailing in races all over the world.
One good thing came out of his accident, he was put in touch with a daughter he never knew he had.
She made contact after she saw him on television.
I was there
As a Royal Air Officer on exchange duties with the RAAF I was on the Search and Rescue P3 Orion flight that first sighted Bullimore's yacht upside down in the Southern Ocean.
We spent days flying backwards and forwards the 1,500 miles plus from Perth to the yacht to update its position and, hopefully, give Tony some indication that we knew where he was - if he was still alive.
My crew was on the scene when Tony appeared from under the hull. That's job satisfaction!
Phil Buckley, USA
| Tony Bullimore |
What is the national animal of Tanzania? | Missing yacht: US Coast Guard 'did all it could' - BBC News
BBC News
Missing yacht: US Coast Guard 'did all it could'
20 May 2014
Close share panel
Image copyright Other
Image caption James Male, Andrew Bridge, Steve Warren and Paul Goslin (l-r) are all experienced yachtsmen
The UK coastguard says it believes its US counterpart has done everything it could in the search for four Britons missing after their yacht apparently capsized in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Cheeki Rafiki got into difficulties 620 miles (1,000km) east of Cape Cod in Massachusetts on Thursday.
The search was called off by the US Coast Guard on Sunday.
The families of the crew have called for the operation to resume, while experts said the men could be alive.
The four crew members are Paul Goslin, 56, from West Camel, Somerset; skipper Andrew Bridge, 22, from Farnham, Surrey; Steve Warren, 52, also from Somerset, and 23-year-old James Male, from Southampton.
The men were sailing back from a regatta in Antigua when the boat began taking on water and diverted to the Azores. Contact was lost early on Friday. It is thought they could have moved to a life raft after capsizing.
'Push this message'
The families say they are to meet Foreign Secretary William Hague later.
Graham Male, whose son James is one of the missing men, earlier told the BBC he wanted Prime Minister David Cameron to intervene.
Media captionYachtsman Tony Bullimore: "I strongly believe they could still be alive"
"What we'd really like to do is get to David Cameron himself and really try and push this message that as a country we're known to pull the stops out for our own nationals, we should be getting someone out there now to help them."
Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt, the MP for another of the men, tweeted that it was too soon to give up and a petition urging authorities in the US to continue the search has amassed more than 150,000 signatures .
But a spokesman for the US Coast Guard had said the men could only have survived for about 20 hours after the "time of distress".
Fully briefed
And a spokesman for the UK government said on Tuesday that the US service had been "open and collaborative throughout".
The spokesman added: "They have assured us that they did everything they could, and would have done exactly the same for US citizens.
"This included an air search of over 20 sorties, involving three different aircraft, conducted for twice as long as their standard procedures required, in very difficult and challenging weather conditions."
Keith Oliver, head of Maritime Operations with HM Coastguard, said: "Based on the information provided to us, we believe that the US Coast Guard has done all they can to locate the stricken yacht and her crew.
"Our thoughts are with the family and friends of these four sailors at this extremely difficult time."
Image copyright Daily Telegraph
Image caption The crew of the 1,000ft Maersk Kure took this picture of what appeared to be an overturned yacht
The families themselves have praised the US Coast Guard, but urged it to do more.
Mr Goslin's daughter, Claire, thanked the service for its "fantastic" work so far.
"But I know what Dad's like," she added. "He will be doing anything in his power to make sure he and his fellow three crew mates are safe.
"Don't give up; they need your help."
Mr Goslin's wife, Cressida, said the search should be resumed for a couple of days, adding: "We just feel that they're not being given a chance.
"If we don't try to rescue them we're just going to leave them to starve to death."
Media captionClaire Goslin pleaded to coastguards: "Don't give up, they need your help"
Mr Male's father, Graham, told ITV Meridian: "They waited until the first beacon had run out before they actually set the second beacon - that's rational-thinking people."
And Mr Bridge's mother, Mary, said: "I'm a bit numb, actually. We wanted him back.
Media captionMary Bridge, mother of skipper Andrew: "I'm a bit numb, actually"
"We know they've worked hard for two days but my husband and I and my other son and the other families all wish them to resume the search for these four men."
Kay Coombes, sister of Steve Warren, said: "They are four strong-minded, physically strong sailors, they knew they were in difficulties and had every opportunity to get into the life raft which would have had provisions for several days.
"But if no-one is looking for them, they won't be found."
Media captionKay Coombes, sister of sailor Steve Warren: "If no-one's looking... they can't be found"
Possible sighting
Image copyright Ocean Safety
A typical 12-person life raft, similar to that believed to have been on board Cheeki Rafiki, would have been equipped to the international standard ISO 9650, says Alistair Hackett from suppliers Ocean Safety.
That standard specifies everything from the type of fabric and glue used to make the raft to the emergency contents it must have on board.
The raft and its emergency pack would have included one litre of water per person, Mr Hackett says, as well as flares, thermal protective aids, paddles, pumps and a 30m line to tow a drogue to steady the craft.
The US Coast Guard said locator beacons activated by the crew indicated they were in a position 1,000 miles east of Massachusetts on Friday morning.
The yacht was facing 15ft waves, 50mph winds and sea and air temperatures of 15C (60F), the US Coast Guard added.
A spokesman said it had "saturated the area" in a two-day search involving three US and Canadian aircraft and three merchant vessels and "we would have found them" if it had been possible.
On Saturday, a cargo vessel which was helping with the search spotted and photographed an overturned hull which matched the description of the Cheeki Rafiki.
But when he called off the hunt on Sunday, Capt Anthony Popiel said: "Based on the extreme conditions at sea, but assuming best-case emergency equipment, the estimated survival time past the time of distress was approximately 20 hours. Crews searched for 53 hours."
And a further spokesman for the service said on Monday that unless there were "new developments about the case" the search would not be resumed.
Image caption The search took place over more than 4,100 square miles in the mid-Atlantic
A number of well-known figures have added their voice to calls for more to be done.
Sir Richard Branson said: "People have been at sea for a long period of time in life rafts before and have turned up alright".
Yachtsman Tony Bullimore, who survived five days at after his boat capsized in the Southern Ocean in 1997 has signed the petition calling on the US Coast Guard to resume its search.
He said there was "every opportunity that they could still be out there".
Television presenter Ben Fogle, who rowed across the Atlantic, said: "We've heard too many stories over the years of shipwrecked sailors found in tiny rafts."
Media captionAlistair Hackett explains how people survive inside a life raft
The 12-person life raft they are believed to have had on board would typically be 1.66m high and 3.3m across.
Alistair Hackett, from suppliers Ocean Safety, said it would have probably have had one litre of water per person on board, as well as survival equipment such as flares and thermal protective suits.
'Highly unlikely'
However, oceanographer Simon Boxall from the University of Southampton said: "It is highly unlikely, beyond reasonable doubt, that they would have missed a life raft; they are bright red or bright orange.
"And if the people were in a life raft and were aware there were rescue aircraft, they would have had distress flares and beacons on board and they would have deployed them."
The Royal Yachting Association said typical supplies on a life raft would include survival suits, water, food, flares and a first aid kit.
| i don't know |
Governor Ratcliffe, Nakoma and Grandmother Willow are all characters in which Disney film? | Cartoon Characters, Cast and Crew for Pocahontas
Buena Vista Pictures Distribution
Feature Length Theatrical Animated Film
Cartoon Characters: Pocahontas, John Smith, Grandmother Willow, Meeko, Flit, Governor Ratcliffe, Wiggins, Thomas, Lon, Kocoum, Ben, Percy, Kekata, Chief Powhatan, Nakoma.
Vocal Talent: Irene Bedard (Pocahontas), Judy Kuhn (Pocahontas, Singing), Mel Gibson (John Smith), Linda Hunt (Grandmother Willow), Jon Kassir (Meeko), Frank Welker (Flit), David Ogden Stiers (Governor Ratcliffe, Wiggins), Christian Bale (Thomas), Joe Baker (Lon), James Apaumut Fall (Kocoum), Billy Connolly (Ben), Danny Mann (Percy), Gordon Tootoosis (Kekata), Russell Means (Powhatan), Michelle St. John (Nakoma), Jim Cummings (Powanton, Wise Man).
Directed By Mike Gabriel, Eric Goldberg.
Produced By James Pentecost.
Associate Producer: Baker Bloodworth.
Animated By Alexander Williams, Randy Haycock (Pocahontas).
Supervising Animators: Glen Keane (Pocahontas), John Pomeroy (John Smith), Ruben Aquino (Powatan), Duncan Marjoribanks (Radcliffe), Dave Pruiksma (Flit), Brian Ferguson (Meeko), Ken Duncan (Thomas), Richard Bazley.
Character Animator: David Kuhn, Barry Temple.
Effects Animation: Ted Kierscey.
Animation Clean-Up: Renee Holt-Bird (Pocahontas).
Written By Carl Binder, Susannah Grant, Philip LaZebnik.
Story: Chris Buck, Robert Gibbs, Francis Glebas, Ed Gombert, Joe Grant, Kaan Kalyon, Glen Keane, Todd Kurosawa, Duncan Marjoribanks, Burny Mattinson, Bruce Morris, Ralph Zondag.
Additional Story: Randy Cartwright, Andrew Chapman, Vincent DeFrances, Don Dougherty, Will Finn, T. Daniel Hofstedt, Broose Johnson, Jorgen Klubien, Tom Mazzocco, Dave Pruiksma, Nik Ranieri.
Edited By H. Lee Peterson.
Assistant Editor: Anna Solorio-Catalano.
Associate Editor: Mark A. Hester.
Casting: Ruth Lambert.
Production Manager: Traci Tolman Mars.
Artistic Coordinator: Dan Hansen.
Artistic Supervisor, Layout: Rasoul Azadani.
Artistic Supervisor, Background: Cristy Maltese.
Artistic Supervisor, CGI: Steve Goldberg.
Visual Effects: Don Paul.
Animator, Additional Effects: Peter Demund.
Checking: Pat Sito.
Digital Scanning Pre-checker: Michael D. Lusby.
Choreographer: D.J. Giagni.
Scene Planning Coordinator, Florida: Karen N. Sickles.
Software Engineer: Bruce Hatakeyama.
Special EFX, Animating Assistant: Colbert Fennelly.
Technical Assistant: Earl Coffman.
Technology Production Supporters: Kee-Suk 'Ken' Hahn, Thomas Moore, Jr.
Technology Supporters: Mark M. Tokunaga, Tony Matthews.
Title Designer: Susan Bradley.
Music Production Supervisor: Tod Cooper.
Music Arrangers: Chris Boardman, Martin Erskine.
Music Scoring Mixer: John Richards.
Orchestrator: Danny Troob.
Vocalist, "Colors Of The Wind": Vanessa L. Williams.
Vocalist, "If I Never Knew You": Jon Secada, Shanice.
Supervising Sound Editor: Larry Kemp.
Sound Editor: Rick Morris.
| Pocahontas |
What was the first name of of American homeopathic physician and wife-murderer Dr Crippen? | Flit | Disney Fan Fiction Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Appearances
Pocahontas
In the movie, Flit is a humming bird who is a friend of Pocahontas. He is first seen flying on a cliff that Pocahontas is standing on and when Pocahontas' friend Nakoma tells her from the water below that her father has returned home Pocahontas tells Flit and her racoon friend Meeko to come on to which Flit steals a raspberry from Meeko and eats it but as they follow Pocahontas Flit and Meeko watch as Pocahontas turns around and jumps off the cliff and into the water below. Then Meeko follows Pocahontas and as he jumps off he accidently knocks Flit causing the bird to spin upside down and then Flit follows Meeko down chirping angrily at him but Meeko grabs Flit hoping that he can ride on him but because of Meeko's weight Flit can't carry him causing them both to fall into the water. When Flit flys out of the water he spots Meeko trying to climb onto Nakoma's upside down canoe and he flies over to Meeko to poke him in the back with his nose for making him fall in the water but then Meeko loses his balance and falls back into the water and Flit gets his nose stuck on the canoe and then Flit hears Pocahontas tell Nakoma to help her turn the canoe back over to which he tries to get his nose unstuck but winds up getting turned upside down into the water but luckily Pocahontas grabs Flit and tells him to quit playing around and that they have to get back home to which Meeko squeezes Flit's stomach causing water to come out of Flit's mouth. When they get back to camp Flit and Meeko follow Pocahontas and her father into their tent through the roof where they hear that Pocahontas' father wants her to marry his bravest warrior Kocoum to which Flit agrees with but Meeko sticks out his tongue in his disgust.
Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World
Flit, along with Meeko and Percy, stoaway with Pocahontas on the ship to England, having larger roles than more minor characters in the film, such as Grandmother Willow or Nakoma.
Pocahontas 1½
House of Mouse
Flit made a couple of very rare cameo appearances in the House of Mouse. He appears briefly in the opening theme and alongside Pocahontas, Meeko and Roy E. Disney during The Ludwig Von Drake Song in "Ask Von Drake."
Disney Parks
Gallery
The Disney Wiki and Disney Fan Fiction Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Flit .
Trivia
Flit's design was inspired and based off the humming birds that appear in Disney's 1946 hybrid film Song of the South , as well as the 1988 hybrid film Who Framed Roger Rabbit .
| i don't know |
Adi Granth is the principal sacred scripture of which religion? | Adi Granth | Sikh sacred scripture | Britannica.com
Sikh sacred scripture
Alternative Titles: Adi Sri Guru Granth Sahibji, “Granth”, “Granth Sahib”, “Guru Granth Sahib”
Related Topics
Genesis
Adi Granth, ( Punjabi: “First Book”) also called Granth or Granth Sahib, the sacred scripture of Sikhism , a religion of India. It is a collection of nearly 6,000 hymns of the Sikh Gurus (religious leaders) and various early and medieval saints of different religions and castes.
Priest worshiping the Ādi Granth
Foto Features
The Adi Granth is the central object of worship in all gurdwara s (Sikh temples) and is accorded the reverence paid a living Guru. It is ritually opened in the morning and wrapped up and put away for the night. On special occasions continuous readings of it are held, which last from 2 to 15 days. On the birthdays of the Gurus or anniversaries commemorating Sikh martyrs , the Granth is sometimes taken out in procession.
The first version of the book was compiled by the 5th Sikh Guru, Arjun , at Amritsar in 1604 ce. He included his own hymns and those of his predecessors, the Gurus Nanak , Angad , Amar Das , and Ram Das , and a selection of devotional songs of both Hindu and Islamic saints (notably the poet Kabīr). In 1704 ce the 10th and last Guru, Gobind Singh , added the hymns of his predecessor, Guru Tegh Bahadur (the 6th, 7th, and 8th Gurus did not write hymns), and enjoined that after his own death the Granth would take the place of the Guru. The book opens with the Mul Mantra (“Basic Prayer”), which is a declaration of the nature of God as Truth, followed by the Japji (“Recital”), the most important Sikh scripture, written by the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak. The hymns are arranged according to the musical modes (ragas) in which they are to be sung. The language is mostly Punjabi or Hindi, interspersed with Marathi, Persian, and Arabic words.
| Sikhism |
In November 1994 who became the oldest heavyweight boxing champion in history by defeating Michael Moorer? | Adi Granth facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Adi Granth
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
© The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 1997, originally published by Oxford University Press 1997.
Ādi Granth (Pañjābī, ‘first volume’, the second being Dasam Granth , i.e. ‘tenth book’). Sikh scriptures. The Ādi Granth is usually called the Gurū Granth Sāhib in recognition that it is the embodiment of the Gurū . Sikhs also call it Gurbāṇī (the Gurū's utterance). They believe that before his death Gurū Gobind Siṅgh declared the Ādi Granth his successor. The Ardās concludes with the injunction ‘Gurū mānio granth’ (‘acknowledge the Granth as Gurū’). Any room in which the Ādi Granth is appropriately installed is a gurdwārā . The scriptures are treated with the same detailed devotion as would be shown to a human Gurū—e.g. a chaurī is waved over it and the volume is ceremonially laid to rest at night.
The Ādi Granth consists of 1,430 pages, each copy having standard page length and numbering.
The contents are metrical and, excepting the opening Japjī , are intended for singing.
Despite the diversity of authorship and language, the message of the Ādi Granth is unanimous: salvation depends not upon caste , ritual, or asceticism, but upon constant meditation on God 's name ( nām ) and immersement in his being:
Cite this article
Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
MLA
The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
© The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 2006, originally published by Oxford University Press 2006.
Adi Granth the principal sacred scripture of Sikhism. Originally compiled under the direction of Arjan Dev (1563–1606), the fifth Sikh guru, it contains hymns and religious poetry as well as the teachings of the first five gurus. Successive gurus added to the text: the tenth and last guru, Gobind Singh (1666–1708), declared that henceforth there would be no more gurus, the Adi Granth taking their place.
The name comes from Sanskrit ādigrantha, literally ‘first book’, based on grantha ‘literary composition’, from granth ‘to tie’.
Cite this article
| i don't know |
What is the US state capital of West Virginia? | West Virginia: Map, History, Population, Facts, Capitol, Flag, Tree, Geography, Symbols
West Virginia
Governor: Earl Ray Tomblin, D (to Jan. 2017)
Lt. Governor/Senate President: Bill Cole, R (to Jan. 2019)
Entered Union (rank): June 20, 1863 (35)
Present constitution adopted: 1872
blue and gold (official) (1863)
songs
“West Virginia, My Home Sweet Home,” “The West Virginia Hills,” and “This Is My West Virginia” (adopted by Legislature in 1947, 1961, and 1963 as official state songs)
Nickname: Mountain State
Origin of name: In honor of Elizabeth, “Virgin Queen” of England
10 largest cities (2010 est.): Charleston , 51,400; Huntington , 49,138; Parkersburg, 31,492; Wheeling , 28,486; Morgantown, 29,660; Weirton, 19,746; Fairmont, 18,704; Beckley, 17,614; Clarksburg, 16,578; Martinsburg, 17,227
Land area: 24,077 sq mi. (62,359 sq km)
Geographic center: In Braxton Co., 4 mi. E of Sutton
Number of counties: 55
Largest county by population and area: Kanawha, 193,063 (2010); Randolph, 1,040 sq mi.
State forests: 9 (79,502 ac.)
State parks: 37 (74,508 ac.)
2015 resident population est.: 1,844,128
2010 resident census population (rank): 1,852,994 (37). Male: 913,586 (49.3%); Female: 939,408 (50.7%). White: 1,739,988 (98.5%); Black: 63,124 (3.4%); American Indian: 3,787 (0.2%); Asian: 12,406 (0.7%); Other race: 6,119 (0.3%); Two or more races: 27,142 (1.5%); Hispanic/Latino: 22,268 (1.2%). 2010 percent population 18 and over: 79.1; 65 and over: 16.0; median age: 41.3.
Map of West Virginia
West Virginia's early history from 1609 until 1863 is largely shared with Virginia, of which it was a part until Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861. The delegates of the 40 western counties who opposed secession formed their own government, which was granted statehood in 1863.
In 1731 Morgan Morgan established the first permanent white settlement on Mill Creek in present-day Berkeley County. Coal, a mineral asset that would figure significantly in West Virginia's history, was discovered in 1742. Other important natural resources are oil, natural gas, and hardwood forests, which cover about 75% of the state's area.
The state's rapid industrial expansion began in the 1870s, drawing thousands of European immigrants and African Americans into the region. Miners' strikes between 1912 and 1921 required the intervention of state and federal troops to quell the violence.
Today, the state ranks second in total coal production, with about 12.5% of the U.S. total. It is also a leader in steel, glass, aluminum, and chemical manufactures. Major agricultural commodities are broilers, cattle and calves, chicken eggs, dairy products, and turkeys.
Tourism is increasingly popular in mountainous West Virginia. More than a million acres have been set aside in 37 state parks and recreation areas and in 9 state forests and 2 national forests. Major points of interest include Harpers Ferry and New River Gorge National River, The Greenbrier and Berkeley Springs resorts, the scenic railroad at Cass, and the historic homes in the Eastern Panhandle.
See more on West Virginia:
Martin R. Delany first black army major;
Billy Dixon frontiersman and scout;
| Charleston |
‘Lucky Man’ is a 2003 autobiography by which US actor? | West Virginia - U.S. States - HISTORY.com
West Virginia
How West Virginia Got Its Shape
Culture, economics and geography separated western Virginia from then rest of the state. The Civil War drove the final wedge between east and west, with the western counties voting to stay in the Union. West Virginia split off from Virginia, and the Union added the eastern panhandle to guarantee access for a vital railroad.
A+E Networks
Introduction
When the state of Virginia voted to secede from the United States during the Civil War (1861-65), the people of the rugged and mountainous western region of the state opposed the decision and organized to form their own state, West Virginia,in support of the Union. Congress granted statehood to West Virginia on June 20, 1863. The West Virginia town of Harpers Ferry was the site of John Brown’s ill-fated 1859 raid on the federal armory there. AlthoughBrown’s plan to arm a largescale slave revolt with weapons from the armory ultimately failed andBrown was hanged, the raiddid succeed in inflaming white Southern fears of slave rebellions and increased the mounting tension betweenNorth and Southprior tothe Civil War.Today, West Virginia is a major coal-producing state, supplying 15 percent of the nation’s coal. The New River Gorge Bridge near Fayetteville is the longest steel arch bridge in the world. Every October, the town hosts a Bridge Day celebration when the road is closed to traffic and individuals are allowed to parachute and bungee jump off the bridge; the event attracts close to 100,000 participants and spectators each year. Famous West Virginia natives include actor Don Knotts, gymnast Mary Lou Retton and test pilot Chuck Yeager.
Date of Statehood: June 20, 1863
Did You Know?
West Virginia was the only state that gained admission to the Union during the American Civil War.
Capital: Charleston
Motto: Montani Semper Liberi (“Mountaineers Are Always Free”)
Tree: Sugar Maple
Bird: Cardinal
Interesting Facts
Between 250 and 150 B.C., the Adena people built what is known as Grave Creek Mound in Marshall County. Now standing 62 feet tall with a 240-foot diameter, it is the largest conical burial mound in the United States. In 1838, two men dug their way into the mound, exposing a burial chamber with skeletons and jewelry.
The Greenbrier, a luxurious resort in the Allegheny Mountains in White Sulphur Springs, was used at the outset of World War II to house diplomats from Germany, Italy and Japan until American diplomats detained overseas could be returned home safely in exchange. In 1942, the U.S. Army purchased the hotel and converted it into a hospital where, over the course of four years, more than 24,000 soldiers were treated.
In 1942, West Virginia enacted a law that required students and teachers to salute the American flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance. When Walter Barnette, a Jehovah’s Witness, refused to do so on the grounds that it contradicted his religious beliefs, he was expelled from school. On June 14, 1943, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that forcing individuals to salute the flag was a violation of their freedom of speech and religion.
Two apple varieties originated in West Virginia: the Grimes Golden apple, discovered on a farm near Wellsburg in the early 19th century; and the Golden Delicious apple, found on a farm in Clay County in the early 20th century. In 1995, the Golden Delicious apple was designated the official state fruit of West Virginia.
New River Gorge Bridge, with a span of 1,700 feet, is the longest steel arch bridge in the Western Hemisphere. Every third Saturday in October the Fayetteville bridge hosts a festival that includes hundreds of BASE jumpers plunging 876 feet into the river below.
Tags
| i don't know |
A douroucouli is what type of animal? | Douroucouli - Capron Park Zoo
Capron Park Zoo
Central America to northern Argentina
Habitat:
Variety of forest types from sea level to 10,000 feet
Average Size:
Wild: Vegetable matter (shoots, fruit, flowers, leaves and sap), occasionally invertebrates, birds, frogs and bats
Zoo: Produce, monkey biscuits, occasional treats like peanut butter and jelly
Reproduction:
Litter size: 1 infant
Appearance:
The Douroucouli is a smallish monkey with dense silvery-black fur covering most of the body. It head has large, dark eyes that are surrounded by light colored fur, giving it an owl-like appearance.
Predators:
Nocturnal raptors (such as the Great Horned Owl) and other arboreal carnivores.
Population Status:
Stable
About the Animal: The Douroucouli, or owl monkey, is the only truly nocturnal monkey in the world, and the only nocturnal primate in the New World. Other nocturnal primates, such as lemurs, are found primarily in western Africa and Madagascar.
Because of their nighttime habits, Douroucoulis are accomplished scent makers. They have a gland at the base of the tail that secretes a smelly, oily substance. As they move through the trees, they rub this gland on branches. They also wash their hands with urine, thus spreading their scent as they walk, leaving behind a pungent trail of oil and urine wherever they go.
Unlike many primates that live in troops, Douroucoulis are monogamous, living only in family groups. Each family group will defend its established territory against outsiders in an aggressive fashion.
Even though they are nocturnal, in the coldest parts of their range Douroucoulis will forage in the daytime during the winter.
Mating and Reproduction: Douroucoulis have not set mating season, and give birth throughout the year. Each litter will have one infant that is cared for by both parents. Offspring will remain in the family group for up to six years.
Amazing Information:
The ‘double-chin’ of the Douroucouli is actually and air pouch, which when inflated adds resonance and volume to the call.
| Monkey |
Sabato is Italian for which day of the week? | Douroucouli | Rate Every Animal
Rate Every Animal
They call it the night monkey.
Its true name is the douroucouli.
It is the only monkey to do its real living at night.
Special powers
Only a few non-human animals are even decent artists, much less good ones. There’s the elephant , for one. For two, there’s the douroucouli. Its drawings are really quite beautiful. Its paintings are impeccable. Its charcoal work, quite honestly, isn’t up to its usual standards, but it’s still better than mine.
The douroucouli: a self-portrait.
Weaknesses
The douroucouli can be pretty condescending.
“Oh, I’m sorry, you probably haven’t heard of this. It’s kind of a nocturnal thing.”
This trait was the basis for a failed attempt at a viral meme by user _SupertrainSet_ that would feature the douroucouli’s image accompanied by various obnoxious phrases, such as “Oh, you’ve only seen the pilot? You must be such a huuuuge Supertrain fan,” and “Uh, yeah, I guess you could say Supertrain was a flop…if you hate quality.”[1]
Number of legs
Four.
Drink of choice
Maker’s Mark, which comes with its own wax – saving the douroucouli a costly trip to the wax store!
What if it fought a bear?
Well there’s a good chance the douroucouli isn’t even awake for this fight.
Is it noble?
| i don't know |
The towns of Bishop’s Stortford and Berkhamsted are in which English county? | Hertfordshire Accommodation & Tourist Information - South East England
Holiday Homes
Let us help you plan your ideal vacation in Hertfordshire...
Bordering on Greater London, and well within the commuter belt, it would not be at all surprising to find that the small county of Hertfordshire had been swallowed up into a continuous concrete jungle. However that is definitely not the case; in fact, about half the county is designated as green belt, it contains Stevenage, the first official post-war "New Town", and also the "garden cities" of Welwyn Garden City and Letchworth.
Whilst there are "new" towns, there are also old ones. Verulamium was established before the Roman conquest but they developed it into an one of the most important of their towns in Britain. Eventually the town was renamed to St Albans (St Alban was a resident of the town thought to be the first British Christian martyr).
Local attractions include the St Albans Museum which has extensive information and exhibits relating to the town's Roman history, the magnificent Abbey Church and the de Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre (home of the "Wooden Wonder", the Mosquito bomber, plus other famous marques of the company).
The county also has many other historic towns well worth visiting including Birkhampstead, Bishop's Stortford, Hatfield, Hitching and Tring. Come and explore ... enjoy your stay!
| Hertfordshire |
In March 1974 a picture of which US actress was on the cover of the first issue of ‘People’ magazine? | Things to do in Hertfordshire | Days Out | Places to Visit
You are here: Counties -> Things to do in Hertfordshire
Things to do in Hertfordshire
Page Contents
Places to visit in Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire is one of the smallest Counties in England, containing much of England's heritage, whilst encompassing the requirements of south east England today.
Hertfordshire lies between Bedfordshire in the north, Cambridgeshire in the north-east, Buckinghamshire in the west, Essex in the east and central London only twelve miles to the south.
The county covers approximately 630 square miles.
The Chiltern Hills to the north west of the county are designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
Around half of Hertfordshire has been designated as 'Green Belt' and there are 43 sites of Special Scientific Interest, 1 National Nature Reserve and 15 Local Nature Reserves.
Farmland, ancient woodland and river valleys combine to make up the beautiful and varied landscape.
Away from the main roads many old villages remain unspoiled with thatched cottages and leafy lanes. Walkers will enjoy the Hertfordshire Way, a 166 mile (265 km) circular footpath and there are also designated cycle paths, and canals, rivers and lakes, which provide opportunities for water sports such as sailing and canoeing.
Hertfordshire Tourist Information can be found in the County Town of Hertford, which lies at the confluence of the Rivers Beane, Lee, Mimram and Rib. The Lee Navigation Canal runs south from Hertford and barges can be hired for cruises.
Hertford has many fine buildings with decorated plasterwork - the Shire Hall in the middle of the town was designed by Robert Adam. The Norman castle was built to protect London from the invading Danes, and the remains are a feature of the town
today.
The city of St. Albans has an ancient history to discover and all the amenities of an up to date city. With many specialist shops and good leisure facilities St. Albans has plenty to keep visitors happy. A particular feature is the magnificent Cathedral found in the old part of the city.
Best Villages in Hertfordshire Chart
Name
The Bull Inn on the River Lea
6,410
The following historic towns can be found in the County, all worth visiting and each with its own history to explore: Baldock, Berkhamstead,
Bishop's Stortford, Harpenden , Hatfield, Hitchin, Hoddesdon and Tring.
Letchworth was the world's first Garden City, planned by Ebenezer Howard in 1903, and this was followed in 1920 by Howard's second development Welwyn Garden City, one of England's finest examples of a new town, with a neo-Georgian town centre, offering excellent shopping facilities.
During the 1940s and 50s, new towns were developed around existing old towns, such as the Saxon town of Hatfield, home of Hatfield House . Stevenage was designated the first New Town in Britain in 1946 and had the first pedestrianised traffic free shopping area in the country. The Old Town still exists with historic buildings, coaching inns and pubs.
Borehamwood and Elstree
are separated by about a mile, two separate towns, but thought of as one, in connection with the British film industry. Elstree Film and Television Studios has been synonymous with film making for the best part of the last century. Some of the world's best known films and programmes were made at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood.
Days out in Hertfordshire
| i don't know |
What is the first name of Scrooge’s former fiancee in the novel ‘A Christmas Carol’ by Charles Dickens? | SparkNotes: A Christmas Carol: Stave Two: The First of the Three Spirits
Stave Three: The Second of the Three Spirits
Summary
Scrooge awakes at midnight, which leaves him baffled--it was well after two a.m. when he went to bed. Initially, he thinks he has slept through an entire day or that it's actually noon and the sun has merely gone under some sort of cover. He suddenly reme mbers the words of Marley's ghost. The first of the three spirits will arrive at one o'clock. Frightened, Scrooge decides to wait for his supernatural visitor.
At one o'clock, the curtains of Scrooge's bed are blown aside by a strange, childlike figure emanating an aura of wisdom and a richness of experience. The spirit uses a cap to cover the light that glows from its head. The specter softly informs Scroog e that he is the Ghost of Christmas Past and orders the mesmerized man to rise and walk with him. The spirit touches Scrooge's heart, granting him the ability to fly. The pair exits through the window.
The ghost transports Scrooge to the countryside where he was raised. He sees his old school, his childhood mates, and familiar landmarks of his youth. Touched by these memories, Scrooge begins to sob. The ghost takes the weeping man into the school where a solitary boy--a young Ebenezer Scrooge--passes the Christmas holiday all alone. The ghost takes Scrooge on a depressing tour of more Christmases of the past--the boy in the schoolhouse grows older. At last, a little girl, Scrooge's sister Fan, runs into the room, and announces that she has come to take Ebenezer home. Their father is much kinder, she says. He has given his consent to Ebenezer's return. The young Scrooge, delighted to see his sister, embraces her joyfully. The aged Scrooge regretfully tells the ghost that Fan died many years ago and is the mother of his nephew Fred.
The ghost escorts Scrooge to more Christmases of the past including a merry party thrown by Fezziwig, the merchant with whom Scrooge apprenticed as a young man. Scrooge later sees a slightly older yet still boyish version of himself in conversation with a lovely young woman named Belle. She is breaking off their engagement crying that greed has corrupted the love that used to impassion Scrooge's heart. The spirit takes Scrooge to a more recent Christmas scene where a middle-aged Belle remini sces with her husband about her former fiance, Scrooge. The husband says that Scrooge is now "quite alone in the world." The older Scrooge can no longer bear the gripping visions. He begs the Ghost of Christmas Past to take him back, back to his home. Tormented and full of despair, Scrooge seizes the ghost's hat and pulls it firmly over top of the mystical child's head, dimming the light. As the inextinguishable, luminous rays flood downward onto the ground, Scrooge finds himself zipped back in his b edroom, where he stumbles to bed yet again and falls asleep immediately.
Commentary
In the allegory of A Christmas Carol, the Ghost of Christmas Past represents memory. The aged appearance of the childlike figure touches on the role of memory as a force that connects the different stages of a person's life. His glowing head suggests the illuminating power of the mind. The ghost initiates Scrooge's conversion from anti-Christmas grinch to a poster boy for the holiday season. Each episode in the montage of scenes shows a younger Scrooge who still possesses the ability to love, a person who is still in touch with his fellow human beings. As the visions pass before him, Scrooge watches himself become ever more cold and greedy until the ultimate scenes. His all-consuming lust for money destro ys his love for Belle and completes his reversion to a niggardly venomous recluse. The tour through his memories forces Scrooge to recall the emotional episodes of his past. This dreamlike series of hallucinatory home movies brings the otherwise hardened man to tears. This breakdown and the reconnection with his feeling self initiates the process of melting away Scrooge's cold bah-humbug exterior.
An important aspect of A Christmas Carol (which is probably today's most popular Christmas tale, save for the seminal holiday story of Christ's birth) is its modern view of Christmas as a joyous holiday rather than as a solemn holy day. Eschewing the religious ideals of asceticism and austerity, the story promotes the more earthly values of universal brotherhood, communal good spirit, and prosperous celebration. It is not immoral to possess riches or to throw lavish Christmas party or to enjoy a great feast, precisely because these things have the potential to spread joy and happiness--the purpose of the holiday season. One violates the Christmas spirit of goodwill when his desire for material pleasure--money, luxuries, sex--prevents them him from sharing himself with others. Dickens first sketches this perspective on moral standards with the Christmas party at Fezziwig's shop, which includes an exhilarating dance that bears little relation to the Birth of Christ or the Christian tradition. The religious underpinnings of Christmas are always present in the story's backdrop--like the church clock that keeps time throughout the tale--but, in general, Dickens uses them to refine and reflect his more contemporary conception of the holiday and his commentary on the plight of the poor.
More Help
| Belle |
Who was the first woman tennis player to win all four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year? | A Christmas Carol
Maximize
Introduction
This is a self-contained guide to Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol. It is written to help students who are reading this book for work in school. It is suitable for pupils and teachers in England and Wales who are working in the National Curriculum. It should support work in Key Stages 3 and 4 especially.
This is part of a tutorial which, I hope, will grow. Because of the many hyperlinks, you can easily make up your own route through the materials here. If you want to study A Christmas Carol for written coursework at GCSE, you will find help for this. Some of the material (but not all) is written with the NEAB's Wide Reading task in mind.
This material is written to be placed in the public domain. You may use it for any reasonable educational purpose, and make copies if you wish. You may not reproduce the material for commercial gain and must not alter it without permission of the author.
Next
Stave 1: Marley's Ghost
Here the reader meets Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserable but wealthy old man. Scrooge works in his counting house with his clerk, Bob Cratchit.
Bob writes out records of accounts and Scrooge oversees the business but we don't know (it's not important) what it exactly does. (There may be a clue in the next chapter, where we see Scrooge as an apprentice with Mr. Fezziwig.) It is Christmas Eve, and Scrooge receives several visitors.
One is his nephew, Fred, who invites Scrooge to dine with him for Christmas. Then come two gentlemen who are collecting for charity. We learn here that Scrooge had a partner, Jacob Marley, who died on Christmas Eve seven years previously.
Scrooge refuses to give the gentlemen anything, saying he helps the poor already through supporting prisons and workhouses. Scrooge allows Bob to have Christmas Day as a holiday, but insists that he be back at work all the earlier next day. (Boxing Day was not usually a holiday in the 19th century, but was the day when tradesmen collected their Christmas "boxes" - gifts from their customers.)
When Scrooge returns to his lodging he is visited by the Ghost of Jacob Marley who is weighed down by a massive chain, made up of cashboxes, keys and padlocks. The ghost says that any spirit which does not mix with other people in life must travel among them after death. Marley tells Scrooge that he, too, wears a chain, larger than Marley's. Marley has often sat by him unseen. Now he warns him of three more spirits which will visit to help him change his ways.
Next
Stave 2: The First of the Three Spirits
This is the Ghost of Christmas Past - Scrooge's own past. The ghost has a strange changing form and gives out brilliant light. With it Scrooge revisits the scenes of his earlier life.
We see him as a boy at school (a boarding school)on two occasions. First, he sits alone in a cold schoolroom - but as the spirit touches the arm of the child we see the characters of whom he is reading: Ali Baba and the parrot in Robinson Crusoe. Later we see him with his (slightly) older sister, Fan, who has come to bring him home for the holidays. We learn that his father (who seems once to have been unkind) become "much kinder than he used to be". The ghost notes that (unlike Scrooge so far) his sister had a "large heart". She has died, but her son is Scrooge's nephew, Fred.
Next we see Scrooge as a young apprentice working for Mr. Fezziwig, in his warehouse. At seven o'clock on Christmas Eve, Mr. Fezziwig tells Scrooge and his other apprentice, Dick Wilkins, to make the warehouse ready for a party. Everyone is welcome at Mr. Fezziwig's ball, and the young Scrooge enjoys it immensely. The Ghost tells Scrooge that Mr. Fezziwig has done nothing special, only spent a little money he can easily afford. Scrooge replies that it is impossible to add up things like words and looks, but "the happiness" Mr. Fezziwig gives "is quite as great as if it cost a fortune".
The final scenes show us Belle, Scrooge's ex-fiancée. Scrooge is now in the prime of life. His (reasonable) fear, when younger, of being poor has now become an unreasonable love of money. Belle releases Scrooge from his engagement because she can see that he no longer loves her. He has not asked her to break the engagement but does not object to her decision. Another glimpse of Belle follows. Some years later - seven years before the present, she sits with her daughter. (At first Scrooge thinks the daughter is Belle, but she is now older. She has other children, too. Her husband tells her how he saw Scrooge that day, working alone in his office, while his partner, Marley, was lying "upon the point of death". Scrooge contrasts his life with hers and her husband's. While they have a happy Christmas together, he is working alone. They are not wealthy as he is but not poor financially. In other ways they are far richer than he. Scrooge thinks of how good it would be to have a daughter like Belle's to look up to him.
Next
Stave 3: The Second of the Three Spirits
This spirit is the Ghost of Christmas Present. It is a great giant, dressed in a green robe (a little like a green version of our Father Christmas) and surrounded by piles of food.
This spirit shows Scrooge how Christmas is celebrated by his clerk's family, by strangers near and far, and by his nephew, Fred. The spirit carries a torch and everywhere it goes this torch sprinkles incense or water on people and makes them become kinder to each other.
Scrooge has never been to Bob Cratchit's house. Here he sees how the Cratchits, despite being very poor, can be happy at Christmas. Bob and Mrs. Cratchit struggle because their family is large: there are six children. (Martha, Belinda, Peter, two unnamed "young Cratchits", and Tiny Tim.) Scrooge sees how frail Tiny Tim is, and asks the Spirit if he will live. The ghost tells him that unless something changes in the future, the child will die. When Scrooge protests he is reminded of his words earlier (Stave 1): "If he be like to die he had better do it and decrease the surplus population".
The ghost takes Scrooge magically to places outside London: he sees a family of miners in a hut on a barren moor, two lighthouse keepers and sailors on a ship: all know what day it is and celebrate it as far as they can. All of them are made more aware of other people and feel more kindly towards them because it is Christmas.
Fred (Scrooge's nephew) is having a party, and Scrooge is brought by the spirit to see and hear it. Scrooge's nephew explains that Scrooge is to be pitied, not despised. He is rich but his money does him no good, and, as Fred says, "his offences carry their own punishment". The guests play a guessing game, to find the identity of a thing, in which questions can be answered only with Yes and No. Everyone is amused when Fred's wife's sister guesses that the mystery object is Scrooge.
The chapter has a strange ending. The spirit ages and shrinks as midnight draws near (because he lives for, and represents, one year only - he has had more than eighteen hundred brothers). Now Scrooge sees, under its robe, two horribly dirty and ugly children. The ghost tells him that they are not his but "man's" and that "This boy is Ignorance this girl is Want". Scrooge is told to beware of them both. When he asks if nothing can be done to help them the ghost again quotes his earlier words: "Are there no prisons? Are there no work-houses". He feels deep shame, as the ghost disappears, and he sees, coming towards him, the last of the spirits.
Next
Stave 4: The Last of the Spirits
In this chapter Scrooge is again taken to places he does not know. The spirit is more like the kind of ghost we meet in conventional ghost stories. It is a hooded phantom, its face is unseen and it points at things but does not speak.
We are puzzled by a group of wealthy men, discussing someone who has died. This person seems very unpopular. In another poor and squalid part of London a pawn-broker, Old Joe, buys stolen property from three people: a laundrywoman (Mrs. Dilber), a charwoman (a cleaner) and the undertaker's assistant. All these poor people have taken things from the dead man - even the curtains from his bed and the shirt off his back.
Scrooge asks to see some "emotion caused by this man's death". He sees two scenes. First, a young couple who owed the man money. The wife (Caroline) fears they are ruined but her husband says there is hope now their creditor is dead. The debt will be transferred to someone else, but no-one else could be so merciless as the man who has died.
Next Scrooge returns with the ghost to the Cratchits' home. They, too are talking about death and preparing for a funeral. They all try hard to comfort and support each other. It becomes clear that they are grieving for Tiny Tim, who has died. He is to be buried in a beautiful green churchyard. Bob comes home from work and goes to sit with his son, who has obviously only just died.
Scrooge is horrified but still has to learn the identity of the mysterious dead man. He is shown to an ugly churchyard "overrun by grass and weeds" in the town, and here sees on the gravestone his own name. He realizes (the reader has already guessed) that he is the man about whom the others were talking.
Scrooge begs the spirit to tell him whether he has seen what will be or what may be only. He thinks the spirit is showing pity to him and promises he will change.
Next
Stave 5: The End of It
This chapter is very short. Scrooge wonders how much time has passed while he was with the spirits, and calls to a boy from his window, to ask what day it is. The boy is surprised by the questions as it is Christmas Day. Scrooge pays the boy to go to the poulterer (like a butcher but specializes in poultry) and order the prize turkey for Bob Cratchit. Out in the street he meets one of the gentlemen he earlier sent away. He whispers to him, but the reader guesses that he promises to give a lot of money to the charity, as the gentlemen doubts whether he is serious. Scrooge explains that his donation includes "a great many back-payments".
Scrooge goes to Fred's house and enjoys his party immensely. On Boxing Day he arrives early at work and ambushes Bob, pretending to be very angry with him for his being so late at work. He tells Bob that he will not "stand for this sort of thing any longer" as if he is about to sack him. Then he tells Bob, he is therefore going to raise his salary. Bob at first thinks Scrooge has gone mad, but is convinced when Scrooge tells him to put more coal on the fire rather than work, and that he will discuss his affairs over a drink that afternoon.
The story ends with an account of how Scrooge becomes a "second father" to Tiny Tim "who did NOT die" but receives no more visits from the ghosts. He changes his way of life entirely. Some people laugh at him, but he lets them laugh and is happy with his new outlook on life. Dickens ends by repeating Tiny Tim's Christmas blessing: "God bless Us, Every One!"
Next
Characters
This novella is dominated by one character, Ebenezer Scrooge. The point of the story is to show how and why he changes. It is easy to overlook the change he has already experienced which is shown when he revisits his past in Stave 2 . As a child he enjoys the pleasures of the imagination, and he is close to his sister. As a young man working for Mr. Fezziwig he has not become greedy for gain. But a reasonable fear of poverty which drives him to work to gain security against hardship becomes his dominant passion. Fred is right in pitying Scrooge because he does not find any pleasure in his wealth: he does not spend on himself any more than on others. Either because of what he once was or because of what he can be or because he feels to blame for what Scrooge is, Marley comes to warn him that he must change.
Though the first two spirits tell Scrooge some things, he sees most for himself. His own statements and feelings are the biggest clue to his changing attitude. He also has the unusual experience of seeing himself as others see him. He repeatedly makes connections. Seeing himself as a small boy he thinks of the carol singer outside his door. When he sees his sister, Fan, he thinks of how harsh he has been to her son. But most of all he is affected by the sight of the person he is most able to help, Tiny Tim. Until the visit of the second spirit, Scrooge has not even known of the child's existence.
Dickens describes Scrooge by likening him to the winter weather, while noting that no weather has any effect on him. There is no hint that this sinister figure will become the comical Scrooge of the last chapter.
Finally in this brief sketch we should note that Scrooge is a caricature but represents very real tendencies. Dickens himself knew how harsh debt could be, working from childhood to assist his own "struggling family", his father having been sent to the Marshalsea, a debtors' prison. Why does Dickens choose to depict an old person? Perhaps to show that no-one is too set in his or her ways to change, and that change is possible even late in life. Scrooge has become one of Dickens' best-known creations. His name has become a byword for meanness - though it seems unfair that we recall him before his life-changing experience. His pet-phrase "Bah, humbug" has also taken on a life of its own, though it is worth remembering that in saying it Scrooge was complaining not generally but specifically about the "humbug" (or fraud) as he saw it of people being paid to take time off work.
There are many names in A Christmas Carol but few of these are characters in any sense. Often they come in groups, so we see a "knot of business men", three people selling Scrooge's goods to the pawn-broker or a husband and wife (Caroline) whom Scrooge does not know, but whose lives he has affected.
The three spirits and Marley are unusual in that Scrooge listens to them. At first he resists, but he rapidly learns not to oppose them. Where Marley is grotesquely comic, the first spirit is gentle and pitying, the second hearty and authoritative, and the third silently compelling.
We learn more of the members of Scrooge's family. His sister, Fan, though physically frail, tries to help her brother and works to improve his relations with their father. Fred has inherited her good nature and is as obstinate in his kindness as Scrooge is bad-tempered. Scrooge has no other family but his fiancée, Belle, is the first to see how money has changed him. She rejects money and finds happiness in her family.
Finally, there are those whom we see at work. Dick Wilkins is little more than a name, but Mr. Fezziwig is depicted very fully: a large kind man whose jollity is infectious. He is best judged by the company he keeps - almost every deserving poor person is welcome at his ball. Scrooge notes how Fezziwig has the power to make people happy or unhappy. Scrooge has the same power but he and Fezziwig use it in opposite ways. Best-known of all these characters are the Cratchits - two of them, anyway. Mrs. Cratchit and five of the children are sketched out but we see more of Bob and Tiny Tim. Bob is like a poor version of Fred in speaking up for Scrooge when his wife complains of him. In Scrooge's vision of Tiny Tim's death, Bob remarks on how kind Scrooge's nephew was to him. Tiny Tim is among the most famous disabled characters in literature. We do not know the cause of his lameness and today we would be uneasy about calling a child a "cripple", as Tiny Tim calls himself. In Stave 3 we are moved by Tiny Tim's courage and cheerfulness, in spite of his poverty and disability. In the next chapter we are moved again by the way the rest of the family comfort each other and remember the child. The scene is unashamedly sentimental but very moving. Happily, Dickens is able to reassure us that Tiny Tim does not die, and to give him the last word in the novella.
Next
Settings
Like many of Dickens' novels this one is set mainly in London some time in the middle of the 19th century. Because the story is relatively short, the locations are only sketched. There are some sumptuous descriptions of interiors, especially the transformation of Scrooge's home by the Ghost of Christmas Present and the preparations (Stave 2) for Mr. Fezziwig's ball.
We also see into the homes of Fred, the Cratchits, Belle and Caroline. In Stave 3 Dickens leaves London for a barren moor, a lighthouse and a ship at sea, while Scrooge's boarding school (Stave 2) is in a "little market-town" complete with a "church and winding river".
Next
Themes
The most important themes of the story are stated more or less clearly by characters in it. The first of these might be Marley's saying, " Business...Mankind was my business" . Where Scrooge sees business in the familiar sense of trade and finance, Marley now sees that one's " business " is what one should do in life, duty or obligation. Mankind is or was not just Marley's business of course, but Scrooge's business, your business and mine, in fact, everyone's.
Scrooge's unkind remark that poor people should die and " reduce the surplus population " brings us to another theme of the story. When Scrooge asks if Tiny Tim will die he is reminded of these words. Why? Because the " surplus population " is not an abstraction but real individuals. Scrooge is told by the Ghost of Christmas Present to find out " What the surplus is, and Where it is " before making such statements.
Another theme is that change is possible however set we are in our ways. Dickens imagines the most miserable and hard-hearted man he can, and shows how he can be reformed if he sees his reponsibilities.
Structure | Dialogue | Irony | Imagery | Food
Structure
The structure of the story is determined by its content. In the middle are three chapters which relate the visits of the three spirits. These are framed by two chapters which serve as prologue and epilogue. Marley's Ghost introduces us to Scrooge and his moral failings while Stave 5 is a very brief account of how Scrooge reforms. Assuming that Dickens is in control of his story-telling you might consider why the final chapter is much the shortest.
The three central chapters correspond to times in Scrooge's life: his past; the present as it is for other people, many of whom are affected by Scrooge's unkindness; and his future as it may be or will be, if he does not change.
Back to top of Techniques.
Dialogue
A very obvious technique in this story is the extensive use of dialogue (speech) to show what people think or feel. Dickens writes speech like a dramatist: it is interesting that so many film and television dramatizations of A Christmas Carol have been made. It is a convenient length and has an almost ready-made screenplay in the passages of conversation.
Back to top of Techniques.
Irony and playing Devil's advocate
Another technique is what we might term playing Devil's advocate: in many situations the spirits do not tell Scrooge why he is in the wrong, but let him see it for himself. The first two spirits especially do this. The Ghost of Christmas Past argues (ironically, no doubt) that Mr. Fezziwig has done nothing special, causing Scrooge to praise his generosity. And the Ghost of Christmas Present quotes Scrooge's own earlier words so that Scrooge can see why they are wrong. Elsewhere, of course, this ghost and Marley's, do tell Scrooge why he is wrong.
Back to top of Techniques.
Imagery and symbolism
Though Dickens writes prose narratives he is fond of comparisons of the kind we expect in poetry. There are far too many to mention here, but a few stand out. First, we should look at the passage in Stave 1 where Scrooge is described in a series of weather images. A memorable poetic image comes where the Ghost of Christmas Present compares people to insects, and the wealthy Scrooge is ridiculed for looking down on other "insects" who have less to live on:
"Oh God! to hear the insect on the leaf pronouncing on the too much life among his hungry brothers in the dust!"
This is written in the iambic metre, like Shakespearean verse. (For the technically-minded there is a pentameter ending at "leaf", followed by a tetrameter and another pentameter starting with "among".)
An important symbol in A Christmas Carol appears in Stave 1, where Marley is weighed down by a massive chain, and tells Scrooge he has an even longer chain: it was as long as Marley's seven years ago, and he has "laboured on it since" This chain, made up of cash-boxes, padlocks , purses and business documents, represents Scrooge's achievement in life - earning money which weighs down his spirit.
At the end of Stave 3, Scrooge sees under the robe of the Ghost of Christmas Present, two children, whose names show that they are symbols: Ignorance and Want. Dickens sees that a lack of education and extreme poverty make it impossible for anyone to have a good life. Of the two, the Ghost tells Scrooge to beware the boy " most of all" because ignorance allows poverty to continue.
Back to top of Techniques.
Food
One final technique to mention in this brief sketch is Dickens' descriptions of food. The modern reader may find this a little strange, although our ideas about eating and drinking at Christmas owe something to Dickens. Dickens' readers would not have homes so full of food as we do today. Because there were no freezers or tins most food would be bought when it was needed. And many people would not keep much food in the home, but, like Scrooge, would take their meals in public houses. (He has a hob with a pan of gruel on it.) Christmas is the one time in the year when the Cratchits can eat a filling meal. The description of Scrooge's room in Stave 3 becomes at one point a long list of foods heaped up "to form a kind of throne".
Back to top of Techniques.
Next
Writing about A Christmas Carol for GCSE Wide Reading (AQA/NEAB syllabus).
The National Curriculum in England and Wales requires pupils in Key Stages 3 and 4 to study at least two prose works, written before the 20th century by authors from a short list . Most GCSE syllabuses (perhaps all - I've not read the lot) require pupils to study at least one such work as part of their examination, either for coursework or the final exam. The AQA/NEAB requires students to respond to at least one prose work (it could be more) by an author on the list and to write about at least one other literary work by "an author with a well-established critical reputation whose works were published after 1900". These authors are not listed. One rather absurd consequence is that pupils can write about a novel by Thomas Hardy (all published before the 20th century and any of his poems (which includes most of the best ones) published after 1900. Equally absurdly, some of the works of H.G. Wells qualify for the first category while others don't.
The NEAB syllabus also requires students to compare the texts studied. The tutorial homepage will give you links to other texts for study and at least one guide to writing comparatively about A Christmas Carol and one (or more) of the other qualifying texts.
The authors whose works of fiction are approved for study under the National Curriculum are : Jane Austen, Charlotte Brontë, Emily Brontë, John Bunyan, Wilkie Collins, Arthur Conan Doyle, Daniel Defoe, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Henry Fielding, Elizabeth Gaskell, Thomas Hardy, Henry James, Mary Shelley, Robert Louis Stevenson, Jonathan Swift, Anthony Trollope and H.G. Wells.
Curiously, Sir Walter Scott and the author of Vanity Fair, W.M. Thackeray, have been omitted by the philistine who produced this list, along with all the great writers of English born in the USA.
| i don't know |
Which English monarch was known as ‘Brandy Nan’? | Queen Anne | Britroyals
Born: February 6, 1665 at St. James Palace, London
Parents: James II and Anne Hyde
Relation to Elizabeth II: 2nd cousin 8 times removed
House of: Stuart
Ascended to the throne: March 8, 1702 aged 37 years
Crowned: April 23, 1702 at Westminster Abbey
Married: George, son of Frederick III of Denmark
Children: Eighteen, including miscarriages and still-born, of whom only one William survived to age of 11
Died: August 1, 1714 at Kensington Palace , aged 49 years, 5 months, and 22 days
Buried at: Westminster
Reigned for: 12 years, 4 months, and 24 days
Succeeded by: her 3rd cousin George of Hanover
Anne was the second daughter of James, Duke of York, who became James II, and his first wife, Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon. Anne and her elder sister Mary received a Protestant upbringing although their father James converted to Catholicism and remarried. In 1683 Anne married Prince George of Denmark (1653�1708). She had between 16 and 18 pregnancies but only one child survived - William, Duke of Gloucester who died aged 11 of smallpox in 1700.
Her sister Mary married William of Orange but Anne was forbidden by her father to visit her in the Netherlands. When William landed in England in 1688 to take the throne, Anne on the influence of her close friend Sarah Churchill (1650�1744) the wife of John Churchill (1650�1722), supported her sister and brother-in-law against her father James. Churchill was created Duke of Marlborough by William when he was crowned King William III and her sister Queen Mary II. Anne detested her brother-in-law, and the Churchills' influence led her briefly during William�s reign to engage in Jacobite intrigues.
