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What is the title of The Beatles last album, released in May 1970 before they split up?	'Abbey Road' vs. 'Let It Be': Which Was the Beatles' Last Album? - Rolling Stone The 100 Greatest Beatles Songs It's a grey area what counts as a Beatles album and what's merely a Beatles project. (In the 1970s, fans argued over whether Hey Jude and Hollywood Bowl were official Beatles albums. Nobody argues about that anymore.) Capitol, for obvious reasons, would probably like to err on the side of counting projects as albums, although they still show heroic restraint and taste when it comes to respecting the core canon. (Like, they count Magical Mystery Tour as an official album, but they know better than to make claims for The Beatles' Reel Music.) Anyone would have to agree Let It Be is in the grey area, but from my fan perspective, it's on the Hey Jude side of the line, along with Yellow Submarine. If you want to claim the Beatles made 11 studio albums, I can see that, and if you want to claim the Beatles made 13 studio albums, counting Let It Be and Yellow Submarine, I can see that too. I can even see stretching it to 14 with Hey Jude. (That one was a Capitol hodgepodge from early 1970.) Magical Mystery Tour is in the grey area – the Beatles released it as a 6-song U.K. EP, but it got padded into a U.S.-only 1967 album, so it's about as legit as Hey Jude. But it's been a long time since I've heard anyone try to read it out of the canon, and it's a case where sheer quality makes a difference. (Not even a strict-constructionist hardliner would claim the EP is better because it leaves out "Strawberry Fields Forever.") If someone tried to argue the Beatles only made 10 albums, because Magical Mystery Tour, Yellow Submarine and Let It Be are mere footnotes, I would basically assume they were an idiot, regardless of whether or not it's a valid point. (All idiots have a valid point, right? Not having a valid point doesn't make you an "idiot," just a "rock critic.") So let's put it this way. Let It Be is the final Beatles album, not Abbey Road. . . but only if it's a Beatles album. Can you argue that Let It Be is a Beatles album, yet not the Beatles' final album? No, not really, because it includes a tiny amount of music they made in 1970. So here's my reluctant conclusion, at least as of today. I like Abbey Road better. Sentimentally, for me, it's the one I think of as the end. However, unfortunately, Let It Be is the last Beatles album. I would love it if you could change my mind about that. Don’t Miss a Story Sign up for our newsletter to receive breaking news directly in your inbox. We may use your e-mail address to send you the newsletter and offers that may interest you, on behalf of Rolling Stone and its partners. For more information please read our Privacy Policy How we use your email address Trending Ranked on a scale from 1 to 10, the trending score reflects the number of users reading a story in real time. What is this?	Let It Be
During which month of the year is The Masters golf tournament held?	The Beatles on Apple Music To preview a song, mouse over the title and click Play. Open iTunes to buy and download music. Biography So much has been said and written about the Beatles -- and their story is so mythic in its sweep -- that it's difficult to summarize their career without restating clichés that have already been digested by tens of millions of rock fans. To start with the obvious, they were the greatest and most influential act of the rock era, and introduced more innovations into popular music than any other rock band of the 20th century. Moreover, they were among the few artists of any discipline that were simultaneously the best at what they did and the most popular at what they did. Relentlessly imaginative and experimental, the Beatles grabbed hold of the international mass consciousness in 1964 and never let go for the next six years, always staying ahead of the pack in terms of creativity but never losing their ability to communicate their increasingly sophisticated ideas to a mass audience. Their supremacy as rock icons remains unchallenged to this day, decades after their breakup in 1970. It's hard to convey the scope of the Beatles' achievements in a mere paragraph or two. They synthesized all that was good about early rock & roll, and changed it into something original and even more exciting. They established the prototype for the self-contained rock group that wrote and performed its own material. As composers, their craft and melodic inventiveness were second to none, and key to the evolution of rock from its blues/R&B-based forms into a style that was far more eclectic, but equally visceral. As singers, both John Lennon and Paul McCartney were among the best and most expressive vocalists in rock; the group's harmonies were intricate and exhilarating. As performers, they were (at least until touring had ground them down) exciting and photogenic; when they retreated into the studio, they were instrumental in pioneering advanced techniques and multi-layered arrangements. They were also the first British rock group to achieve worldwide prominence, launching a British Invasion that made rock truly an international phenomenon. More than any other top group, the Beatles' success was very much a case of the whole being greater than the sum of its parts. Their phenomenal cohesion was due in large degree to most of the group having known each other and played together in Liverpool for about five years before they began to have hit records. Guitarist and teenage rebel John Lennon got hooked on rock & roll in the mid-'50s, and formed a band, the Quarrymen, at his high school. Around mid-1957, the Quarrymen were joined by another guitarist, Paul McCartney, nearly two years Lennon's junior. A bit later they were joined by another guitarist, George Harrison, a friend of McCartney. The Quarrymen would change lineups constantly in the late '50s, eventually reducing to the core trio of guitarists, who'd proven themselves to be the best musicians and most personally compatible individuals within the band. The Quarrymen changed their name to the Silver Beatles in 1960, quickly dropping the "Silver" to become just the Beatles. Lennon's art college friend Stuart Sutcliffe joined on bass, but finding a permanent drummer was a vexing problem until Pete Best joined in the summer of 1960. He successfully auditioned for the combo just before they left for a several-month stint in Hamburg, Germany. Hamburg was the Beatles' baptism by fire. Playing grueling sessions for hours on end in one of the most notorious red-light districts in the world, the group was forced to expand its repertoire, tighten up its chops, and invest its show with enough manic energy to keep the rowdy crowds satisfied. When they returned to Liverpool at the end of 1960, the band -- formerly also-rans on the exploding Liverpudlian "beat" scene -- were suddenly the most exciting act on the local circuit. They consolidated their following in 1961 with constant gigging in the Merseyside area, most often at the legendary Cavern Club, the incubator of the Merseybeat sound. They also returned for engagements in Hamburg during 1961, although Sutcliffe dropped out of the band that year to concentrate on his art school studies there. McCartney took over on bass, Harrison settled in as lead guitarist, and Lennon had rhythm guitar; everyone sang. In mid-1961, the Beatles (minus Sutcliffe) made their first recordings in Germany, as a backup group to a British rock guitarist/singer based in Hamburg, Tony Sheridan. The Beatles hadn't fully developed at this point, and these recordings -- many of which (including a couple of Sheridan-less tracks) were issued only after the band's rise to fame -- found their talents in a most embryonic state. The Hamburg stint was also notable for gaining the Beatles sophisticated, artistic fans such as Sutcliffe's girlfriend, Astrid Kirchherr, who influenced all of them (except Best) to restyle their quiffs in the moptops that gave the musicians their most distinctive visual trademark. (Sutcliffe, tragically, would die of a brain hemorrhage in April 1962). Near the end of 1961, the Beatles' exploding local popularity caught the attention of local record store manager Brian Epstein, who was soon managing the band as well. He used his contacts to swiftly acquire a January 1, 1962, audition at Decca Records that has been heavily bootlegged (some tracks were officially released in 1995). After weeks of deliberation, Decca turned them down as did several other British labels. Epstein's perseverance was finally rewarded with an audition for producer George Martin at Parlophone, an EMI subsidiary; Martin signed the Beatles in mid-1962. By this time, Epstein was assiduously grooming his charges for national success by influencing them to smarten up their appearance, dispensing with their leather jackets and trousers in favor of tailored suits and ties. One more major change was in the offing before the Beatles made their Parlophone debut. In August 1962, drummer Pete Best was kicked out of the group, a controversial decision that has been the cause of much speculation since. There is still no solid consensus as to whether it was because of his solitary, moody nature; the other Beatles' jealousy of his popularity with the fans; his musical shortcomings (George Martin had already told Epstein that Best wasn't good enough to drum on recordings); or his refusal to wear his hair in bangs. What seems most likely was that the Beatles simply found his personality incompatible, preferring to enlist Ringo Starr (born Richard Starkey), a drummer with another popular Merseyside outfit, Rory Storm & the Hurricanes. Starr had been in the Beatles for a few weeks when they recorded their first single, "Love Me Do"/"P.S. I Love You," in September 1962. Both sides of the 45 were Lennon-McCartney originals, and the songwriting team would be credited with most of the group's material throughout the Beatles' career. The single, a promising but fairly rudimentary effort, hovered around the lower reaches of the British Top 20. The Beatles phenomenon didn't truly kick in until "Please Please Me," which topped the British charts in early 1963. This was the prototype British Invasion single: an infectious melody, charging guitars, and positively exuberant harmonies. The same traits were evident on their third 45, "From Me to You" (a British number one), and their debut LP, Please Please Me. Although it was mostly recorded in a single day, Please Please Me topped the British charts for an astonishing 30 weeks, establishing the group as the most popular rock & roll act ever seen in the U.K. What the Beatles had done was take the best elements of the rock and pop they loved and make them their own. Since the Quarrymen days, they had been steeped in the classic early rock of Elvis, Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Carl Perkins, and the Everly Brothers; they'd also kept an ear open to the early-'60s sounds of Motown, Phil Spector, and the girl groups. What they added was an unmatched songwriting savvy (inspired by Brill Building teams such as Gerry Goffin and Carole King), a brash guitar-oriented attack, wildly enthusiastic vocals, and the embodiment of the youthful flair of their generation, ready to dispense with postwar austerity and claim a culture of their own. They were also unsurpassed in their eclecticism, willing to borrow from blues, popular standards, gospel, folk, or whatever seemed suitable for their musical vision. Producer George Martin was the perfect foil for the group, refining their ideas without tinkering with their cores; during the last half of their career, he was indispensable for his ability to translate their concepts into arrangements that required complex orchestration, innovative applications of recording technology, and an ever-widening array of instruments. Just as crucially, the Beatles were never ones to stand still and milk formulas. All of their subsequent albums and singles would show remarkable artistic progression (though never at the expense of a damn catchy tune). Even on their second LP, With the Beatles (1963), it was evident that their talents as composers and instrumentalists were expanding furiously, as they devised ever more inventive melodies and harmonies, and boosted the fullness of their arrangements. "She Loves You" and "I Want to Hold Your Hand" established the group not just as a popular music act, but as a phenomenon never before seen in the British entertainment business, as each single sold over a million copies in the U.K. After some celebrated national TV appearances, Beatlemania broke out across the British Isles in late 1963, and the group generating screams and hysteria at all of their public appearances, musical or otherwise. Capitol, which had first refusal of the Beatles' recordings in the United States, had declined to issue the group's first few singles, which ended up appearing on relatively small American independents. Capitol took up its option on "I Want to Hold Your Hand," which stormed to the top of the U.S. charts within weeks of its release on December 26, 1963. The Beatles' television appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show in February of 1964 launched Beatlemania (and the entire British Invasion) on an even bigger scale than it had reached in Britain. In the first week of April 1964, the Beatles had the Top Five best-selling singles in the U.S.; they also had the first two slots on the album charts, as well as other entries throughout the Billboard Top 100. No one had ever dominated the market for popular music so heavily; it's doubtful that anyone ever will again. The Beatles themselves would continue to reach number one with most of their singles and albums until their 1970 breakup. Hard as it may be to believe today, the Beatles were often dismissed by cultural commentators of the time as nothing more than a fad that would vanish within months as the novelty wore off. The group ensured this wouldn't happen by making A Hard Day's Night in early 1964, a cinéma vérité-style motion picture comedy/musical that cemented their image as "the Fab Four": happy-go-lucky, individualistic, cheeky, funny lads with nonstop energy. The soundtrack was also a triumph, consisting entirely of Lennon-McCartney tunes, including such standards as the title tune, "And I Love Her," "If I Fell," "Can't Buy Me Love," and "Things We Said Today." George Harrison's resonant 12-string electric guitar leads were hugely influential; the movie helped persuade the Byrds, then folksingers, to plunge all-out into rock & roll, and the Beatles (along with Bob Dylan) would be hugely influential on the folk-rock explosion of 1965. The Beatles' success, too, had begun to open the U.S. market for fellow Brits like the Rolling Stones, the Animals, and the Kinks, and inspired young American groups like the Beau Brummels, Lovin' Spoonful, and others to mount a challenge of their own with self-penned material that owed a great debt to Lennon-McCartney. Between riotous international tours in 1964 and 1965, the Beatles continued to squeeze out more chart-topping albums and singles. (Until 1967, the group's British albums were often truncated for release in the States; when their catalog was transferred to CD, the albums were released worldwide in their British configurations.) In retrospect, critics have judged Beatles for Sale (late 1964) and Help! (mid-1965) as the band's least impressive efforts. To some degree, that's true. Touring and an insatiable market placed heavy demands upon their songwriting, and some of the originals and covers on these records, while brilliant by many groups' standards, were filler in the context of the Beatles' best work. But when at the top of their game, the group was continuing to push forward. "I Feel Fine" had feedback and brilliant guitar leads; "Ticket to Ride" showed the band beginning to incorporate the ringing, metallic, circular guitar lines that would be appropriated by bands like the Byrds; "Help!" was their first burst of confessional lyricism; "Yesterday" employed a string quartet. John Lennon in particular was beginning to exhibit a Dylanesque influence in his songwriting on such folky, downbeat numbers as "I'm a Loser" and "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away." And tracks like "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" and "I've Just Seen a Face" had a strong country flavor. Although the Beatles' second film, Help!, was a much sillier and less sophisticated affair than their first feature, it too was a huge commercial success. By this time, though, the Beatles had nothing to prove in commercial terms; the remaining frontiers were artistic challenges that could only be met in the studio. They rose to the occasion at the end of 1965 with Rubber Soul, one of the classic folk-rock records. Lyrically, Lennon, McCartney, and even Harrison (who was now writing some tunes on his own) were evolving beyond boy-girl scenarios into complex, personal feelings. They were also pushing the limits of studio rock by devising new guitar and bass textures, experimenting with distortion and multi-tracking, and using unconventional (for rock) instruments like the sitar. As much of a progression as Rubber Soul was relative to their previous records, it was but a taster for the boundary-shattering outings of the next few years. The "Paperback Writer"/"Rain" single found the group abandoning romantic themes entirely, boosting the bass to previously unknown levels, and fooling around with psychedelic imagery and backward tapes on the B-side. Drugs (psychedelic and otherwise) were fueling their already fertile imaginations, but they felt creatively hindered by their touring obligations. Revolver, released in the summer of 1966, proved what the group could be capable of when allotted months of time in the studio. Hazy hard guitars and thicker vocal arrangements formed the bed of these increasingly imagistic, ambitious lyrics; the group's eclecticism now encompassed everything from singalong novelties ("Yellow Submarine") and string quartet-backed character sketches ("Eleanor Rigby") to Indian-influenced swirls of echo and backward tapes ("Tomorrow Never Knows"). Some would complain that the Beatles had abandoned the earthy rock of their roots for clever mannerism. But Revolver, like virtually all of the group's singles and albums from "She Loves You" on, would be a worldwide chart-topper. For the past couple of years, live performance had become a rote exercise for the group, tired of competing with thousands of screaming fans that drowned out most of their voices and instruments. A 1966 summer worldwide tour was particularly grueling: the group's entourage was physically attacked in the Philippines after a perceived snub of the country's first lady, and a casual remark by John Lennon about the Beatles being bigger than Jesus Christ was picked up in the States, resulting in the burning of Beatles records in the Bible Belt and demands for a repentant apology. Their final concert of that American tour (in San Francisco on August 29, 1966) would be their last in front of a paying audience, as the group decided to stop playing live in order to concentrate on their studio recordings. This was a radical (indeed, unprecedented) step in 1966, and the media was rife with speculation that the act was breaking up, especially after all four spent late 1966 engaged in separate personal and artistic pursuits. The appearance of the "Penny Lane"/"Strawberry Fields Forever" single in February 1967 squelched these concerns. Frequently cited as the strongest double A-side ever, the Beatles were now pushing forward into unabashedly psychedelic territory in their use of orchestral arrangements and Mellotron, without abandoning their grasp of memorable melody and immediately accessible lyrical messages. Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, released in June 1967 as the Summer of Love dawned, was the definitive psychedelic soundtrack. Or, at least, so it was perceived at the time: subsequent critics have painted the album as an uneven affair, given a conceptual unity via its brilliant multi-tracked overdubs, singalong melodies, and fairy tale-ish lyrics. Others remain convinced, as millions did at the time, that it represented pop's greatest triumph, or indeed an evolution of pop into art with a capital A. In addition to mining all manner of roots influences, the musicians were also picking up vibes from Indian music, avant-garde electronics, classical, music hall, and more. When the Beatles premiered their hippie anthem "All You Need Is Love" as part of a worldwide TV broadcast, they had been truly anointed as spokespersons for their generation (a role they had not actively sought), and it seemed they could do no wrong. Musically, that would usually continue to be the case, but the group's strength began to unravel at a surprisingly quick pace. In August 1967, Brian Epstein -- prone to suicidal depression over the past year -- died of a drug overdose, leaving them without a manager. They pressed on with their next film project, Magical Mystery Tour, directed by themselves; lacking focus or even basic professionalism, the picture bombed when it was premiered on BBC television in December 1967, giving the media the first real chance they'd ever had to roast the Beatles over a flame. (Another film, the animated feature Yellow Submarine, would appear in 1968, although the Beatles had little involvement with the project, either in terms of the movie or the soundtrack.) In early 1968, the Beatles decamped to India for a course in transcendental meditation with the Maharishi; this too became something of a media embarrassment as each of the four would eventually depart the course before its completion. The Beatles did use their unaccustomed peace in India to compose a wealth of new material. Judged solely on musical merit, the White Album, a double LP released in late 1968, was a triumph. While largely abandoning their psychedelic instruments to return to guitar-based rock, they maintained their whimsical eclecticism, proving themselves masters of everything from blues-rock to vaudeville. As individual songwriters, too, it contains some of their finest work (as does the brilliant non-LP single from this era, "Hey Jude"/"Revolution"). The problem, at least in terms of the group's long-term health, was that these were very much individual songs, as opposed to collective ones. Lennon and McCartney had long composed most of their tunes separately (you can almost always tell the composer by the lead vocalist). But they had always fed off of each other not only to supply missing bits and pieces that would bring a song to completion, but to provide a competitive edge that would bring out the best in the other. McCartney's romantic melodicism and Lennon's more acidic, gritty wit were perfect complements for one another. By the White Album, it was clear (if only in retrospect) that each member was more concerned with his own expression than that of the collective group: a natural impulse, but one that was bound to lead to difficulties. In addition, George Harrison was becoming a more prolific and skilled composer as well, imbuing his own melodies (which were nearly the equal of those of his more celebrated colleagues) with a cosmic lightness. Harrison was beginning to resent his junior status, and the group began to bicker more openly in the studio. Ringo Starr, whose solid drumming and good nature could usually be counted upon (as was evident in his infrequent lead vocals), actually quit for a couple of weeks in the midst of the White Album sessions (though the media was unaware of this at the time). Personal interests were coming into play as well: Lennon's devotion to romantic and artistic pursuits with his new girlfriend (and soon-to-be wife) Yoko Ono was diverting his attentions from the Beatles. Apple Records, started by the group earlier in 1968 as a sort of utopian commercial enterprise, was becoming a financial and organizational nightmare. These weren't the ideal conditions under which to record a new album in January 1969, especially when McCartney was pushing the group to return to live performing, although none of the others seemed especially keen on the idea. They did agree to try recording a "back-to-basics," live-in-the-studio-type LP, the sessions being filmed for a television special. That plan almost blew up when Harrison, in the midst of tense arguments, left the group for a few days. Although he returned, the idea of playing live concerts was put on the back burner; Harrison enlisted American soul keyboardist Billy Preston as kind of a fifth member on the sessions, both to beef up the arrangements and to alleviate the uncomfortable atmosphere. Exacerbating the problem was that the Beatles didn't have a great deal of first-class new songs to work with, although some were excellent. In order to provide a suitable concert-like experience for the film, the group did climb the roof of their Apple headquarters in London to deliver an impromptu performance on January 30, 1969, before the police stopped it; this was their last live concert of any sort. Generally dissatisfied with these early-1969 sessions, the album and film -- at first titled Get Back, and later to emerge as Let It Be -- remained in the can as the group tried to figure out how the projects should be mixed, packaged, and distributed. A couple of the best tracks, "Get Back"/"Don't Let Me Down," were issued as a single in the spring of 1969. By this time, the Beatles' quarrels were intensifying in a dispute over management: McCartney wanted their affairs to be handled by his new father-in-law, Lee Eastman, while the other members of the group favored a tough American businessman, Allen Klein. It was something of a miracle, then, that the final album recorded by the group, Abbey Road, was one of their most unified efforts (even if, by this time, the musicians were recording many of their parts separately). It certainly boasted some of their most intricate melodies, harmonies, and instrumental arrangements; it also heralded the arrival of Harrison as a composer of equal talent to Lennon and McCartney, as George wrote the album's two most popular tunes, "Something" and "Here Comes the Sun." The Beatles were still progressing, but it turned out to be the end of the road, as their business disputes continued to magnify. Lennon, who had begun releasing solo singles and performing with friends as the Plastic Ono Band, threatened to resign in late 1969, although he was dissuaded from making a public announcement. Most of the early-1969 tapes remained unreleased, partially because the footage for the planned television broadcast of these sessions was now going to be produced as a documentary movie. The accompanying soundtrack album, Let It Be, was delayed so that its release could coincide with that of the film. Lennon, Harrison, and Allen Klein decided to have celebrated American producer Phil Spector record some additional instrumentation and do some mixing. Thus the confusion that persists among most rock listeners to this day: Let It Be, although the last Beatles album to be released, was not the last one to be recorded. Abbey Road should actually be considered as the Beatles' last album; most of the material on Let It Be, including the title track (which would be the last single released while the group was still together), was recorded several months before the Abbey Road sessions began in earnest, and a good 15 months or so before its May 1970 release. By that time, the Beatles were no more. In fact, there had been no recording done by the group as a unit since August 1969, and each member of the band had begun to pursue serious outside professional interests independently via the Plastic Ono Band, Harrison's tour with Delaney & Bonnie, Starr's starring role in the Magic Christian film, and McCartney's first solo album. The outside world for the most part remained almost wholly unaware of the seriousness of the group's friction, making it a devastating shock for much of the world's youth when McCartney announced that he was leaving the Beatles on April 10, 1970. (The "announcement" was actually contained in a press release for his new album, in which his declaration of his intention to work on his own effectively served as a notice of his departure.) The final blow, apparently, was the conflict between the release dates of Let It Be and McCartney's debut solo album. The rest of the group asked McCartney to delay his release until after Let It Be; McCartney refused and, for good measure, was distressed by Spector's post-production work on Let It Be, particularly the string overdubs on "The Long and Winding Road," which became a posthumous Beatles single that spring. Although McCartney received much of the blame for the split, it should be remembered that he had done more than any other member to keep the group going since Epstein's death, and that each of the other Beatles had threatened to leave well before McCartney's departure. With hindsight, the breakup seemed inevitable in view of their serious business disagreements and the growth of their individual interests. As bitter as the initial headlines were to swallow, the feuding would grow much worse over the next few years. At the end of 1970, McCartney sued the rest of the Beatles in order to dissolve their partnership; the battle dragged through the courts for years, scotching any prospects of a group reunion. In any case, each member of the band quickly established a viable solo career. In fact, at the outset it could have been argued that the artistic effects of the split were in some ways beneficial, freeing Lennon and Harrison to make their most uncompromising artistic statements (Plastic Ono Band and All Things Must Pass). George's individual talents in particular received acclaim that had always eluded him when he was overshadowed by Lennon-McCartney. Paul had a much rougher time with the critics, but continued to issue a stream of hit singles, hitting a commercial and critical jackpot at the end of 1973 with the massively successful Band on the Run. Ringo did not have the songwriting acumen to compete on the same level as the others, yet he too had quite a few big hit singles in the early '70s, often benefiting from the assistance of his former bandmates. Yet within a short time, it became apparent both that the Beatles were not going to settle their differences and reunite, and that their solo work could not compare with what they were capable of creating together. The stereotype has it that the split allowed each of them to indulge in their worst tendencies to their extremes: Lennon in agit-prop, Harrison in holier-than-thou mysticism, McCartney in cutesy pop, Starr in easy listening rock. There's a good deal of truth in this, but it's also important to bear in mind that what was most missing was a sense of group interaction. The critical party line often champions Lennon as the angry, realist rocker and McCartney as the melodic balladeer, but this is a fallacy: each of them was capable, in roughly equal measures, of ballsy all-out rock and sweet romanticism. What is not in dispute is that they sparked each other to reach heights that they could not attain on their own. Despite periodic rumors of reunions throughout the 1970s, no group projects came close to materializing. It should be added that the Beatles themselves continued to feud to some degree, and from all evidence weren't seriously interested in working together as a unit. Any hopes of a reunion vanished when Lennon was assassinated in New York City in December 1980. The Beatles continued their solo careers throughout the '80s, but their releases became less frequent, and their commercial success gradually diminished as listeners without first-hand memories of the combo created their own idols. The popularity of the Beatles-as-unit, however, proved eternal. In part, this is because the group's 1970 split effectively short-circuited the prospects of artistic decline; the body of work that was preserved was uniformly strong. However, it's also because, like any great works of art, the Beatles' records carried an ageless magnificence that continues to captivate new generations of listeners. So it is that Beatles records continue to be heard on radio in heavy rotation, continue to sell in massive quantities, and continue to be covered and quoted by rock and pop artists through the present day. Legal wrangles at Apple prevented the official issue of previously unreleased Beatles material for over two decades (although much of it was frequently bootlegged). The situation finally changed in the 1990s, after McCartney, Harrison, Starr, and Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono, settled their principal business disagreements. In 1994, this resulted in a double CD of BBC sessions from the early and mid-'60s (a second volume followed nearly two decades later). The following year, a much more ambitious project was undertaken: a multi-part film documentary, broadcast on network television in 1995, and then released (with double the length) for the home video market in 1996, with the active participation of the surviving Beatles. To coincide with the Anthology documentary, three double-CDs of previously unreleased/rare material were issued in 1995 and 1996. Additionally, McCartney, Harrison, and Starr (with some assistance from Jeff Lynne) embellished a couple of John Lennon demos from the '70s with overdubs to create two new tracks ("Free as a Bird" and "Real Love") that were billed as actual Beatles recordings. Whether this constituted the actual long-awaited "reunion" is the subject of much debate. Certainly these cuts were hardly classics on par with the music the group made in the '60s. Some fans, even diehards, were inclined to view the whole Anthology project as a distinctly '90s marketing exercise that maximized the mileage of whatever could be squeezed from the Beatles' vaults. If nothing else, though, the massive commercial success of outtakes that had, after all, been recorded 25 to 30 years ago, spoke volumes about the unabated appeal and fascination the Beatles continue to exert worldwide. That fascination didn't fade in the new millennium. At the dawn of the 2000s, the Beatles released 1, a compilation of the 27 number one singles the group charted in the United Kingdom and United States. 1 was a runaway success, topping the charts around the world. It remained at number one for several weeks in the U.K. and U.S. (nine and eight, respectively), and continued to be a strong catalog item for years. By the end of the 2000s, it had sold over 31 million copies worldwide, making it the biggest album of the decade. George Harrison died of lung cancer on November 29, 2001, leaving Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr as the only surviving Beatles. The first Beatles project to arrive after Harrison's death was 2003's Let It Be... Naked, a revision of the original 1970 album that stripped away Phil Spector's string arrangements and shuffled the track order. Next up was LOVE, a collaboration with the Cirque du Soleil dance troupe. The stage revue, based in Las Vegas, was accompanied by an ambitious remix album produced by George Martin and his son Giles; the soundtrack was another significant international success, going double platinum in several countries, including the U.S. and U.K. In 2009, the Beatles reissued their original catalog in new remastered editions, highlighted by two separate box sets containing their complete works in stereo and in mono (although the latter did not contain their last two studio albums); in 2012, the stereo remasters were released on vinyl. In 2010, the Beatles catalog made its digital debut. In 2013, the Beatles released the long-awaited second volume of BBC recordings, On Air: Live at the BBC, Vol. 2. Not long afterward, the digital-only The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 presented unreleased material from 1963, including studio outtakes and BBC performances. In 2014, all of the group's American Capitol albums from the '60s were released as the box set The U.S. Albums. The following year saw a reissue of 1, containing new stereo mixes by Giles Martin, along with 5.1 mixes and a DVD/Blu-ray containing the first commercial release of the Beatles' promotional films. In 2016, the Beatles' years as a touring band became the subject of a Ron Howard documentary called Eight Days a Week; its release was accompanied by the first-ever CD reissue of Live at the Hollywood Bowl. ~ Richie Unterberger	i don't know