Mary died in 1694 and on William�s death in 1702 Anne succeeded to the throne as Queen Anne. When she was crowned in April 1702 Anne was 37 years old and after her many pregnancies had poor health and no longer her youthful figure. She was shy and stubborn and very different from her outgoing sister Mary. Anne and Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, remained close friends � Anne addressed Sarah as �Mrs Freeman� and she called Anne �Mrs Morley�. Sarah�s husband the Duke of Marlborough commanded the English Army in the War of Spanish Succession, and won a series of victories over the French at Blenheim (1704), Ramillies (1706), Oudenarde (1708) and Malplaquet (1709). The influence of the Churchill�s however began to decline and after a violent quarrel in 1710, Sarah Churchill was dismissed from court. Abigail Masham succeeded the duchess as Anne's favourite, using her influence to further the Tories.
Towards the end of her life, Anne suffered from gout and she could hardly walk. On her death in 1714 her body had swollen so large that she was buried in an almost square coffin. On the question of succession, Anne's family loyalty had convinced her that this should fall to her father's son by his second wife (Mary of Modena), James Edward Stuart, known as the Old Pretender. However, the Act of Settlement in 1701 ensured Protestant succession to the throne, and Anne was succeeded by George I, great-grandson of James I.
Queen Anne's Signature
Quotes:
�She meant well and was not a fool; but nobody can maintain that she was wise, nor entertaining in conversation� � Sarah Churchill (about Queen Anne)
�Queen Anne was the quintessence of ordinariness; she also had more than her fair share of small-mindedness, vulgarity and downright meanness� � Historian J.P. Kenyon
�Cricket is not illegal, for it is a manly game� - Queen Anne.
�Brandy Nan� � nickname for Queen Anne (who was reputedly fond of drink).
Timeline for Queen Anne
| Anne, Queen of Great Britain |
What is the collective name for a group of woodpeckers? | Macclesfield Pub Quiz League: February 2010
Macclesfield Pub Quiz League
23rd February – All Questions Set by The Harrington Academicals
1. Great Britain gained which strategic possession through the treaty of Utrecht
A1 Gibraltar
2 What was formed as the result of the Continental Congress of 1775
A2 The United States of America
3.Which Archbishop of Canterbury introduced the Book of Common Prayer into the Church of England
A3 Thomas Cranmer
4. Cranmer was Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of 2 monarchs. Name either
A4 Henry VIII and Edward VI
5. Where is Horatio Nelson buried
A5 St. Paul's Cathedral
6. Buckingham Palace became the official royal palace on the ascension of which monarch?
A6 Queen Victoria
7. Who is the only prime minister to die at 10 Downing Street
A7 Sir Henry Campbell Bannerman
8. Who said in 1876 "All the world over, I will back the masses against the classes"
A8 William Gladstone
SQ1 Where is the nearest original copy of Magna Carta to Macclesfield usually displayed
AQ1 Lincoln Cathedral
SQ2 What was introduced in USA by the Volstead Act of 1919
AQ2 Prohibition ( accept banning sale of alcohol)
1. Which brewery brews Bosley Cloud
A1 Storm (of Macclesfleld)
2. What name for cured belly pork is derived from the Italian for "little belly",
A2 Pancetta
3. Which Indian actress and cookery writer introduced James Ivory to Ismail Merchant
A3 Madhur Jaffrey
4. Ben and Gerry produce an ice cream named after the lead guitarist of the Grateful Dead. Name the Guitarist or the ice cream.
A4 Gerry Garcia (Cherry Garcia)
5. What is the name of the dried cured meat, usually beef from South Africa
A5 Biltong
6. Bacalao - spelt and pronounced slightly differently in Portuguese, Basque, Italian and Croatian is what Mediterranean foodstuff
A6 Dried salt cod
7. What is the traditional bonfire night cake, coloured with dark brown sugar or treacle and flavoured with ginger
A7 Parkin
8. What is the main ingredient added to potato to make bubble and squeak
A8 Cabbage
SQ1 What is Aloo in Indian cookery
AQ1 Potatoes
SQ2 What is traditionally drunk from a copita
AQ2 Sherry
1. The gulf of Riga is an inlet of which sea
A1 The Baltic
2. Where in Britain are the Gladstone and Royal Seaforth docks
A2 Liverpool
3. Name the Scottish island famous for the production of a distinctive style of jersey said to have been derived from survivors of the Spanish Armada
A3 Fair Isle
4 Anglo-Saxon England was divided into seven kingdoms - East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Northumbria were 5. Name either of the other two
A4 Mercia or Wessex
5. Which of the Great Lakes of North America is the only one wholly in the United states
A5 Michigan
6. What sea does the river Volga empty into
A6 Caspian Sea
7. In which English County do these rivers flow - Teme, Frome, Lugg, Dore, Arrow and Monnow
A7 Herefordshire
8. In which English County are the rivers - Taw, Torridge and Teign
A8 Devon
SQ1 The Erskine bridge in Scotland spans which river
AQ1 Clyde
SQ2 Which river does the Clifton suspension bridge span
AQ2 Avon
From their middle name and other hints name these famous people
1. Middle name Aaron - Rock singer - The king
A1 Elvis Aaron Presley
2. Middle name - Albert - crooner - 'ole blue eyes'
A2 Francis Albert Sinatra ( Frank Sinatra )
3. Middle name Fitzgerald - President
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
4. Middle name - Millhous - president
A4 Richard Millhous Nixon
5. Middle name Luther - Civil rights dreamer
AS Martin Luther King
6. Original middle name Marcellus - Boxing's the greatest
A6 Cassius Marcellus Clay ( Muhammad Ali)
7. Middle name Law - English field marshal
A7 Bernard Law Montgomery (Viscount Montgomery of Alamein )
8. Antartic explorer - Falcon
A8 Robert Falcon Scott ( Scott of the Antartic)
Supplementaries
SQ1 Middle name Winston - singer & airport
SA1 John Winston Lennon
SQ2 Middle name Manuel - 5 times Motor racing world champion SA2 Juan Manuel Fangio
1.What is the common name for the molecule O3?
A1 Ozone
2. The parsec is a unit of measurement of what?
A2 Astronomical distance (accept distance)
3. Flies belong to the insect class. To what class do spiders belong?
A3 Arthropods
4. Where in the body would you find cells called astrocytes?
A4 Brain or spinal Column (accept either)
5. What is the name of the pouch in which marsupials carry their young?
A5 Marsupium
6. What is the tallest grass?
A6 Bamboo
7. What is the hardest material in the human body
A7 Tooth enamel
8. The Ishihara test is used to detect what?
A8 Colour blindness
SQ1 The moons of Uranus are all named after what?
SA1 Shakespearean characters
SQ2 What is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust?
SA2 Aluminium
1. New Zealander Ivan Mauger ("Major") was a multiple world champion in which sport?
A1 Speedway
2. The modern version of which sport was staged for the first time at Belle Vue, Manchester, in 1926?
A2 Greyhound Racing
3. With a little leeway, in which year was the first Rugby League World Cup played?
A3 1954 (accept 1952-6)
4. In which sport do one team wear blue caps, their opponents white caps, and both goalkeepers red caps?
A4 Water Polo
5. What is the standard distance of a Drag Race?
A5 1/4 mile (so accept 440yds , or 400 m)
6. What major change took place in Ryder Cup golf in 1 979?
A6 It was opened to European golfers - previously the USA had played against a Great Britain team
7. Usain Bolt won in spectacular fashion over which distance in an exhibition race in the centre of Manchester in May 2009?
A7 150m
8. West Indian Franklyn Stephenson was the last to achieve which cricketing feat in 1984?
A8 1000 runs and 100 wickets in the English first-class season - the "Domestic Double".
Supplementaries
SQ1 Which Arsenal player scored the famous last-minute goal against Liverpool in 1989 to win the League Championship, though he later went on to score an FA Cup Final goal for Liverpool?
SA1 Michael Thomas
SQ2 Whose career started with a win over Tunney Hunsaker in 1960 and ended with a 1981 defeat at the hands of Trevor Berbick?
SA2 Muhammad Ali (accept Cassius Clay)
1. In the Adrian Mole Diaries, what was the surname of his girlfriend?
A1 Braithwaite
2 In which county is to be found "Constable country", the scenes of Constable's most famous landscapes?
A2 Suffolk
3. Which Scottish painter, born in 1951 painted the "Singing Butler" an evocative scene of four figures on a windswept beach?
A3 Jack Vettriano
4. Who, recently deceased, wrote "Catcher in the Rye"?
A4 JD Salinger
5. Who wrote the opera Don Giovanni?
A5 Mozart
6. Whose Choral Symphony features "The Ode to Joy" by Schiller?
A6 Beethoven (the 9th)
7. In which Oscar -winning movie do the characters Velma Kelly and Roxie Hart appear
A7 Chicago
8. Which band, formed in 1977, named themselves after their financial situation at the time ?
A8 Dire Straits
SQ1 For what is the French town of Sevres famous?
SA1 Porcelain (accept pottery)
SQ2 Which pop singer did Debbie Rowe marry?
SA2 Michael Jackson
THE ROOT OF ALL EVIL
This is a round about money
1. Who was the king of Lydia around 550 BC, famous for his fabulous wealth
A1 Croesus
2. Which organization was described recently in Rolling Stone magazine as "A great vampire squid wrapped round the face of humanity"
A2 Goldman Sachs
3. What value of estate do you have to leave for the taxman to demand Inheritance Tax Or more technically, what is the IHT threshold for the tax year 2009/10
A3 £325000 Allow £1 0,000 either way
4. How much can you earn before you have to pay income tax ie what is the basic level of personal allowance for the tax year 2009/10
A4 £6475 Allow £300 either way
5. In which film does the song "Money makes the world go round" feature?
A5 Cabaret
6. Which author, himself the son of a famous author published the novel "Money" in 1984
A6 Martin Amis
7. How much profit did Barclays report for the last financial year
A7 £11.6bn allow 1 billion either way ( to cover bonuses !!!)
8. What is the term used to describe the bank of England printing money to buy financial assets
AS Quantitative easing
Supplementaries
SQ1 The bible (1 Timothy) doesn't say money is the root of all evil. What is?
AQ1 The love of money
SQ2 What is the full basic rate state pension (per week) in 2009/10 AQ2 £95.25 Allow £4 either way
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
1. The film Sex and Drugs and Rock n Roll is based on the life of which singer?
A1 Ian Dury
2. Which controversial comedian has sold almost 1/4million copies of his autobiography "My sh*t life so far"?
A2 Frankie Boyle
3. Which countries name translates as "Fragrant Harbour"?
A3 Hong Kong
4. Which squirrel helped promote road safety to children in the 1970's?
A4 Tufty
5. Which football ground shares its name with a Battle of 1066?
A5 Stamford Bridge
6. How is the country formerly called Dutch East Indies now known?
A6 Indonesia
7. Who was the Chief Engineer responsible for the Menai Bridge project?
A7 Thomas Telford
8. Bruce Foxton and Rick Buckler were two of the three members of which top UK band of the late 70s and early 80s?
A8 The Jam. Paul Weller was the somewhat better known 3rd member.
9. Which role was voiced by Rupert Everett in the Shrek films?
A9 Prince Charming
10. Sponsorship-wise what event links Guinness, Mars, ADT, Flora and Virgin?
a10 The London Marathon
11. Beautiful South vocalist Paul Heaton and dance producer Fatboy Slim, under his real Norman Cook, were both members of which 1980's band?
A1 1 The Housemartins
12. Why were the family names in the TV programme Gavin and Stacey the source of controversy?
A12 Both families were named after notorious killers - the Shipmans (Dr Harold) and the Wests (Rose and Fred). Another major character in the show was named Pete Sutcliffe (as in Yorkshire Ripper)
13. In the world of the internet, what did ITV buy for £120m in December 2005 and sell four years later at a loss of£95m?
A13 The Friends Reunited website
14. In football, which country recently won the African Nations' Cup for a record 7th time?
a14 Egypt
15. Who temporarily made themselves Public Enemy No 1 by kicking out at Diego Simeone?
A15 David Beckham - this led to his red card in the 1998 World Cup vs Argentina.
16. What was the name of the Hanna Barbera cartoon featuring a space-age family?
a.16 The Jetsons
17, The villain of which TV comedy was Den Perry, owner of the Banana Grove nightclub?
A17 Phoenix Nights
18. In which year was the National Lottery launched in the UK A18 1994 (on 19th November)
19. How many different selections do you need for a Yankee bet? A. 19 Four
20. Which company, not usually known for food manufacture, make "Pringles"?
Proctor and Gamble
21. Without the use of any bonus squares, how may points would you score in the game Scrabble for the word "Quiz"?
A21 22-10 points each for Q and Z and 1 point for each of the vowels
22 From which animal is cashmere obtained?
A22 Goat
23. Which creatures live in a formicary?
A23 Ants
24. In computing, how many nibbles are there in a byte?
A24 2
25. Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web is now famously known as ... .?
A25 Yahoo
26 Which electronics company invented the compact disk in 1980?
A26 Philips
27. What was the name of the mongoose in the stories by Rudyard Kipling?
A27 Riki Tiki Tavi
28. Which river flows through Berlin?
A28 The Spree (pron. Spray)
20. In which country has the highest shade temperature been re9orded?
A29 Libya
30. In Britain, which is the only road sign with an inverted triangle (point down)?
A30 Give Way
31. How many time zones are there across China?
A31 1 (was 5 until 1949)
32. How many states had America when first founded?
A32 13
33. In Australia, what profession is a chalkie?
A33 Teacher
34. In which decade did the world's population reach 4 billion? 1970's
35. Who is the Hindu god of creation?
A35 Vishnu
36. Which articulate atheist wrote "The God Delusion"?
A36 Richard Dawkins
37 Which ancient city shares its name with a system for weighing precious metals and gemstones?
A37 Troy
38. Who was on the throne of England 1000 years ago?
Aethelred II (the Unready)
89 How many points are needed to win a game of cribbage?
A39 121
40 In money slang, what is a Pavarotti?
A40 £10 (a tenner)
41. In 1992, which popular British author published "Every Living Thing, his first new novel for 10 years
A41 James Herriot
42. Who was the female star of Charlie Chaplin's 1952 film, Limelight
A42 Claire Bloom
43. What is the second largest city in Syria
A43 Aleppo
44. What is the nationality of Ngaio Marsh, who created the detective Inspector Alleyn of Scotland Yard
A44. New Zealand
45. The Kenyan born athlete Wilson Kipketer , who broke the 800m world record in 1997, represented which European country
A45 Denmark
46. What is the name given to wounds or scars corresponding to those on Christ's body after the crucifixion
A46 Stigmata
47. What is the regional capital of Bavaria
A47 Munich
48. Which northern Italian town was famous for the manufacture of violins by Stradivarius and others
A48 Cremona
49. In 1979, who succeeded Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr as his country's president
A49 Saddam Hussein
50. In 1956, Bedloe's Island was re named. What is it now called A50 Liberty Island - the Statue of Liberty is built there
51.Thomas Selfridge, from the department store family was the first passenger to die in a plane crash. Who was the pilot
A51 Orville Wright
52. In which city was the first motor show held
A52 Paris
53. On which street was Elizabeth Barrett living when she met Robert Browning
A53 Wimpole Street
54. Which British cyclist won 6 stages of the Tour de France in 2009
A54 Mark Cavendish
55. From which city will the 2010 Tour de France start
A55 Rotterdam
56. Slieve Donard, the highest point in Northern Ireland is in which range of hills
A56 Mountains of Mourne
57. What is the name given to the class of roses characterized by large sprays or clusters of flowers
A57 Floribunda
58. Which French writer and statesman who lived from 1768 to 1848 gave his name to a thick steak cut from a fillet of beef
A58 Chateaubriand
59 Who wrote the lyrics for the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical "Whistle down the wind"
A59 Jim Steinman (who wrote Bat out of Hell for Meatloaf)
60. In which movie did Vivien Leigh play Blanche DuBois
A60 A Streetcar Named Desire
61. Who invented the vacuum bottle or flask, which sometimes bears his name
A61 Dewar
62. Stephen Gough was jailed in December 2008 for breach of the peace. By what name is he more commonly known?
A62 The Naked Rambler
63. According to the story, who is the only person to see Lady Godiva riding a horse naked through the streets of Coventry?
A63 Peeping Tom
64. On which island would you find Thomas the Tank Engine?
A64 Sodor
65. Which organisation was founded by Chad Varah in 1953?
A65 The Samaritans
66. According to the Bible at what event was the writing on the wall translated by Daniel?
A66 Balshazzar's feast
67. Which novel by William Styron was made into a film version in which Meryl Streep won an Oscar for her role as an Auschwitz survivor who had faced a terrible dilemna?
A67 Sophie's Choice
68. By what name did road protest activist Daniel Hooper become better known?
A68 Swampy
69. Which big cat is sometimes called an ounce?
A69 Snow Leopard
70. Name either of the first two presenters of Top Gear in the late 1970s on BBC2?
A70 Angela Rippon or Noel Edmonds
71. Whose body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey in 1661 , and was then subjected to a posthumous beheading, with the detached head not finally being re-interred until 1960?
A71 Oliver Cromwell
72. Who was the first wicketkeeper to reach 2000 runs and make 200 dismissals in text match cricket?
A72 (Thomas) Godfrey Evans
73. Which novel by Umberto Eco published in 1988 derived its title from an experiment by a French physicist to demonstrate the rotation of the earth?
A73 Foucault's Pendulum
74. What is Gymnophobia the fear of?
A74 Nudity
75. Who is the only non American to have won all the golfing majors?
A75 Gary Player
76. In which country did the Orange Revolution take place in 2004?
A76 Ukraine
77. Brandon Flowers is the lead singer with which group?
A77 The Killers
78. How is Lord Marmaduke of Bunkerton better known?
A78 Lord Snooty
79. How many points for a touchdown in American football?
A79 6
80 About whom did Bette Davies say "she has slept with every MGM star except Lassie"?
A80 Joan Crawford
81. Shami Chakrabati is the director of which UK organisation? A81 Liberty
82. What is the popular name for the statue, designed in 1893, which is a famous London landmark and was originally entitled The Angel of Christian Charity1
A82 The statue of Eros in Piccadilly circus
83. What feature is peculiar to the Postage Stamps of Great Britain
A83 They do not bear the name of the country - only the head of the sovereign
84. What book, modelled on Homer's Odyssey, tells the story of a day in Dublin
A84 Ulysses ( by James Joyce )
85" How did Lord Kitchener die?
A85 He was drowned - lost in the cruiser Hampshire when it struck a mine in 1916.
86. What was the tenth part of a legion, consisting of 600 infantrymen called
A86 A cohort
87. The french call it 'La Tapisserie de la Reine Matilde'. What do we call it ?
A87 The Bayeux Tapestry. The tapestry of Queen Matilda - wife of William the Conqueror
88. Giovanni Antonio Canal was born in Venice in 1697. what is he remembered for ?
A88 His paintings - he is better known as Canaletto
89. In what type of space capsule did John Glen first circle the earth
A89 Mercury
90. Queen Victoria lived to see her Silver, Golden and Diamond jubilees. Which one was celebrated in 1887
A90 Her Golden Jubilee
91. What city besides Pompeii was overwhelmed in the earthquake of AD 79
A91 Herculaneum
92 Electrical resistance is measured by the ohm. What unit measures conductance or the reciprocal of resistance ?
A92 The mho ( ohm spelt backwards )
93. What name is sometimes given to the legislative assembly of a country that is derived from the Latin word for old man ?
A93 The senate. Senex is Latin for old man.
04. What is the fruit of the plant ananas comosus
A94 Pineapple
95. What nationality was the painter Edvard Munch
A95 Norwegian
96. What name is usually given to the mounted herdsmen or cowboys of the pampas of South America
A96 Gauchos
SQ1 Who discovered the island of Cuba in 1492
AQ1 Christopher Columbus
SQ2 In February 1940 British naval forces entered Norwegian waters to rescue prisoners from a German ship. What was the name of the ship ?
AQ2 The Altmark
SQ3 In 1927 the Commonwealth Parliament of Australia moved from Melbourne to which city ?
AQ3 Canberra.
SQ4 Which King of Egypt abdicated in 1952
AQ4 Farouk
posted by Nick at 1:27 PM 16 Comments
Wednesday, February 17, 2010
Plate Semi Finals 16 Feb 2010
The British Flag (1 – 60)
&
What kind of creature is a boomslang?
VENOMOUS SNAKE
What kind of creature is an alewife?
FISH (type of herring)
3.
Which 1969 film directed by Sydney Pollack revolves around a dance marathon in Los Angeles with a $1,500 cash prize to the winner?
THEY SHOOT HORSES, DON’T THEY
4.
In which film did John Wayne make his final appearance?
THE SHOOTIST
Which religious organisation was founded by the Korean Sun Myung Moon in 1954?
UNIFICATION CHURCH
Which religious organisation was founded in Boston by Mary Baker Eddy in 1866?
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MOVEMENT
7.
Which perfume was first made in 1768 in response to a Russian count’s (Count Orlof) challenge to recreate the distinctive aroma of the Russian Court?
IMPERIAL LEATHER
Which perfume house makes perfumes called Opium, Paris and Rive Gauche?
YVES ST LAURENT
Who was writing “Love Letters in the Sand” in 1957?
PAT BOONE
Who was “Alone Again (Naturally)” in 1972?
GILBERT O’SULLIVAN
11.
To which legendary queen of Carthage did Aeneas recount the story of the fall of Troy in Virgil’s Aeneid?
DIDO
12.
Who was the first husband of Catherine of Aragon, who became the first wife of Henry VIII?
PRINCE ARTHUR
(Henry’s older brother who died 6 months after marrying her in 1501)
13.
Who switched on the Blackpool Illuminations in September 2009?
ALAN CARR
Whose new friends are Stumpy the elephant, a snorting bull and a bossy cockerel?
NODDY
(In the first new book for 46 years - Noddy and The Farmyard Muddle – written by Enid Blyton’s granddaughter, Sophie Smallwood)
15.
In the recent adaptation of Roald Dahl’s “Fantastic Mr. Fox” who provides the voice for the eponymous character?
GEORGE CLOONEY
In which song would you find “the heavy, heavy monster sound”?
ONE STEP BEYOND
Who wrote books with the titles and “Gentlemen Prefer Blondes” and “But Gentlemen Marry Brunettes”?
ANITA LOOS
In which year was the first automatic dishwasher invented by Mrs Josephine Cochran?
1889
In which year was the world’s first suntan cream developed?
1936
(accept 1932 to 1940)
20.
Whose books have included “Down Among The Women” and “The Life and Loves of a She-Devil”?
FAY WELDON
Against which monarch was the Babington Plot organised?
ELIZABETH I
Against which monarch was the Rye House Plot organised?
CHARLES II
Which brand of cigarettes was sold under the slogan “pure gold”?
BENSON AND HEDGES
What was the name of the political party founded by Sir James Goldsmith in 1994?
THE REFERENDUM PARTY
What was the name of Bertie Wooster’s most formidable aunt?
AUNT AGATHA
26.
What was the name of the first Blue Peter guide dog who was introduced to the show in 1964?
HONEY
27.
Which was the last team to win the F.A. Cup with a team comprising all English players?
WEST HAM UNITED (1975)
Which English football league team has been relegated the fewest times?
ARSENAL (1 time only in 1912/13)
29.
Which island is home to Grimsetter airport?
ORKNEY
In which islands is the date of January 10th set aside as Maggie Thatcher Day?
FALKLAND ISLANDS
Which is the largest castle in England?
WINDSOR
Which is the oldest cathedral in Great Britain?
CANTERBURY
Daisuke Inoue invented which musical machine in 1971?
KARAOKE MACHINE
Which miniature synthesizer did Brian Jarvis invent in 1967?
STYLOPHONE
35.
Which 1980’s BBC children’s cartoon series featured a hero dressed in a blue and yellow costume whose real identity was Eric Twinge?
BANANAMAN
In the first James Bond movie, what is the first name of Dr. No?
JULIUS
What is the largest internal organ in the human body?
LIVER
Which part of the body is medically referred to as the hallux?
BIG TOE
Which naval weapon was invented by Robert Whitehead in 1866?
TORPEDO
The Gettysburg Battlefield is in which US State?
PENNSYLVANIA
Which was the first cartoon character to attract the attention of the censors?
BETTY BOOP
What was the name of the cavemen racers in “Wacky Races”?
SLAG BROTHERS
(Rock and Gravel, in the Bouldermobile…)
43.
What does Zorro mean in Spanish?
FOX
44.
How did the French author, philosopher, Nobel prize winner and occasional Goalkeeper Albert Camus die in 1960?
IN A CAR CRASH
45.
How many spots are there on a complete set of “double six” dominoes? (allow 20 seconds thinking time)
168
46.
What would be the smallest whole number written as a word that would have all its letters written in alphabetical order? (allow 20 seconds thinking time)
FORTY
Which country lies between Niger and Sudan?
CHAD
How many stars are there on the New Zealand flag?
4
Who was the first Christian Emperor of Rome?
CONSTANTINE
50.
What was the name of the race of giants that Zeus defeated in order to rule on Mount Olympus?
THE TITANS
Which British footballer was the first to earn £100 a week?
JOHNNY HAYNES
On 11th June 1953, which famous cricketer became the first professional player to captain England?
LEN HUTTON
What links Kate Moss, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Stephen Fry and Prince Philip?
THEY ALL OWN A LONDON BLACK CAB!
54.
Who is the only non-Royal living person to appear on a British stamp?
ROGER TAYLOR
(drummer with Queen – in the background of a Freddy Mercury stamp)
55.
Which artist painted the double portrait “Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy”?
DAVID HOCKNEY
56.
Which British artist provided a coloured pattern to be used as a test card for cameras on board the space probe Beagle 2 in 2003?
DAMIEN HIRST
Which English monarch had the nickname “Old Rowley”?
CHARLES II
Who was known as “Brandy Nan”?
QUEEN ANNE
At what temperature does water have its maximum density?
4°C (39.2°F)
60.
What name is given to the angle between two radii of a circle that cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius?
A RADIAN (57.2°)
61.
Which football team knocked Macclesfield Town out of this season’s F.A. Cup in Round 1?
M. K. DONS
(managed by former Macclesfield Town boss Paul Ince)
62.
Former Macclesfield Town boss Sammy McIlroy is currently the manager of which English football league team?
MORECAMBE
Who directed the 2009 film Invictus?
CLINT EASTWOOD
Who directed the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes?
GUY RITCHIE
65.
In November 2006, a painting entitled No. 5, 1948 was sold privately for a still current world record price (for any work of art) of $140 Million. Who was the artist?
JACKSON POLLOCK
66.
What is the name of the sculptor of L’Homme Qui Marche 1 (The Walking Man 1), recently sold for a world record price (for a sculpture sold at auction) of £65 Million at Sotheby’s, London?
ALBERTO GIACOMETTI
67.
Who was the first post-war German Chancellor to have been brought up in the former German Democratic Republic (East Germany)?
ANGELA MERKEL
68.
Who did not seek re-election as Austrian President in 1992 after revelations about his activities in World War II?
KURT WALDHEIM
Which chemical element, symbol Sb and atomic number 51, is a brittle silver-grey semi-metallic element?
ANTIMONY
Which chemical element, symbol Cd and atomic number 48, is a soft silvery-white metallic element?
CADMIUM
71.
Which ballet, first performed in 1841, was inspired by a Heinrich Heine story about a peasant girl who kills herself when she discovers the man she loves is engaged to someone else?
GISELLE
72.
Which Latvian-born dancer of the New York City Ballet defected to the West in 1974 and later appeared in films entitled The Turning Point and Dancers?
MIKHAIL BARYSHNIKOV
The name of which garden flower means, literally, “many flowers”?
POLYANTHUS
The name of which flower means, literally, “rock-breaker”?
SAXIFRAGE
75.
What was the name of the space station launched by the USSR in 1996, later replaced by the International Space Station in 2001?
MIR
76.
What was the name of the world’s first ‘space tourist’, a sixty-year old Californian financier, who paid the Russian space agency $20 Million to travel to the International Space Station in April 2001?
DENNIS TITO
77.
According to the Bible, who visited King Solomon and gave him ‘a hundred and twenty talents of gold, and of spices very great store, and precious stones’?
THE QUEEN OF SHEBA
In Genesis 4:16, to where was Cain exiled after killing his brother Abel?
THE LAND OF NOD
Which cathedral contains the tomb of the Venerable Bede?
DURHAM
Which saint’s shrine is in the crypt of Glasgow cathedral?
ST MUNGO
81.
In J.M. Barrie’s Peter Pan, what was the name of the Darling family’s dog, which was also the children’s nurse?
NANA
82.
What was the name of the dog who was the first to win the English Greyhound Racing Derby twice, and whose embalmed body is now on display at Tring Zoological Museum
MICK THE MILLER
83.
In 1912, what name was coined by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener for the “supercontinent” which was thought to have split up to form the present continents?
PANGAEA
84.
What is the Hobo West, which was found in 1920 near Grootfontein in what is now Namibia?
THE LARGEST KNOWN METEORITE
(Believed to weigh over 60 tons, which fell to Earth about 80,000 years ago)
85.
Which US bandleader and clarinettist, who achieved huge success with Begin the Beguine in 1938, was born Arthur Arshawsky?
ARTIE SHAW
86.
Which US clarinettist and bandleader, who featured on the Let’s Dance radio series, was known as the ‘King of Swing’?
BENNY GOODMAN
87.
Which British newspaper has as its logo a knight dressed in chain mail and carrying a white shield bearing a red cross?
DAILY EXPRESS
88.
Which Mediterranean island was the headquarters of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem from 1529 to 1798?
MALTA
89.
By what Latin phrase is the Canticle of Simeon from Luke 2:29, which begins “Lord, now let your servant depart in peace”, better known?
NUNC DIMITTIS
From the opening words of the Latin (Vulgate) version
90.
Which Latin phrase is the motto of the Crown of Scotland, the Order of the Thistle and all the Scottish regiments, often referred to in local dialect as “Wha daur meddle wi’ me”?
NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT
(No one provokes me with impunity)
91.
In which 19th century novel is Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov the central character?
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
(by Dostoyevsky)
92.
Which Oxford philosopher and writer won the 1978 Booker Prize for the novel The Sea, the Sea?
IRIS MURDOCH
Which bird is particularly associated with the village of Abbotsbury, near Dorchester?
MUTE SWAN
(Accept Swan)
94.
Which is the only native British bird to change the colour of its plumage in winter?
PTARMIGAN
(Grey and brown in the summer, white in winter)
95.
Which card game is said to have been invented by the seventeenth century poet John Suckling?
CRIBBAGE
Which playing card is sometimes called ‘the curse of Scotland’?
NINE OF DIAMONDS
(For a variety of reasons, all of which probably have some truth in them!)
97.
From which Shakespeare play did Ray Bradbury take the title for his 1962 novel Something Wicked This Way Comes?
MACBETH
(Act IV, scene 1, with the witches - “By the pricking of my thumbs…”)
98.
In Shakespeare, which character’s “flashes of merriment…were wont to set the table on a roar”?
YORICK
(According to Hamlet)
99.
By what name is the European Treaty of Union signed in December 1991 better known, after the name of the town where it was signed?
MAASTRICHT TREATY
Which Norwegian politician was the first Secretary-General of the United Nations?
TRYGVE LIE
101.
Which German artist, commissioned by Thomas Cromwell, painted a flattering portrait of Anne of Cleves in 1539 which helped persuade Henry VIII to marry her?
HANS HOLBEIN (THE YOUNGER)
(Accept Holbein)
102.
Which Renaissance painter was the subject of the fictionalised biography The Agony and the Ecstasy by Irving Stone, later made into a film starring Charlton Heston?
MICHAELANGELO
103.
What was the name of the French-produced missile used to dramatic effect by the Argentinian Air Force in the Falklands War in 1982?
EXOCET
104.
In the First World War, the slogan They Shall Not Pass symbolised the defence of which French town?
VERDUN
Who wrote the 1848 children’s Christmas story of The Little Match Girl?
HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN
106.
In which Cambridge College has the annual Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols been held every Christmas Eve since 1918?
KING’S COLLEGE
107.
Which renowned English editor of the Manchester Guardian wrote in a 1927 editorial that “Comment is free, but facts are sacred”?
C.P. SCOTT
108.
Which magazine, founded in 1991 by Gordon Roddick and John Bird, was inspired by a New York publication called Street News?
THE BIG ISSUE
109.
Which US recording artist has released albums entitled Control, Rhythm Nation 1814 and The Velvet Rope?
JANET JACKSON
110.
Which US recording artist’s latest album is The Blueprint 3, featuring the New York inspired hit song Empire State of Mind?
JAY-Z
111.
Which 1971 British gangster film was based on the Ted Lewis novel Jack’s Return Home, inspired by the so-called ‘One Armed Bandit Murder’ of a debt collector in County Durham?
GET CARTER
112.
What was the name of the Oklahoma City bomber of April 1995 who was executed for the crime in 2001?
TIMOTHY McVEIGH
In English folklore, which tree is credited with magical protective powers against witchcraft?
ROWAN
(Accept Mountain Ash)
114.
According to legend, which plant, attributed with quasi-human properties, could be safely uprooted only on a moonlit night with a cord pulled by a black dog, which would later die?
MANDRAKE
In 1986, which natural area was declared the first World Heritage site in Northern Ireland?
THE GIANT’S CAUSEWAY
Whose inscription in St Paul’s Cathedral reads, “Lector, si monumentum requiris, circumspice”?
SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN
(Reader, if you seek a monument, look around…)
117.
What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?
CALCIUM
118.
The lack of which fat-soluble vitamin over a long period of time causes rickets in children and contributes to osteomalcia in adults?
VITAMIN D
119.
In which 1987 Channel 4 drama based on Tom Sharpe’s 1974 novel, did David Jason play the role of Skullion, a janitor at a Cambridge college?
PORTERHOUSE BLUE
After which famous engineer is the university at Uxbridge named?
ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL
SUPPLEMENTARIES:
1.
What is the name of the underwear model, ex girlfriend of Wayne Bridge who John Terry, the ex-England had an affair with thus ending up with him losing the England captaincy to Rio Ferdinand?
VANESSA PERRONCEL
2.
The following is the first line from which well known novel?
“It is truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife”?
PRIDE AND PREJUDICE
(Jane Austen)
3.
Who painted the “Monarch Of The Glen” and sculpted the 4 bronze lions in Trafalgar Square?
SIR EDWIN LANDSEER
4.
In the 1938 film Going Places, Louis Armstrong sung the song ‘Jeepers Creepers’ – who or what was ‘Jeepers Creepers’?
A RACEHORSE
5.
If all the chemical elements in the periodic table were listed alphabetically which one would come first?
ACTINIUM
If all the US States were listed alphabetically which one would come last?
WYOMING
TIE_BREAK QUESTIONS – USE THEM CAREFULLY!
The Burj Khalifa is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and is currently the tallest man-made structure ever built. How tall is it in feet?
2,717 feet (828 metres)
AND IF YOU ARE REALLY STUCK…
Add together the following numbers and write down the total…
The height in feet of Mount Everest
The height in feet of Blackpool Tower
The length in miles of the Amazon River
The height in feet of Angel Falls, Venezuela
The year in which Shakespeare died
Everest = 29,028
posted by Nick at 6:03 AM 7 Comments
Thursday, February 11, 2010
set by The Lamb Inn
14th February
01. Who was the first woman in space?
A. Valentina Tereshkova
2. Who abolished St. Valentine's Day, Hogmanay and Halloween as being altogether too frivolous and irreligious ?
A. Oliver Cromwell.
3. Who was the Greek goddess of love ? A. Aphrodite.
4. Which British city did Shirley Valentine abandon for her Greek holiday ?
A. Liverpool.
05. Q. In which year was the first recorded valentine sent ? Considerable leeway allowed.
1415 (accept 1365 to 1465). (a rondeau written by Charles, Duke of Orleans to his wife believed earliest surviving valentine)
6. Who was the intended target of the St Valentine's Day Massacre ?
A. George Clarence "Bugs" Moran (accept Bugsy Moran or Moran)
07. In the middle ages, where would jousting knights wear a handkerchief or favour given by their admiring lady ?
A. On the sleeve (accept arm) `wearing your heart on your sleeve'.
Q8. Other than chocolates, flowers or cards etc., what traditional Valentine's gift was originally given to a loved one ?
A. Gloves, symbolising a desire for the hand in marriage.
SUPPLEMENTARIES
(a) Who first linked St. Valentine with love and romance ? A. Geoffrey Chaucer in his Parlement of Foules'.
(b) Which romantically named actor played Raffles ? A. Anthony Valentine.
(c) Worldwide, plus or minus 5%, what percentage of Valentine's Day cards are romantic compared to humorous ?
A. 75% (accept 70% to 80%).
(d) Which multi-Oscar winning film has been described as "dangerously close to being a Shirley Valentine for middle-aged men" ? A. American Beauty.
ART & ENTERTAINMENT
Entertainment with a leaning towards law enforcement.
1. What was the name of the antipodean detective series of the 1970's featuring a member of Australia's indigenous population ? A. Boney.
2. The UK TV series `Shoestring' was set in which city ?
A. Bristol.
3. Which actor played the role of ex British intelligence officer Callan ?
A. Edward Woodward.
4. Who sang `Watching the Detectives' in 1977 ?
A. Elvis Costello.
5. `Eye Level' was the theme tune to the Dutch TV detective series `Van der Valk' starring Barry Foster. Who performed the instrumental music theme ?
A. The Simon Park Orchestra.
6. Who had a 1977 hit with the catchy single `Whodunnit' ?
A. Tavares.
7. Who starred in the lead role of the I970's US crime series `Policewoman' ?
A. Angie Dickinson.
8. What was the name of the US TV series that saw a lawyer living in a caravan in the country with his wife Maggie, whilst their home was being built and, arguably never finished ?
A. Petrocelli.
(a) Raymond Burr famously portrayed which disabled US detective ?
A. Ironside.
(b) What was the name of the TV series featuring Michael Kitchen as a WW2 detective ?
A. Foyles War.
(c) E.G.Marshall and Robert Reed starred as father and son defence lawyers in which US TV series ?
A. The Defenders.
CREATURES
1. Which creatures, of the type meaning literally `stomach-foot', have eyes on the end of their horns ?
A. Slugs and snails. (Gastropods)
2. Which Lancastrian-born English film maker and animator created the short film `Creature Comforts' and later popularised the cheese `Stinking Bishop' ?
A. Nick Park (Aardman Animations)
3. In the Edgar Allan Poe story `Murders in the Rue Morgue', who is the murderer ?
A. An ape (Orangutan)
4. In `Macbeth' which part of a newt do the witches add to their cauldron to make their `charm of powerful trouble' ?
A. The eye. (Eye of newt and toe of frog, wool of bat and tongue of dog ).
5. Which creature, from the novel alternatively named `The Modern Prometheus', did William Henry Pratt become famous for portraying ?
A. Frankenstein's monster (William Henry Pratt was the real name of Boris Karloff)
6, In the 1960's TV series `Daktari', what distinctive feature did the lion Clarence possess ?
A. He was cross-eyed.
8. The name Halcyon, meaning calm, peaceful and happy, derives from which bird found all over the world, that in various mythologies had a calming effect on the seas ?
A. The Kingfisher.
SUPPLEMENTARIES
(a) Which creature, tattooed on his chest, became the nickname of the French criminal Henri Carriere, who was portrayed in film by Steve McQueen ?
A. A Butterfly (Papillon).
(b) `The Phoenix and the Turtle' by Shakespeare, is an allegorical poem about the death of ideal love. What type of creature is the turtle ?
A, A bird (The Turtle Dove).
(c) Which 1940's female `film star' was played by a male ?
A. Lassie (played by a male dog called Pal).
(d) Who is the subject of the Monty Python song with these lines :
"I love this hive employee, bisected accidentally, one summer afternoon by me" ?
A. Eric the Haifa Bee.
DRINK
1. `To alcohol! The cause of, and solution to, all of life's problems" is a quote from which fictional character, voiced by teetotaller Dan Castellaneta ?
A. Homer Simpson.
2. What nickname was given to the spirit Absinthe, a favoured tipple of 19th century bohemian artists ?
A. The Green Fairy.
3. Who is the only member of the House of Commons officially permitted to consume alcohol in the chamber ?
A. The Chancellor of the Exchequer (during the budget speech).
4. Which 18th century artist produced the prints called `Beer Street' and `Gin Lane' ?
A. William Hogarth
5. The literary character Zaphod Beeblebrox invented the `Pan-Galactic Gargle Blaster' cocktail in which book ?
A. The Hitch-hikers Guide to the Galaxy. (By Douglas Adams)
6. Introduced in the late 1980's, the `Bacardi Breezer' was one of the first examples of which generic type of beverage ?
A. Alcopop.
7. Which band had a hit with the Neil Diamond song `Red Red Wine', in the 1980's ?
A. UB40
8. Which novelist and journalist wrote the 1946 article, `The Moon Under Water', describing his ideal pub ?
A. George Orwell.
SUPPLEMENTARIES
(a) What was the name for establishments which illegally sold alcohol during Prohibition in the United States ?
A. Speakeasys (the term `blind pig' was also sometimes used).
(b) Which gas, less soluble than carbon dioxide, is used to put Guinness under high pressure and create tiny bubbles, without making it fizzy?
A. Nitrogen.
(c) What is the name of the fictional priest who lives on `Craggy Island' and whose vocabulary is usually restricted to outbursts such as "Drink" ; "Feck" ; "Arse" ; "Girls" ?
A. Father Jack Hackett (Tv 's Father Ted) accept Father Jack.
(d) Which member of the `Rat Pack' said "You're not drunk if you can lie on the floor without holding on" ?
A. Dean Martin.
GEOGRAPHY
1. What is the great mass of stone trees in the Painted Desert in Arizona, USA, called ?
A. The Petrified Forest.
2. Honshu, Hokkaido, and Kyushu are three of the four main islands of Japan. Name the fourth.
A. Shikoku.
3. Which of the North American Great Lakes lies wholly within the U.S.A. ?
A. Lake Michigan.
4. Sierra Nevada mountain ranges can be found in both Spain and the U.S.A. Name either the Spanish region or U.S. state.
A. Andalucia or California.
5. The South American country Suriname was formerly known as what ?
A. Dutch Guyana.
6. If you were travelling from London to Brighton by rail, from which station would you normally leave ?
A. Victoria.
7. What is the word, derived from Malay, for rice when its grains are still in their husks ?
A. Paddy.
8. Which former Arab port is now part of Tel Aviv in Israel ?
A. Jaffa.
SUPPLEMENTARIES
(a) Of which northern city did Sir Walter Scott write "Half church of God, half castle `gainst the Scot" ?
A. Durham.
(b) The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is the breeding ground of which fish ?
A. (European) Eel. (Accept Eel).
(c) What do the Irish Republic, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Monaco, Denmark, and Portugal have in common ?
A. A coastline and a land border with only one country. (accept one land border).
(d) The Galapagos Islands belong to which country ?
A. Ecuador.
1. Name any of the Pankhursts who campaigned for women’s suffrage.
A. Emmeline, Sylvia and Christobel.
2. Name any of the three letters which were replaced by SOS as a morse code mayday signal
A. C Q D (C Q was a general call to all ships and D was for distress).
3. In China in 1900, how was the `Society of Harmonious Fists' known ?
A. The Boxers
04. What startling theory did Polish astronomer Copernicus put forward ?
A, That the earth orbited the sun.
05. Who designed the gun known as `The Peacemaker' ?
A. Samuel Colt.
06. What did Elisha Otis install for the first time ever in a New York store in 1857 ?
A. A passenger elevator (accept elevator or lift).
07 Who invented a system to reduce background noise on audio equipment in 1967 ?
A. Ray Dolby.
08. Where was the Russian royal family shot in 1918 ?
A. Yekaterinburg (also called Ekaterinburg).
SUPPLEMENTARIES
(a) Which political group imposed dictatorship in France after the revolution ?
A. The Jacobins.
(b) In the Indian mutiny of 1857, sepoys serving with the British army refused to handle cartridges. Why ?
A. In the belief that they were coated with cow or pig grease.
(c) In 1907 the worlds most powerful warship to date was launched. What was it called? A. Dreadnought.
(d) Name either of the two British sprinters remembered in the film `Chariots of Fire'. A. Harold Abraham and Eric Liddell.
SCIENCE
1. What name is given to the spore bearing leaf of ferns?
A. Fronds
2. What is the heaviest known metallic element?
A. Osmium
3 In mechanics what name is given to the mass of an object multiplied by its speed ?
A. Momentum.
4. Which chemical element is named after the Greek for the sun ?
A. Helium.
5. What is the British name for the synthetic material called `Dacron' in the U.S.A. ?
A. Terylene.
6, What do astronomers call the redness of the sky just before sunset or sunrise ?
A. Aurora.
7. Which is the only chemical element named after an American state ?
A. Californium.
(a) In Einstein's theory of relativity, what does C stand for in E=MC2 ?
A. The speed of light (in a vacuum).
(b) Which gland produces hormones to control the body's metabolic rate ?
A. Thyroid.
(c) The dinosaur Archeopteryx had teeth, claws and a bony tail, but otherwise had the characteristics of which modem group of creatures ?
(d) A. Birds.
(e) Which part of the body is affected by Crohn's disease ?
A. Intestines.
f. What is the medical name for the skull ?
A. Cranium.
1. In which German city do FC Schalke 04 play their home games ?
A. Gelsenkirchen.
2. Name the GB skier who had his Olympic bronze medal stripped away after using an unauthorised nasal spray ?
a. Alain Baxter.
3. Name the substitute fielder who famously ran out Ricky Ponting at Trent Bridge during the 2005 Ashes series ?
A. Gary Pratt.
4. Who is the current British Open Golf champion ?
A. Stewart Cink.
5. The 2010 Winter Olympics commence on 12th February in which city ?
A. Vancouver.
6. The original `Red Devils', Salford Reds Rugby League club play their home games at which stadium ?
A. The Willows.
7. Who won the first ever match played under lights at Wimbledon in 2009 ?
A. Andy Murray.
8. In which city were the 1976 summer Olympics held ?
A. Montreal.
(a) Name either of the teams that competed in this year's Superbowl ?
(b) A. New Orleans Saints and Indianapolis Colts.
(c) Name either of the teams that played in the 2008 FA Cup Final ?
(d) A. Portsmouth and Cardiff
(e) In golf, which Englishman won the 1S` Volvo World Matchplay competition to be played away from Wentworth ?
A. Ross Fisher.
set by CHURCH HOUSE BOLLINGTON
1. Which Russian city was previously known as Tsaritsin and Stalingrad?
VOLGOGRAD
2. Who is the only woman to have been French Prime Minister?
EDITH CRESSON
3. On which Flemish ridge did 400,000 British soldiers die in 1917?
PASSCHENDAELE
4. The European parliament is based in Strasbourg and which other city?
LUXEMBOURG
5. In which short film did Micky Mouse first appear?
S'TEAMBOAT WILLIE
6. What is the prize for best film at the Berlin film festival?
GOLDEN BEAR
7. What is the name of Rupert Bear's elephant chum?
EDWARD TRUNK
8. Senator Scott Brown, tipped to be the next President of the USA, first came to fame as what?
A NUDE MODEL
9. What is England's best visited tourist attraction outside London?
ALTON TOWERS
10. In the original 1960s film, who or what was the Pink Panther?
A DIAMOND
11. Which French phrase is commonly used to describe a small second home usually located in a city ?
PIED-A-TERRE
12. Of which country is Vaduz the capital?
LIECHTENSTEIN
13. What substance is formed when an alkali is added to an acid?
SALT
14. What is the literal English translation of the word Blitzkrieg?
LIGHTNING WAR
15. By what name was the Kingdom of Jordan known until 1949?
TRANSJORDAN
16. Which European country declared itself officially to be an atheist state in 1967?
ALBANIA
17 For what is the chemical aspartame used?
SWEETENER
18. After football, what, measured by numbers attending, is Britain's second most popular spectator sport ? GREYHOUND RACING
19. By what name is the sport of octopush otherwise known?
UNDERWATER HOCKEY
20. For what reason was Irish teenager Kirk McCambley in the news in January this year?
AFFAIR WITH IRIS ROBINSON(Northern Ireland First Minister's wife)
21. What word describes a word or phrase chanted repeatedly during meditation ?
MANTRA
22. Which bandleader's signature tune was "You're Dancing on my Heart"?
VICTOR SYLVES'IER
23. Which is the only Canadian province with a Pacific coastline?
BRITISH COLUMBIA
24. What name is given to a harmless pill or drug which is prescribed because the person taking it believes it will cure him of an illness ?
PLACEBO
25. According to the song, what happens when the moon is in the seventh house and Jupiter aligns with Mars ?
(THE DAWNING OF) THE AGE OF AQUARIUS
26. Which neutral country did Britain accidentally bomb in the Second World War?
SAN MARINO
27. ) Who is the director of the film Avatar which recently became the biggest grossing movie of all time ?
JAMES CAMERON
28. What word is defined as the resistance of liquid to flow?
VISCOSITY
29. What name is given to the vibration that spreads out from the epicentre of an earthquake?
SEISMIC WAVE
30. Which Manchester United footballer played cricket for England in the 1980s?
ARNOLD SIDEBOTTOM
31. In the financial world, what does the letter P in the abbreviation APR stand for?
PERCENTAGE
32. What was the codename for the evacuation of Dunkirk?
OPERATION DYNAMO
33. On which book is the film Cabaret based?
GOODBYE TO BERLIN (written by Christopher Isherwood)
34. Who does "she" refer to in the song lyric "I felt the knife in my hand and she laughed no more" ?
DELILAH
35. Which 1942 report first outlined the idea of the Welfare State? BEVERIDGE REPORT
36. Opened in January in Dubai, what is the name of the current highest building in the world?
BURJ KHALIFA
37. The song Flowers In The Rain was the first ... what?
FIRST SONG PLAYED ON RADIO ONE
38. The song Sing Little Birdy Sing was the first... what?
BRITISH ENTRY INTO THE EUROVISION SONG CONTEST
39. Which dam controls the waters of the Zambezi river?
KARIBA
40. Which ship rescued many of the survivors of the Titanic? CARPATHIA
41. ,What was the name of the plane which dropped the atom bomb on Hiroshima?
ENOLA GAY
42. Which law of physics states that energy can neither be destroyed nor created?
THERMODYNAMICS
43 What is the only time a chess player may move two pieces in one move?
IN CASTLING (i.e. changing the positions of the king and rook/castle)
44. Whom did Andy Murray beat in the semi final of the recent Australian Open?
MARIN CILIC
45. In which Sussex village is the Royal Greenwich Observatory now located?
HURSTMONCEUX
46. What is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid?
ASPIRIN
47. What is calculated using the formula 4 Pi r squared?
SURFACE AREA OF A SPHERE
48. Who was the runner-up in the 2009 X Factor contest? (full name)
OLLY MURS
49. What would be most distinctive about someone suffering from calivity?
THEY'D BE BALD
50. Which Scottish physicist invented Radar?
ROBERT WATSON-WATT
51. Who was the first cricketer to play 100 test matches?
COLIN COWDREY
52. Which TV western series starred Leif Ericsson as a rancher and Cameron Mitchell as his brother ?
THE HIGH CHAPARRAL
53. In which film did Kane, Parker, Lambert, Ash, Dallas and Brett all fail to make it to the end?
ALIEN (NB NOT Aliens)
54. On which river does Florence stand?
ARNO
55 . A tangelo is a hybrid of a tangerine and which other fruit? POMELO
56. Which prophetess and witch lived in a cave near Knaresborough?
MOTHER SHIPTON
57. What is removed in the process of excortication?
BARK OF A TREE
58. What German word means pleasure in another's misfortune?
SCHADENFREUDE
59. About whose life is the Somerset Maugham novel The Moon and Sixpence?
PAUL GAUGUIN
60. Capers are the pickled seeds of which flower?
NASTURTIUM
61 Which train did Casey Jones drive?
CANNONBALL EXPRESS
62. Which actress is the mother of film star Melanie Griffith?
TIPPI HEDREN
63. In literature, who was the son of the giant Pantagruel?
GARGANTUA
64. Which TV character's catchphrase was "You've all done very well"?
(YOUNG) MR GRACE
65. Which city was known by the Romans as Durovernum?
CANTERBURY
66. Under Hebrew Law, in what circumstances would a man be able to marry his dead brother's widow ?
IF THE MARRIAGE HAD BEEN CHILDLESS
67. Who wrote the novel I Know Why The Caged Bird sings?
MAYA ANGELOU
68. Which spirit is used in a margarita?
TEQUILA
69. Which ladies tennis champion had to retire after a horse-riding accident?
MAUREEN CONNOLLY (LITTLE MO)
70. Who or what was referred to in the early 20th century as The Sick Man of Europe
TURKEY (OTTOMAN EMPIRE)
71. On what product can a painting of the Barnum & Bailey's Circus animal Old Joe be seen?
CAMEL CIGARETTES
72. What was Casanova's main profession?
LIBRARIAN
73. . Who was the manager of Arsenal when they won the double in 1971?
BERTIE MEE
74. Which secret society took its name from the Greek word for circle?
KU KLUX KLAN
75. Which Canadian territory forms most of the border with Alaska?
YUKON
76. By what name is Lake Tiberias also known?
SEA OF GALILEE
77. What code was invented by Depillon and developed by Popham and Pasley?
SEMAPHORE
78. In a pack of playing cards, what are the queens holding?
A FLOWER
79. What did the Combination Laws of 1799 & 1800 prohibit?
TRADE UNIONS
80. As in Galapagos Islands, what does the word Galapagos mean?
TORTOISES/TURTLES
81. What is the more common name for a lycanthrope? WEREWOLF
82. What poison is obtained from the seed nux vomica? STRYCHNINE
83. What was Kevin Keegan's first football league club as a player? SCUNTHORPE UNITED
84. Who was Israel's Defence Minister during the Six-day War?
MOSHE DAYAN
85. Which liqueur is flavoured with caraway seeds?
KUMMEL
86. What is made in the process of nidification?
A NEST
87. Which Englishman became Pope Adrian IV?
NICHOLAS BREAKSPEAR
88. Which country was liberated in the 19th century by Bernardo O'Higgins?
CHILE
89. Which flower is also known as the rose-mallow?
HOLLYHOCK
90. From which TV programme did the hit songs Hi-Fidelity and Starmaker come?
FAME
91Which breed of dog was originally bred to hunt badgers?
DACHSHUND
92. Which English town is served by Radio Wave?
BLACKPOOL
93. What is the purpose of the process of kyanisation?
PREVENT DRY-ROT
94. Which old name for Britain derives from the Latin word for white?
ALBION
95. In Elizabethan times, what profession was followed by the Admiral's Men?
ACTORS
96. Which James Herbert novel features a man who is reincarnated as a dog?
FLUKE
1. Which spice comes from the berry of the pimento?
ALLSPICE
2. Whom did Frank Bruno defeat to win the WBC heavyweight Championship ?
OLIVER McCALL
3. Who would use a cockabondy?
AN ANGLER
4. By what name is a loupe better known?
MAGNIFYING GLASS
5. By what name is the drug methylene dioxy methamphetamine better known?
ECSTACY
6. Where in Britain is a figure supposed to represent Hercules carved into the earth?
CERNE ABBAS
7. A proposed merger between Oxford United and Reading very nearly took place a few years ago. By what name would the new club have been known ?
THAMES VALLEY ROYALS
8. Which poem by Milton tells the story of Christ's temptation by Satan?
PARADISE REGAINED
| i don't know |
John Wayne played Ethan Edwards, who sets out to find his abducted niece, in which classic 1956 western film? | The Searchers (1956) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
A Civil War veteran embarks on a journey to rescue his niece from an Indian tribe.
Director:
Frank S. Nugent (screenplay), Alan Le May (from the novel by) (as Alan LeMay)
Stars:
From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence
From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence.
Xavier Dolan Leads Canadian Screen Awards Nominations
17 January 2017 10:56 AM, -08:00 | FilmSchoolRejects.com
a list of 36 titles
created 24 Dec 2011
a list of 32 titles
created 12 Jun 2013
a list of 32 titles
created 06 Dec 2013
a list of 25 titles
created 5 months ago
a list of 29 titles
created 1 month ago
Search for " The Searchers " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Won 1 Golden Globe. Another 2 wins & 3 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
A senator, who became famous for killing a notorious outlaw, returns for the funeral of an old friend and tells the truth about his deed.
Director: John Ford
A small-town sheriff in the American West enlists the help of a cripple, a drunk, and a young gunfighter in his efforts to hold in jail the brother of the local bad guy.
Director: Howard Hawks
A group of people traveling on a stagecoach find their journey complicated by the threat of Geronimo and learn something about each other in the process.
Director: John Ford
An aging group of outlaws look for one last big score as the "traditional" American West is disappearing around them.
Director: Sam Peckinpah
A drunken, hard-nosed U.S. Marshal and a Texas Ranger help a stubborn teenager track down her father's murderer in Indian territory.
Director: Henry Hathaway
A marshall, personally compelled to face a returning deadly enemy, finds that his own town refuses to help him.
Director: Fred Zinnemann
Dunson leads a cattle drive, the culmination of over 14 years of work, to its destination in Missouri. But his tyrannical behavior along the way causes a mutiny, led by his adopted son.
Directors: Howard Hawks, Arthur Rosson
Stars: John Wayne, Montgomery Clift, Joanne Dru
A weary gunfighter attempts to settle down with a homestead family, but a smoldering settler/rancher conflict forces him to act.
Director: George Stevens
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.7/10 X
Cole Thornton, a gunfighter for hire, joins forces with an old friend, Sheriff J.P. Hara. Together with an old Indian fighter and a gambler, they help a rancher and his family fight a rival rancher that is trying to steal their water.
Director: Howard Hawks
At Fort Apache, an honorable and veteran war captain finds conflict when his regime is placed under the command of a young, glory hungry lieutenant colonel with no respect for the local Indian tribe.
Director: John Ford
Fred Dobbs and Bob Curtin, two Americans searching for work in Mexico, convince an old prospector to help them mine for gold in the Sierra Madre Mountains.
Director: John Huston
A cavalry officer posted on the Rio Grande must deal with murderous raiding Apaches, his son who's a risk-taking recruit and his wife from whom he has been separated for many years.
Director: John Ford
Edit
Storyline
Ethan Edwards, returned from the Civil War to the Texas ranch of his brother, hopes to find a home with his family and to be near the woman he obviously but secretly loves. But a Comanche raid destroys these plans, and Ethan sets out, along with his 1/8 Indian nephew Martin, on a years-long journey to find the niece kidnapped by the Indians under Chief Scar. But as the quest goes on, Martin begins to realize that his uncle's hatred for the Indians is beginning to spill over onto his now-assimilated niece. Martin becomes uncertain whether Ethan plans to rescue Debbie...or kill her. Written by Jim Beaver <[email protected]>
The story that sweeps from the great Southwest to the Canadian border in VistaVision. See more »
Genres:
26 May 1956 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Más corazón que odio See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Hank Worden ("Old Mose Harper") was tied up finishing shooting on The Indian Fighter (1955) and was unavailable for some shots in this movie. In scenes where the Rangers have ridden out together in Monument Valley, "Old Mose Harper" is played in group shots by another actor hanging back and hiding his face. Single shots of Worden as Harper in these scenes were shot later. See more »
Goofs
The Winchester model 1866 was nicknamed the "Yellow Boy" due to the brass receiver. The Winchesters used in the film were actually from 1873. Since 3 years after the war was only 1868, Ethan and the others couldn't have had those model 1873 Winchesters. See more »
Quotes
Lucy Edwards : That's your Uncle Ethan!
Martha Edwards : [he approaches] Welcome home, Ethan!
See more »
Crazy Credits
This Warner Brothers film was said to be in VistaVision, according to the credits - this may be the only Warner film in VistaVision. See more »
Connections
The Yellow Rose of Texas
(uncredited)
(Las Vegas, Nevada) – See all my reviews
Even if you've never seen John Ford's THE SEARCHERS, you will have, undoubtedly, seen a film that owes it's 'style' to the film. DANCES WITH WOLVES, THE OUTLAW JOSIE WALES, UNFORGIVEN, JEREMIAH JOHNSON, and OPEN RANGE are just a few westerns that have 'borrowed' from it, but THE SEARCHERS' impact transcends the genre, itself; STAR WARS, THE English PATIENT, THE LAST SAMURAI, even THE LORD OF THE RINGS have elements that can be traced back to Ford's 1956 'intimate' epic. When you add the fact that THE SEARCHERS also contains John Wayne's greatest performance to the film's merits, it becomes easy to see why it is on the short list of the greatest motion pictures ever made.
The plot is deceptively simple; after a Comanche raiding party massacres a family, taking the youngest daughter prisoner, her uncle, Ethan Edwards (Wayne), and adopted brother, Martin Pawley (Jeffrey Hunter), begin a long quest to try and rescue her. Over the course of years, a rich tapestry of characters and events unfold, as the nature of the pair's motives are revealed, and bigoted, bitter Edwards emerges as a twisted man bent on killing the 'tainted' white girl. Only Pawley's love of his 'sister' and determination to protect her stands in his way, making the film's climax, and Wayne's portrayal of Edwards, an unforgettable experience.
With all of Ford's unique 'touches' clearly in evidence (the doorways 'framing' the film's opening and conclusion, with a cave opening serving the same function at the film's climax; the extensive use of Monument Valley; and the nearly lurid palette of color highlighting key moments) and his reliance on his 'stock' company of players (Wayne, Ward Bond, John Qualen, Olive Carey, Harry Carey, Jr, Hank Worden, and Ken Curtis), the film marks the emergence of the 'mature' Ford, no longer deifying the innocence of the era, but dealing with it in human terms, where 'white men' were as capable of savagery as Indians, frequently with less justification.
Featuring 18-year old Natalie Wood in one of her first 'adult' roles, the sparkling Vera Miles as Pawley's love interest, Wayne's son Patrick in comic relief, and the harmonies of the Sons of the Pioneers accenting Max Steiner's rich score, THE SEARCHERS is a timeless movie experience that becomes richer with each viewing.
It is truly a masterpiece!
72 of 109 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| The Searchers |
A pyroclastic flow comes from which natural structure? | List Of Best John Wayne Movies | Made Man
List Of Best John Wayne Movies
Facebook Twitter Stumble Google+ Save
Creating a list of the best John Wayne movies can only be a matter of opinion. John Wayne made 167 movies between 1926 and 1976. The Duke’s 50 year film career produced everything from westerns to war stories and romantic comedies.
"Angel and the Badman" (1947) John Wayne plays Quirt Evens, a gunman with a reputation for living by his gun, who is taken in by a Quaker family after being wounded. Gail Russell plays the daughter, Penelope, who nurses Quirt back to health and changes his point of view. This classic romance western pits faith against evil with an impossible love.
"Wake of the Red Witch" (1948) This romance adventure spotlights Captain Ralls, played by John Wayne, and his long standing rivalry with ruthless shipping magnate Mayrant Sidneye, and the fight for the woman they both love, Angelique, played by Gail Russell. Co-starring in this story of greed, rivalry, and love is a youthful Gig Young playing Sam Rosen.
"She Wore a Yellow Ribbon" (1949) This classic directed by John Ford won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. Wayne plays Captain Nathan Brittles, an aging soldier about to retire. Joanne Dru plays Olivia Dandridge who has the young men fighting over the yellow ribbon in her hair symbolizing a sweetheart in the Calvary. Indians, romance, brilliant cinematography, and comedy make this one of Wayne’s best westerns.
"The Quiet Man" (1952) Directed by John Ford and filmed in Ireland, this is a change for John Wayne who plays Sean Thornton, a retired American prize fighter, returning to his birthplace in Ireland seeking a peaceful life. Life is anything but peaceful when he falls for Mary Kate Danaher (Maureen O’Hara), who he wants to marry, but who has a disapproving Danaher brother (Victor McLaglen) who complicates life for all. Barry Fitzgerald is delightful as the pub crawling matchmaker.
"The Searchers" (1956) This is another John Ford film which stars John Wayne as Ethan Edwards, a Civil War veteran returning home until his niece is captured by hostile Indians. Ethan sets out to rescue the captives with Martin Pawley in tow, played by Jeffrey Hunter. This is a classic western adventure, beautifully filmed, and full of fights and fun.
"North to Alaska" (1960) John Wayne plays Sam McCord, a hard drinking, fighting, and loving Alaskan gold miner who struck it big. Capucine plays Angel, a French working lady Sam brings to Alaska as a remedy for his partner, George Pratt’s (Stewart Granger) broken heart. Teen heartthrob Fabian brilliantly plays the younger Pratt brother. This film has it all: comedy, adventure, romance, and a big mud fight.
"McLintock!" (1963) John Wayne plays George Washington McLintock, a self made rancher, who deals with his estranged wife Katherine (Maureen O’Hara), their grown daughter Becky (Stefanie Powers) and her boyfriend played by Patrick Wayne. Jerry Van Dyke plays a namby pamby parlor sitter. The chase scene through the town with all of the townspeople watching is great fun.
"In Harm's Way" (1965) This WWII epic film was directed by Otto Preminger. Wayne plays Naval Captain/Admiral Rockwell “Rock” Torrey who reconnects with his estranged son Jeremiah (Brandon De Wilde). Patricia Neal plays Lt. Maggie Haynes, his second chance at love. Kirk Douglas gives a brilliant performance as Commander Paul Eddington, a ticking time bomb. This is World War II in the Pacific as only John Wayne can do.
"True Grit" (1969) John Wayne’s best character, Marshall Reuben J. ”Rooster” Cogburn, won him an Oscar in 1969 for best actor. Rooster is an aging, hard drinking, one-eyed U.S. Marshall with a reputation of getting his man. Glenn Campbell plays Texas Ranger La Boeuf who partners with Rooster to hunt for the man who killed Mattie Ross’s father, played by a young Kim Darby. This is a great action adventure, charmingly funny and tender, with John Wayne at his best.
"The Shootist" (1976) John Wayne’s final film is the tale of an aging gunfighter dying of cancer. Ironic because John Wayne had a lung removed to fight cancer just before filming began. The cast includes Lauren Bacall as the compassionate housekeeper, James Stewart as the doctor, and Ron Howard as the idolizing young man. John Wayne’s final film was solemn and a sobering end to a brilliant career.
show comments
| i don't know |
The 1992 Summer Olympic Games were hosted by which European country? | 1992 Barcelona Summer Games | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com
1992 Barcelona Summer Games
Host City: Barcelona, Spain (July 24, 1992 to August 9, 1992)
Opening Ceremony: July 25, 1992 (opened by King Juan Carlos I)
Lighter of the Olympic Flame: (used arrow)
Taker of the Olympic Oath: Luis Doreste (athlete)
Closing Ceremony: August 9, 1992
Events: 257 in 29 sports
Participants: 9,386 (6,659 men and 2,721 women) from 169 countries
Youngest Participant:
Carlos Front (11 years, 251 days)
Oldest Participant:
Carl Eiríksson (62 years, 213 days)
Most Medals (Athlete):
Unified Team (112 medals)
Overview
Barcelona had bid to host the Olympic Games in [1924], [1936], and [1940], without success. In 1986, when the IOC awarded the 1992 Olympic Games to Barcelona, it was considered by many to be in honor of IOC President [Juan Antonio Samaranch], as he was a native of Barcelona. But the Barcelona Olympics became the Games of the New World Order, and they were the most highly attended Olympics in history, both in terms of countries and athletes attending. After four consecutive Olympics with some form of protest or boycott, the Barcelona Olympics were boycott-free.
» Click to show/hide rest of overview
Since [Seoul in 1988], the world had taken on a new face. The Soviet Union no longer existed but the Commonwealth of Independent States did. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were once again free countries. East and West Germany were no more, replaced again by a unified Germany. Yugoslavia was now split into several republics, and only a few days before the Olympics began, the IOC granted Bosnia and Herzegovina provisional recognition to allow that new nation to compete. North and South Yemen had merged into one. All of these new national groupings appeared at Barcelona. South Africa had eliminated, at least constitutionally, apartheid, and competed at Olympia for the first time since 1960. The Commonwealth of Independent States competed as a )Unified Team) for the only time, representing all the former republics of the Soviet Union, save for the Baltic States. In the future, the separate former republics of the Soviet Union would compete as independent nations.
The Games were opened beautifully and dramatically as archer Antônio Rebollo lit the Olympic flame via bow and arrow. The drama and beauty of Catalunya continued on stage throughout the 16 days of the Olympics. There was concern about terrorist activity because the area was home to some terrorist groups. The terrorist group Basque Liberty and Homeland (ETA) had killed more than 700 people during the past 20 years. Shortly before the Games, French police forces captured most of the ETA leaders, and it was discovered that plans were already in force to disrupt the Olympics. But the fears were unfounded and no major incidents occurred.
The competition was excellent. For the first time since 1972, all the major nations of the world attended. The most publicized athletes were the American basketball players. The U.S. was allowed to use professional players from the NBA (National Basketball Association), since all the other nations were by now using professionals. The NBA All-Star team, nicknamed "The Dream Team", did not disappoint, putting on a clinic for all nations and winning the gold medal unchallenged. They were led by professional greats [Magic Johnson], [Michael Jordan], and [Larry Bird], among others.
Many East European countries and the former Soviets continued to dominate certain sports, such as gymnastics and weightlifting. But with the changing economic picture in those countries, the future of their sports programs was in doubt. With the coming [Games in Atlanta], the status of those programs was a matter of great conjecture.
There were many great athletic performances but, other than the Dream Team, it seemed no one athlete seemed to capture these Games like so many had in the past. It was probably fitting as then no athlete seemed larger than the Olympic Games themselves; fitting for Barcelona was possibly the finest manifestation yet seen of the Olympic Movement.
Country Medal Leaders
A Sports Reference Site : About SR/Olympics | Privacy Statement | Conditions & Terms of Service | Use of Data
Data provided by OlyMADMen , led by Hilary Evans, Arild Gjerde, Jeroen Heijmans, and Bill Mallon. Members: David Foster, Martin Frank, Jørn Jensen, Carl-Johan Johansson, Taavi Kalju, Martin Kellner, George Masin, Stein Opdahl, Wolf Reinhardt, Ralf Regnitter, Paul Tchir, Magne Teigen, Christian Tugnoli, Morten Aarlia Torp, and Ralf Schlüter.
Sports Reference LLC and www.sports-reference.com are not sponsored by or affiliated with the Olympics, the United States Olympic Committee or the International Olympic Committee. Trademarks featured or referred to on this website are the property of their respective trademark holders and not Sports Reference LLC or www.sports-reference.com .
Part of the
| Spain |
In January 1986 US politician Bill Nelson was aboard which space shuttle when he became the second sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space? | 1992 Olympic Games Barcelona
Barcelona > 1992 Olympic Games Barcelona
1992 Olympics: Going For Gold!
The 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona were an enormous success, both as an international sporting event and as the catalyst for widescale urban renewal of Barcelona the city... but let's start by remembering the Games themselves!
The opening ceremony of the Barcelona Olympics has been heralded as one of the most magnificent in sporting memory! Dancers clad all in white danced Catalonia's traditional circular Sardana dance - echoing the Olympic rings, Jose Carreras and Monserrat Caball� performed Freddie Mercury's sensational 'Barcelona' anthem (given added poignancy by the recent death of the Queen frontman), and Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo lit the Olympic flame by dramatically firing a lighted arrow over the heads of the crowd into the Olympic cauldron. The 1992 Games were underway!
Carl Lewis grabs one of two gold medals, for the long jump (the other was for the 4 x 100m relay).
Amongst the blood, sweat and tears that always accompany this quadriennal competition, were of course some unforgettable highlights: such as Linford Christie's Gold Medal in the 100 metres at the age of 32, and the Belarusian Vitaly Scherbo's haul of six gold medals in gymnastics, including four on a single day. Meanwhile China's Fu Mingxia won the high dive event at the age of 13, held in view of Gaudi's La Sagrada Familia , and Evelyn Ashford of the USA won her fourth career Olympic gold medal at the age of 35 - one of only four women to achieve this in Olympic history! Finally no basketball fan will forget the year in which the all-American dream team was formed! Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, Patrick Ewing and Charles Barkley were amongst the superstars of the NBA that cruised to gold.
Politically the 1992 Olympics were especially poignant. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and the dissolving of the Soviet Union in 1991, meant that for the first time in three decades there were no nations who boycotted the games... in addition Germany sent a unified team for the first time since 1964, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - now separated from Russia - sent their own teams, and South Africa was allowed to compete for the first time since 1960 after finally ending Apartheid. One of the most poignant moments from the 1992 Olympics was undoubtedly the closely fought 10,000m track race between the white South African runner Elana Meyer and the black Ethiopian athlete Derartu Tulu. Tulu won, but both runners then completed a lap of honour hand in hand. Perhaps the most memorable moment of the 1992 Games however was the Derek Redmond's collapse in the semi-final of the 400 metres. Despite pulling a hamstring, the plucky Brit stood up and completed the race, with his father bursting out of the stands to help him.
A spectacular closing ceremony consisting of a grand concert and pyrotechnics show aptly signalled the end of the Games, in which the Unified Team (former USSR) won the medal count, followed by USA and Germany, with Spain coming in an impressive 6th.
Impact of the 1992 Summer Olympic Games on Barcelona
Although the games were heralded as a huge success by virtually all who watched, attended and competed, the real success, at least as far as the city of Barcelona and her residents were concerned, was the long-lasting positive impact the Olympics had on the city. From the status of relatively provincial port city (think along the lines of Naples), Barcelona was catapulted into cosmopolitan resort on the Mediterranean and by the end of the 90s had become one of Europe's most visited cities, behind London, Paris and Rome.
Much of the feel good factor was down to the numerous new sites Barcelona now boasted, along with a host of renovated districts and buildings. These projects included the construction of the Olympic Port , with the twin towers of the Arts Hotel and Mapfre Tower (the tallest buildings in Spain when built!), the remodelling of the seafront, including Barceloneta beach , the building of the Olympic Stadium and the Palace of Sant Jordi, and a host of contemporary monuments by leading artists - such Frank Gehry's Fish, Homage to Barceloneta by Rebecca Horn, Barcelona Head by Roy Lichenstein, and not forgetting of course the Torre Telef�nica designed by architect Santiago Calatrava (the man who designed Valencia's City of Arts and Sciences) to transmit TV coverage of the Games.
Apart from the obvious rise in employment resulting in the (re)construction of these edifices, these sparkling new and aesthetically amazing buildings naturally led to a rise in local pride, and a huge increase in the desirability of living in and visiting the city! Barcelonians have been riding that vibe ever since, and as we near the 1992 Olympics Games' 20th anniversary the city shows no sign of losing its lustre - just ask the 20,000,000 people who visit Barcelona every year!
| i don't know |
What are the first names of the characters played by Adrian Edmonson and Rik Mayall in the UK television comedy series ‘Bottom’? | Bottom (TV Series 1991–1995) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
Edward and Richard are best buddies living off the government doing nothing more than having a good time and breaking stuff.
Stars:
It's Christmas day and Richie is cooking the dinner to which Dave Hedgehog and Spudgun are invited. Although dinner is not up to Michelin standard Richie's day improves when he finds out he is the ...
8.9
Richard and Eddie are camping out on Wimbledon Common. Eddie has brought the tin opener but Richie has forgotten the tins. How will they survive? Chocolate Hob-Nobs and hedgehogs may be the solution.
8.8
Richie and Eddie are visited by a man from the Gas board. Afraid that their pipeline from next door is about to be rumbled they desperately try to cover their tracks. Murder, cannibalism and bus ...
8.8
a list of 42 titles
created 19 Feb 2012
a list of 28 titles
created 07 Jul 2012
a list of 42 titles
created 09 Dec 2012
a list of 45 titles
created 10 Apr 2013
a list of 22 titles
created 03 Jul 2014
Search for " Bottom " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
The crazy and sometimes surreal comedic adventures of four very different students in Thatcher's Britain.
Stars: Rik Mayall, Adrian Edmondson, Nigel Planer
Richie buys an inflatable doll named Monica as his lover, and he tries to conceal it from Eddie. But it all goes terribly wrong when Richie accidentally super glues Monica to his groin, mistaking Eddie's super glue for Handcream.
Director: Marcus Mortimer
Queen Elizabeth is attending a parade in Hammersmith and Richie and Eddie plans on inviting the Queen to join them for supper. But their plan goes wrong.
Director: Dominic Brigstocke
Richie and Eddie are in charge of the worst hotel in the UK, Guest House Paradiso, neighbouring a nuclear power plant. The illegal immigrant chef has fled and all the guests have gone. But ... See full summary »
Director: Adrian Edmondson
Richie and Eddie find themselves stranded on a tropical island, only to find the island is a atomic-test site, where the French tests atomic weaponry.
Director: Ed Bye
Richie and Eddie escapes from the island and try to get to the bar to have a drink, only to find themselves trapped in a underground chamber and Richie thinks they've been abducted by aliens.
Director: Dewi Humphreys
This comedy series is all about two mates, Gary and Tony who share a two bedroom home. They are grown men who act like a couple of drunk two year olds, who spend their time either drinking ... See full summary »
Stars: Martin Clunes, Caroline Quentin, Leslie Ash
Filthy Rich & Catflap (TV Series 1987)
Comedy
A satire about three losers: a failed actor, his sleazy agent and a permanently drunk bodyguard.
Stars: Adrian Edmondson, Rik Mayall, Nigel Planer
Eddie has locked himself away in the toilet and Richie finds he's been inventing gadgets and only to find himself joining Eddie on a adventure through time and space on-board Eddie's time machine "The Turdis" which is a toilet cubicle.
Director: Dewi Humphreys
In a parody of 1980s Conservatism, Rik Mayall is Alan B'Stard MP, the most machiavellian Tory of them all.
Stars: Rik Mayall, Michael Troughton, Marsha Fitzalan
Victor Meldrew is a retiree who attracts bad luck. If he's not driving his long suffering wife Margeret crazy with his constant moaning, he's fighting with neighbors.
Stars: Richard Wilson, Annette Crosbie, Doreen Mantle
The two Dangerous brothers Sir Richard and Sir Adrian host a series of mad and violent sketches
Director: Paul Jackson
Edit
Storyline
Edward and Richard are best buddies living off the government doing nothing more than having a good time and breaking stuff. Written by Graham Wilson Jr <[email protected]>
23 April 1998 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Unlike the live stage shows which have the 18 certificate in the UK. The show got the 15 certificate in the UK for it's comic violence, sexual content and profanity. See more »
Goofs
When Richie falls down the stairs in the Carnival episode while impersonating Kilroy, he rolls into the bathroom and gets stuck in the toilet head first with his feet in the air, however just after he falls through the door before the camera moves in you can see his foot protruding from the doorway See more »
Quotes
Richie : [on various occasions seducing women, well, trying anyway] May I say, what a SMASHING blouse you have on?
(Oldham, Gtr Manchester, England.) – See all my reviews
"Bottom" is another entry in the series of Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson projects that involve these grown men behaving like children and hitting one another. What's wrong with juvenile slapstick violence? Absolutely nothing. With these guys you have a good idea what you're going to get, and they give it to you (Ooo-er!)
As usual, Mayall plays the more pathetic one of the team, while Edmondson's "Eddie" is the unscrupulous drunk. Neither of them have much success when it comes to the opposite sex, due to Richie's poor hygiene and Eddie's crass chat-up lines (although Eddie has managed to move in for the kill once or twice when things have gone wrong yet again for Richie... ) It's hilarious to laugh at the misfortunes of others, and we get plenty of chance to do that as we follow these two sad cases and their doomed attempts to climb the social ladder.
"Eddie" is my favourite character because he has a dry sense of humour, knows he's uncultured and just doesn't care. He uses his native cunning to always ensure Richie gets a raw deal, so although a loser at the game of life, he's usually a winner in his own house at least. There's lots of innuendo and things never get too intellectual, so every viewer can feel better about themselves when they watch this pair of misfits.
If asked I'd say I preferred the TV series to the numerous live shows that have been done featuring the same two characters. They have to work harder to be funny because in a sitcom format there are limits to how offensive things can get. Virtually anything goes on stage, though, so the gags are sometimes more obvious and a bit lazier - although still funny.
By a process of elimination I've just discovered that my favourite episode must be "(Bottom) 'S Out", where the duo are stranded in the wilderness as conversation turns to philosophy and the 'adult' escapades of the Wombles... This is in Series 2, which has the funniest collection of episodes in my opinion; every one a winner.
Overall, I wouldn't say it's as good as "The Young Ones", but there are genuine moments of hilarity in certain episodes. If you already know you're a fan of Rik and Ade then you can't really afford to miss it, so I say 'Dig deep into your "Bottom", by all means!'
5 of 7 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| richie and eddie |
In medicine, coprastasophobia is the fear of what? | Adrian Edmondson | The young ones Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The young ones Wiki
Jennifer Saunders (m. 1985-present, 3 daughters)
Adrian Charles "Ade" Edmondson (born 24 January 1957) is an English comic actor, writer, musician, television presenter and director. He came to prominence in the early 1980s and was part of the alternative comedy boom. He is probably best known for his comedic roles in the television series The Young Ones (1982–1984) and Bottom (1991–2003), for which he also wrote together with his long-time collaborative partner Rik Mayall . Edmondson also appeared in the The Comic Strip Presents... series of films throughout the 1980s and 90s. For one episode of this he created the spoof heavy metal band Bad News , and for another he played his nihilistic alter-ego Eddie Monsoon, an offensive South African television star. He played the lead role in the 1985 spin-off feature film, The Supergrass. In the 2000s Edmondson appeared in numerous TV programmes in more serious drama roles including Jonathan Creek, Holby City, Miss Austen Regrets, as himself on Hell's Kitchen and created the sitcom Teenage Kicks . Edmondson has been married to fellow comedian Jennifer Saunders since 1985 and they have three daughters. He lives in Devon and London.
Contents
Edit
Under the name 20th Century Coyote , Edmondson and Rik Mayall became one of the star attractions at The Comedy Store . Mayall told most of the jokes early in their act, and Edmondson would act-up in the background, developing his act to dismantle the club's piano, before he created his own material. As their popularity grew, Edmondson, Mayall, and other upcoming comedians including Nigel Planer , Peter Richardson , Alexei Sayle , and French and Saunders split away from the Comedy Store to set up their own venue: The Comic Strip club. The Comic Strip soon gained a reputation as one of the most popular comedy clubs in London and soon came to the attention of Channel 4 . Edmondson and the others were commissioned to act in six self-contained half-hour films, using the group as comedy actors rather than stand-up performers. The series, entitled The Comic Strip Presents... debuted on 2 November 1982 (the opening night of Channel 4). The first episode to be broadcast was " Five Go Mad in Dorset ", a parody of Enid Blyton 's Famous Five , which drew anger from some viewers for the way it mercilessly satirised a children's classic. Edmondson starred as one of the five.
By the same time as The Comic Strip Presents... was being negotiated, the BBC signed up Edmondson, Mayall, Richardson, Planer and Sayle to star in The Young Ones , a sitcom in the same anarchic style as The Comic Strip. (Richardson later decided not to proceed and was replaced by Christopher Ryan .) The show revolved around the shared house where four students lived during their study at Scumbag College . It was noted at the time of its first airing for its violent slapstick, with Edmondson's character as the main instigator, and this is a trait which has stayed with him throughout his career. The series captured public imagination and remains one of Britain's most popular sitcoms. During this time, Edmondson also appeared in a bank advertisement in what was, basically, his " Vyvyan " guise. Following the success of The Comic Strip Presents... and, to a greater extent, The Young Ones, Edmondson and Mayall returned to their "Coyote" dynamic in the double act " The Dangerous Brothers " with Edmondson as "Sir Adrian Dangerous" in Saturday Live (1985–1987). In 1983, he appeared as the lead singer Vim Fuego in the spoof heavy metal band called Bad News , with his Young Ones co-stars Rik Mayall , Nigel Planer and Peter Richardson of "Comic Strip Presents...".
On 11 May 1985, Edmondson married his Comic Strip fellow Jennifer Saunders , with whom he has three daughters: Eleanor , Beatrice and Freya. Edmondson's university nickname of "Eddie Monsoon," a play on his surname, inspired the name of Saunders' character, Edina Monsoon on Absolutely Fabulous and his own characters Eddie Catflap ( Filthy Rich & Catflap ) and Eddie Hitler ( Bottom ), they jointly set up their own production company called Mr and Mrs Monsoon Limited.. Also in 1985 Edmondson starred with Saunders in Happy Families , a rural comedy drama written by Ben Elton which appeared on the BBC and told the story of the dysfunctional Fuddle family.
In 1987, he reunited with Planer and Mayall to star in Filthy Rich and Catflap a comic attack on showbiz, again written by Elton. He played a character called Edward Catflap, the coarse and drunken minder of light entertainment nonentity Richie Rich. In this Edmondson displayed the same slapstick characteristics as Vyvyan, but was closer in personality to his later character "Eddie Hitler" in Bottom. The show received critical acclaim but poor viewing figures and was cancelled after one series. 1987 also saw Edmondson co-starring with Mayall in the ITV sit-com Hardwicke House . Due to the adverse reaction of both press and viewers however, ITV withdrew the series after two episodes, and the remainder has never been shown. In 1988, he released a follow up to How To Be A Complete Bastard called The Bastard's Book of the Worst. In 1989 Edmondson made an appearance in an episode of Blackadder Goes Forth as The Red Baron , arch-nemesis to Mayall's character, Lord Flashheart .
1990s
File:Bottom001.jpg
Edmondson played Brad Majors in the 1990 West End run of The Rocky Horror Show , alongside Tim McInnerny as Frank-N-Furter and Ed Tudor-Pole as Riff-Raff. He also appears on the soundtrack album of the production. In 1991, Edmondson was teamed up with his comedy partner Rik Mayall once more, this time co-writing and co-starring in their own sitcom, Bottom. Edmondson starred as "Edward Elizabeth Hitler" opposite Mayall's "Richard Richard." The series featured the slapstick and crude humour for which the pair had become famous, but also more in-depth character analysis. Mayall and Edmonson have said Bottom was aimed to be more than just a series of toilet gags, but a cruder cousin to plays like Waiting for Godot about the pointlessness of life. Edmondson played Estragon to Mayall's Vladimir in Samuel Beckett 's play in the West End , in a production that opened at the Queen's Theatre on 30 September 1991. [1] Bottom became very popular, but it was criticised for its often vulgar humour. Edmondson was also censured for essentially reprising the same character he had been playing for his entire career. It was also incarnated into five UK stage tours (1993, 1995, 1997, 2001 and 2003). The violent natures of these shows saw both Edmondson and Mayall ending up in hospital.
In 1993, Edmondson starred alongside Richard Briers in a black comedy called If You See God, Tell Him . Edmondson played Gordon Spry, whose uncle (Briers) is paralysed and has a greatly reduced attention span. His erratic behaviour causes problems for Gordon. The series comprised four episodes, each 45 minutes long, and only broadcast once. The BBC has not repeated the series, although 1 episode was broadcast on BBC Four on 3 December 2007. In September 1995, Edmondson released his first (comic) novel, The Gobbler. The same year he voiced "the animal", an advertising character for British snack Peperami . In 1996, he played the role of Ace Face/Bellboy at The Who's performance of Quadrophenia at London's Hyde Park . A video game called Animal , featuring Peperami's "the animal", was released the same year, with the character being voiced by Ade Edmondson. In 1997-1998 he voiced engine stoker Jones, a major character in the animated series Captain Star . In the 1998 ITV Pantomime, Jack and the Beanstalk, Edmondson played Dame Dolly alongside Neil Morrissey, Denise Van Outon, Paul Merton, Julian Clary and Julie Walters. The show was broadcast on 25 December on ITV1 and continues to be shown every year around Christmas.
Following the 1997 Bottom stage tour, Hooligans Island, Mayall and Edmondson worked on the idea of a Bottom film in which Richie and Eddie run a hotel. The two had been working on the script together, and were set to co-direct. In 1998 Mayall was seriously injured and spent a few days in a coma. Edmondson found this time very difficult. When Mayall came around he helped Edmondson complete the script while still in hospital, but it was decided that he was still not fit enough to direct, so Edmondson took the sole directing duties on what became Guest House Paradiso . Since the 2003 Bottom tour, which ended on 12 December of that year, Edmondson has shown a lack of interest in working with his friend Mayall, claiming he is more difficult to work with since his accident. Template:Citation needed In December 2004 The Daily Mirror newspaper quoted him as saying: "It’s definitely time to stop. We're getting too old. We both realised that the show wasn't as engaging as it used to be. We were starting to look a bit ridiculous. [...] We're both nearly 50 and we're starting to feel slightly undignified talking about wanking and knobs constantly." [2] Rik Mayall has repeatedly said that they will work together again, they just needed "a good idea."
2000s–present
Edit
Edmondson appeared regularly in series 4 of the BBC mystery series Jonathan Creek , broadcast in 2003–2004. He had a lead role playing an NHS doctor in the comedy series Doctors and Nurses first broadcast in early 2004. In Surviving Disaster, a BBC docu-drama about the 1986 Chernobyl disaster , broadcast at the start of 2006, Edmondson played the role of Dr Valeri Legasov . In 2005 Edmondson appeared as a celebrity model on Star Portraits with Rolf Harris . From 2005 to 2008 he appeared as Percy 'Abra' Durant in the medical drama Holby City . In 2008 he played Henry Austen in the BBC produced film Miss Austen Regrets . From 2008 onwards he has played Vernon in ITV sit-com Teenage Kicks . In April 2009 Edmondson appeared on the cooking show Hell's Kitchen , where he reached the final, coming second to winner Linda Evans . In a 2009 interview, Edmondson stated he was 'finally' referring to himself as Adrian rather than his established nickname Ade, as he felt it was time to 'grow up.'
| i don't know |
Who presented the original run of the UK television quiz show ‘Ask the Family’? | Ask the Family - UKGameshows
Ask the Family
Dave Chapman (2005: as "Tiddler", and announcer "Mr Ha Ha Rubbish")
Broadcast
BBC1, 12 June 1967 to 22 October 1984 (221 episodes in 17 series)
BBC Birmingham for UK Gold and BBC Two, 6 June to 10 October 1999 (31 episodes in 1 series)
as Dick & Dom's Ask the Family BBC Two, 4 April to 6 May 2005 (23 episodes in 1 series)
Synopsis
In the beginning
Terribly middle-class quiz for families with serious-looking glasses and tight perms (and that was just the men).
That most BBC of contestant groupings, the species known as the "family of four", competed in a mixture of high-brow general knowledge and themed rounds.
The teams were always made from four contestants.
Radio pundit and general intellectual bloke Robert Robinson fired the questions. Novelties included close-up photo questions, simple number and word games, and ultra lo-tech pieces of black and white cardboard that "animated" to reveal the answers for picture puzzles.
The idea of this puzzle was to realise that 1+2+3...+100 is the same as 50 pairs of 101, therefore the total is 5050.
Not the BBC at its most dynamic, but it must have gone down well in Godalming and Cheedle.
We meet again
An unexpected remake was made in 1999, a co-production between UKTV and the BBC. The mix of questions was essentially the same hotch-potch of numbers, words, and whatever else came to hand. Naturally, the first person you'd think of to host a quiz is a gardener...?
But don't worry, for Alan Titchmarsh is an affable and witty enough host without crossing the line into Richard Whiteley "groandom".
New man on the block, Alan Titchmarsh, with series winners, the Morgans
The format was spruced up for the Nineties. First of all, a computer (what? technology?) had been introduced to help with the scoring and the puzzles. However, some things never change. The set was as compact as ever, and there was still no room (nor need, frankly) for a studio audience. The ultimate prize was a multimedia PC for the family. Runners-up got Ask The Family mugs each with their own names stamped on them.
Alan Titchmarsh
Shows in this revival first went out on UK Gold during weekend teatimes. It was repeated on BBC2 during weekdays, with the final scheduled for 15 October. Over-running golf caused the final to be postponed, and it eventually went out three weeks later on 12 November.
The brand spanking new set
Puzzles galore
The same varied mix of questions, written by Toby Freeman (a veteran question writer of many a quiz show, most notably the excellent Wipeout ) was used in this 90s version. They ranged from straightforward general knowledge questions, to lateral thinking groaners, to dynamic picture-based puzzles.
One major change was that the questions are worth 20 points to begin with, but this was reduced the longer it takes for the teams to buzz in.
Here's a representative sample of the visual questions used:
(top left) What word precedes all the other words?
(top right) What object is this?
(middle left) Who is this?
(middle right) An appropriate (or "cognate") anagram
(bottom left) A pelmanism "pick a pair" game in progress
(bottom right) A traditional IQ logic question
We meet again, again
The latest incarnation was broadcast on BBC2, and was widely hyped as the first primetime outing for Dick'n'Dom out of Da Bungalow . The BBC claimed it would appeal to everyone from kids to grannies. The truth is rather more frank than that - this is really a kids show at teatime, and as such its appeal is going to be very limited. This was certainly the case with the ratings, with 0.7m (4% share) as a typical showing against a more usual 2m for this slot. And as well as the viewers voting with their feet (or, rather, remote control buttons) it's received a critical mauling too.
So what's gone wrong? Mainly it falls between far too many stools that it only ends up appealing to 10-year-old fans of Dick and Dom who don't particularly like quiz shows. The questions lurch around from fairly entertaining to bog standard pub quiz. The comedy sketches are woefully unfunny (possibly even for D&D fans), in particular the comedy schtick of chasing the pretty hostesses which, as any comedy writer knows, never works as good as it looks on paper. Only the marvellous Dave Chapman comes out with any inspired laughs, particularly with his character of Tiddler, an expert who asks questions from the old Ask the Family.
To be fair, there are some good changes - there are some nice references back to the original series, there are far more questions aimed at the children (or "the little people" as they are referred to here), and there's no dull, minute-long clips of classical music.
About 10 shows into the series, a few sensible tweaks were put in (surnames on the desks, a proper scoreboard) which have certainly helped, although one of the things we liked about the new version - the brave crash start straight into Question One - was mysteriously dropped.
The final end game - Have Your Cake and Eat It - involves a chaotic cavalcade of cake scoffing after correct answers are given, with the family that are behind having one more slice of cake, thus making the size of the winning side's lead irrelevant. This too was later tweaked so that between one and five extra slices were added depending on the size of the points deficit. The whole thing is played purely for laughs with no sense of progress through the series.
In all, it's a bit of a culture shock and one wonders if this couldn't have been handled a bit better. Sure, things had to be updated but it looks like the balance between comedy and quiz has been misjudged. Shame.
Catchphrases
(Robert Robinson): "Ah, would that it were - would that it were!"
"...Now, this is a question for father and elder child only..." - or, "mother and younger child only", or whatever.
That's it! (the sign off during the Dick'n'Dom run, or aptly for the final episode - That is most definitely it!)
Inventor
Patricia Owtram, who was none too happy over the 2005 remake. In a letter to the Daily Telegraph she wrote:
"I was appalled that, in a programme in which small girls took part, there were so many jokes about willies and so much sexy cuddling between a presenter and an over-excited mother. I sound like a Grumpy Old Producer. I probably am. If the BBC was going to take someone's idea, make it over, use excerpts from it, repeat selected programmes, and devote airtime to knocking them down, it might have been a courtesy to tell the deviser that this was going to happen."
And there's more. In the same paper, Rosalind Gold (researcher/director/producer, 1968-1982) writes:
"Sir - I must concur with my colleague Patricia Owtram - watching Dick and Dom's Ask the Family is like witnessing your favourite aunt prostituting herself for a cheap thrill. Robert Robinson used to present the programme with wit, good humour and elegance: the families, selected for their intelligence and all-round ability, were allowed to shine.
"But the families in Dick and Dom's version serve only as stooges, willing props providing support for two capering dimwits who have nothing to offer but vulgarity. The whole farrago is an insult to the old programme, to the viewers and, if they could only realise it, to the families now unwisely taking part."
Theme music
The familiar twangy Indo-Greek music is "Acka Raga" by Joe Harriott and John Mayer. A remixed version is used for the 2005 show. The tune was also heavily sampled on Mint Royale's minor hit of a few years back, "From Rusholme With Love" (itself often used as background music on countless other TV shows).
The 1999 revival used "Sun Ride" by John Leach, which had also been used for some of the later Robert Robinson series, but the last two Robinson series used 'Maple Leaf Rag' by Scott Joplin, which added a more cheerful touch to the programme.
Trivia
The man who operated the illustrated questions in the original version of the show was called Eric.
In a later interview on LBC [1] , Dick and Dom said the show was "totally the wrong vehicle for us and really badly done", "an awful programme", "absolutely shoddy" and "the biggest load of tat that we've ever, ever done." We wouldn't disagree.
One very bizarre aspect of the programme was that there were regular questions for 'father and elder child only' and 'mother and younger child only'. Quite how (and why) they came up with questions for said pairs of family-members was never explained - although one can understand that questions for 'fathers only', 'mothers only' and 'children only' would be logical - and generally were.
Question writers for the show were paid £1.50 per teaser, quaintly paid with a bundle of postal orders.
The middle class image of the show is perhaps a little unfair. Producer Cecil Korer explains: "My one regret is that I could never convince families other than white middle class viewers to take part. How different it would be now."
A number of families who had appeared on the original version of 'Ask The Family' appeared in a programme remembering the show, screened on BBC2 in 2005. Several of them revealed that Robert Robinson had been, in their words, 'very much a man of his time', always addressing the parents as 'Mr' or 'Mrs' and the kids as 'Young Thompson' or whatever. One such family said that, before their recording, they went to the BBC canteen to get some lunch and saw Robinson sitting at a table eating his lunch in solitary splendour and, of course, they didn't dare approach him, despite the fact that they would soon be meeting him proper. However, when it came to the recording, he would apparently enter the studio, sit down at his desk and get on with the show straightaway, barely even greeting the families or introducing himself. At the same time, though, it should be acknowledged that Robinson was a highly competent and efficient host and, despite his generally serious demeanour, he did show a good deal of (dry) wit and humour, something that he showed even more of while hosting Call My Bluff .
The winners of the second series, The Walkingtons, were invited by CBC to play against a team from Canada in Toronto. The Walkingtons won.
A winners-versus-winners series was planned for Dick'n'Dom's run but their disastrous solitary series put pay to that.
Web links
| Robert Robinson |
Who became the first socialist Prime Minister of Greece in 1981? | TVARK | Gameshows A-F
101 Ways To Leave A Gameshow
2010
I didn't know that there were 101 different ways to leave a gameshow. Did you?
3-2-1
1978 Yorkshire Television 3-2-1, one of the biggest game shows of the Late 70's and 80's, hosted by the late Ted Rogers.
Various sets of titles here from 1978 to 1987.
321
1985
Still going strong in 1985, the Yorkshire Television-produced gameshow, which had clues which were impossible to solve, introduced the world to Dusty Bin, who was given away as the booby prize. Apparently the 3-2-1 title comes fro the fact that the programme was seen to be three shows in one - part gameshow, part quizshow and part entertainment show.
3-2-1
15 to 1
2001
William G Stewart, who earlier in his career was a successful TV Producer, is now seen in front of the camera presenting the daily Channel 4 Quiz.
Gameshows - A
The Adventure Game
1980-1986
The adventure game was set on the planet Arg. Celebrities were transported to Arg and had to work out various puzzles to get back to earth.
The Adventure Game
The Adventure Game
1980-1986
The adventure game was set on the planet Arg. Celebrities were transported to Arg and had to work out various puzzles to get back to earth.
All Clued Up
1988
The theme seems to be unsure of its tempo and quite frankly all over the place. TVS produced this popular gameshow until they lost their franchise in 1992. David Hamilton was the host.
All Star Mr & Mrs
2010
Revived by ITV in 2010, the This Morning double-act of Fern Britton and Phillip Schofield are the hosts.
Ant & Dec's Gameshow Marathon
Argumental
2009
A Panel Game where John Sargeant presides over two teams of comedians arguing about topics. The audience decides the winners of the arguments set by the teams captained by Rufus Hound and Marcus Brigstocke.
Ask No Questions
1987 Yorkshire Television
Quiz show with John Junkin and Carol Vorderman. Networked, but at different times of the day, mostly at 17.15 (6 days a week). TVS, weekly on Thursdays!
Here's the BB9 Celebrity BB titles.
Right clip - BB9 break bumper
Big Brother 10
Big Brother
2010
Ratings for Big Brother fell over the years and Channel 4 decided that enough was enough and bosses decided to say goodbye to Big Brother after this final, eleventh, series.
The Biggest Game In Town
2001
Live from Granada TV in Manchester
Blankety Blank
1986
Les Dawson took over from Terry Wogan as host in 1984 as we present the 1986 Christmas edition of Blankety Blank.
Blankety Blank
1988
Les Dawson replaces the original host Terry Wogan. Famous for it's funny microphone on a stick, and its blankety blanks
Blind Date
Blind Date
1990
The original dating show was part of ITV's Saturday night line-up for many years, hosted throughout its entire run by Cilla Black.
Blockbusters
1991 Central Television
Blockbusters was produced by Central for the ITV network from 1983 to 1993. The show was hosted by Bob Holness.
The excellent theme is by Ed Welch.
Blockbusters
Here's the very last edition of Blockbusters.
left clip - opening titles featuring some Carlton continuity at the start
right clip - It's goodbye from Blockbusters and the final end credits
The Book Game
Bob's Full House
26.12.1984
Bob's Full House was a quiz show based around Bingo. It was hosted by Bob Monkhouse.
Bob's Full House
The second clip is a different programme close from 1987
Brainwave
1990
This quiz was part of the BBC's Daytime UK Line-up - Daytime UK was the umbrella title for BBC1's morning programmes for the 1990/91 period - and was presented by Andy Craig.
Britain's Got Talent
2010
ITV's other talent show which runs through the spring is equally as popular as The X Factor and delivers similar audience figures. Ant and Dec are the hosts.
Bruce Forsyth & The Generation Game
1972 BBC Television
One of the biggest entertainment shows of the 1970's, The Generation Game was a massive hit. This is a set of titles from the 1972 series, which started with a compilation of highlights from the previous series. The credits from the same programme, featuring an extended version of the theme tune, sung by Brucie.
Bruce Forsyth & The Generation Game
1975 BBC Television
The titles from 1975 and It's nice to see you ... To see you NICE!
The end of the show and Didn't they do well!!!
Bruce Forsyth's Generation Game
Bruce Forsyth is back in 1991 with The Generation Game
The Bubble
2010
A comedy-based gameshow in which three celebrities are quizzed about current events after being cut off from the outside world for a few days.
Bullseye
It's Bullseye from ATV in 1981
Bullseye
Bullseye (Christmas)
1984
It's a Bullseye! And a Christmas one at that. Join Jim Bowen and the team for some festive spirit from Central in 1984.
Gameshows - C
Call My Bluff
1960s
Here's the earliest edition of the classic wordplay game we have,complete with that theme tune, with team captains Frank Muir and Alan Melville being kept in order by chairman Robin Ray. Alan Melville was an established theatre actor who later turned author and comedy writer. Frank Muir was a comedy writer and raconteur who wrote "Whack-O" and other radio and tv comedys with Denis Nordern. Robin Ray, son of music hall comic Ted Ray, was an actor musician and broadcaster.
Call My Bluff
1980s
Some BBC2 continuity about the upcoming film "Caddyshack" leads into this episode, with Robert Robinson in the chair and Frank Muir still as a team captain. Theme tune appears to have be reworked too.
Call My Bluff
1994
The programme was resurrected for a one-off edition to celebrate BBC2's 30th anniversary. Robert Robinson and Frank Muir took part although Joanna Lumley captained the other team as Arthur Marshall had died since the last series had ended.
Call My Bluff
1998
An update to the theme here, now with Bob Holness as chairman, and humourist and writer Alan Coren and comedienne Sandi Toksvig as team captains.
Catch Phrase
The long-running visual puzzle game where you "say what you see", hosted by Roy Walker.
right clip is from 1989
Catch Phrase
Chain Letters
1987
Chain Letters was a word puzzle based gameshow presented originally by Jeremy Beadle. Other hosts were Andrew O'Connor, Allan Stewart, Ted Robbins, Vince Henderson and Dave Spikey. The show ran from 1987 to 1995.
Challenge Anneka
1989-1994 BBC Television
Anneka Rice was challenged (hence the title) to various kindly acts within a tight time scale. A fabulous animated title sequence with music by David Mindel.
right clip is the longer version of the titles.
Challenge Anneka
2006
ITV remakes Challenge Anneka for a one off special. The titles are remade, but use the same iconic theme tune, designed by Ian Bate of 422 Manchester.
Cluedo
1992
Quiz show based on the popular board game. �Richard Madeley is your host. �Other hosts were James Bellini and Chris Tarrant. �Actors who have played the characters were Stephanie Beacham, Rula Lenska, Kate O'Mara, Derek Nimmo, Toyah Wilcox, Ian Lavender, Joan Sims, David McCallum, Koo Stark, Susan George, Christopher Biggins, Tom Baker, Lewis Collins, Pam Ferris, Lysette Anthony, Joanna Lumley, Liz Smith, Leslie Grantham, Nicholas Parsons, John Bird, Jerry Hall, Robin Nedwell, Richard Wilson, Mollie Sugden and June Whitfield.
The Colour of Money
2009
Chris Tarrant originally presented this show on radio, but was brought to TV in 2009. �Players have to choose ten of the coloured boxes which all contain random amounts from �1,000 - �20,000, but you don't win the money unless you shout STOP. �Players have to reach a target of at least �50,000 using the ten boxes they have selected. �If you don't say stop, the money is lost. �Make your target, you win the money.
Computer Challenge
1986
I think you'll agree that the theme tune for this electronic business game is very much of its time.
Concentration
Nick Jasckson presents Concentration. This clip features some HTV Wales continuity at the beginning.
Nick is now a voiceover artist, visit his website www.nickjacksonsvoice.com
Connections
Connections was originally hosted by Sue Robbie, followed by Bob Carolgees and Richard Madeley.
Countdown
Criss Cross Quiz
1957-1967 Granada Television
Criss Cross Quiz was televisions first game show based on Noughts and Crosses. The original quiz master was Jeremy Hawk. Jeremy was replaced by Barbera Kelly in 1963
Crosswits
Crosswits was a cryptic crossword based gameshow presented by Tom O'Connor.
Crosswits
A later edition of Crosswits here from 1991.
The Cube
Phillip Schofield asks if you have what it takes to beat The Cube?
Gameshows - D
Dale's Supermarket Sweep
1999
The opening and closing sequences from the outrageously camp Supermarket Sweep. This daytime programme made Dale Winton a household name.
Dance X
2007
One of the BBC's attempts to challenge ITV's dominance in studio-based entertainment challenge formats was Dance X, hosted by Ben Sheppard.
Dancing On Ice
2010
Another studio-based entertainment challenge format was Dancing on Ice. One again, ITV got Phillip Schofield to host the show, this time with Holly Willoughby.
Deal or No Deal
2007
"22 boxes, a quarter of a million pounds and just one question...... Deal or No Deal?" �Noel Edmonds is your host with the banker on the end of the phone. �The banker is mentioned on the end credits as himself, but it is rumoured that the banker is executive producer Glenn Hugill.
Divided
2010
Hosted by Andrew Castle, this quiz gets three people to agree on the answers but the contestants have to decide who gets the most money at the end of the show.
Don't Stop Believing
2010
The current trend on studio-based game/quiz show formats is to have the sound of the audience cheering throughout the entire opening titles, as is the case here with this Channel Five's version of the X-Factor/Britain's Got Talent format.
Deal or No Deal
A highbrow classical music-based gameshow where three celebrities Face the Music.
Face The Music
Family Fortunes
1980
Taken from the first series of the gameshow where family competes against family. Bob Monkhouse was the host. The jackpot for this original series was �1000 - a fortune in 1980.
Family Fortunes (close)
1983
Central Production. We don't have the opening titles, but here are the closing credits with Bob Monkhouse.
Family Fortunes
1987
After a break, Family Fortunes returns with a new look and a new host - Les Dennis.
Family Fortunes
Another new set of opening titles.
Family Fortunes
Les Dennis was still the host at the end of the nineties
Family Fortunes
2000
New titles for the 2000 series, still hosted by Les Dennis. Notice the fact that the families huddle together during the titles when they are being introduced before taking their place at the side of the set.
Family Fortunes
All Star Family Fortunes
2007
A new celebrity version of the show presented by Vernon Kay. �The revival was decided on after the popularity of the show after the final of Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon in 2005 was Family Fortunes (Vernon Kay was in that final, but lost to Carol Vorderman).
Famous People Famous Places
1992
Famous People Famous Places was a general knowledge gameshow presented by William G Stewart. The show was commissioned by Thames and was only transmitted locally.
The Feelgood Factor
2009
Three one-off specials designed to get people healthy and fit. �Presented by Eamonn Holmes and Myleene Klass. Clips are from the opening and end titles to the third and last show.
Fluke
1997
Apparently Tim Vine, the host of this Channel 4 game show, is 6 foot 2. I bet you didn't know that.
Film Buff Of The Year
1986
First Class
1986
The lushious Debbie Greenwood, two teams of high school kids (a 2nd year, a 4th year and a 6th year), the "Spinning Gold Disc" round, head-to-head button bashing games like Paperboy�and Track And Field as well as�a score-keeping BBC Micro called "Eugene" all form this quiz show from the late 80's.� The overall winners of the series won (wait for it) a BBC Micro for their school!� Shown on BBC1 just before the 5.30 news
Four Square
1988
Four Square was a puzzle/quiz game hosted by Michael Groth and then John Sachs. The series was originally produced at BBC Birmingham and later at Elstree.
Four Square
A very eighties theme tune introduced this particular "fast moving quiz game."
Four Square (Theme & Maze Music)
1989 BBC Television
The theme and incidental music was composed by Ian McKim and recorded at Toad Hall Studios (now closed), Pollokshaws Road, Glasgow. MP3s of the theme and maze music are available to download.
Friends Like These
2003
Gameshow from the early noughties presented by Ant and Dec, and later (as in this clip) by Ian Wright. 2 teams of 5 friends, one team male, the other female, compete in one-on-one challenges to win a holiday (usually to Ibiza funnily enough) for all 5 of the winning team. The final round was called "The Decider" where the 5 members of the winning team would answer questions individually about the person they thought they knew most in the team to win a place on the holiday. If they got it right, their chair went white, if not it went red. The ultimate test of friendship was whether the white chairs would risk it all for the sake of the red chairs and answer one more question. Get it right, they all went on the holiday, get it wrong, they all went home!
This page has been written and presented by Steve Hackett.
The information presented on this page has been researched by me on behalf of TV ARK and is offered in good faith, correct to the best of my knowledge. If any factual errors have appeared here inadvertently, then I would be delighted to hear from anyone wishing to offer corrections. All opinions expressed are my own and no offence is intended. Should they be a cause of concern or distress to any readers, please inform me immediately so that I can remove or amend them accordingly.
| i don't know |
Who carried the flag for Britain at the opening ceremony at the 2012 Olympic Games? | Murray to carry flag for Britain at Rio Olympics opening
Murray to carry flag for Britain at Rio Olympics opening
Pin it
Share
Britain's Andy Murray during a training session at the Olympic Tennis Center in Rio de Janeiro on August 2, 2016 (AFP Photo/Roberto Schmidt)
More
Rio de Janeiro (AFP) - Reigning Olympic and Wimbledon champion Andy Murray will be the flagbearer for Britain at the opening ceremony for the Rio Games, it was confirmed on Wednesday.
Murray, who triumphed at Wimbledon for the second time last month and won gold in London four years ago, is the first tennis player to lead Britain into an opening ceremony.
"To represent your country at the Games is an unbelievable experience, but to lead out Team GB will be an incredible honour, the biggest in sport," said Murray, 29, the world number two, adding that he was "very proud".