What is the name of the ‘Passage’ which is the body of water between the southern tip of South America at Cape Horn, Chile and the South Shetland Islands in Antarctica?	Crossing Drake Passage - YouTube Crossing Drake Passage Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Mar 15, 2009 Recorded February 23, 2009: The Drake Passage is the body of water between the southern tip of South America at Cape Horn, Chile and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It connects the southwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean (Scotia Sea) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean and extends into the Southern Ocean. The passage is named after the 16th century English privateer Sir Francis Drake, whose only remaining ship after passing through the Strait of Magellan was blown far South in September 1578 and who inferred an open connection of the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This video covers my turbulent crossing of the Drake Passage on my 16-day cruise on the Star Princess. Video includes announcements from Captain Edward Perrin about the weather and our schedule.	Drake Passage
Who was the first presenter of the UK television panel game show ‘Through the Keyhole’?	Cape Horn Cape Horn Cape Horn from the South. The Hermite Islands (centre) and Cape Horn (lower right) as seen from space. Cape Horn ( Dutch : Kaap Hoorn; Spanish : Cabo de Hornos; named for the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands ) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile . It is widely considered to be the southern tip of South America . Cape Horn is the most southerly of the great capes, and marks the northern boundary of the Drake Passage; for many years it was a major milestone on the clipper route, by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. However, the waters around the cape are particularly hazardous, due to strong winds, large waves, and icebergs; these dangers have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard. Today, the Panama Canal has greatly reduced the need for cargo ships to travel via the Horn. However, sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting, and a number of recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn, and speed records for round-the-world sailing follow the same route. Geography The southern part of South America, including Cape Horn, the Drake Passage, and the South Shetland Islands. Cape Horn is the southernmost point of land closely associated with South America; it is located at 55°59′00″S, 067°16′00″W, on Isla Hornos the Hermite Islands, at the southern end of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. It marks the north edge of the Drake Passage, the strait between South America and Antarctica . The dividing line between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans runs along the meridian of Cape Horn, from Tierra del Fuego to the Southern Ocean . Cape Horn was originally given the Dutch name "Kaap Hoorn", in honour of the Dutch city of Hoorn; in a typical example of false friends, the Horn became known in English as "Cape Horn", and in Spanish as "Cabo de Hornos" (which literally means "Cape of Ovens"). It is commonly known to sailors simply as The Horn. The cape is widely considered to be the southernmost point of South America ; it is not a true cape of the American mainland, however, as it is actually situated on a small island, Hoorn Island (Isla Hornos), which is the most southerly of the Hermite Islands. (The southernmost point on the South American mainland is Cape Froward; the southernmost point of land on the continental shelf of South America is in the Diego Ramirez Islands.) A cape on nearby Hoste Island, 56 kilometres (35 mi) to the northwest, is called False Cape Horn, as sailors approaching from the west would see it in a similar configuration to the real Cape Horn; since the Wollaston Islands are due east of the false cape, this mistake caused several shipwrecks. The main building of the Chilean lighthouse station. The cape lies within Chilean territorial waters, and the Chilean Navy maintains a station on Hoorn Island, consisting of a residence, utility building, chapel, and lighthouse; the navy supports a lighthouse keeper and his family (the only residents of the island). A short distance from the main station is a memorial, including a large sculpture featuring the silhouette of an albatross , in honour of the sailors who died while attempting to "round the Horn". The terrain is entirely treeless, although quite lush due to the frequent precipitation. Climate The climate in the region is generally cool, due to the southern latitude. There are no weather stations in the group of islands including Cape Horn; however, a study in 1882-1883 found an annual rainfall of 1,357 millimetres (53.42 in), with an average annual temperature of 5.2 °C (41.4 °F). Winds were reported to average 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph), with squalls of over 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) occurring in all seasons. Contemporary weather records for Ushuaia, 146 kilometres (91 mi) north, show that summer (January–February) average temperatures range from highs of 14 °C (57 °F) to lows of 5 °C (42 °F); in winter (July), average temperatures range from 4 °C (40 °F) to −2 °C (29 °F). Cloud cover is generally high, with averages from 5.2 eighths in May and July to 6.4 eighths in December and January. Precipitation is high throughout the year: the weather station on the nearby Diego Ramirez Islands, 109 kilometres (68 mi) south-west in the Drake Passage, shows the greatest rainfall in March, averaging 137.4 millimetres (5.41 in); while October, which has the least rainfall, still averages 93.7 millimetres (3.69 in). Wind conditions are generally severe, particularly in winter. In summer, the wind at Cape Horn is gale force up to 5% of the time, with generally good visibility; however, in winter, gale force winds occur up to 30% of the time, often with poor visibility. Political The islands around Cape Horn. Cape Horn is part of the commune of Cabo de Hornos (formerly Navarino), whose capital is Puerto Williams; this in turn is part of Antártica Chilena Province, whose capital is also Puerto Williams. The area is part of the Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region of Chile . The Argentine city of Ushuaia is the major municipality in the region, with a population of 50,000; Puerto Toro, a few miles south of Puerto Williams, is the closest town to the cape, and the southernmost town in the world. Depletion of the ozone layer is a significant problem for residents of the region, as the tip of South America is far enough south to be affected by the Antarctic ozone hole. Sailing routes There are a number of potential sailing routes around the tip of South America. The Strait of Magellan, between the mainland and Tierra del Fuego, is a major — although narrow — passage, which was in use for trade well before the Horn was discovered; the Beagle Channel, between Tierra del Fuego and Isla Navarino, offers a potential, though difficult route; and there are various passages around the Wollaston and Hermite Islands to the north of Cape Horn. All of these, however, are notorious for treacherous williwaw winds, which can strike a vessel with little or no warning; given the narrowness of these routes, there is a significant risk of then being driven onto the rocks. The open waters of the Drake Passage, south of Cape Horn, provide by far the widest route, at about 650 kilometres (400 mi) wide; this passage offers ample sea room for maneuvering as winds change, and is the route used by most ships and sailboats, despite the possibility of extreme wave conditions. Shipping hazards Several factors combine to make the passage around Cape Horn one of the most hazardous shipping routes in the world: the fierce sailing conditions prevalent in the Southern Ocean generally; the geography of the passage south of the Horn; and the extreme southern latitude of the Horn, at 56° south. (For comparison, Cape Agulhas at the southern tip of Africa is at 35° south; Stewart Island at the south end of New Zealand is 47° south.) The prevailing winds in latitudes below 40° south can blow from west to east around the world almost uninterrupted by land, giving rise to the " roaring forties" and the even more wild "furious fifties" and "screaming sixties". These winds are hazardous enough in themselves that ships travelling east would tend to stay in the northern part of the forties (i.e. not far below 40° south latitude); however, rounding Cape Horn requires ships to press south to 56° south latitude, well into the zone of fiercest winds. These winds are further exacerbated at the Horn by the funneling effect of the Andes and the Antarctic peninsula, which channel the winds into the relatively narrow Drake Passage. The strong winds of the Southern Ocean give rise to correspondingly large waves; these waves can attain enormous size as they roll around the Southern Ocean , free of any interruption from land. At the Horn, however, these waves encounter an area of shallow water to the south of the Horn, which has the effect of making the waves shorter and steeper, greatly increasing the hazard to ships. If the strong eastward current through the Drake Passage encounters an opposing east wind, this can have the effect of further building up the waves. In addition to these "normal" waves, the area west of the Horn is particularly notorious for rogue waves, which can attain heights of up to 30 metres (100 ft). The prevailing winds and currents create particular problems for vessels attempting to round the Horn against them, i.e. from east to west. Although this affects all vessels to some extent, it was a particularly serious problem for traditional sailing ships, which could make very little headway against the wind at the best of times; modern sailing boats are significantly more efficient to windward and can more reliably make a westward passage of the Horn, as they do in the Global Challenge race. Finally, ice is a hazard to sailors venturing far below 40° south. Although the ice limit dips south around the horn, icebergs are a significant hazard for vessels in the area. In the South Pacific in February, icebergs are generally confined to below 50° south; but in August the iceberg hazard can extend north of 40° south. Even in February, though, the Horn is well below the latitude of the iceberg limit. These hazards have made the Horn notorious as perhaps the most dangerous ship passage in the world; many ships were wrecked, and many sailors died, attempting to round the Cape. History Discovery Approaching Cape Horn from the south-west. In 1525 the vessel San Lesmes commanded by Francisco de Hoces, member of the Loaísa Expedition, was blown south by a gale in front of the atlantic end of Magellan Strait and reached 56º S where they thought to see Land's End. In September 1578, Sir Francis Drake , in the course of his circumnavigation of the world, passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean . Before he could continue his voyage north his ships encountered a storm, and were blown well to the south of Tierra del Fuego. The expanse of open water they encountered led Drake to guess that far from being another continent, as previously believed, Tierra del Fuego was an island with open sea to its south. This discovery went unused for some time, as ships continued to use the known passage through the Strait of Magellan. By the early 1600s, the Dutch East India Company held a monopoly on all Dutch trade via the Strait of Magellan and the Cape of Good Hope, the only two known routes at the time to the Far East. In an effort to find an alternative route and hence break the monopoly, the Dutch merchant Jacob le Maire, together with navigator Willem Schouten, set off to investigate Drake's suggestion of a route to the south of Tierra del Fuego. Backed by the city leaders of the Dutch town of Hoorn, the expedition set off in two ships, Eendracht and Hoorn, in May, 1615. Hoorn was accidentally destroyed in Patagonia, but in January, 1616, Eendracht passed through the Le Maire Strait, as it is now known, and sighted a high island to the south. They named the new cape "Kaap Hoorn", in honour of the expedition's sponsors. At the time it was discovered, the Horn was believed to be the southernmost point of Tierra del Fuego; the unpredictable violence of weather and sea conditions in the Drake Passage made exploration difficult, and it was only in 1624 that the Horn was discovered to be an island. It is an interesting testament to the difficulty of conditions there that Antarctica , only 650 kilometres (400 mi) away across the Drake Passage, was discovered as recently as 1820, despite the passage having been used as a major shipping route for 200 years. Trade route The clipper route followed by ships sailing between England and Australia/New Zealand passed around Cape Horn. From the 1700s to the early 1900s, Cape Horn was a part of the clipper routes which carried much of the world's trade. Clipper ships sailed round the horn carrying wool, grain, and gold from Australia back to Europe; much trade was carried around the Horn between Europe and the Far East; and trade and passenger ships travelled between the coasts of the United States via the Horn. The Horn exacted a heavy toll from shipping, however, due to the extremely hazardous combination of conditions there. Traditionally, a sailor who had rounded the Horn was entitled to wear a gold loop earring — in the left ear, the one which had faced the Horn in a typical eastbound passage — and to dine with one foot on the table; a sailor who had also rounded the Cape of Good Hope could place both feet on the table. The transcontinental railroads in North America, as well as the Panama Canal in Central America, led to the gradual decrease in use of the Horn for trade. As steamships replaced sailing ships, Pamir became the last commercial sailing ship to round Cape Horn laden with cargo, en route from Australia to Finland in 1949. Recreational and sport sailing Despite the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals , the Horn remains part of the fastest sailing route around the world, and so the growth in recreational long-distance sailing has brought about a revival of sailing via the Horn. Due to the remoteness of the location and the hazards there, a rounding of Cape Horn is widely considered to be the yachting equivalent of climbing Mount Everest , and so many sailors seek it out for its own sake. The first small boat to sail around Cape Horn was the 42-foot (13 m) yacht Saoirse, sailed by Connor O'Brien with three friends, who rounded it during a circumnavigation of the world between 1923 and 1925. In 1934, the Norwegian Al Hansen was the first to round Cape Horn single-handed from east to west — the "wrong way" — in his boat Mary Jane, but was subsequently wrecked on the coast of Chile. The first person to successfully circumnavigate the world single-handed via Cape Horn was Vito Dumas, who made the voyage in 1942 in his 33-foot (10 m) ketch Lehg II; a number of other sailors have since followed him. Today, there are several major yacht races held regularly along the old clipper route via Cape Horn. The first of these was the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, which was a single-handed race; this inspired the present-day Around Alone race, which circumnavigates with stops, and the Vendée Globe, which is non-stop. Both of these are single-handed races, and are held every four years. The Volvo Ocean Race is a crewed race with stops which sails the clipper route every four years. The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht, with no restrictions on the size of the crew (no assistance, non-stop). Finally, the Global Challenge race goes around the world the "wrong way", from east to west, which involves rounding Cape Horn against the prevailing winds and currents. The Horn remains a major hazard for recreational sailors, however. A classic case is that of Miles and Beryl Smeeton, who attempted to round the Horn in their yacht Tzu Hang. Hit by a rogue wave when approaching the Horn, the boat pitchpoled (ie. somersaulted end-over-end). Although they survived, and were able to make repairs in Chile, they attempted the passage again, only to be rolled over, and dismasted for a second time, by another rogue wave. Literature and culture Cape Horn has been an icon of sailing culture for centuries; it has featured in sea shanties and in many books about sailing. One of the classic accounts of a working ship in the age of sail is Two Years Before the Mast, by Richard Henry Dana, Jr., in which the author describes an arduous trip from Boston to California via Cape Horn: Just before eight o'clock (then about sundown, in that latitude) the cry of "All hands ahoy!" was sounded down the fore scuttle and the after hatchway, and hurrying upon deck, we found a large black cloud rolling on toward us from the south-west, and blackening the whole heavens. "Here comes Cape Horn!" said the chief mate; and we had hardly time to haul down and clew up, before it was upon us. In a few moments, a heavier sea was raised than I had ever seen before, and as it was directly ahead, the little brig, which was no better than a bathing machine, plunged into it, and all the forward part of her was under water; the sea pouring in through the bow-ports and hawse-hole and over the knightheads, threatening to wash everything overboard. In the lee scuppers it was up to a man's waist. We sprang aloft and double reefed the topsails, and furled all the other sails, and made all snug. But this would not do; the brig was laboring and straining against the head sea, and the gale was growing worse and worse. At the same time sleet and hail were driving with all fury against us. We clewed down, and hauled out the reef-tackles again, and close-reefed the fore-topsail, and furled the main, and hove her to on the starboard tack. Here was an end to our fine prospects. Charles Darwin , in The Voyage of the Beagle, a journal of the five-year expedition upon which he based The Origin of Species , described his 1832 encounter with the Horn: ... we closed in with the Barnevelts, and running past Cape Deceit with its stony peaks, about three o'clock doubled the weather-beaten Cape Horn. The evening was calm and bright, and we enjoyed a fine view of the surrounding isles. Cape Horn, however, demanded his tribute, and before night sent us a gale of wind directly in our teeth. We stood out to sea, and on the second day again made the land, when we saw on our weather-bow this notorious promontory in its proper form — veiled in a mist, and its dim outline surrounded by a storm of wind and water. Great black clouds were rolling across the heavens, and squalls of rain, with hail, swept by us with such extreme violence, that the Captain determined to run into Wigwam Cove. This is a snug little harbour, not far from Cape Horn; and here, at Christmas-eve, we anchored in smooth water. Alan Villiers, a modern-day expert in traditional sailing ships, wrote many books about traditional sailing, including By way of Cape Horn. More recent sailors have taken on the Horn singly, such as Vito Dumas, who wrote Alone Through The Roaring Forties based on his round-the-world voyage; or with small crews. In the latter category, Hal and Margaret Roth did much to popularise ocean sailing with several books, including Two against Cape Horn, describing their voyage around the Horn; and the father-son team of David and Daniel Hays describe their voyage as a bonding experience in My Old Man and the Sea. Bernard Moitessier made two significant voyages round the horn; once with his wife Françoise, described in Cape Horn: The Logical Route, and once single-handed. His book The Long Way tells the story of this latter voyage, and of a peaceful night-time passage of the Horn: The little cloud underneath the moon has moved to the right. I look... there it is, so close, less than 10 miles away and right under the moon. And nothing remains but the sky and the moon playing with the Horn. I look. I can hardly believe it. So small and so huge. A hillock, pale and tender in the moonlight; a colossal rock, hard as diamond. Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Horn" This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes (see www.wikipedia.org for details of authors and sources) and is available under the	i don't know
In Judaism, what is a ‘Kever’?	A Field Guide to Kever Avot \| Kever Avot 5770 \| Jewish Journal A Field Guide to Kever Avot A Field Guide to Kever Avot by Lisa Armony, Contributing Writer Posted on Sep. 9, 2009 at 5:41 pm Jews worldwide mark the approaching High Holy Days with annual visits to the graves of departed loved ones. An ancient custom, Kever Avot, literally “graves of the fathers,” dates almost as far back as Jews themselves. “It’s part of a basic concept in the earliest stratum of Judaism that you to go the grave of the patriarchs in Hebron and they’ll intercede on your behalf,” said Pinchas Giller, American Jewish University professor of medieval Jewish thought. “Even talmudic traditions have the notion of people going to the grave of the patriarchs to ask for things.” The tradition of visits before the High Holy Days began in the 14th century. More recent Jewish history recounts regular pilgrimages to the burial sites of revered rabbis and loved ones in Sephardic and pre-World War II European Jewish communities on the anniversary of a death, fast days and other times during the year. Visitors showed love and respect for the departed and prayed for the soul’s safe journey to heaven. Judaism is imbued with a variety of teachings and traditions regarding the sanctity of graves and Jews go to cemeteries with different levels of consciousness, Giller said. Before Rosh Hashanah and during the 10 Days of Repentance culminating in Yom Kippur, gravesite pilgrimages take on an even higher level of significance because they come at a time of spiritual soul-searching and renewal. For many, the belief in the eternality of the soul, which some trace to the patriarch Abraham, underlies this custom. Common to all streams of Judaism, spiritual afterlife is embedded in Jewish prayer, tradition and folklore. Kabbalistic theory teaches that the nefesh, one of the three parts of the human soul, stays at the grave after death, making it a portal to God, Giller said. That concept often translates into the notion of the soul’s role as an intermediary between God and the living. “During the holy weeks before the High Holy Days, people are encouraged to do whatever they can to bestow God’s mercy for a sweet new year,” said Rabbi Chaim Mentz, Chabad of Bel Air’s director. “There is a separation of the body and soul [after death] and the soul remains here attached to this world to gather requests from others. The reason [we visit graves] is because the soul is still there waiting to take our requests to God.” From the start of Elul, the Hebrew month preceding the High Holy Days, until Yom Kippur, that means asking the deceased to pray on behalf of the living for a favorable decree and a good year. To that end, members of Chasidic movements perform Kever Avot at the graves of their spiritual mentors, Mentz said. Bratslav Chasidim travel to Ukraine to the grave of movement founder Rabbi Nahman of Bratslav. In Queens, N.Y., thousands of Chabad followers gather each year at the grave of the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson. Those who can’t make the trip send notes bearing their requests with journeying friends and relatives. For some Jews, the season’s critical themes of forgiveness and repentance inspire their Kever Avot practice. “Repenting and forgiving don’t end at the time of death,” said Rabbi Debra Orenstein, spiritual leader of Makom Ohr Shalom. “Sometimes there is unfinished business.” The High Holy Days provide a framework for reflecting on relationships with lost loved ones, Orenstein said. Over time, those relationships change, especially as the living come to understand mitigating circumstances that account for the deceased person’s behavior and actions while they were still alive. “It’s an especially auspicious and fruitful time to visit the grave and have a conversation with loved ones in which you forgive and repent,” Orenstein said. “When you come to Yizkor, you’re in a different place regarding your relationship with that person. Gathering at the grave also facilitates healing within families by creating an opportunity to grant forgiveness to one another, she added. Others visit graves to connect with their past and to contemplate the life they want to live. “Rosh Hashanah is a time to plan for the future,” said Rabbi Brian Schuldenfrei of Sinai Temple. “By thinking of the legacy of those who came before us, we consider the legacy we want to leave.” Some religious and ethnic communities have their own unique customs for Kever Avot. The Kaddish, which affirms the living’s relationship with God and elevates the souls of the deceased to their final resting place, is typically recited along with El Maleh Rahamim, a plea for rest for the soul that originated in the Jewish communities of Western and Eastern Europe. Sephardic Jews perform Kever Avot on erev Rosh Hashanah so they begin the holidays with a sense of connection with their families, said Rabbi Daniel Bouskila, spiritual leader of Sephardic Temple Tifereth Israel. They recite the Hashkavah, a memorial prayer with separate texts for men and women, and Yehi Ratzon, in which they ask the deceased to pray on their behalf for forgiveness and a good year. Persian Jews add Tehillim Psalm 119, a Hebrew acrostic in which family members read the stanzas that begin with the letters in their loved ones’ names. They also bring flowers and rose water to the grave, in accordance with Iranian tradition, and spices (minei besamim) according to Nessah Synagogue’s Chief Rabbi David Shofet. Some synagogues hold community services before Rosh Hashanah or during the 10 Days of Repentance. Other customs include placing stones on the grave to mark the visit, which some believe dates back to ancient times when piles of stones were used to indicate burial sites. Giving tzedakah on behalf of the deceased is also customary since Jewish tradition teaches that those dwelling in God’s presence cannot perform this mitzvah.	À
Main is French for which part of the body?	The Funeral, or Levaya - My Jewish Learning The Funeral, or Levaya Reprinted with permission from A Time to Mourn, A Time to Comfort ( Jewish Lights ). The Hebrew word for funeral is levaya–[honoring the deceased by] “accompanying” [his/her bier to the grave]. Jewish tradition places a great value on the interactive nature of burying the dead. The rabbi doesn’t bury the dead. Neither does the cemetery worker. Rather, the bereaved family, assisted by the community, is responsible for this most important mitzvah [commandment] of bringing the dead to the final resting place. When Is the Funeral Held? The burial should take place as soon as possible. The biblical injunction is to bury on the same day as the death. The rabbis of the Talmud considered a speedy burial to be among the most important ways to honor the deceased. They believed that final atonement depended in part on the body returning to the dust of the earth and did not want the process delayed. By the time of the Middle Ages, since embalming was forbidden, it became a matter of hygiene and public safety that the body be buried expeditiously. Yet, today it is difficult to hold a funeral on the day of the death itself. Proper preparation for burial and the need to notify the community require the funeral be held the day after death at the earliest. In addition, further delays are allowed in the following special cases: 1. When close relatives must travel long distances to attend the funeral. As the Jewish community has become more and more mobile, families have scattered all over the continent, indeed the globe. Even though airplanes can bring together families in a matter of hours, the funeral may have to be delayed a day or two to allow for such travel. 2. When Shabbat [Sabbath], the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, and the yom tov [holiday] days of the pilgrimage festivals of Sukkot, Passover, and Shavuot occur. 3. When a suitable casket or shrouds are not available. 4. When civil authorities require unavoidable postmortems, documentation, etc. Reprinted with permission from A Time to Mourn, A Time to Comfort ( Jewish Lights ). The Hebrew word for funeral is levaya–[honoring the deceased by] “accompanying” [his/her bier to the grave]. Jewish tradition places a great value on the interactive nature of burying the dead. The rabbi doesn’t bury the dead. Neither does the cemetery worker. Rather, the bereaved family, assisted by the community, is responsible for this most important mitzvah [commandment] of bringing the dead to the final resting place. When Is the Funeral Held? The burial should take place as soon as possible. The biblical injunction is to bury on the same day as the death. The rabbis of the Talmud considered a speedy burial to be among the most important ways to honor the deceased. They believed that final atonement depended in part on the body returning to the dust of the earth and did not want the process delayed. By the time of the Middle Ages, since embalming was forbidden, it became a matter of hygiene and public safety that the body be buried expeditiously. Yet, today it is difficult to hold a funeral on the day of the death itself. Proper preparation for burial and the need to notify the community require the funeral be held the day after death at the earliest. In addition, further delays are allowed in the following special cases: 1. When close relatives must travel long distances to attend the funeral. As the Jewish community has become more and more mobile, families have scattered all over the continent, indeed the globe. Even though airplanes can bring together families in a matter of hours, the funeral may have to be delayed a day or two to allow for such travel. 2. When Shabbat [Sabbath], the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, and the yom tov [holiday] days of the pilgrimage festivals of Sukkot, Passover, and Shavuot occur. 3. When a suitable casket or shrouds are not available. 4. When civil authorities require unavoidable postmortems, documentation, etc. Funerals are almost always held in daylight hours (although in Jerusalem, burials do take place at night). Times are chosen that are convenient for the family and for a maximum number of friends to attend. Preferred times seem to be near the lunch hour and late afternoon. Where Is the Funeral Held? The place of the funeral varies according to the custom of the local community. Here are the options: 1. The home. It is possible to have the service in a home, but very few people do this today. 2. A funeral home. Many communities have a Jewish funeral home that houses the mortuary and a chapel for services. 3. A synagogue. In some communities, the service begins in the synagogue sanctuary or chapel, and then proceeds to the cemetery. However, some congregations do not allow these services in the sanctuary, unless the deceased is an outstanding member of the community. 