"This is my third Olympic Games and it is a very special competition for me. I obviously have great memories of London and I am 100 percent focused on winning here in Rio.
"The privilege of being the flagbearer is a moment I will remember for the rest of my life and will certainly be one of the highlights of my career."
The final selection of Murray was made by a panel headed by Team GB Chef de Mission Mark England, after Britain's athletes also had their say.
Decorated track cycling champion Chris Hoy led the British team out on home soil at London 2012.
"The conviction with which Andy spoke to me about the honour of carrying the flag only underlined why he is such an exceptional individual, and absolutely the right choice," said England.
The choice of Murray to be the flag-bearer was hailed by his long-time rival and world number one Novak Djokovic who performed the same duty for Serbia at the London Olympics in 2012.
"It's absolutely deserved," said Djokovic.
"He is a globally recognised tennis player and athlete who has done so much for Great Britain.
"He's won the Davis Cup and gold at the Olympics. He cares about playing for his country."
Reblog
| Chris Hoy |
What was the first name of former US First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt? | SuperSport - Olympics
Murray picked as Britain's flagbearer
03 August 2016, 19:52
Tweet
Reigning Olympic and Wimbledon champion Andy Murray will be the flagbearer for Britain at the opening ceremony for the Rio Games, it was confirmed on Wednesday.
Murray, who triumphed at Wimbledon for the second time last month and won gold in London four years ago, is the first tennis player to lead Britain into an opening ceremony.
"To represent your country at the Games is an unbelievable experience, but to lead out Team GB will be an incredible honour, the biggest in sport," said Murray, 29, the world No 2, adding that he was "very proud".
"This is my third Olympic Games and it is a very special competition for me. I obviously have great memories of London and I am 100 percent focused on winning here in Rio.
"The privilege of being the flagbearer is a moment I will remember for the rest of my life and will certainly be one of the highlights of my career."
The final selection of Murray was made by a panel headed by Team GB Chef de Mission Mark England, after Britain's athletes also had their say.
Decorated track cycling champion Chris Hoy led the British team out on home soil at London 2012.
"The conviction with which Andy spoke to me about the honour of carrying the flag only underlined why he is such an exceptional individual, and absolutely the right choice," said England.
© AFP
| i don't know |
Lanix is the largest domestically owned manufacturer of consumer and professional electronics in which country? | Lanix Reviews, Price Quotes, Problems, Support | Reviews | Spiceworks
Spam or objectionable content? Report this page.
Lanix Details
Lanix is a Mexican multinational electronics company based in Hermosillo, Mexico. It is Mexico's largest domestically owned electronics company, and sells a wide array of both consumer and professional electronics
| Mexico |
Who won a Gold Medal for Britain in the men’s 100 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona? | American Made Appliances - Consumer Reports
Which appliances are still American-made?
Consumer Reports News: April 19, 2011 06:00 PM
Some quintessential American names like GE, Walmart, Oracle and Caterpillar have been adding more jobs abroad while shedding them in the U.S., according this report in today’s Wall Street Journal . But Consumer Reports has found at least a few U.S. and foreign manufacturers that are still building fridges, stoves, and other home appliances right here.
Viking, Dacor, Thermador, Sub-Zero, and Wolf (which was acquired by Sub-Zero in 2000) are among the companies that produce most of their appliances in U.S. factories. “We’ve just bought a 400,000-square-foot manufacturing facility in Arizona,” Sub-Zero spokesman Paul Leuthe told Consumer Reports. “It’s a matter of keeping production here where our quality standards can be more closely monitored.”
While those brands also carry premium price tags, Whirlpool, Maytag (which is owned by Whirlpool) and GE are among the more-mainstream names that build appliances both stateside and overseas. And foreign-based manufacturers like Bosch and Electrolux also maintain factories in the U.S.
But that doesn’t mean everything these brands sell is actually made here. For instance, Whirlpool’s Cabrio and Vantage and Maytag’s Maxima and Bravos washers and dryers are made in Clyde, Ohio and Marion, Ohio. And all of Maytag’s top -compartment refrigerators, including French door models, are made in Amana, Iowa, while Whirlpool makes its Resource Saver dishwasher in Findlay, Ohio and some ranges in Tulsa, Oklahoma. But other lines and models can come from other places.
Nor is a fridge or dishwasher built in America necessarily American-made. Indeed, items labeled “Made in America” must have all their significant parts and processing of U.S. origin according to Federal Trade Commission rules . Otherwise, you may find them labeled with phrases like "Made in U.S.A of U.S. and imported parts" or “Assembled in U.S.A.”
What is or isn’t American-made is also a shifting landscape. A GE spokeswoman told Consumer Reports GE is investing $1 billion in new product lines made in Louisville, Kentucky, including front-loading washers and matching dryers, the GeoSpring hybrid water heater and French-door refrigerators. Additional investments in other refrigerator plants in Bloomington, Indiana, Selmer, Tennessee and Decatur, Illinois should make GE the largest domestic refrigerator manufacturer.
Germany’s Bosch produces dishwashers as well as cooking and laundry appliances for its own brand and its U.S.-based Thermador subsidiary in New Bern, South Carolina and La Follette, Tennessee. But the company plans to end U.S. production of its Vision line of washers and dryers this spring.
Frigidaire, which is owned by Sweden’s Electrolux, produces dishwashers for both brands at their Kinston, North Carolina, plant. Another factory in Anderson, South Carolina, builds 15- to 18-cubic foot top-freezer refrigerators and premium wine coolers. But all other refrigerators are built in Juarez, Mexico. Frigidaire’s freezers are built in St. Cloud, Minnesota, along with some of Electrolux built-in premium refrigeration products, though the company recently relocated washer and dryer production from Webster City, Iowa, to Juarez.
And at least a few jobs are coming back to the U.S. at the expense of Canadian workers. Production of Frigidaire gas and induction cooktops moves from L’Assumption, Quebec, to Memphis, Tennessee, in 2013.
Wherever your next appliance is made, our free buying guides and Ratings (available to subscribers) of appliances can help you make the best choice.
Check out this video with actor John Ratzenberg (who played the mailman Cliff Clavin in “Cheers”), who shares his feelings about keeping manufacturing jobs in the U.S. And feel free to share your view in the Comments field below.
—Gian Trotta
| i don't know |
What type of animal is a lechwe? | Lechwe
Lechwe
Citation: Gleanings, Knowsley Menagerie, 2:23.
Type locality: Bechuanaland (Botswana), Zoaga River (Botletle River), near Lake Ngami.
Click on the pictures above for a larger view of the photographs
General Characteristics
Body Length: 130-180 cm / 4.3-6 ft.
Shoulder Height: 85-110 cm / 2.8-3.6 ft.
Tail Length: 30-45 cm / 12-18 in.
Weight: 60-130 kg / 132-286 lb.
The long rough, greasy coat varies in colour with subspecies: bright chestnut (Red lechwe K. l. leche), red-brown (Kafue lechwe K. l. kafuensis), or black (Black lechwe K. l. smithemani). Males generally darken with age. The underparts, neck, chin, mouth and lips are white. The black-tipped tail has a bushy white "flag" on the underside. The foreleg has a black stripe. The body is long, with the hindquarters higher than the shoulders. The hooves are long and relatively narrow, as an adaptaion to the marshy environment. The elegantly swept back horns are found only in males, and grow 45-92 cm / 18-37 in. long. They are thin and back-slanted, with upturned tips, and are ridged along most of their length.
Ontogeny and Reproduction
Sexual Maturity: Females at 1.5 years, males at 2.5 years.
Life span: 15 years.
The majority of births occur in the dry season (July-October), although breeding has been noted throughout the year. The young lie up for several week safter birth before joining their mothers.
Ecology and Behavior
As with most antelope, the lechwe has peak activity times in the morning and late afternoon. Extremely at ease in the water, animals are regularly seen grazing in shoulder-deep water. They are good swimmers, but prefer to wade while walking on boggy ground. On solid land, their long, soft hooves are a disadvantage. Therefore, as seasonal floods and draughts occur, herds move in step with the water, grazing on the periphery of the floodplain. Generally, females and their young are found in the wetter areas, with males (whether solitary or in bachelor herds) inhabiting the drier zones. As vegetation grows plentifully in the floodplain environment, lechwe population densities may be extremely high - up to 200 individuals per square kilometer is some cases. No strict social system exists, and often the only lasting bonds are between a mother and her recent offspring. Due to the constant fluctuations in their habitat, male lechwe do not hold extended territories. Instead, 'lekking' is observed, with 20-200 males defending small patches (15-200 meters in diameter) within a common 'arena'. Each of these clusters is associated with a large herd of females. The smaller, centrally located patches are prone to intense competition due to greater reproductive success, and an individual rarely holds this area for more than a few days. When disturbed lechwe flee into the water via a series of ungainly bounds.
Family group: Loose mixed and single-sex herds of 400 or more animals.
Diet: Grasses, water plants.
Floodplains bordering swamps, rivers, and marshes in south-central Africa.
Range Map
(Redrawn from IEA, 1998)
Conservation Status
The lechwe is considered a low risk, conservation dependent species by the IUCN (1996). K. l. leche is classified as a low risk, conservation dependent subspecies, while both K. l. kafuensis and K. l. smithemani are vulnerable. K. l. robertsi is believed to be extinct. A major threat to lechwe is the building of hydroelectric dams which eliminates their seasonal floodplain habitat.
Remarks
The lechwe (pronounced "letsh-we" or "lesh-way") is the second most aquatic antelope after the sitatunga. Kobus (New Latin) from koba, an African name. Lechwe is a name of Bantu origin meaning an antelope.
Literature Cited
Alden, P. C., R. D. Estes, D. Schlitter, and B. McBride. 1995. National Audubon Society Field Guide to African Wildlife. New York: Chanticleer Press.
IEA (Institute of Applied Ecology). 1998. Kobus leche. In African Mammals Databank - A Databank for the Conservation and Management of the African Mammals Vol 1 and 2. Bruxelles: European Commission Directorate. Available online at http://gorilla.bio.uniroma1.it/amd/amd176b.html
Kingdon, J. 1997. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press, London and New York: NaturalWorld.
Nowak, R. M. [editor]. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World (Fifth Edition). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Walther, F. R. 1990. Reedbucks, waterbucks,.and impalas. In Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals. Edited by S. P. Parker. New York: McGraw-Hill. Volume 5, pp. 448-461.
Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder [editors]. 1993. Mammal Species of the World (Second Edition). Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. Available online at http://nmnhwww.si.edu/msw/
| Antelope |
What was the original state flower of US state Oklahoma? | Nile Lechwe | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants
San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants
ABOUT
Female Nile lechwe
Nile what? Most people in this part of the world have never heard of a Nile lechwe (pronounced LETCH-way or LEECH-wee). Lechwe belong to a family of African antelope known as Reduncines. Nile lechwe are native to the floodplains of the Nile River Valley. Most of the wild population lives in southern Sudan, with the remaining in western Ethiopia. The "Nile" part of their name tells you where they are from, but where in the world does the word lechwe come from? Lechwe is a Bantu word meaning antelope, a good name for the antelope calling the Nile River Valley home.
Even though their large horns can be used as weapons, male Nile lechwe often use them as back scratchers, reaching parts of their back female lechwes can only wish to scratch.
When it comes to dressing to impress, Nile lechwe take the cake. Males and females are the same color when born, but as they mature, the males change color and get much bigger. This difference in color and size within the same species is called sexual dimorphism. Males change from the blond coloring they are born with into a dark, chocolate brown with a blazing white patch on their shoulders as adults. But it isn’t just the females that take notice. It seems the flashy coat of the adult males denotes their status.
With such dramatic markings, male Nile lechwe do not blend in with their background as well as the females do. But because of where Nile lechwe live, this is not a problem. On the open savanna, an adult male would be an easy lunch for a lion. Yet in the dense vegetation provided by the swamps of the Nile, even a dark, handsome male Nile lechwe is camouflaged. As expected, all Nile lechwe are excellent swimmers.
SaveSave
HABITAT AND DIET
Living in an ecosystem with seasonal flooding, Nile lechwe have adapted to become aquatic antelope. One of the most obvious physical adaptations to their watery environment is their long hooves. Compared to other antelope species that prefer dry land, Nile lechwe have long, slender hooves. These hooves help them walk or run through their swampy, muddy home. While these long hooves are helpful for moving through the water, on dry land Nile lechwe tend to look clumsy. Male Nile lechwe also go to the water to fight, often submerging their locked heads.
Nile lechwe dine on the grasses and other vegetation found in their marshy native habitat. At the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, they eat high-fiber, copper-fortified pellets, and Bermuda and Sudan hay.
FAMILY LIFE
The Shilluk people of Sudan consider Nile lechwe to be “royal.” The animals are an important part of many sacred traditions within the culture.
Herd size for Nile lechwe can be from 50 to hundreds of individuals, depending on how much space is available. Both male and female Nile lechwe are social, with males often teaming up to chase other males away from the herd. Adult male Nile lechwe mark the shaggy “beard” running down their neck with urine. This declares their status to other males and females. It takes the male a lot of practice to mark himself in this unique way!
A single baby may be born from November to January. The mother hides her baby in a protected area away from the herd for its first two weeks. She defends her calf if other herd members come near. By five to six months of age, the youngster is weaned and the mother is ready for her next male suitor.
Antelope are not thought of as “talkative” animals. Yet Nile lechwe, like many other antelope species, produce vocalizations. Females often make a noise sounding like the combination of a frog's croak and a pig's snort. They also make a call directed just to their calf, and the calf has a special call they use to respond. Males produce a call somewhat like the female vocalization but with a bit more “snort” to it. This vocalization is often directed at other males during social interactions. Its purpose is not known.
AT THE ZOO
The San Diego Zoo acquired its first Nile lechwe in 1966, a pair of young adults. Today, the San Diego Zoo Safari Park has a herd of Nile lechwe in the East Africa field exhibit. View the herd from an Africa Tram, Caravan Safari, or Cart Safari tour.
CONSERVATION
The current number of Nile lechwe in the wild is unknown and the species is endangered. The last count of the wild population was in 1983. At that time the total number of individuals was between 30,000 and 40,000 animals. Since the 1980s, the people they share their habitat with have been in a state of turmoil. Cultural instability, the increasing use of firearms, and multiplying cattle encroaching have all harmed Nile lechwe. The most threatening is a hydroelectric dam built south of their native floodplains in Sudan. It will likely disturb the seasonal flooding Nile lechwe and many other species rely on.
Because of the political problems in Sudan, no field research has been done. Much of how Nile lechwe behave in the wild is unknown. Social stability is crucial for the people living in this beautiful country and for the creatures that inhabit it.
You can help us bring Nile lechwe back from the brink by supporting the San Diego Zoo Global Wildlife Conservancy . Together we can save and protect wildlife around the globe.
LIFE SPAN
Number of young at birth: 1
Weight at birth: Females average 12 pounds (5.6 kilograms); males average 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms)
Age of maturity: Females, 1.5 years; males, 3 years
SIZE
Length: Females, 4.2 to 5.6 feet (130 to 170 centimeters); males, 5.2 to 5.9 feet (160 to 180 centimeters)
Height: Females, 2.6 to 2.8 feet (80 to 85 centimeters); males, 3.2 to 3.4 feet (100 to 105 centimeters) tall at the shoulder
Weight: Females, 132 to 198 pounds (60 to 90 kilograms); males, 198 to 265 pounds (90 to 120 kilograms)
FUN FACTS
The Nile lechwe was originally named Mrs. Gray’s waterbuck by Dr. J. E. Gray, a curator at the British Museum, in honor of his wife.
| i don't know |
US actor, producer and director Nicolas Coppola is better known by what name? | Nicolas Cage - IMDb
IMDb
Actor | Producer | Soundtrack
Nicolas Cage was born in Long Beach, California, the son of comparative literature professor August Coppola (a brother of director Francis Ford Coppola ) and dancer/choreographer Joy Vogelsang. He is of Italian (father) and German, English, and Polish (mother) descent. Cage changed his name early in his career to make his own reputation, succeeding... See full bio »
Born:
a list of 26 people
created 05 Oct 2010
a list of 37 people
created 29 Jan 2012
a list of 22 people
created 29 Jun 2012
a list of 36 people
created 15 Jan 2015
a list of 31 people
created 11 months ago
Do you have a demo reel?
Add it to your IMDbPage
How much of Nicolas Cage's work have you seen?
User Polls
Won 1 Oscar. Another 42 wins & 60 nominations. See more awards »
Known For
National Treasure Benjamin Franklin Gates
(2004)
Kick-Ass Damon Macready / Big Daddy
(2010)
1981 Best of Times (TV Movie)
Nicholas (as Nicolas Coppola)
2001 Captain Corelli's Mandolin (performer: "O'Mio Babbino Caro")
2000 The Family Man (performer: "La La (Means I Love You)")
1995 Leaving Las Vegas (performer: "Ridiculous") / (writer: "Ridiculous")
1990 Wild at Heart (performer: "Love Me", "Love Me Tender")
1986 Peggy Sue Got Married (performer: "He Don't Love You" - uncredited)
Hide
2003 End of the Century (Documentary) (thanks - as Nicholas Cage)
Hide
2016 Evening Urgant (TV Series)
Himself
2016 Omg! Insider (TV Series)
Himself
2015 Ok! TV (TV Series)
Himself
2014 SXSW Flashback 2014 (TV Movie)
Himself
2004-2014 Live! with Kelly (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2010-2014 Made in Hollywood (TV Series)
Himself
2014 Good Morning America (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2013 Superheroes: From Page to Screen (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2013 This Morning (TV Series)
Himself
2013 Good Day L.A. (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2013 Vivir de cine (TV Series)
Himself
2013 Stolen: Cast and Crew Interviews (Video documentary short)
Himself
2013 The Making of 'Stolen' (Video documentary short)
Himself
2011-2012 ES.TV HD (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2012 The Making of 'Seeking Justice' (Video documentary short)
Himself
2012 Bambule - Das Magazin (TV Series)
Himself
2012 Entertainers with Byron Allen (TV Series documentary)
Himself - Guest
1992-2012 Saturday Night Live (TV Series)
Himself / Himself - Host
2011 Trespass: Inside the Thriller (Video documentary short)
Himself
2011 Scream Awards 2011 (TV Special)
Himself
2010-2011 Janela Indiscreta (TV Series)
Himself
2011 Jump Start Live (TV Series)
Himself
2011 Close Up (TV Series)
Himself - Interviewee
2010 Lopez Tonight (TV Series)
Himself
1990-2010 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series)
Himself
2010 Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2009 At the Movies (TV Series)
Himself
2009 Días de cine (TV Series)
Himself
2009 Le grand journal de Canal+ (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2009 The Movie Loft (TV Series)
Himself
2008 NT2: Set in History (Video documentary short)
Himself
2008 NT2: Crafting the Presidents' Book (Video documentary short)
Himself
2008 NT2: Creating the London Chase (Video documentary short)
Himself
2008 NT2: On Location (Video documentary short)
Himself
2008 NT2: Secrets of a Sequel (Video documentary short)
Himself
2008 NT2: Underground Action (Video documentary short)
Himself
2008 Eigo de shabera-night (TV Series)
Himself
2008 The Directors (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2007 Wetten, dass..? (TV Series)
Himself
2007 Making the Best Next Thing (Video documentary short)
Himself
2007 Weekend Sunrise (TV Series)
Himself
2007 Ghost Rider: Comic-Con 2006 (Video documentary short)
Himself
2006-2007 HypaSpace (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2006-2007 Corazón de... (TV Series)
Himself
2006 Visual and Special Effects (Video documentary short)
Himself
2006 Movie Rush (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2002-2006 Charlie Rose (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2006 Extended Outlook: The Script (Video documentary short)
Himself
2006 Relative Humidity: The Characters (Video documentary short)
Himself
2005 El Magacine (TV Series)
Himself
2005 'National Treasure' on Location (Video documentary short)
Himself
2004 National Treasure Uncovered (TV Movie)
Himself
2004 John Travolta: The Inside Story (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
1996-2003 Intimate Portrait (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2003 Tinseltown TV (TV Series)
Himself
2003 Windtalkers: Fly-On-the-Set Scene Diaries (Video documentary short)
Himself
Himself - Nominee: Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy
2003 Biography (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1996-2002 Howard Stern (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
Himself - Presenter: Best Actress in a Supporting Role
2000-2001 Gomorron (TV Series)
2000 2000 MTV Movie Awards (TV Special documentary)
Himself
2000 VH-1 Where Are They Now? (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2000 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards (TV Special documentary)
Himself
1999 HBO First Look (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1998 Bravo Profiles: The Entertainment Business (TV Mini-Series documentary)
Himself
1998 Making Angels (Video documentary short)
Himself / Seth
1997 Wild On... (TV Series)
Himself
1996 Most Unlikely Heroes (TV Special)
Himself
1996 Very Important Pennis (TV Series)
Himself
1996 Mundo VIP (TV Series)
Himself
1994 CBS This Morning (TV Series)
Himself
1994 Hi Octane (TV Series)
Himself
Himself - Nominee: Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Comedy / Musical
1992 Wogan (TV Series)
1990 The Word (TV Series)
Himself
Himself - Nominee: Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Comedy / Musical
Hide
2016 SLG Shot (TV Mini-Series)
Himself
- Left Behind (2016) ... Rayford Steele
- Sunrise (2014) ... Donald Kaufman / Charlie Kaufman
2012-2014 Leet Fighters (TV Series)
Edward Malus / Peter Loew / Terence McDonagh / ...
- Mojado Mexican (2014) ... Peter Loew / Edward Malus / Terence McDonagh
- Daring Death (2013) ... Edward Malus / Peter Loew
- Screwing School (2012) ... Peter Leow / Edward Malus
2013 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series)
Himself
2011 Saturday Night Live Backstage (TV Special documentary)
Himself
2010 Comedy Lab (TV Series)
Himself
2008 Del corto a Hollywood (TV Movie documentary)
Himself (uncredited)
2008 Oscar, que empiece el espectáculo (TV Movie documentary)
Himself (uncredited)
2007 Cannes, 60 ans d'histoires (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2007 City Confidential (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2006 The Curse of Superman (TV Movie documentary)
Himself (uncredited)
2005 Cinema mil (TV Series)
Himself
2004 101 Biggest Celebrity Oops (TV Special documentary)
Himself - #28 Francis Ford Coppola casts Sofia in Godfather 3
2004 Bully & Rick (TV Series)
Himself
2003 Celebrities Uncensored (TV Series)
Himself
2003 E! True Hollywood Story (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2003 Love Chain (TV Series)
Himself
2002 Sendung ohne Namen (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1999 Biography (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1994 100 Years at the Movies (TV Short documentary)
Himself
TV commercials in Japan for Sankyo pachinko machines (1999) See more »
Publicity Listings:
2 Biographical Movies | 1 Print Biography | 1 Portrayal | 34 Interviews | 43 Articles | 8 Pictorials | 42 Magazine Cover Photos | See more »
Alternate Names:
Did You Know?
Personal Quote:
Halloween is a great holiday for any actor if you think about it. It's all about dress-up and playing characters. So yeah, it's always had a special place for me. See more »
Trivia:
Owns homes in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Las Vegas, New Orleans, New York City and in one in Middletown, Rhode Island, which he purchased in 2007. See more »
Trademark:
Sharp dark, pointy eyebrows and striking blue eyes. See more »
Nickname:
| Nicolas Cage |
The Kladdkaka (or chocolate mud cake) originated in which country? | Nicolas Cage Alice Kim - Nicolas Cage Net Worth
Nicolas Cage Alice Kim
Read more...
Nicolas Cage
Nicolas Cage Net Worth is $18 Million. Nicholas Cage is one of America's best-known and most successful actors, a man whose net worth of $18 million. He was born on January 7, 1964 in Long Beach, California and was given the name Nicholas Kim Coppola. Nicolas Cage (born Nicolas K...
Nicolas Cage Net Worth is $18 Million.
Nicolas Cage Net Worth is $18 Million. Nicholas Cage is one of America's best-known and most successful actors, a man whose net worth of $18 million. He was born on January 7, 1964 in Long Beach, California and was given the name Nicholas Kim Coppola Nicolas Cage is an Academy Award-winning American actor, producer and director, having appeared in over 60 films including Raising Arizona , The Rock , Face/Off , Gone in 60 Seconds , Adaptation , National Treasure , Lord of War , Ghost Rider , Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans , Kick-Ass , and Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance .
Cage was born Nicolas Kim Coppola on January 7, 1964 in Long Beach, California. His father, August Coppola, a professor of literature, and his mother, Joy Vogelsang, a dancer and choreographer, divorced in 1976. He was raised in a Catholic family. Cage's mother is of German descent and his father was of Italian descent. His paternal grandparents were composer Carmine Coppola and actress Italia Pennino, and his paternal great-grandparents were immigrants from Bernalda, Basilicata. Through his father, Cage is the nephew of director Francis Ford ...
| i don't know |
Pelo is Spanish for which part of the body? | Names of Body Parts in Spanish
stomach (internal organ) — el estómago
thigh — el muslo
toe — el dedo (See Note 1)
tongue — la lengua
tooth — el diente, la muela
continue reading below our video
What are the Seven Wonders of the World
Grammar of Body Parts
Names of body parts are used much the same in Spanish as in English — but with one significant difference. In Spanish, names of parts of the body are frequently preceded by the definite article (el, la, los or las, meaning "the") instead of possessive adjectives (such as mi for "my" and tu for "your"). In most cases, the possessive adjective is used only where the context doesn't make clear whose body is being referred to.
¡Abre los ojos! (Open your eyes!)
¡Cierre la boca! (Shut your mouth!)
Él bajó la cabeza para orar. (He bowed his head to pray.)
The possessive adjective is used when needed to avoid ambiguity.
Me gustan tus ojos. (I like your eyes.)
Acerqué mi mano a su cabeza. (I moved my hand close to his head.)
Although English often omits the definite article when referring to body parts, they are usually retained in Spanish when a possessive adjective isn't used.
Tengo el pelo negro. (I have black hair.)
Prefiero los ojos verdes. (I prefer green eyes.)
Notes
1. El dedo can refer to either a finger or a toe. If necessary to distinguish, you can use el dedo de la mano or el dedo del pie, respectively.
2. Mano is one of the very few Spanish nouns ending in -o that is feminine.
3. Some of these terms are used for humans but not for other animals (or not as frequently). For example, el hocico and el pescuezo are often used to refer to the nose and neck of animals, respectively.
| Hair |
In March 2013, an English Heritage Blue Plaque was unveiled to commemorate which iconic design by Harry Beck on the 80th anniversary of its first public appearance? | Body Parts in Spanish
Your Friendly Guide To Learning Spanish!
Body Parts in Spanish
L et's learn the body parts in Spanish.
The easiest way to learn the parts of the body in Spanish is by dividing the body into its main 3 parts:
Head (La cabeza),
Limbs (Las extremidades).
The drawing above has several legends.
I'll go through them one by one, and include audio playable buttons to help you with the pronunciation.
The Head and Face in Spanish
El hombre tiene una cabeza.
The man has a head.
En la cabeza están la cara, el pelo o cabello, y las orejas.
On his head he has a face, hair, and ears.
Note: Pelo y cabello are used as synonimous in Spanish.
However, cabello is the correct word, as pelo is actually the word for body hair, or anymal fur.
En la cara, el hombre tiene los ojos, la nariz, la boca.
On the face, the man has eyes, a nose, and a mouth.
El hombre tiene dos ojos.
The man has 2 eyes.
El hombre tiene una nariz.
The man has a nose.
El hombre tiene dos orejas y dos oídos.
The man has two ears.
The words orejas and oídos can be used interchangeably. But, stricktly speaking, orejas means " ears", and oídos means "ear holes". In general speech, both words mean approximately the same.
El hombre tiene una boca.
The man has a mouth.
En su boca tiene dos labios, dientes y una lengua.
The man has two lips, teeth and a tongue in his mouth.
The Torso and Limbs in Spanish
La cabeza se une al resto del cuerpo con el cuello.
The heads joins the rest of the body through the neck.
Bajo el cuello esta el tronco.
Below the neck there is the torso.
El frente del tronco tiene el pecho y el abdomen ó estómago.
The front of the torso has the chest and the abdomen or stomach.
En la parte trasera del tronco esta la espalda.
The back is at the rear side of the torso.
El hombre tiene dos brazos.
The man has two arms.
El hombre tiene dos manos.
The man has two hands.
El hombre tiene dos piernas y dos pies.
The man has two legs and two feet
I will include an advanced page on body parts in Spanish very soon. Watch this space.
Relevant Links
| i don't know |
A foehn is what type of weather condition? | Weather Facts: Föhn (foehn) wind | weatheronline.co.uk
Weather Facts | Wind of the World | Climate of the World | Weather Lore | Weather Brains | Philip Eden | Oil spill | Fukushima | Volcanic ash | Video
Föhn (foehn) wind
The föhn (German) is a generic term for warm strong and often very dry downslope winds that descend in the lee of a mountain barrier. Originally applied to winds in the European Alps region, the term is now used for all similar winds. Föhn type winds (such as the chinook or the helm wind) are known for their rapid temperature rise, their desiccating effect and the rapid disappearance of snow cover .
The usual situation is this: A weather system is moving across a mountain range.
(1) Relatively stable, mild (e.g 20°C) but moist air starts at sea-level and has to cross the 3000m-mountain range situated parallel to it. The air is now forced to ascend and to glide up and over the windward mountain slopes. While initially decompressing and thus cooling at the dry adiabatic lapse rate of 1°C/100m, the air will eventually become saturated and the water vapour will condensate. Thus clouds will form and rain is setting in. The height where this happens is called condensation-level (at 600m a.s.l. in our example).
(2) Condensation releases heat and the further lifted air will cool somewhat slower now, lets say at a typical rate between 0.5 and 0.65°C/100m. This is called the wet or saturated adiabatic lapse rate. Once over the the mountain crest, the air will also have reached it's lowest temperature - somewhat around 1°C in our example.
(3) A so-called lee wave forms downwind of the obstacle. The downward motion of th e in itial wave forces the now-dry air to plummet from relatively high levels to the foothills, now warming by compression at the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Thus for every 100m drop in elevation, temperature raises 1°C again. The wind speed increases and the vigourous foehn storm can easily reach gale force.
(4) Air temperature on the lee-side is now significantly higher than the same air on the upslope side of the mountains.
A foehn like situation can last from less than an hour to several days. The high crest of the wave creates a distinctive elongated cloud parallel to the mountains, known as a föhn wall (aka. chinook arch or helm cloud). Further wave crests more distant to the obstacle form the popular lenticularis clouds .
Related features:
| Wind |
What relation to Peter the Great of Russia was Catherine I of Russia? | Climate of the World: Germany | weatheronline.co.uk
Climate of the World
Weather Facts | Wind of the World | Climate of the World | Weather Lore | Weather Brains | Philip Eden | Oil spill | Fukushima | Volcanic ash | Video
Germany
Germany's climate is moderate and has generally no longer periods of cold or hot weather. Northwestern and coastal Germany have a maritime influenced climate which is characterized by warm summers and mild cloudy winters. Most areas on the country's North Sea coast have midwinter temperatures about 1.5°C or even higher. Farther inland, the climate is continental , marked by greater seasonal variations in temperature, with warmer summers and colder winters. Temperature extremes between night and day and summer and winter are considerably less in the north than in the south. During January, the coldest month, the average temperature is about 1.5°C in the north and about -2°C in the south. In July, the warmest month, it is cooler in the north than in the south. The northern coastal region has July temperatures averaging between 16°C and 18°C; at some locations in the south, the average is almost 20°C or even slightly higher.
In addition to the maritime and continental climates that predominate over most of the country, the Alpine regions in the extreme south and, to a lesser degree, some areas of the Central German Uplands have a so-called mountain climate . This climate is characterized by lower temperatures because of higher altitudes and greater precipitation caused by air becoming moisture-laden as it lifts over higher terrain. An occasional condition in the Alps is called "föhn", or warm wind. In this atmospheric condition, warm tropical air is drawn across the Alps and loses moisture on the southern slopes of the mountains. Sometimes this winds can be as strong as gales, and can cause damage, especially in late autumn and winter.
Especially in fall and winter strong atlantic low-pressure systems can bring gales and uncomfortable weather with showers, thunderstorms and heavy rain, especially in the western coastal parts and the mountainous regions of Germany; in summer times weaker low pressure systems can cause showery weather, and sometimes even (severe) thunderstorms . winters in Germany are generally mild, but can sometimes be harsh with heavy snowfall and temperatures far below zero, especially in the eastern, southern and mountainous regions.
Required clothing:
Lightweights with rainwear for summer, waterproof Medium- to Heavyweights for winter. A sweater is necessary almost any time of year.
Koeppen-Geiger classification:
The climate of Germany can be classified as Cfb Climate; a warm temperated humid climate with the warmest month lower than 22°C over average and four or more months above 10°C over average.
Advertisement
| i don't know |
Which Formula One Grand Prix Circuit has corners named Anthony Noghes and La Rascasse? | The Monaco Grand Prix - did you know?
The Monaco Grand Prix - did you know?
Share
Did you know that Monaco's hairpin is the slowest, tightest corner on the calendar? Or that Rubens Barrichello has recorded the most podiums in the Principality without a win? We bring you all the need-to-know stats, facts and trivia ahead of the Formula 1 Grand Prix de Monaco 2015 …
Graham Hill earned the nickname 'Mr Monaco' thanks to his five victories in the Principality
Monaco hosted the second round of the inaugural Formula One World Championship in 1950, the race being won by Juan Manuel Fangio in an Alfa Romeo. However, there was then a four-year gap before Formula One racing returned to Monte Carlo in 1955. The Monaco Grand Prix has remained on the calendar ever since, with only Monza having played host to more races.
Although the basic layout of the circuit has remained the same since the inaugural world championship race in 1950, several revisions have been made over the years, most notably in 1973 when the building of a swimming pool on the harbour front necessitated the use of a new section. The current final corners, La Rascasse and Anthony Noghes, were introduced in the same year in place of the Gasworks hairpin.
The circuit will be revised again for the 2015 race - very slightly. Minor realignment of Turns 12-14 (Tabac to the Swimming Pool) means this year’s lap will be 3m shorter than in 2014. As a result, Michael Schumacher’s lap record, which has stood since 2004, will change hands on Sunday.
Ayrton Senna secured his fifth Monaco win by the smallest margin in history - 0.215s
An extraordinary amount of equipment is required to turn Monaco’s ordinary roads into a fully-fledged race circuit. Included in that list is 33 kilometres of safety rails, 20,000 square metres of wire catch fencing, 3,600 tyres for tyre barriers and 1,100 tonnes of grandstand seating for spectators. Some 650 marshals are also stationed around the track on a race weekend.
Graham Hill was nicknamed ‘Mr Monaco’ for his five victories in the Principality, but it’s Ayrton Senna who holds the record for the most wins in Monte Carlo - six, including five consecutive victories from 1989 to 1993. Of course, were it not for an uncharacteristic crash at Portier 12 laps from the end of the 1988 race the great Brazilian would have seven victories to his name. Having finished second in 1984 and third in 1986, Senna also holds the record for most Monaco podiums with eight.
Nico Rosberg is going for his third successive Monaco win in this year’s race. The only other drivers to have won three or more in a row are Senna, Alain Prost and Graham Hill. Fernando Alonso is the only other multiple Monaco winner on the current grid, having won in 2006 and 2007. Kimi Raikkonen, Lewis Hamilton, Jenson Button and Sebastian Vettel have all won once.
In terms of manufacturers, no one has been as dominant in Monaco as McLaren, who have triumphed at the street track on 15 occasions. By contrast Ferrari have taken eight wins, but considerably more overall podium finishes (48 to McLaren’s 26).
Victory this year would make Nico Rosberg only the fourth man in history to win at Monaco three or more times in a row
Alonso’s 2007 win was achieved at an average speed of 155.551km/h (96.654 mph) - the fastest winning speed in Monaco history. The slowest winning speed - 98.700 km/h (61.329 mph) - came at the first race in 1950, though in the same event Juan Manuel Fangio recorded the joint biggest winning margin in Monaco history - one whole lap. Graham Hill and Denny Hulme also won by a lap, in 1964 and 1967 respectively. The smallest winning margin came in 1992 when Ayrton Senna beat Nigel Mansell by just 0.215s.
Rubens Barrichello holds the record for the most Monaco podiums without a win - five. Double world champion Jim Clark holds the record for most Monaco pole positions without winning the race - four. And Nigel Mansell holds the record for the most laps led in Monaco without ever winning - 104. Michael Schumacher - a five-time Monaco winner - holds the record for the most laps led in the Principality - 435.
As overtaking is so difficult at Monaco, it’s perhaps unsurprising that nine of the past ten races have been won from pole position (the only outlier being Lewis Hamilton’s win from third on the grid in 2008). However, pole hasn’t always been so important at the venue - in fact, the pole sitter has only emerged victorious 28 times in 61 races.
Olivier Beretta is one of just two Monegasque drivers to have raced in F1
Olivier Panis holds the record for winning from the lowest grid slot, having triumphed from 14th on the grid in 1996. The same race featured the lowest number of cars running at the flag - just four. Panis incidentally is one of three drivers whose only career wins came at Monaco. The other two are Jean-Pierre Beltoise (1972) and Jarno Trulli (2004).
Two drivers have represented Monaco in Formula One history - Olivier Beretta and Louis Chiron. Chiron took his one and only F1 podium finish on home soil in 1950, finishing third behind Fangio and Alberto Ascari. Aged 50, he remains the second oldest F1 podium finisher.
At 3.34 km, Monaco is not only the shortest circuit on the calendar, it can also boast the sport’s slowest, tightest corner. Turn 6 - the hairpin - is taken at around 50 km/h (31 mph) and requires the drivers to apply maximum steering lock in order to make it around.
Not surprisingly given the nature of the circuit, the safety car tends to make frequent appearances in Monaco. In fact, ten of the last 15 races have featured one or more safety-car periods. Last year there were two, both the result of collisions: the first when Sergio Perez spin and collided with Adrian Sutil and Romain Grosjean, and the second when Sutil lost control coming out of the tunnel and crashed at the chicane.
Recommended
| Monaco |
Folgate, Grosso, Fathead and Grappenhall are all varieties of which garden plant? | McLaren Formula 1 - 13 turns to test your Monaco know-how
13 turns to test your Monaco know-how
13 turns to test your Monaco know-how
Posted on Wednesday, 20 May 2015 11:20 (BST)
The Monaco Grand Prix is the most legendary race on the Formula 1 calendar.
It’s glitzy, glamorous and famously tough to drive thanks to the tight and twisty nature of the Monte-Carlo streets along which the circuit winds.
The track’s best-known corners – Casino, Mirabeau and La Rascasse to name a few – conjure up memories of classic races gone by. But where did their weird and wonderful names come from? We find out…
Sainte Devote
Turn One, Sainte Devote, takes after its namesake, Sainte Devote, a fourth century martyr and the patron saint of Monaco. A tiny chapel built in honour of the saint can be spotted behind the stands.
Beau Rivage
Literally meaning 'beautiful shore', it’s the name of the winding straight that climbs the hill up to Massenet. It offers the best view of the Monte-Carlo circuit.
Massenet
The stunning Opéra de Monte-Carlo overlooks this turn, named after French opera composer Jules Massenet. The race weekend sees a completely different type of opera dominate the soundwaves.
Casino
Named after the famous Casino de Monte-Carlo. It’s a little known fact that thanks to a 19th century law, the citizens of Monaco aren’t actually allowed to gamble at the casino.
Mirabeau Haute & Mirabeau Bas
The high (haute) and low (bas) Mirabeau corners top and tail the famous hairpin and are so-called thanks to the old Hotel Mirabeau nearby.
Grand Hotel Hairpin
The slowest corner on the F1 calendar taken at just 30mph, this corner takes on the name of the hotel that overlooks it. It’s variously been called the ‘Station’ and ‘Loews’ Hairpin.
Portier
One of Monaco's neighbourhoods next to the sea, and near this corner, is known as Le Portier. A "portier" or porter, in English, was an order of Roman Catholic college students. Ayrton Senna famously crashed here thus handing the win to his teammate (and rival), Alain Prost.
Tunnel
Possibly the best place to hear the roar of an F1 car. The exit of the tunnel is one of the only overtaking opportunities on the circuit and has witnessed many a crash over the years.
Nouvelle Chicane
Formally known as the Chicane du Port thanks to its location in Monaco’s yacht-filled harbour, the chicane was redesigned and renamed the Nouvelle "new" Chicane way back in 1986. So not so new, then…
Tabac
| i don't know |
In medicine which lotion is traditionally used to alleviate the symptoms of chicken pox? | Chickenpox | Prevention and Treatment | Varicella | CDC
Español: Prevención y tratamiento
Prevention
The best way to prevent chickenpox is to get the chickenpox vaccine. Children, adolescents, and adults should get two doses of chickenpox vaccine.
Chickenpox vaccine is very safe and effective at preventing the disease. Most people who get the vaccine will not get chickenpox. If a vaccinated person does get chickenpox, it is usually mild—with fewer red spots or blisters and mild or no fever. The chickenpox vaccine prevents almost all cases of severe disease.
For more information about chickenpox vaccine, see Vaccination .
For people exposed to chickenpox, call a health care provider if the person
has never had chickenpox disease and is not vaccinated with the chickenpox vaccine
is pregnant
has a weakened immune system caused by disease or medication; for example,
People with HIV/AIDS or cancer
Patients who have had transplants, and
People on chemotherapy, immunosuppressive medications, or long-term use of steroids
Treatments at Home for People with Chickenpox
There are several things that can be done at home to help relieve the symptoms and prevent skin infections. Calamine lotion and colloidal oatmeal baths may help relieve some of the itching. Keeping fingernails trimmed short may help prevent skin infections caused by scratching blisters.
Over-the-counter Medications
Use non-aspirin medications, such as acetaminophen, to relieve fever from chickenpox.
Do not use aspirin or aspirin-containing products to relieve fever from chickenpox. The use of aspirin in children with chickenpox has been associated with Reye’s syndrome, a severe disease that affects the liver and brain and can cause death.
When to Call the Health Care Provider
Some people are more likely to have a serious case of chickenpox. Call a health care provider if
the person at risk of serious complications:
is less than 1 year-old
is older than 12 years of age
has a weakened immune system
is pregnant, or
develops any of the following symptoms:
fever that lasts longer than 4 days
fever that rises above 102°F (38.9°C)
any areas of the rash or any part of the body becomes very red, warm, or tender, or begins leaking pus (thick, discolored fluid), since these symptoms may indicate a bacterial infection
extreme illness
difficult waking up or confused demeanor
difficulty walking
rash with bleeding or bruising (hemorrhagic rash)
Treatments Prescribed by Your Doctor for People with Chickenpox
Your health care provider can advise you on treatment options. Antiviral medications are recommended for people with chickenpox who are more likely to develop serious disease including
otherwise healthy people older than 12 years of age
people with chronic skin or lung disease
people receiving steroid therapy
pregnant women
Acyclovir, an antiviral medication, is licensed for treatment of chickenpox. The medication works best if it is given within the first 24 hours after the rash starts. For more information, see Acyclovir Treatment . Other antiviral medications that may also work against chickenpox include valacyclovir and famciclovir.
| Calamine |
In the human body what is a carotid? | Chickenpox
Chickenpox
Varicela
About Chickenpox
Chickenpox used to be a common childhood illness in the United States, especially in kids under age 12. It's much rarer now, thanks to the varicella vaccine that's given when kids are between 12 and 15 months old, followed by a booster shot at 4 to 6 years of age.
Caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), chickenpox is very contagious. Kids who do get it might have an itchy rash of spots all over the body and flu-like symptoms. An infected child should stay home and rest until the rash is gone.
Kids can be protected by getting the vaccine, which greatly reduces their chances of getting chickenpox. And vaccinated kids who do get chickenpox tend to have milder cases and quicker recoveries compared with those who get it and weren't immunized.
Symptoms
Chickenpox often starts with a fever, headache, sore throat, or stomachache. These symptoms may last for a few days, with the fever in the 101°-102°F (38.3°-38.8°C) range.
Chickenpox causes a red, itchy skin rash that usually appears first on the abdomen or back and face, and then spreads to almost everywhere else on the body, including the scalp, mouth, arms, legs, and genitals.
The rash begins as multiple small red bumps that look like pimples or insect bites, usually less than a quarter of an inch wide. They appear in crops over 2 to 4 days and develop into thin-walled blisters filled with fluid. The blister walls break, leaving open sores, which finally crust over to become dry, brown scabs. The rash is very itchy, and cool baths or calamine lotion may help to manage the itching.
A hallmark of chickenpox is that all stages (red bumps, blisters, and scabs) can appear on the body at the same time. The rash may be more extensive or severe in kids who have skin disorders like eczema or weak immune systems. Young kids tend to have a mild illness with fewer blisters than older children or adults.
In rare cases, serious bacterial infections involving the skin, lungs, bones, joints, and the brain can happen.
continue
Risk of Shingles
Anyone who has had chickenpox is at risk for developing a skin condition called shingles (herpes zoster) later in life. After someone has had chickenpox, the virus stays dormant (sleeping) in the nervous system for the rest of his or her life, even though the chickenpox goes away. The virus can reactivate ("wake up") later as shingles. Symptoms include tingling, itching, or pain in one area of the body, followed by a rash with red bumps and blisters.
Luckily, kids and teens almost always have mild cases; severe shingles cases usually affect older people.
Kids who are vaccinated against chickenpox are much less likely to develop shingles when they get older. If it does happen, the case of shingles is usually milder and less likely to cause complications than in someone who wasn't immunized.
Contagiousness
The chickenpox virus spreads both through the air (by coughing and sneezing) and by direct contact with mucus, saliva (spit), or fluid from the blisters. Chickenpox is contagious from about 2 days before the rash appears until all the blisters are crusted over.
A child with chickenpox should be kept out of school until all blisters have dried, usually about 1 week. If you're unsure about whether your child is ready to return to school, ask your doctor.
Chickenpox is very contagious — most kids with a sibling who's been infected also will get it (if they haven't already had the disease or the vaccine), showing symptoms about 2 weeks after the first child does. To help keep it from spreading, make sure your kids wash their hands often, particularly before eating and after using the bathroom.
People who haven't had chickenpox or the vaccine also can catch it from someone with shingles, but they cannot catch shingles itself. That's because shingles can only develop from a reactivation of VZV in someone who has previously had chickenpox.
previous continue
High-Risk Groups
Certain groups of people are more at risk for complications from chickenpox, including pregnant women and anyone with immune system problems. These groups should avoid anyone who has chickenpox.
If a pregnant woman who hasn't had chickenpox in the past develops it (especially in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy), the fetus is at risk for birth defects and the mother is at risk for more health complications than if she'd been infected when she wasn't pregnant. If she develops chickenpox just before or after the child is born, the newborn is at risk for serious health complications. There is no risk to a developing baby if the mother develops shingles during pregnancy.
If a pregnant woman has had chickenpox before the pregnancy, the baby will be protected from infection for the first few months of life, since the mother's immunity gets passed on to the baby through the placenta and breast milk.
Those at risk for severe disease or serious complications — such as newborns whose mothers had chickenpox at the time of delivery, patients with leukemia or immune deficiencies, and kids receiving drugs that suppress the immune system — may be given a medicine after exposure to chickenpox to reduce its severity.
Prevention
The chickenpox vaccine is 99% effective at preventing the VZV infection in kids. Doctors recommend that kids receive the chickenpox vaccine twice:
a first injection when they're 12 to 15 months old
a booster shot when they're 4 to 6 years old
People 13 years of age and older who have never had chickenpox or haven't gotten the vaccine should receive two doses of the vaccine at least 28 days apart to be protected. While few people who've been vaccinated actually develop chickenpox, those who do tend to develop very mild cases of the condition and recover quickly.
Healthy kids who have had chickenpox do not need the vaccine — they usually have lifelong protection against the illness.
Treatment
Since a virus causes chickenpox, doctors won't prescribe antibiotics to treat it. However, antibiotics may be required if the sores become infected by bacteria. This is pretty common among kids because they often scratch and pick at the blisters.
An antiviral medicine might be prescribed for people with chickenpox who are at risk for complications. The decision to use this will depend on a child's age and health, the extent of the infection, and the timing of the treatment. Your doctor can tell you if the medicine is right for your child.
Dealing With Discomfort
To help relieve the itchiness, fever, and discomfort of chickenpox:
Use cool wet compresses or give baths in cool or lukewarm water every 3 to 4 hours for the first few days. Oatmeal bath products, available at supermarkets and drugstores, can help to relieve itching. (Baths do not spread the rash.)
Pat (don't rub) the body dry.
Put calamine lotion on itchy areas (but don't use it on the face, especially near the eyes).
Serve foods that are cold, soft, and bland because chickenpox in the mouth can make drinking or eating difficult. Avoid feeding your child anything highly acidic or especially salty, like orange juice or pretzels.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist about pain-relieving creams to apply to sores in the genital area.
Give your child acetaminophen regularly to help relieve pain if your child has mouth blisters.
Ask the doctor about using over-the-counter medicine for itching.
Never use aspirin to reduce pain or fever in kids with chickenpox because aspirin has been associated with a rare but serious disease, Reye syndrome , which can lead to liver failure and even death.
As much as possible, discourage kids from scratching. This can be difficult for them, so consider putting mittens or socks on your child's hands to prevent scratching during sleep. Also, trim fingernails and keep them clean to help lessen the effects of scratching, including broken blisters and infection.
Most chickenpox infections don't need special medical treatment. But sometimes, there are problems. Call the doctor if your child:
has fever that lasts for more than 4 days or rises above 102°F (38.8°C)
has a severe cough or trouble breathing
has an area of rash that leaks pus (thick, yellowish fluid) or becomes red, warm, swollen, or sore
has a severe headache
is unusually drowsy or has trouble waking up
has trouble looking at bright lights
has difficulty walking
| i don't know |
In December 1937 which long-running children’s comic was first published in the UK? | British Comics Collection
British Comics Collection
Comics Unmasked: Art and Anarchy in the UK
2 May – 19 August 2014
Featuring such iconic names as Neil Gaiman (Sandman), Alan Moore (Watchmen, V for Vendetta), Grant Morrison (Batman: Arkham Asylum) and Posy Simmonds (Tamara Drewe), this exhibition traces the British comics tradition back through classic 1970s titles including 2000AD, Action and Misty to 19th-century illustrated reports of Jack the Ripper and beyond.
History of the Collection
British Library Newspapers has been receiving British comics via legal deposit since the 1870s, when Funny Folks (1874-1894) became the first publication to meet what would probably be the generally accepted definition of a comic. Originally designed as a pull-out supplement to the Weekly Budget, its publisher, James Henderson, soon realised he was on to a good thing and launched it as a weekly paper in its own right. Its success inspired the engraver and publisher, Gilbert Dalziel, to bring out what became the most famous and most popular of all Victorian comics, Ally Sloper's Half-Holiday (1884-1916).
Ally Sloper's Half Holiday 27 December 1884. Copyright © The British Library Board
Enlarge
Sub-titled 'Being a selection, side-splitting, sentimental, and serious, for the benefit of old boys, young boys, odd boys generally, and even girls', many of the cartoons are oblique comments on current events of the time and as such can be fairly incomprehensible to the present-day reader. Ally Sloper himself was rather a disreputable character, generally drunk, and recognisable by his characteristic red nose and battered top hat.
British and Irish comics continue to be received today via legal deposit.
Scope and highlights
The last decade of the 19th century saw a boom in comic publishing, beginning with Comic Cuts (1890-1953), another of the creations of the press baron, Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe). Part of its success was due to its unprecedentedly low price of one halfpenny, half the cost of its predecessors. Rival publishers soon brought out competitors to Comic Cuts which were similar in style and name, such as Funny Cuts (1890-1920), and Harmsworth responded with further titles of his own, such as Illustrated Chips (1890-1952). These titles followed fairly closely the format established by Funny Folks and there is little to distinguish one title from another.
Ally Sloper and his contemporaries were designed to be read and enjoyed by adults not children. Comics which were designed primarily for children were not published until the early years of the 20th century, the first being the Rainbow (1914-1956), although Puck (1904-1940), which began as an adult comic, gradually came to be aimed at a much younger readership. The success of the Rainbow was followed by the conversion of a number of failing adult comics into children's comics.
Comic Cuts 17 May 1890. Copyright © The British Library Board
Enlarge
Ally Sloper was the first comic strip hero and, before long, Harmsworth's comics began to introduce recurring characters who became heroes in their own right, such as Jack B. Yeats's detective, Chubb-Lock Homes, in Comic Cuts, and Tom Browne's tramps, Weary Willie and Tired Tim, in Illustrated Chips. Later Tiger Tim became the front page hero of Rainbow and continued into the 1980s in the pages of Jack and Jill (1954-1985). The earliest British comics held in the Newspaper collection were printed in black and white only (or occasionally black ink on coloured paper).
Puck was the first comic to print a substantial number of its pages in colour - another Harmsworth paper. The next revolution in comic production methods came in 1936 when Mickey Mouse Weekly (1936-1955) became the first comic to be printed in full colour photogravure.
Illustrated Chips 24 July 1909. Copyright © The British Library Board
Enlarge
The 1930s were undoubtedly the golden age of the comic, with a large number of titles in publication ranging from Tiny Tots (1927-1959), aimed at the 'nursery market', to Crackers (1929-1941) for older children. The boom culminated in the launch of the Dandy in 1937 and the Beano in 1938, both published by D.C. Thomson of Dundee, which introduced a new style of comic drawing. These remain among the most popular children's comics of all time, and the oldest still in publication. What makes the Dandy, for example, stand out from the myriad other comic titles which have been published this century is not only its longevity but the wealth of characters it introduced who have transcended their existence on the page and become national figures.
Examples are: Korky the Cat, who appeared on the front page from the first issue until 1984; Desperate Dan, whose recent prospective retirement was cancelled after extensive coverage in the national press; Black Bob, the sheepdog; Corporal Clott; Brassneck, the robot schoolboy; and strong girl Pansy Potter.
The Second World War years were bad ones for comics, with paper shortages killing off many of the famous pre-war titles and legal prohibitions against the launch of new ones, although British Library Newspapers still has significant holdings from this period.
Big Comic 4 July 1914. Copyright © The British Library Board
Enlarge
The silver age of the comic was the 1950s, epitomised by the Eagle (1950-1969), with its good-quality paper, full colour photogravure, excellent artwork and front-page hero, Dan Dare, by Frank Hampson, doing battle against the Mekon. Up until this time, comics had been aimed at both boys and girls, but a definite gender split began to open up, with the Eagle and Girl (1951-1964) clearly aimed at different markets.
Comics have always reflected the popular entertainment media of the time, with titles such as Film Fun (1920-1962) inevitably followed by TV Comic (1951-1984). Few comics published today, apart from the Dandy and the Beano, have been in existence for very long, two exceptions being sixties survivors, Buster (1960 to date) and Twinkle (1968 to date).
Accessibility and catalogues
British Library Newspapers has copies of all the comics recorded in the Select List of British Comics Held in the British Library Newspapers , as well as many others. All are indexed, both by title and by place of publication or distribution, in the Newspaper Library catalogue. To consult comics, readers need only to place an order in the usual way, listing titles and years required, to enable staff to retrieve the material they wish to read. All comics in the Newspaper Library are consulted on the Security Tables only in the Main Reading Room.
Little Sparks 27 August 1921. Copyright © The British Library Board
Enlarge
In addition to the Select List of British Comics , the open access reference shelves contain specialist catalogues and reference guides which will also help readers to locate relevant titles, before they check our own catalogues for holdings information:
Penny Dreadfuls and Comics: English Periodicals for Children from Victorian Times to the Present Day ([London]: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1983);
Alan Clark, Dictionary of British Comic Artists, Writers and Editors (London: British Library, 1998);
Denis Gifford, The British Comic Catalogue 1874-1974 (London: Mansell, 1975);
Denis Gifford, The Complete Catalogue of British Comics (Exeter: Webb & Bower, 1985);
Denis Gifford, Discovering Comics, 2nd edn (Princes Risborough: Shire, 1992); and
Dennis [i.e. Denis] Gifford, Happy Days: A Century of Comics (London: Bloomsbury Books, 1988).
Some other comics are held in the main British Library at St Pancras, notably Beezer, Bunty, Judy, Knockout, Lion, Magic, Radio Fun, and Tiger, and these may be read in the Humanities Reading Room there.
Some interesting articles on British comics appear on the BBC Cult web pages.
| The Dandy |
Mwai Kibaki became President of which African country in 2002? | The Dandy (Comic Book) - TV Tropes
Comic Book
You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account
Share
Timeline
Desperate Dan himself.
The Dandy was a long running children's comic published in the United Kingdom , running several different stories and characters. Published by D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd . The first issue was printed in 1937, making it the world's third longest running comic, after Detective Comics and Il Giornalino.
The first issue, under the name The Dandy Comic, was published on 4 December 1937. It was published weekly until September 6th 1941, when wartime paper shortages forced it to switch to fortnightly, alternating with The Beano. It returned to its weekly schedule on 30 July 1949. From 17 July 1950, the magazine changed its name to just The Dandy.
After issue 3282 (October 16th 2004) The Dandy underwent a radical format change, reflecting a more television-oriented style, and now printed on glossy magazine paper instead of newsprint. In August 2007 (issue 3426), The Dandy had another update, becoming the fortnightly comic Dandy Xtreme . It cost £2.75 (with some issues costing up to 2.99 depending on how many gifts there were). It then reverted back to its original comics form, albeit retaining the more glossy paper, in November 2010 and cost £1.99 a week.
The print version of the comic ceased publication on its 75th anniversary in December 2012; an online version lasted just 13 issues before the comic ended for good in July 2013. However the The Dandy Annual will continue to be published for the forseeable future.
Conversely, there were Comic Book Adaptations of Our Gang (1937-47) and Potsworth & Company (1993-94)
Art Evolution : The comic has incorporated more variation in the art styles of various strips in recent years, most noticeably using simple, super-cartoony art by people like Jamie Smart, which leads to some characters looking like Super-Deformed versions of their earlier selves. Desperate
◊
◊
, for example.
Hell, since the comic is such a Long Runner with so many characters (Korky, Dan, Keyhole Kate) dating right back to the beginning, it's inevitable that this is evident everywhere.
Artifact Title : Desperate Dan was originally a desperado. His name has lost some meaning since then.
Big Eater : Hungry Horace, Tom Tum, Plum Mac Duff , Greedy Pigg... that's at least four characters who have this as their entire gimmick. There's also Desperate Dan, who shows this in his love for massive Cow Pies note A Cow Pie is, apparently, an entire cow inside a pie, with the horns and tail sticking out.
In fact, in both this comic and The Beano , almost all of the characters seem to crave large meals (often referred to as a "slap up feed" ). Traditionally, such a "slap up feed" (often depicted as a massive pile of mashed potatoes with sausages sticking out of it, but sweets, pies and cakes are also popular) was the usual reward at the end of a strip if the characters won whatever contest or outsmarted whichever opponent appeared in the plot that week, and it still crops up today. There's a fascinating historical context to this: World War II happened early in the development of these comics, when rationing and hardship meant that the idea of being able to gorge on large meals or piles of sweets actually was something for the children reading the comics to dream of.
Boisterous Bruiser : Desperate Dan. In his early days he was something of a Jerkass , but he's quietened down over the years
Blatant Lies : The 2013 summer special was called The Last Ever Dandy Summer Special, it's release coming six months after the weekly comic's demise. However, The Dandy Summer Special 2014 would later appear. Last Ever? I don't think so!
Canon Discontinuity : In December 2012, they launched a digital Dandy to replace the closed down print comic. It rebooted at the end of March 2013 because the original attempt had been littered with technical bugs, such as stories stretching beyond the frame making them un-navigable, and loading problems. Some stories were shuffled around in the re-released issues, for example, the Desperate Dan story originally in issue 1 is now in issue 2, because issue 1 used a new one.
Cerebus Syndrome : Inverted : early on, it featured short stories (usually illustrated) as well as comics, and these tended to be serious and dramatic rather than humorous. They vanished over time to be replaced by Gag Series , but the new digital version promises to bring the drama back with a resurrection of ancient superhero character Mister X and a Nancy Drew -inspired take on Keyhole Kate.
Cool and Unusual Punishment : New favorite Kid Cops always ends in one of these.
Cool Pet : Dan has an elephant at one point, and a fierce cat that may have been a baby leopard. Just for the hell of it.
Comics Merger : Merged with Hoot and Nutty (original home of Bananaman ).
Deconstructive Parody : Early Hitler satire, Addie and Hermie.
Early Installment Weirdness : Cuddles and Dimples were originally neighbours before they were changed into brothers.
Expy :
The Smasher looks really suspiciously similar to Dennis the Menace from supposed rival comic The Beano , even though his personality is different.
Depending on who you ask, Hector Spectre is either an expy or a Spiritual Successor to an earlier character called Edd Chumley, who appeared in a strip called Meet Edd: He's A Ghost in The Beezer and Topper . Both strips involved headless ghosts in Elizabethan get-up with rural dialects and accompanied by a grey cat, both drawn by David Mostyn. The main difference was that Hector haunted a stately home, whereas Edd's home was said to be long since demolished. It's likely that a different main character was created as Edd looked very much like a male version of Molly.
Friend to All Children : Desperate Dan is always solving the neighbourhood kids' problems in ridiculous, over-the-top ways.
Funny Animal : Korky the Cat is a classic example.
◊
.
For a time, he lived next door to an annoying man named Mr Dagget, whose entire shtick was that he thought he was an ordinary cat who did ordinary cat things. All evidence to the contrary, of course, but this meant that events conspired to have Korky tangled in string or holding a pigeon, only for Dagget to walk in.
Generation Xerox : Dan's family tend to be rather hale and hearty, as well as having an Uncanny Family Resemblance .
This gets exceptionally disturbing when you meet Desperate Gran .
Gentle Giant : Desperate Dan.
Also Characterization Marches On - in the early strip, he was a desperado (as his name implies) and willing to use violence. Nowadays, he's a much better-natured guy (although you do NOT want to make him mad ).
The new Dandy has also seen more than one Affectionate Parody of some British Series , such as Deal or No Deal and Dragon's Den .
No Fourth Wall : As with The Beano , characters from The Dandy have been known to have a chat now and then with their writers and artists.
In one Dandy Book, Dan's greatest enemies Dangerous Dan McGrew and Cactusman managed to hold the editor of The Dandy hostage, so that they would always win. Naturally, they didn't succeed and Dan managed to pull a few strings with the editor of The Beano . The last page of Dan's story showed the two baddies on the cover of the latest issue of The Beano , reduced to picking daisies , where a certain spiky-haired youth observed them from a distance...
Power-Up Food : Aunt Aggie's cow pies do fall under this category somewhat.
Played straight with Bananaman, who's normally a weedy schoolboy called Eric Wimp until he eats a banana and transforms.
Race Lift : In the digital comic's story Retro Active, Kat has dark skin. She's actually a successor to Billy the Cat 's former sidekick Katie, who is white.
Rage Against the Author : Korky's strip in the final issue involves him going up to "The Dandy editor" (represented in this strip by a ginger cat) and asking why he never appears in the comic anymore, although it's really more of a whine than a rage. Also features a hilarious parody of We're Still Relevant, Dammit! when Korky is told he can only be a star again if he becomes "cool" with the addition of a robot arm, laser eye, face tattoo and skateboard.
The Rival : Since The '80s , Desperate Dan and Bananaman have had an on-again, off-again (i.e. whenver the writer for either strip can't think of anything and needs to spin a story out for a few weeks) rivalry to see who's the Dandy's Strongest Man .
Robot Maid : The premise of the Tin Lizzie strip, which appeared in the 1950s.
Spoiled Brat : Molly. Who has doormat parents.
Stubborn Hair : Desperate Dan is always depicted with very tough stubble which in extremis he can use to file or grind metal. He has to shave with a blowtorch and a sharpened spade when he needs to tidy up.
Suddenly Voiced : Desperate Dan in the digital title. Surprisingly NOT Bananaman , even though he once had a TV series.
Take That : The Beano and The Dandy have a friendly rivalry which often involves taking popshots at each other (e.g. characters being threatened with the possibility of getting sent to the other comic).
Ugly Guy, Hot Wife : Cuddles and Dimples' parents after their 2004 redesign.
We All Live in America : Desperate Dan is technically American, but the comic comes from a very British perspective.
World's Strongest Man : Desperate Dan. One memorable strip (reproduced in the Beano and Dandy 50 Golden Years book) shows various exotic strongmen from countries all over the world competing, each of them lifting up huge weights, other people or even an elephant...only to reveal that Dan has tunnelled up from beneath and is holding up the podium, all the strongmen and everything they're lifting as well!
Xylophones for Walking Bones : Eddie Potter had a strip where the titular character holds Pop Idol style talent show auditions at his school, which is populated by macabre creatures including werewolves and living skeletons. One of the acts involves a group of skeletons using their own bones as musical instruments.
:: Indexes ::
| i don't know |
In 1960 which Belgian-born oceanographer and engineer made the first manned expedition to the Mariana Trench, the deepest place in the ocean? | James Cameron back on surface after deepest ocean dive - BBC News
BBC News
James Cameron back on surface after deepest ocean dive
By Rebecca Morelle Science reporter, BBC News, Guam
26 March 2012
From the section Science & Environment
comments
Close share panel
Media captionJames Cameron: "It's a heck of a ride, you're just screaming down and screaming back up"
Hollywood director James Cameron has returned to the surface after plunging nearly 11km (seven miles) down to the deepest place in the ocean, the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific.
He made the solo descent in a submarine called Deepsea Challenger, taking over two hours to reach the bottom.
He spent more than four hours exploring the ocean floor, before a speedy ascent back to the surface.
His craft was kitted out with cameras so he could film the deep in 3D.
"It was absolutely the most remote, isolated place on the planet," Mr Cameron told BBC News.
"I really feel like in one day I've been to another planet and come back."
This is only the second manned expedition to the ocean's deepest depths - the first took place in 1960 when US Navy Lt Don Walsh and Swiss oceanographer Jacques Piccard spent about 20 minutes on the ocean floor in a bathyscaphe called the Trieste.
Lt Walsh, who is now in his 80s, joined Mr Cameron and his team of engineers out at sea for the dive.
"It did bring back a lot of memories, just being out there and remembering what we did there," he told BBC News. "It was really grand."
Image caption Director James Cameron resurfaced after spending four hours on the ocean floor
Mr Cameron has spent the past few years working in secret with his team of engineers to design and build the craft, which weighs 11 tonnes and is more than 7m (23ft) long.
He describes it as a "vertical torpedo" that slices through the water allowing him a speedy descent.
The extraordinary attention to detail prevented him from suffering from too much nervousness.
"I can't say that I wasn't apprehensive in the last few days and even the weeks leading up to this, but there's another part of my mind that really understands the engineering and knows why we did everything the way we did," he said.
"Any apprehension I had I left at the hatch. When I went into the sub, I was all pilot at that point."
What lurks in the deep?
Ocean trench: Scroll 11,000m down
The tiny compartment that the film-maker sits in is made from thick steel, which is able to resist the 1,000 atmospheres of pressure he experienced at full ocean depth.
The rest of the vertical column is made from a material called syntactic foam - a solid made mostly of hollow "microballoons" - giving it enough buoyancy to float back up.
The sub has so many lights and cameras that it is like an underwater TV studio - with Mr Cameron able to direct and film the action from within. He intends to release a documentary.
It also has robotic arms, allowing him to collect samples of rocks and soils, and a team of researchers are working alongside the director to identify any new species. He says that science is key to his mission.
But the first task was to get to the inky depths - which despite untold hours of training, still surprised Mr Cameron.
"My reference frame was going to the Titanic 10 or 12 years ago, and thinking that was the deepest place I could ever imagine," he recalled.
"On this dive I blazed past Titanic depth at 12,000 ft and was only a third of the way down, and the numbers keep going up and up and up on the depth gauge.
"You just kind of look at them with a sense of disbelief, and you wonder if the bottom is ever going to be there."
At the bottom, Mr Cameron encountered incredibly fine silt, which he had to be careful not to disturb. He said he spotted a few small, as-yet unidentified life forms but found the depths to be a "sterile, almost desert-like place".
Media captionBefore the dive, James Cameron told the BBC's Rebecca Morelle why he was risking it all
While manned exploration had until now seen a 52-year hiatus, scientists have used two robotic unmanned vehicles to explore the Mariana Trench: Japan's Kaiko made a dive there in 1995 and the US-based Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's vessel Nereus explored the deep in 2008.
Other teams, such as Scotland's Oceanlab, have also been dropping simple landers loaded with bait and cameras into the deepest ocean.
While places like the Mariana Trench were once thought to be of little interest, there has been a recent resurgence of scientific interest in the deep.
Scientists are finding life that can resist the colossal pressures, from deep-sea fish to shrimp-like scavengers called amphipods, some of which can reach 30cm (1ft) long.
They are also trying to understand the role that deep seas trenches play in earthquakes - these cracks in the sea floor are formed at the boundary of two tectonic plates and some believe the push and pull taking place deep underwater could be the cause of major earthquakes, such as the 2011 quake that resulted in such devastation in Japan.
But some scientists question whether manned exploration provides the best platform for scientific research.
Dr Alan Jamieson, from Oceanlab, said: "I think what James Cameron has done is a really good achievement in terms of human endeavour and technology.
"But my feeling is that manned submersibles like this are limited in scientific capabilities when compared to other systems, mostly due to the fact there is someone in it. Remote or autonomous systems can collect a far greater volume of useful scientific data for far less money."
Media captionEngineer David Wotherspoon explains how Deepsea Challenger works
Mr Cameron says he does not want this dive to the deep to be a one-off, and wants to use it as a platform for ocean exploration.
His craft may also soon be joined by other manned submersibles vying to reach the ocean's deepest depths.
One of these crafts, the DeepFlight Challenger, belongs to former real estate investor Chris Welsh, and is backed by Virgin's Richard Branson. It is about to begin its water trials.
Its design is based on a plane, and Mr Welsh says he will be "flying" down to the deepest ocean.
Google's Eric Schmidt has helped to finance another sub being built by a US marine technology company called Doer Marine. They want this sub to carry two to three people, and are placing a heavy emphasis on science.
And Triton submarines, a Florida-based submersible company, intends to build a sub with a giant glass sphere at its centrepiece to take tourists down to the deepest ocean for $250,000 a ticket.
| Jacques Piccard |
The towns of Lowestoft and Felixstowe are in which English county? | James Cameron hits the world's floor -- and returns - CNET
James Cameron hits the world's floor -- and returns
James Cameron hits the world's floor -- and returns
The director pilots a submersible to the ocean's deepest point in the Mariana Trench, becoming the first person to make the nearly 7-mile dive alone. Naturally, a 3D film is in the works.
Up Next Governments suck at social media, but you deserve some blame
Filmmaker James Cameron in his submersible, the Deepsea ChallengerPhoto by National Geographic
Give James Cameron this much: He's unafraid to follow his passions where they lead him. Even if that place is seven miles below the surface of the ocean.
Yesterday Cameron became the first person to make a solo dive to the ocean's deepest point -- a portion of the Pacific Ocean's Mariana Trench known as "Challenge Deep." Cameron piloted a "vertical torpedo" of a submersible he dubbed "Deepsea Challenger" to the bottom of the trench, 35,756 feet down, then spent three hours filming and taking samples before safely returning to the surface.
No one has made that dive for 52 years. In 1960, two men piloted the Swiss-designed bathyscaphe "Trieste" to the bottom of Challenge Deep. Navy Lt. Don Walsh and the late Swiss engineer Jacques Piccard carried few instruments with them, and in fact saw little beyond the mud stirred up by their arrival at the bottom.
Related stories
Inside the world's most advanced submarine
Cameron's submersible, by contrast, was loaded for bear -- just as you'd expect from a Hollywood director responsible both for major Hollywood epics such as "Avatar" and much more intimate documentaries about undersea exploration. The Deepsea Challenger carried multiple 3D cameras, an eight-foot LED tower for illumination, a sediment sampler, a robotic claw, and a "slurp gun" for capturing small undersea creatures via suction.
The voyage was a joint scientific venture involving Cameron, the National Geographic Society and Rolex. We'll have more coverage later on Monday. In the meantime, here are the first images from Cameron's expedition, followed by the text of National Geographic's statement on the event.
7
At Mariana Trench, James Cameron is king of the deep (photos)
JAMES CAMERON MAKES FIRST EVER SUCCESSFUL SOLO DIVE TO MARIANA TRENCH
Filmmaker and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Successfully Completes Dive To Ocean's Deepest Point during DEEPSEA CHALLENGE Expedition
WASHINGTON (March 26, 2012)--Filmmaker and National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence James Cameron descended 35,756 feet (6.77 miles/10.89 km) to reach the "Challenger Deep," the ocean's deepest point located in the Mariana Trench, in his specially designed submersible DEEPSEA CHALLENGER.
The attempt was part of DEEPSEA CHALLENGE, a joint scientific expedition by Cameron, National Geographic and Rolex to conduct deep-ocean research and exploration. Cameron is the only individual ever to complete the dive in a solo vehicle and the first person since 1960 to reach the very bottom of the world in a manned submersible. During the dive, he conducted the first manned scientific exploration of the "Challenger Deep."
The submersible was launched into the Pacific Ocean some 200 miles (322 km) southwest of Guam on Monday, March 26, at 5:15 a.m., local Guam time (Sunday, March 25, at 3:15 p.m., Eastern Time). The voyage down to the "Challenger Deep" took two hours and 36 minutes. Cameron resurfaced at 12 noon local Guam time on Monday, March 26 (10 p.m. Eastern Time on Sunday, March 25). The submersible -- the result of a more-than-seven-year engineering effort -- stayed on the bottom for about three hours as Cameron collected samples for research in marine biology, microbiology, astrobiology, marine geology and geophysics. Cameron also captured still photographs and moving images to visually document the Mariana Trench.
"This journey is the culmination of more than seven years of planning for me and the amazing DEEPSEA CHALLENGE expedition team," said Cameron. "Most importantly, though, is the significance of pushing the boundaries of where humans can go, what they can see and how they can interpret it. Without the support of National Geographic and Rolex, and their unwavering belief that we could successfully make it to the deepest point in the ocean -- and back -- this would not have happened."
"We join the rest of the world in celebrating the exhilarating achievement of Jim Cameron and the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE expedition team," said Terry Garcia, National Geographic's executive vice president of Mission Programs. "In 2012 we are still exploring largely unknown places -- as National Geographic has been doing for nearly 125 years. I'm delighted to say that the golden age of exploration and discovery continues." Details on the expedition can be found at www.DEEPSEACHALLENGE.com; on Twitter by following @DeepChallenge or using #deepseachallenge; or on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/deepseachallenge.
The "Challenger Deep" has only been reached once before in a manned descent, on Jan. 23, 1960, by then U.S. Navy Lt. Don Walsh -- who is a consultant on the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE expedition and was aboard the expedition ship Mermaid Sapphire during Cameron's successful attempt -- and Swiss oceanographer Jacques Piccard in the bathyscaphe Trieste. Walsh and Piccard spent about 20 minutes on the ocean floor before returning to the surface.
With breakthroughs in materials and science, unique approaches to structural engineering and new ways of imaging through an ultra-small, full ocean depth-rated stereoscopic camera, Cameron was able to launch the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE expedition, which he hopes will shed light on other virtually unknown deep-water habitats, such as the New Britain Trench and the Sirena Deep.
Cameron's CAMERON | PACE Group, which supplies 3-D technologies /and production support services, provided the capability to document today's historic dive in high-resolution 3-D.
In 1960, an experimental Rolex Deep Sea Special watch was strapped to the hull of the Trieste and emerged in perfect working order after withstanding the huge pressure exerted nearly 7 miles (nearly 11 km) below the surface. The DEEPSEA CHALLENGER submersible today carried a new, experimental wristwatch, the Rolex Deepsea Challenge, attached to the manipulator arm, renewing the pioneering engineering challenge the Swiss watchmaker took up 52 years ago.
"Rolex warmly congratulates James Cameron and the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE expedition team for their successful dive into history, in the vanguard of a new and exciting era of marine exploration," said Gian Riccardo Marini, Chief Executive Officer of Rolex SA. "The achievement is a product of their passion, courage, skill and the highest standards of excellence and innovation in advancing human knowledge. We are delighted to be part of DEEPSEA CHALLENGE, perpetuating half a century of tradition in deep-sea diving."
Two of Cameron's passions -- filmmaking and diving -- blend in his feature and documentary films. While working on "Titanic," he took 12 submersible dives to the famed shipwreck two-and-a-half miles down in the North Atlantic. The technical success of that expedition led Cameron to form Earthship Productions, which develops films about ocean exploration and conservation. Since then he has led six expeditions, authored a forensic study of the Bismarck wreck site and done extensive 3-D imaging of deep hydrothermal vent sites along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the East Pacific Rise and the Sea of Cortez. Cameron has made more than 70 deep submersible dives, including a total of 33 to Titanic. Fifty-one of these dives were in Russian Mir submersibles to depths of up to 3.03 miles (4.87 km).
The DEEPSEA CHALLENGE expedition is being chronicled for a 3-D feature film for theatrical release on the intensive technological and scientific efforts behind this historic dive -- which will subsequently be broadcast on the National Geographic Channel -- and is being documented for National Geographic magazine. Cameron also will collaborate with National Geographic to create broad-based educational outreach materials.
Additional major funding for the 3-D feature film, education and digital outreach has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, which supports original research and public understanding of science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, is the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE's primary science collaborator. For nearly a decade, Scripps has been involved with Cameron in developing new ways to explore and study the deepest parts of the oceans. With its decades-long history of deep-sea exploration, Scripps is recognized as a world leader in investigating the science of the deep ocean, from exploring the deep's geological features to researching its exotic marine life inhabitants.
The expedition also is collaborating with the University of Hawaii, Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of Guam.
Permits for the "Challenger Deep" research were secured from the Federated States of Micronesia. The majority of the Mariana Trench is now a U.S. protected zone under a 2009 proclamation by President George W. Bush that established the Marianas Trench Marine National Monument and gave management responsibility to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issued permits for dives in the U.S. areas of the trench.
| i don't know |
The Northumberland Strait is in which country? | Add To Wish List
Northumberland Shore Region
With more warm-water ocean beaches than anywhere else in Atlantic Canada, this shore is a beach bum’s paradise. This fantastic climate also lends itself well to the local wine industry, which is anchored by Jost Vineyards, the province’s oldest and largest winery. Not surprisingly, fresh local lobster is a food of choice for the region and is available at restaurants throughout.
Abundant in history and culture, the Northumberland Shore has long been a welcoming place for visitors and immigrants alike. Explore the Town of Pictou, known as the “Birthplace of New Scotland.” Step aboard the legendary Ship Hector replica at the Hector Heritage Quay and imagine what it was like for the many Scottish immigrants who voyaged across the Atlantic Ocean. Or, be amazed by displays of strength and agility at the Antigonish Highland Games.
Culinary Experiences
Experience cooking with locally sourced fish, meats, and produce in the hands-on cooking experience, 'Cooking on the Farm' with the Kilted Chef .
Enjoy award-wining wine at Jost Vineyards in Malagash.
Learn how maple syrup is made and be sure to savour the maple syrup at Sugar Moon Farm .
Go oystering! Collect, clean, shuck and taste the delicious treats at Bay Enterprises Limited in Malagash.
Lovin’ the Lavender, take a tour, learn about the benefits, shop products and taste delicious lavender ice cream, at Seafoam Lavender Farm , located in Seafoam.
Visit the Tatamagouche Brewing Company and pick up some bottles of Hippie Dippie Pale Ale.
Visit the Northumberland Fisheries Museum & Heritage Association and visit the lobster hatchery and to take part in the Adopt a Lobster Program.
For all your barbecue needs, visit The Pork Shop in New Glasgow or Denmark.
Restaurants that Feature Fresh, Local Ingredients
| Canada |
Tiradentes Day is celebrated in Brazil during which month of the year? | Map of Northumberland Strait, Nova Scotia, Channel - Canada Geographical Names with Maps
Northumberland Strait, Nova Scotia Map:
This page presents the Google satellite map (zoomable and browsable) of Northumberland Strait in Nova Scotia province in Canada.
Geographical coordinates are 45°52' North and 62°44' West and its feature type is Channel. More information below.
| i don't know |
How many ways are there for a batsman to get out in the game of cricket? | How many ways batsman can get out in cricket = 10. - Fast Cricket.
How many ways batsman can get out in cricket = 10.
Tag Cricket Rules & Laws
Cricket is a batsman's game. or is it? a bowler can bowl the worst ball of his life, yet he gets another chance whereas one bad shot from a batsman might end the match for him.
Often I wonder whether batsman (or bats they use) in world cricket have evolved lot more than the bowlers over the years. Even when there are 10 total ways in which a batsman can be dismissed in a cricket match, bowlers are failing to device methods to bring about a batsman's dismissal.
Now that we've made a note of the fact, in following, I repeat & explain all the 10 modes of dismissals there are in a game of cricket. read carefully all you bowlers out there..
Caught
Fielders can't get hold of (aka catch) the ball hit by batsman before it hits the ground. if it happens ~ batsman is out. The fielder can be anyone among the 11 players standing in playing area, including the wicket keeper.
Bowled
When the ball, as it comes out of bowlers hand - strikes the stumps. This can also happen after an edge off a batsman's bat.
Leg before wicket (lbw)
batsman are not allowed to block a delivery off their pad or other body parts.. if they do, with no use of bat and umpire feels the ball was going on to hit the stumps - that LBW - leg before wicket = out. full explanation of lbw rule .
Run out
Both batsman have to be at opposite ends, within the marked crease. While a ball is in play, and fielders break the stumps with no batsman in that crease - that's a run out!
Consider both batsman run to the same crease as fielders break stumps at opposite end.. which batsman is out? answer is the batsman who second reached the crease.
Stumped
Batsman have to play the ball while keeping some part of his body inside the batting crease. not that he can't go out to hit a ball - if the wicket-keeper gathers the ball & breaks the stumps - that's dismissal 'stumped'.
Handling the ball
Batsman cannot touch a ball with this hand while it's in play. they can use their bat to deflect it, but not through hands.. otherwise they'll be out 'Handling the ball'.
Timed out
Once one batsman is dismissed, next batsman should come & take strike within 3 minutes. not a single batsman has been given out timed out in International cricket, ever!
Double hit
Once a batsman has played their shot - made some kind of contact with the ball - they can't hit it again!
Hit Wicket
Hit the ball, don't hit the wickets with your bat or any other body part!
Obstructing the field
Batsmen are not allowed to deliberately come in way of a fielder catching or fielding a ball.
FastCricket welcomes your feedback :
| 10 |
A group of which birds is known as a rafter? | BBC Sport Academy | Cricket | Rules | Ways of getting out | The 10 ways of getting out
Ways of getting out
The 10 ways of getting out
Around the Academy:
Caught
This is the most common way of getting out.
A batter is out caught when a fielder catches the ball directly off the bat, before it has hit the ground.
The ball doesn't have to come directly off the bat though.
It can deflect from the pad on to the bat or from the bat on to the pad and still be caught, so long as the fielder takes the ball on the full.
Also if the ball hits the batter on the hand, below the wrist, then you can still be out caught.
But you can't be given out caught off a no-ball.
When a bowler takes a catch off their own bowling, the batsman is out caught and bowled.
And when a wicketkeeper takes the catch the batter is out caught behind.
If the ball gets caught in a batter's pads and a fielder removes it and attempts to claim a catch, the umpire should give the batsman "not out" as the ball is a "dead ball".
| i don't know |
Professor Henry Higgins is a character in which 1964 film? | My Fair Lady (1964) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
A misogynistic and snobbish phonetics professor agrees to a wager that he can take a flower girl and make her presentable in high society.
Director:
Alan Jay Lerner (book), George Bernard Shaw (from a play by) (as Bernard Shaw) | 1 more credit »
Stars:
a list of 44 titles
created 10 Dec 2011
a list of 35 titles
created 21 Dec 2011
a list of 40 titles
created 25 Apr 2012
a list of 30 titles
created 03 Feb 2013
a list of 24 titles
created 5 months ago
Title: My Fair Lady (1964)
7.9/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Won 8 Oscars. Another 15 wins & 13 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
A woman leaves an Austrian convent to become a governess to the children of a Naval officer widower.
Director: Robert Wise
Young Oliver Twist runs away from an orphanage and meets a group of boys trained to be pickpockets by an elderly mentor.
Director: Carol Reed
A magical nanny helps bring the two children she's in charge of closer to their father through songs and magical adventures.
Director: Robert Stevenson
A Victorian Englishman bets that with the new steamships and railways he can circumnavigate the globe in eighty days.
Directors: Michael Anderson, John Farrow
Stars: David Niven, Cantinflas, Finlay Currie
Edit
Storyline
Pompous phonetics professor Henry Higgins is so sure of his abilities that he takes it upon himself to transform a Cockney working-class girl into someone who can pass for a cultured member of high society. His subject turns out to be the lovely Eliza Doolittle, who agrees to speech lessons to improve her job prospects. Higgins and Eliza clash, then form an unlikely bond -- one that is threatened by an aristocratic suitor. Written by Jwelch5742
The loverliest motion picture of them all! See more »
Genres:
25 December 1964 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Mi bella dama See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Of the main cast only Stanley Holloway actually sang. The others were either dubbed or just talked their way through the songs. See more »
Goofs
In the Royal Ascot scene, the horses race in the wrong direction.
Ascot is a right-handed track where the horses race clockwise and the grandstand is on the outside of the track. The camera is facing the crowd, so the horses should race from left to right, but they're shown racing the other way. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
[sounds from crowd, occasionally a word or phrase, indistinct and mostly not associated with a character]
Mrs. Eynsford-Hill : Don't just stand there, Freddy, go and find a cab.
Freddy Eynsford-Hill : All right, I'll get it, I'll get it.
See more »
Crazy Credits
In the posters, playbills and the original cast album for the stage version of "My Fair Lady", the credits always read "based on Bernard Shaw's 'Pygmalion' ", letting the audience know what play "My Fair Lady" was actually adapted from. The movie credits simply read "from a play by Bernard Shaw". See more »
Connections
I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face
(1956) (uncredited)
A musical with a brain as well as a heart
28 August 2003 | by eliza-doolittle
(Cambridge) – See all my reviews
There's a lot of negative things been said about Audrey Hepburn's interpretation of the role of Eliza. Perhaps she's not ideal in the earliest scenes of the movie - her "dirtiness" is never quite believable - but it has to be said that despite this smallish drawback she still glows, and makes an amazing Eliza overall.
The reason for this is simple; Audrey Hepburn brings her "own spark of divine fire", (to quote Higgins) to the role and her vulnerability, mixed with her sweet, naive charm and even her wonderfully juvenile pettishness shown in "Just You Wait" all prove what a talented actress she really is. For an example of this, just watch Eliza's facial expression at Ascot, when she realises her opportunity to demonstrate her new-found mastery of the English tongue - sweetly hilarious.
MFL has been criticized as being too romanticized, too overblown. I disagree; musicals are suposed to be lavish affairs, and none pull it off quite so well as "My Fair Lady" does. It's a momentous film but it has its subtle points: watch the way in which Eliza's eyes are centred on Higgins when she enters at the ball, and the way in which the two of them stare at each other for a few seconds at the top of the stairs a few moments later.
It musn't be overlooked that, thanks to its being based on a Bernard Shaw play, "My Fair Lady" has what the great majority of musicals lack: a deeper meaning and something really quite profound to say.
The actor in the role of Colonel Pickering is a little weak, but it must be said that Rex Harrison IS Henry Higgins. In a lot of ways (in fact, in most ways) Higgins has an objectionable personality: rude, snobbish, impatient and even misogynistic, but somehow Rex Harrison pulls it all off and makes us like Higgins without betraying the character. As to romance, his song "I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" is an ode to the kind of love which sneaks up on you. Overall, this movie is romantic, but not too sentimental. It has just enough romance to be dramatically fulfilling, but it never becomes soppy or mawkish. The word "love" is never mentioned at all and the two leads never even kiss. The famous end sequence is perfect and does the movie justice; after all, a big happy bow tied around a perfect romance at the end would simply not fit with everything we have learned about the two protagonists.
91 of 152 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| My Fair Lady |
Which playing card is known as ‘Grace’s Card’? | My Fair Lady (1964)
It's 'ow' and 'garn' that keep her in her place,
Not her wretched clothes and dirty face.
Why can't the English teach their children how to speak?
This verbal class distinction, by now, should be antique.
[To Pickering] If you spoke as she does, sir, instead of the way you do,
Why you might be selling flowers too...
Why can't the English teach their children how to speak?
Norwegians learn Norwegian, the Greeks are taught their Greek
In France every Frenchman knows his language from 'A' to 'Zed' -
The French don't care what they do, actually, as long as they pronounce it properly.
Arabians learn Arabian with the speed of summer lightning.
The Hebrews learn it backwards which is absolutely frightening.
Use proper English, you're regarded as a freak.
Oh, why can't the English -
Why can't the English learn to speak?
So the Professor makes an initial challenge toward Pickering which becomes the cornerstone of the film's plot. He wagers with the Colonel that within six months, he can teach Eliza Doolittle to speak articulately so that she will be transformed into a pure-speaking lady, so that no one will suspect her Cockney origins when she is passed off as a duchess at an Embassy Ball. She will become a proper, aristocratic lady just by being taught proper English:
You see this creature with her curbstone English. The English that will keep her in the gutter till the end of her days. Well, sir, in six months, I could pass her off as a duchess at an Embassy Ball. I could even get her a job as a lady's maid or a shop assistant, which requires better English...[To Eliza] Yes, you squashed cabbage leaf. You disgrace to the noble architecture of these columns! You incarnate insult to the English language! I could pass you off as, ah, the Queen of Sheba.
The Colonel ("the author of Spoken Sanscrit"), as it turns out, has journeyed from India to meet "Henry Higgins, author of Higgins' Universal Alphabet." Now acquainted with each other after their chance meeting, Higgins invites Pickering to his home at 27A Wimpole Street and they wander off speaking about the 147 "distinct languages" or Indian dialects. Among the other street vendors, Eliza has had her interest piqued in becoming a lady. With her untutored manner, she sings and dances with them about her dreams in "Wouldn't It Be Loverly?":
All I want is a room somewhere, far away from the cold night air.
With one enormous chair; Oh wouldn't it be loverly?
Lots of choc'late for me to eat; Lots of coal makin' lots of heat.
Warm face, warm 'ands, warm feet, Oh wouldn't it be loverly?
Oh, so loverly sittin' abso-bloomin'-lutely still!
I would never budge 'til Spring crept over my window sill.
Someone's head restin' on my knee; Warm and tender as he can be,
Who takes good care of me; Oh wouldn't it be loverly?
Loverly, loverly, loverly, loverly.
Early the next morning, Eliza's hard-drinking, disreputable, scruffy-looking father Alfred (Stanley Holloway) is looking for his daughter in the Covent Garden market area - boasting to his friends Jamie (John Alderson) and Harry (John McLiam) that he deserves a paternal handout:
I give her everythin'; I give her the greatest gift that a human being can give to another: life. I introduced her to this 'ere planet I did, with all its wonders and marvels. The sun that shines, the moon that glows, Hyde Park to walk through on a fine spring night. The whole ruddy city o' London to roam around in, sellin 'er bloomin' flowers. I give 'er all that, then I disappears and leaves 'er on 'er own to enjoy it. Now, if that ain't worth half-a-crown now and again, I'll take my belt off and give 'er what for!
Although at first, Eliza resists giving her father any of her hard-earned money: "Y'ain't gonna take me hard-earned wages and pass 'em on to a bloody pub-keeper," she relents. Because of her "bit o' luck" the previous night when Higgins generously threw coins into her flower basket, she gives her father a half-crown. After Eliza hears the church bells peal, she is reminded of Higgins' appraisal that she is condemned by every syllable she speaks, and his equally promising words about how he could transform her speech differences under his tutelage.
In Higgins' study at his residence on Wimpole Street, the professor and his houseguest are studying vowel sounds produced from a vibrating tuning fork taken from a rack full of tuning forks. They also listen to a phonograph playing recorded phonetic sounds when Eliza appears at the Higgins front door. The maid Mrs. Pearce (Mona Washbourne) admits her into the study, thinking she is one of Higgins' subjects of "business" study: "Well, she's quite a common girl, sir. Very common indeed. I should have sent her away only I thought perhaps you wanted her to talk into your machine." But when Eliza makes her entrance, Higgins brusquely dismisses her: "Oh, no, no, no. This is the girl I jotted down last night. She's no use. I've got all the records I want of the Lisson Grove lingo. I'm not gonna waste another cylinder on that. Now be off with you, I don't want you."
Eliza begs to be taught to speak well enough to work at a flower shop. She announces that she has decided to hire Higgins to give her elocution lessons, but Higgins is very uninterested:
Higgins: Pickering? Shall we ask this baggage to sit down or shall we just throw her out of the window?
Eliza: Ah-ah-ah-ow-ow-ow-oo! I won't be called a baggage, not when I've offered to pay like any lady.
Pickering: What do you want, my girl?
Eliza: I want to be a lady in a flower shop 'stead of sellin' at the corner o' Tottenham Court Road. But they won't take me unless I can talk more genteel. (gesturing toward Higgins) He said he could teach me. Well, here I am ready to pay. I'm not asking any favor - and he treats me as if I was dirt. (Turning toward Higgins) I know what lessons cost as well as you do, and I'm ready to pay.
Pickering convinces Higgins that it would make an interesting challenge to actually teach Eliza how to speak - to change her from a drab 'guttersnipe' into a beautiful woman through language education:
Pickering: What about your boast that you could pass her off as a duchess at the Embassy Ball, eh? I'll say you're the greatest teacher alive if you make that good. I'll bet you all the expenses of the experiment that you can't do it. I'll even pay for the lessons.
Eliza: Oh, you're real good. Thank you, capt'n.
Higgins: You know, it's almost irresistible. She's so deliciously low. So horribly dirty.
Eliza: (protesting) I ain't dirty. I washed my face and hands before I come, I did.
Higgins: I'll take it. I'll make a duchess of this draggle-tailed guttersnipe.
Eliza: Ah-ah-ah-ow-ow-oo!
Higgins: We'll start today, now, this moment! Take her away, Mrs. Pearce, and clean her. Sandpaper, if it won't come off any other way. Is there a good fire in the kitchen?
Mrs. Pearce: Yes, but -
Higgins: Take all her clothes off and burn them and ring up and order some new ones. Just wrap her in brown paper till they come.
Eliza: You're no gentleman, you're not, to talk of such things. I'm a good girl, I am. And I know what the likes of you are, I do.
Higgins: We want none of your slum prudery here, young woman. You've got to learn to behave like a duchess. Now take her away, Mrs. Pearce, and if she gives you any trouble, wallop her.
And Higgins optimistically predicts that she will become an attractive lady to the men in town: "By george, Eliza, the streets will be strewn with the bodies of men shooting themselves for your sake before I've done with you." When she resists his cold insults and stomps out, he tempts her back with chocolates: "Think of it, Eliza. Think of chocolates, and taxis, and gold, and diamonds!" And then to answer Pickering's questions about the six month "experiment in teaching" while she is in his hands, Higgins describes what will happen - tongue in cheek:
Eliza, you are to stay here for the next six months learning how to speak beautifully, like a lady in a florist shop. If you're good and do whatever you're told, you shall sleep in a proper bedroom, have lots to eat, and money to buy chocolates and take rides in taxis. But if you are naughty and idle, you shall sleep in the back kitchen amongst the black beetles, and be walloped by Mrs. Pearce with a broomstick. At the end of six months, you shall be taken to Buckingham Palace in a carriage, beautifully dressed. If the King finds out that you're not a lady, the police will take you to the Tower of London, where your head will be cut off as a warning to other presumptuous flower girls. But if you are not found out, you shall have a present of, uh, seven-and-six to start life with a lady in a shop. If you refuse this offer, you will be the most ungrateful, wicked girl, and the angels will weep for you. Now, are you satisfied, Pickering?
As Eliza is dragged upstairs to the bathroom to her uncertain fate by Mrs. Pearce, screaming: "If I'd known what I would've let myself in for I wouldn't have come here. I've always been a good girl, I have, and I won't be put upon," Higgins reiterates his confidence in the wager: "In six months, in three if she has a good ear and a quick tongue, I'll take her anywhere and I'll pass her off as anything. I'll make a queen of that barbarous wretch."
The unwashed Cockney girl is led into a fancy new bedroom, while a maid runs water into a bathtub in the adjoining bathroom. Mrs. Pearce admonishes: "You know, you can't be a nice girl inside if you're dirty outside." Eliza is overwhelmed and in awe of the fancy room: "It's too good for the likes of me. I shall be afraid to touch anything. I ain't a duchess yet, you know." Two serving girls and Higgin's housekeeper enter the bathroom, shut the door behind them, and wrestle Eliza to take her clothes off and plunge her into the steaming bathtub. Her screams of protest resound throughout the residence: "Get your hands off me! No! I won't! Let go of me!"
While the two maids carry off Eliza's clothes, Higgins is asked by the morally-responsible Pickering if he will take advantage of Eliza under the circumstances: "I hope it's clearly understood that no advantage is to be taken of her position...This is no trifling matter. Are you a man of good character where women are concerned?" The confirmed, aloof, hyper-logical bachelor/professor expresses his feelings about women in words and song: "I find the moment that a woman makes friends with me, she becomes jealous, exacting, suspicious, and a damned nuisance. And I find the moment that I make friends with a woman, I become selfish and tyrannical. So here I am, a confirmed old bachelor, and likely to remain so." The snobbish professor contemptuously sings-talks that he is a "quiet living man" without the need for a woman in "An Ordinary Man":
I'm an ordinary man, who desires nothing more than just an ordinary chance,
to live exactly as he likes, and do precisely what he wants.
An average man am I, of no eccentric whim, Who likes to live his life, free of strife
Doing whatever he thinks is best for him, Well, just an ordinary man
But, let a woman in your life and your serenity is through
She'll redecorate your home, from the cellar to the dome
Then go to the enthralling fun of overhauling you
Let a woman in your life, and you're up against a wall,
Make a plan and you will find, she has something else in mind,
And so rather than do either you do something else that neither likes at all.
You want to talk of Keats or Milton, she only wants to talk of love
You go to see a play or ballet, and spend it searching for her glove
Let a woman in your life and you invite eternal strife,
Let them buy their wedding bands for those anxious little hands
I'd be equally as willing for a dentist to be drilling, than to ever let a woman in my life...
In another line, he confirms his incorrigible bachelorhood and his impatience and distaste for creatures of the female sex: "Let a woman in your life and you're plunging in a knife. Let the others of my sex tie the knot around their necks, I'd prefer a new edition of the Spanish Inquisition than to ever let a woman in my life."
In Covent Garden after being thrown out of a pub, a besotted, lazy Doolittle and his friends ponder how to escape work. Eliza's father, a dustman and scoundrel, answers the question by singing: "With A Little Bit O' Luck", explaining in part, how he lives a life of unwedded bliss:
The Lord above gave man an arm of iron, so he could do his job and never shirk
The Lord above gave man an arm of iron but, with a little bit o' luck,
With a little bit o' luck, Someone else'll do the blinkin' work!
The Lord above made liquor for temptation, to see if man could turn away from sin.
The Lord above made liquor for temptation but, with a little bit o' luck,
With a little bit o' luck, When temptation comes, you'll give right in!..
Oh you can walk the straight and narrow, but with a little bit o' luck you'll run amuck.
The gentle sex was made for man to marry, to share his nest and see his food is cooked.
The gentle sex was made for man to marry but, with a little bit o' luck,
With a little bit o' luck, You can have it all and not get hooked!
An old Cockney woman calls out to Alfred from a basement-level window where Eliza used to reside (three days earlier) that he is a lucky man because his daughter is being 'kept' by a wealthy man:
You can buy your own things now, Alfie Doolittle, fallen into a tub of butter, you have...Your daughter Eliza...Moved in with a swell, Eliza has...this morning, I gets a message from her. She wants her things sent over to 27A Wimpole Street, care of Professor Higgins. And what things does she want?...Her birdcage, and a Chinese fan. But she says, 'Never mind about sending any clothes.'
Alfred celebrates his luck by finishing up his song: "A man was made to help support his children, which is the right and proper thing to do. A man was made to help support his children but, with a little bit o' luck, with a little bit o' luck, they'll go out and start supporting you!"
| i don't know |
In the UK television series ‘Doctor Who’ the Sisters of Plenitude are human forms of which animal? | A Brief History Of Time (Travel): New Earth
New Earth
Plot
The Doctor is summoned to a hospital on New Earth in the far future. The facility is run by the cat-like Sisters of Plenitude, and the Doctor is astonished to find that the Sisters' medical technology is centuries ahead of its time. Meanwhile, Rose is lured into a trap by Cassandra, the last human, who aims to restore her long-lost beauty while uncovering the secrets of the Sisters of Plenitude.
Production
One of the early successes of Doctor Who's first season back on the air was The End Of The World . Considerable word of mouth was excited by its vastly far-future setting and plethora of alien creatures, and in particular its digitally-rendered villainess, Cassandra. For the programme's next season, executive producer Russell T Davies was eager to write a sequel -- not just in the hope of catching lightning in a bottle twice, but also to further reinforce (as with the appearance of Harriet Jones in The Christmas Invasion ) that the change in lead actor from Christopher Eccleston to David Tennant had not fundamentally altered the show.
Davies therefore came up with an idea originally called “Body Swap”. In addition to Cassandra and the Year Five Billion setting, Davies also decided to bring back another character from The End Of The World : the monolithic Face of Boe. Davies had devised a “secret” which the Face of Boe (who, it had been implied in the first season's The Long Game , was incredibly long-lived) would impart to the Doctor. Originally, this secret would be divulged at the end of “Body Swap”, but when Doctor Who's renewal was extended to include a third year in June 2005, Davies opted to postpone its revelation.
In the original climax, the Doctor was forced to let the Intensive Care patients die
“Body Swap” was initially set on a planet named Coffra, but this had changed by the time the adventure gained its final title of New Earth. The Sisters of Patience became the Sisters of Plenitude, and the medical facility was at one point called the Hospital of Evergreen Days. Cassandra's servant was envisioned as a dwarf named Zaggit, but as the character's importance grew during the scripting process, he developed into Chip. The climax of the story changed significantly from Davies' original conception; at first, the Doctor would have been forced to let the Intensive Care patients die, but Davies came up with a more optimistic solution when Steven Moffat (who had written The Empty Child / The Doctor Dances for the 2005 season) observed that Davies had a penchant for creating interesting characters and then doing away with them.
As for Cassandra herself, Davies intentionally kept her appearances as a “stretched skin” to a minimum, because these scenes were gruelling to computer-animate. Instead, Davies came up with Cassandra's ability to take over the bodies of others, which also fulfilled a promise to Billie Piper that she would be given a comic role in the new season, as a counterpoint to the often very serious material she had tackled the year before.
New Earth formed part of the first production block for the new Doctor Who programme's second season, directed by James Hawes alongside The Christmas Invasion and School Reunion . The first sequences filmed for New Earth were all those featuring Zoe Wanamaker in person; Wanamaker had thoroughly enjoyed recording Cassandra's lines for The End Of The World and was happy to take an on-camera role in the sequel, but also had very limited availability. Cassandra's party was actually held on August 1st at the Bar Orient restaurant on Cardiff Bay. The same day, the departure of the TARDIS from London was recorded elsewhere in Cardiff, at Loudoun Square in Gabalfa.
Production did not resume until August 22nd, when special effects work was conducted at HTV Studios in Culverhouse Cross, Cardiff. Things then picked up in earnest in September. By this time, most of The Christmas Invasion and School Reunion had been completed and the recording block as a whole had fallen badly behind schedule. As a result, several scenes were dropped from Hawes' plans. Many of these concerned the Duke of Manhattan and Frau Clovis. Originally, they first appeared in the hospital foyer when the Doctor initially arrives; as scripted, the Doctor immediately earns the Sisters of Plenitude's disfavour when he saves the Duke's life. Later, Clovis mutinies when the Duke refuses to help defend the hospital against the Intensive Care patients.
Work was interrupted to repair the Face of Boe, which was damaged by Billie Piper's boyfriend
Material in the hospital foyer was performed on September 5th, at the Millennium Centre in Cardiff. The only work carried out on New Earth over the next two days involved smoke effects at the BBC Model Unit in London. Recording proper continued on the 9th and 10th, when the disused Ely paper mill in Cardiff -- the same one which had featured as the Nestene lair in Rose the year before -- played host to scenes in the Intensive Care Unit. Cast and crew then repaired to the main Doctor Who studio space, Unit Q2 in Newport, for a week. From September 12th to 16th, scenes in the hospital wards and shafts were taped, as was material in the TARDIS. At one point, work had to be interrupted so that repairs could be made to the Face of Boe prop, which had been inadvertently damaged by Piper's boyfriend.
Location filming resumed on September 19th at Tredegar House in Newport, where material in Cassandra's lair was recorded. This continued on the 21st and 22nd. The final exterior scenes to be recorded were those outside the TARDIS on New Earth. The locale used was actually Worm's Head on the Gower Peninsula near Swansea, on September 26th. Unfortunately, the shoot was hampered by high winds and rain, forcing the abandonment of the final scene to be recorded. Planned to bridge the final hospital sequence and the material at the party, this would have seen the Doctor reminding Cassandra (now in Chip's dying body) that he still hasn't forgiven her for the deaths she caused in The End Of The World . The uncooperative weather was not the only misfortune to befall the day's recording: it was belatedly discovered that a camera had malfunctioned during the shoot, resulting in the loss of several close-ups.
Two more days at Unit Q2 were needed on October 7th and 8th; these chiefly dealt with scenes in the hospital lift and in the lift shaft. The final material taped for New Earth was also studiobound; a pick-up shot of the Doctor emerging from the TARDIS at Cassandra's party was recorded on November 3rd.
Davies had always been uncertain of the placement of New Earth in the season schedule. Before production began, he suggested it might swap places with The Girl In The Fireplace (which was intended to be the second story at that stage). Closer to transmission, there was discussion of running Tooth And Claw first and New Earth second, inspired at least in part by the latter's fraught production. In the end, however, it was felt that such a move would necessitate too many changes to New Earth's narrative, and so the adventure was kept in the pole position.
There was discussion about swapping New Earth and Tooth And Claw in the running order
Not long before its broadcast, producer Phil Collinson requested changes to some of the computer-generated effects shots of the hospital exterior. Previously, the facility had been depicted as being removed from any other buildings, but Collinson thought this looked unnatural. Additional structures and architectural detail were hastily added to the images in response to these criticisms.
As with all the other second-season episode, New Earth was trailed by a one-minute prologue which could be downloaded from the BBC Doctor Who website or via a mobile phone. These teasers -- all of which were written by Gareth Roberts, who had also penned the Attack Of The Graske interactive game which had appeared on the BBC's digital service at Christmas -- initially went under the banner “Vortext” (after names such as “Whosode”, “Epi-mobe” and “Who Alert” were rejected) but were rechristened TARDISodes at a late stage.
The 46-second TARDISode for New Earth took the form of an advertisement for the hospital and featured Anna Hope reprising her role as Novice Hame. It was recorded on January 26th, 2006 at Enfys Television Studios in Cardiff. The TARDISode became available on March 31st. Two weeks later, Doctor Who repeated the pattern of the 2005 season by debuting on Easter Saturday, April 15th.
Sources
Doctor Who Magazine Special Edition #14, 9th November 2006, “Episode 1: New Earth” by Andrew Pixley, Panini Publishing Ltd.
Original Transmission
| Cat |
Who wrote the 1956 novel ‘101 Dalmatians’? | Human Resources - TV Tropes
Human Resources
You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account
Share
— Doctor Who , "The Runaway Bride"
Extracting resources from the bodies of living, dead, or dying people. "Extracting resources" is usually as visceral as taking organs from the living , though sometimes as vague as harvesting " Life Energy ". It is common for the bodily integrity of the donor/victim/walking resourcebag to be transgressed: there is a strong horror theme . There are a few exceptions, such as reclaiming water from the dead in Dune , which is played as a religious and cultural practice.
Sometimes a particular group is preyed upon; criminals , the homeless , and disposable sex workers are popular for this. This is a common thing reflected from real-life serial killers targeting this group of people as they're often referred to as the "less dead" - this being that if remains of their body are found, there's less public press to figure out who's killing them because they "deserved it" or " they knew it was dangerous ." If the police aren't as eager to investigate, this makes it easier to for the perpetrator to continue "shopping" for their needs among these easy targets, often leading minor characters like this to be plot moving devices or as devices to develop villain/hero character personality , even going so far as to lend to a backstory or more specifically a back story horror
There are many subtropes, although a lot of them can also be applied to non-humans:
You Are Who You Eat
Compare Creepy Souvenir , when folks take body parts as trophies.
See also Your Soul Is Mine , in which the immortal essence of a person is taken rather than (parts of) their body (which, for obvious reasons, is potentially even worse), Undead Laborers , when the residual husk is reanimated as a zombie to toil unquestioningly, and Industrialized Evil , which this trope often overlaps with, as it exemplifies putting utmost importance on efficiency above all moral concerns. Mainlining the Monster is when this is done to a creature, not a person. Compare and contrast Solid Gold Poop , where the byproduct from a human or other creature is the valued resource.
This does not refer to the HR department, or more specifically, unflattering portrayals thereof. For that, see Inhuman Resources .
Examples:
open/close all folders
Anime and Manga
In Puella Magi Madoka Magica , Magical Girls are harvested by an alien race for their souls, which are used to stave off universal entropy. The MG's themselves are sent to kill corrupted, "harvested" husks of former MG's, called Witches , and if they don't die in battle, will fall into despair and become Witches themselves. Yes, it's as bad as it sounds.
It is implied in Macross Frontier that the dead are recycled for their organic biomass. This would be understandable since the show takes place on a colony ship, where resources are non-renewable. However, this seems to only apply to civilians. Military personnel are exempt and are given a more conventional burial.
On top of this, the Macross universe had Earth get bombarded by particle weapons which resulted in the near-extinction of the human race and the apparent loss of a huge amount of biomass to judge by the color of the planet seen from space. At this point, fifty years later, recycling everything seems to be as much an accepted fact of life as indoor plumbing is today.
Tower of God - Ja Wangnan has run himself so much into debt that he could never hope to repay, but his Loan Sharks give him one last chance: they'll pay for the next test he'll take, but he will have give up all his organs if he fails. So it really is a matter of life and death to him. Luckily, he meets Viole .
And, that's nothing in comparison to what the Workshop does to acquire living, walking and talking ignition weapons. The casualty rate amongst the lucky chosen experimental groups of children is... a little excessive, shall we say?
Kaiba has the utopian planet of Apiba. As the planet serves as a massive body trading zone, the countless discarded bodies are collected and converted into free food.
In Cannon God Exaxxion , the corpses of dissenters against the Alien Invasion are carted off to processing plants to be converted into either raw biomass for industrial bioengineering or food .
The Big Bad of the manga Uzumaki is an enormous ancient city . Though alive, its only instinct is to continually grow bigger, and it finds absorbing humans to be the best way to do so. Later in the manga, once people begin to turn into snails, they quickly end up as a food supply for the other survivors.
In Sentou Yousei Yukikaze Rei's Guy in Back ends up as a soup when the aliens realize he's the only organism around the base that a human can digest..
Witch Hunter Robin : Why do you think the Japanese branch captures witches alive rather than kill them? Hint: this Anti-Magic "orbo" stuff doesn't grow on trees...