4. The cemetery. In the larger Jewish communities, the cemetery will usually have a chapel for services on site. 5. At graveside. In some ways the simplest of alternatives, it is absolutely appropriate to conduct the entire service at graveside. Of course, season and likely weather should be taken into consideration when choosing this option. Often, the cemetery will have some tenting for the immediate family, but usually not enough for the entire funeral party. Is There a Standard Funeral? Surprisingly, the answer is “No.” There is not a single standard for the service, although there are the following basic components: 1. Readings. Generally, a funeral begins with several readings about death from Jewish sources. Psalm 23 with its famous verses, “Adonai is my Shepherd, I shall not want. God has me lie down in green pastures… God revives my soul for the sake of God’s glory… Though I walk in the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no harm, for You are with me… ” Psalms 15, 24, 90, and 103 are also often recited. At the funeral of a woman, the Eishet Chayil [Woman of Valor] (Proverbs 31) is sometimes included. These readings offer comfort and reflection about the deceased and the survivors. 2. The eulogy. The eulogy (hesped) is designed to recall the life, characteristics, and accomplishments of the deceased. Most often, it is offered by a rabbi who has been furnished information about the deceased in an earlier meeting with the bereaved. This is seen as a sign of respect and an honor to the deceased and the family. Yet, increasingly, members of the family request the opportunity to speak about the life of the departed. These personal eulogies are often delivered with great emotion and with a degree of insight that is difficult for a third party to achieve. In every case we know of, a eulogy offered by an adult child for a parent, or a brother for a sister, or even a grandchild for a grandparent has been a source of great comfort and honor for the mourners and a tremendously moving experience for the listeners. Some rabbis will welcome this contribution to the funeral (as long as not too many people want to speak), while others would prefer that personal eulogies be given at a shiva minyan [a home prayer service where mourners are able to say Kaddish, the memorial prayer]. 3. The memorial prayer—El Male Rachamim [God, full of mercy]. Among the most well known prayers in Jewish liturgy, the El Male asks God to grant perfect peace to the departed and to remember the many righteous deeds s/he performed. “May this soul be bound up in the bond of life (b’tzror hachayim) and may s/he rest in peace.” The cantor normally chants this memorial prayer in a plaintive, mournful voice. Moving to the Grave Site Generally, this concludes the formal service held in a synagogue or chapel and the funeral party moves to the grave site. It is a great honor to be named a pallbearer. Generally, the honor is offered to close relatives and friends. The coffin is actually carried by hand or guided on a special gurney to the grave site by the pallbearers who, traditionally, pause several (usually three or seven) times before reaching the grave. This indicates our unwillingness to finally take leave of the loved one. The rabbi or cantor recites verses from Psalm 91 expressing confidence that God watches over us at each of these stops. It is considered an important responsibility of the community to follow the casket for at least a few steps on the way to the grave. At the grave site, the final steps of the funeral ritual are performed. The mourners take their places by sitting in a row of chairs placed before the grave. If kriah, the rending of garments, has not taken place before the earlier service, the mourners stand and it is now done by the rabbi. The cantor may chant another psalm, and the rabbi often offers another reading from Psalm 91. Then, in traditional burial, the casket is lowered by hand or mechanical device, and the rabbi says in Hebrew, “May s/he go to her or his resting place in peace.” Some rabbis will also say the traditional prayer Tzidduk Hadin, justification of the divine decree, which acknowledges acceptance of the inevitability of death. The climax of the service is when the mourners are asked to rise and recite the Mourner’s Kaddish (sometimes a [modified] version… is said), the ancient prayer which reaffirms our belief in the greatness of God. Then, mourners and those in attendance are invited to fill the grave with earth. Since this practice is not universally observed, the rabbi usually explains what is about to happen and the reasons why the community fulfills this ultimate mitzvah of burying the dead. When the mourners are ready to leave the cemetery, two parallel rows are formed by the participants, creating an aisle for the bereaved to pass through on their way from the grave site. As the mourners walk through this corridor of consolation, the community offers the traditional prayer of condolence, “HaMakom y’nachem etkhem b’tokh sh’ar aveilei Tzion v’Yrushalayim“–“May God comfort you among all the mourners of Zion and Jerusalem.” It is customary to wash the hands upon leaving the cemetery. Two customs associated with filling the grave are 1) to use the convex side of the shovel and 2) not to pass the shovel hand to hand, but to replace it in the earth for the next participant, “lest death be contagious.” Another interesting custom is to ask the deceased for forgiveness for any hurt one might have caused her/him. Some also pluck grass from the ground, which they throw behind them as a sign of their renewed awareness of human mortality.	i don't know
The 16th Century Battle of Molodi was fought in which country?	Powerful Women Warriors (1500 BCE - 1500 CE) Powerful Women Warriors (1500 BCE - 1500 CE) Queens & Women Warriors of Africa Top Surnames [ http://www.medievalists.net/2014/07/20/ten-medieval-warrior-women/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_warfare_and_the_military_in_the_ancient_era Female warrior deities], whose origins predate historical records, are present in most early cultures. However, the following list is assembled from sources emerging with the fragmentary beginning of written records until the 16th century. Japanese and and Chinese women warriors were legendary. While the tradition of Arab Bedouin and North African Berber women warriors (p197) goes back millennia, records indicate that there were also female knights , eg. there was a military order of knighthood bestowed on women In 1261 approved by Pope Alexander IV---however, the order was later suppressed by Sixtus V in 1558. 17th century BCE 1600's BCE - Ahhotep I fought the Hyskos. She was buried with military medals symbolizing her valor in battle. 16th century BCE 1500's BCE - Medea, Μήδεια, მედეა , in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, granddaughter of the sun god Helios, and later wife to the hero Jason. 13th century BCE 1200's BCE - Lady Fu Hao consort of the Chinese emperor Wu Ding, led 3,000 men into battle during the Shang Dynasty. Fu Hao had entered the royal household by marriage and took advantage of the semi-matriarchal slave society to rise through the ranks. Fu Hao is known to modern scholars mainly from inscriptions on Shang Dynasty oracle bone artifacts unearthed at Yinxu. In these inscriptions she is shown to have led numerous military campaigns. She was the most powerful military leader of her time. This highly unusual status is confirmed by the many weapons, including great battle-axes, unearthed from her tomb. 1200s BCE - Deborah, Judge of Israel , traveled with Barak, who led her army, on a military campaign in Qedesh, according to Judges 4:6‑10. 1200s BCE - Jael assassinated Sisera, a retreating general who was the enemy of the Israelites, according to Judges 5:23-27. 1200-1000 BCE roughly - The Rigveda (RV 1 and RV 10) mentions a female warrior named Vishpala, who lost a leg in battle, had an iron prosthesis made, and returned to warfare. 11th century BCE 1000s BC - According the legendary history of Britain, Queen Gwendolen fought her husband, Locrinus, in battle for the throne of Britain. She defeated him and became the monarch. 9th century BCE Late 9th century BCE-8th century BCE - Shammuramat (Semiramis) ruled the Assyrian Empire. She is believed to have been the inspiration for the legendary warrior queen Semiramis. 800s BCE - According the legendary history of Britain, Queen Cordelia , on whom the character in Shakespeare's King Lear is based, battled her nephews for control of her kingdom, personally fighting in battle. 8th century BCE 740 BCE - Approximate time of the reign of Zabibe, an Arabian queen who led armies. 720 BCE - Approximate time of the reign of Samsi, an Arabian queen who may have been the successor of Zabibe. She revolted against Tiglath-Pileser III. 6th century BCE 6th century BCE through 4th century BCE - Women are buried with weapons as well as jewelry on the Kazakhstan-Russia border at roughly this time. 530 BCE - Historian Herodotus, recorded that queen Tomyris of the Massagetae fought and defeated Cyrus the Great. 510 BCE - Greek poet, Telesilla, defended the city of Argos by rallying women to battle with war songs. 506 BCE - Cloelia, a Roman girl who was given as a hostage to the Etruscans, escaped her captors and led several others to safety. 5th century BCE 5th century BCE - The Lady of Yue trained the soldiers of the army of King Goujian of Yue. 5th century BCE - Greek historian, Herodotus, described the Amazons. 480 BCE - Artemisia I of Caria, Queen of Halicarnassus, participated in the Battle of Salamis. 480 BCE - Greek diver, Hydna , and her father sabotaged enemy ships before a critical battle, thus causing the Greeks to win. 460 BCE - 370 BCE - Approximate lifetime of Hippocrates, who wrote of the Sauromatae, Scythian women fighting battles. 403 BCE - 221 BCE - During the Warring States period of China, Sun Tzu, wrote a contemporary report of how Ho Lu, King of Wu, tested his skill by ordering him to train an army of 180 women. 4th century BCE 4th century BCE - Amage, a Sarmatian queen, attacked a Scythian prince who was making incursions onto her protectorates. She rode to Scythia with 120 warriors, where she killed his guards, his friends, his family, and ultimately, killed the prince in a duel. 4th century BCE - Cynane, a half-sister to Alexander the Great, accompanied her father on a military campaign and killed an Illyrian leader named Caeria in hand-to-hand combat. 4th century BCE - Pythagorean philosopher, Timycha, was captured by Sicilian soldiers during a battle. She and her husband were the only survivors. She is admired for her defiance after capture, because while being questioned by the Sicilian tyrant, she bit off her tongue and spat it at his feet 4th century BCE - Chinese statesman Shang Yang wrote The Book of Lord Shang, in which he recommended dividing the members of an army into three categories; strong men, strong women, and the weak and old of both sexes. 4th century BCE -Roxana was captured during a battle by Alexander the Great. She eventually married him. 334 BCE - Ada of Caria allied with Alexander the Great and led the siege to reclaim her throne. 333 BCE - In the Battle of Issus, Stateira II and her family were captured by Alexander the Great, whom she eventually married. 332 BCE - The Nubian queen, Candace of Meroe, intimidated Alexander the Great with her armies and her strategy while confronting him, causing him to avoid Nubia, instead heading to Egypt., according to Pseudo-Callisthenes. More reliable historical accounts indicate that Alexander never attacked Nubia and never attempted to move farther south than the oasis of Siwa in Egypt. 330 BCE - Alexander the Great burned down Persepolis, reportedly at the urging of Thaïs, a hetaera who accompanied him on campaigns. 320s BCE -Cleophis surrendered to Alexander the Great after he laid siege her city. 318 BCE - Eurydice III of Macedon fought Polyperchon and Olympias. 315 BCE -308 BCE - Cratesipolis commanded an army of mercenaries and forced cities to submit to her. Late 4th century BCE through early 3rd century BCE - Amastris, wife of Dionysius of Heraclea, conquered four settlements and united them into a new city-state, named after her. 3rd century BCE Early 3rd century BCE - Legendary Empress Jingu of Japan may have led an invasion against Korea at this time. Early 3rd century BCE - Huang Guigu acted as a military official under Qin Shi Huang. She led military campaigns against the people of northern China. 3rd century BCE - Berenice I of Egypt fought in battle alongside Ptolemy I. 3rd century BCE - Spartan princess Arachidamia acted as captain of a group of women warriors who fought Pyrrhus during his siege of Lacedaemon. 3rd century BCE - Graves of women warriors buried at during this period were found near the Sea of Azov. 3rd century BCE - Queen Berenice II participated in battle and killed several of her enemies. 3rd century BCE - Laodice I fought Ptolemy III Euergetes. 3rd century BCE - Queen Teuta of Illyria began piracy against Rome. She eventually fought against Rome when they tried to stop the piracy. 296 BCE - Leontium, an Epicurean philosopher, obtained food for her fellow Epicureans during a siege of Athens by Demetrius the City-Taker, saving them from the fate of many Athenians, who starved to death. 280 BCE - Chelidonis, a Spartan princess, commanded her woman warriors on the wall of Sparta during a siege. She fought with a rope tied around her neck so that she would not be taken alive. 279 BCE - During the Gallic Invasion of Greece a large Gallic force entered Aetolia. Women and the elderly joined in its defense. 272 BCE - When Pyrrhus attacked Sparta, the women of the city assisted in the defense. 272 BCE - Pyrrhus of Epirus, the conqueror and source of the term pyrrhic victory, according to Plutarch died while fighting an urban battle in Argos when an old woman threw a roof tile at him, stunning him and allowing an Argive soldier to kill him. 271 BCE - A group of Gothic women who were captured by Romans while fighting in the same garb as their male peers, were paraded through Rome wearing signs that said, "Amazons". 217 BCE - Arsinoe III of Egypt accompanied Ptolemy IV at the Battle of Raphia. When the battle went poorly, she appeared before the troops and exhorted them to fight to defend their families. She also promised two minas of gold to each of them if they won the battle, which they did. 205 BCE - Sophonisba, a Carthaginian, committed suicide rather than be handed over to the Romans as a prisoner of war. 2nd century BCE 2nd century BCE - Queen Stratonice convinced Docimus to leave his stronghold, and her forces took him captive. 186 BCE - Chiomara, a Gaul princess, was captured in a battle between Rome and Gaul and was raped by a centurion. After a reversal she ordered him killed by her companions, and she beheaded him after he was dead. She then delivered his head to her husband. 170 BCE - Meroitic queen Candace Shenakdahkete ruled Nubia. A wall painting on a chapel in Meroe depicts her wearing a helmet and spearing her enemies. 2nd century BCE - Hypsicratea, a concubine, fought in battles alongside of Mithridates VI of Pontus. 2nd century BCE - Queen Rhodogune of Parthia was informed of a rebellion while preparing for her bath. She vowed not to brush her hair until the rebellion was ended. She waged a long war to suppress the rebellion, and won it without breaking her vow. 138 BCE - The Roman, Sextus Junius Brutus found that in Lusitania the women were "fighting and perishing in company with the men with such bravery that they uttered no cry even in the midst of slaughter". He also noted that the Bracari women were "bearing arms with the men, who fought never turning, never showing their backs, or uttering a cry." 102 BCE - A battle between Romans and the Teutonic Ambrones at Aquae Sextiae took place during this time. Plutarch described that "the fight had been no less fierce with the women than with the men themselves... the women charged with swords and axes and fell upon their opponents uttering a hideous outcry." 101 BCE - General Marius of the Romans fought the Teutonic Cimbrians. Cimbrian women followed the men in battle, shooting arrows from mobile "wagon castles", and occasionally left the wagon castles to fight with swords. Marius reported that when the battle went poorly for the men, the women emerged from their wagon castles with swords and threatened their own men to ensure that they would continue to fight. After reinforcements arrived for the Romans, the Cimbrian men all were killed, but the women continued to fight. When the Cimbrian women saw that defeat was imminent, they killed their children and committed suicide rather than be taken as captives. 1st century BCE 1st century BCE - Nubian queen Amanishabheto reigned over Kush or Nubia. A depiction of her on a pylon tower of a chapel shows her striking the shoulders of prisoners with her lance. 48 BCE - Arsinoe IV of Egypt fought Cleopatra VII 42 BCE - Fulvia Flacca Bambula wife of Mark Antony, organized an uprising against Augustus. 31 BCE - Cleopatra VII of Egypt combined her naval forces with those of Mark Antony to fight Octavian. She was defeated and retreated to Egypt.[ 27 BCE - 21 BCE - Amanirenas led the Kushite armies against the Romans. -------------------------------------- 1st century CE 1st century CE - A woman was entombed with a sword in Tabriz, Iran. The tomb was discovered in 2004. 1st century - Agrippina the elder accompanies Germanicus to war. 1st century - Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes, allied with the Roman Empire and battled other Britons. 1st century - Agrippina the Younger, wife of Emperor Claudius, commanded Roman legions in Britain. The defeated Celtic captives bowed before her throne and ignored that of the emperor. 1st century: The historian, Tacitus, wrote that Triaria, wife of Lucius Vitellius the younger, was accused of having armed herself with a sword and behaved with arrogance and cruelty while at Tarracina, a captured city. 1st century-5th century: Four women were buried in Phum Snay, Cambodia with metal swords. The graves date approximately from this time period, and were discovered in 2007. 9 AD - Thusnelda eloped with Arminius, triggering Arminius to begin an insurrection against her father when he accused him of carrying her off. 14-18 - A Chinese woman Lu Mu led a rebellion against Wang Mang. 21 - Debate erupted as to whether or not the wives of Roman governors should accompany their husbands in the providences. Caecina Severus said that they should not, because they "paraded among the soldiers" and that "a woman had presided at the exercises of the cohorts and the manoeuvres of the legions". 40-43 - The Trung Sisters and Phung Thi Chinh fought against the Chinese in Vietnam. 60-61 - Boudica , a Celtic chieftain in Britain, led a massive uprising against the occupying Roman forces. The Romans attempted to raise the morale of their troops by informing them that her army contained more women than men. 63 - Tacitus wrote in his Annals that women of rank entered the gladiatorial arena. 69-70 - Veleda of the Germanic Bructeri tribe wielded a great deal of influence in the Batavian rebellion. She was acknowledged as a strategic leader, a priestess, a prophet, and as a living deity. 2nd century CE 100 - Juvenal recorded a gladiator named Eppia who left her husband and children to pursue an affair with a fellow gladiator. 2nd century - Polyaenus described Queen Tania of Dardania, who took the throne after the death of her husband and went into battle riding in a chariot. 195 - Julia Domna accompanied her husband, Emperor Septimius Severus, in his campaigns in Mesopotamia. 3rd century CE 3rd century - Zenobia, the queen of Palmyra, led a revolt in the East against the Roman Empire. 248 - Trieu Thi Trinh fought the Chinese in Vietnam. Her army contained several thousand men and women. 3rd century: Two women warriors from the Danube region in Europe, described as Amazons, served in a Roman military unit and are buried in Britain. Their remains are discovered in 2004. 4th century CE 4th century - As military commander for the Emperor of China, Li Xiu took her father's place and defeated a rebellion. 375 - Queen Mavia battled the Romans. 378 - Roman Empress Albia Dominica organized her people in defense against the invading Goths after her husband had died in battle. 450 - A Moche woman was buried with two ceremonial war clubs and twenty-eight spear throwers. The South American grave is discovered in 2006, and is the first known grave of a Moche woman to contain weapons. -------------------------------------- 5th Century CE 5th Century CE, Princess Sela was the sister of Koller, king of Norway. She was a skilled warrior and pirate. She fought against King Horwendil, and was later killed by him c.420 CE 529 CE – Princess Halima was the daughter of King al-Harit and princess of the Ghassan kingdom. In an act of revenge she led a battle against the Lakhmids who had sacrificed her brother to their goddess. 530 CE – Tomyris was the leader of an Iranian nomadic tribe called the Massagetae; her exploits were recorded by historians like Herodotus and thus passed into legend. She led a successful army that slaughtered the Persians, Tomyris chopping of the head of Cyrus, which she apparently then kept and used as a wine glass. 535 – 552 CE – In the Gothic war Procopius writes of an English Princess, referred to as ‘the Island Girl’. She is said to have led an invasion of part of Jutland, where she captured the young king, Radigis, who had jilted her after their betrothal. 6th Century CE – An elite Saxon female burial is discovered in Lincolnshire, England. The burial goods contain a knife and a shield; showing possible signs of a female warrior. 598 – 623 CE – Princess Zhao Pingyang of China, was the daughter of Emperor Gaozu of Tang (founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty). Zhao helps her father overthrow the Sui Dynasty, during his campaigns Zhao formed a women’s army, commanded by her she helped to capture the Sui capital of Chang’an. 624 CE – Hind al-Hunnud was known as the ‘Battle Queen’, and a member of the Quarish tribe of the kingdom of Kindah. She helped in the battle against Muhammad. Hind al-Hunnud fought the prophet Mohammad in the Battle of Badr in 724, and accounts describe her as ‘brandishing a broadsword with great gusto’. 625 – 705 CE – Wu Chao, known as ‘The Empress Wu’, is considered to have been one of the most powerful women in history. Her navy led a decisive victory at sea which ended China’s long running war with Korea, and her army won many battles over any her rivals. It is said that no other woman except for Elizabeth I and Catherine the Great, retained so much power, over such a vast Empire. 625 CE – Nusaybah bint Ka’ab, was not only an early convert to Islam, but was the first female to take up arms in its defence. She took part in the Battle of Hunain, the Battle of Yamama, the Battle of Uhud, and the Treaty of Hudaibiyah. At the Battle of Uhud she shielded Muhammad from enemy arrows, and received several wounds whilst fighting. c.632 – 705 CE – Apranik was the daughter of a Persian general, and herself a Persian Sassanid High Ranking Commander. When the Arabs attacked Persia, Apranik commanded a major battalion against the invaders. Her white horse remains a symbol of freedom. 639 CE – Negan was a female guerrilla commander for the Sassanid Empire; she was one of the major resistance fighters against the Arab invasion. Neither born into nobility or military trained fighting only out of belief, Negan led a band of resistance fighters and died in battle a year after the invasion. 682CE -- the Amazigh Dhabba, queen of Carthage, drove Islamic Arabs from her city and, in order to leave nothing to successive Arab invaders, laid waste to her own country. Even after Islam established itself, these women were still notably liberated. 7th century CE – Dahia Al-kahina was a military leader of the Berbers and came to be known as leader of the African resistance. Dahia then created a united front against the Arab invaders and counter-attacking them at every turn, she even drove them at one point to be holed up in Cyrenaica (Libya) for about 4 to 5 years. 7th century CE – Khawlah Bint al-Kindiyyah was a woman warrior, who with the help from her female captains led an Arab army and stopped a Greek invasion of their homeland. In true battle queen style Khawlah and the other women captains – Oserrah, Alfra’Bint Ghifar al-Humayriah and Wafeira rallied the men and led them into the centre of the battle field. 722 CE – Queen Aethelburgh was the wife of King Ine of Wessex. In 722, she is said to have destroyed Taunton, (which her husband Ine had built earlier in his reign), in an attempt to find the rebel Ealdbert c.730s CE (active in) – Parsbit (also as Prisbit) was a Khazar noblewoman called ‘the mother of the Khagan’. What is known about her life is that she was said to have wielded enormous power, commanding armies, such as the expeditionary force that was led against Armenia by Tar’mach in 730. c.750 CE – Azad Deylami / Azad-e Daylami was from the Caspian Sea shores in the north of Iran. She was a partisan leader and became one of the most famous freedom fighters of the region. She fought bravely with her band of freedom fighters for many years against the Arab invaders c.783 CE – Fastrada, an East Frankish noblewoman who, along with other Saxon women entered into battle against Charlemagne’s forces bare breasted. Fastrada then went onto become Charlemagne’s third wife. c.815 – 838 CE – Banu, wife of Babak Khoramdin was a legendary Persian freedom fighter, who initiated the Khorram-Dinan movement, in an attempt to overthrow the Abbasid Caliph. She was an extremely skilled archer, fighting both for freedom and the preservation of Persian culture and language. 869 – 918 CE – Ethelfleda, also known as our ‘Lady of the Mercians’, was the daughter of Alfred the great. Ethelfleda was considered to be a chief military strategist and the most brilliant tactician of her time. She led armies, built castles, united Mercia – re-establishing Tamworth as it capital. She also fought back an invasion from the Vikings, forcing them to surrender their stronghold at York and even conquered Wales, and made them to pay tribute to her. 890 – 969 CE – Olga of Kiev (Princess Olga), ruled Kievan Rus as regent after her husband’s death in c.945. Olga went to great depths to avenge her husband’s death at the hands of the Drevlians. She successfully slaughtered many of them, interring some in a ship burial whilst still alive. She also changed the system of tribute gathering; this act is seen as possibly the first legal reform in Eastern Europe. c. 950 CE – Thyra of Denmark was the consort of King Gorm the Old of Denmark. Thyra was referred to as a woman of great prudence and she is thought to have led an army against the Germans. Thyra and Gorm were the parents of Harald Bluetooth. c. 980 – 1000 CE – Queen Regnant Gudit of Bani al-Hamusa of Demot, (Ethiopia). She was a Northern Ethiopian ruler and possibly a Jewess. She became a military leader who attacked the ruling Aksumite Dynasty and is credited with its downfall. 10 Century CE 10th and 11th centuries stories are told of Shieldmaidens, or Scandinavian female warriors. Few historical records mention the roles of Viking Age women and warfare. But a Byzantine historian by the name of Johannes Skylitzes, records a battle that took place in 971 in which the Scandinavian ruler of Kiev attacked the Byzantines in Bulgaria. The Norsemen suffered a crushing defeat, and the Byzantines were shocked to find amongst the fallen Norse were armed women. 1015 – 1042 CE – Akkadevi, was a governor Princess of a Province of Karnataka, A resistance campaigner who fought battles and superintended sieges. Akkadevi became a heroine of west-central Indian resistance to southern Indian aggression. 1040 – 1090 CE – Sikelgaita was a Lombard princess and the daughter of Guaimar IV, Prince of Salerno. She married the Duke of Apulia and accompanied him on his Byzantine conquests. At the Battle of Dyrrhachium, Sikelgaita is said to have fought in full armour, rallying her husbands despondent troops, and was compared to another ‘Pallas’ or second ‘Athena’. 1046 – 1115 CE – Matilda of Tuscany was an Italian noblewoman and one of the few medieval women to be remembered for her military accomplishments. She was the principle Italian supporter of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy. c.1059 – 1096 CE – Emma de Gauder, Countess of Norfolk, best remembered for defending Norwich Castle when it was under siege. Emma then negotiated safe passage for herself and her troops in return for the castle. She died around 1096 on the road to Palestine during the First Crusade with her husband. 1079 – 1126 CE – Urraca of León and Castile, was Queen regnant of León, Castile and Galicia and she also claimed the imperial title of Empress of All the Spains – ‘suo jure’. She quarrelled with husband Alfonso I of Aragon, the quarrel then turned into open armed warfare between the Leonese-Castillians and Aragonese. By 1112 a truce was brokered and the nightmare marriage was annulled. 1097 – 1136 CE – Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd, was the princess consort of Deheubarth in Wales and a member of the princely Aberffraw family of Gwynedd. Her patriotic revolt and death in a battle against the Normans at Kidwelly Castle contributed to ‘The Great Revolt of 1136’. c.1120s CE – Liang Hongyu was a female Chinese general and wife of General Han Shizhong of the song army. She fought with her husband against the invasion by the Huns, commanding in battles. Liang is said to have had an exceptional military mind. Her tactful use of drums and flags as communication signals enabled victory for the mere 8,000 Chinese, against the 100,000-strong Hun army. 1122 – 1204 CE – Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitane and Countess of Poitou was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe. She was queen consort of France 1137 – 1152, and queen consort of England 1154 – 1189. She married Louis VI and accompanied him and his army on the second crusade, the marriage however fell apart, and was annulled. Military Order of Knighthood for Women 1149 CE – The Order of the Hatchet, also called the ‘orden de la Hacha’ in Catalonia. It is a military order of knighthood for women, founded in 1149 by Raymond Berger, count of Barcelona. The honour given to the women was for the defence of the town of Tortosa against a Moor attack. c.1157 – 1247 CE – Tomoe Gozen was a rare Japanese samurai warrior, know for her bravery and strength. She fought alongside men in the Genpei War of 1180 – 1185. c.1160-1213 CE – Tamar, Queen Regnant of Georgia. Though she was a woman, she is always mentioned in Georgian history as King Tamar. Tamar was the first woman to rule Georgia in her own right. Under her rule Georgia achieved military superioty in the Middle East. A brilliant military tactician with a loyal army behind her, she led the men into battle and endured the hardships of an ordinary soldier. She was able to neutralise repeated invasions on her own nation, whilst conquering parts of Turkey, Persia, Russia and Armenia. Female/Male Duels The 13th Century sees trial by combat / judicial duels between men and women becoming more common place, particularly in Germany and Switzerland. It was used in Germanic Law to settle accusations, often with the absence of confession or witnesses, and was often used in rape cases. There was rules for the duelists, if either of the participants hands or weapons touched the ground, they were considered the loser and paid the penalty. For women, it was the loss of the right hand, and for men it was beheading. There were many different types of trial by combat / judicial duels, and they remained in use throughout the Middles Ages, slowly disappearing in the 16th century. 1236 – 1272 CE – Eleanor of Provence was Queen consort of England and the wife of Henry III of England. Eleanor was completely devoted to Henry and when Simon de Montfort tried to rebel against him, Eleanor raised troops in France for Henry’s cause. 1260 – 1306 CE – Khutulun (also as Aiyurug or Khotol Tsagaan), was the daughter of Kaidu, the most powerful ruler in Central Asia, his realms stretched from Western Mongolia to Oxus and the Central Siberian Plateau to India. Khutulun showed early promise as a child and became the favourite daughter of Kaidu, accompanying him on military campaigns. She became known as a superb warrior, with great strength and stealth. Religious order of knighthood/rank of militissa for women 1233 CE – In Italy, the ‘Order of the glorious saint Mary’, is founded by Loderigo d’Andalo, a nobleman from Bologna. In 1261 it was approved by Pope Alexander IV, this was the first religious order of knighthood to grant the rank of militissa to women. The order was later suppressed by Sixtus V in 1558. 1259 – 1289 CE – Rani Rudrama Devi was one of the most prominent rulers of the Kakatiya dynasty on the Deccan Plateau. She is acknowledged as one of the few female rulers in south India during her time. She was an intelligent and dynamic ruler, suppressing uprisings from neighbouring territories, and defended the kingdom from the Cholas and the Yadavas, which earned her great respect. Rudrama remains one of India’s most important women. 1295 – 1374 CE – Joanna of Flanders (also as Jehanne de Montfort and Jeanne la Flamme), was consort Duchess of Brittany and the wife of John IV, Duke of Brittany. When John died in 1345, Joanna organised resistance and used diplomatic terms to protect her son, John V, Duke of Brittany. She took up arms, and dressed in armour defended the town, urging women to ‘cut their skirts and take their safety in their own hands’. Leading a band of knights outside the town walls, she attacked an enemy’s rear camp, setting fire to it and destroying it in the process, earning her the title ‘Jeanne la Flamme’. 1312 – 1369 CE – Agnes Randolph, Countess of Dunbar and March, (often referred to as Black Agnes of Dunbar, due to her olive skin complexion). She was the wife of Patrick, 9th Earl of Dunbar and March, and became renowned for her defence of Dunbar Castle against an English attack by William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury in 1338. c.1345 – 1409 CE – Han E, (also as Han Guanbao) or the Hua Mulan’ of Sichuan Province. Han E was orphaned and went to live with her uncle Han Li's family-- she proved an excellent scholar in both literature and sword fighting. Han E dressed as a male killed the Yuan commander and then joined the Red Scarf Army under the name of Han Guanbao. Han served for over 12 years taking part in military campaigns and was noted for her intelligence, bravery and diligence in her duties. She forbade herself to fraternise with other soldiers in banter, or drink in victory celebrations and to that end nobody ever guessed she was a woman. 1347 – 1404 CE – Eleanor of Arborea was one of the last and most powerful Sardinian judges and the island’s best loved heroine. The house of Arborea had great power that extended over one third of Sardinia. During a rebel uprising in 1376, Eleanor’s brother Hugh III was killed and Eleanor led an army and defeated the rebels. She now held the title of regent to her infant son Fredrick. 1350 -1400 CE – Urduja was a legendary warrior princess and heroine in Pangasinan, Philippines. She commanded a army made up of men and women, and she is said to have fought and engaged in duels with other warriors. Many avoided her for the fear of being disgraced by her abilities. The capitol building in Lingayen is named Urduja Palace. 1363 – 1430 CE – Christine de Pizan was a Venetian born artist who strongly opposed stereotyping and misogyny in the male-dominated realm of the arts. She became a highly respected Poet publishing a book called ‘Livre des Faits d’Armes – on international law and military strategy. 1378 – Agnes Hotot Dudley, took up arms in place of her ailing father and beat her opponent in a mounted duel. Agnes disguised her sex, put on a helmet, mounted the horse and proceeded to the tourney grounds. After what is said to a ‘stubborn encounter’ Agnes dismounted her opponent. As he lay on the ground she removed her helmet, let down her hair and disclosed her bosom to prove she was a woman and shame her foe. The coat of arms of the House of Dudley shows a woman wearing a military helmet with loosened hair, and her breasts exposed, commemorating a female champion.	Russia