One Piece has Warlord of the Sea Gecko Moria use his devil fruit power to remove shadows of people which then power his zombies.
In Dolls Fall , this is what the students of Jiaiin Girls Dormitory are, whether they are alive or dead.
Fullmetal Alchemist loves this trope. Not only are philosopher's stones people, but in the 2003 anime version , the homunculi are also powered by people-rocks.
In the end of the manga/Brotherhood, Father eats the souls of all the people in Amestris and then uses that power to eat God himself...until Hohenheim reveals that he's been derailing Father's plan for years and activates a countermeasure that rips all the Amestrian souls out of Father and restores them to their original bodies.
The 2003 anime one-ups this by revealing that all alchemy is powered by souls from an Alternate Universe (ours), shunted into Amestris through the Gate of Truth . The reason alchemy had been growing in potency lately was because our world was undergoing World War I at the time, providing the alchemists with lots of power.
Revealed as a major plot twist in Adieu Galaxy Express 999 . It involves the literal nature of the Ghost Train (It transports recently dead people.) and the source of the energy capsules consumed by humanoid machines (Their bioenergy is extracted in a huge plant.).
The Big Bad in Vandread is Earth, coming to harvest all the colonies for replacement parts. Strangely enough, Earth isn't real efficient in their harvesting. Spines come from one world, skin from a different world, there's even planets to be harvested strictly for genitals.
Tokyo Ghoul has several disturbing examples.
The Quinque, the primary weapons used by Ghoul Investigators are made from a dead ghoul's predatory organ. Some are altered to resemble traditional weapons, while others are still very recognizable as who they used to be. Quinque Steel is produced through the same basic process, and used for everything from prison walls to mass-produced bullets for Mooks .
The experiments of Dr. Kanou involve keeping an unwilling ghoul "donor" imprisoned, and extracting their organs for transplant into human subjects. Since the victims will eventually regenerate , he can do this thousands of times without killing them.
Later in the original series, Amon learns that a private company was involved in creating a liquid from melted down Ghoul corpses. This liquid was then sold to the CCG in secret, and the company's owner was murdered when he tried to expose the truth. The purpose of this product remains unknown.
Comics
The Marvel Adventures Spider-Man ran into this with his "smart-cloth" black outfit, which required the host's bioelectric energy to do its wearer's commands. Spidey ended up loaning it to Reed Richards to analyze, but Johnny ends up letting it loose and it runs into a disgruntled thief named Eddie Brock and voila, the Marvel Adventures take on Venom is born.
Dilbert plays this trope a lot. Once, the title character suggested using smokers going outside to have a smoke as a non-lethal power source. Dogbert also plays this trope straight when he throws activists into the furnace to power the town.
In Judge Dredd the dead are recycled after the funeral services and processed into other goods and materials.
In Grant Morrison's Seven Soldiers of Victory , in Klarion's puritan underground town the dead are risen for workforce as "Grundys." And yes, they are indeed similar to Solomon Grundy.
In the New X-Men comic a group led by John Sublime calling themselves the U-Men do this in order to gain a mutants powers, although its rarely successful. Sublime was even revealed to have a massive facility in Hong Kong with hundreds of imprisoned mutants, many of them already missing numerous body parts. Of course, Sublime never really cared how successful the process was. This was just another one of its attempts to ruin mutant-baseline human relations in a bid to wipe out mutantkind forever.
In Sonic the Hedgehog , when Dr. Eggman lost the ability to roboticize Mobius' populace as his slaves , he invented the Egg Grapes to use their life force as a power source just like The Matrix .
Unlike The Matrix, however, it's also heavily implied that he didn't bother to try to nourish any of his prisoners in the Egg Grapes, just discarding the ones he "used up".
In the UK's Sonic the Comic , Robotnik's plot during the buildup to issue #100 involved connecting the Emerald Hill Folk to a machine to form a gigantic Wetware CPU .
In the Strikeforce: Morituri "Electric Undertow" limited series, it is revealed that the alien VXX199 are hiding behind the Earth's Moon, where they are secretly modifying humanity so they can induce spontaneous combustions and harvest the psychic energies released.
Vandal Savage , an immortal caveman from the DC Universe , has to claim the body parts of his descendants in order to live. These have included Roy Harper and his daughter, Scandal Savage . Eventually he consumes a clone of himself. Note that Lex Luthor claims Savage invented cannibalism... and means it.
In one gag by French Canadian comic artist Garnotte , a newly-liposucked woman discover than her fat its sold to the very fast food who fattened her as frying oïl.
In another, a man is invited to a party where it is supposed to have a cold buffet at midnight. Thing is , the other guest are werewolves and HE IS THE COLD BUFFET.
And yes, Garnotte had a very dark humour and his work were mostly featured in adult-rated satirical magazine Croc.
In Wynonna Earp , the Chupacabra Cartel specializes in harvesting human organs and selling them on the paranormal dark market (for feeding, rituals, etc.).
Fan Works
In the FIM Fan Fic Rainbow Factory , rainbows are made out of foals who fail their flight exam. Specifically, their ribs are broken, and then they are mutilated in what is essentially a giant meat grinder.
And the less said about what Pinkie's cupcakes are made of in the infamous fanfic Cupcakes , the better.
In That Epic Plan When Matusda is being tardy and useless as usual Beyond Birthday suggests that they could always sell Matsuda on the black market.
In Last Rights Dul'krah, Clan Korekh mentions that his species processes their dead into water and fertilizer, since they live aboard asteroid habitats. He views the Kobali transformation of other species' dead into more Kobali as little different.
"Better, perhaps, since our dead will bring joy to others rather than mere sustenance."
Child of the Storm has this as one of the many disturbing experiments that Gravemoss performs on anyone unfortunate enough to be near him.
Arnim Zola performs them as well.
In Fallout: Equestria - Project Horizons , the staff of Blackjack's home Stable regularly feed dead bodies into food processors, while outwardly claiming that they cremate them. This leads to their downfall when they process several dead raiders who carrying a virus that causes cannibalistic urges , causing the Stable to become infected and break down into several competing tribes of hungry cannibals.
Films — Animated
In Igor , old Igors are recycled for parts at the end of their usefulness... or sometimes just because someone feels like it.
In Robots , it's heavily implied that the upgrades sold by the Corrupt Corporate Executive 's company are made from the corpses of robots too poor to afford upgrades, smelted down by the Executive's mother , the film's Big Bad .
Films — Live-Action
The Central Theme in Mad Max: Fury Road .
When Max is captured, the War Boys use him as a "Blood Bag", which allows them to perform a blood transfusion on a War Boy if one of them is injured badly enough.
Immortan Joe keeps young women around as Sex Slaves , but when they're no longer useful for the purposes of breeding, they are milked to provide sustenance for the War Boys.
There's also The People Eater, if his name is to be taken literally. (Which, given his obesity and his case of gout, you probably should.)
In Jupiter Ascending , the Earth, as well as countless other planets, are just People Farms . The DNA is used to keep the more privileged humans eternally young.
In Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials , there is a treatment for the Flare, but it requires draining an enzyme from the immune which cannot be synthesized and requires a lifetime of treatments lest the Flare relapse.
100 Bloody Acres : Morgan Bros. makes organic fertilizer out of people.
Literature
Upton Sinclair book The Jungle . Sinclair's account of workers falling into rendering tanks and being ground, along with animal parts, into "Durham's Pure Leaf Lard".
House of the Scorpion people clone themselves so when needed, they can kill the clones and use their organs to extend their lives. One of the central characters lives to be 148 through this method.
Animorphs :
An alien-exploiting-alien version. Ax tells the group of a race called The Five that harvested a race called the Venber for lubricants (their bodies melted when they got above a certain temperature, but the fluid sped up the Five's computers). This eventually led to the Venbers' extinction.
There's also the brother of Visser Three, who kills humans to obtain other Yeerks to eat, so he doesn't have to return to the pool to feed.
In The Belgariad , it's mentioned that human skin is seldom used for writing evil books. But only because it's really bad at holding the ink.
In the Breaking the Wall trilogy, the Thirteen Orphans' each possess a Mahjong set that's passed down family lines, with tiles made from bone and bamboo. It is revealed in the second book that the bones came from the original Orphans, exiles from another world who wanted to keep the link to their homeland alive, strengthen the powers of their descendants, and also give their bodies a more portable form in the hopes that they could one day be returned to their homeland proper.
In Courtship Rite , in addition to eating their dead, the Getans make full use of their corpses, since they have no other large animals to provide things like leather. Even Oelita the Gentle Heretic, who preaches against cannibalism, wears a coat made from her dead father's skin, in his honor.
Firebird (Lackey) : Anyone who isn't a prince and enters the Katschei's palace is fed to the monster staff.
In Under a Graveyard Sky , the fastest way of collecting large amounts of antibodies for use in a vaccine against H7D3 is to collect the fluids from the head and spine of its victims. The task is done under secret conditions by Thomas Smith and some associates due to the illegality of the act.
In Ethan of Athos , the bodies of people who die on the space station are processed into fertilizer for plants because the people of the station can't afford to waste organic material and it's considered less Squicky than using them directly as feedstock for meat replication.
In Street Magic , when Briar is entering the stronghold of Lady Zenadia , he notices at once her luxuriant and flourishing gardens — very strange in a landscape that is in the middle of a desert (the city is a Fantasy Counterpart Culture to a Middle Eastern one). When he asks the plants how they're so strong, they answer "Rich food!" When Briar goes to confront her (and rescue his student Evvy) later on, he finds out that she's been using the bodies of people she's had killed as fertilizer.
In Monster Hunter International Earl has a jacket made from minotaur hide (which is bulletproof). The initial assumption is that the hide was from a monster that Earl killed prior to the books, however later flashbacks reveal that the minotaur in question was actually a close friend of Earl's who left him his skin in his will to repay Earl for saving his life (settling debts is extremely important to minotaurs ).
In the Jacob's Ladder Trilogy , the Colony Ship Jacob's Ladder carries both a living crew and stored Human Popsicles . Due to the severe shortage of vital resources following the Breaking, the living crew are forced to begin shutting off life support for the popsicles in order to harvest needed materials from their corpses.
In The Golgotha Series , the Blood of the Wurm is an oily black Psycho Serum created from the blood of murdered infants.
The Hunger Games : Near the end of the first book, Katniss realizes that Muttations, the genetically engineered monsters that attack the surviving tributes, were somehow created from the dead tributes. In the book, the muttations have the same hair color and eyes as the tributes they were created from. In the movie, the correspondence is much subtler. They all look like brown dog-wolves, but their CGI facial expressions are based on the actors who played the tributes.
Although she later reflects that the Muttations probably didn't actually contain any parts of the dead tributes - they were just made to look like them for the additional psychological terror.
In Dinner at Deviant's Palace , a popular drug which takes the form of a reddish-brown powder and is known as "Blood" turns out to be made with actual blood harvested from the mind-broken victims of a psychic vampire; taking the drug opens the mind of the user to be fed on as well.
In The Midnight Meat Train human flesh is gathered from subway riders to feed the elders of New York in exchange for their immortality.
Mary Roach's Stiff examines the various fates awaiting actual human remains, including dissection, vehicular crash-testing, being plastinated as a permanent anatomical display, or getting processed into cement for an artificial reef and/or fertilizer to sustain a memorial tree.
The Starchild Trilogy : Under the Plan of Man, all must contribute. Those who cannot or will not contribute willingly are sent to the inescapable prison called "Heaven", where they can peacefully wait until their body parts are required.
Live Action Television
The clockwork robots in the Doctor Who episode "The Girl in the Fireplace" rebuilt the ship out of parts of the crew.
Also from "The Runaway Bride": "It was all there in the job title, the head of Human Resources."
Adipose: The fat just walks away.
The Dalek Emperor specifically extracted cells he deemed "worthy" from the humans he harvested and grew them into Dalek-Human hybrids.
Professor Lazarus in "The Lazarus Experiment" drains people away leaving emaciated husks.
The fake Odin in "The Girl Who Died" captures the finest warriors from different worlds and harvests them for their testosterone which he consumes.
In their origins, the original Cybermen are a powerful aversion to this: Humans on a doomed planet that started out as a twin of Earth go inside the planet as the entire surface becomes uninhabitable. They create suits of armor to survive the inhospitable environment on the surface to create a world propulsion system and move the entire planet into a better location and save what's left of them. The process takes so long that due to a lack of nutrition humanity is to weak and continuously swapping out their human bits for stronger robotic ones, and their leaders have preserved themselves as AIs . Brains are turned off to try and minimize the emotional body horror. It starts being played straight when the AI follows the logical progression of deciding the best way to preserve humanity is to make them into sterile robot men who must convert others to survive. By the time of "The Tenth Planet"(the first doctor's first meeting with the Cybermen) they call him out on the idea that he is dooming humanity to a slow agonizing death instead of letting them convert humanity into immortality.
Played with in the Eighth Doctor audio adventure titled (appropriately) Human Resources.
An episode of Star Trek: Enterprise had a space station that recycled living brains to repair itself.
In "Fight or Flight" the crew find a starship whose murdered crew are being siphoned for their 'triglobulin' — apparently used for medicines, vaccines, and even aphrodisiacs. Unfortunately triglobulin is very similar to human lymphatic fluid�
On an episode of Star Trek: Voyager , the crew met another Starfleet crew in the same predicament they were, but were rapidly on their way back to Earth. Trouble was, they were using sentient beings as fuel. They weren't human, didn't even look humanoid but they screamed horribly when they were in pain. Voyager ended up in something of a M�l�e � Trois with the other Starfleet crew and the justifiably pissed-off aliens as a result.
In the TV movie that kicked off Lexx , the remains of the thousands of offenders executed under His Divine Shadow are chopped up and fed to the ever-hungry titular living spaceship.
The Lexx got the choicest morsels, the rest is donated to the "protein bank" along with all other 'spare' human parts and bodies. As well as a source of parts for cyborgs and presumably also replacement organs for the wealthy, the protein bank was being used to feed the Gigashadow, the last survivor of humanity's deadliest enemy, the Insects. In the final TV movie, the entire population of the League of 20,000 Planets was harvested for their flesh.
In Torchwood : Children of Earth, the 456 want 10% of our children to harvest drugs from them.
A short segment of Night Gallery featured a man whose business was getting passage out of the country for the most reprehensible murderous criminals. He did so by toasting his client's voyage and slipping him a mickey, then shipping him out of the country...as canned dog food.
Subverted in an episode of Tales from the Crypt . A woman kills her husband and shoves him into a processor meant to make soap, then takes the soap home for use. The result proves to be dangerously acidic.
An episode of the new The Twilight Zone presents a family moving to a neighborhood where the rebel teenage children are sent to a place which starts seeming some kind of camp or disciplinary place. In the end, however, it's revealed that the kids are turned into organic fertilizer and the parents are given a tree fertilized with their child as a memento.
In Being Human , the vampires eventually try to control their hunger while they work on world domination by keeping a group of humans in the basement for slow drinking. Though the humans are promised that they won't lose much blood, it is gradually revealed that the people are getting sick from blood loss and that there were items left in the room from the first groups of people that were brought in... Thankfully, Anne promptly rescues everyone from the room after she meets the ghost of a man who died in the room.
In Dollhouse , the mysterious and sinister Attic turns out to be a place where those who have really offended the higher-ups are kept in a comatose state while their brains are used as living RAM by the Dollhouse mainframes.
Angel had an episode where humans were harvested for parts for transplant to rich people.
Also there was a necromancer who main source of income was putting demons into corpses provided by Wolfram & Hart.
On Farscape , Chiana and Jool fall into the hands of an Aggressive Drug Dealer who makes what is basically Space Ecstasy by draining the blood of beautiful women.
The Outer Limits (1995) episode "Second Soul" involves first contact with a bodiless alien race fleeing the destruction of their home world. Since they cannot survive indefinitely in this form, they request that they be given dead humans as hosts.
Subverted in a season six episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Buffy did believe that the Doublemeat Palace ground their employees up into hamburger, a theory supported by the disappearances of employees and after she found a finger in the meat grinder. It turns out that the employees were in fact eaten by a lamprey-like demon disguised as an old lady regular customer.
Subverted on Ink Master, when the host implied the contestants would have to tattoo human corpses as part of a challenge. They wound up working on plastic dummies instead.
One of the Real Life weird artists who shop at Obscura from Oddities specializes in using stuff like human hair, teeth, belly-button lint or nail clippings in her craft projects. Quite a bit of Obscura's stock likewise consists of human bones or other preserved remains.
Technically, Vampire Resources in in Moonlight : a 700-year-old vampire traps other vampires in a vat of silver (toxic to them) and processes their blood into a drug called Black Crystal, which allows a human to temporarily feel the rush of being a vampire (minus the bloodlust). When Beth takes a hit from BC, she tries to seduce Mick and begs him to turn her. Unfortunately, the high content of silver is toxic to humans too.
Two episodes of Sliders deal with organ replacement. In one, any person under 30 is required to be an organ donor, even if said organ is vital. When someone rich and/or important needs a new heart, the computer randomly selects a healthy 20-something with a good heart and activates his implant. The implant acts as a tracking device for special squads. Another episode has clones of rich or important people kept in a vegetative state in order to have perfectly-compatible organs. The problems arise when "our" Quinn is thought to be an escaped clone for this world's Quinn, who had just lost his eyes.
Hannibal , which is based on a series of novels involving a cannibal doctor, takes the concept and runs with it, by having the villains-of-the-week turning humans into anything - furniture, fertilizer, artworks, instrument string...
The Moutain Men in The 100 are people who survived the nuclear apocalypse by hiding in a nuclear bunker. Now they capture the people who survived and use their blood as medicine. When they realize that they can use the 100's bone marrow to become resistant to the radiations outside, they start harvesting them too.
Night Visions : This becomes the fate of a group of unfortunate travellers in "Rest Stop". It turns out that the rest stop in the woods is a trap by the xenophobic locals to capture and kill people so they can make artifacts out of their hair, skin, and teeth.
"You may have no use for us... but we definitely have use for you."
Music
Child Ballad #10, "Twa Sisters": the body parts of the drowned girl are fashioned into a musical instrument, either a harp or a fiddle. The song is covered by Loreena McKennitt in "Bonny Swan."
Mythology
The " Hand of Glory " was the severed hand of an executed criminal, clutching a candle or each finger made into a candle (with the added bonus that the candle is sometimes made with human fat), which gave a light only the Hand's holder could see. Supposedly it was a useful tool for medieval housebreakers, who could rob a house after dark without its illumination alerting residents or neighbors.
In some versions of the tale, it went one step further - anyone who saw the light, other than its wielder, was hit with a full-on Hold Person effect until the light left their vision.
Tabletop Games
In Cyberpunk2020 , the buying and selling of organs and parts of killed people is a very profitable business.
Dungeons & Dragons : flesh golems. It's worse in Ravenloft (creators usually are driven by obsessive insanity, while golems, no matter how innocent they start out, sooner or later become Axe Crazy ), but otherwise it's merely a very unappetizing variant which is still considered better than Undead . Ravenloft 's Hands of Glory and the Eye of Vecna are also examples.
Similar to the Biofab War example, certain ships in the Spelljammer setting use a sadistic variation of the typical spelljamming helm called a lifejammer. Instead of a spellcaster fueling the ship with his or her magical power, lifejammers are powered by the life force of whichever poor victim gets strapped into the helm. Neogi slavers are fond of using them, as are the undead, and their use is banned in pretty much every civilized region of wildspace.
Kind of an everpresent problem in Genius: The Transgression . Proper material for living things needs to come from somewhere. Most Geniuses try to find a workaround... but Illuminated don't care.
In the New World of Darkness Immortals sourcebook, the Patchwork People are Corrupt Corporate Executives and evil aristocrats who maintain their immortality by thieving organs and hormone extracts from innocent victims .
In Paranoia Alpha Complex's main food source is from algae tanks which are in part fed by recycled citizens.
A running joke in Warhammer 40,000 is that the only resource the Imperium of Man is not short on is people.
To the point where an infamously ruthless general forced his armies across minefields to clear then for his tanks. This was undoubtedly based on actual events of the Red Army in World War II having penal battalion troops do the same for regular units.
Space Marine Apothecaries do this literally: their main task in battle is to harvest the geneseed (artificial organs) of their fallen comrades. If this is not done they won't have enough materials to make more Space Marines.
Commander Chenkov once ordered for a wall to be built to protect against his enemies. When the men informed him there wasn't enough mortar and bricks, he ordered them to start shooting his own men, and made a wall out of their corpses.
Servitors, which the Imperium uses in place of robots for heavy lifting and menial labor, are created by lobotomizing a human and grafting them into the machine they are to control. Robots and true AI have been banned by the Imperium for religious reasons - that is, a AI/Human War in the remote past . This war is also implied to be one of the main things that ended the "Dark Age of Technology".
Also, juvenat treatments (chemicals that stave off aging and increase life expectancy by hundreds if not thousands of years) are implied to be made out of children.
The Medusa V campaign ended with the Dark Eldar capturing enough human slaves to use them as starship fuel (knowing the Dark Eldar , being used as actual combustion fuel is the best fate those slaves could have hoped for).
On top of all this, the Imperium uses psykers to power the Astronomican that guides its ships through the Warp and the Golden Throne that keeps the Emperor alive. An average of ten thousand burn out and die every day. The Throne has been described as having pyskers physically fed into it - at least the Astronomican "only" burns out minds.
The Tyranid top them by attacking with their Cannon Fodder troops to cause the enemy to waste ammunition before the real attack starts, since they'll just lap up those troops' biomass (biomass being anything organic) to make more later, then eat up the enemy's. Said troops don't even have a digestive system! They're supposed to get wiped out.
So far the only two factions that have not resorted to this are the Eldar (who are too few to toss away their fellows...and even they are slowly resorting to this) and the Tau (who actually value the lives of their citizens). Everyone else indulge in a form of this or another; Chaos always has worshippers, Orks literally grow from spores (to the point that a whole Ork Ecosystem can spring up from one spore-spewing corpse) and the necrons can teleport away and ressurect. Even the Dark Eldar joins in on the fun with cloning-based ressurection and test tube babies.
Amusingly enough, the Imperium does have a common foodstuff named " Soylens Veridians ". It's made from algae. When they make it from people it's called "corpse starch", because subtlety is a lost art in the far future.
Theater
In MacBeth , the potion that creates the apparitions requires some human bits.
Video Games
The Last Guardian has your bird/dog/cat companion Trico eat glowing barrels for energy. At the end of the game you find out the barrels are filled with pre-digested people. Ick.
In Front Mission for Super Famicom the main villain uses the heroes girlfriend's brain as a computer for his mech. You can eventually install "her" into your own wanzer.
The Command & Conquer series uses this a few times, mostly in the Red Alert series.
In Red Alert 2 , you can gain funds by sending infantry back into the Cloning Vats. In the add-on game Yuri's Revenge, the antagonist faction has a building specifically for this purpose, called a Grinder.
The Grinder returns as a Soviet structure in Red Alert 3 , where it's called the Crusher Crane. If you're feeling more charitable, it can also repair vehicles.
Red Alert 2's editable INI files refer to the recycle-value of a unit as "soylent", in a fun bit of referential humor.
Yuri's power plants could also improve their output if a soldier (One of Yuri's army or a mind-controlled enemy) was forced inside. However, this is a temporary boost, as the soldiers can leave the power plants again.
CABAL in Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun is an artificial intelligence that stores human in vats so it can use their brains' processing power. Its name is an acronym for "Computer Assisted Biologically Augmented Lifeform".
The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion had Flesh Atronachs in the Shivering Isles expansion, Flesh Elementals made out of flesh of other things by Relmyna Verenim after her "discovery" of the Flesh element.
In Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos, the undead can store corpses to be eaten or resurrected for later use. Of course, they are undead. Their siege weapon is the Meat Wagon which throws bodies as ammunition. Luckily, these corpses spawn from thin air and you don't have to collect any for that purpose.
In addition, the undead in World of Warcraft have the racial ability "Cannibalize" which allows them to regain health by eating a corpse.
A few undead units in Warcraft III have this ability too.
The Death Knight class introduced in the second expansion has the ability to raise a humanoid corpse as a temporary pet for a few minutes or as a lifelong companion if enough points are put into the proper talent tree.
Including allies. Word of caution: some people really don't like it.
Update: Death Knights have apparently gotten better at it, because their "Raise Ally" button is now a full battle resurrection.
Supreme Commander and Total Annihilation are just about robots, but they have harvesting wrecks (or immobile enemy structures or your own units) for resources.
Zerg Defilers in Starcraft consume friendly units to regain special ability energy. So does Kerrigan. But then, she is the Queen Bitch of the Universe.
And Samir Duran as well. But then, he is, well... whatever the hell he is.
The Hierarchy in Universe at War: Earth Assault , intentionally designed to perpetuate every single Alien Invasion sci-fi cliche in the last sixty years, gathers resources with walkers that can harvest buildings, cars, wrecks, cows and people.
The recycling tanks in Sid Meier�s Alpha Centauri . The supplementary materials implies that it's mostly the carbon and water that's being recycled, the two being rarities in the heavily nitrated soil and atmosphere of Planet.
"It is every citizen's final duty to go into the Tanks, and become one with all of the people."
— Chairman Sheng-Ji Yang, 'Essays on Mind and Matter'
Referenced/parodied in the Portal 2 DLC.
Cave Johnson: Just wanna let the cafeteria staff know to lay off the Soylent Green. I'm holding a memo from the President, and it turns out that soylent green is... [paper rustling] let's see here... doubling in price."
In Armed Police Batrider , it turns out that one of the reasons that GiganTech took measures to turn Zenovia into a city-state with it as the ruling party was to be able to use the now-trapped denizens' life-force as a power supply for Discharge and anything else that required too much power for anything else to work viably.
In The Forest , both the player can use the cannibals bodyparts as effigies to scare them off, while the cannibals have used human limbs to create some themselves. Also, the cannibals got their moniker for a reason.
In XCOM: Enemy Unknown it was implied that some humans were turned into alien food, but in XCOM 2 it is explicitly shown that humans are being broken down into some sort of green slime (most likely to be used in the Gene Clinics) in the ADVENT Black Site mission.
In WildStar , playing with and utilizing the dead for your own purposes seems to be a real recurring theme.
First up, there are the Moodies who raise the dead as servants, and themselves when they meet an unfortunate end.
Next up, there are the Mordesh, who need Vitalus so badly it is actually protocol to extract the chemical from dead Mordesh.
Speaking of which, both the Mordesh and the Chua are not adverse to test subjects that are little less than fresh for their experiments. While they would certainly prefer live ones, one simply does not have the luxury most of the time.
In the old Sierra adventure game Manhunter , one of the big reveals is that the orbs have no interest in keeping humanity around, and are slowly but surely converting useless and dangerous individuals to some kind of nutrient stuff. In the first game, it's the actual fate of anyone "transferred to Chicago". Like you.
Played with in Freedom Wars . When you rescue an abducted Citizen, the escape hatch is called a "Resource Reclamation Pod", and your Accessory talks about them as a commodity, implying this trope. You soon find out that the "resource" being discussed are said Citizen's mind and skills, and despite being the privileged classnote As opposed to Sinners like the player character, who get million-year prison sentences for being an unproductive net drain on resources are expected to dedicate themselves completely to the collective happiness of the Panopticon. In addition, Citizens you rescue can be used at facilities to expedite crafting and produce higher-quality items.
In Dead Space , aboard the Ishimura, fetuses are being grown in tanks. It's explained that they are being grown to harvest limbs and such for people who have lost theirs in mining accidents. They become the Lurkers.
Visual Novels
Kotomine in Fate/stay night has at the bottom of his church magical coffins that suck the life and apparently the mass of children who really ought to be corpses but aren't. The end result? About fifty kids who have been stuck in stone coffins for ten years while they rot at an infinitesimal rate, with no idea how they got there . So they're human resources even before they die.
Heroic Spirits, due to their inability to regenerate their own prana, usually rely on their Masters to restore their reserves. In desperate circumstances, or if the Master simply wants to quickly power up their Servant, the Spirit can resort to consuming souls. Due to their Masters lacking prana, Caster and Rider did so.
The Holy Grail converts the souls of Heroic Spirits into energy to power itself. Caster determined it could also be powere by ordinary human souls, though in much vaster quantities.
Metacreatures in Shikkoku No Sharnoth are spawned from corpses by the host of the Metacreature.
Hatoful Boyfriend 's all-birds high school has a rumor that the students who vanish in the infirmary are used for diabolical experiments and then converted into teriyaki for the lunch menu and quill pens for the bookstore. There's significant evidence that these rumors are true, but the government does nothing... because they're sponsoring the Mad Scientist who is the school doctor!
Freedom Wars takes the trope to its logical extreme and, funnily enough, makes it all the way back to the original meaning of this trope: skilled worker management. In the resource-starved dark future, skilled, educated humans are the most valuable resource of all. So you fight giant abductor robots who steal humans and imprison them in their own bodies.
Webcomics
In Drowtales humans are constantly kept as slaves, cheap labour and meat shields by the Drow races. Well not being outright kept for eating, partly because it takes too long for humans to mature enough to be worth it, when a human dies the drow have no qualms butchering and serving them as food, but they also frequently do this to other drow, as food is too scarce in the underworld to waste. The Black Dragon Tavern is also shown
to have fed humans and other drow who became useless in their Gladiator Games to their growing dragon hatchlings.
Implied in this
S.S.D.D where the head of the CORE wonders how the Collective of Anarchist States could get the carbon and calcium to build the Tower of Babel from the wreckage of post-hurricane New York.
Federov: "...I've just thought of a way to supplement a carbon and calcium supply after a natural disaster. Please say I'm wrong."
Central: "There's been a distinct lack of televised funerals from the CAS, so sorry sir, I can't rule it out."
The present page image is from Schlock Mercenary , in a storyline where kidnapped humans are used to develop illegal nanites.
In Unsounded "Plods" are corpses that were deliberately reanimated with pymary (magic), and are widely used as a cheap source of slave labor. They are considered quite ordinary in the countries that "employ" them; making a mindless magical meat-puppet do punishing work for days at a time is said to be a more humane practice than enslaving living, feeling humans. Their use is heavily regulated, as is their appearance, which is made uniform and featureless to prevent an Uncanny Valley effect, and areas where they are working are often cordoned off so as not to disturb the living.
In Deep Rise humans are used for food and servitors . Cheertwit's "tablet" servitors "Scribblebrite" used to be a little kid.
In Alice and the Nightmare , the key element of the medicine Alice drinks every morning is Rougina's blood.
Web Original
In Lucky Day Forever , the Lottery Winner bodies are used to revitalize the Whites's bodies while keeping the Whites young forever. This trope metaphorically represents the Whites taking advantage of the gullible Proles.
In The Return as well as the Other White Meat , Succubae feed on human sexual energy. One of the markers of the " good guys " is that when they do it, their victims are still alive afterwards. Alexia's victims are not so lucky.
In The Sandstorm episodes of Welcome to Night Vale , everything in Desert Bluffs is said to be made out of or covered in viscera. Possibly implied to be the fate of one of the Intern Danas - they ran out of materials, and the surviving Dana had to build that shelf out of something.
In the "Courage Wolf vs Insanity Wolf" Animeme Rap Battle, after being told he gives nothing to society, Insanity Wolf replies "Yeah, that's a real crock of shit! I feed the homeless! To the homeless!"
In Twig , the Ghosts, groups of enhanced soldiers who act as spies and commandos, do this as a crude form of exponential growth. They prey upon the local homeless population , usually children, for both biomass to grow more of them and brains which can be modified to work with the Ghost template. When a Ghost cell has gained enough members, they will bud off another cell or engage in acts of terrorism to reduce their own numbers.
In Void Domain , Bloodstones are formed by magically crushing a living heart into a gem.
Western Animation
The following exchange occurred on The Simpsons :
Homer: Marge, please, old people don't need companionship. They need to be isolated and studied so it can be determined what nutrients they have that might be extracted for our personal use.
Nathan: OH, WHAT A HORRIBLE-Oh, you're fired by the way.
Real Life
The organ donor system; you agree to it, then fall over dead, and some doctors cut all the useful bits out of you to use in someone else. Often it is illegal for the donor's family to profit by this; in some countries there is a small payment.
Likewise, blood banks and marrow-donor registries, with the added convenience of omitting the "fall over dead" part.
Sperm donors also fall under this.
Egg donors, too.
The Holocaust : during Operation Reinhard, local commanders came up with a simple but brilliant way to make an extra buck and outshine the programmes being implemented by the German Army and the regional SSP Fs (Shutzstaffel und Polizei Führers, SS and Police leaders) in the occupied Soviet Union: rather than simply claiming the Undesirables' personal effects and disposing of the remains, they experimented with processing the corpses into products which could be sold. After the clearing of the backlog and closure of the Reinhard facilities, the consolidated selection/disposal facility at Auschwitz-II/Birkenau continued the most productive uses. These included cloth from hair and fertiliser from bone. The museum at the Auschwitz-I work/concentration camp still has some of the hair-cloth on display.
The hair was woven into thermal socks and underwear issued to U-Boat crewmen and Luftwaffe aircrew, and used to fill mattresses issued to prisoners of war. One British PoW recalls marveling that the Germans were methodical enough to collect all the gleanings from barber and hairdressers' shops for re-use...
And then there were the medical experiments which we use the findings of to this day, such as those on hypothermia and survivable levels of blood-loss. The actual doctors expressed a particular contempt for Joseph Mengele , who had an honorary doctorate in Racial Science, because his experiments had no scientific merit.
Partly due to the racist nature of US culture in that age, and also due to pointedly racist anti-Japanese propaganda by the American government, many US soldiers cut up the corpses of Japanese people and boiled the flesh off the bone so they could fashion objects out of them or take them home intact as 'souvenirs'
. By contrast, in the European theater the only verified case of this was of a single German corpse scalped by a Native American soldier. This practice featured heavily in Japanese propaganda and promoted Japanese reluctance to surrender.
There's currently a war crimes tribunal featuring US soldiers who allegedly took 'souvenirs' from the corpses of Afghan civilians.
Played for Laughs by McDonald's restaurants. Today, the tray liners display nutritional information. In the late 1980's, they had a picture of happy-looking employees with the caption, "People, our most important ingredient."
A 14-year old British girl named Charlene Downes was alleged to have been raped and murdered by 29 year old Iyad Albattikhi, owner of Funny Boyz fast food shop in Blackpool, UK. To hide his crime, Iyad was alleged to having ground her body into kebab
and sold her as kebab meat to customers in his restaurant. Basically, if true, this would be a Real Life version of Sweeney Todd.
| i don't know |
Knoblauch is German for which herb? | Meggle Herb & Garlic Butter (Krauterbutter) 125g
Also to refine vegetables or side dishes
Without flavor enhancers, preservatives and other artificial additives
Ingredients
Butter, onions, parsley, garlic, iodized salt, buttermilk, potato starch, tapioca starch, citric acid (acidulant), spices.
Note: Ingredients can change without notice and translation and/or typographical errors are possible. Therefore consumers are advised to check the ingredient lists on the package for substances that might be incompatible for them BEFORE ingestion. The European Parliament directives and amendments pertaining to compulsory food labeling can vary depending on the item in question and producers are not always required to provide a detailed and complete listing of all ingredients. When in doubt contact the manufacturer before consuming this item.
Description in German
Originalrezeptur mit vielen frischen Kräutern
Beim Grillen nicht mehr wegzudenken
Auch zur Verfeinerung von Gemüse oder Beilagen
Ohne Geschmacksverstärker, Konservierungsstoffe und andere künstliche Zusätze
Ingredients in German
Butter, Zwiebeln, Petersilie, Knoblauch, Jodsalz, Buttermilch, Kartoffelstärke, Tapioka Stärke, Zitronensäure (Säuerungsmittel), Gewürze.
Hinweis: Die Zutaten können sich ohne vorherige Ankündigung ändern und Übersetzungen und /oder typografische Fehler sind möglich. Deshalb werden die Verbraucher gebeten, die Zutatenlisten auf den Verpackungen für Stoffe, die für sie unverträglich sind, vor dem Verzehr zu überprüfen. Die Richtlinien und Änderungen des Europäische Parlaments, bezüglich der obligatorischen Etikettierung von Lebensmitteln, kann je nach dem betreffenden Artikel und Hersteller nicht immer erforderlich sein. Im Zweifelsfall wenden Sie sich bitte an den Hersteller, bevor sie den Artikel verwenden/gebrauchen oder consumieren.
Reviews
| Garlic |
The 2013 film ‘Rush’ is about the rivalry between which two former Formula One racing drivers? | Translate garlic from English to German
Translate garlic from English to German
Search
English to German: more detail...
garlic:
Detailed Translations for garlic from English to German
garlic:
aromatic bulb used as seasoning1
bulbous herb of southern Europe widely naturalized; bulb breaks up into separate strong-flavored cloves1
Wiktionary Translations for garlic :
| i don't know |
Former US President John F Kennedy belonged to which political party? | President John F. Kennedy Facts, Information, and Trivia
Facts, information, and Trivia about President John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy was the United States of America�s thirty-fifth president.
President John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917 and grew up to become America�s thirty-fifth president.
He was a sailor and writer before he became President of the United States at age 43. His place of primary affiliation was Massachusetts.
John F. Kennedy became president on Friday, January 20, 1961 and left the office on Friday, November 22, 1963.
President John F. Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party and his vice president was Lyndon B. Johnson.
John F. Kennedy's nicknames include JFK, and Jack among friends.
America's first Catholic president and the youngest ever elected to the job. He received the Pulitzer Prize for his book "Profiles in Courage.�
With his brother Robert as Attorney General, he gave more support to the civil rights movement than his predecessors, and he laid the groundwork for the Peace Corps and committed the U.S. to pursue the space race.
The most traumatic event in his brief presidency was the Cuban Missile Crisis, when it was discovered that Cuba deployed Russian nuclear missiles that could hit targets in the United States. Kennedy resisted pressure from his generals to attack Cuba and decided to begin a blockade of Russian vessels on their way to Cuba. The world held its breath for several days when they were closer to nuclear war between the superpowers than ever before or since.
President Kennedy is portrayed on U.S. coins. Other presidents portrayed on U.S. coins include President Franklin Roosevelt, President Washington, President Eisenhower, President Jefferson, and President Lincoln.
President John F. Kennedy was killed on November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald. John F. Kennedy was 46 years old when he died.
About this page: This page was created by Research Maniacs and may not be duplicated or copied. We hope you enjoy our sketch portrait of John F. Kennedy. This page also contains information, trivia and facts about John F. Kennedy. It has answers to questions like: How old was President John F. Kennedy when he became president? When was John F. Kennedy president? What did John F. Kennedy accomplish? What was John F. Kennedy�s occupation before he became president? Where was John F. Kennedy born? What was John F. Kennedy�s nickname? What political party did John F. Kennedy belong to? What was John F. Kennedy�s place of primary affiliation?
| Democratic Party |
Which artist worked for Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI, as military architect and engineer? | President John F. Kennedy Facts, Information, and Trivia
Facts, information, and Trivia about President John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy was the United States of America�s thirty-fifth president.
President John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917 and grew up to become America�s thirty-fifth president.
He was a sailor and writer before he became President of the United States at age 43. His place of primary affiliation was Massachusetts.
John F. Kennedy became president on Friday, January 20, 1961 and left the office on Friday, November 22, 1963.
President John F. Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party and his vice president was Lyndon B. Johnson.
John F. Kennedy's nicknames include JFK, and Jack among friends.
America's first Catholic president and the youngest ever elected to the job. He received the Pulitzer Prize for his book "Profiles in Courage.�
With his brother Robert as Attorney General, he gave more support to the civil rights movement than his predecessors, and he laid the groundwork for the Peace Corps and committed the U.S. to pursue the space race.
The most traumatic event in his brief presidency was the Cuban Missile Crisis, when it was discovered that Cuba deployed Russian nuclear missiles that could hit targets in the United States. Kennedy resisted pressure from his generals to attack Cuba and decided to begin a blockade of Russian vessels on their way to Cuba. The world held its breath for several days when they were closer to nuclear war between the superpowers than ever before or since.
President Kennedy is portrayed on U.S. coins. Other presidents portrayed on U.S. coins include President Franklin Roosevelt, President Washington, President Eisenhower, President Jefferson, and President Lincoln.
President John F. Kennedy was killed on November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald. John F. Kennedy was 46 years old when he died.
About this page: This page was created by Research Maniacs and may not be duplicated or copied. We hope you enjoy our sketch portrait of John F. Kennedy. This page also contains information, trivia and facts about John F. Kennedy. It has answers to questions like: How old was President John F. Kennedy when he became president? When was John F. Kennedy president? What did John F. Kennedy accomplish? What was John F. Kennedy�s occupation before he became president? Where was John F. Kennedy born? What was John F. Kennedy�s nickname? What political party did John F. Kennedy belong to? What was John F. Kennedy�s place of primary affiliation?
| i don't know |
The Devil’s ‘what’ is a large natural amphitheatre and beauty spot near Hindhead, Surrey? | Devil's Punch Bowl - Hindhead, Surrey
Devil's Punch Bowl
Scenic Lookout and Nature Preserve
Hindhead
Log in to leave a tip here.
Post
Olly Stedall January 4, 2015
The Punchbowl has a long history and tradition. Legend has it that the devil spent his time tormenting the god Thor by pelting him with enormous handfuls of earth, leaving the great bowl seen today.
Olly Stedall January 4, 2015
A spectacular view, weather permitting! The path around the bowl is paved so it's a great place to walk with buggies. It's also good for cyclists.
Anthony Johnson February 14, 2015
Unique natural phenomenon for walking, running or biking, with busy A3 now nicely buried well below. Great National Trust tea house too.
Andy Jay October 5, 2014
£4 for all day parking that's not bad and a day is worth it!
Amy Tarrant June 9, 2013
Fantastic views and 3 marked walks of 1, 2 & 3 miles. Great little cafe too with simple snack, soups & sarnies.
Amanda Baron April 29, 2013
Lovely pottering around in the 4x4 in the snow or sunny day.
Adel Bernadett Papp October 14, 2014
Amazing place, great for a long walk.
Bilge U August 7, 2016
Fresh air and great walking trail.
James August 9, 2013
James Abley 2 weeks ago
Lovely light and colours.
| Punch bowl (disambiguation) |
Ragnar Lodbrok is a character in which Historical television drama series? | ” With time on our hands “ | The Naked Truth.........
” With time on our hands “
Posted in: New Freedom . Leave a comment
What makes naturism so different to any other activities is the feel you get when you take your clothes off. Walking through the woods or walking through a meadow you see the quiet countryside around you and you hear little but the peacefulness and the birds singing.When you undress straight away you can feel the breeze on your body, the sun on your skin and straight away the sense of tranquillity increases while at the same time providing you’re not worried about passers by the sense of awareness increases and you get a better conscious connection with mother nature. In this day and age most people live in towns, villages or cities, move around on buses, planes, trains or drive cars, so never a day goes by where you don’t get to see another soul.
Going out into the countryside naked or not is a great way to get away from those buses, remove yourself from those trains and keep that car, either in the garage, or parked in a car park or a layby near the wonderful countryside. The UK doesn’t have as much open countryside as it once did especially in the South East of England, even so there are still plenty of places to visit where you hardly see anyone. Embracing the countryside and nature can be so rewarding, you can see animals,rivers, ponds and fields, as well as amazing plant life and at the same time get a great feel, of how the countryside was, before all the roads, towns and cities were built centuries ago. I’m not really a plane spotter, train spotter or a bird watcher come to think of it, but it is sometimes a good excuse to take the camera out and get shots of something a little different, rather than old church’s and grand architecture. With time on our hands of late we’ve ventured out to the “Devils Punchbowl” near Hindhead in Surrey, “Hanningfield Reservoir” in central Essex and also the highest place in Essex, “Chrishall Common”.
The Devil’s Punch Bowl is a large natural amphitheatre and beauty spot near Hindhead, Surrey, in England, and is the source of many stories about the area. The London to Portsmouth road (the A3) used to climb round its side, but this is now closed due to the Hindhead Tunnel opening on 27 July 2011.The land is now owned and maintained by the National Trust as part of the “Hindhead Commons and the Devil’s Punch Bowl” property. Hindhead Youth Hostel is located inside the bowl. The highest point is Gibbet Hill at 282m AOD.
The route of the former A3 along the rim of the Punch Bowl
2011 2013
The name Devil’s Punch Bowl dates from at least 1768, the year that John Rocque’s map of the area was published. This was 18 years before the murder of the unknown sailor on Gibbet Hill so this event was clearly not the origin of the name. Prior to 1768 it was marked as “ye Bottom” on a map by John Ogilby dated 1675. The northern end of the Bowl is known as Highcombe Bottom which exists in different variants: Hackombe Bottom,Hacham Bottom and Hackham Bottom. These variants indicate that the pronunciation of the name is “Hay-combe” rather than “High-combe”.The soil in this part of Surrey has two layers — an upper layer of sandstone, with clay beneath. This deep depression is believed to be the result of erosion caused by spring water beneath the sandstone, causing the upper level to collapse.
With its steep sides, the Devil’s Punch Bowl has become a natural nature reserve, filled with heathland, streams and woodland.The site has abundant wildlife. Most woodland species can be seen easily – including Lesser Spotted Woodpecker and Redstart. It is known for being the last remaining locality of Wood Warbler in SurreyLocal legend has a much more colourful theory as to its creation. According to one story, during the Middle Ages the Devil became so irritated by all the churches being built in Sussex that he decided to dig a channel from the English Channel, through the South Downs, and flood the area. As he began digging, he threw up huge lumps of earth, each of which became a local landmark — such as Chanctonbury Ring, Cissbury Ring, Mount Caburn and Rackham Hill. He got as far as the village of Poynings (an area known as the Devil’s Dyke) when he was disturbed by a cock crowing (one version of the story claims that it was the prayers of St Dunstan that made all the local cocks crow earlier than usual). Assuming that dawn was about to break, he leapt into Surrey, creating the Devil’s Punch Bowl where he landed.
Another story goes that, in his spare time, he hurled lumps of earth at the god Thor to annoy him. The hollow he scooped the earth out of became the Punch Bowl. The local village of Thursley means Thor’s place. An alternative version of this story says that Thor threw the earth at the Devil, who was annoying Thor by jumping across the Devil’s Jumps. A still older story claims that two giants clashed in the area, and one, scooping up earth to throw at the other, created the landmark before missing the throw and creating the Isle of Wight.
It is these stories, the beauty of the area and the diversity of nature it attracts that has gained the Devil’s Punch Bowl the title of a Site of Special Scientific Interest. This status has recently helped save the Devil’s Punch Bowl from above-ground redevelopment of the A3, which was needed to relieve traffic congestion in the area, as this section of the A3 was single-carriageway.The National Trust co-operated with developers{Balfour Beatty} who designed the twin-bore Hindhead Tunnel, running underneath the surrounding area. The tunnel preserves not only the area from the road widening originally proposed but also removes the heavy traffic congestion which previously affected this section of the A3 in peak hours. The old A3 road, apart from a small stub to the National Trust cafe, and small private lane to the youth hostel, has been removed and the land reinstated.
Punch Bowl Farm, at the northern end of the Devil’s Punch Bowl, was the home of children’s novelist Monica Edwards from 1947 until 1998. In her books she renamed the farm Punchbowl Farm. Edwards also wrote about the area, including her years of observation of badger families, in her various volumes of memoirs. In Charles Dickens’ novel Nicholas Nickleby, Nicholas and Smike visit it on their journey to Portsmouth.The third novel in the Horatio Hornblower series, Flying Colours by C.S. Forester, makes a one-line reference to the Devil’s Punch Bowl in chapter eighteen as Hornblower is returning to London: “Even the marvellous beauty of the Devil’s Punch Bowl was lost on Hornblower as they drove past it.”
Hanningfield Reservoir is an artificial body of water in Essex, south of Chelmsford, and is owned by Essex and Suffolk Water. The reservoir was formed by flooding an area of South Hanningfield covering the ancient hamlet of Peasdown although contrary to popular belief, no buildings survive under the water, however, an earth removal machine was left ‘in situ’ and concreted over prior to filling. Giffords Farm and Fremnells Manor were also flooded. The reservoir was built in an area formerly known as Sandon Valley and large parts of the reservoir and surrounding countryside have been developed as a nature reserve.
This part of the estate is leased by Essex Wildlife Trust and is home to vast numbers of wildlife. There are many footpaths in the woodland around the water where wildlife can be seen and hides have been erected to afford excellent views of the visiting and resident bird population. Members of the public are able to use the reservoir for seasonal fly fishing from both bank and from boats providing a fishing permit is bought in advance.
The water is regularly stocked with rainbow trout, the heaviest fish ever caught to date weighing in at 24 lb 1oz in 1998.There are two cafes at each end of the reservoir, the newest situated next to the fishing lodge being opened in 2007 with a deck overlooking the water, and the other located at the Essex Wildlife Trust visitors’ centre. According to researchers, when full the reservoir can provide 1 bucket of water (each) for everyone in the world – This was devised from the fact that when full the reservoir will store the water for 200 continuous days (approx. 7 months.) although the reservoir currently supplies water to around 540,000 homes in the Southend, Thurrock, Dagenham, Barking and Redbridge areas. Hanningfield reservoir was 56 years old in September 2013 and cost approximately £6m to build in 1957.
Chrishall (pronounced Chris hall) is a small village in the English county of Essex. It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Cambridge and lies equidistant [10 kilometres (6 mi)] between the two medieval market towns of Saffron Walden and Royston. Although in Essex, Chrishall lies close to its borders with Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire and has a ‘Hertfordshire’ postcode (SG8).The village was listed in the Doomsday Book as Cristeshalla, or “nook of land dedicated to Christ”. In 1422, (1 Henry VI), it appears in a record as “Cristeshale”. It is one of only two English settlements whose name contains the word “Christ”. The Icknield Way, a Neolithic track, passes through the parish.
Chrishall’s location is key to its character; as the village sits at the highest point in Essex, at 147 metres (482 ft.) above sea level, road construction has avoided this high ground and therefore Chrishall is off the beaten track. Despite its relative isolation the village retains facilities such as a pre-school as well as an infant and junior school. The village also boasts a sports field, a new playground, two churches, many clubs and societies as well as the Red Cow public house. Chrishall’s population has remained largely unchanged over the last 170 years. In 1841 it totalled 518 and today about 450 people live in the village.Following the Norman Conquest the area around Chrishall was given to Eustace of Boulogne who built and occupied a house on a hill to the south of the current church. He named the house “Flanders” and it was there that his daughter Matilda of Boulogne, later wife of King Stephen was raised. A letter survives that the queen wrote to Hubert the Chamberlain ordering that the residents of Chrishall be looked after.
The house survived until the 15th century, and is believed to have stood on the site of Chiswick Hall, itself built in the 17th century by Sir John James (d.1676). The village has been home to a church for over a thousand years. Prior to the Norman invasion a small church dedicated to the Virgin Mary was situated on the site of the present church. The current church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, was begun in the 12th century. It consists of a nave and aisles, a chancel, and a stone tower crowned by a spire, and containing four bells. It was appropriated, at an early period, to Westminster Abbey. The church contains a number of brasses, including a notable one in memory of Sir John de la Pole and his wife, dating from 1380.At the edge of the parish is Chrishall Common, a hill which at 147 metres (482 ft) is the highest point in Essex.
Share this:
| i don't know |
Actor Arnold Schwarzenegger was a protege of which body-building guru who died in March 2013, aged 93? | Arnie mourns fitness guru Joe Weider
Arnie mourns fitness guru Joe Weider
Life
Sunday 24 March 2013 - 4:08am
Arnold Schwarzenegger paid tribute to Joe Weider, calling him a "father figure" who helped him achieve the American dream.
Los Angeles - Arnold Schwarzenegger paid tribute to fitness publisher Joe Weider after he died Saturday aged 93, calling him a "father figure" who helped Austrian-born Arnie achieve the American dream.
Weider, who built a multimillion-dollar publishing empire that included Muscle and Fitness, Flex, Shape and Men's Fitness magazines, died of heart failure at his home in Los Angeles, the Los Angeles Times reported.
Arnie called him the "godfather of fitness," saying: "Today, I lost a dear friend and mentor, and the world lost one its strongest advocates of living a healthy lifestyle.
"Joe Weider was a titan in the fitness industry and one of the kindest men I have ever met," Schwarzenegger added, in a statement posted on his Twitter feed.
Weider was born in Montreal in 1920, and began bodybuilding as a young teenager to stand up to bullies in the gang-infested neighborhood where his family lived.
He created the Mr Olympia event in 1965, and discovered Schwarzenegger at a body-building contest in Europe two years later, the LA Times reported.
Schwarzenegger recalled how he heard about Weider even before he arrived in the United States, where he became a champion bodybuilder, Hollywood superstar and governor of California from 2003-2011.
"I knew about Joe Weider long before I met him - he was the godfather of fitness who told all of us to 'Be Somebody with a Body.' He taught us that through hard work and training, we could all be champions," Schwarzenegger said.
"As I read his articles in Austria, I felt that he was speaking directly to me and I committed to move to America to make my vision of becoming the best bodybuilder, to live the American dream, and to become an actor a reality.
"Joe didn't just inspire my earliest dreams; he made them come true the day he invited me to move to America to pursue my bodybuilding career. I will never forget his generosity," Schwarzenegger added.
Weider's younger brother Ben, with whom he founded the International Federation of Body Building and Fitness in 1940 and spent six decades promoting the sport, died in 2008.
Of his mentor, Schwarzenegger said: "One of Joe's greatest qualities is that he wasn't just generous with his money; he freely gave of his time and expertise and became a father figure for me."
"He was there for me constantly throughout my life, and I will miss him dearly," Schwarzenegger added.
Sapa
| Joe Weider |
A lamington is a dessert cake originating in which country? | Legendary bodybuilder 'Mr Olympia' who introduced America to Arnold Schwarzenegger dies at 93 | Daily Mail Online
comments
Joe Weider, a legendary figure in bodybuilding who helped popularize the sport worldwide and played a key role in introducing a charismatic young weightlifter named Arnold Schwarzenegger to the world, died Saturday. He was 93.
Weider's publicist, Charlotte Parker, told The Associated Press that the bodybuilder, publisher and promoter died of heart failure at his home in Los Angeles' San Fernando Valley.
"I knew about Joe Weider long before I met him," Schwarzenegger, who tweeted the news of his old friend's death, said in a lengthy statement posted on his website. "He was the godfather of fitness who told all of us to be somebody with a body. He taught us that through hard work and training we could all be champions."
Legend: Joe Weider with a young Arnold Schwarzenegger when he first introduced him to America
A bodybuilder with an impressive physique himself, Weider became better known in later years as a behind-the-scenes guru to the sport.
He popularized bodybuilding and spread the message of health and fitness worldwide with such publications as Muscle & Fitness, Flex and Shape. Schwarzenegger himself is the executive editor of Muscle & Fitness and Flex.
He created one of bodybuilding's pre-eminent events, the Mr. Olympia competition, in 1965, adding to it the Ms. Olympia contest in 1980, the Fitness Olympia in 1995 and the Figure Olympia in 2003.
Joe Weider presents the prizes in a body building competition in the 1970s
He also relentlessly promoted Schwarzenegger, who won the Mr. Olympia title a then-record seven times, including in 1980 and every year from 1970 through 1975.
"Every sport needs a hero, and I knew that Arnold was the right man," he said.
Weider brought Schwarzenegger to the United States early in his career, where he helped train the future governor of California as well as aided him in getting into business. Schwarzenegger also said Weider helped land him his first movie role, in the forgettable film "Hercules in New York," by passing off the Austrian-born weightlifter to the producers as a German Shakespearean actor.
"Joe didn't just inspire my earliest dreams; he made them come true the day he invited me to move to America to pursue my bodybuilding career," the actor said in his statement. "I will never forget his generosity. One of Joe's greatest qualities is that he wasn't just generous with his money; he freely gave of his time and expertise and became a father figure for me."
Weider also mentored numerous other bodybuilders.