Who shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with German inventor Karl Ferdinand Braun in recognition of their contribution to the development of wireless telegraphy?	Powerful Women Warriors (1500 BCE - 1500 CE) Powerful Women Warriors (1500 BCE - 1500 CE) Queens & Women Warriors of Africa Top Surnames [ http://www.medievalists.net/2014/07/20/ten-medieval-warrior-women/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_warfare_and_the_military_in_the_ancient_era Female warrior deities], whose origins predate historical records, are present in most early cultures. However, the following list is assembled from sources emerging with the fragmentary beginning of written records until the 16th century. Japanese and and Chinese women warriors were legendary. While the tradition of Arab Bedouin and North African Berber women warriors (p197) goes back millennia, records indicate that there were also female knights , eg. there was a military order of knighthood bestowed on women In 1261 approved by Pope Alexander IV---however, the order was later suppressed by Sixtus V in 1558. 17th century BCE 1600's BCE - Ahhotep I fought the Hyskos. She was buried with military medals symbolizing her valor in battle. 16th century BCE 1500's BCE - Medea, Μήδεια, მედეა , in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, granddaughter of the sun god Helios, and later wife to the hero Jason. 13th century BCE 1200's BCE - Lady Fu Hao consort of the Chinese emperor Wu Ding, led 3,000 men into battle during the Shang Dynasty. Fu Hao had entered the royal household by marriage and took advantage of the semi-matriarchal slave society to rise through the ranks. Fu Hao is known to modern scholars mainly from inscriptions on Shang Dynasty oracle bone artifacts unearthed at Yinxu. In these inscriptions she is shown to have led numerous military campaigns. She was the most powerful military leader of her time. This highly unusual status is confirmed by the many weapons, including great battle-axes, unearthed from her tomb. 1200s BCE - Deborah, Judge of Israel , traveled with Barak, who led her army, on a military campaign in Qedesh, according to Judges 4:6‑10. 1200s BCE - Jael assassinated Sisera, a retreating general who was the enemy of the Israelites, according to Judges 5:23-27. 1200-1000 BCE roughly - The Rigveda (RV 1 and RV 10) mentions a female warrior named Vishpala, who lost a leg in battle, had an iron prosthesis made, and returned to warfare. 11th century BCE 1000s BC - According the legendary history of Britain, Queen Gwendolen fought her husband, Locrinus, in battle for the throne of Britain. She defeated him and became the monarch. 9th century BCE Late 9th century BCE-8th century BCE - Shammuramat (Semiramis) ruled the Assyrian Empire. She is believed to have been the inspiration for the legendary warrior queen Semiramis. 800s BCE - According the legendary history of Britain, Queen Cordelia , on whom the character in Shakespeare's King Lear is based, battled her nephews for control of her kingdom, personally fighting in battle. 8th century BCE 740 BCE - Approximate time of the reign of Zabibe, an Arabian queen who led armies. 720 BCE - Approximate time of the reign of Samsi, an Arabian queen who may have been the successor of Zabibe. She revolted against Tiglath-Pileser III. 6th century BCE 6th century BCE through 4th century BCE - Women are buried with weapons as well as jewelry on the Kazakhstan-Russia border at roughly this time. 530 BCE - Historian Herodotus, recorded that queen Tomyris of the Massagetae fought and defeated Cyrus the Great. 510 BCE - Greek poet, Telesilla, defended the city of Argos by rallying women to battle with war songs. 506 BCE - Cloelia, a Roman girl who was given as a hostage to the Etruscans, escaped her captors and led several others to safety. 5th century BCE 5th century BCE - The Lady of Yue trained the soldiers of the army of King Goujian of Yue. 5th century BCE - Greek historian, Herodotus, described the Amazons. 480 BCE - Artemisia I of Caria, Queen of Halicarnassus, participated in the Battle of Salamis. 480 BCE - Greek diver, Hydna , and her father sabotaged enemy ships before a critical battle, thus causing the Greeks to win. 460 BCE - 370 BCE - Approximate lifetime of Hippocrates, who wrote of the Sauromatae, Scythian women fighting battles. 403 BCE - 221 BCE - During the Warring States period of China, Sun Tzu, wrote a contemporary report of how Ho Lu, King of Wu, tested his skill by ordering him to train an army of 180 women. 4th century BCE 4th century BCE - Amage, a Sarmatian queen, attacked a Scythian prince who was making incursions onto her protectorates. She rode to Scythia with 120 warriors, where she killed his guards, his friends, his family, and ultimately, killed the prince in a duel. 4th century BCE - Cynane, a half-sister to Alexander the Great, accompanied her father on a military campaign and killed an Illyrian leader named Caeria in hand-to-hand combat. 4th century BCE - Pythagorean philosopher, Timycha, was captured by Sicilian soldiers during a battle. She and her husband were the only survivors. She is admired for her defiance after capture, because while being questioned by the Sicilian tyrant, she bit off her tongue and spat it at his feet 4th century BCE - Chinese statesman Shang Yang wrote The Book of Lord Shang, in which he recommended dividing the members of an army into three categories; strong men, strong women, and the weak and old of both sexes. 4th century BCE -Roxana was captured during a battle by Alexander the Great. She eventually married him. 334 BCE - Ada of Caria allied with Alexander the Great and led the siege to reclaim her throne. 333 BCE - In the Battle of Issus, Stateira II and her family were captured by Alexander the Great, whom she eventually married. 332 BCE - The Nubian queen, Candace of Meroe, intimidated Alexander the Great with her armies and her strategy while confronting him, causing him to avoid Nubia, instead heading to Egypt., according to Pseudo-Callisthenes. More reliable historical accounts indicate that Alexander never attacked Nubia and never attempted to move farther south than the oasis of Siwa in Egypt. 330 BCE - Alexander the Great burned down Persepolis, reportedly at the urging of Thaïs, a hetaera who accompanied him on campaigns. 320s BCE -Cleophis surrendered to Alexander the Great after he laid siege her city. 318 BCE - Eurydice III of Macedon fought Polyperchon and Olympias. 315 BCE -308 BCE - Cratesipolis commanded an army of mercenaries and forced cities to submit to her. Late 4th century BCE through early 3rd century BCE - Amastris, wife of Dionysius of Heraclea, conquered four settlements and united them into a new city-state, named after her. 3rd century BCE Early 3rd century BCE - Legendary Empress Jingu of Japan may have led an invasion against Korea at this time. Early 3rd century BCE - Huang Guigu acted as a military official under Qin Shi Huang. She led military campaigns against the people of northern China. 3rd century BCE - Berenice I of Egypt fought in battle alongside Ptolemy I. 3rd century BCE - Spartan princess Arachidamia acted as captain of a group of women warriors who fought Pyrrhus during his siege of Lacedaemon. 3rd century BCE - Graves of women warriors buried at during this period were found near the Sea of Azov. 3rd century BCE - Queen Berenice II participated in battle and killed several of her enemies. 3rd century BCE - Laodice I fought Ptolemy III Euergetes. 3rd century BCE - Queen Teuta of Illyria began piracy against Rome. She eventually fought against Rome when they tried to stop the piracy. 296 BCE - Leontium, an Epicurean philosopher, obtained food for her fellow Epicureans during a siege of Athens by Demetrius the City-Taker, saving them from the fate of many Athenians, who starved to death. 280 BCE - Chelidonis, a Spartan princess, commanded her woman warriors on the wall of Sparta during a siege. She fought with a rope tied around her neck so that she would not be taken alive. 279 BCE - During the Gallic Invasion of Greece a large Gallic force entered Aetolia. Women and the elderly joined in its defense. 272 BCE - When Pyrrhus attacked Sparta, the women of the city assisted in the defense. 272 BCE - Pyrrhus of Epirus, the conqueror and source of the term pyrrhic victory, according to Plutarch died while fighting an urban battle in Argos when an old woman threw a roof tile at him, stunning him and allowing an Argive soldier to kill him. 271 BCE - A group of Gothic women who were captured by Romans while fighting in the same garb as their male peers, were paraded through Rome wearing signs that said, "Amazons". 217 BCE - Arsinoe III of Egypt accompanied Ptolemy IV at the Battle of Raphia. When the battle went poorly, she appeared before the troops and exhorted them to fight to defend their families. She also promised two minas of gold to each of them if they won the battle, which they did. 205 BCE - Sophonisba, a Carthaginian, committed suicide rather than be handed over to the Romans as a prisoner of war. 2nd century BCE 2nd century BCE - Queen Stratonice convinced Docimus to leave his stronghold, and her forces took him captive. 186 BCE - Chiomara, a Gaul princess, was captured in a battle between Rome and Gaul and was raped by a centurion. After a reversal she ordered him killed by her companions, and she beheaded him after he was dead. She then delivered his head to her husband. 170 BCE - Meroitic queen Candace Shenakdahkete ruled Nubia. A wall painting on a chapel in Meroe depicts her wearing a helmet and spearing her enemies. 2nd century BCE - Hypsicratea, a concubine, fought in battles alongside of Mithridates VI of Pontus. 2nd century BCE - Queen Rhodogune of Parthia was informed of a rebellion while preparing for her bath. She vowed not to brush her hair until the rebellion was ended. She waged a long war to suppress the rebellion, and won it without breaking her vow. 138 BCE - The Roman, Sextus Junius Brutus found that in Lusitania the women were "fighting and perishing in company with the men with such bravery that they uttered no cry even in the midst of slaughter". He also noted that the Bracari women were "bearing arms with the men, who fought never turning, never showing their backs, or uttering a cry." 102 BCE - A battle between Romans and the Teutonic Ambrones at Aquae Sextiae took place during this time. Plutarch described that "the fight had been no less fierce with the women than with the men themselves... the women charged with swords and axes and fell upon their opponents uttering a hideous outcry." 101 BCE - General Marius of the Romans fought the Teutonic Cimbrians. Cimbrian women followed the men in battle, shooting arrows from mobile "wagon castles", and occasionally left the wagon castles to fight with swords. Marius reported that when the battle went poorly for the men, the women emerged from their wagon castles with swords and threatened their own men to ensure that they would continue to fight. After reinforcements arrived for the Romans, the Cimbrian men all were killed, but the women continued to fight. When the Cimbrian women saw that defeat was imminent, they killed their children and committed suicide rather than be taken as captives. 1st century BCE 1st century BCE - Nubian queen Amanishabheto reigned over Kush or Nubia. A depiction of her on a pylon tower of a chapel shows her striking the shoulders of prisoners with her lance. 48 BCE - Arsinoe IV of Egypt fought Cleopatra VII 42 BCE - Fulvia Flacca Bambula wife of Mark Antony, organized an uprising against Augustus. 31 BCE - Cleopatra VII of Egypt combined her naval forces with those of Mark Antony to fight Octavian. She was defeated and retreated to Egypt.[ 27 BCE - 21 BCE - Amanirenas led the Kushite armies against the Romans. -------------------------------------- 1st century CE 1st century CE - A woman was entombed with a sword in Tabriz, Iran. The tomb was discovered in 2004. 1st century - Agrippina the elder accompanies Germanicus to war. 1st century - Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes, allied with the Roman Empire and battled other Britons. 1st century - Agrippina the Younger, wife of Emperor Claudius, commanded Roman legions in Britain. The defeated Celtic captives bowed before her throne and ignored that of the emperor. 1st century: The historian, Tacitus, wrote that Triaria, wife of Lucius Vitellius the younger, was accused of having armed herself with a sword and behaved with arrogance and cruelty while at Tarracina, a captured city. 1st century-5th century: Four women were buried in Phum Snay, Cambodia with metal swords. The graves date approximately from this time period, and were discovered in 2007. 9 AD - Thusnelda eloped with Arminius, triggering Arminius to begin an insurrection against her father when he accused him of carrying her off. 14-18 - A Chinese woman Lu Mu led a rebellion against Wang Mang. 21 - Debate erupted as to whether or not the wives of Roman governors should accompany their husbands in the providences. Caecina Severus said that they should not, because they "paraded among the soldiers" and that "a woman had presided at the exercises of the cohorts and the manoeuvres of the legions". 40-43 - The Trung Sisters and Phung Thi Chinh fought against the Chinese in Vietnam. 60-61 - Boudica , a Celtic chieftain in Britain, led a massive uprising against the occupying Roman forces. The Romans attempted to raise the morale of their troops by informing them that her army contained more women than men. 63 - Tacitus wrote in his Annals that women of rank entered the gladiatorial arena. 69-70 - Veleda of the Germanic Bructeri tribe wielded a great deal of influence in the Batavian rebellion. She was acknowledged as a strategic leader, a priestess, a prophet, and as a living deity. 2nd century CE 100 - Juvenal recorded a gladiator named Eppia who left her husband and children to pursue an affair with a fellow gladiator. 2nd century - Polyaenus described Queen Tania of Dardania, who took the throne after the death of her husband and went into battle riding in a chariot. 195 - Julia Domna accompanied her husband, Emperor Septimius Severus, in his campaigns in Mesopotamia. 3rd century CE 3rd century - Zenobia, the queen of Palmyra, led a revolt in the East against the Roman Empire. 248 - Trieu Thi Trinh fought the Chinese in Vietnam. Her army contained several thousand men and women. 3rd century: Two women warriors from the Danube region in Europe, described as Amazons, served in a Roman military unit and are buried in Britain. Their remains are discovered in 2004. 4th century CE 4th century - As military commander for the Emperor of China, Li Xiu took her father's place and defeated a rebellion. 375 - Queen Mavia battled the Romans. 378 - Roman Empress Albia Dominica organized her people in defense against the invading Goths after her husband had died in battle. 450 - A Moche woman was buried with two ceremonial war clubs and twenty-eight spear throwers. The South American grave is discovered in 2006, and is the first known grave of a Moche woman to contain weapons. -------------------------------------- 5th Century CE 5th Century CE, Princess Sela was the sister of Koller, king of Norway. She was a skilled warrior and pirate. She fought against King Horwendil, and was later killed by him c.420 CE 529 CE – Princess Halima was the daughter of King al-Harit and princess of the Ghassan kingdom. In an act of revenge she led a battle against the Lakhmids who had sacrificed her brother to their goddess. 530 CE – Tomyris was the leader of an Iranian nomadic tribe called the Massagetae; her exploits were recorded by historians like Herodotus and thus passed into legend. She led a successful army that slaughtered the Persians, Tomyris chopping of the head of Cyrus, which she apparently then kept and used as a wine glass. 535 – 552 CE – In the Gothic war Procopius writes of an English Princess, referred to as ‘the Island Girl’. She is said to have led an invasion of part of Jutland, where she captured the young king, Radigis, who had jilted her after their betrothal. 6th Century CE – An elite Saxon female burial is discovered in Lincolnshire, England. The burial goods contain a knife and a shield; showing possible signs of a female warrior. 598 – 623 CE – Princess Zhao Pingyang of China, was the daughter of Emperor Gaozu of Tang (founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty). Zhao helps her father overthrow the Sui Dynasty, during his campaigns Zhao formed a women’s army, commanded by her she helped to capture the Sui capital of Chang’an. 624 CE – Hind al-Hunnud was known as the ‘Battle Queen’, and a member of the Quarish tribe of the kingdom of Kindah. She helped in the battle against Muhammad. Hind al-Hunnud fought the prophet Mohammad in the Battle of Badr in 724, and accounts describe her as ‘brandishing a broadsword with great gusto’. 625 – 705 CE – Wu Chao, known as ‘The Empress Wu’, is considered to have been one of the most powerful women in history. Her navy led a decisive victory at sea which ended China’s long running war with Korea, and her army won many battles over any her rivals. It is said that no other woman except for Elizabeth I and Catherine the Great, retained so much power, over such a vast Empire. 625 CE – Nusaybah bint Ka’ab, was not only an early convert to Islam, but was the first female to take up arms in its defence. She took part in the Battle of Hunain, the Battle of Yamama, the Battle of Uhud, and the Treaty of Hudaibiyah. At the Battle of Uhud she shielded Muhammad from enemy arrows, and received several wounds whilst fighting. c.632 – 705 CE – Apranik was the daughter of a Persian general, and herself a Persian Sassanid High Ranking Commander. When the Arabs attacked Persia, Apranik commanded a major battalion against the invaders. Her white horse remains a symbol of freedom. 639 CE – Negan was a female guerrilla commander for the Sassanid Empire; she was one of the major resistance fighters against the Arab invasion. Neither born into nobility or military trained fighting only out of belief, Negan led a band of resistance fighters and died in battle a year after the invasion. 682CE -- the Amazigh Dhabba, queen of Carthage, drove Islamic Arabs from her city and, in order to leave nothing to successive Arab invaders, laid waste to her own country. Even after Islam established itself, these women were still notably liberated. 7th century CE – Dahia Al-kahina was a military leader of the Berbers and came to be known as leader of the African resistance. Dahia then created a united front against the Arab invaders and counter-attacking them at every turn, she even drove them at one point to be holed up in Cyrenaica (Libya) for about 4 to 5 years. 7th century CE – Khawlah Bint al-Kindiyyah was a woman warrior, who with the help from her female captains led an Arab army and stopped a Greek invasion of their homeland. In true battle queen style Khawlah and the other women captains – Oserrah, Alfra’Bint Ghifar al-Humayriah and Wafeira rallied the men and led them into the centre of the battle field. 722 CE – Queen Aethelburgh was the wife of King Ine of Wessex. In 722, she is said to have destroyed Taunton, (which her husband Ine had built earlier in his reign), in an attempt to find the rebel Ealdbert c.730s CE (active in) – Parsbit (also as Prisbit) was a Khazar noblewoman called ‘the mother of the Khagan’. What is known about her life is that she was said to have wielded enormous power, commanding armies, such as the expeditionary force that was led against Armenia by Tar’mach in 730. c.750 CE – Azad Deylami / Azad-e Daylami was from the Caspian Sea shores in the north of Iran. She was a partisan leader and became one of the most famous freedom fighters of the region. She fought bravely with her band of freedom fighters for many years against the Arab invaders c.783 CE – Fastrada, an East Frankish noblewoman who, along with other Saxon women entered into battle against Charlemagne’s forces bare breasted. Fastrada then went onto become Charlemagne’s third wife. c.815 – 838 CE – Banu, wife of Babak Khoramdin was a legendary Persian freedom fighter, who initiated the Khorram-Dinan movement, in an attempt to overthrow the Abbasid Caliph. She was an extremely skilled archer, fighting both for freedom and the preservation of Persian culture and language. 869 – 918 CE – Ethelfleda, also known as our ‘Lady of the Mercians’, was the daughter of Alfred the great. Ethelfleda was considered to be a chief military strategist and the most brilliant tactician of her time. She led armies, built castles, united Mercia – re-establishing Tamworth as it capital. She also fought back an invasion from the Vikings, forcing them to surrender their stronghold at York and even conquered Wales, and made them to pay tribute to her. 890 – 969 CE – Olga of Kiev (Princess Olga), ruled Kievan Rus as regent after her husband’s death in c.945. Olga went to great depths to avenge her husband’s death at the hands of the Drevlians. She successfully slaughtered many of them, interring some in a ship burial whilst still alive. She also changed the system of tribute gathering; this act is seen as possibly the first legal reform in Eastern Europe. c. 950 CE – Thyra of Denmark was the consort of King Gorm the Old of Denmark. Thyra was referred to as a woman of great prudence and she is thought to have led an army against the Germans. Thyra and Gorm were the parents of Harald Bluetooth. c. 980 – 1000 CE – Queen Regnant Gudit of Bani al-Hamusa of Demot, (Ethiopia). She was a Northern Ethiopian ruler and possibly a Jewess. She became a military leader who attacked the ruling Aksumite Dynasty and is credited with its downfall. 10 Century CE 10th and 11th centuries stories are told of Shieldmaidens, or Scandinavian female warriors. Few historical records mention the roles of Viking Age women and warfare. But a Byzantine historian by the name of Johannes Skylitzes, records a battle that took place in 971 in which the Scandinavian ruler of Kiev attacked the Byzantines in Bulgaria. The Norsemen suffered a crushing defeat, and the Byzantines were shocked to find amongst the fallen Norse were armed women. 1015 – 1042 CE – Akkadevi, was a governor Princess of a Province of Karnataka, A resistance campaigner who fought battles and superintended sieges. Akkadevi became a heroine of west-central Indian resistance to southern Indian aggression. 1040 – 1090 CE – Sikelgaita was a Lombard princess and the daughter of Guaimar IV, Prince of Salerno. She married the Duke of Apulia and accompanied him on his Byzantine conquests. At the Battle of Dyrrhachium, Sikelgaita is said to have fought in full armour, rallying her husbands despondent troops, and was compared to another ‘Pallas’ or second ‘Athena’. 1046 – 1115 CE – Matilda of Tuscany was an Italian noblewoman and one of the few medieval women to be remembered for her military accomplishments. She was the principle Italian supporter of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy. c.1059 – 1096 CE – Emma de Gauder, Countess of Norfolk, best remembered for defending Norwich Castle when it was under siege. Emma then negotiated safe passage for herself and her troops in return for the castle. She died around 1096 on the road to Palestine during the First Crusade with her husband. 1079 – 1126 CE – Urraca of León and Castile, was Queen regnant of León, Castile and Galicia and she also claimed the imperial title of Empress of All the Spains – ‘suo jure’. She quarrelled with husband Alfonso I of Aragon, the quarrel then turned into open armed warfare between the Leonese-Castillians and Aragonese. By 1112 a truce was brokered and the nightmare marriage was annulled. 1097 – 1136 CE – Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd, was the princess consort of Deheubarth in Wales and a member of the princely Aberffraw family of Gwynedd. Her patriotic revolt and death in a battle against the Normans at Kidwelly Castle contributed to ‘The Great Revolt of 1136’. c.1120s CE – Liang Hongyu was a female Chinese general and wife of General Han Shizhong of the song army. She fought with her husband against the invasion by the Huns, commanding in battles. Liang is said to have had an exceptional military mind. Her tactful use of drums and flags as communication signals enabled victory for the mere 8,000 Chinese, against the 100,000-strong Hun army. 1122 – 1204 CE – Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitane and Countess of Poitou was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe. She was queen consort of France 1137 – 1152, and queen consort of England 1154 – 1189. She married Louis VI and accompanied him and his army on the second crusade, the marriage however fell apart, and was annulled. Military Order of Knighthood for Women 1149 CE – The Order of the Hatchet, also called the ‘orden de la Hacha’ in Catalonia. It is a military order of knighthood for women, founded in 1149 by Raymond Berger, count of Barcelona. The honour given to the women was for the defence of the town of Tortosa against a Moor attack. c.1157 – 1247 CE – Tomoe Gozen was a rare Japanese samurai warrior, know for her bravery and strength. She fought alongside men in the Genpei War of 1180 – 1185. c.1160-1213 CE – Tamar, Queen Regnant of Georgia. Though she was a woman, she is always mentioned in Georgian history as King Tamar. Tamar was the first woman to rule Georgia in her own right. Under her rule Georgia achieved military superioty in the Middle East. A brilliant military tactician with a loyal army behind her, she led the men into battle and endured the hardships of an ordinary soldier. She was able to neutralise repeated invasions on her own nation, whilst conquering parts of Turkey, Persia, Russia and Armenia. Female/Male Duels The 13th Century sees trial by combat / judicial duels between men and women becoming more common place, particularly in Germany and Switzerland. It was used in Germanic Law to settle accusations, often with the absence of confession or witnesses, and was often used in rape cases. There was rules for the duelists, if either of the participants hands or weapons touched the ground, they were considered the loser and paid the penalty. For women, it was the loss of the right hand, and for men it was beheading. There were many different types of trial by combat / judicial duels, and they remained in use throughout the Middles Ages, slowly disappearing in the 16th century. 1236 – 1272 CE – Eleanor of Provence was Queen consort of England and the wife of Henry III of England. Eleanor was completely devoted to Henry and when Simon de Montfort tried to rebel against him, Eleanor raised troops in France for Henry’s cause. 1260 – 1306 CE – Khutulun (also as Aiyurug or Khotol Tsagaan), was the daughter of Kaidu, the most powerful ruler in Central Asia, his realms stretched from Western Mongolia to Oxus and the Central Siberian Plateau to India. Khutulun showed early promise as a child and became the favourite daughter of Kaidu, accompanying him on military campaigns. She became known as a superb warrior, with great strength and stealth. Religious order of knighthood/rank of militissa for women 1233 CE – In Italy, the ‘Order of the glorious saint Mary’, is founded by Loderigo d’Andalo, a nobleman from Bologna. In 1261 it was approved by Pope Alexander IV, this was the first religious order of knighthood to grant the rank of militissa to women. The order was later suppressed by Sixtus V in 1558. 1259 – 1289 CE – Rani Rudrama Devi was one of the most prominent rulers of the Kakatiya dynasty on the Deccan Plateau. She is acknowledged as one of the few female rulers in south India during her time. She was an intelligent and dynamic ruler, suppressing uprisings from neighbouring territories, and defended the kingdom from the Cholas and the Yadavas, which earned her great respect. Rudrama remains one of India’s most important women. 1295 – 1374 CE – Joanna of Flanders (also as Jehanne de Montfort and Jeanne la Flamme), was consort Duchess of Brittany and the wife of John IV, Duke of Brittany. When John died in 1345, Joanna organised resistance and used diplomatic terms to protect her son, John V, Duke of Brittany. She took up arms, and dressed in armour defended the town, urging women to ‘cut their skirts and take their safety in their own hands’. Leading a band of knights outside the town walls, she attacked an enemy’s rear camp, setting fire to it and destroying it in the process, earning her the title ‘Jeanne la Flamme’. 1312 – 1369 CE – Agnes Randolph, Countess of Dunbar and March, (often referred to as Black Agnes of Dunbar, due to her olive skin complexion). She was the wife of Patrick, 9th Earl of Dunbar and March, and became renowned for her defence of Dunbar Castle against an English attack by William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury in 1338. c.1345 – 1409 CE – Han E, (also as Han Guanbao) or the Hua Mulan’ of Sichuan Province. Han E was orphaned and went to live with her uncle Han Li's family-- she proved an excellent scholar in both literature and sword fighting. Han E dressed as a male killed the Yuan commander and then joined the Red Scarf Army under the name of Han Guanbao. Han served for over 12 years taking part in military campaigns and was noted for her intelligence, bravery and diligence in her duties. She forbade herself to fraternise with other soldiers in banter, or drink in victory celebrations and to that end nobody ever guessed she was a woman. 1347 – 1404 CE – Eleanor of Arborea was one of the last and most powerful Sardinian judges and the island’s best loved heroine. The house of Arborea had great power that extended over one third of Sardinia. During a rebel uprising in 1376, Eleanor’s brother Hugh III was killed and Eleanor led an army and defeated the rebels. She now held the title of regent to her infant son Fredrick. 1350 -1400 CE – Urduja was a legendary warrior princess and heroine in Pangasinan, Philippines. She commanded a army made up of men and women, and she is said to have fought and engaged in duels with other warriors. Many avoided her for the fear of being disgraced by her abilities. The capitol building in Lingayen is named Urduja Palace. 1363 – 1430 CE – Christine de Pizan was a Venetian born artist who strongly opposed stereotyping and misogyny in the male-dominated realm of the arts. She became a highly respected Poet publishing a book called ‘Livre des Faits d’Armes – on international law and military strategy. 1378 – Agnes Hotot Dudley, took up arms in place of her ailing father and beat her opponent in a mounted duel. Agnes disguised her sex, put on a helmet, mounted the horse and proceeded to the tourney grounds. After what is said to a ‘stubborn encounter’ Agnes dismounted her opponent. As he lay on the ground she removed her helmet, let down her hair and disclosed her bosom to prove she was a woman and shame her foe. The coat of arms of the House of Dudley shows a woman wearing a military helmet with loosened hair, and her breasts exposed, commemorating a female champion.	i don't know
How many ‘Rocky’ films were directed by Sylvester Stallone?	Movies Written By Sylvester Stallone \| List of Sylvester Stallone Screenplays Movies Written By Sylvester Stallone 43k views 24 items tags f t p @ This is a list of films written by Sylvester Stallone, screenwriter. This list of movies written by Sylvester Stallone is alphabetical and can be sorted for other bits of information such as who directed the film and what genre it falls under. These Sylvester Stallone screenplays are not unfinished works; they have all been produced and released somewhere in the world. Any unreleased Sylvester Stallone films are not included on this list. Sylvester Stallone has written some very iconic movies over the years, so if you're trying to find popular Sylvester Stallone films that you haven't seen already then this list is the perfect guide for doing so. Use every movie on this list for yours, from Rocky to Rocky IV. You can use this list to answer the questions, "What movies did Sylvester Stallone write?" and "How many movies did Sylvester Stallone write?" This list includes almost all of Sylvester Stallone's screenplay credits. You can click on the names of the movies Sylvester Stallone wrote in order to find out more about each individual Sylvester Stallone film. Trailers for each movie can also be seen if you click on the video previews for these Sylvester Stallone films. (24 items)	4