Friends: This Oct. 25, 2003 photo shows then California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, right, raising the arm of Joe Weider, the creator of Mr. Olympia Bodybuilding competition, during the 39th annual Mr. Olympia event in Las Vegas
Born in Canada in 1919, Weider recalled growing up in a tough section of Montreal.
Just like the apocryphal tale of the skinny kid who starts working out after a bully kicks sand in his face, Weider said he was indeed a small, skinny teenager picked on by bullies when he came across the magazine Strength.
He had tried to join a local wrestling team, he said, but was turned down by the coach who feared he was so small he'd be hurt.
Inspired by the magazine, he built his own weights from scrap parts found in a railroad yard and pumped them relentlessly.
Word of his efforts got around and he was invited to join a weightlifting club.
"When I saw the gym, saw the guys working out, supporting one another, I was mesmerized," he recalled.
Mr Weider and Schwarzenegger in their glory days
He won his first bodybuilding ranking at age 17, and soon after began to publish his first magazine, Your Physique.
Later he started a mail-order barbell business, and in 1946 he and his younger brother staged the first Mr. Canada contest in at Montreal's Monument National Theater. At the same time, they formed the International Federation of Bodybuilders.
In recent years, Weider donated much of his bodybuilding memorabilia to the University of Texas at Austin, which opened the Joe and Betty Weider Museum of Physical Culture in 2011.
He is survived by his wife
.
| i don't know |
How many shapes Make up the 2012 London Olympic logo? | London 2012 Olympic Games - A free Sports Game
London 2012 Olympic Games
For ideal experince, you need to zoom in to 100% or more
Sorry London 2012 Olympic Games is not working with your browser
Share your favorite with your friends!
Share:
0 4/5 based on 19418 reviews
Share your rating with your friends!
Share:
Snowfight.io - take on players from around the world in a mad multiplayer snowball fight!
Recommended Games
z
Jump
Be more than a spectator on 27th of July. Represent your nation with pride. Earn praise as you win gold. Be the best in this Summer’s London 2012 Olympics game.
Beat all competitors in 110m hurdles, Swimming, Long Jump, Archery, Table Tennis and Skeet to make your nation proud.
| 5 |
Dennis Patterson, Leonard Osborne, Wayne Norris and Albert Moxey are all characters in which UK television series? | Back to top
Victory Medals
The design competitions for the Victory medals were organised by the London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG), and the winning designs were selected by an independent panel, chaired by Sir John Sorrell, appointed by LOCOG.
Olympic Games
The medals' circular form is a metaphor for the world. The front of the medal always depicts the same imagery at the summer Games – the Greek Goddess of Victory, Nike, stepping out of the depiction of the Panathinaiko Stadium to arrive in the Host City.
The design for the reverse features five symbolic elements:
The curved background implies a bowl similar to the design of an amphitheatre.
The core emblem is an architectural expression, a metaphor for the modern City, and is deliberately jewel-like.
The grid suggests both a pulling together and a sense of outreach – an image of radiating energy that represents the athletes' efforts.
The River Thames in the background is a symbol for London and also suggests a fluttering baroque ribbon, adding a sense of celebration.
The square is the final balancing motif of the design, opposing the overall circularity of the design, emphasising its focus on the centre and reinforcing the sense of 'place' as in a map inset.
Designed by David Watkins
LOCOG press release, 27 July 2011
Paralympic Games
The obverse side of the medal represents ‘Spirit in motion’. The image struck into the obverse surface of the Paralympic medal is an imagined close-up section of an outstretched wing of the Greek Goddess of Victory, which has been depicted on the front of the Olympic medal since 2004. This image represents forward flight, power and lightness - a natural metaphor for the spirit of the Paralympic Games.
The reverse of the medal represents ‘The heart of victory’. A depiction of the area close to the heart of the Greek Goddess of Victory is symbolically chosen to reflect inclusion and togetherness at an historical event. To further the concept of modernity and 5th century BC authenticity, the reverse is overlaid with textural qualities moulded directly from the Plaster Cast of ‘The Nike of Paionios’ residing in the British Museum Cast Collection.
Designed by Lin Cheung
| i don't know |
Cardiophobia is the irrational fear of which organ in the body? | Do You Suffer From Cardiophobia?
Symptoms of cardiophobia:
Your fear of the heart can result in the following symptoms:
breathlessness, dizziness, excessive sweating, nausea, dry mouth, feeling sick, shaking, inability to speak or think clearly, a fear of dying or losing control, a sensation of detachment from reality or a full blown anxiety attack.
You are not the only one to suffer from cardiophobia. Most sufferers are surprised to learn that they are far from alone in this surprisingly common, although often unspoken, phobia.
Cardiophobia is an intense fear of something that poses little or no actual danger. While adults with cardiophobia realize that these fears are irrational, they often find that facing, or even thinking about facing, the feared situation brings on a panic attack or severe anxiety.
There is a Way Out
Imagine what your life will be like when you know that you are not "defective". When you can be confident and at ease in situations where you used to feel your cardiophobia. And when you can talk about your former cardiophobia symptoms as though you are describing a movie where the character is someone else, not you.
An Amazing Discovery
Several years ago, a psychologist specializing in phobias like cardiophobia, made an amazing discovery.
He kept up-to-date with all the leading therapies. And no matter what therapy modality he tried, the cure rate of phobias like cardiophobia was less than 5%. Oh sure, patients made progress. But it was only incremental. And therapy took years, not months.
Then he made an amazing discovery and his ability to eliminate cardiophobia soared to over 80%.
What was the discovery? It was so simple, but nobody thought of looking there before.
Here it is, and it is called The Discovery Statement:
"The cause of all negative emotions
is a disruption in the body's energy system."
Note what he didn't say. He didn't say that it was in your thoughts, habits, beliefs, strategies or any other thing (although they do play a factor). Those are "the branches".
The energy system is "the root". And from this root the field of Energy Psychology was born.
Since this discovery, other innovators have emerged in Energy Psychology. And they offer solutions to emotional issues such as cardiophobia.
A really nice feature of Energy Psychology is that in many cases self-help is sufficient. In cases where a therapist is desired or needed, Cardiophobia Live Help can be provided over the phone. And since not much talking is involved, the sessions are quick and affordable.
Does It Work for Everyone?
In a word, no it doesn't. It's not perfect. It only works about 85% of the time. But that is a radical shift from about 5% rate for some methods.
A reason it may not work is that frankly some people are afraid to give up their cardiophobia. Their identity is wrapped up in it. They have had their cardiophobia so long that they don't know who they would be without it. Fortunately, the same methods can be used to eliminate this fear first, should it arise.
Finally, some people just love to talk about their cardiophobia. That's one reason why some people may spend years in talk therapy. They love to have someone who cares about them listen to their cardiophobia problems.
Energy Psychology isn't about talk. It's about results. Fast, effective, lasting results.
A lot of talking about problems keeps people in the "stuck" state and is counterproductive. So people who really want to talk about their cardiophobia because they are not really ready to let them go may not achieve optimal results. People like this may be better satisfied with talk therapy, even if it means extensive sessions, much higher expense and a lower success rate.
Don't get me wrong. Effective Energy Therapists listen really well. And with compassion. It's just that their focus is on the "root", not the "branches". You may feel like you have truly been heard for the first time in your life.
So Energy Psychology is not perfect. And it's not for everyone, perhaps only 80% or so of the population. Is it for you? Only you can decide. But it is worth a try. With the guarantees offered, the only thing you have to lose is your cardiophobia.
Of course, success rates for elimination of cardiophobia will be higher with a therapist, Click here for Cardiophobia Live Help . But self-help is amazingly effective.
Energy psychology is an emerging method that is rapidly gaining favor because in studies it is shown to be rapid, safe, effective and long-lasting. For more information on a safe and effective way to eliminate Cardiophobia click here for Self Help Solutions .
Cardiophobia can severely disrupt normal life, interfering with school, work, or social relationships.
Don't suffer needlessly. Don't wait any longer to eliminate this unnecessary suffering from your life. Click here for Cardiophobia Self Help Solutions .
| Heart |
Located in Mexico, what are Popocateptl and El Chicon? | Phobias: Yoga in the Treatment of Extreme Anxiety
Phobias: Yoga in the Treatment of Extreme Anxiety
Phobias: Yoga in the Treatment of Extreme Anxiety
Jigyasu Yogamrit (Ingrid Fitzgerald, Australia)
Automatic and involuntary circulation of psychic contents is at the root of all human misery. Automation gives us a sensation of imprisonment in our own mental cages. It robs us of the freedom to think, feel and choose. We feel that we are bound and driven to act.
Shivaram Karikal
Introduction
Our habitual responses to the world around us are often the source of our suffering; we go through the same reactions time and time again, apparently unable to change. For people who experience extreme anxiety states, such as phobic anxiety, life is indeed a cage; they are unable to act freely, hedged about by terrors which, while they appear to be externally caused, most often come from within the mind. These people often despair, avoiding the situations which trigger the anxiety, and even coming to rely on the anxiety to secure the support and energy of others.
According to western therapists, fear is 'a normal physical response to an external threat', an 'appropriate' response to a really imminent danger, while anxiety is a fear reaction without a clear or 'sensible' cause, an 'inappropriate' response. Anxiety can be 'free-floating' chronic and not attached to any specific situation or object or phobic attached to a particular object or situation. Anxiety states are also related to so called 'neurotic' disorders, psychosis and schizophrenia, and to organic brain syndromes. They are closely related to depression, which is often the 'flip side' of anxiety, a result of the imbalance caused in the endocrine and autonomic nervous system by the overuse and exhaustion of the 'flight' responses.
It can also be argued that most of us live with a degree of anxiety or stress understood as the overstimulation of the autonomic nervous system, which leads to exhaustion and disease. Sometimes the distinction between the 'real' external cause and the 'irrational' response is difficult to make which fears are real and reasonable depends on the individual. In fact, a yogic approach would suggest that all fear, hatred, jealousy, anger, etc. are in a sense 'neurotic': our avoidance of or aversion for things or situations is a result of our phobic attitude, and based on the illusion of a separate, egoic 'self'. Anxiety states are, therefore, a matter of degree, ranging from 'normal' stress to abnormal 'neurosis' or 'psychosis' the extremes of states of ignorance and despair.
Phobias abnormal anxiety
In our everyday experience, anxiety becomes 'abnormal', or phobic, when it prevents us from functioning fully in the world. A phobia can be defined as a persistent and irrational fear or dread, hatred or aversion for a specific object, activity or situation, resulting in a compelling desire to avoid the anxiety-inducing stimulus. The fear is recognized by the individual as excessive and unreasonable.
There are three broad groups of phobias: (i) simple phobias, in which a situation or object provokes anticipatory anxiety and avoidance, and panic attack if sudden exposure occurs; (ii) social phobias, which develop in adolescence and in which the person is concerned about shameful, stupid or inept acts, and (iii) agoraphobia, the fear of crowds in public places. Each of these phobias is incapacitating to the person, since it prevents them from engaging in ordinary activities, such as shopping, eating in public, etc. In contrast to free-floating or general anxiety, phobias are particularly characterized by a fear of fear: anticipation of the situation as bad as, or worse than, the event.
Symptoms and causes
Physical symptoms of phobic anxiety, which worsen during the acute stages of panic attack, include: chest pain, palpitations, drop beats, flushing, feeling faint, sighing, choking, yawning, dyspnoea, dry mouth, 'butterflies', nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, frequency/hesitancy of urination, sexual dysfunction, tension headaches, blurred vision, sweating, ringing in the ears, shaking, dilated pupils, teeth clenching and chronic jerks. Psychological symptoms include: feelings of impending disaster, worry, inability to relax, not being able to cope, restlessness, sense of 'not being yourself', insomnia, nightmares, depression and panic attack. Some of these symptoms are also experienced in chronic ongoing anxiety or stress. The person often believes they have a physical condition such as heart disease, and this contributes to their anxiety.
In physiological terms, anxiety states are a result of overstimulation of the autonomic nervous system. The limbic and psychic centres in the brain are highly sensitive to emotional states such as fear. They in turn stimulate the hypothalamus which triggers the ANS and endocrine system to respond to the threat. The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems which control the automatic processes of the body, such as digestion, respiration, blood pressure, etc. are thrown into an imbalanced state; the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated and hormones are secreted thyroxin from the thyroid and adrenaline from the adrenals resulting in the symptoms listed above. Long term imbalance in the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system caused by high levels of panic and anxiety also leads to exhaustion and depression and can result in lowered immunity as in conditions such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
According to western therapists, certain types of people are more prone to experience phobias. Agoraphobics, for example, tend to be introverted, prone to depression, obssessive, full of self-defeating and self-punishing thoughts, and afraid of loss of control. They have difficulty expressing their feelings and communicating their needs and desires, especially anger and frustration. Agoraphobics, in particular, may tend to be female rather than male, a result, at least in part, of social conditioning which teaches women to be passive, introverted and fearful.
Causes of phobic anxiety are said to include: inherited disposition, childhood experiences and conditioning, and may be related to conditions where the functioning of the brain is in some way impaired. However, phobic anxiety is usually psychogenic; it originates in the mind. A psychoanalytic perspective suggests that the anxiety response in phobias is not to the object or the event itself, but to the possibility that some unacceptable unconscious material is about to erupt into consciousness. Phobias are therefore understood as a result of repression: when the repressed event or content threatens to come to consciousness, the frontal passages of the brain are stimulated the limbic and psychic centres and a panic attack results. While the threat begins in the mind, the body responds as if it were real. Phobias thus illustrate the interdependence of the mind, body and the unconscious forces which shape our experience.
Conventional western therapies
Western therapeutic treatment of phobic anxiety comes into three broad categories: psychotherapy, behavioral therapy and medication. Briefly, psychotherapy involves what is known as the 'talking cure', the attempt to bring unconscious material into consciousness through association, and discussion in a supportive environment. Behavioral therapy is aimed not at uncovering the causes of the phobia, but at the person's patterns of thinking and behavior, working to retrain the body and mind. Techniques include: desensitization, where the person works through the fears from least to worst, confronting them in their imagination; flooding, where the worst fear is imaginatively confronted; and exposure, where the person actually enters into the situation or approaches the object so that they can experience the fear lessening and passing away. Relaxation techniques are also taught in this method. Medication involves the short or long term use of drugs, mainly tranquilizers.
Of these three methods, exposure has been found to be very effective. Facing, accepting and moving through the feared situation gives the person confidence and teaches them to live with the fear rather than avoiding it. The least effective of these therapies is medication, which is at best a short term solution, and does not allow the person to solve their own difficulties. Psychotherapy offers mixed results, since it is not always possible to access the repressed material, and it does not address the physical aspects of the phobic anxiety. Finally, another limitation of many western therapeutic approaches is their emphasis on developing a healthy ego, surely a contradictory approach if the ego is seen to contribute to a sense of separateness the fear of those things 'out there' or 'in here' which are not conscious or amenable to our control.
Holistic approach of yoga
What then can yoga offer the person with phobic anxiety? The advantages of yoga lie in its holistic approach to any so called 'mental' problem, since yoga views and treats the mind, body, emotions and energetic systems as a whole. In the case of phobias, the practices of asana, hatha yoga, pranayama, meditation and yoga nidra work to balance the nervous system and the endocrines, and the prana or energy in the body, bringing greater emotional and mental calm.
According to a yogic understanding, the body, mind and emotions are comprised of and sustained by 'prana', the subtle energy or force that creates all life. Our whole being is understood as energy vibrating at different levels of intensity. Solids such as the bones, liquids such as urine and blood, and gases such as wind and the oxygen we breathe are the more gross levels, while the more subtle levels include emotions, thoughts and the energy we experience in the body in practices such as acupuncture, healing with reiki and so on. The energy bodies are linked in and through the seven chakras, which correspond with nerve plexuses, and the nadis, currents of energy meridians which link the chakras and extend throughout the body.
Role of the chakras and nadis
If phobias are a product of repressed material, yoga suggests that the combination of genetic and environmental impressions is stored in the chakras, and in the flow or blockage of the nadis. These impressions form our karma, our emotional, mental and physical inheritance from past lifetimes, and samskaras, the knots or tensions in our unconscious mind. Overactivity or underactivity in the chakras or nadis causes disease. Mooladhara chakra, at the perineum or cervix, is the site of these karmas and knots, and is also the location of our primal energy. When unbalanced, fear, insecurity, low vitality and self-esteem, depression and fear of the future result. Swadhisthana, at the coccyx/pubic bone, is related to the subconscious mind, pleasure and the repression of pleasure. Manipura, at the navel, is the site of all power, the desire to control, and self-assertion, and is related to the stomach and the adrenals. Anahata, the heart centre, and vishuddhi, the throat centre, are related to love and communication respectively. Ajna chakra, the eyebrow centre, controls the activity of the brain.
Speculating, we can say that a phobia probably involves at least mooladhara fear, anxiety, and manipura the desire to control the anxiety, the fear of fear and need to control that characterizes panic and anxiety states. Ajna chakra, the site of mental worry and anxiety, is also involved, as are the heart centre palpitations, and the throat centre inability to speak. The unconscious fears at mooladhara may be related to repression of primal energy, or sexuality, as Freud suggested.
Of the nadis, ida and pingala are the most relevant here. Ida is linked to the left side of the body and the right side of the brain, moving in the left nostril, while pingala controls the right side of the body and left side of the brain and moves in the right nostril. Ida and pingala meet and cross at each of the chakras which are linked by sushumna moving in the central spinal column. Unhealthy ida is said to result in introversion, depression and paranoia, and ongoing mental tensions, while unhealthy pingala is related to lack of exercise, sedentary lifestyle and overeating. Since ida relates to the parasympathetic nervous system and pingala to the sympathetic nervous system, an imbalance in these nadis will reflect an imbalance in the systems, as in panic attack. The 'personality type' of a phobic person seems to be overactive ida.
Asanas and pranayama in yoga therapy
This brief analysis shows that the whole system from the unconscious mind, conscious mind, to the emotions and physical body is involved in phobic anxiety. Yoga treats each of these levels and the subtle interrelationships between them. Asanas are important in balancing the physical body, the endocrine system, and on a more subtle level, the chakras and prana in the body. Surya namaskara is of great benefit for all anxiety states because it works to balance the entire body and endocrine system. Shashankasana, marjariasana, ushtrasana, the trikonasana series, chakrasana and dhanurasana work on the adrenals. The shakti bandha series, spinal twists, paschimottanasana and bhujangasana are also recommended. The inverted poses: sarvangasana, vipareeta karani mudra, halasana and sirshasana can be practised by the more experienced student. The hatha yoga cleansing techniques are also advised. Kunjal is especially beneficial for releasing tensions held in the manipura area. Neti and shankhaprakshalana are soothing and work to tone and balance the body. Kapalbhati works to remove impurities and makes the mind calm, while trataka, working on ajna chakra, influences the pineal gland, the hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous system.
Pranayama is an extremely important aspect of yoga therapy because it works to balance the nadis and chakras and, therefore, the physical body. Ujjayi, the 'psychic' breath, brings stillness, clarity and calm. Bhramari, the humming breath, is useful to alleviate mental tensions and worries. Nadi shodhana is especially beneficial because it works directly on the nadis, purifying the pranic system and bringing the whole body into balance. Since bhastrika revitalizes the sympathetic nervous system while kapalbhati tones the parasympathetic nervous system, these practices are complementary. People with anxiety will benefit from using these practices and determining which ones are most effective for general relaxation, and which, such as nadi shodhana, are suitable for use during a panic attack.
Yoga nidra and meditation
Meditation and yoga nidra are key practices in the management of phobic anxiety. Yoga is not designed primarily as a therapy, but to bring us to greater awareness and calm, even to transformation. Yoga teaches us to change the inner environment so that all our fears, anxieties and miseries will gradually lessen. Meditation can bring some spaciousness into that inner cage. An important aspect of the practices of yoga is self-acceptance. Phobic anxiety is characterized by fear of one's own nature and by a denial of what we are actually feeling, in other words, by aversion. Phobics often go to great lengths to hide their fears from others, and indeed, many phobias are related to anxiety about how others will perceive us, reflecting our self-hatred.
The practice of antar mouna, 'inner silence', allows us to watch the mind without judgement, allowing all thoughts to come to the mind and accepting all our experience as internally caused. 'External' conditions, such as sounds, are brought into the inner experience and we learn to observe our habitual reactions. Antar mouna is a beneficial technique to use when the mind becomes disturbed by a situation, since the reaction, rather than being pushed away or avoided 'with fear, dread, hatred or aversion' is steadily observed: we face the fear. Ajapa japa is also recommended for anxiety. This practice, which involves the repetition of a mantra so that it becomes spontaneous, effectively takes the attention from the situation which has triggered the anxiety. It may be more effective than antar mouna when the feeling of aversion is overwhelming, since it distracts the mind from the situation a technique also used by therapists in anxiety management.
People experiencing phobias are often at a loss to explain why they are afraid of that object or situation. They know the anxiety is 'irrational', but cannot access the original causer, which may be deeply repressed. In my view, yoga nidra is probably the most powerful practice in the long term treatment of phobias and extreme anxiety. Not only does it provide the relaxation skills which are so helpful to the phobic person, it can also be used in the processes of exposure, desensitization and flooding. Once they are familiar with the yoga nidra state, the person visualizes going through the feared experience in the imagination, while remaining in the relaxed state: either beginning with the easiest situation (desensitization), or the most frightening one (flooding). Similarly, when in the actual situation, the person can use yoga nidra techniques to relax and 'stay with' the fear. Yoga nidra also acts as a 'tranquilizer' to balance the hypothalamus and relieve anxiety states.
Most importantly, the regular practice of yoga nidra gives access to the deep unconscious and subconscious forces which are the basis for the phobia and allows them to be released. In the advanced stages of yoga nidra, practitioners are asked to submit voluntarily to threatening emotions while preserving a state of deep relaxation and 'witness awareness' to the whole process. A specific program of yoga nidra, beginning with the basic technique and continuing into specific guided visualizations, should be constructed, with a teacher who can guide the person through this process. Therapy and yoga can work together well in this context.
Conclusion
A yogic approach to therapy for phobias and related anxiety states offers real benefits to the sufferer. Yoga shifts the emphasis from the external environment to the inner attitude, and from 'fixing' the mind or ego to a systemic transformation. Finally, it empowers the person to become their own healer, teacher and psychoanalyst!
Bibliography
Saraswati, Swami Suryamani, Yogic Management of Stress, Bihar School of Yoga, Munger, Bihar, 1990.
Saraswati, Swami Satyananda, Kundalini Tantra, Bihar School of Yoga, Munger, Bihar, 1984.
Saraswati, Swami Satyananda, Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha, Bihar School of Yoga, Munger, Bihar, 1993.
Saraswati, Swami Satyananda, Yoga Nidra, Bihar School of Yoga, Munger, Bihar, 1984.
Karikal, S., Vedic Thought and Western Psychology, Arathi Publications, Mangalore, 1994.
Williams, W., The Current Management of Anxiety States, Modern Medicine of Australia, August, 1976.
Molnar, B. & Evans, L., The Management of Phobias, Patient Management, February, 1983.
Williams, W., Understanding Sexual Phobias, Modern Medicine of Australia, July, 1984.
| i don't know |
Which British monarch founded the Order of the Bath? | Order of the Bath
Order of the Bath
Most Honourable Order of the Bath
Awarded by
Service, at the monarch’s pleasure
Status
Ribbon bar of the Order of the Bath
Coat of arms of the British monarch as sovereign of the Order of the Bath
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly the Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) [1] is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. [2] The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a knight , which involved bathing (as a symbol of purification) as one of its elements. The knights so created were known as “Knights of the Bath”. [3] George I “erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order”. [4] He did not (as is commonly believed) revive the Order of the Bath, [5] since it had never previously existed as an Order, in the sense of a body of knights who were governed by a set of statutes and whose numbers were replenished when vacancies occurred. [6] [7]
The Order consists of the Sovereign (currently Queen Elizabeth II ), the Great Master (currently The Prince of Wales ), [8] and three Classes of members: [9]
Knight Grand Cross (GCB) or Dame Grand Cross (GCB)
Knight Commander (KCB) or Dame Commander (DCB)
Companion (CB)
Members belong to either the Civil or the Military Division. [10] Prior to 1815, the order had only a single class, Knight Companion (KB), which no longer exists. [11] Recipients of the Order are now usually senior military officers or senior civil servants. [12] [13] Commonwealth citizens who are not subjects of the Queen and foreigners may be made Honorary Members. [14]
Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland , KB, with sash.
In the Middle Ages , knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies. These usually involved the knight-to-be taking a bath (possibly symbolic of spiritual purification) [16] during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights. He was then put to bed to dry. Clothed in a special robe, he was led with music to the chapel where he spent the night in a vigil . At dawn he made confession and attended Mass , then retired to his bed to sleep until it was fully daylight. He was then brought before the King, who after instructing two senior knights to buckle the spurs to the knight-elect’s heels, fastened a belt around his waist, then struck him on the neck (with either a hand or a sword), thus making him a knight. [17] It was this accolade which was the essential act in creating a knight, and a simpler ceremony developed, conferring knighthood merely by striking or touching the knight-to-be on the shoulder with a sword, [18] or “dubbing” him, as is still done today. In the early medieval period the difference seems to have been that the full ceremonies were used for men from more prominent families. [16]
From the coronation of Henry IV in 1399 the full ceremonies were restricted to major royal occasions such as coronations , investitures of the Prince of Wales or Royal dukes , and royal weddings, [19] and the knights so created became known as Knights of the Bath. [16] Knights Bachelor continued to be created with the simpler form of ceremony. The last occasion on which Knights of the Bath were created was the coronation of Charles II in 1661. [20]
From at least 1625, [21] and possibly from the reign of James I , Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria iuncta in uno ( Latin for “Three joined in one”), and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval. [22] These were both subsequently adopted by the Order of the Bath; a similar design of badge is still worn by members of the Civil Division. Their symbolism however is not entirely clear. The ‘three joined in one’ may be a reference to the kingdoms of England , Scotland and either France or Ireland , which were held (or claimed in the case of France) by English and, later, British monarchs. This would correspond to the three crowns in the badge. [23] Another explanation of the motto is that it refers to the Holy Trinity . [12] Nicolas quotes a source (although he is sceptical of it) who claims that prior to James I the motto was Tria numina iuncta in uno (three powers/gods joined in one), but from the reign of James I the word numina was dropped and the motto understood to mean Tria [regna] iuncta in uno (three kingdoms joined in one). [24]
Foundation of the order
The prime mover in the establishment of the Order of the Bath was John Anstis , Garter King of Arms , England’s highest heraldic officer. Sir Anthony Wagner , a recent holder of the office of Garter, wrote of Anstis’s motivations:
It was Martin Leake’s [25] opinion that the trouble and opposition Anstis met with in establishing himself as Garter so embittered him against the heralds that when at last in 1718 he succeeded, he made it his prime object to aggrandise himself and his office at their expense. It is clear at least that he set out to make himself indispensable to the Earl Marshal , which was not hard, their political principles being congruous and their friendship already established, but also to Sir Robert Walpole and the Whig ministry, which can by no means have been easy, considering his known attachment to the Pretender and the circumstances under which he came into office … The main object of Anstis’s next move, the revival or institution of the Order of the Bath was probably that which it in fact secured, of ingratiating him with the all-powerful Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole. [26]
Sir Robert Walpole , the first Prime Minister , who used the Order of the Bath as a source of political patronage
The use of honours in the early eighteenth century differed considerably from the modern honours system in which hundreds, if not thousands, of people each year receive honours on the basis of deserving accomplishments. The only honours available at that time were hereditary (not life) peerages and baronetcies , knighthoods and the Order of the Garter (or the Order of the Thistle for Scots), none of which were awarded in large numbers (the Garter and the Thistle are limited to 24 and 16 living members respectively.) The political environment was also significantly different from today:
The Sovereign still exercised a power to be reckoned with in the eighteenth century. The Court remained the centre of the political world. The King was limited in that he had to choose Ministers who could command a majority in Parliament , but the choice remained his. The leader of an administration still had to command the King’s personal confidence and approval. A strong following in Parliament depended on being able to supply places, pensions, and other marks of Royal favour to the government’s supporters. [27]
The attraction of the new Order for Walpole was that it would provide a source of such favours to strengthen his political position. [28] George I having agreed to Walpole’s proposal, Anstis was commissioned to draft statutes for the Order of the Bath. As noted above, he adopted the motto and badge used by the Knights of the Bath, as well as the colour of the riband and mantle, and the ceremony for creating a knight. The rest of the statutes were mostly based on those of the Order of the Garter, of which he was an officer (as Garter King of Arms). [29] The Order was founded by letters patent under the Great Seal dated 18 May 1725, and the statutes issued the following week. [30] [31]
The Order initially consisted of the Sovereign, a Prince of the blood Royal as Principal Knight, a Great Master and thirty-five Knights Companion. [32] Seven officers (see below) were attached to the Order. These provided yet another opportunity for political patronage, as they were to be sinecures at the disposal of the Great Master, supported by fees from the knights. Despite the fact that the Bath was represented as a military Order, only a few military officers were among the initial appointments (see List of Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath ). They may be broken down into categories as follows (note that some are classified in more than one category): [33]
Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Callaghan wearing the insignia of a military Companion of the Order
The majority of the new Knights Companions were knighted by the King and invested with their ribands and badges on 27 May 1725. [34] Although the statutes set out the full medieval ceremony which was to be used for creating knights, this was not performed, and indeed was possibly never intended to be, as the original statutes contained a provision [35] allowing the Great Master to dispense Knights Companion from these requirements. The original knights were dispensed from all the medieval ceremonies with the exception of the Installation, which was performed in the Order’s Chapel, the Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey , on 17 June. This precedent was followed until 1812, after which the Installation was also dispensed with, until its revival in the twentieth century. [36] The ceremonies however remained part of the Statutes until 1847. [37]
Although the initial appointments to the Order were largely political, from the 1770s appointments to the Order were increasingly made for naval, military or diplomatic achievements. This is partly due to the conflicts Britain was engaged in over this period. [20] [38] The Peninsular War resulted in so many deserving candidates for the Bath that a statute was issued allowing the appointment of Extra Knights in time of war, who were to be additional to the numerical limits imposed by the statutes, and whose number was not subject to any restrictions. [39] Another statute, this one issued some 80 years earlier, had also added a military note to the Order. Each knight was required, under certain circumstances, to supply and support four men-at-arms for a period not exceeding 42 days in any year, to serve in any part of Great Britain. [40] This company was to be captained by the Great Master, who had to supply four trumpeters, and was also to appoint eight officers for this body, however the statute was never invoked. [34]
Restructuring in 1815
In 1815, with the end of the Napoleonic Wars , the Prince Regent (later George IV ) expanded the Order of the Bath “to the end that those Officers who have had the opportunities of signalising themselves by eminent services during the late war may share in the honours of the said Order, and that their names may be delivered down to remote posterity, accompanied by the marks of distinction which they have so nobly earned.” [11]
The Order was now to consist of three classes: Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commander, and Companions. The existing Knights Companion (of which there were 60) [41] became Knight Grand Cross; this class was limited to 72 members, of which twelve could be appointed for civil or diplomatic services. The military members had to be of the rank of at least Major-General or Rear Admiral. The Knights Commander were limited to 180, exclusive of foreign nationals holding British commissions, up to ten of whom could be appointed as honorary Knights Commander. They had to be of the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel or Post-Captain . The number of Companions was not specified, but they had to have received a medal or been mentioned in despatches since the start of the war in 1803. A list of about 500 names was subsequently published. [42] Two further officers were appointed, an “Officer of arms attendant on the Knights Commanders and Companions”, and a “Secretary appertaining to the Knights Commanders and Companions” [11] The large increase in numbers caused some complaints that such an expansion would reduce the prestige of the Order. [12]
The Victorian era
In 1847, Queen Victoria issued new statutes eliminating all references to an exclusively military Order. As well as removing the word ‘Military’ from the full name of the Order, this opened up the grades of Knight Commander and Companion to civil appointments, and the Military and Civil Divisions of the Order were established. New numerical limits were imposed, and the opportunity also taken to regularise the 1815 expansion of the Order. [43] [44] The 1847 statutes also abolished all the medieval ritual, however they did introduce a formal Investiture ceremony, conducted by the Sovereign wearing the Mantle and insignia of the Order, attended by the Officers and as many GCBs as possible, in their Mantles. [45]
In 1859 a further edition of the Statutes was issued; the changes related mainly to the costs associated with the Order. Prior to this date it had been the policy that the insignia (which were provided by the Crown) were to be returned on the death of the holder; the exception had been foreigners who had been awarded honorary membership. In addition foreigners had usually been provided with stars made of silver and diamonds, whereas ordinary members had only embroidered stars. The decision was made to award silver stars to all members, and only require the return of the Collar. The Crown had also been paying the fees due to the officers of the Order for members who had been appointed for the services in the recent war. The fees were abolished and replaced with a salary of approximately the same average value. The offices of Genealogist and Messenger were abolished, and those of Registrar and Secretary combined. [46]
The 20th century
Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns in his dress uniform, wearing the star, riband and badge of a military Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.
In 1910, after his accession to the throne, George V ordered the revival of the Installation ceremony, [20] perhaps prompted by the first Installation ceremony of the more junior Order of St Michael and St George , held a few years earlier, [47] and the building of a new chapel for the Order of the Thistle in 1911. [48] The Installation ceremony took place on 22 July 1913 in the Henry VII Chapel , [49] [50] and Installations have been held at regular intervals since.
Prior to the 1913 Installation it was necessary to adapt the chapel to accommodate the larger number of members. An appeal was made to the members of the Order, and following the Installation a surplus remained. A Committee was formed from the Officers to administer the ‘Bath Chapel Fund’, and over time this committee has come to consider other matters than purely financial ones. [51]
Another revision of the statutes of the Order was undertaken in 1925, to consolidate the 41 additional statutes which had been issued since the 1859 revision. [52]
Women were admitted to the Order in 1971. [20] In the 1971 New Year Honours, Jean Nunn became the first woman admitted to the order. [53] In 1975, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester , an aunt of Elizabeth II , became the first (and to date only) woman to reach the highest rank, Dame Grand Cross. [20] Princess Alice (née Douglas-Montagu-Scott) was a direct descendant of the Order’s first Great Master, [54] and her husband, who had died the previous year, had also held that office.
Composition
Sovereign
The British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order of the Bath. As with all honours except those in the Sovereign’s personal gift, [55] the Sovereign makes all appointments to the Order on the advice of the Government.
Great Master
Prince Albert, the Prince Consort, Great Master 1843–1861. During the nineteenth century, Knights Grand Cross wore their mantles over imitations of seventeenth century dress. They now wear them over contemporary attire.
The next-most senior member of the Order is the Great Master, of which there have been nine:
1974–present: Charles, Prince of Wales . [8]
Originally a Prince of the Blood Royal, as the Principal Knight Companion, ranked next after the sovereign. [65] This position was joined to that of the Great Master in the statutes of 1847. [66] The Great Master and Principal Knight is now either a descendant of George I or “some other exalted personage”; the holder of the office has custody of the seal of the order and is responsible for enforcing the statutes. [10]
Members
Sash and star of Grand Cross, civil division
The statutes also provide for the following: [20]
120 Knights or Dames Grand Cross (GCB) (of whom the Great Master is the First and Principal)
355 Knights Commander (KCB) or Dames Commander (DCB)
1,925 Companions (CB)
Regular membership is limited to citizens of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries of which the Queen is Sovereign. Appointees are usually officers of the armed forces or senior civil servants, such as permanent secretaries. [12]
Warrant appointing Italian Captain (later Admiral) Ernesto Burzagli as an honorary Companion of the Order
Members appointed to the Civil Division must “by their personal services to [the] crown or by the performance of public duties have merited … royal favour.” [67] Appointments to the Military Division are restricted by the minimum rank of the individual. GCBs hold the rank of Admiral in the Royal Navy, General in the British Army or Royal Marines , or Air Chief Marshal in the Royal Air Force . [14] KCBs must at least hold the rank of vice admiral , lieutenant general in the Army or Marines, or Air Marshal . [68] CBs tend be of the rank of Rear Admiral , Major General in the Army or Royal Marines, or Air Vice Marshal , and in addition must have been Mentioned in Despatches for distinction in a command position in a combat situation, although the latter is no longer a requirement. Non-line officers (e.g. engineers, medics) may be appointed only for meritorious service in wartime. [69]
Commonwealth citizens not subjects of the Queen and foreigners may be made Honorary Members. [70] Queen Elizabeth II has established the custom of awarding an honorary GCB to visiting heads of state, for example Gustav Heinemann , and Josip Broz Tito (in 1972), [71] Ronald Reagan (in 1989), Lech Wałęsa (in 1991), [20] Dr. Censu Tabone , President of Malta , in 1992, Fernando Henrique Cardoso , George H. W. Bush (in 1993), [72] Nicolas Sarkozy in March 2008, [73] In 2012, former Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono . Turkish President Abdullah Gül , [74] Slovenian President Dr Danilo Türk [75] Mexican President Felipe Calderón , and South African President Jacob Zuma . [76] Foreign generals are also often given honorary appointments to the Order, for example: Marshal Ferdinand Foch and Marshal Joseph Joffre during World War I ; Marshal Georgy Zhukov , [77] King Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia , General Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Douglas MacArthur during World War II ; [78] and General Norman Schwarzkopf [79] and General Colin Powell [80] after the Gulf War . A more controversial member of the Order was Robert Mugabe , whose honour was stripped by the Queen, on the advice of the Foreign Secretary , David Miliband , on 25 June 2008 “as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided.” [81]
Honorary members do not count towards the numerical limits in each class. [82] In addition the statutes allow the Sovereign to exceed the limits in time of war or other exceptional circumstances. [83]
Officers
Admiral Sir George Zambellas KCB (military division)
The Order of the Bath now has six officers: [84]
the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod : Charles Vyvyan [86] [87]
The office of Dean is held by the Dean of Westminster . The King of Arms, responsible for heraldry , is known as Bath King of Arms; he is not, however, a member of the College of Arms , like many heralds. The Order’s Usher is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod; he does not, unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent (the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod ) perform any duties in the House of Lords .
There were originally seven officers, each of whom was to receive fees from the Knights Companion both on appointment and annually thereafter. The office of Messenger was abolished in 1859. [46] The office of Genealogist was abolished at the same time, but revived in 1913. [88] The offices of Registrar and Secretary were formally merged in 1859, although the two positions had been held concurrently for the previous century. [89] An Officer of Arms and a Secretary for the Knights Commander and Companions were established in 1815, [11] but abolished in 1847. [90] The office of Deputy Secretary was created in 1925.
Under the Hanoverian kings certain of the officers also held heraldic office. The office of Blanc Coursier Herald of Arms was attached to that of the Genealogist, Brunswick Herald of Arms to the Gentleman Usher, and Bath King of Arms was also made Gloucester King of Arms with heraldic jurisdiction over Wales. [91] This was the result of a move by Anstis to give the holders of these sinecures greater security; the offices of the Order of the Bath were held at the pleasure of the Great Master, while appointments to the heraldic offices were made by the King under the Great Seal and were for life. [92]
Habit and insignia
The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the military division of the order
Star and neck badge of a Knight Commander of the civil division of the order
Members of the Order wear elaborate costumes on important occasions (such as its quadrennial installation ceremonies and coronations ), which vary by rank:
The mantle, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of crimson satin lined with white taffeta . On the left side is a representation of the star (see below). The mantle is bound with two large tassels. [93]
The hat, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander, is made of black velvet ; it includes an upright plume of feathers . [94]
The collar, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold and weighs 30 troy ounces (933 g). It consists of depictions of nine imperial crowns and eight sets of flowers ( roses for England, thistles for Scotland and shamrocks for Ireland), connected by seventeen silver knots. [93]
On lesser occasions, simpler insignia are used: The star is used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander. Its style varies by rank and division; it is worn pinned to the left breast:
The star for military Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of a Maltese Cross on top of an eight-pointed silver star; the star for military Knights and Dames Commander is an eight-pointed silver cross pattée. Each bears in the centre three crowns surrounded by a red ring bearing the motto of the Order in gold letters. The circle is flanked by two laurel branches and is above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien (older German for “I serve”) in gold letters. [93]
The star for civil Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of an eight-pointed silver star, without the Maltese cross; the star for civil Knights and Dames Commander is an eight-pointed silver cross pattée. The design of each is the same as the design of the military stars, except that the laurel branches and the words Ich dien are excluded. [93]
The badge varies in design, size and manner of wearing by rank and division. The Knight and Dame Grand Cross’ badge is larger than the Knight and Dame Commander’s badge, which is in turn larger than the Companion’s badge; [95] however, these are all suspended on a crimson ribbon. Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear the badge on a riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip. [93] Knights Commander and male Companions wear the badge from a ribbon worn around the neck. Dames Commander and female Companions wear the badge from a bow on the left side:
The military badge is a gold Maltese Cross of eight points, enamelled in white. Each point of the cross is decorated by a small gold ball; each angle has a small figure of a lion. The centre of the cross bears three crowns on the obverse side, and a rose, a thistle and a shamrock , emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side. Both emblems are surrounded by a red circular ring bearing the motto of the Order, which are in turn flanked by two laurel branches, above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien in gold letters. [93]
The civil badge is a plain gold oval, bearing three crowns on the obverse side, and a rose, a thistle and a shamrock , emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side; both emblems are surrounded by a ring bearing the motto of the Order. [93]
On certain “ collar days ” designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the Order’s collar over their military uniform or eveningwear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar. [93]
The collars and badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross are returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood upon the decease of their owners. All other insignia may be retained by their owners. [93]
Chapel
Westminster Abbey with a procession of Knights of the Bath, by Canaletto , 1749
The Chapel of the Order is the Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey . [96] Every four years, an installation ceremony, presided over by the Great Master, and a religious service are held in the Chapel; the Sovereign attends every alternate ceremony. The last such service was in May 2014 and was attended by the Sovereign. [97] The Sovereign and each knight who has been installed is allotted a stall in the choir of the chapel.
As there are a limited number of stalls in the Chapel, only the most senior Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed. A stall made vacant by the death of a military Knight Grand Cross is offered to the next most senior uninstalled military GCB, and similarly for vacancies among civil GCBs. [96] Waits between admission to the Order and installation may be very long; for instance, Marshal of the Air Force Lord Craig of Radley was created a Knight Grand Cross in 1984, but was not installed until 2006. [20]
Above each stall, the occupant’s heraldic devices are displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight’s stall is his helm, decorated with a mantling and topped by his crest. Under English heraldic law, women other than monarchs do not bear helms or crests; instead, the coronet appropriate to the dame’s rank (if she is a peer or member of the Royal family) is used. [96]
Above the crest or coronet, the knight’s or dame’s heraldic banner is hung, emblazoned with his or her coat of arms . At a considerably smaller scale, to the back of the stall is affixed a piece of brass (a “stall plate”) displaying its occupant’s name, arms and date of admission into the Order.
Upon the death of a Knight, the banner, helm, mantling and crest (or coronet or crown) are taken down. The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order’s Knights (and now Dames) throughout history.
When the grade of Knight Commander was established in 1815 the regulations specified that they too should have a banner and stall plate affixed in the chapel. [11] This was never implemented (despite some of the KCBs paying the appropriate fees) primarily due to lack of space, [98] although the 1847 statutes allow all three classes to request the erection of a plate in the chapel bearing the member’s name, date of nomination, and (for the two higher classes) optionally the coat of arms. [99]
Precedence and privileges
Coat of arms of the Marquess of Carisbrooke (1886–1960) with the circlet and collar as Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Coat of arms of the Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Squire , Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Order of the Bath are assigned positions in the order of precedence. [100] Wives of male members also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of female members, however, are not assigned any special precedence. Generally, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives. (See order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions.)
Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix “Sir”, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix “Dame”, to their forenames. [101] Wives of Knights may prefix “Lady” to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Furthermore, honorary foreign members and clergymen do not receive the accolade of knighthood, and so are not entitled to the prefix “Sir”, unless the former subsequently become Commonwealth citizens.
Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal “GCB”; Knights Commander use “KCB”; Dames Commander use “DCB”; Companions use “CB”. [102]
Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to receive heraldic supporters. [103] Furthermore, they may encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a red circle bearing the motto) with the badge pendant thereto and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter.
Knights and Dames Commander and Companions may display the circlet, but not the collar, around their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet. Members of the Military division may encompass the circlet with “two laurel branches issuant from an escrol azure inscribed Ich dien“, as appears on the badge. Members of the Order of the Bath and their children are able to be married in Westminster Abbey in London. [104]
Revocation
It is possible for membership in the Order to be revoked. Under the 1725 statutes the grounds for this were heresy, high treason, or fleeing from battle out of cowardice. Knights Companion could in such cases be degraded at the next Chapter meeting. It was then the duty of the Gentleman Usher to “pluck down the escocheon [i.e. stallplate] of such knight and spurn it out of the chapel” with “all the usual marks of infamy”. [105]
Only two people were ever degraded – Lord Cochrane in 1813 and General Sir Eyre Coote in 1816, both for political reasons, rather than any of the grounds given in the statute. Lord Cochrane was subsequently reinstated, but Coote died a few years after his degradation. [106]
Under Queen Victoria’s 1847 statutes a member “convicted of treason, cowardice, felony, or any infamous crime derogatory to his honour as a knight or gentleman, or accused and does not submit to trial in a reasonable time, shall be degraded from the Order by a special ordinance signed by the sovereign”. The Sovereign was to be the sole judge, and also had the power to restore such members. [107]
The situation today is that membership may be cancelled or annulled, and the entry in the register erased, by an ordinance signed by the Sovereign and sealed with the seal of the Order, on the recommendation of the appropriate Minister. Such cancellations may be subsequently reversed. [108]
In 1923 the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was made an honorary Knight Grand Cross, by King George V. Mussolini was stripped of his GCB in 1940, after he had declared war on the UK. [109]
William Pottinger , a senior civil servant, lost both his status of CB and Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in 1975 when he was gaoled for corruptly receiving gifts from the architect John Poulson . [110]
Romanian president Nicolae Ceauşescu was stripped of his honorary GCB status by Queen Elizabeth II on 24 December 1989, the day before his execution. Robert Mugabe , the President of Zimbabwe , was stripped of his honorary GCB status by the Queen, on the advice of the Foreign Secretary , David Miliband , on 25 June 2008 “as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided.”
Vicky Pryce , former wife of Chris Huhne , was stripped of her CB by Queen Elizabeth II on 30 July 2013, following her conviction for perverting the course of justice. [111]
Neck badge, awarded to Cecil Fane de Salis (1859-1948) in 1935
Star, awarded to Cecil Fane de Salis
Star and neck Badge awarded to Sir Charles Taylor du Plat
Current Knights and Dames Grand Cross
| George I |
Alec Guinness played Lieutenant Colonel Nicholson in which 1957 World War II film? | Happy and Glorious: British Monarchy Primer
British Monarchy Primer
A compendium of Royal lists
from past and present.
HM The Queen Elizabeth II
HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
The Queen’s husband
HRH Charles, Prince of Wales
The Queen’s eldest son
HRH Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall
The Prince of Wales’ wife and The Queen’s daughter-in-law
HRH Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
The Prince of Wales’ eldest son and The Queen’s grandson
HRH Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
The Duke of Cambridge’s wife and The Queen’s granddaughter-in-law
HRH Prince Henry
The Prince of Wales’ younger son, and The Queen’s grandson
HRH Prince Andrew, Duke of York
The Queen’s second son
HRH Princess Beatrice
The Duke of York’s eldest daughter and The Queen’s granddaughter
HRH Princess Eugenie
The Duke of York’s second daughter and The Queen’s granddaughter
HRH Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
The Queen’s third son
HRH Sophie, Countess of Wessex
The Earl of Wessex’s wife and The Queen’s granddaughter-in-law
James, Viscount Severn
The Earl of Wessex’s son and The Queen’s grandson
Lady Louise Windsor
The Earl of Wessex’s daughter and The Queen’s granddaughter
HRH Anne, Princess Royal
HRH Prince Richard Duke of Gloucester
and Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester
King George V’s grandson and The Queen’s first cousin, and his wife
HRH Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
and Katharine, Duchess of Kent
King George V’s grandson and The Queen’s first cousin, and his wife
HRH Prince Michael of Kent
and Princess Michael of kent
King George V’s grandson and The Queen’s first cousin, and his wife
HRH Princess Alexandra
King George V’s granddaughter and The Queen’s first cousin
Non HRH Collaterals:
Princess Anne’s second husband and The Queen’s son-in-law
Peter Phillips & family
Princess Anne’s son and The Queen’s grandson, and his family
Zara Phillips & family
Princess Anne’s daughter and The Queen’s granddaughter, and her family
Viscount Linley & family
The late Princess Margaret’s son and The Queen’s nephew, and his family
Lady Sarah Chatto & family
The late Princess Margaret’s daughter and The Queen’s niece, and her family
The First 10 People in the
Current Line of Succession
The 5 Longest Reigns since 1066
1. Victoria 1837-1901 63 years, 216 days
2. Elizabeth II 1952- 60+ years
3. George III 1760-1820 59 years, 96 days
4. Henry III 1216-1272 56 years, 29 days
5. Edward III 1327-1377 50 years, 147 days
The 5 Shortest Reigns since 1066
1. Edward V 1483 78 days
2. Edward VIII 1936 326 days
3. Richard III 1483-1485 2 years, 57 days
4. James II 1685-1688 3 years, 309 days
5. Mary I 1553-1558 5 years, 121 days
The 5 Longest-Lived Monarchs
1. Elizabeth II 1926 - 86+ years
2. Victoria 1819-1901 81 years, 243 days
3. George III 1738-1820 81 years, 239 days
4. George II 1683-1760 76 years, 350 days
5. William IV 1765-1837 71 years, 303 days
Note: Edward VIII died as Duke of Windsor at the age of 77 years and 340 days, almost 36 years after his abdication.
The 5 Longest Royal Marriages
(Monarchs only)
Queen’s House, Greenwich, London
*Frogmore House, Windsor
Osborne House, Isle of Wight
Royal Pavilion, Brighton
The British Crown Jewels
St Edward’s Crown (the coronation crown)
The Imperial State Crown (including the Second Star of Africa diamond, the Black Prince’s ruby and St Edward’s sapphire).
The Queen Consorts’ crowns: Queen Mary of Modena’s crown, Queen Mary of Teck’s Crown, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother’s Crown (this last including the Koh I Noor diamond).
The George IV State Diadem
The Prince of Wales coronets
Queen Victoria’s small diamond crown
The cross sceptre (including the First Star of Africa diamond)
The dove sceptre
The great sword of state
The jewelled sword of offering
The Imperial Crown of India (technically not part of the crown jewels but housed with them)
All the jewels, except for the George IV State Diadem, are on public display in the Tower of London.
The British Honour System
Bestowed by the monarch on the
advice of the government:
Founded by George I, 1725
For the military/civil servants
Order of St Michael and St George
Founded by George, Prince Regent, 1818
For diplomats/Foreign Commonwealth Office
Order of the British Empire
Founded by George V, 1917
The largest of all British orders, awarded for all fields of human endeavours.
Bestowed personally and independently by the monarch:
Order of the Garter
Founded by Edward III, 1348
For English subjects
Founded by James II/VII, 1687
For Scottish subjects
Founded by Queen Victoria, 1896
For services to the Crown
Founded by Edward VII, 1902
For services to sciences, art, culture, politics, the military
Medals
| i don't know |
‘How do I love thee? Let me count the ways’ is the opening line of a work by which English poet? | How Do I Love Thee? (Sonnet 43) - Poems | Academy of American Poets
Academy of American Poets
The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization.
browse poems & poets
sign up to receive a new poem-a-day in your inbox
sign up
When You Are Old by W. B. Yeats
Love by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
poetic forms
read this poet's poems
Born in 1806 at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England, Elizabeth Barrett Browning was an English poet of the Romantic Movement . The oldest of twelve children, Elizabeth was the first in her family born in England in over two hundred years. For centuries, the Barrett family, who were part Creole, had lived in Jamaica, where they owned sugar plantations and relied on slave labor. Elizabeth's father, Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett, chose to raise his family in England, while his fortune grew in Jamaica. Educated at home, Elizabeth apparently had read passages from Paradise Lost and a number of Shakespearean plays, among other great works, before the age of ten. By her twelfth year, she had written her first "epic" poem, which consisted of four books of rhyming couplets. Two years later, Elizabeth developed a lung ailment that plagued her for the rest of her life. Doctors began treating her with morphine, which she would take until her death. While saddling a pony when she was fifteen, Elizabeth also suffered a spinal injury. Despite her ailments, her education continued to flourish. Throughout her teenage years, Elizabeth taught herself Hebrew so that she could read the Old Testament; her interests later turned to Greek studies. Accompanying her appetite for the classics was a passionate enthusiasm for her Christian faith. She became active in the Bible and Missionary Societies of her church.
In 1826, Elizabeth anonymously published her collection An Essay on Mind and Other Poems. Two years later, her mother passed away. The slow abolition of slavery in England and mismanagement of the plantations depleted the Barretts's income, and in 1832, Elizabeth's father sold his rural estate at a public auction. He moved his family to a coastal town and rented cottages for the next three years, before settling permanently in London. While living on the sea coast, Elizabeth published her translation of Prometheus Bound (1833), by the Greek dramatist Aeschylus.
Gaining attention for her work in the 1830s, Elizabeth continued to live in her father's London house under his tyrannical rule. He began sending Elizabeth's younger siblings to Jamaica to help with the family's estates. Elizabeth bitterly opposed slavery and did not want her siblings sent away. During this time, she wrote The Seraphim and Other Poems (1838), expressing Christian sentiments in the form of classical Greek tragedy. Due to her weakening disposition, she was forced to spend a year at the sea of Torquay accompanied by her brother Edward, whom she referred to as "Bro." He drowned later that year while sailing at Torquay, and Browning returned home emotionally broken, becoming an invalid and a recluse. She spent the next five years in her bedroom at her father's home. She continued writing, however, and in 1844 produced a collection entitled simply Poems. This volume gained the attention of poet Robert Browning , whose work Elizabeth had praised in one of her poems, and he wrote her a letter.
Elizabeth and Robert, who was six years her junior, exchanged 574 letters over the next twenty months. Immortalized in 1930 in the play The Barretts of Wimpole Street, by Rudolf Besier (1878-1942), their romance was bitterly opposed by her father, who did not want any of his children to marry. In 1846, the couple eloped and settled in Florence, Italy, where Elizabeth's health improved and she bore a son, Robert Wideman Browning. Her father never spoke to her again. Elizabeth's Sonnets from the Portuguese, dedicated to her husband and written in secret before her marriage, was published in 1850. Critics generally consider the Sonnets—one of the most widely known collections of love lyrics in English—to be her best work. Admirers have compared her imagery to Shakespeare and her use of the Italian form to Petrarch .
Political and social themes embody Elizabeth's later work. She expressed her intense sympathy for the struggle for the unification of Italy in Casa Guidi Windows (1848-1851) and Poems Before Congress (1860). In 1857 Browning published her verse novel Aurora Leigh, which portrays male domination of a woman. In her poetry she also addressed the oppression of the Italians by the Austrians, the child labor mines and mills of England, and slavery, among other social injustices. Although this decreased her popularity, Elizabeth was heard and recognized around Europe.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning died in Florence on June 29, 1861.