In astronomy, a spectroheliograph is an instrument used for photographing or recording the image of what?	Sylvester Stallone \| Rocky Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Creed Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone (pronounced /stəˈloʊn/; born July 6, 1946), commonly known as Sylvester Stallone, and nicknamed Sly Stallone, is an American actor, filmmaker, screenwriter, film director and occasional painter. Two of the notable characters he has portrayed include boxer Rocky Balboa and soldier John Rambo . The Rocky and Rambo franchises, along with several other films, strengthened his reputation as an actor and his box office earnings. Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa . Stallone's film Rocky was inducted into the National Film Registry as well as having its film props placed in the Smithsonian Museum. Stallone's use of the front entrance tothe Philadelphia Museum of Art in the Rocky series led the area to be nicknamed the Rocky Steps. Philadelphia has a statue of his Rocky character placed permanently near the museum, on the right side before the steps. It was announced on December 7, 2010 that Stallone was voted into boxing's Hall of Fame . Contents Edit Sylvester Stallone was born Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone [1] in New York City, the elder son of Frank Stallone, Sr., a hairdresser, and Jackie Stallone (born Jacqueline Labofish), an astrologer, former dancer, and promoter of women's wrestling. Stallone's father was born in Gioia del Colle, Apulia, Italy, and emigrated to the United States as a child. [2] Stallone's mother is of half Russian-Jewish and half French-American descent. [3] [4] Complications his mother suffered during labor forced her obstetricians to use two pairs of forceps during his birth; misuse of these accidentally severed a nerve and caused paralysis in parts of Stallone's face. [5] [6] As a result, the lower left side of his face is paralyzed - including parts of his lip, tongue, and chin - an accident which has given Stallone his snarling look and slightly slurred speech. [6] Stallone was baptized Catholic. [7] His father, a beautician, moved the family to Washington, D.C., where he opened a beauty school. His mother opened a women's gymnasium called Barbella's in 1954. [8] His younger brother is actor and musician Frank Stallone . Their parents divorced when Sylvester was nine, and he eventually lived with his mother. [6] He attended Notre Dame Academy and Abraham Lincoln High School in Philadelphia. [9] He attended Charlotte Hall Military Academy prior to attending Miami Dade College and the University of Miami. [10] Hollywood career When Stallone was nearly broke in New York, barely $50 to his name, he sold the script to Paradise Alley for $100. [11] Italian Stallion and Score Edit Stallone had his first starring role in the soft-core porn feature film The Party at Kitty and Stud's (1970). He was paid $200 for two days' work. [12] Stallone later explained that he had done the film out of desperation after being evicted from his apartment and finding himself homeless for several days. He has also said that he slept three weeks in the New York City Port Authority bus station prior to seeing a casting notice for the film. In the actor's words, "it was either do that movie or rob someone, because I was at the end – the very end – of my rope". [13] The film was released several years later as Italian Stallion, in order to cash in on Stallone's new found fame (the new title was taken from Stallone's nickname since Rocky and a line from the film). Stallone also starred in the erotic off-Broadway stage play Score which ran for 23 performances at the Martinique Theatre from October 28 – November 15, 1971 and was later made into a film by Radley Metzger. Success with Rocky Edit Sylvester gained worldwide fame with his starring role in the smash hit Rocky (1976). [6] On March 24, 1975, Stallone saw the Muhammad Ali–Chuck Wepner fight, which inspired the foundation idea of Rocky. That night Stallone went home, and after three days, [14] 20 straight hours he had written the script. He tried to sell the script with the intention of playing the lead role. [6] Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler liked the script. Stallone was offered increasingly larger fees to sell the script and allow a different actor to star in the film, but he turned the offers down until the studio agreed to let Stallone himself play the role. [6] Rocky was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Actor and Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay\|Best Original Screenplay nominations for Stallone. The film went on to win the Academy Awards for Academy Award for Best Picture, Best Directing and for Best Film Editing. [15] More Rocky, Rambo, and additional roles Edit Following the success of Rocky, Stallone made his directorial debut and starred in the 1978 film Paradise Alley, a family drama in which he played one of three brothers who enter the world of wrestling. That same year he starred in Norman Jewison's F.I.S.T., a social drama in which he plays a warehouse worker, very loosely modeled on James Hoffa, who becomes involved in the labor union leadership. In 1979 he wrote, directed and starred in the sequel to his 1976 hit: Rocky II (replacing John G. Avildsen , who won an Academy Award for directing the first film), which also became a major success, [6] grossing $200 million. In 1981 he starred alongside Michael Caine in Escape to Victory, a sports drama in which he plays a prisoner of war involved in a Nazi propaganda soccer game. That same year he starred in the thriller Nighthawkd, in which he plays a New York city cop who plays a cat and mouse game with a foreign terrorist, played by Rutger Hauer. Rambo films Edit Sylvester launched another major franchise success, starring as Vietnam War veteran John Rambo, a former Green Beret, in the action-war film First Blood (1982). The first installment of Rambo was both a critical and box office success. Critics praised Stallone's performance, saying he made Rambo seem human, as opposed to the way he is portrayed in the book of the same name. Two Rambo sequels, Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985) and Rambo III (1988), followed. Although box office hits, they met with much less critical praise than the original. He also continued his box office success with the Rocky franchise and wrote, directed, and starred in two more sequels to the series: Rocky III (1982) and Rocky IV (1985). Stallone has portrayed these two characters in a total of ten films. In preparation for these roles, Stallone embarked upon a vigorous training regimen which often meant six days a week in the gym and further sit ups in the evenings. Stallone claims to have gotten his body fat percentage down to his all time low of 2.8% for Rocky III. [16] Stallone met former Mr. Olympia Franco Columbu to develop the appearance for Rocky II and Rambo II films, just as if he were preparing for the Mr. Olympia competition. That meant two workouts a day, six days a week. [17] After the success of Lock Up and Tango and Cash (1989) at the start of the 1990s, Stallone starred in the fifth installment of the Rocky franchise, Rocky V . It was considered a box office disappointment and was also disliked by fans as an unworthy entry in the series. He starred in two comedies, the critical and commercial disasters Oscar (1991) and Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot (1992) during the early '90s. In 1993 he made a comeback with the hit Cliffhanger, which was a success in the US, grossing $84 million, but even more successful worldwide, grossing $171 million. Later that year, he starred with Wesley Snipes in the futuristic sci-fi/crime-action film Demolition Man, which grossed over $158 million worldwide. His string of hits continued with 1994's The Specialist (over $170 million worldwide gross). In 1995, he played the futuristic character Judge Dredd (from the British comic book 2000 AD) in Judge Dredd. His overseas box office appeal saved the domestic box office disappointment of Judge Dredd, which cost almost $100 million and barely made its budget back, with a worldwide tally of $113 million. He also appeared in the thriller Assassins (1995) with Julianne Moore and Antonio Banderas. In 1996, he starred in the disaster film Daylight], which was not very successful in the US, but grossed $126 million overseas. 2006–2008: Revisiting Rocky and Rambo Edit [ After a three-year hiatus from films, Stallone made a comeback in 2006 with the sixth installment of his successful Rocky series, Rocky Balboa , which was a critical and commercial hit. After the critical and box office failure of the previous installment Rocky V , Stallone had decided to write, direct and star in a sixth installment which would be a more appropriate climax to the series. The total domestic box office came to $70.3 million (and $155.7 million worldwide). [18] The budget of the movie was only $24 million. His performance in Rocky Balboa has been praised and garnered mostly positive reviews. [19] Stallone's fourth installment of his other successful movie franchise is titled simply Rambo (2008), which was sort of a reboot and at the same time, a continuation of the storyline of the franchise. The film opened in 2,751 theaters on January 25, 2008, grossing $6,490,000 on its opening day and $18,200,000 over its opening weekend. Its box office was $113,244,290 worldwide with a budget of $50 million. Asked in February 2008 which of the icons he would rather be remembered for, Stallone said "it's a tough one, but Rocky is my first baby, so Rocky." [20] Personal life Edit Stallone has been married three times. At age 28, on December 28, 1974, he married Sasha Czack from Pennsylvania. The couple had two sons, actor Sage Stallone (May 5, 1976 - July 13, 2012) and Seargeoh (b. 1979). His younger son was diagnosed with autism at an early age. The couple divorced on February 14, 1985. He married model and actress Brigitte Nielsen, on December 15, 1985, in Beverly Hills, California. Stallone and Nielsen's marriage, which lasted two years, and their subsequent divorce, were highly publicized by the tabloid press. [21] [22] [23] In May 1997, Stallone married model Jennifer Flavin, with whom he has three daughters. After Sylvester's request that his acting and life experiences be accepted in exchange for his remaining credits, he was granted a Bachelors of Fine Arts (BFA) degree by the President of the University of Miami in 1999. [24] His 48 year old half-sister, Toni Ann Filiti, died of lung cancer, six weeks after the death of his son, Sage. She succumbed to lung cancer on Sunday, August 26, 2012. She died at their mother Jackie Stallone's Santa Monica home after choosing to leave UCLA hospital. Stallone stopped going to church as his acting career progressed but later rediscovered his childhood faith when his daughter was born ill in 1996, and is now an active Catholic. [25] Injuries Edit Known for physically demanding roles, and his willingness to do a majority of his own stunts, Stallone has suffered numerous injuries during his acting career. For a scene in Rocky IV, he told Dolph Lundgren "Punch me as hard as you can in the chest." "Next thing I know, I was in intensive care at St. John’s Hospital for four days. It’s stupid!". While filming a fight scene with actor "Stone Cold", Steve Austin in The Expendables, he broke his neck, which required the insertion of a metal plate. [26] References	i don't know
What colour is the tree trunk on the UK Conservative Party logo?	Tory oak tree logo turns blue - Telegraph Tory oak tree logo turns blue The latest logo retains the scribbled tree shape, but projected on to it is blue sky By George Jones, Political Editor 12:01AM BST 08 Aug 2007 Have your say: Is the new logo an improvement? A year after the controversial doodle replaced the party's traditional red white and blue flaming torch of freedom, it has lost its environmentally friendly green leaves. The blue-sky version of the logo was unveiled earlier this week when William Hague, the party's foreign affairs spokesman, published a "plain English guide" to the new EU treaty and promised that the Tories would mount a vigorous campaign for a referendum. Related Articles Labour hires election chief 09 Aug 2007 The colour change comes after Mr Cameron has endured the worst spell of his 20-month leadership, with a series of attacks by traditionalists on his leadership style, polls showing him falling behind Labour and setbacks in two recent by-elections. The "vote blue, go green" oak tree logo has been one of the most visible demonstrations of Mr Cameron's attempts to move the party back to the centre ground and show voters that it is no longer the "nasty party". However, a former party chairman, Lord Saatchi, said last week that "nicey-nicey" campaigns were no substitute for firm policies on the economy, while a former donor Sir Tom Cowie has accused the Mr Cameron and those around him of "old Etonian arrogance" in ditching long-held policies such as grammar schools. Designers were paid £40,000 last summer to replace the torch with the oak tree logo, which party officials said it represented "strength, endurance, renewal and growth" while underlining Mr Cameron's environmental credentials. The torch had been criticised as resembling communist iconography - a charge the party had denied. Labour, however, has decided to lay claim to a symbol on prominent display when Margaret Thatcher was leader - the Union Flag. It was the backdrop at the special conference where Gordon Brown was elected Labour leader in June. The latest version of the Tory logo retains the scribbled tree shape, but projected on to it is blue sky, with clouds and sunlight. A Tory official denied that the new version was intended to appease disgruntled traditionalists and insisted that it was always intended to be a flexible design - which could change to reflect the seasons and particular events. At the party's spring conference, the tree logo was covered in blossom, while at the party conference last October it was given an autumnal tinge. However, the official party logo would remain a tree with green leaves and blue trunk. Lord Tebbit, a former party chairman, said when it was launched, that it looked more like a "bunch of broccoli" - which reminded him of the fiasco when British Airways decided to reject its traditional British image on the tailfins of its planes. Other party activists said it looked "like a three-year-old has been let loose with a crayon" or the "the coin scratch on a lottery card".	Blue
Which revolutionary was captured and executed by the Bolivian army in 1967?	GOP 2016: How to Save the Republican Party - POLITICO Magazine POLITICO Magazine Sign up for POLITICO Magazine's weekly email: The Friday Cover Email 2016 How to Save the Republican Party: Lessons From Britain’s Tories Paul Ryan is right: resurrecting the party has to be about ‘ideas, not insults,’ says a former senior adviser to the Conservative Party. By Steve Hilton Print Scorched earth tactics. Pandering to people’s worst fears. Ugly and alienating rhetoric. Extreme positions that offend vast swaths of the electorate. Yes folks, this has been the apparent political strategy of the GOP over the past eight years. Donald Trump? If the Republicans are in crisis, he’s not the cause. He’s the symptom. The dawning of that reality is perhaps why so many obituaries are now being written for the Republican Party—some with relish, others with sorrow—and why the GOP establishment is desperately looking for a white knight such as House Speaker Paul Ryan to save the day at the convention in Cleveland in July. Story Continued Below Whether Ryan ends up as the long-shot nominee or not, he is at least pointing the party in the right direction when he presses for politics to be "a battle of ideas, not insults.” I say this based on my own experience as former senior adviser to British Prime Minister David Cameron, where I helped turn around a “missing, presumed dead” right-of-center party and implement a reforming conservative agenda in government. I’m more than aware that there is no automatic read-across from British to American politics. But having moved to California, taught at Stanford, and co-founded Crowdpac (a tech startup focusing on U.S. politics), I can now view with a bit more detachment how the British experience might help the GOP in 2016. Here is the most basic lesson: The Republican Party’s problems cannot be fixed by better “messaging” or organization. It goes much deeper than that. This was the mistake the British Conservatives made for many years, believing that things like better “outreach” or a stronger online presence would turn things around. No, it’s all about what you fundamentally think, your ideology, and whether it meets the needs of real people. The gap between Trump, Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio, for example, is nothing compared with the much larger gap between the GOP and modern, mainstream America. The Republican Party cannot close that gap unless it makes itself more human, more in touch. And to do that it needs to change its policy prescriptions in a profound way. Like Republicans today, the British Conservative movement had its own reckoning with ideological confusion and despair. In 2005, after Tony Blair of the Labor Party won his third general election in a row, a postmortem for the Conservatives revealed that the top reasons for not voting Tory were a perception that the party was “for the rich,” and that it was “old-fashioned.” By old-fashioned, the British voters meant that Conservative politicians were out of touch with—and indeed seemed to disapprove of—modern life as it is lived: hostile toward working women, ethnic minorities, gay people and young people. On top of all that, political commentators described the Conservatives as “the stupid party” for relying on simplistic, shop-worn ideological bromides, and “the economics party” for prioritizing tax cuts, deregulation and fiscal calculation over all else. Ring any bells? Today, the Republican establishment seems to believe that its problem is Trump. Dispense with him, and the party survives. Not so fast. For many years, Republican leaders have allowed—no, encouraged—conservatism to be seen as an inhuman, cruel ideology, dogmatically obsessed with a small number of issues, driven by a destructive mania to oppose at all costs, lacking any interest in understanding (let alone responding constructively to) the real life problems of most people in America. Of course there have been political victories along the way, not least winning the House and then the Senate. But talk about Pyrrhic! Those big wins have produced nugatory gains in terms of advancing any kind of conservative agenda. After Mitt Romney’s 2012 defeat, the Republican National Committee commissioned its own postmortem, which I have read. It is, like the Tories’ early bumbling efforts at modernization, well-intentioned. It contains much good (and honest) self-analysis. It includes many solid and sensible recommendations on matters of political process. And as everyone can see, it has had practically zero impact on the reputation of the party. The reason why the postmortem has failed to revive the GOP in any meaningful way is not, as has been recently claimed, that in the past nine months Trump has taken the party’s image in the opposite direction to the one recommended in the report. That is perfectly true, but it’s a superficial point. The postmortem was doomed to failure even when it was published four years ago, and the explanation lies in this short but devastating quote from the document: “We need to do a better job connecting people to our policies.” Well yes. But have you ever considered the possibility that it’s the policies that might be the problem, and not the presentation of them? Now before anyone starts screaming “Judas” at me, I just want to make clear that I’m talking about policy, not philosophy. For a great political party, philosophy should be unchanging. But for a great political party to survive, its philosophy should be applied anew, with fresh policy, to changing circumstances. This the GOP has signally failed to do. Instead, the party leadership has been spending its time yelling at Democrats. And the response of most of the GOP establishment to Trump (“he’s not a real conservative”) shows that they haven’t even got to the first step on the journey toward real recovery. Here’s the fundamental truth about Americans’ lives today. We live in a world run by bankers, bureaucrats and accountants. For decades, regardless of who has actually been in power, these men (and they are mostly men, still) have successfully pushed a technocratic agenda that favors Big Business over small, champions globalization and uncontrolled immigration at any social cost, prioritizes “efficiency” over everything else, and which is inhuman and callous about the consequences of all this for real people. The conservative philosophy, rooted as it is in the notions of individual freedom and social responsibility; skeptical as it is about overweening power; confident as it is in human nature and the good that will come when individuals, families and neighborhoods work together without the need for a faraway administrator’s master plan—this is the ideal philosophy for our times. A more human conservatism would simply not tolerate the oligarchic economy that America has become. It would mount an all-out assault on the centralization of power that is allowing giant special interests to fleece taxpayers, rip off consumers, exploit workers and damage society. It would force real, market-based competition into every sector: not just the banks but the airlines, the insurance companies, the telecom providers, the agriculture and food industry, the education system, yes even the political system by moving from corrupt funding to crowdfunding. A more human conservatism would tackle the scandal of those who work hard but live in poverty, not through wage subsidies that keep people dependent on a vast and soulless welfare bureaucracy, but through higher pay made possible by lower taxes on business—a business-friendly living wage. The British Conservative Party set out on such a journey of transformation 10 years ago after electing Cameron as its leader. The foundation was a policy review process that signaled new priorities and a new, open-minded approach. For example, our Social Justice policy group produced “Breakdown Britain,” a searing and forensic survey of the causes of poverty in the United Kingdom: worklessness, debt, addiction, educational failure and most important of all, family breakdown. This was followed by a detailed set of policy prescriptions (“Breakthrough Britain”) which became the template for the most serious anti-poverty effort ever implemented in government by British Conservatives, including a pay-for-success welfare-to-work program that has contributed to the UK’s spectacular jobs performance, and a complete rethinking of interventions aimed at helping families. Other policy groups investigated broad themes from the Quality of Life to Public Service Reform to Economic Competitiveness. Each group spent 18 months on its work, involving a range of outside voices, many never previously associated with the party, and open hearings around the country. During this time, the Conservatives celebrated entrepreneurship and small business; pioneered a new agenda of open data and government transparency, and became the champions of Britain’s burgeoning tech and start-up economy. But there was grit here too: an early full-page ad in a national newspaper promised that a Conservative government would “not just stand up for business, but stand up to big business” in the interests of wider society. We made some important shifts on key social and cultural issues: In 2006, Cameron brought the annual party conference to a standing ovation with his backing for marriage (and the society-strengthening commitment it represents), “whether it’s between a man and a woman, a woman and a woman or a man and another man.” And there were symbolic changes too: a young, informal leader who rode his bike to the House of Commons; a visible demonstration of community commitment through public volunteerism by Conservative candidates and activists around the country—and yes, the inevitable new party logo, a tree in place of the previous torch. But this was no greenwashing—the party dropped its climate change skepticism and urged the electorate to “Vote Blue, Go Green.” (Blue is the color of the Conservative Party in the UK). Critics will say: “That’s all very well, but once in office, the Conservatives adopted an unnecessarily harsh austerity program that undermines all this modernization.” That certainly seems to be the perception in the UK today. But my home has been in America for four years now and my focus is on the future direction of this country. To be honest, those first steps toward Tory modernization feel like ancient history—and the GOP can learn from British failures as well as successes. How might some of the British Conservative experience work on this side of the Atlantic with the GOP? Plainly, the party would need to surrender some of its more unreasonable dogmas, like blanket resistance to any action on climate change. And it would need to experiment. Among Silicon Valley folks, there is an idea that infuses everything we do: prototyping. The idea is to take a concept—a hypothesis—and throw it out there quickly in its roughest manifestation to see how people react. Even if it’s completely wrong, it’s only through testing it with real people that you can validate not just your solution but whether your conception of the problem is even right to begin with. In this sense, think of Trump as a prototype. Whatever reasons motivate him, this shrewd, brash, egotistical, belligerent, grandiloquent, but nearly always entertaining billionaire has thrown himself out there to the American public. And now we’ve seen how people react. Trump has exposed not just the problems that Americans truly care about, but also how they feel about the people in Washington they’ve purportedly sent there to fix them. A modern Republican Party would therefore not just rail against Trump, but develop an agenda that takes the anger and the energy and the desire for a shake-up that his candidacy represents, and turns it into a program for change. A more human conservatism would go beyond the stunted, limited debates on education and health care in this country, beyond “scrap Common Core” and “repeal Obamacare” and understand that the very systems we have set up to run these personal, intimate things—teaching our children and looking after us when we’re sick—have become too big and are out of date. Factory schools churn out children equipped for the previous century not this one, with endless standardized, centralized, mechanical rote learning and testing instead of personalized learning for each child that teaches the skills they will need to flourish in the future, like creativity, perseverance and collaborativeness. Factory hospitals treat people like products on a conveyor belt, with massive overprescription of drugs and medical procedures and patients surrounded by beeping machines instead of caring human beings. Above all, a more human conservatism would realize that it’s all well and good to want to cut government down to size, but in the real world you can’t reduce the supply of government unless you first cut the demand for government. That means actually solving—not just managing—social problems, especially the deepest and most serious domestic problem of all: the entrenched poverty that has haunted America for decades. Here, we need to learn both from what we instinctively know and what modern science now teaches us through advances in fields like neuroscience, social psychology and behavioral economics. If we want to address the causes of poverty, and not just its symptoms, the single most important factor is the family, because children’s life chances are determined before they even get to school. To be fair, Hillary Clinton seems to understand this priority and it’s reflected in her policy program. Don’t worry, this is not the start of a “Republicans for Clinton” argument. I’m just saying that a grown-up, attractive, electable party ought to be able to acknowledge when opponents get things right. On this, Clinton is more right than wrong—and certainly more right than many in the Republican Party today, who seem to think that family policy is basically just another branch of economics; that a tax break will somehow address the infinite complexity of life in the most troubled corners of our nation. Families are organic, not mechanical. Our policies ought to reflect that. READ MORE Lessons from 1912: Why Trumpmania Probably Won’t Last By David Greenberg Of course, I know that there are loyal Republicans who might see the words “more human” and immediately assume this is some kind of socialistic plot to liquefy conservative red meat. But there is nothing soft or squishy about this more human kind of conservatism. It means fighting established interests, left, right and center. You have to reform public sector pensions because you’re on the side of working people, not Big Labor. You have to massively strengthen antitrust rules and enforcement because you’re on the side of entrepreneurs, not Big Business. You have to get serious about issues that are not necessarily at the top of Big Government’s political agenda but which have a huge impact on people’s quality of life—like the sexualization and commercialization of childhood; the urgent need to protect and conserve nature; the importance of better, more human-centered design in our buildings and public spaces. In the end, the successful modernization of the GOP will not be accomplished by committees or reports or another postmortem—or premortem—from the RNC. The lesson from Britain is that you can have all the ideas in the world, all the policy documents and think-tank studies and articles like this one. But lasting change happens only when a bold leader sets out a big vision. I am certain there is such leadership out there in the Republican Party today, and we may see it sooner than you think. It could come from John Kasich. It could come from Ryan. It could come from Washington or from around the country; before the election or after the election. But it will come. I write this after returning from the wedding of one of my Crowdpac colleagues at San Francisco City Hall. Right there by the spot where the ceremony took place is a beautiful bust of Harvey Milk, martyred hero of the gay rights movement. Perhaps incongruously—Milk was far from being a Republican—the words inscribed on the pedestal made me think of today’s GOP. They included Milk’s best-known and most inspiring words: “You gotta give ‘em hope.” Of course, that’s what Ronald Reagan did. But today’s GOP seems to think that ritual incantations of Reagan’s name are a substitute for adopting his approach. They’re not. Right now, for those of us watching the Republican meltdown with a mixture of fascination and horror—we need to give the GOP ideas, solutions; not just a vision grounded in conservative governing principles but also in the humanity of each individual. We gotta give ‘em hope.	i don't know
The Dragon Boat Festival is held in Taiwan during which month of the year?	Dragon Boat Festival in China Home Calendar Holidays China Dragon Boat Festival Dragon Boat Festival in China The Dragon Boat Festival (Duanwu Festival, Duānwǔ Jié, Double Fifth, Tuen Ng Jit) is a traditional holiday that commemorates the life and death of the famous Chinese scholar Qu Yuan (Chu Yuan). The festival occurs on the fifth day of the fifth month on the Chinese lunisolar calendar. What Do People Do? The Dragon Boat Festival is a celebration where many eat rice dumplings (zongzi), drink realgar wine (xionghuangjiu), and race dragon boats. Other activities include hanging icons of Zhong Kui (a mythic guardian figure), hanging mugwort and calamus, taking long walks, writing spells and wearing perfumed medicine bags. All of these activities and games such as making an egg stand at noon were regarded by the ancients as an effective way of preventing disease, evil, while promoting good health and well-being. People sometimes wear talismans to fend off evil spirits or they may hang the picture of Zhong Kui, a guardian against evil spirits, on the door of their homes. In the Republic of China, the festival was also celebrated as "Poets' Day" in honor of Qu Yuan, who is known as China's first poet. Chinese citizens traditionally throw bamboo leaves filled with cooked rice into the water and it is also customary to eat tzungtzu and rice dumplings. Public Life The festival was long marked as a cultural holiday in China. However, it wasn’t until 2008 that the Dragon Boat Festival was recognized as a traditional and statutory public holiday in the People's Republic of China. Background Many believe that the Dragon Boat Festival originated in ancient China based on the suicide of the poet and statesman of the Chu kingdom, Qu Yuan in 278 BCE. The festival commemorates the life and death of the famous Chinese scholar Qu Yuan, who was a loyal minister of the King of Chu in the third century BCE. Qu Yuan’s wisdom and intellectual ways antagonized other court officials, thus they accused him of false charges of conspiracy and was exiled by the king. During his exile, Qu Yuan composed many poems to express his anger and sorrow towards his sovereign and people. Qu Yuan drowned himself by attaching a heavy stone to his chest and jumping into the Miluo River in 278 BCE at the age of 61. The people of Chu tried to save him believing that Qu Yuan was an honorable man; they searched desperately in their boats looking for Qu Yuan but were unable to save him. Every year the Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated to commemorate this attempt at rescuing Qu Yuan. The local people began the tradition of throwing sacrificial cooked rice into the river for Qu Yuan, while others believed that the rice would prevent the fishes in the river from eating Qu Yuan’s body. At first, the locals decided to make zongzi in hopes that it would sink into the river and reach Qu Yuan's body. However, the tradition of wrapping the rice in bamboo leaves to make zongzi began the following year. Symbols A dragon boat is a human-powered boat or paddle boat that is traditionally made of teak wood to various designs and sizes. They usually have brightly decorated designs that range anywhere from 40 to 100 feet in length, with the front end shaped like open-mouthed dragons, and the back end with a scaly tail. The boat can have up to 80 rowers to power the boat, depending on the length. A sacred ceremony is performed before any competition in order to “bring the boat to life” by painting the eyes. The first team to grab a flag at the end of the course wins the race. The zong zi is a glutinous rice ball with a filling and wrapped in corn leaves. The fillings can be egg, beans, dates, fruits, sweet potato, walnuts, mushrooms, meat, or a combination of them. They are generally steamed. It is said that if you can balance a raw egg on its end at exactly noon on Double Fifth Day, the rest of the year will be lucky. The hanging of calamus and moxa on the front door, the pasting up pictures of Chung Kuei, drinking hsiung huang wine and holding fragrant sachets are said to possess qualities for preventing evil and bringing peace. Another custom practiced in Taiwan is "fetching noon water," in which people draw well water on the afternoon of the festival in the belief that it will cure all illnesses.	May
Which Roman numerals depict the year 1980?	Traditional Holidays - Dragon Boat Festival - Duanwujie (端午節) Dragon Boat Festival - Duanwujie (端午節) Dragon Boat Festival - Duanwujie (端午節) Dragon Boat Festival, or “Duan Wu Jie” in Mandarin Chinese, falls on the 5th day of the 5th month of the lunar calendar. This is usually around Mid-June on the Gregorian calendar. It is celebrated in Taiwan, Singapore, China, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Macau. Dragon boat racing on Love River in Kaohsiung, 2012 There are many theories as to the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival, but the most popular is the story of QuYuan （屈原）。QuYuan was a poet and political consultant for King Huai of Chu who reigned from 328–289 BCE. Legend has it that QuYuan was a loyal and patriotic consular who gave his total loyalty to the King. However, when King Huai began to criticize and slander QuYuan because of a policy disagreement, QuYuan is said to have fallen into a deep depression. He quit his post and could not accept the shame and humility of the situation. He is said to have jumped into the Miluo river to commit suicide. When it was discovered what he had done, villagers rowed to the middle of the river to save him. Realizing it was too late, the villagers, in order to keep fish and evil spirits away from his body, beat drums and splashed the water with their paddles, and they also threw rice into the water. This was not only a food offering to Qu Yuan's spirit but also used to distract the fish away from his body. However, late one night, the spirit of Qu Yuan appeared before his friends and told them that he died because he had taken himself under the river. Then, he asked his friends to wrap their rice into three-cornered silk packages to ward off the dragon. These 3 cornered sticky rice packs are wrapped in banana leaves today. Called “Zongzi”（粽子）, these snacks can be seen just about everywhere during this festival. Dragon Boat Festival is usually a school/work holiday in Taiwan. On this day, cities and towns will hold markets and events that include dragon boat races, zongzi making, and standing an egg straight up and down on its “tip”. An egg can do this because of the position of the earth and moon on the Summer Solstice. Dragon Boat Racing in Taiwan(划龍舟比賽) Nowadays, dragon boat racing has become a common event during/around the Summer Solstice in June. Dragon boat racing is even part of the World Games competition, held every four years. There is also an I nternational Dragon Boat Federation (IDBF). http://www.idbf.org/ Dragon boats typically have 22 members aboard. 20 members are rowers (10 on each side) and paddle the boat in unison. However, some boats have 50 or even 80 rowers. They follow the beat of a drummer who stands center stern of the boat. There is also one crew member manning a rudder in the back to steer the boat. The pace and speed of the boat is set by the drummer and the paddlers row to the beat. Dragon boaters power there boat in a straight line typically for 500 meters. Taiwan follows an old Song Dynasty method for determining the winner of a race. At the finish line, each lane has a buoy with a flag sticking out of the top of it. As the dragon boat approaches the finish line, and flag, the “flag runner” (which is an extra person in the boat) jumps up on the bow of the boat and stretches his/her arms and body to pluck the flag out of the buoy. This determines the winner of the race. The flag runner needs to be careful not miss the flag or the boat will be disqualified. In Taiwan, most cities hold a dragon boat competition that may start several weeks in advance. The earlier races are elimination heats that lead up to the final day of competition. There are anywhere from 2-8 lanes of dragon boats racing at one time. Teams are divided by age, country, or even companies. The competition is fierce teams train for months in advance.	i don't know
Polish-born Wislawa Szymborska won the 1996 Nobel Prize in what?	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 Wislawa Szymborska The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 Wislawa Szymborska Prize share: 1/1 The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 was awarded to Wislawa Szymborska "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality". Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1996". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 13 Jan 2017. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996/>	Literature
Which Asian country is the world’s largest exporter of black pepper?	Polish Poet, Observer of Daily Life, Wins Nobel - The New York Times The New York Times Books \|Polish Poet, Observer of Daily Life, Wins Nobel Search Continue reading the main story Correction Appended Wislawa Szymborska, a self-effacing 73-year-old Polish poet who collects trashy postcards because she says trash has no pretensions, won the Nobel Prize for Literature today. This year's prize is the biggest ever, $1.12 million. The announcement by the Swedish Academy surprised some in the literary world who had expected the 1996 award to go to a novelist because last year's winner was the Irish poet Seamus Heaney. Ms. Szymborska, whose name is pronounced vees-WAH-wah sheem-BOR-ska, is little known outside Poland, where she is revered as a distinguished poet from the intellectual center of Cracow. She stresses the quirks and unexpected nature of daily life and of personal relations in poetry that spans five decades. Her early work, which she has since renounced, embraced the Socialist Realism of the Stalinist era. In its award citation, the Swedish Academy noted that Ms. Szymborska has been described as ''the Mozart of poetry, not without justice in view of her wealth of inspiration and the veritable ease with which her words seem to fall into place.'' Word of the prize reached Ms. Szymborska in the southern mountain town of Zakopane, where she was staying at a writers' retreat. Staff members there said she was having lunch and could not be disturbed. Advertisement Continue reading the main story But after a flurry of congratulatory phone calls, including one from Czeslaw Milosz, the Polish-born poet who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1980, Ms. Szymborska, a diminutive woman with slightly graying hair, a cigarette always between her fingers, got up the gumption for a news conference. ''I don't think much of myself, but I'm afraid that saying that will be taken as trying to charm the audience,'' she said. But she added, ''The poet as a person is in a way self-conceited: she has to believe in herself and hope she has something to say.'' The citation quoted one of her poems, ''Nothing Twice,'' from 1980, the year before martial law was declared in a crackdown on the democracy movement in Communist Poland. The final stanza reads in the English translation: With smiles and kisses, we prefer to seek accord beneath our star, although we're different (we concur) just as two drops of water are. In a telephone interview from Zakopane, Ms. Szymborska said her work was personal rather than political. ''Of course, life crosses politics,'' she said, ''but my poems are strictly not political. They are more about people and life.'' An ebullient Mr. Milosz said in an interview from his home in Berkeley, Calif., that Ms. Szymborska's award represented a ''triumph for Polish poetry in the 20th century'' and added, ''Two Nobel poet laureates from a given country is quite good.'' Ms. Szymborska's first poem was published in a Cracow newspaper in 1945. Her early work dealt with Western imperialism and depicted the suffering of the proletariat under capitalism. Advertisement Continue reading the main story But in 1954, in a collection, ''Questions Put to Myself,'' there were glimmers of the sparse style that characterizes her later work. By 1957, she was disillusioned enough to draw a parallel between Stalin, who died in 1953, and an Abominable Snowman in a collection titled ''Calling Out to Yeti.'' The literary critic Edward Hirsch noted in The New York Review of Books earlier this year that Ms. Szymborska had concluded that believing in Communism was like believing in the Abominable Snowman: neither offered human warmth or artistic comfort. Mr. Milosz said that Ms. Szymborska passed through a long evolution as a poet. ''I didn't like her early work,'' he said. ''She went through a Stalinist phase. But every volume is better.'' Her later work was unusual for the 20th century, he said. ''As a person and in her poetry, she is very attenuated. It is just a whisper.'' One of Ms. Szymborska's handful of close friends, Jan Pieszczachowicz, the president of the Cracow branch of the Polish Writers' Union, described her as ''delicate'' and ''sensitive,'' with ''a wonderful sense of humor.'' ''In her poems there is a certain sadness, and nostalgia, a general fear of civilization and the crisis of values,'' Mr. Pieszczachowicz said. ''But contrary to other poets, Szymborska says that one can still live nobly. In her poems, she talks about ordinary, everyday things, which, according to the poet, live their own separate lives. In her poetry there is no cheap sentimentalism.'' Ms. Szymborska, who also won the Polish PEN club's poetry award this week, lives in a modest two-room apartment in the center of Cracow, where a cherished tall poplar grazes the balcony. She avoids literary gatherings and conferences and traipses around in old coats and sweaters, Mr. Pieszczachowicz said. As much as she disdains crowds, she likes to surround herself with a few friends. ''She likes herring, beans Breton style and a glass of vodka,'' he said. In a poem, ''Kiczowaty'' (''Kitschy''), dedicated to his daughter, Mr. Pieszczachowicz said, Ms. Szymborska referred to the intrinsic value of the postcards she collects, explaining that ''trash does not pretend to be anything better than it is.'' Advertisement Continue reading the main story Born in 1923 in Kurnik, a small town near the western city of Poznan, Ms. Szymborska moved with her parents to Cracow at the age of 8. She attended Jagiellonian University there. Mr. Pieszczachowicz said Ms. Szymborska was married twice. Her first husband was a poet, Adam Wlodek, whom she divorced. Her second husband, Kornel Filipowicz, was a writer with whom she shared a love of fishing. Mr. Filipowicz's death in the early 1990's inspired a collection of poems that appeared in 1993, ''The End and the Beginning.'' Beata Chmiel, the editor of Ex Libris, a leading Polish literary magazine, said that collection included ''Cat in the Empty Apartment,'' which she described as ''the best poem I have read about death.'' Ms. Chmiel translated the first lines thus: To die This we cannot do to a cat What can a cat do in the empty apartment. ''Her poetry is something very personal,'' Ms. Chmiel said, ''and this is the victory of the Nobel Prize committee. They have given the prize to an unknown poet of Poland, but this poet can be very close to people all over the world: men, women, black and white.'' In an interview with Ms. Chmiel in Ex Libris in 1994, Ms. Szymborska scoffed at the idea that there should be anything like ''womanly'' poetry. ''I think that dividing literature or poetry into women's and men's poetry is starting to sound absurd,'' she said. ''Perhaps there was a time when a woman's world did exist, separated from certain issues and problems, but at present there are no things that would not concern women and men at the same time. We do not live in the boudoir anymore.'' Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Ms. Szymborska is the fifth Polish-born writer to win the Nobel literature prize. The novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz won in 1905 for his book ''Quo Vadis,'' and Wladyslaw Reymont won in 1924 for his rendition of rural life, ''The Peasants.'' Isaac Bashevis Singer, who wrote about Polish-Jewish life from his perch in New York City, was awarded the prize in 1978, and Mr. Milosz, who is based at the University of California, Berkeley but keeps an apartment in Cracow, won in 1980. The elusive Ms. Szymborska confessed that the prize would bring some unwelcome changes. ''I have no defense mechanism,'' she told Mr. Milosz when he called from California. ''I'm a private person. The most difficult thing will be to write a speech. I will be writing it for a month. I don't know what I will be talking about, but I will talk about you.'' By the end of the day, Ms. Szymborska said she had had enough, and was retreating to a place in Poland even more remote than Zakopane, where nobody, and certainly not reporters, could find her. 'Out of Pure Curiosity' I knock at the stone's front door. ''It's only me, let me come in. I've come out of pure curiosity. Advertisement Only life can quench it. I mean to stroll through your palace, then go calling on a leaf, a drop of water. I don't have much time. My mortality should touch you.'' ''I'm made of stone,'' says the stone, ''and must therefore keep a straight face. Go away. I don't have the muscles to laugh.'' ''Conversation With a Stone'' (''Salt,'' 1962) In the old master's landscape, the trees have roots beneath the oil paint, the path undoubtedly reaches its goal, the signature is replaced by a stately blade of grass, it's a persuasive 5 in the afternoon, May has been gently, yet firmly, detained, so I've lingered, too. Why, of course, my dear, I am the woman there, under the ash tree Just see how far behind I've left you, see the white bonnet and the yellow skirt I wear, see how I grip my basket so as not to slip out of the painting, how I strut within another's fate and rest awhile from living mysteries. ''Landscape'' (''No End of Fun,'' 1967) It could have happened. It happened, but not to you. You were saved because you were the first. You were saved because you were the last. Alone. With others. On the right. The left. Because it was raining. Because of the shade. Because the day was sunny. ''Could Have'' (1972) They say I looked back out of curiosity, but I could have had other reasons. I looked back mourning my silver bowl. Carelessly, while tying my sandal strap. So I wouldn't have to keep staring at the righteous nape of my husband Lot's neck. From the sudden conviction that if I dropped dead he wouldn't so much as hesitate. ''Lot's Wife'' (''A Large Number,'' 1976) And who's this little fellow in his itty-bitty robe? That's tiny baby Adolf, the Hitlers' little boy! Will he grow up to be a L.L.D.? Or a tenor in Vienna's Opera House? Whose teensy hand is this, whose little ear and eye and nose? Whose tummy full of milk, we just don't know; printer's, doctor's, merchant's, priest's? Where will those tootsy-wootsies finally wander? To a garden, to a school, to an office, to a bride? Advertisement Maybe to the Burgermeister's daughter? ''Hitler's First Photograph'' (''The People on the Bridge,'' 1986) From time to time someone still must dig up a rusted argument from underneath a bush and haul it off to the dump. Those who knew what this was all about must make way for those who know little. And at last nothing less than nothing. ''The End and the Beginning'' (1993) Correction: October 5, 1996, Saturday Poetry excerpts yesterday with an article about Wislawa Szymborska, winner of the 1996 Nobel Prize for Literature, omitted attribution. They were from ''View With a Grain of Sand,'' an anthology of translations by Stanislaw Baranczak and Clare Cavanagh, published by Harcourt Brace. A front-page excerpt with a cross-reference to the article also came from the anthology.	i don't know
Which Rodgers and Hammerstein musical made its television debut when CBS broadcast the 1955 film version as a three-hour Thanksgiving special in 1970?	The King and I - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos The King and I NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE This article is about the stage musical. For other uses, see The King and I (disambiguation) . The King and I 2015 Tony Award for Best Revival The King and I is a musical , the fifth by the team of composer Richard Rodgers and dramatist Oscar Hammerstein II . It is based on the 1944 novel Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landon , which is in turn derived from the memoirs of Anna Leonowens , governess to the children of King Mongkut of Siam in the early 1860s. The musical's plot relates the experiences of Anna, a British schoolteacher hired as part of the King's drive to modernize his country. The relationship between the King and Anna is marked by conflict through much of the piece, as well as by a love that neither can admit. The musical premiered on March 29, 1951, at Broadway 's St. James Theatre . It ran nearly three years, then the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history, and has had many tours and revivals. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence . Holtzmann realized that Landon's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein , who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play the supporting part of the King, a role that he had played in the 1946 film made from Landon's book, but he was unavailable. They settled on the young actor and television director Yul Brynner . The musical was an immediate hit, winning Tony Awards for Best Musical , Best Actress (for Lawrence) and Best Featured Actor (for Brynner). Lawrence died unexpectedly of cancer a year and a half after the opening, and the role of Anna was played by several actresses during the remainder of the Broadway run of 1,246 performances. A hit London run and U.S. national tour followed, together with a 1956 film for which Brynner won an Academy Award , and the musical was recorded several times. In later revivals, Brynner came to dominate his role and the musical, starring in a four-year national tour culminating in a 1985 Broadway run shortly before his death. Christopher Renshaw directed major revivals on Broadway (1996), winning the Tony Award for Best Revival , and in the West End (2000). A 2015 Broadway revival won another Tony for Best Revival. Both professional and amateur revivals of The King and I continue to be staged regularly throughout the English-speaking world. Contents Historical background[ edit ] King Mongkut (far right) with his heir Chulalongkorn seated next to him and some of his other children. A wife is seated at left. Mongkut , King of Siam , was about 57 years old in 1861. He had lived half his life as a Buddhist monk and was an able scholar, founding a new order of Buddhism and a temple in Bangkok (paid for by his half-brother, King Nangklao ). Through his decades of devotion, Mongkut acquired an ascetic lifestyle and a firm grasp of Western languages. When Nangklao died in 1850, Mongkut became king. At that time, various European countries were striving for dominance, and American traders sought greater influence, in Southeast Asia. He ultimately succeeded in keeping Siam an independent nation, partly by familiarizing his heirs and harem with Western ways. [1] In 1861, Mongkut wrote to his Singapore agent, Tan Kim Ching , asking him to find a British lady to be governess to the royal children. At the time, the British community in Singapore was small, and the choice fell on a recent arrival there, Anna Leonowens (1831–1915), who was running a small nursery school in the colony. [2] Leonowens was the Anglo-Indian daughter of an Indian Army soldier and the widow of Thomas Owens, a clerk and hotel keeper. She had arrived in Singapore two years previously, claiming to be the genteel widow of an officer and explaining her dark complexion by stating that she was Welsh by birth. Her deception was not detected until long after her death, and had still not come to light when The King and I was written. [3] Mongkut with Chulalongkorn, dressed in naval uniforms Upon receiving the King's invitation, Leonowens sent her daughter, Avis, to school in England, to give Avis the social advantage of a prestigious British education, and traveled to Bangkok with her five-year-old son, Louis . [2] King Mongkut had sought a Briton to teach his children and wives after trying local missionaries , who used the opportunity to proselytize. Leonowens initially asked for $150 in Singapore currency per month. Another request by Leonowens, that she live in or near the missionary community to ensure she was not deprived of Western company, aroused suspicion in Mongkut, who cautioned in a letter, "we need not have teacher of Christianity as they are abundant here". [4] King Mongkut and Leonowens came to an agreement: $100 per month and a residence near the royal palace. At a time when most transport in Bangkok was by boat, Mongkut did not wish to have to arrange for the teacher to get to work every day. [4] Leonowens and Louis temporarily lived as guests of Mongkut's prime minister, and after the first house offered was found to be unsuitable, the family moved into a brick residence (wooden structures decayed quickly in Bangkok's climate) within walking distance of the palace. [4] In 1867, Leonowens left Bangkok on a six-month leave of absence to visit her daughter Avis in England, intending to deposit Louis at a school in Ireland and return to Siam with Avis. [5] However, due to unexpected delays and opportunities for further travel, Leonowens was still abroad in late 1868, when Mongkut fell ill and died. Leonowens did not return to Siam, although she continued to correspond with her former pupil, the new king Chulalongkorn . [6] [7] Creation[ edit ] In 1950, British actress Gertrude Lawrence 's business manager and attorney, Fanny Holtzmann , was looking for a new vehicle for her client when the 1944 Margaret Landon novel Anna and the King of Siam (a fictionalized version of Leonowens' experiences) was sent to her by Landon's agent . [8] According to Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest , Holtzmann was worried that Lawrence's career was fading. [9] The 51-year-old actress had appeared only in plays, not in musicals, since Lady in the Dark closed in 1943. [10] Holtzmann agreed that a musical based on Anna and the King of Siam would be ideal for her client, [8] who purchased the rights to adapt the novel for the stage. [11] Holtzmann initially wanted Cole Porter to write the score , but he declined. She was going to approach Noël Coward next, but happened to meet Dorothy Hammerstein (Oscar's wife) in Manhattan. Holtzmann told Dorothy Hammerstein that she wanted Rodgers and Hammerstein to create a show for Lawrence, and asked her to see that her husband read a book that Holtzmann would send over. In fact, both Dorothy Rodgers and Dorothy Hammerstein had read the novel in 1944 and had urged their husbands to consider it as a possible subject for a musical. [8] Dorothy Hammerstein had known Gertrude Lawrence since 1925, when they had both appeared in André Charlot 's London Revue of 1924 on Broadway and on tour in North America. [12] Oscar Hammerstein II Rodgers and Hammerstein had disliked Landon's novel as a basis for a musical when it was published, and their views still held. It consists of vignettes of life at the Siamese court, interspersed with descriptions of historical events unconnected with each other, except that the King creates most of the difficulties in the episodes, and Anna tries to resolve them. [13] [14] Rodgers and Hammerstein could see no coherent story from which a musical could be made [13] until they saw the 1946 film adaptation , starring Irene Dunne and Rex Harrison , and how the screenplay united the episodes in the novel. [13] Rodgers and Hammerstein were also concerned about writing a star vehicle. They had preferred to make stars rather than hire them, and engaging the legendary Gertrude Lawrence would be expensive. Lawrence's voice was also a worry: her limited vocal range was diminishing with the years, while her tendency to sing flat was increasing. Lawrence's temperament was another concern: though she could not sing like one, the star was known to be capable of diva -like behavior. [15] In spite of this, they admired her acting – what Hammerstein called her "magic light", a compelling presence on stage – and agreed to write the show. [16] For her part, Lawrence committed to remaining in the show until June 1, 1953, and waived the star's usual veto rights over cast and director, leaving control in the hands of the two authors. [17] Hammerstein found his "door in" to the play in Landon's account of a slave in Siam writing about Abraham Lincoln. This would eventually become the narrated dance, " The Small House of Uncle Thomas ". Since a frank expression of romantic feelings between the King and Anna would be inappropriate in view of both parties' upbringing and prevailing social mores, [18] Hammerstein wrote love scenes for a secondary couple, Tuptim, a junior wife of the King, and Lun Tha, a scholar. In the Landon work, the relationship is between Tuptim and a priest, and is not romantic. The musical's most radical change from the novel was to have the King die at the end of the play. [19] Also, since Lawrence was not primarily a singer, the secondary couple gave Rodgers a chance to write his usual "soaring" romantic melodies. [20] In an interview for The New York Times , Hammerstein indicated that he wrote the first scene before leaving for London and the West End production of Carousel in mid-1950; he wrote a second scene while in the British capital. [21] The pair had to overcome the challenge of how to represent Thai speech and music. Rodgers, who had experimented with Asian music in his short-lived 1928 musical with Lorenz Hart titled Chee-chee, [22] did not wish to use actual Thai music, which American audiences might not find accessible. Instead, he gave his music an exotic flavor, using open fifths and chords in unusual keys, in ways pleasant to Western ears. [23] [24] Hammerstein faced the problem of how to represent Thai speech; he and Rodgers chose to convey it by musical sounds, made by the orchestra. For the King's style of speech, Hammerstein developed an abrupt, emphatic way of talking, which was mostly free of articles, as are many East Asian languages. The forceful style reflected the King's personality and was maintained even when he sang, especially in his one solo, "A Puzzlement". [24] Many of the King's lines, including his first utterance, "Who? Who? Who?", and much of the initial scene between him and Anna, are drawn from Landon's version. Nevertheless, the King is presented more sympathetically in the musical than in the novel or the 1946 film, as the musical omits the torture and burning at the stake of Lady Tuptim and her partner. [25] With Rodgers laid up with back trouble, Hammerstein completed most of the musical's book before many songs were set to music. [26] Early on, Hammerstein contacted set designer Jo Mielziner and costume designer Irene Sharaff and asked them to begin work in coordination with each other. Sharaff communicated with Jim Thompson , an American who had revived the Thai silk industry after World War II. Thompson sent Sharaff samples of silk cloth from Thailand and pictures of local dress from the mid-19th century. [27] One such picture, of a Thai woman in western dress, inspired the song "Western People Funny", sung by the King's chief wife, Lady Thiang, while dressed in western garb. [28] Choreographer Jerome Robbins Producer Leland Hayward , who had worked with the duo on South Pacific , approached Jerome Robbins to choreograph a ballet for "The Small House of Uncle Thomas". Robbins was very enthusiastic about the project and asked to choreograph the other musical numbers as well, although Rodgers and Hammerstein had originally planned little other dancing. Robbins staged "The Small House of Uncle Thomas" as an intimate performance, rather than a large production number. [28] His choreography for the parade of the King's children to meet their teacher ("March of the Royal Siamese Children") drew great acclaim. [29] Robert Russell Bennett provided the orchestrations, and Trude Rittmann arranged the ballet music. [30] The pair discussed having an Act 1 musical scene involving Anna and the King's wives. The lyrics for that scene proved to be very difficult for Hammerstein to write. He first thought that Anna would simply tell the wives something about her past, and wrote such lyrics as "I was dazzled by the splendor/Of Calcutta and Bombay" and "The celebrities were many/And the parties very gay/(I recall a curry dinner/And a certain Major Grey)." [31] Eventually, Hammerstein decided to write about how Anna felt, a song which would not only explain her past and her motivation for traveling with her son to the court of Siam, but also serve to establish a bond with Tuptim and lay the groundwork for the conflict that devastates Anna's relationship with the King. [18] [31] "Hello, Young Lovers", the resulting song, was the work of five exhausting weeks for Hammerstein. He finally sent the lyrics to Rodgers by messenger and awaited his reaction. Hammerstein considered the song his best work and was anxious to hear what Rodgers thought of it, but no comment came from Rodgers. Pride kept Hammerstein from asking. Finally, after four days, the two happened to be talking on the phone about other matters, and at the end of the conversation, Rodgers stated, very briefly, that the lyric was fine. Josh Logan , who had worked closely with Hammerstein on South Pacific, listened to the usually unflappable writer pour out his unhappy feelings. It was one of the few times that Hammerstein and Rodgers did not display a united front. [32] Casting and auditions[ edit ] Yul Brynner in the original production of The King and I Although the part of the King was only a supporting role to Lawrence's Anna, Hammerstein and Rodgers thought it essential that a well-known theatrical actor play it. The obvious choice was Rex Harrison, who had played the King in the movie, but he was booked, as was Noël Coward. Alfred Drake , the original Curly in Oklahoma! , made contractual demands which were deemed too high. With time running short before rehearsals, finding an actor to play the King became a major concern. Mary Martin , the original Nellie Forbush in South Pacific, suggested that her co-star in a 1946 musical set in China, Lute Song , try for the role. [33] Rodgers recounted the audition of the Russian-American performer, Yul Brynner : They told us the name of the first man and out he came with a bald head and sat cross-legged on the stage. He had a guitar and he hit his guitar one whack and gave out with this unearthly yell and sang some heathenish sort of thing, and Oscar and I looked at each other and said, "Well, that's it." [34] Brynner termed Rodgers' account "very picturesque, but totally inaccurate". He recalled that as an established television director (in CBS 's Starlight Theatre, for example), he was reluctant to go back on the stage. His wife, his agent, and Martin finally convinced him to read Hammerstein's working script, and once he did, he was fascinated by the character of the King and was eager to do the project. [35] [36] In any case, Brynner's fierce, mercurial, dangerous, yet surprisingly sensitive King was an ideal foil for Lawrence's strong-willed, yet vulnerable Anna, and when the two finally came together in " Shall We Dance? ", where the King hesitantly touches Anna's waist, the chemistry was palpable. [18] Gertrude Lawrence as Anna, in the Irene Sharaff -designed ball gown Pre-rehearsal preparations began in late 1950. Hammerstein had wanted Logan to direct and co-write the book, as he had for South Pacific, but when Logan declined, Hammerstein decided to write the entire book himself. Instead of Logan, the duo hired as director John van Druten , who had worked with Lawrence years earlier. The costume designer, Sharaff, wryly pointed the press to the incongruity of a Victorian British governess in the midst of an exotic court: "The first-act finale of The King and I will feature Miss Lawrence, Mr. Brynner, and a pink satin ball gown." [37] Mielziner's set plan was the simplest of the four Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals he had