Selected Bibliography
The Battle of Marathon: A Poem (1820)
An Essay on Mind, with Other Poems (1826)
Miscellaneous Poems (1833)
The Seraphim and Other Poems (1838)
Poems (1844)
A Drama of Exile: and other Poems (1845)
Poems: New Edition (1850)
The Poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1850)
Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850)
Casa Guidi Windows: A Poem (1851)
Poems: Third Edition (1853)
Napoleon III in Italy, and Other Poems (1860)
Poems before Congress (1860)
The Complete Poetical Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1900)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Hitherto Unpublished Poems and Stories (1914)
New Poems by Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1914)
Prose
"Queen Annelida and False Arcite;" "The Complaint of Annelida to False Arcite," (1841)
A New Spirit of the Age (1844)
"The Daughters of Pandarus" from the Odyssey (1846)
The Greek Christian Poets and the English Poets (1863)
Psyche Apocalyptè: A Lyrical Drama (1876)
Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning Addressed to Richard Hengist Horne (1877)
The Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1897)
The Poet's Enchiridion (1914)
Letters to Robert Browning and Other Correspondents by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1916)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Letters to Her Sister, 1846-1859 (1929)
Letters from Elizabeth Barrett to B. R. Haydon (1939)
Twenty Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett to Hugh Stuart Boyd (1950)
New Letters from Mrs. Browning to Isa Blagden (1951)
The Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Mary Russell Mitford (1954)
Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Hugh Stuart Boyd (1955)
Letters of the Brownings to George Barrett (1958)
Diary by E. B. B.: The Unpublished Diary of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1831-1832 (1969)
The Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1845-1846 (1969)
Invisible Friends (1972)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Letters to Mrs. David Ogilvy, 1849-1861 (1973)
Anthology
| Elizabeth Barrett Browning |
A Slippery Dick is what type of creature? | Elizabeth Barrett Browning - Poet | Academy of American Poets
Academy of American Poets
The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization.
browse poems & poets
read this poet's poems
Born in 1806 at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England, Elizabeth Barrett Browning was an English poet of the Romantic Movement . The oldest of twelve children, Elizabeth was the first in her family born in England in over two hundred years. For centuries, the Barrett family, who were part Creole, had lived in Jamaica, where they owned sugar plantations and relied on slave labor. Elizabeth's father, Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett, chose to raise his family in England, while his fortune grew in Jamaica. Educated at home, Elizabeth apparently had read passages from Paradise Lost and a number of Shakespearean plays, among other great works, before the age of ten. By her twelfth year, she had written her first "epic" poem, which consisted of four books of rhyming couplets. Two years later, Elizabeth developed a lung ailment that plagued her for the rest of her life. Doctors began treating her with morphine, which she would take until her death. While saddling a pony when she was fifteen, Elizabeth also suffered a spinal injury. Despite her ailments, her education continued to flourish. Throughout her teenage years, Elizabeth taught herself Hebrew so that she could read the Old Testament; her interests later turned to Greek studies. Accompanying her appetite for the classics was a passionate enthusiasm for her Christian faith. She became active in the Bible and Missionary Societies of her church.
In 1826, Elizabeth anonymously published her collection An Essay on Mind and Other Poems. Two years later, her mother passed away. The slow abolition of slavery in England and mismanagement of the plantations depleted the Barretts's income, and in 1832, Elizabeth's father sold his rural estate at a public auction. He moved his family to a coastal town and rented cottages for the next three years, before settling permanently in London. While living on the sea coast, Elizabeth published her translation of Prometheus Bound (1833), by the Greek dramatist Aeschylus.
Gaining attention for her work in the 1830s, Elizabeth continued to live in her father's London house under his tyrannical rule. He began sending Elizabeth's younger siblings to Jamaica to help with the family's estates. Elizabeth bitterly opposed slavery and did not want her siblings sent away. During this time, she wrote The Seraphim and Other Poems (1838), expressing Christian sentiments in the form of classical Greek tragedy. Due to her weakening disposition, she was forced to spend a year at the sea of Torquay accompanied by her brother Edward, whom she referred to as "Bro." He drowned later that year while sailing at Torquay, and Browning returned home emotionally broken, becoming an invalid and a recluse. She spent the next five years in her bedroom at her father's home. She continued writing, however, and in 1844 produced a collection entitled simply Poems. This volume gained the attention of poet Robert Browning , whose work Elizabeth had praised in one of her poems, and he wrote her a letter.
Elizabeth and Robert, who was six years her junior, exchanged 574 letters over the next twenty months. Immortalized in 1930 in the play The Barretts of Wimpole Street, by Rudolf Besier (1878-1942), their romance was bitterly opposed by her father, who did not want any of his children to marry. In 1846, the couple eloped and settled in Florence, Italy, where Elizabeth's health improved and she bore a son, Robert Wideman Browning. Her father never spoke to her again. Elizabeth's Sonnets from the Portuguese, dedicated to her husband and written in secret before her marriage, was published in 1850. Critics generally consider the Sonnets—one of the most widely known collections of love lyrics in English—to be her best work. Admirers have compared her imagery to Shakespeare and her use of the Italian form to Petrarch .
Political and social themes embody Elizabeth's later work. She expressed her intense sympathy for the struggle for the unification of Italy in Casa Guidi Windows (1848-1851) and Poems Before Congress (1860). In 1857 Browning published her verse novel Aurora Leigh, which portrays male domination of a woman. In her poetry she also addressed the oppression of the Italians by the Austrians, the child labor mines and mills of England, and slavery, among other social injustices. Although this decreased her popularity, Elizabeth was heard and recognized around Europe.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning died in Florence on June 29, 1861.
Selected Bibliography
The Battle of Marathon: A Poem (1820)
An Essay on Mind, with Other Poems (1826)
Miscellaneous Poems (1833)
The Seraphim and Other Poems (1838)
Poems (1844)
A Drama of Exile: and other Poems (1845)
Poems: New Edition (1850)
The Poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1850)
Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850)
Casa Guidi Windows: A Poem (1851)
Poems: Third Edition (1853)
Napoleon III in Italy, and Other Poems (1860)
Poems before Congress (1860)
The Complete Poetical Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1900)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Hitherto Unpublished Poems and Stories (1914)
New Poems by Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1914)
Prose
"Queen Annelida and False Arcite;" "The Complaint of Annelida to False Arcite," (1841)
A New Spirit of the Age (1844)
"The Daughters of Pandarus" from the Odyssey (1846)
The Greek Christian Poets and the English Poets (1863)
Psyche Apocalyptè: A Lyrical Drama (1876)
Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning Addressed to Richard Hengist Horne (1877)
The Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1897)
The Poet's Enchiridion (1914)
Letters to Robert Browning and Other Correspondents by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1916)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Letters to Her Sister, 1846-1859 (1929)
Letters from Elizabeth Barrett to B. R. Haydon (1939)
Twenty Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett to Hugh Stuart Boyd (1950)
New Letters from Mrs. Browning to Isa Blagden (1951)
The Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Mary Russell Mitford (1954)
Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Hugh Stuart Boyd (1955)
Letters of the Brownings to George Barrett (1958)
Diary by E. B. B.: The Unpublished Diary of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1831-1832 (1969)
The Letters of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1845-1846 (1969)
Invisible Friends (1972)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Letters to Mrs. David Ogilvy, 1849-1861 (1973)
Anthology
| i don't know |
Who was the first woman to top the UK singles chart with a song she had written herself? | Kate Bush -
[118 Músicas] [ 11 Álbuns ]
Catherine "Kate" Bush, CBE (born 30 July 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, musician and record producer, who is known for her eclectic musical style and her idiosyncratic vocal performances. ... Mais
Catherine "Kate" Bush, CBE (born 30 July 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, musician and record producer, who is known for her eclectic musical style and her idiosyncratic vocal performances. In 1978, at the age of 19, Bush topped the UK Singles Chart for four weeks with her debut single "Wuthering Heights", becoming the first woman to have a UK number one with a self-written song. She has since released ten albums, three of which topped the UK Albums Chart. She has had 25 UK Top 40 hit singles, including the Top 10 hits "Wuthering Heights", "The Man with the Child in His Eyes", "Babooshka", "Running Up That Hill" (as well as its 2012 remix), "Don't Give Up" (a duet with Peter Gabriel), and "King of the Mountain". Ocultar
Kate Bush - 81 Músicas
| Kate Bush |
Which goddess was the wife of Roman god Vulcan? | Kate Bush -
[118 Músicas] [ 11 Álbuns ]
Catherine "Kate" Bush, CBE (born 30 July 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, musician and record producer, who is known for her eclectic musical style and her idiosyncratic vocal performances. ... Mais
Catherine "Kate" Bush, CBE (born 30 July 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, musician and record producer, who is known for her eclectic musical style and her idiosyncratic vocal performances. In 1978, at the age of 19, Bush topped the UK Singles Chart for four weeks with her debut single "Wuthering Heights", becoming the first woman to have a UK number one with a self-written song. She has since released ten albums, three of which topped the UK Albums Chart. She has had 25 UK Top 40 hit singles, including the Top 10 hits "Wuthering Heights", "The Man with the Child in His Eyes", "Babooshka", "Running Up That Hill" (as well as its 2012 remix), "Don't Give Up" (a duet with Peter Gabriel), and "King of the Mountain". Ocultar
Kate Bush - 81 Músicas
| i don't know |
Lawrence Boythorn and John Jarndyce are characters in which Charles Dickens novel? | SparkNotes: Bleak House: Character List
Character List
Plot Overview
Analysis of Major Characters
Esther Summerson - The narrator and protagonist. Esther, an orphan, becomes the housekeeper at Bleak House when she, Ada, and Richard are taken in by Mr. Jarndyce. Everyone loves Esther, who is selfless and nurturing, and she becomes the confidante of several young women. Although she eventually does find her mother, circumstances prevent them from developing a relationship. At first a hesitant, insecure narrator, Esther’s confidence in her storytelling grows, and she controls the narrative skillfully.
Read an in-depth analysis of Esther Summerson.
Mr. John Jarndyce - Esther’s guardian and master of Bleak House. Mr. Jarndyce becomes the guardian of the orphans Ada and Richard and takes Esther in as a companion for Ada. Generous but uncomfortable with others’ gratitude, Mr. Jarndyce provides a warm, happy home for the three young people. When Esther is an adult, he proposes marriage, but he eventually rescinds his offer when he realizes she’s in love with someone else. Mr. Jarndyce has sworn off any involvement whatsoever with the Jarndyce and Jarndyce lawsuit.
Ada Clare - A ward of Jarndyce. Kind, sweet, and naïve, Ada becomes Esther’s closest confidante and greatest source of happiness. She falls in love with Richard, and although they eventually marry and have a baby, she never finds full happiness with him because of his obsession with the Jarndyce and Jarndyce lawsuit.
Richard Carstone - A ward of Jarndyce. Affable but lazy, Richard can’t decide on a career and seems to have no passion for a particular field. Eventually, he becomes obsessed with Jarndyce and Jarndyce and ultimately sacrifices his life for the lawsuit. He pursues the suit for Ada’s sake but never succeeds in providing a real home for her.
Lady Dedlock - Mistress of Chesney Wold, married to Sir Leicester, and Esther’s mother. Lady Dedlock, revered and wealthy, has kept the secret of her illegitimate child throughout her life, believing the child died at birth. She reveals her true identity to Esther but is wary of pursuing a relationship because she believes Sir Leicester’s reputation will suffer. When the truth threatens to come out, she runs away, certain that Sir Leicester will hate her. She dies outside of a cemetery.
Read an in-depth analysis of Lady Dedlock.
Sir Leicester Dedlock - Master of Chesney Wold. Sir Leicester is a strong, respected man who ultimately withers and weakens because of Lady Dedlock’s disappearance. Fully willing to forgive her, Sir Leicester does his best to find her, but he is too late.
Mr. Tulkinghorn - A lawyer involved in the Jarndyce and Jarndyce lawsuit. Mr. Tulkinghorn shares Lady Dedlock’s secret and threatens to reveal it. He is eventually murdered by Lady Dedlock’s former maid, Mademoiselle Hortense.
Mrs. Baytham Badger - A woman who talks incessantly about her former husbands.
Mr. Badger - A doctor who agrees to take Richard on as an apprentice.
Mr. Matthew Bagnet - A soldier who owns a musical instrument shop. Mr. Bagnet incurred debts to help George Rouncewell.
Mrs. Bagnet - A woman who does all the talking for her husband.
Inspector Bucket - A detective hired by Tulkinghorn to investigate Lady Dedlock’s past. Bucket eventually winds up investigating Tulkinghorn’s murder and arrests Mademoiselle Hortense for the crime. His wife helps him with his detective work.
Mr. Lawrence Boythorn - Mr. Jarndyce’s friend who is given to hyperbole. Mr. Boythorn feuds with Sir Leicester about trespassing. He was once in love with Lady Dedlock’s sister, Miss Barbary, who left him when she decided to secretly look after Lady Dedlock’s illegitimate child, Esther.
Mr. Chadband - A pompous preacher who takes any opportunity to orate.
Mrs. Rachael Chadband - Esther’s former caretaker.
Volumnia Dedlock - Sir Leicester’s cousin.
Miss Flite - An insane elderly woman who lives above Krook’s shop.
Mr. Gridley - A man who gave up his life for the Jarndyce and Jarndyce suit.
Mr. William Guppy - A clerk at Kenge and Carboy. Mr. Guppy proposes to Esther, but she refuses him. He investigates her parentage with the hope of changing her mind and reveals to Lady Dedlock that Esther is her daughter.
Guster - The Snagsbys’ maid, given to having fits.
Captain Hawdon (Nemo) - Krook’s dead lodger. Hawdon is Lady Dedlock’s former lover and Esther’s father.
Mademoiselle Hortense - Lady Dedlock’s French maid. Mademoiselle Hortense is jealous of Lady Dedlock’s attention to young Rosa. She kills Tulkinghorn and frames Lady Dedlock.
Mrs. Jellyby - A blustery woman who is obsessed with her “mission,” Borrioboola-Gha in Africa. She neglects her family entirely.
Mr. Jellyby - The defeated husband of Mrs. Jellyby.
Caroline (Caddy) Jellyby - Mrs. Jellyby’s put-upon daughter and a friend of Esther’s.
Jenny - The wife of an abusive brickmaker.
Jo - A street urchin who helps Lady Dedlock find Captain Hawdon’s grave.
Mr. Tony Jobling (Mr. Weevle) - A friend of Mr. Guppy’s, who takes Captain Hawdon’s old room.
Mr. Krook - Owner of the rag-and-bottle shop. Mr. Krook collects documents even though he can’t read. He dies by spontaneous combustion.
Liz - The wife of an abusive brickmaker.
Charlotte (Charley) Neckett - The oldest of three orphaned siblings. Charley becomes Esther’s beloved maid.
Mrs. Pardiggle - An obnoxious do-gooder who forces her sons to give their money to her charities.
Rosa - Lady Dedlock’s protégée, who is in love with Watt Rouncewell.
Mr. George Rouncewell - Mrs. Rouncewell’s wayward son and a soldier. He runs a shooting gallery.
Mr. Rouncewell - An ironmaker who is George’s brother.
Mrs. Rouncewell - The loyal housekeeper at Chesney Wold.
Mr. Watt Rouncewell - Mrs. Rouncewell’s grandson, who wants to marry Rosa.
Harold Skimpole - A friend of Mr. Jarndyce, who calls himself a “child” and claims to have no idea about time or money. Mr. Skimpole borrows money liberally with no thought of repaying it. He eventually betrays Mr. Jarndyce by telling Inspector Bucket that Jo is in the stable at Bleak House.
Bartholomew (Chick) Smallweed - Grandfather Smallweed’s grandson.
Judy Smallweed - The granddaughter who accompanies her chair-bound grandfather everywhere.
Grandfather Smallweed - A shrill old man who can barely sit upright in his chair. Grandfather Smallweed threatens and wheedles other people to get his own way. He lends George money.
Grandmother Smallweed - The put-upon wife of Grandfather Smallweed.
Mr. Snagsby - A law-stationer. Mr. Snagsby gets inadvertently caught up in everyone else’s secrets, although he pays Jo not to tell anyone a secret of his own. He sneaks around to avoid his wife’s prying eyes.
Mrs. Snagsby - Mr. Snagsby’s suspicious wife, given to drawing inaccurate conclusions from her eavesdropping and spying.
Phil Squod - A crippled lodger at George’s Shooting Gallery.
Mr. Turveydrop - A man proud of his deportment.
Prince Turveydrop - The young dancing teacher who marries Caddy Jellyby.
Mr. Vholes - The sneaky, immoral lawyer determined to get as much money as possible out of Richard’s involvement with the Jarndyce and Jarndyce lawsuit.
Allan Woodcourt - A doctor and friend of Mr. Jarndyce. Mr. Woodcourt marries Esther, and they live together in the new Bleak House.
Mrs. Woodcourt - Allan Woodcourt’s mother, who stays at Bleak House to observe Esther’s steadfast commitment to Mr. Jarndyce.
| Bleak House |
Argentum is Latin for which chemical element? | Bleak House: Chapter 9 | Novelguide
Bleak House: Chapter 9
Summary of Chapter IX: Signs and Tokens
Esther watches Richard and Ada falling in love, but they hardly notice it themselves. Mr. Jarndyce writes to Sir Leicester Dedlock about Richard’s prospects, and Sir Leicester writes back a gracious letter that says nothing. Richard sees he will have to work his own way in the world. Yet, Esther worries about him, for he has a thoughtlessness about spending money.
Just then Mr. Jarndyce receives a visit from his old friend, Lawrence Boythorn. He explains his friend is “always in extremes” “in the superlative degree” (p. 88). Boythorn is generous and kind, but speaks in a loud voice and is in litigation with Sir Leicester Dedlock over a right of way between their properties. He likes to get into battles and does nothing half way. He is jolly and likeable, and all the young people find him agreeable.
Mr. Guppy comes with papers for Mr. Boythorn from Kenge and Carboy’s office. He asks to see Esther alone and proposes to her. She is outraged and asks him to leave. He makes her promise not to tell anyone about it.
Commentary on Chapter IX
Esther begins to hint of a problem with Richard—his carelessness with money matters. He is generous and unthinking. It will come out later that he, too, is falling under the seduction of the lawsuit, thinking he will get rich in the settlement.
Boythorn is a satire on the writer, Walter Savage Landor, who lived up to his name with a hot temper and contempt for authority. He was a poet and writer from the Romantic period, known for his Imaginary Conversations. He was thrown out of Rugby and Oxford, and came into conflict with political enemies and neighbors, like Boythorn. He was otherwise a kind and gentle man with great humor and praise for others. He hated wrongs and injustice.
The proposal of Guppy to Esther is out of place. He is of a lower class than Esther, doesn’t know her, and so far, we have seen him doing things merely to promote himself. He is only a law clerk with great pretensions to be something more, and we still wonder why he was poking around the Dedlock’s mansion.
| i don't know |
The English city of Peterborough stands on which river? | Boathouse in Peterborough, Chef & Brewer
Read more...
While the pub itself was established as recently as 1989, its name goes back much further... to the mid-17th century, and Thorpe Hall, one of England’s finest preserved Cromwellian mansions. The Hall was built for Oliver St. John, Oliver Cromwell’s Lord Chief Justice, by Peter Mills, an architect who would go on to oversee the rebuilding of London after the Great Fire of 1666. It had a boathouse at the tip of its gardens, where they sloped down to meet the river, a stone’s throw from where The Boathouse stands today.
Though the house is now a private hospice, Thorpe Hall’s Grade II Listed Victorian garden is open to the public and boasts a number of Grade I listed structures, including its curved walls and entrance gates, stables, and architrave gateway. The Hall stands on the eastern edge of the ancient village of Longthorpe, just a one mile walk from The Boathouse.
The village is a treasure trove of historic gems. Longthorpe Tower is what remains of an old manor house, built around 1300 by the Thorpe family. It houses one of Europe’s finest collections of medieval wall paintings, decorative representations of the local countryside and religious scenes. Behind the tower, meanwhile, stands St. Botolph’s Church, built in 1263, again by the Thorpe family. It’s of plain, coarse rubble construction, yet according to English Heritage boasts “a magnificent bishop's chair and an interesting leper's window.” Finally, to the east, there’s Thorpe Wood, an ancient woodland of oak, ash, field maple and hazel, where the tapping of woodpeckers in summer and the scent of wild garlic delight those who wander its well-trodden trails.
The Boathouse is well positioned for both walkers and cyclists alike. After tucking into a something sumptuous off the menu of traditional pub classics, a ride or walk westwards takes you to Ferry Meadows Country Park, with its endless meadows, lakes and woods. Here you can take one of several nature trails, through fields of wildflowers and forest, spot sand martins on the banks of Lynch Lake, or just keep going until you arrive at the agricultural estate of Castor, Ailsworth and Wansford, where arable fields and pastures lend a lovely rural backdrop to your afternoon’s excursion.
From Ferry Meadows you can also board the Nene Valley Railway, a preserved heritage railway that takes you along part of what was once the old Northampton to Peterborough line. Interestingly, since the late 1970’s, the line has been used as a filming location, appearing in TV shows including Casualty, Eastenders and Agatha Christie’s Poirot. The Ferry Meadows stop has even appeared in a two James Bond films, Octopussy in 1982 and Goldeneye in 1995. Hop aboard the regular steam and diesel locomotives and you’ll be whisked away towards to the pretty villages of Yarwell, Orton Mere and Wansford.
On the southside of the rowing course, meanwhile, is the Thorpe Meadows Sculpture Park. Something of a hidden gem, it’s the parkland home of Peterborough Sculpture Trust's collection. You’ll find 18 pieces inspired by England’s countryside, from the likes of Barry Flanagan, Anthony Gormley, Lee Grandjean, Sir Anthony Caro and Miles Davies – well worth the half hour stroll it’ll take to see (and contemplate) each one.
With so much to see and do on the doorstep of The Boathouse, it’s easy to forget that this lovely pub is only a twenty-minute stroll from Peterborough town centre. Take the delightful riverside path along the banks of the Nene into the city centre and you’ll be rewarded with one of England’s most historic landmarks. Peterborough Cathedral is a fine Norman cathedral, with its imposing Early English Gothic facade, dominated by three magnificent arches. Established in Saxon times, it was destroyed by the Vikings in 870, before being largely rebuilt as it is now between 1119 and 1239, only to be vandalised by Parliamentary troops during the English Civil War.
The Boathouse offers a menu of traditional pub classics, seasonal specials, and wonderful Sunday roasts with lashings of rich gravy. Whether you dine indoors or al fresco on the waterside patio, watching the narrowboats and rowers gliding by, you’re sure to enjoy a lovely day out when you visit The Boathouse.
| River Nene |
Chwefror is Welsh for which month of the year? | Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Published on Feb 8, 2016
Peterborough is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in the East of England. Situated 75 miles (121 km) north of London, the city stands on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea approximately 30 miles (48 km) to the north-east.
Human settlement in the area began before the Bronze Age, as can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the current city centre also with evidence of Roman occupation. The Anglo-Saxon period saw the establishment of a monastery, Medeshamstede, which later became Peterborough Catherdal (Early English Gothic West Front).
Filmed 30.01.2016
| i don't know |
Columbus is the capital of which US state? | Columbus: History
Central Location Makes Columbus Ohio's Capital
After Ohio gained statehood in 1803, the General Assembly set out to find a geographically centralized location for the capital. Congress had enacted the Ordinance for the Northwest Territory in 1787 to settle claims from the American Revolution and a grant was given to Virginia for lands west of the Scioto River. Lucas Sullivant, a Virginia surveyor, established in 1797 the village of Franklinton, which quickly turned into a profitable trading center. In 1812 plans for a state Capitol building and a penitentiary at Franklinton were drawn up and approved by the legislature, which also agreed to rename the settlement Columbus. Construction of the state buildings was delayed for four years by the War of 1812.
During its early history the major threat to Columbus was a series of fever and cholera epidemics that did not subside until swamps close to the center of town were drained. With the opening in 1831 of the Ohio & Erie Canal, which was connected to Columbus by a smaller canal, and then the National Highway in 1833, Columbus was in a position to emerge as a trade and transportation center. Then, on February 22, 1850, a steam engine pulling flat cars made its maiden run from Columbus to Xenia, 54 miles away, and Columbus entered the railroad age. Five locally financed railroads were in operation by 1872.
Columbus, with a population of 20,000 people in 1860, became a military center during the Civil War. Camp Jackson was an assembly center for recruits and Columbus Barracks—renamed Fort Hayes in 1922—served as an arsenal. Camp Chase, also in the area, was the Union's largest facility for Confederate prisoners, and the Federal Government maintained a cemetery for the more than 2,000 soldiers who died there.
Academic Prominence Precedes High-Technology Growth
Columbus prospered economically after the Civil War, as new banks and railroad lines opened and horse-and-buggy companies manufactured 20,000 carriages and wagons a year. The city's first waterworks system and an extended streetcar service were built during this period. In 1870 the Ohio General Assembly created, through the Morrill Land Grant Act, the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, which became a vital part of the city's life and identity. This coeducational institution, renamed The Ohio State University in 1878, is now one of the country's major state universities. The Columbus campus consists of nearly 400 permanent buildings on 1,644 acres of land. Today, the university's technological research facilities, coupled with the Battelle Memorial Institute, comprise one of the largest private research organizations of its kind in the world.
Two events prior to World War I shook Columbus's stability. The streetcar strike of 1910 lasted through the summer and into the fall, resulting in riots and destruction of street cars and even one death. The National Guard was called out to maintain order, and when the strike finally ended, few concessions were made by the railway company. Three years later, the Scioto River flood killed 100 people and left 20,000 people homeless; property damages totaled $9 million.
Traditionally a center for political, economic, and cultural activity as the state capital, Columbus is today one of the fastest-growing cities in the east central United States. The downtown area underwent a complete transformation in the 1990s, and the economy surged as high-technology development and research companies moved into the metropolitan area. Franklin County saw its population top 1,000,000 for the first time in the 2000 census and celebrated its bicentennial in 2003.
Historical Information: Ohio Historical Society, 1985 Velma Avenue, Columbus, OH 43211; telephone (614)297-2510
| Ohio |
How many Oscars did the 1962 film ‘Lawrence of Arabia’ win? | US Map with Capitals, 50 States and Capitals, US State Capitals
$20.00
About the Map of US States :
This interactive map of the 50 states of the United States is a colorful depiction of the third largest country in the world. Besides showing 48
contiguous states and their capitals, it also carries inset maps of two other states – Alaska and Hawaii. Click on any of the states and get an enlarged and a more detailed map of that particular state in a new URL. You can also customize this high-resolution map which is downloadable and printable online.
The United States, which is a federation of 50 states and a federal district Washington D.C., is divided into four geographic regions : Northeastern, Midwestern, Southern, and Western.
The East Coast of the US, also known as the Atlantic Coast, has 14 states with coastlines on the Atlantic Ocean. New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida are some of the states on the East Coast. Interestingly, the 13 original colonies of the Great Britain in North America were all located along the East Coast.
Some of these states in the east coast also fall under the Southern US. Popularly known as American South, the states in these regions have several cultural influences. Tennessee is the birthplace of jazz and blues music, some of the best American writers have come from the South. The states in the Southern US had earned much reputation as the major hub for tobacco, sugar, and cotton farming.
The Western US is the largest region of the country as it spans more than half the area of the contiguous US. Home to the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Mojave Desert, and the Great Plains, it is the most geographically diverse region in America. It was inhabited after the great Lewis and Clark expedition in early 19th century. California, New Mexico, and Arizona have strong Mexican and Spanish cultural influences.
The Midwestern United States (or simply the Midwest) comprises seven states: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Known
as the Windy City, Chicago is the largest city in the region. Indianapolis, Columbus, Detroit, and Milwaukee are other major cities. Known for its French heritage, Sault Ste. Marie in Michigan was the first European settlement in the region.
Popular US States
1. California: The sun-soaked California on the Pacific Coast is home to important cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego. The Golden Gate Bridge and Yosemite National Park are iconic symbols of the state.
2. Florida: From world-famous theme parks in Orlando to recreational dwellings in Key West, Florida is known for its tropical weather. Moreover, Art-Deco buildings and happening nightclubs in downtown Miami are ever so tempting.
3. New York: From the Catskills mountains to the Central Park in Manhattan, New York state has unparalleled natural beauty. It is also home to the Niagara Falls, Finger Lakes, Leetchworth State Park, and Adirondack Park.
4. Texas: There's so much to explore in Houston, Austin, El Paso, and San Antonio. From deer hunting in Hill Country to exploring Padre Island and trying Tex-Mex cuisine to watching sunset in the Palo Duro Canyon, the state offers endless delights.
5. Hawaii: Considered a tropical paradise, Hawaii is a lovely vacation destination known for inviting people and exotic beauty. When in Hawaii, one must keep an eye out for spectacular waterfalls, volcanoes, sea cliffs, beaches, and more.
Take a look at these 50 beautiful infographics of each state in the US.
Facts about USA States
Alaska, the largest state in the US, has about 3 million lakes and more than 100,000 glaciers.
Delaware is known as the 1st State.
Famous for the Everglades, the state of Florida is larger than England.
In 1869, Wyoming was the first state to give women the right to vote.
The One World Trade Center (or Freedom Tower) in New York City is the tallest building in the US.
Washington State is the only state named after a president.
California grows more food than any other US city.
Maryland has the oldest airport in America.
List of 50 States with Nicknames, Capital and Largest Cities
State
| i don't know |
What is a military officer called who acts as an administrative assistant to a more senior officer? | Officer - definition of officer by The Free Dictionary
Officer - definition of officer by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/officer
(ô′fĭ-sər, ŏf′ĭ-)
n.
1. One who holds an office of authority or trust in an organization, such as a corporation or government.
2.
a. One who holds a commission in the armed forces.
b. A noncommisioned officer or warrant officer.
3. A person licensed in the merchant marine as master, mate, chief engineer, or assistant engineer.
4. A police officer.
tr.v. of·fi·cered, of·fi·cer·ing, of·fi·cers
1. To furnish with officers.
2. To command or manage as an officer.
[Middle English, from Old French officier, from Medieval Latin officārius, from Latin officium, service, duty; see office.]
officer
(ˈɒfɪsə)
n
1. (Military) a person in the armed services who holds a position of responsibility, authority, and duty, esp one who holds a commission
2. (Law) See police officer
3. (Nautical Terms) (on a non-naval ship) any person including the captain and mate, who holds a position of authority and responsibility: radio officer; engineer officer.
4. a person appointed or elected to a position of responsibility or authority in a government, society, etc
5. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a government official: a customs officer.
6. (in the Order of the British Empire) a member of the grade below commander
vb (tr)
7. to furnish with officers
8. to act as an officer over (some section, group, organization, etc)
of•fi•cer
(ˈɔ fə sər, ˈɒf ə-)
n.
1. a person who holds a position of rank or authority in the armed services, esp. one holding a commission.
2. a member of a police department or a constable.
3. a person appointed or elected to some position of responsibility or authority in some organization.
4. a person licensed to take full or partial responsibility for the operation of a ship.
5. (in some honorary orders) a member of any rank except the lowest.
6. Obs. an agent.
7. to furnish with officers.
8. to manage.
An officer is a person who has a position of authority in the armed forces.
...a retired army officer.
Officer is also used in the name of some people's jobs.
He was arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer.
Suddenly the press officer came out and announced the result.
2. 'official'
An official is a person who holds a position of authority in an organization, especially a government department or a trade union.
Government officials have rejected calls for international intervention.
Management and union officials agreed to go to the Labour Relations Commission today.
3. 'office worker'
You do not use 'officer' or 'official' to refer to someone who works in an office. A person like this is called an office worker.
Office workers have been found to make more mistakes when distracted by traffic noise.
officer
I will have been officering
you will have been officering
he/she/it will have been officering
we will have been officering
you will have been officering
they will have been officering
Past Perfect Continuous
Noun
1.
officer - any person in the armed services who holds a position of authority or command; "an officer is responsible for the lives of his men"
armed forces , armed services , military , military machine , war machine - the military forces of a nation; "their military is the largest in the region"; "the military machine is the same one we faced in 1991 but now it is weaker"
adjutant , aide , aide-de-camp - an officer who acts as military assistant to a more senior officer
army officer - an officer in the armed forces; "he's a retired army officer"
brass hat - a high-ranking military officer
chief of staff - the senior officer of a service of the armed forces
commandant , commander , commanding officer - an officer in command of a military unit
commissioned officer - a military officer holding a commission
desk officer - a military officer who is not assigned to active duty
executive officer - the officer second in command
inspector general - a military officer responsible for investigations
military adviser , military advisor - a military officer who serves as an adviser to the troops of an allied nation
naval officer - an officer in the navy
enlisted officer , noncom , noncommissioned officer - a military officer appointed from enlisted personnel
military man , serviceman , man , military personnel - someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force; "two men stood sentry duty"
warrant officer - holds rank by virtue of a warrant
Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin , Grigori Potemkin , Grigori Potyokin , Potemkin , Potyokin - a Russian officer and politician who was a favorite of Catherine II and in 1762 helped her to seize power; when she visited the Crimea in 1787 he gave the order for sham villages to be built (1739-1791)
2.
officer - someone who is appointed or elected to an office and who holds a position of trust; "he is an officer of the court"; "the club elected its officers for the coming year"
holder - a person who holds something; "they held two hostages"; "he holds the trophy"; "she holds a United States passport"
functionary , official - a worker who holds or is invested with an office
probation officer - the officer of the court who supervises probationers
sergeant at arms , serjeant-at-arms - an officer (as of a legislature or court) who maintains order and executes commands
3.
constabulary , police , police force , law - the force of policemen and officers; "the law came looking for him"
bobby - an informal term for a British policeman
police captain , police chief , captain - a policeman in charge of a precinct
police constable , constable - a police officer of the lowest rank
detective , police detective , tec , investigator - a police officer who investigates crimes
gendarme - a French policeman
law officer , lawman , peace officer - an officer of the law
motorcycle cop , motorcycle policeman , speed cop - a policeman who rides a motorcycle (and who checks the speeds of motorists)
police matron , policewoman - a woman policeman
Mountie - colloquial term for a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
shoofly - an undercover police officer who investigates other policemen
traffic cop - a policeman who controls the flow of automobile traffic
trooper - a mounted policeman
state trooper , trooper - a state police officer
4.
officer - a person authorized to serve in a position of authority on a vessel; "he is the officer in charge of the ship's engines"
sea captain , skipper , captain , master - an officer who is licensed to command a merchant ship
first mate , mate - the officer below the master on a commercial ship
privateer , privateersman - an officer or crew member of a privateer
purser - an officer aboard a ship who keeps accounts and attends to the passengers' welfare
navigator , sailing master - the ship's officer in charge of navigation
steward - the ship's officer who is in charge of provisions and dining arrangements
supercargo - an officer on a merchant ship in charge of the cargo and its sale and purchase
Verb
officer - direct or command as an officer
command - be in command of; "The general commanded a huge army"
officer
noun
2. police officer , detective , PC , police constable , police man , police woman an officer in the West Midlands police force
officer
1. (Mil, Naut, Aer) → oficial mf
an officer and a gentleman → un oficial y un caballero
2. (= official) → funcionario/a m/f; [of company] → directivo (a) m/f
the officers of a company → los directivos or la junta directiva de una empresa
to be well officered → tener buena oficialidad
C. CPD officer of the day N (Mil) → oficial mf del día
officer of the watch N (Naut) → oficial mf de guardia
officers' mess N → comedor m de oficiales
officer
(also police officer) → agent mf, policier/ière m/f
Thank you, Officer → Merci Monsieur l'agent.
[organization] → membre m du bureau directeur officers' mess n → mess m des officiers
a party at the officers' mess → une fête au mess des officiers Officers' Training Corps n (British) corps volontaire de formation d'officiersoffice work n → travail m de bureau office worker n → employé (e) m/f de bureau
officer
n
(Mil, Naut, Aviat) → Offizier (in) m(f); officer of the day → diensthabender Offizier , Offizier m → vom Dienst ; Officers’ Training Corps (Brit) Verband zur Offiziersausbildung
(= official) → Beamte (r) m, → Beamtin f; (= police officer) → Polizeibeamte (r) m → /-beamtin f, → Polizist (in) m(f); (of club, society) → Vorstandsmitglied nt, → Funktionär (in) m(f); medical officer → Amtsarzt m → /-ärztin f; (Mil) → Stabsarzt m → /-ärztin f
officer
excuse me, officer → mi scusi , agente
office
(ˈofis) noun
1. the room or building in which the business of a firm is done. The firm's head offices are in New York; (also adjective) office furniture. kantoor مَكْتَب الشَّرِكَه офис escritório kancelář(ský) das Büro, Büro-... kontor; kontor- γραφείο , έδρα despacho , oficina kontor, büroo اداره؛ دفتر toimisto bureau משרד दफ्तर ured hivatal kantor skrifstofa ufficio ; da ufficio 事務所 회사 kontora, būstinė, raštinė kantoris; birojs; iestāde pejabat kantoor kontor biuro د كار خونه،دفتر escritório (de) birou офис kancelária; kancelársky urad kancelarija kontor สำนักงาน büro , ofis , iş yeri 辦事處 офіс; контора مقام کاروبار văn phòng 办事处
2. the room in which a particular person works. the bank manager's office. kantoor مَكْتَب المُوظَّف офис escritório kancelář das Büro kontor γραφείο , χώρος εργασίας despacho , oficina kabinet اتاق کار toimisto bureau משרד कार्यालय ured, kancelarija iroda kantor (einka)skrifstofa ufficio 事務室 사무소 kabinetas kabinets pejabat kantoor kontor biuro , pokój د كار ځاى gabinete birou кабинет kancelária pisarna kancelarija kontor ห้องทำงาน büro , ofis , yazıhane 辦公室 кабінет دفتر phòng làm việc 办公室
3. a room or building used for a particular purpose. Train tickets are bought at the ticket-office. kantoor مَكْتَب التَّذاكِر бюро escritório pokladna das Amt, der Schalter -kontor γραφείο , τμήμα oficina kontor, kassa دفتر؛ باجه toimisto bureau משרד कार्यालय, दफ्तर ured iroda tempat penjualan skrifstofa; miðasala biglietteria 事業所 (특수한 목적의) 장소 įstaiga, skyrius, ministerija, kasa, punktas ministrija; kase; redakcija pejabat kantoor kontor , luke biuro , kasa غرفه bilheteira ghişeu контора ; касса pokladňa poslovalnica biletarnica kontor, expedition ห้อง ofis , bölüm 售票處 бюро خاص مقصد کا کمرہ phòng chuyên dụng 售票处
4. a position of authority, especially in or as a government. Our party has not been in office for years; the office of mayor. amp مَنْصِب، سُلْطَه на власт cargo vládní moc, úřad, funkce das Amt embede εξουσία , αξίωμα cargo amet وزارت؛ اداره virka charge , fonction תפקיד पद ured hivatal jabatan embætti, staða, stjórn carica , incarico 役職 관직, 공직 valdžia, postas, pareigos amats; postenis; vara kuasa; jawatan ambt embete ; posisjon urząd وزارت cargo poziţie de autoritate должность ; нахождение у власти vládna moc, úrad, funkcia na oblasti položaj inneha sitt ämbete, vara vid makten ตำแหน่ง görev , iktidar 職務 служба, посада منصب cơ quan 职务
ˈofficer noun
1. a person holding a commission in the army, navy or air force. a naval officer. offisier ضابِط офицер oficial důstojník der Offizier officer; -officer αξιωματικός oficial ohvitser افسر upseeri officier קצין अधिकारी časnik (katona)tiszt perwira liðsforingi, offisér ufficiale 将校 장교 karininkas virsnieks pegawai officier offiser oficer افسر oficial ofiţer офицер dôstojník častnik oficir officer นายทหาร subay 軍官，警官，船長 офіцер افسر، عہدے دار sĩ quan 军官，警官，船长
2. a person who carries out a public duty. a police-officer. amptenaar, beampte, konstabel ضابِط شُرْطَه чиновник oficial policista der Beamte/die Beamtin -embedsmand υπάλληλος , αξιωματούχος funcionario ametnik مامور viranomainen fonctionnaire ממונה अफ़सर, पदाधिकारी javni službenik köztisztviselő; rendőr petugas embættismaður; lögreglumaður funzionario 役人 공무원 pareigūnas, tarnautojas amatpersona; darbinieks; policists pegawai ambtenaar embetsmann , tjenestemann , –mann funkcjonariusz مامور oficial ofiţer de poliţie должностное лицо policajt uradnik zvaničnik tjänsteman, konstapel เจ้าหน้าที่รัฐ memur 公務人員，警官 полісмен, констебль اہل کار، عوامي خدمت گزار viên chức 公务员，警官
officer
| Adjutant |
In which English city was Guy Fawkes, of Gunpowder Plot fame, born? | Officer - definition of officer by The Free Dictionary
Officer - definition of officer by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/officer
(ô′fĭ-sər, ŏf′ĭ-)
n.
1. One who holds an office of authority or trust in an organization, such as a corporation or government.
2.
a. One who holds a commission in the armed forces.
b. A noncommisioned officer or warrant officer.
3. A person licensed in the merchant marine as master, mate, chief engineer, or assistant engineer.
4. A police officer.
tr.v. of·fi·cered, of·fi·cer·ing, of·fi·cers
1. To furnish with officers.
2. To command or manage as an officer.
[Middle English, from Old French officier, from Medieval Latin officārius, from Latin officium, service, duty; see office.]
officer
(ˈɒfɪsə)
n
1. (Military) a person in the armed services who holds a position of responsibility, authority, and duty, esp one who holds a commission
2. (Law) See police officer
3. (Nautical Terms) (on a non-naval ship) any person including the captain and mate, who holds a position of authority and responsibility: radio officer; engineer officer.
4. a person appointed or elected to a position of responsibility or authority in a government, society, etc
5. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a government official: a customs officer.
6. (in the Order of the British Empire) a member of the grade below commander
vb (tr)
7. to furnish with officers
8. to act as an officer over (some section, group, organization, etc)
of•fi•cer
(ˈɔ fə sər, ˈɒf ə-)
n.
1. a person who holds a position of rank or authority in the armed services, esp. one holding a commission.
2. a member of a police department or a constable.
3. a person appointed or elected to some position of responsibility or authority in some organization.
4. a person licensed to take full or partial responsibility for the operation of a ship.
5. (in some honorary orders) a member of any rank except the lowest.
6. Obs. an agent.
7. to furnish with officers.
8. to manage.
An officer is a person who has a position of authority in the armed forces.
...a retired army officer.
Officer is also used in the name of some people's jobs.
He was arrested and charged with assaulting a police officer.
Suddenly the press officer came out and announced the result.
2. 'official'
An official is a person who holds a position of authority in an organization, especially a government department or a trade union.
Government officials have rejected calls for international intervention.
Management and union officials agreed to go to the Labour Relations Commission today.
3. 'office worker'
You do not use 'officer' or 'official' to refer to someone who works in an office. A person like this is called an office worker.
Office workers have been found to make more mistakes when distracted by traffic noise.
officer
I will have been officering
you will have been officering
he/she/it will have been officering
we will have been officering
you will have been officering
they will have been officering
Past Perfect Continuous
Noun
1.
officer - any person in the armed services who holds a position of authority or command; "an officer is responsible for the lives of his men"
armed forces , armed services , military , military machine , war machine - the military forces of a nation; "their military is the largest in the region"; "the military machine is the same one we faced in 1991 but now it is weaker"
adjutant , aide , aide-de-camp - an officer who acts as military assistant to a more senior officer
army officer - an officer in the armed forces; "he's a retired army officer"
brass hat - a high-ranking military officer
chief of staff - the senior officer of a service of the armed forces
commandant , commander , commanding officer - an officer in command of a military unit
commissioned officer - a military officer holding a commission
desk officer - a military officer who is not assigned to active duty
executive officer - the officer second in command
inspector general - a military officer responsible for investigations
military adviser , military advisor - a military officer who serves as an adviser to the troops of an allied nation
naval officer - an officer in the navy
enlisted officer , noncom , noncommissioned officer - a military officer appointed from enlisted personnel
military man , serviceman , man , military personnel - someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force; "two men stood sentry duty"
warrant officer - holds rank by virtue of a warrant
Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin , Grigori Potemkin , Grigori Potyokin , Potemkin , Potyokin - a Russian officer and politician who was a favorite of Catherine II and in 1762 helped her to seize power; when she visited the Crimea in 1787 he gave the order for sham villages to be built (1739-1791)
2.
officer - someone who is appointed or elected to an office and who holds a position of trust; "he is an officer of the court"; "the club elected its officers for the coming year"
holder - a person who holds something; "they held two hostages"; "he holds the trophy"; "she holds a United States passport"
functionary , official - a worker who holds or is invested with an office
probation officer - the officer of the court who supervises probationers
sergeant at arms , serjeant-at-arms - an officer (as of a legislature or court) who maintains order and executes commands
3.
constabulary , police , police force , law - the force of policemen and officers; "the law came looking for him"
bobby - an informal term for a British policeman
police captain , police chief , captain - a policeman in charge of a precinct
police constable , constable - a police officer of the lowest rank
detective , police detective , tec , investigator - a police officer who investigates crimes
gendarme - a French policeman
law officer , lawman , peace officer - an officer of the law
motorcycle cop , motorcycle policeman , speed cop - a policeman who rides a motorcycle (and who checks the speeds of motorists)
police matron , policewoman - a woman policeman
Mountie - colloquial term for a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
shoofly - an undercover police officer who investigates other policemen
traffic cop - a policeman who controls the flow of automobile traffic
trooper - a mounted policeman
state trooper , trooper - a state police officer
4.
officer - a person authorized to serve in a position of authority on a vessel; "he is the officer in charge of the ship's engines"
sea captain , skipper , captain , master - an officer who is licensed to command a merchant ship
first mate , mate - the officer below the master on a commercial ship
privateer , privateersman - an officer or crew member of a privateer
purser - an officer aboard a ship who keeps accounts and attends to the passengers' welfare
navigator , sailing master - the ship's officer in charge of navigation
steward - the ship's officer who is in charge of provisions and dining arrangements
supercargo - an officer on a merchant ship in charge of the cargo and its sale and purchase
Verb
officer - direct or command as an officer
command - be in command of; "The general commanded a huge army"
officer
noun
2. police officer , detective , PC , police constable , police man , police woman an officer in the West Midlands police force
officer
1. (Mil, Naut, Aer) → oficial mf
an officer and a gentleman → un oficial y un caballero
2. (= official) → funcionario/a m/f; [of company] → directivo (a) m/f
the officers of a company → los directivos or la junta directiva de una empresa
to be well officered → tener buena oficialidad
C. CPD officer of the day N (Mil) → oficial mf del día
officer of the watch N (Naut) → oficial mf de guardia
officers' mess N → comedor m de oficiales
officer
(also police officer) → agent mf, policier/ière m/f
Thank you, Officer → Merci Monsieur l'agent.
[organization] → membre m du bureau directeur officers' mess n → mess m des officiers
a party at the officers' mess → une fête au mess des officiers Officers' Training Corps n (British) corps volontaire de formation d'officiersoffice work n → travail m de bureau office worker n → employé (e) m/f de bureau
officer
n
(Mil, Naut, Aviat) → Offizier (in) m(f); officer of the day → diensthabender Offizier , Offizier m → vom Dienst ; Officers’ Training Corps (Brit) Verband zur Offiziersausbildung
(= official) → Beamte (r) m, → Beamtin f; (= police officer) → Polizeibeamte (r) m → /-beamtin f, → Polizist (in) m(f); (of club, society) → Vorstandsmitglied nt, → Funktionär (in) m(f); medical officer → Amtsarzt m → /-ärztin f; (Mil) → Stabsarzt m → /-ärztin f
officer
excuse me, officer → mi scusi , agente
office
(ˈofis) noun
1. the room or building in which the business of a firm is done. The firm's head offices are in New York; (also adjective) office furniture. kantoor مَكْتَب الشَّرِكَه офис escritório kancelář(ský) das Büro, Büro-... kontor; kontor- γραφείο , έδρα despacho , oficina kontor, büroo اداره؛ دفتر toimisto bureau משרד दफ्तर ured hivatal kantor skrifstofa ufficio ; da ufficio 事務所 회사 kontora, būstinė, raštinė kantoris; birojs; iestāde pejabat kantoor kontor biuro د كار خونه،دفتر escritório (de) birou офис kancelária; kancelársky urad kancelarija kontor สำนักงาน büro , ofis , iş yeri 辦事處 офіс; контора مقام کاروبار văn phòng 办事处
2. the room in which a particular person works. the bank manager's office. kantoor مَكْتَب المُوظَّف офис escritório kancelář das Büro kontor γραφείο , χώρος εργασίας despacho , oficina kabinet اتاق کار toimisto bureau משרד कार्यालय ured, kancelarija iroda kantor (einka)skrifstofa ufficio 事務室 사무소 kabinetas kabinets pejabat kantoor kontor biuro , pokój د كار ځاى gabinete birou кабинет kancelária pisarna kancelarija kontor ห้องทำงาน büro , ofis , yazıhane 辦公室 кабінет دفتر phòng làm việc 办公室
3. a room or building used for a particular purpose. Train tickets are bought at the ticket-office. kantoor مَكْتَب التَّذاكِر бюро escritório pokladna das Amt, der Schalter -kontor γραφείο , τμήμα oficina kontor, kassa دفتر؛ باجه toimisto bureau משרד कार्यालय, दफ्तर ured iroda tempat penjualan skrifstofa; miðasala biglietteria 事業所 (특수한 목적의) 장소 įstaiga, skyrius, ministerija, kasa, punktas ministrija; kase; redakcija pejabat kantoor kontor , luke biuro , kasa غرفه bilheteira ghişeu контора ; касса pokladňa poslovalnica biletarnica kontor, expedition ห้อง ofis , bölüm 售票處 бюро خاص مقصد کا کمرہ phòng chuyên dụng 售票处
4. a position of authority, especially in or as a government. Our party has not been in office for years; the office of mayor. amp مَنْصِب، سُلْطَه на власт cargo vládní moc, úřad, funkce das Amt embede εξουσία , αξίωμα cargo amet وزارت؛ اداره virka charge , fonction תפקיד पद ured hivatal jabatan embætti, staða, stjórn carica , incarico 役職 관직, 공직 valdžia, postas, pareigos amats; postenis; vara kuasa; jawatan ambt embete ; posisjon urząd وزارت cargo poziţie de autoritate должность ; нахождение у власти vládna moc, úrad, funkcia na oblasti položaj inneha sitt ämbete, vara vid makten ตำแหน่ง görev , iktidar 職務 служба, посада منصب cơ quan 职务
ˈofficer noun
1. a person holding a commission in the army, navy or air force. a naval officer. offisier ضابِط офицер oficial důstojník der Offizier officer; -officer αξιωματικός oficial ohvitser افسر upseeri officier קצין अधिकारी časnik (katona)tiszt perwira liðsforingi, offisér ufficiale 将校 장교 karininkas virsnieks pegawai officier offiser oficer افسر oficial ofiţer офицер dôstojník častnik oficir officer นายทหาร subay 軍官，警官，船長 офіцер افسر، عہدے دار sĩ quan 军官，警官，船长
2. a person who carries out a public duty. a police-officer. amptenaar, beampte, konstabel ضابِط شُرْطَه чиновник oficial policista der Beamte/die Beamtin -embedsmand υπάλληλος , αξιωματούχος funcionario ametnik مامور viranomainen fonctionnaire ממונה अफ़सर, पदाधिकारी javni službenik köztisztviselő; rendőr petugas embættismaður; lögreglumaður funzionario 役人 공무원 pareigūnas, tarnautojas amatpersona; darbinieks; policists pegawai ambtenaar embetsmann , tjenestemann , –mann funkcjonariusz مامور oficial ofiţer de poliţie должностное лицо policajt uradnik zvaničnik tjänsteman, konstapel เจ้าหน้าที่รัฐ memur 公務人員，警官 полісмен, констебль اہل کار، عوامي خدمت گزار viên chức 公务员，警官
officer
| i don't know |
In November 1997 Mary McAleese was elected 8th President of which European country? | Ireland Picks Ulster Woman as President - The New York Times
The New York Times
World |Ireland Picks Ulster Woman as President
Search
Continue reading the main story
Mary McAleese, 46, a law professor from the British province of Northern Ireland, has won the Presidency of the Irish Republic, becoming the first northerner ever to hold the office, according to official results announced today.
At the start of the campaign, people wondered whether her northern upbringing and distinct northern accent would hurt her. But tonight it seemed clear that voters saw her as someone who could help the Northern Ireland peace effort. She was also an able television performer, more eloquent in debate than her four rivals in Thursday's vote.
By wearing her hair short and her jackets long, she imitated the style of Mary Robinson, whom she will succeed as the country's eighth President, a position that is largely ceremonial but also important to the Irish national identity and the country's image abroad.
Ms. McAleese began promoting Ireland immediately after she was declared the winner. The Irish people, she said, would be ''key players not only on the European stage, but globally.''
The turnout was one of the lowest in Irish history, with only about half the eligible voters going to the polls.
Advertisement
Continue reading the main story
Ms. McAleese, with 58.7 percent of the vote, was declared victor over her closest rival, Mary Banotti the candidate of the country's second-strongest party, Fine Gael, and a member of the European Parliament. She took 41.3 percent of the vote. The other three candidates were eliminated during the count under Ireland's system of proportional representation. Rosemary Scallon, a singer known professionally as Dana, would have come in third. The other two contenders were Adi Roche, known for her campaigns against nuclear power and weapons, and Derek Nally, a retired police sergeant.
During the campaign Ms. McAleese was attacked by Fine Gael, which portrayed her as being ideologically close to Sinn Fein, the political wing of the outlawed Irish Republican Army. Ms. McAleese said her contact with Sinn Fein was normal for any official trying to make peace, and that she had nothing to do with the I.R.A. The President's role in the issue is a matter of setting a tone, rather than direct involvement.
Ms. McAleese, who describes herself as a practicing Catholic, reassured Protestant unionists, noting that she was born in the north ''and reared in a unionist environment'' and had contact with ''many people whom I love very very deeply.''
She added that in the north, where her husband, Martin, a dentist, and three children live, she has ''a deep loving affection even in spite of the harsh language of contempt, despite the awful violence that's been visited upon us. I'm hoping that as the violence fades and the language softens that we will find our way back to mutual affection and generosity.''
Ms. McAleese, a professor and vice chancellor at Queens University in Belfast, the northern capital, has also taught at Trinity College in Dublin and worked as a news presenter on Irish national television. The eldest of nine children, she is personally opposed to abortion and divorce, the most volatile social issues here. But she said during the campaign that if the Parliament approved a liberalization of the restrictive abortion law, she would sign it. The six-week campaign was often nasty, and, in one respect, it was a continuation of what is known here as ''Civil War politics.''
Ms. McAleese's main support came from Fianna Fail, the party descended from the faction of rebels that rejected the treaty of Irish independence signed with Britain 75 years ago, creating the British province to the north. These forces, led by Eamon de Valera, who served as Prime Minister and President, started a civil war. Supporters of the treaty, led by Michael Collins, won the war and eventually became Fine Gael, now the largest opposition party.
Since then, Fianna Fail has generally favored the goals of Sinn Fein, the political wing of the outlawed Irish Republican Army. Fine Gael has been critical of Sinn Fein and cool to its goal of uniting Ireland and driving the British out of Northern Ireland. Ms. McAleese was accused by Fine Gael of being ideologically close to Sinn Fein.
Gerry Adams, Sinn Fein's president, said he would vote for Ms. McAleese if he had a vote in the Irish Republic, which he does not. Surveys showed that his words helped her gain support. As she waited for the vote count to be completed tonight, she appeared calm in an interview on national television.
''I'm fairly cool running as a person,'' she said, ''I tend not to be very excitable.''
| Ireland |
Charlie Wax is a fictional secret agent in which 2010 film? | Mary McAleese Addresses BC Law Community - YouTube
Mary McAleese Addresses BC Law Community
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
The interactive transcript could not be loaded.
Loading...
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Published on Nov 19, 2013
On Wednesday, November 13, Boston College Law School welcomed Mary McAleese, Former President of Ireland, to speak at the Law School.
Mary Patricia McAleese served as the eighth President of Ireland from 1997 to 2011. She was the second female president and was first elected in 1997 succeeding Mary Robinson, making McAleese the world's first woman to succeed another as president.
Category
| i don't know |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.