worked on, with one main set (the throne room), a number of front-stage drops (for the ship and Anna's room, for example) and the entire stage cleared for "The Small House of Uncle Thomas". [38] The show was budgeted at $250,000 (US$2,310,000 in 2017 dollars) making it the most expensive Rodgers and Hammerstein production to that point, and prompting some mockery that costs exceeded even their expensive flop Allegro . [39] Investors included Hammerstein, Rodgers, Logan, Martin, Billy Rose and Hayward. [40] The children who were cast as the young princes and princesses came from a wide range of ethnic backgrounds, including Puerto Rican or Italian, though none were Thai. [41] Johnny Stewart was the original Prince Chulalongkorn but left the cast after only three months, replaced by Ronnie Lee. Sandy Kennedy was Louis, and Broadway veteran Larry Douglas played Lun Tha. [42] [43] Shortly before rehearsals began in January 1951, Rodgers had the first Tuptim, Doretta Morrow , sing the entire score to Lawrence, including Lawrence's own songs. Lawrence listened calmly, but when she met Rodgers and Hammerstein the following day, she treated Rodgers coldly, apparently seeing the composer's actions as flaunting her vocal deficiencies. [44] Hammerstein and Rodgers' doubts about whether Lawrence could handle the part were assuaged by the sheer force of her acting. James Poling, a writer for Collier's who was allowed to attend the rehearsals, wrote of Lawrence preparing "Shall I Tell You What I Think of You?": She took the center of the barren stage wearing, for practice, a dirty muslin hoop over her slacks, with an old jacket thrown over her shoulders for warmth. She began rather quietly on the note, "Your servant! Your servant! Indeed I'm not your servant!" Then she gradually built the scene, slowly but powerfully, until, in a great crescendo, she ended prone on the floor, pounding in fury, and screaming, "Toads! Toads! Toads! All of your people are toads." When she finished, the handful of professionals in the theatre burst into admiring applause. [22] At his first meeting with Sharaff, Brynner, who had only a fringe of hair, asked what he was to do about it. When told he was to shave it, Brynner was horror-struck and refused, convinced he would look terrible. He finally gave in during tryouts and put dark makeup on his shaved head. The effect was so well-received that it became Brynner's trademark. [45] Lawrence's health caused her to miss several rehearsals, though no one knew what was wrong with her. [44] When the tryout opened in New Haven, Connecticut on February 27, 1951, the show was nearly four hours long. Lawrence, suffering from laryngitis , had missed the dress rehearsal , but managed to make it through the first public performance. The Variety critic noted that despite her recent illness she "slinks, acts, cavorts, and in general exhibits exceedingly well her several facets for entertaining", but the Philadelphia Bulletin printed that her "already thin voice is now starting to wear a great deal thinner". [46] Leland Hayward came to see the show in New Haven and shocked Rodgers by advising him to close it before it went any further. Additionally, when the show left New Haven for Boston for more tryout performances, it was still at least 45 minutes too long. [47] Gemze de Lappe , who was one of the dancers, recalled one cut that she regretted: They took out a wonderful scene. Mrs. Anna's first entrance into the palace comes with a song in which she sings, "Over half a year I have been waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting outside your door." At the end she points her umbrella at him, or something like that, and the King says "Off with her head" or words to that effect, and the eunuchs pick her up and carry her off. The King says "Who, who, who?" with great satisfaction, and finds out that he has just thrown out the English schoolteacher. So he says, "Bring her back!" and she is ushered in ... we all loved it. [48] Part of the Act I song list from the New Haven tryout This song, "Waiting", was a trio for Anna, the King, and the Kralahome (the King's prime minister). "Who Would Refuse?", the Kralahome's only solo, was also dropped. Left without a note to sing, Mervyn Vye abandoned the show and was replaced by John Juliano. "Now You Leave", a song for Lady Thiang (played by Dorothy Sarnoff in the original production), was also cut. [42] [47] After the cuts, Rodgers and Hammerstein felt that the first act was lacking something. Lawrence suggested that they write a song for Anna and the children. Mary Martin reminded them of a song that had been cut from South Pacific, "Suddenly Lucky". Hammerstein wrote a new lyric for the melody, and the resulting song became "Getting to Know You". "Western People Funny" and "I Have Dreamed" were also added in Boston. [29] Brynner regretted that there were not more tryout performances, feeling that the schedule did not give him an adequate opportunity to develop the complex role of the King. When he told this to Hammerstein and Rodgers, they asked what sort of performance they would get from him, and he responded, "It will be good enough, it will get the reviews." [49] Act 1[ edit ] In 1862, a strong-willed, widowed schoolteacher, Anna Leonowens, arrives in Bangkok, Siam (later known as Thailand) at the request of the King of Siam to tutor his many children. Anna's young son, Louis, fears the severe countenance of the King's prime minister, the Kralahome, but Anna refuses to be intimidated (" I Whistle a Happy Tune "). The Kralahome has come to escort them to the palace, where they are expected to live – a violation of Anna's contract, which calls for them to live in a separate house. She considers returning to Singapore aboard the vessel that brought them, but goes with her son and the Kralahome. The King (Brynner) presents (some of) his children to Anna (Constance Towers), 1977 Several weeks pass, during which Anna and Louis are confined to their palace rooms. The King receives a gift from the king of Burma, a lovely slave girl named Tuptim, to be one of his many wives. She is escorted by Lun Tha, a scholar who has come to copy a design for a temple, and the two are secretly in love. Tuptim, left alone, declares that the King may own her, but not her heart ("My Lord and Master"). The King gives Anna her first audience. The schoolteacher is a part of his plan for the modernization of Siam; he is impressed when she already knows this. She raises the issue of her house with him, he dismisses her protests and orders her to talk with his wives. They are interested in her, and she tells them of her late husband, Tom ("Hello, Young Lovers"). The King presents her new pupils; Anna is to teach those of his children whose mothers are in favor with him – several dozen – and is to teach their mothers as well. The princes and princesses enter in procession ("March of the Royal Siamese Children"). Anna is charmed by the children, and formality breaks down after the ceremony as they crowd around her. Anna has not given up on the house, and teaches the children proverbs and songs extolling the virtues of home life, to the King's irritation. The King has enough worries without battling the schoolteacher, and wonders why the world has become so complicated ("A Puzzlement"). The children and wives are hard at work learning English ("The Royal Bangkok Academy"). The children are surprised by a map showing how small Siam is compared with the rest of the world (" Getting to Know You "). As the crown prince , Chulalongkorn, disputes the map, the King enters a chaotic schoolroom. He orders the pupils to believe the teacher but complains to Anna about her lessons about "home". Anna stands her ground and insists on the letter of her contract, threatening to leave Siam, much to the dismay of wives and children. The King orders her to obey as "my servant"; she repudiates the term and hurries away. The King dismisses school, then leaves, uncertain of his next action. Lun Tha comes upon Tuptim, and they muse about having to hide their relationship ("We Kiss in a Shadow"). Lawrence as Anna takes dictation from the King (Brynner), 1951 In her room, Anna replays the confrontation in her mind, her anger building ("Shall I Tell You What I Think of You?"). Lady Thiang, the King's head wife, tells Anna that the King is troubled by his portrayal in the West as a barbarian, as the British are being urged to take over Siam as a protectorate . Anna is shocked by the accusations – the King is a polygamist, but he is no barbarian – but she is reluctant to see him after their argument. Lady Thiang convinces her that the King is deserving of support ("Something Wonderful"). Anna goes to him and finds him anxious for reconciliation. The King tells her that the British are sending an envoy to Bangkok to evaluate the situation. Anna "guesses" – the only guise in which the King will accept advice – that the King will receive the envoy in European style, and that the wives will be dressed in Western fashion. Tuptim has been writing a play based on a book that Anna has lent her, Uncle Tom's Cabin , that can be presented to the guests. News is brought to the King that the British are arriving much earlier than thought, and so Anna and the wives are to stay up all night to prepare. The King assembles his family for a Buddhist prayer for the success of the venture and also promises before Buddha that Anna will receive her own house "as provided in agreement, etc., etc." Act 2[ edit ] "The Small House of Uncle Thomas" The wives are dressed in their new European-style gowns, which they find confining ("Western People Funny"). In the rush to prepare, the question of undergarments has been overlooked, and the wives have practically nothing on underneath their gowns. When the British envoy, Sir Edward Ramsay, arrives and gazes at them through a monocle, they are panicked by the "evil eye" and lift their skirts over their heads as they flee. Sir Edward is diplomatic about the incident. When the King is called away, it emerges that Sir Edward is an old flame of Anna's, and they dance in remembrance of old times, as Edward urges her to return to British society. The King returns and irritably reminds them that dancing is for after dinner. As final preparations for the play are made, Tuptim steals a moment to meet with Lun Tha. He tells her he has an escape plan, and she should be ready to leave after the performance ("I Have Dreamed"). Anna encounters them, and they confide in her ("Hello, Young Lovers", reprise). The play (" Small House of Uncle Thomas ", narrated ballet) is presented in a Siamese ballet-inspired dance. Tuptim is the narrator, and she tells her audience of the evil King Simon of Legree and his pursuit of the runaway slave Eliza . Eliza is saved by Buddha , who miraculously freezes a river and conceals her in snow. Buddha then causes the river to melt, drowning King Simon and his hunting party. The anti-slavery message is blunt. Brynner and Lawrence perform "Shall We Dance?" After the play, Sir Edward reveals that the British threat has receded, but the King is distracted by his displeasure at Tuptim's rebellious message. After Sir Edward leaves, Anna and the King express their delight at how well the evening went, and he presents her with a ring. Secret police report that Tuptim is missing. The King realizes that Anna knows something; she parries his inquiry by asking why he should care: Tuptim is just another woman to him. He is delighted; she is at last understanding the Siamese perspective. Anna tries to explain to him the Western customs of courtship and tells him what it is like for a young woman at a formal dance ("Shall We Dance?"). He demands that she teach him the dance. She does, and in that dance they experience and express a love for each other that they can never speak aloud. They are interrupted by the Kralahome. Tuptim has been captured, and a search is on for Lun Tha. The King resolves to punish Tuptim, though she denies she and Lun Tha were lovers. Anna tries to dissuade him, but he is determined that her influence shall not rule, and he takes the whip himself. He turns to lash Tuptim, but under Anna's gaze is unable to swing the whip, and hurries away. Lun Tha is found dead, and Tuptim is dragged off, swearing to kill herself; nothing more is heard about her. Anna asks the Kralahome to give her ring back to the King; both schoolteacher and minister state their wish that she had never come to Siam. Several months pass with no contact between Anna and the King. Anna is packed and ready to board a ship leaving Siam. Chulalongkorn arrives with a letter from the King, who has been unable to resolve the conflicts within himself and is dying. Anna hurries to the King's bedside and they reconcile. The King persuades her to take back the ring and to stay and assist the next king, Chulalongkorn. The dying man tells Anna to take dictation from the prince, and instructs the boy to give orders as if he were King. The prince orders the end of the custom of kowtowing that Anna hated. The King grudgingly accepts this decision. As Chulalongkorn continues, prescribing a less arduous bow to show respect for the king, his father dies. Anna kneels by the late King, holding his hand and kissing it, as the wives and children bow or curtsey, a gesture of respect to old king and new. Principal roles and notable performers[ edit ] Character Original productions[ edit ] The King and I opened at the St. James Theatre , seen in 2006. The King and I opened on Broadway on March 29, 1951, with a wide expectation of a hit by the press and public. Both Hammerstein and Rodgers professed to be worried. The composer complained that most people were not concerned about whether the show was good, but whether it was better than South Pacific. Even the weather cooperated: heavy rain in New York stopped in time to allow the mostly wealthy or connected opening night audience to arrive dry at the St. James Theatre . [53] Margaret Landon, author of the book on which the musical was based, was not invited to opening night. [54] Brynner turned in an outstanding performance that night, nearly stealing the show. Lawrence knew that the company was nervous because of her illnesses. The director, John van Druten, described how her opening night performance put all worries to rest: "She came on the stage with a new and dazzling quality, as if an extra power had been granted to the brilliance of her stage light. She was radiant and wonderful." [55] The rave reviews in the newspapers lifted Lawrence's spirits, and she expected a lengthy run as Anna, first on Broadway, then in London's West End , and finally on film. [56] Lawrence won a Tony Award for her leading role, while Brynner won the award for best featured actor. The show won the Tony for best musical, and designers Mielziner and Sharaff received awards in their categories. [57] De Lappe remembered the contrast between Lawrence's indifferent singing voice and the force of her performance: I used to listen to Gertrude Lawrence on the public address system every night in our dressing rooms, and she'd get onto a note and sag down off of it. The night after I left the show to go into Paint Your Wagon , Yul Brynner gave me house seats and I saw her from the front and I was so taken by her. She had such a star quality, you didn't care if she sang off-key. She more than dominated the stage. Boy, was that a lesson to me. [22] Lawrence had not yet discovered that she was dying from liver cancer , and her weakened condition was exacerbated by the demands of her role. At the age of 52, she was required to wear dresses weighing 75 pounds (34 kg) while walking or dancing a total of 4 miles (6.4 km) during a 3½ hour performance eight times a week. Lawrence found it hard to bear the heat in the theatre during the summer months. Understudy Constance Carpenter began replacing her in matinee performances. Later in the year Lawrence's strength returned, and she resumed her full schedule, but by Christmas she was battling pleurisy and suffering from exhaustion. She entered the hospital for a full week of tests. Just nine months before her death, the cancer still was not detected. In February 1952, bronchitis felled her for another week, and her husband Richard Aldrich asked Rodgers and Hammerstein if they would consider closing the show for Easter week to give her a chance to recover fully. They denied his request, but agreed to replace her with the original Ado Annie from Oklahoma!, Celeste Holm , for six weeks during the summer. [58] Meanwhile, Lawrence's performances were deteriorating, prompting audiences to become audibly restive. Rodgers and Hammerstein prepared a letter, never delivered, advising her that "eight times a week you are losing the respect of 1,500 people". [59] In late August, Lawrence fainted following a matinee and was admitted to the NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital . She slipped into a coma and died on September 6, 1952, aged 54. Her autopsy revealed liver cancer. On the day of her funeral, the performance of The King and I was cancelled. [60] The lights of Broadway and the West End were dimmed; she was buried in the ball gown she wore during Act 2. [61] Carpenter assumed the role of Anna and went on to play it for 620 performances. [62] Other Annas during the run included Holm, Annamary Dickey and Patricia Morison . [63] Although Brynner later boasted of never missing a show, he missed several, once when stagehands at the St. James Theatre accidentally struck him in the nose with a piece of scenery, another time due to appendicitis. [64] Also, for three months in 1952 (and occasionally in 1953), Alfred Drake replaced Brynner. [58] [65] One young actor, Sal Mineo , began as an extra, then became an understudy for a younger prince, then an understudy and later a replacement for Crown Prince Chulalongkorn. [66] Mineo began a close friendship and working relationship with Brynner which would last for more than a decade. [67] Another replacement was Terry Saunders as Lady Thiang. [68] She reprised the role in the 1956 film. The last of the production's 1,246 performances was on March 20, 1954. The run was, at the time, the fourth longest ever for a Broadway musical. [69] A U.S. national tour began on March 22, 1954, at the Community Theatre, Hershey, Pennsylvania , starring Brynner and Morison. The tour played in 30 cities, closing on December 17, 1955, at the Shubert Theatre, Philadelphia. [70] [71] The original London production opened on October 8, 1953, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane , and was warmly received by both audiences and critics; [72] it ran for 946 performances. [73] The show was restaged by Jerome Whyte. [58] The cast featured Valerie Hobson , in her last role, as Anna; [74] Herbert Lom as the King; and Muriel Smith as Lady Thiang. [73] Martin Benson played the Kralahome, [58] a role he reprised in the film. [73] Eve Lister was a replacement for Hobson, and George Pastell replaced Lom during the long run. [58] The New York Times theatre columnist Brooks Atkinson saw the production with Lister and Pastell, and thought the cast commonplace, except for Smith, whom he praised both for her acting and her voice. Atkinson commented, "The King and I is a beautifully written musical drama on a high plane of human thinking. It can survive in a mediocre performance." [75] The musical was soon premiered in Australia, Japan, and throughout Europe. [76] Early revivals[ edit ] The first revival of The King and I in New York was presented by the New York City Center Light Opera Company in April and May 1956 for three weeks, starring Jan Clayton and Zachary Scott , directed by John Fearnley, with Robbins' choreography recreated by June Graham. [77] Muriel Smith reprised her London role of Lady Thiang, and Patrick Adiarte repeated his film role, Chulalongkorn. [78] This company presented the musical again in May 1960 with Barbara Cook and Farley Granger , again directed by Fearnley, in another three-week engagement. [79] Atkinson admired the purity of Cook's voice and thought that she portrayed Anna with "a cool dignity that gives a little more stature to the part than it has had before." [80] He noted that Granger brought "a fresh point of view – as well as a full head of hair". [80] Joy Clements played Tuptim, and Anita Darian was Lady Thiang. [81] City Center again presented the show in June 1963, starring Eileen Brennan and Manolo Fabregas, directed by Fearnley. [73] [82] Clements and Darian reprised Tuptim and Thiang. [83] In the final City Center Light Opera production, Michael Kermoyan played the King opposite Constance Towers for three weeks in May 1968. [84] Darian again played Lady Thiang. [85] For all of these 1960s productions, Robbins' choreography was reproduced by Yuriko , who had played the role of Eliza in the original Broadway production and reprised the role in the City Center productions. [86] [87] Rodgers (left) and Hammerstein The Music Theatre of Lincoln Center , with Rodgers as producer, presented the musical in mid-1964 at the New York State Theater , starring Risë Stevens and Darren McGavin , with Michael Kermoyan as the Kralahome. Lun Tha, Tuptim and Thiang were played by Frank Porretta , Lee Venora and Patricia Neway . [87] Costumes were by Irene Sharaff, the designer for the original productions and the film adaptation. [88] The director was Edward Greenberg, with the Robbins choreography again reproduced by Yuriko. [87] This was Music Theatre's debut production, a five-week limited engagement. [89] The King and I was revived at London's Adelphi Theatre on October 10, 1973, running for 260 performances until May 25, 1974, starring Sally Ann Howes as Anna and Peter Wyngarde as the King. Roger Redfarn directed, and Sheila O'Neill choreographed. [58] The production, which began in June 1973 with a tour of the English provinces, [90] earned mixed to warm reviews. [91] Michael Billington in The Guardian called the revival "well played and well sung". Although he was enthusiastic about Howes as Anna, Billington thought Wyngarde "too fragile to be capable of inspiring unholy terror". [92] He praised Redfarn's production – "whipped along at a good pace and made a sumptuous eyeful out of the interpolated ballet on 'Uncle Tom's Cabin'." [92] Less favorably, Robert Cushman in The Observer thought the production "scenically and economically under-nourished". [93] He liked Wyngarde's King ("a dignified clown") but thought Howes not formidable enough to stand up to him as Anna. He noted that "she sings beautifully and the songs are the evening's real justification". [93] Brynner reprises the role[ edit ] Brynner on the 1977 program cover In early 1976, Brynner received an offer from impresarios Lee Gruber and Shelly Gross to star, in the role that he had created 25 years before, in a U.S. national tour and Broadway revival. The tour opened in Los Angeles on July 26, 1976, with Constance Towers reprising the role of Anna. On opening night, Brynner suffered so badly from laryngitis that he lip-synched , with his son Rock singing and speaking the role from the orchestra pit. The production traveled across the United States, selling out every city it appeared in and finally opening in New York at the Uris Theatre (today the Gershwin Theatre ) on May 2, 1977. [94] [95] The production featured Martin Vidnovic as Lun Tha, and Susan Kikuchi danced the part of Eliza, recreating the role that her mother, Yuriko, had originated. [70] [95] Yuriko both directed the production and recreated the Robbins choreography. Sharaff again designed costumes, and Michael Kermoyan reprised the role of the Kralahome, [96] while June Angela was Tuptim. [97] The run lasted 696 performances, almost two years, during which each of the stars took off three weeks, with Angela Lansbury replacing Towers and Kermoyan replacing Brynner. [73] The production was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical . [98] Brynner insisted on renovations to the Uris before he would play there, stating that the theatre resembled "a public toilet". [99] He also insisted that dressing rooms on the tour and at the Uris be arranged to his satisfaction. According to his biographer Michelangelo Capua, for years afterwards, performers thanked Brynner for having backstage facilities across the country cleaned up. [99] New York Times reviewer Clive Barnes said of the revival, "The cast is a good one. Mr. Brynner grinning fire and snorting charm is as near to the original as makes little difference" and called Towers "piquantly ladylike and sweet without being dangerously saccharine". [95] However, fellow Times critic Mel Gussow warned, later in the run, that "to a certain extent [Brynner] was coasting on his charisma". [100] Brynner in 1977: "Every day I do my best for one more day." The tour was extended in 1979, after the New York run, still starring Brynner and Towers. The production then opened in the West End, at the London Palladium , on June 12, 1979, and was reported to have the largest advance sale in English history. Brynner stated, "It is not a play, it is a happening." [101] Virginia McKenna starred in London as Anna, [101] winning an Olivier Award for her performance. [102] June Angela again played Tuptim, and John Bennett was the Kralahome. [103] It ran until September 27, 1980. [104] Brynner took only a few months off after the London run ended, which contributed to his third divorce; he returned to the road in early 1981 in an extended U.S. tour of the same production, which eventually ended on Broadway. [105] Mitch Leigh produced and directed, and Robbins' choreography was reproduced by Rebecca West, who also danced the role of Simon of Legree, which she had danced at the Uris in 1977. [106] Patricia Marand played Anna, Michael Kermoyan was again the Kralahome, Patricia Welch was Tuptim. [107] During 1981, Kate Hunter Brown took over as Anna, continuing in the role for at least a year and a half. [108] By 1983, Mary Beth Peil was playing Anna. [109] On September 13, 1983, in Los Angeles, Brynner celebrated his 4,000th performance as the King; on the same day he was privately diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer, and the tour had to shut down for a few months while he received painful radiation therapy to shrink the tumor. [105] [110] The Washington Post reviewer saw Brynner's "absolutely last farewell tour" in December 1984 and wrote of the star: When Brynner opened in the original production in 1951, he was the newcomer and Gertrude Lawrence the established star. Now, 33 years and 4,300 performances later, he is the king of the mountain as well as the show ... The genius of his performance – and it must be some sort of genius to maintain a character this long – is its simplicity. There is not a superfluous expression nor a vague gesture. And if at times, the arms on hips posture, the shining dome and fierce expression remind one of Mr. Clean , it should be remembered that Brynner was there first. [106] The production reached New York in January 1985, running for 191 performances at the Broadway Theatre , with Brynner, Peil, Welch and West still playing their roles. [111] The part of Eliza was played by the leading man's fourth wife, Kathy Lee Brynner, [106] [112] and newcomer Jeffrey Bryan Davis played Louis. [111] [113] During the run, Brynner was unable to sing "A Puzzlement", due to what was announced as a throat and ear infection, but he "projected bursting vitality to the top of the balcony." [110] He received a special Tony Award for his role as the King [105] and had come to dominate the musical to such an extent that Peil was nominated merely for a featured actress Tony as Anna. [57] Leigh was nominated for a Tony for his direction. [57] New York Times critic Frank Rich praised Brynner but was ambivalent about the production, which he called "sluggish", writing that Brynner's "high points included his fond, paternalistic joshing with his brood in 'The March of the Siamese Children,' his dumb-show antics while attempting to force the English schoolteacher Anna to bow, and, of course, the death scene. ... The star aside, such showmanship is too often lacking in this King and I." [114] The last performance was a special Sunday night show, on June 30, 1985, in honor of Brynner and his 4,625th performance of the role. [110] Brynner died less than four months later, on October 10, 1985. [105] From August 1989 to March 1990, Rudolf Nureyev played the King in a North American tour opposite Liz Robertson , with Kermoyan as the Kralahome, directed by Arthur Storch and with the original Robbins choreography. [115] Reviews were uniformly critical, lamenting that Nureyev failed to embody the character, "a King who stands around like a sulky teenager who didn't ask to be invited to this party. ... Not even his one dance number ... goes well. ... Rodgers and Hammerstein's King [is] supposed to be a compelling personality [but Nureyev's] bears no resemblance to the man described ... in the "Something Wonderful" number. The show therefore comes across as something of a charade ... with everyone pretending to be dealing with a fearsome potentate who, in fact, is displaying very little personality at all." [116] [117] Renshaw's production: 1991 to 2002[ edit ] The first major revival to break away from the original staging and interpretation was an Australian production directed by Christopher Renshaw , starring Hayley Mills as Anna, in 1991. Renshaw pointedly ignored the printed stage directions in the script [118] when reshaping the piece into what he called "an authentic Thai experience". [119] The production had a more sinister Siamese setting, a less elegant but more forceful Anna, and a younger King (Tony Marinyo). [73] The attraction between Anna and the King was made explicit. [120] Renshaw "cut a few lines and lyrics, and translated others into Thai to reinforce the atmosphere of a foreign land", [119] and all Asian roles were played by Asian actors. [118] He also asked choreographers Lar Lubovitch and Jerome Robbins to create a "spiritual" ballet, for the King's entrance in Act 1, and a procession with a sacred white elephant in Act II. [119] According to Renshaw, "The reds and golds were very much inspired by what we saw at the royal palace", [119] and set and costume elements reflected images, architecture and other designs in the palace and elsewhere in Bangkok. [118] For example, the stage was framed by columns of elephant figures, a large emerald Buddha loomed over Act I, and hundreds of elephant images were woven into the set. Renshaw said, "The elephant is regarded as a very holy creature ... they believe the spirit of Buddha often resides in the form of the elephant." [119] Stanley Green, in his Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre, viewed the central theme of The King and I as "the importance of mutual understanding between people of differing ethnic and cultural backgrounds", [58] but Renshaw felt that the musical suffered from 1950s attitudes when "Orientalism was used as an exoticism rather than a real understanding of the particular culture." [119] He stated that his production was informed by authentic Thai cultural, aesthetic and religious ideas that he learned from visiting Thailand. A feature in Playbill commented that the production focused on the "clash of ideologies and cultures, of East versus West". [118] Theatre arts professor Eileen Blumenthal, however, called the production "a King and I for the age of political correctness". [121] While she acknowledged that the musical's treatment of Asian cultures had come to be understood as insensitive in the nearly half century since its premiere, she argued that Rodgers and Hammerstein's script was more sensitive than most orientalist literature of its day, in that "West learns from East as well as the other way around", and that, moreover, the musical's treatment of its Asian subject is fantastical, not intended to be realistic. [121] She concluded that the show is a documentary of "who we've been" in the West, and that a work like The King and I should not be suppressed, because it is "too good". [121] The production was reproduced on Broadway, opening on April 11, 1996 at the Neil Simon Theatre , starring Donna Murphy as Anna, who won a Tony Award for her performance, and Lou Diamond Phillips as the King, [57] with Randall Duk Kim as the Kralahome, Jose Llana as Lun Tha, Joohee Choi as Tuptim and Taewon Yi Kim as Lady Thiang. Jenna Ushkowitz made her Broadway debut as one of the children. [122] The production was nominated for eight Tony Awards , winning best revival and three others, with acting nominations for Phillips and Choi, [57] who each won Theatre World Awards , [123] and seven Drama Desk Awards , winning for Outstanding Revival of a Musical ; Renshaw won for his direction. [123] The production was praised for "lavish ... sumptuous" designs by Roger Kirk (costumes) and Brian Thomson (sets), who both won Tony [57] and Drama Desk Awards for their work. [123] [124] Faith Prince played the role of Anna later in the run, followed by Marie Osmond . [125] The revival ran on Broadway for 780 performances, and Kevin Gray replaced Phillips. [73] [126] The production then toured in the U.S. with Mills and Victor Talmadge. Other Annas on this tour included Osmond, Sandy Duncan , Stefanie Powers and Maureen McGovern , who ended the tour in Chicago in June 1998. [125] [127] The production opened on May 3, 2000 at the London Palladium, directed by Renshaw and choreographed by Lubovitch, and using the Kirk and Thomson designs. [128] It reportedly took in £8 million in advance ticket sales. [129] The cast included Elaine Paige as Anna and Jason Scott Lee as the King, with Sean Ghazi as Luan Tha and Ho Yi as the Kralahome. [130] Lady Thiang was, again, played by Taewon Yi Kim, of whom The Observer wrote, "Her 'Something Wonderful' was just that." [128] The show was nominated for an Olivier Award for outstanding musical. [131] Later in the run, Lee was replaced as the King by Paul Nakauchi . [132] The revival was generally well received. The Daily Mirror said: "The King and I waltzed back to the West End in triumph last night." [133] The Daily Express noted, "Love it or loathe it, The King and I is an unstoppable smash." [133] Variety, however, noted a lack of chemistry between the leads, commenting that "there’s something not entirely right in Siam when the greatest applause is reserved for Lady Thiang". [134] Replacements included Josie Lawrence as Anna, Keo Woolford as the King [135] and Saeed Jaffrey as the Kralahome. The show closed on January 5, 2002. [133] 2004 to present[ edit ] Another U.S. national tour began in mid-2004, directed by Baayork Lee (who appeared in the original production at age 5), with choreography by Susan Kikuchi, reproducing the Robbins original. Sandy Duncan again starred as Anna, while Martin Vidnovic played the King. He had played Lun Tha in the 1977 Broadway production and voiced the King in the 1999 animated film. Stefanie Powers took over for Duncan throughout 2005. [136] Near the end of the tour in November 2005, Variety judged that Lee had successfully "harnessed the show's physical beauty and its intrinsic exotic flavor." [137] Jeremy Sams directed, and Kikuchi choreographed, a limited engagement of the musical in June 2009 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. It starred Maria Friedman and Daniel Dae Kim . [138] A U.K. national tour starred Ramon Tikaram as the King and Josefina Gabrielle as Anna, directed by Paul Kerryson, with choreography by David Needham. It opened in December 2011 in Edinburgh and continued into May 2012. [139] [140] [141] In June 2014, Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris presented an English-language production of The King and I directed by Lee Blakeley and starring Susan Graham , who was "close to perfection as Anna", Lambert Wilson , "also excellent as the king", and Lisa Milne as Lady Thiang. The New York Times called it "a grand new staging that has set French critics searching for superlatives." [142] The Renshaw production was revived again in April 2014 by Opera Australia for performances in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, directed by Renshaw and featuring Lisa McCune and Teddy Tahu Rhodes . [143] Some critics questioned anew the portrayal of the Siamese court as barbaric and asked why a show where "the laughs come from the Thai people mis-understanding British ... culture" should be selected for revival. [144] A fourth Broadway revival began previews on March 12 and opened on April 16, 2015 at the Vivian Beaumont Theater . The production was directed by Bartlett Sher and starred Kelli O'Hara as Anna and Ken Watanabe , as the King, in his American stage debut. It featured Ruthie Ann Miles as Lady Thiang, Paul Nakauchi as the Kralahome, Ashley Park as Tuptim, Conrad Ricamora as Lun Tha, Jake Lucas as Louis Leonowens, and Edward Baker-Duly as Sir Edward Ramsey. Choreography by Christopher Gattelli was based on the original Jerome Robbins dances. The desigers included Michael Yeargan (sets), Catherine Zuber (costumes) and Donald Holder (lighting). [145] [146] Reviews were uniformly glowing, with Ben Brantley of The New York Times calling it a "resplendent production", praising the cast (especially O'Hara), direction, choreographer, designs and orchestra, and commenting that Sher "sheds a light [on the vintage material] that isn't harsh or misty but clarifying [and] balances epic sweep with intimate sensibility." [146] The production was nominated for nine Tony Awards, winning four, including Best Revival of a Musical, Best Leading Actress (for O'Hara), Best Featured Actress (for Miles) and best costume design (for Zuber), [147] and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival. [148] Replacements for the King included Jose Llana [149] Hoon Lee [150] and Daniel Dae Kim . Replacements for Anna included Marin Mazzie . [151] The revival closed on June 26, 2016 after 538 performances. A U.S. national tour of the production began in November 2016. The cast includes Laura Michelle Kelly as Anna, Llana as the King and Joan Almedilla as Lady Thiang. [152] The King and I continues to be a popular choice for productions by community theatres, school and university groups, summer camps and regional theatre companies. [73] Adaptations[ edit ] The musical was filmed in 1956 with Brynner re-creating his role opposite Deborah Kerr . The film won five Academy Awards and was nominated for four more. Brynner won an Oscar as Best Actor for his portrayal, and Kerr was nominated as Best Actress . [153] Sharaff won for best costume design. [154] The film was directed by Walter Lang (who was also nominated for an Oscar) and choreographed by Robbins. Marni Nixon dubbed the singing voice of Anna, and Rita Moreno played Tuptim. Saunders as Thiang, Adiarte as Chulalongkorn and Benson as the Kralahome reprised their stage roles, as did dancers Yuriko and de Lappe. Alan Mowbray appeared in the new role of the British Ambassador, while Sir Edward Ramsey (demoted to the Ambassador's aide) was played by Geoffrey Toone . [155] [156] The movie's script was faithful to the stage version, although it cut a few songs; reviews were enthusiastic. Thomas Hischak, in his The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia, states: "It is generally agreed that the [movie] is the finest film adaptation of any R & H musical". [155] [157] Thai officials judged the film offensive to their monarchy and banned both film and musical in 1956. [158] A non-musical 1972 television adaptation , starring Brynner, was broadcast in the U.S. by CBS but was cancelled in mid-season after 13 episodes. It followed the main storyline of the musical, focusing on the relationship between the title characters. Samantha Eggar played "Anna Owens", with Brian Tochi as Chulalongkorn, Keye Luke as the Kralahome, Eric Shea as Louis, Lisa Lu as Lady Thiang, and Rosalind Chao as Princess Serena. The first episode aired on September 17, 1972, and the last aired on December 31, 1972. [159] Margaret Landon was unhappy with this series and charged the producers with "inaccurate and mutilated portrayals" of her literary property; she unsuccessfully sued for copyright infringement. [160] [161] Jerome Robbins' Broadway was a Broadway revue , directed by Robbins, showcasing scenes from some of his most popular earlier works on Broadway. The show ran from February 1989 to September 1990 and won six Tony Awards, including best musical. It featured "Shall We Dance" and "The Small House of Uncle Thomas" ballet, with Kikuchi as Eliza. Yuriko was the choreographic "reconstruction assistant". [162] [163] RichCrest Animation Studios and Morgan Creek Productions released a 1999 animated film adaptation of the musical. Except for using some of the songs and characters, the story is unrelated to the Rodgers and Hammerstein version. Geared towards children, the adaptation includes cuddly animals, including a dragon. Voices were provided by Miranda Richardson as Anna (speaking), Christiane Noll as Anna (singing), Martin Vidnovic as the King, Ian Richardson as the Kralahome and Adam Wylie as Louis. Hischak dislikes the film but praises the vocals, adding that one compensation of the film is hearing Barbra Streisand sing a medley of "I Have Dreamed", "We Kiss in a Shadow" and "Something Wonderful", which is borrowed from Streisand's 1985 The Broadway Album and played under the film's closing credits. [164] He expressed surprise "that the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization allowed it to be made" and noted that "children have enjoyed The King and I for five decades without relying on dancing dragons". [155] Ted Chapin, president of that organization, has called the film his biggest mistake in granting permission for an adaptation. [165] Music and recordings[ edit ] Musical treatment[ edit ] Richard Rodgers In his music, Rodgers sought to give some of the music an Asian flavor. This is exhibited in the piercing major seconds that frame "A Puzzlement", the flute melody in "We Kiss in a Shadow", open fifths , the exotic 6/2 chords that shape "My Lord and Master", and in some of the incidental music. [23] [166] The music for "The Small House of Uncle Thomas" was for the most part written not by Rodgers, but by dance music arranger Trude Rittmann, though "Hello, Young Lovers" and a snatch of "A Puzzlement" are quoted within it. [167] Before Rodgers and Hammerstein began writing together, the AABA form for show tunes was standard, but many of the songs in The King and I vary from it. "I Have Dreamed" is an almost continuous repetition of variations on the same theme, until the ending, when it is capped by another melody. The first five notes (a triplet and two quarter notes ) of "Getting to Know You" also carry the melody all the way through the refrain. According to Mordden, this refusal to accept conventional forms "is one reason why their frequently heard scores never lose their appeal. They attend to situation and they unveil character, but also, they surprise you." [167] According to Rodgers' biographer William Hyland , the score for The King and I is much more closely tied to the action than that of South Pacific, "which had its share of purely entertaining songs". [168] For example, the opening song, "I Whistle a Happy Tune", establishes Anna's fear upon entering a strange land with her small son, but the merry melody also expresses her determination to keep a stiff upper lip. [168] Hyland calls "Hello, Young Lovers" an archetypical Rodgers ballad: simple, with only two chords in the first eight bars, but moving in its directness. [168] Recordings[ edit ] The original cast recording was released by Decca Records in 1951. While John Kenrick admires it for the performances of the secondary couple, Larry Douglas and Doretta Morrow, and for the warmth of Lawrence's performance, he notes that "Shall We Dance" was abridged, and there are no children's voices – the chorus in "Getting to Know You" is made up of adults. [169] In 2000, the recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. [170] Hischak comments that in the London cast album, Valerie Hobson's vocals were no stronger than Lawrence's and that the highlight is Muriel Smith 's "Something Wonderful" in a disc with too many cuts. He calls Anna's songs "well served" by Marni Nixon's singing in the 1956 film soundtrack and judges the recording as vocally satisfying; [171] Kenrick describes it as a "mixed bag": he is pleased that it includes several songs cut from the film, and he praises Nixon's vocals, but he dislikes the supporting cast and suggests watching the movie instead for its visual splendor. [169] "Hello, Young Lovers", 1977 cast: Towers as Anna; June Angela as Tuptim at right; Hye-Young Choi as Lady Thiang in front of other wives at left Kenrick prefers the 1964 Lincoln Center cast recording to the earlier ones, especially approving of the performances of Risë Stevens as Anna and Patricia Neway as Lady Thiang. [169] The inclusion on that recording, for the first time, of "The Small House of Uncle Thomas", was notable because LP technology limited a single-disc album to about fifty minutes, and thus inclusion of the ballet required the exclusion of some of the other numbers. [172] Kenrick finds the recording of the 1977 Broadway revival cast to be "[e]asily the most satisfying King & I on CD". He judges it to be Brynner's best performance, calling Towers "great" and Martin Vidnovic, June Angela and the rest of the supporting cast "fabulous", though lamenting the omission of the ballet. Hischak, in contrast, says that some might prefer Brynner in his earlier recordings, when he was "more vibrant". [171] Kenrick enjoys the 1992 Angel studio recording mostly for the Anna of Julie Andrews , who he says is "pure magic" in a role she never performed on stage. [169] Kenrick praises the performance of both stars on the 1996 Broadway revival recording, calling Lou Diamond Phillips "that rarity, a King who can stand free of Brynner's shadow". [169] Hischak finds the soundtrack to the 1999 animated film with Christiane Noll as Anna and Martin Vidnovic as the King, as well as Barbra Streisand singing on one track, more enjoyable than the movie itself, [171] but Kenrick writes that his sole use for that CD is as a coaster. [169] Further information: Awards for The King and I Lawrence as Anna and Brynner as the King from "Shall We Dance?", 1951 Opening night reviews of the musical were strongly positive. Richard Watts in the New York Post termed it "[a]nother triumph for the masters". [63] Critic John Mason Brown stated, "They have done it again." [55] The New York Times drama critic Brooks Atkinson wrote: "This time Messrs. Rodgers and Hammerstein are not breaking any fresh trails, but they are accomplished artists of song and words in the theater; and The King and I is a beautiful and lovable musical play." [173] Barely less enthusiastic was John Lardner in The New Yorker , who wrote, "Even those of us who find [the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals] a little too unremittingly wholesome are bound to take pleasure in the high spirits and technical skill that their authors, and producers, have put into them." [120] Otis Guernsey wrote for the New York Herald Tribune , "Musicals and leading men will never be the same after last night ... Brynner set an example that will be hard to follow ... Probably the best show of the decade. [174] The balance of opinion among the critics of the original London production was generally favorable, with a few reservations. In The Observer, Ivor Brown predicted that the piece would "settle down for some years at Drury Lane." [175] The anonymous critic of The Times compared the work to Gilbert and Sullivan : "Mr. Rodgers charmingly echoes Sullivan in the king's more topsy-turvy moments; and Mr. Hammerstein attends very skilfully to the lurking Gilbertian humour." [176] Less favorably, in The Daily Express , John Barber called the work "this treacle-bin Mikado ", and declared that only one of the cast, Muriel Smith, could really sing. [177] Brynner in the 1977 Broadway production In 1963, New York Times reviewer Lewis Funke said of the musical, "Mr. Hammerstein put all of his big heart into the simple story of a British woman's adventures, heartaches, and triumphs. ... A man with a world-view, he seized the opportunity provided by [Landon's book] to underscore his thoughts on the common destiny of humanity." [178] Fourteen years later, another Times reviewer, Clive Barnes, called the musical "unsophisticated and untroubled. Even its shadows are lightened with a laugh or a sweetly sentimental tear ... we can even be persuaded to take death as a happy ending". [95] The reworked 1996 Broadway production received mixed reviews. Vincent Canby of The New York Times disliked it: "This latest King and I might look like a million dollars as a regional production; on Broadway ... it's a disappointment. The score remains enchanting but, somewhere along the line, there has been a serious failure of the theatrical imagination." [179] But Liz Smith enthused: "The King and I is perfect"; and the Houston Chronicle wrote, of the subsequent tour, "The King and I is the essence of musical theater, an occasion when drama, music, dance and decor combine to take the audience on an unforgettable journey." [180] Critic Richard Christiansen in the Chicago Tribune observed, of a 1998 tour stop at the Auditorium Theatre : "Written in a more leisurely and innocent and less politically correct period, [The King and I] cannot escape the 1990s onus of its condescending attitude toward the pidgin English monarch and his people. And its story moves at a pace that's a mite too slow for this more hurried day and age." [181] When the production reached London in 2000, however, it received uniformly positive reviews; the Financial Times called it "a handsome, spectacular, strongly performed introduction to one of the truly great musicals". [133] The 2015 Broadway revival initially received uniformly glowing reviews. Ben Brantley of The New York Times called it a "resplendent production" and commented: [In the] 1996 production ... [a] dark strain of sadomasochistic tension born of Victorian repression and Eastern sensuality was introduced into sunny Siam. ... Mr. Sher is no strong-armed revisionist. He works from within vintage material, coaxing shadowy emotional depths to churn up a surface that might otherwise seem shiny and slick. ... [T]he show is both panoramic and personal, balancing dazzling musical set pieces with sung introspective soliloquies. [The direction] enhances [scenes'] emotional weight. No one is merely a dancer or an extra or an archetype, which may be the greatest defense this show offers against what can come across as cute condescension toward the exotic East. ... [The] portrayal of the varied forms and content of love [and] some of [Rodgers and Hammerstein's] lushest ballads ... acquire freshening nuance and anchoring conviction". [146] Marilyn Stasio, in Variety, termed the production "sumptuous" and "absolutely stunning". She noted a "still pertinent theme: the dissonant dynamic when Western civilization tries to assert its values on ancient Eastern cultures." [182] In USA Today , Elysa Gardner wrote of the grins and tears evoked by the production. "[W]atching these people from vastly different cultures carefully but joyfully reach for common ground ... can be almost unbearably moving. ... [Rodgers and Hammerstein's] textured humanity and appeals for tolerance, like their shimmering scores, only gain resonance as time passes." [183] The production's attempts to achieve historical accuracy and explore the work's dark themes with a modern sensibility led some reviewers to conclude that it succeeds at converting the musical's orientalism into "a modern critique of racism and sexism". [184] Other commentators, however, such as composer Mohammed Fairouz , argued that an attempt at sensitivity in production cannot compensate for "the inaccurate portrayal of the historic King Mongkut as a childlike tyrant and the infantilization of the entire Siamese population of the court", which demonstrate a racist subtext in the piece, even in 1951 when it was written. [185] Benjamin Ivry opined that "the Rodgers and Hammerstein organization should shelve the [musical] as a humanitarian gesture toward Southeast Asian history and art". [186] Fifty years after its premiere, Rodgers biographer Meryle Secrest summed up the musical: The King and I is really a celebration of love in all its guises, from the love of Anna for her dead husband; the love of the King's official wife, Lady Thiang, for a man she knows is flawed and also unfaithful; the desperation of forbidden love; and a love that is barely recognized and can never be acted upon. [187]	Oklahoma
John Hosking was the first Mayor of which Australian city?	IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "ANYTHING GOES" Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "ANYTHING GOES" 1-50 of 125 names. John Barrowman Born in Glasgow, Scotland, and raised in Joliet, Illinois. He returned to the UK, for a 6 month Shakespeare semester with the United States International University of San Diego, but left to star in the musical production of "Anything Goes," with Elaine Page. He went on to star in "Miss Saigon," "Matador," "Rope," and "Hair" at London's West End. Barrowman has homes in London and Cardiff, Wales. Tommy Kirk Scrappy, plucky-looking Kentucky-born Tommy Kirk, who was born on December 10, 1941, became synonymous with everything clean and fun that Disney Entertainment prescribed to in the late 1950s and very early 1960s. One of four sons born to a mechanic and legal secretary, the Kirk family, in search of better job prospects, moved from Louisville to Downey, California while Tommy was still an infant. The boy's interest in acting was ignited at the age of 13 years when he (instead of older brother Joe) was cast in a minor role in a production of Will Rogers Jr. and Bobby Driscoll in a production of Eugene O'Neill's "Ah, Wilderness!" at the Pasadena Playhouse. Discovered by a Hollywood agent who saw him and signed him up, Tommy went on to appear in two other Pasadena theatre plays, Portrait in Black" and "Barefoot in Athens" and on TV ("Lux Video Theatre, "Frontier," "Big Town," "Gunsmoke" and "The Loretta Young Show") and film ( Down Liberty Road and The Peacemaker ). It was an episode of "Matinee Theatre" that brought the freshly-scrubbed All-American kid to the attention of mogul Walt Disney who quickly signed him to a long-term contract. In 1955, the lad became a member of the The Mickey Mouse Club TV series and won a legion of young fans as the brush-cut haired, irrepressibly inquisitive young sleuth Joe Hardy in two "Hardy Boys" serials ("The Mystery of the Applegate Treasure," "The Mystery of the Ghost Farm") with Tim Considine , another young promising Disney staple, playing older brother Frank. With time Tommy became a prime juvenile Disney hero and ideal mischief maker for many of the studio's full-length comedy and drama classics, earning nationwide teen idol status for his exuberant work in Old Yeller , The Shaggy Dog , Swiss Family Robinson , The Absent Minded Professor , Babes in Toyland , Bon Voyage! , Moon Pilot , Son of Flubber and The Misadventures of Merlin Jones . In 1963 the bubble completely burst when the Disney factory found out 21-year-old Tommy was gay. He was also arrested on Christmas Eve in 1964 when a party he was attending was raided and busted for marijuana use. Although charges were dropped, it was too late. Fired from his role in the John Wayne western The Sons of Katie Elder as a result, the Disney studio, out of protection, was forced to release him from his contract, but not after rehiring him one more time to complete a "Merlin Jones" movie sequel entitled The Monkey's Uncle ). Tommy found very mild restitution aftersigning with AIP (American International Pictures) and appearing in such popular teen-oriented flicks as Pajama Party , co-starring fellow Disney cohort Annette Funicello , and The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini . He also began appearing on the musical stage as Harold Hill in "The Music Man," Riff in "West Side Story" and as the lead in "Tovarich." He also was lent out to do a lead in the mediocre cult sci-fi Embassy Picture Village of the Giants . After leaving AIP, things got progressively worse for Tommy with a lead role in Trans American Film's It's a Bikini World -- by this time, beach party films were no longer trendy. Bargain basement fare such as Unkissed Bride (1966)_ (aka Mother Goose a Go-Go), UA's Track of Thunder , Catalina Caper Mars Needs Women , in which he played a Martian, and Psycho à Go-Go (aka Psycho a Go-Go) pretty much spelled as a leading man. Practically blacklisted by an industry that deemed "outed" gay actors "box office poison," he returned to the musical theatre in his home state of Kentucky with such shows as "Anything Goes" (as Moonface Martin), "Hello, Dolly!" (as Horace Vandergelder), "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (as Marcus Lycus) and "Little Mary Sunshine" (as General Fairfax). Following roles in the lowbudget 70s films Ride the Hot Wind and the unreleased My Name Is Legend as well as an isolated TV part on a 1972 episode of "The Streets of San Francisco," Tommy disappeared from the limelight. His life went into a seemingly irreversible tailspin. Depressed and angry, he sought solace in drugs and nearly died from an acute overdose at one point. For health reasons he felt the need to completely abandon his career and slowly moved himself forward as a recovering addict. On a very positive note, he was able to build a very successful carpet and upholstery cleaning company for himself ("Tommy Kirk's Carpet and Upholstery) in Southern California's San Fernando Valley. It stayed open for business for well over two decades. After some time away, Tommy showed up again in Hollywood, glimpsed in a few dismissible low-budgeters here and there, including Streets of Death , Attack of the 60 Foot Centerfold , Little Miss Magic , Billy Frankenstein , Club Dead and, his last to date, The Education of a Vampire . A full-time commitment to acting is quite unlikely but he has done several documentary interviews for the DVD releases of some of his best known films and TV shows and occasionally appears at film festivals and nostalgia convention/memorabilia fests. He lives in Las Vegas. Colin Donnell Born in St. Louis, Missouri and now a resident of New York City, Colin Donnell is an American actor first known for his work on stage before making his television debut on ABC's 'Pan Am' and subsequently as Tommy Merlyn in The CW's hit show 'Arrow'. In New York his stage work includes 'Anything Goes' opposite Sutton Foster and Joel Grey for which he received nominations for Drama Desk, The Outer Critics Circle and Astaire Awards. He can also be heard on the Grammy nominated cast recording. His other notable stage appearances include originating the role of otto in the World Premier of Edward Albee's 'Me, Myself and I', as Franklin Sheperd in Stephen Sondheim's 'Merrily We Roll Along' (where he can also be heard on the new cast recording) and most recently as Berowne in The Public Theatre's Shakespeare in the Park production of 'Love's Labours Lost' directed by Alex Timbers. His feature film debut, set to be released in 2014, is 'Every Secret Thing' directed by Amy Berg. Margaret Cho Margaret Cho was born Dec. 5, 1968 and raised in San Francisco. Her grandfather was a Methodist minister who ran an orphanage in Seoul during the Korean War. Ignoring the traditions of her patriarchal culture, her mother bravely resisted an arranged marriage in Korea and married Margaret's father who writes joke books - in Korean. What Margaret did know is that she didn't love being a kid. Racing toward adulthood to escape bullying, she began writing jokes for stand up at 14 and professionally performing at age 16. Getting picked on, and feeling disenfranchised, is a subject that's very near to Margaret's heart. She has become a sort of "Patron Saint" for Outsiders, speaking for them when they are not able to speak for themselves. Soon after starting her Stand Up career, Margaret won a comedy contest where first prize was opening for Jerry Seinfeld. She moved to Los Angeles in the early '90s and, still in her early twenties, hit the college circuit, where she immediately became the most booked act in the market and garnered a nomination for "Campus Comedian of The Year." She performed over 300 concerts within two years. Arsenio Hall introduced her to late night audiences, Bob Hope put her on a prime time special and, seemingly overnight, Margaret Cho became a national celebrity. Her groundbreaking, controversial, and short-lived ABC sitcom, All-American Girl (1994) soon followed. Oddly, while chosen because of who she was-a non-conformist Korean American woman with liberal views-the powers-that-be then decided they wanted her to "tone it down" for the show. Challenging Margaret's feelings for both who she was and how she looked, she soon realized that though she was an Executive Producer, it was a battle she would not win. The experience was a traumatic one, bringing up unresolved feelings left over from childhood, and Margaret developed an eating disorder as a response to criticism about her body. She was so obsessive in her goal to try to be what she thought others wanted, she landed in the hospital with kidney failure. Through out a period of self-abuse, Margaret continued performing to sold-out audiences across the country in comedy clubs, theaters, and on college campuses, working to channel her anger in to something more positive. In 1999, her groundbreaking, off Broadway one-woman show, I'm The One That I Want, toured the country to national acclaim and was made into a best-selling book and feature film of the same name. After her experience with All-American Girl, Margaret wanted to make sure she would only have to answer to herself, making sure she was responsible for the distribution and sales of her film, taking a page from what music artist Ani DiFranco did with her Righteous Babe Records. The concert film, which garnered incredible reviews, broke records for most money grossed per print in movie history. In 2001, after the success of her first tour, Cho launched Notorious C.H.O., a smash-hit 37-city national tour that culminated in a sold-out concert at Carnegie Hall. Notorious C.H.O. was recorded and released as a feature film, hailed by the New York Times as "Brilliant!" Both films were acquired by Showtime Cable Networks, and produced by Margaret's production company, a testament to the success of Margaret's bold business model. In March of 2003, Margaret embarked on her third sold-out national tour, Revolution. It was heralded by the Chicago Sun Times as "Her strongest show yet!" and the CD recording was nominated for a Grammy for Comedy Album of the Year. In 2005, Cho released Assassin, which The Chicago Tribune crowed "Packs passion in to each punch." The concert film premiered in select theaters and on the gay and lesbian premium channel Here! TV in late 2005. In 2007, Margaret hit the road with Cyndi Lauper, Debbie Harry and Erasure, along with indie faves The Dresden Dolls and The Cliks, to host the True Colors Tour, benefiting the Human Rights Campaign. A true entertainment pioneer, Margaret also created and starred in The Sensuous Woman, a live variety show featuring vaudevillian burlesque and comedy, which she took for an extended off-Broadway run in the fall. Margaret returned to TV in 2008 on the VH1 series, The Cho Show. The Cho Show followed Margaret, her real parents, and her eccentric entourage through a series of irreverent and outrageous experiences, shaped by Margaret's 'anything goes' brand of stand-up. It was beloved for the audience it was intended for, the ones who maybe don't quite fit in, who knew Margaret is one of them. The aptly titled Beautiful came next, exploring the good, bad and ugly in beauty, and the unattractive politicians and marketers who shape our world. The concert premiered in Australia at The Sydney Theater, marking the first time Margaret debuted a tour abroad. While touring through the US, the concert was filmed at the Long Beach theatre, aired as a special on Showtime in 2009, and then released as both a DVD and a book. In 2009 Margaret nabbed a starring role in the comedy/drama series Drop Dead Diva, airing on Lifetime. Margaret enjoys being part of a team, and not necessarily having the sole responsibility for keeping things afloat. Never one to shy away from a challenge, Margaret stepped right up to the proverbial plate when asked to do Season 11 of the #1 rated Dancing with the Stars. Paired with pro Louie Van Amstel, Margaret was on one of the show's most controversial seasons, dancing alongside Mike "The Situation" Sorrentino, David Hasselhoff, Jennifer Grey and Bristol Palin among others. Margaret got a very strong reaction to her Rainbow Dancing Dress during a time when the issue of bullying, especially among gay teens, was all over the media. 2010 culminated with another high honor, a second Grammy Award nomination for Comedy Album of the Year for Cho Dependent, her incredibly funny collection of music featuring collaborations with Fiona Apple, Andrew Bird, Grant Lee Phillips, Tegan & Sara, Ben Lee and more. The album received critical acclaim. Margaret self released Cho Dependent on her own Clownery Records, and was encouraged by the acclaim, as there are only a handful of people putting out albums of comedy music - "Weird" Al Yankovic, Flight of the Conchords, The Lonely Island, to name a few - but no women. While thrilled that her hard work was rewarded with the nomination, Margaret isn't finished with musical comedy yet, claiming to have more music in her. In 2011, Margaret released the live concert film of Cho Dependent, which also had its cable network debut on Showtime. Audiences who caught these performances live can attest that Cho hasn't lost any of her edge on Cho Dependent, her sixth live concert DVD. Shot at the Tabernacle in Atlanta, GA, Cho remains uncensored, but never unhinged, taking aim at the Palin family, her stint on Dancing With the Stars, smoking pot and living in a world with 'sexting.' The DVD is characteristically no-holds-barred Margaret and instantly a classic. Margaret is currently filming the sixth and final season on Drop Dead Diva. Cho returns as "Teri" Girl Friday to Brooke Elliott's "Jane Bingham," whose body is inhabited by the soul of a vapid model sent back to earth after Heaven judges her as a "zero-zero" for having committed no good and no bad deeds. Drop Dead Diva is not only beloved on Lifetime, but by the many stars who have queued up to guest on the show, including Paula Abdul, Wanda Sykes, Rosie O'Donnell, Vivica Fox and Kim Kardashian. Not one to rest on her laurels, Margaret spent whatever free time she had crafting her all new stand-up show, the uproariously and aptly named Mother, which kicked off in September, 2012, including both a US and European tour. Paradox not lost, Margaret had to re-schedule some of the shows she had booked mid-September so she could attend the Emmy Awards with her mother. Nominated for a Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her hilarious stint on 30 Rock as gender-bending North Korean leader Kim Jong Il. In 2014, Margaret filmed a pilot for FOX and was thrilled to be working with Tina Fey and the producing team from 30 Rock. The multi-camera comedy takes place at a women's college that has just opened its doors to men for the first time. While thrilled with her two Grammy and recent Emmy nod, Margaret has never turned away from the causes that are important to her. She is incredibly active in anti-racism, anti-bullying and gay rights campaigns, and has been recognized for her unwavering dedication. She was the recipient of the Victory Fund's 2008 Leadership Award and the first ever Best Comedy Performance Award at the 2007 Asian Excellence Awards. She also received the First Amendment Award from the ACLU of Southern California, and the Intrepid Award from the National Organization for Women (NOW). Throughout her career, she has been honored by GLAAD, American Women in Radio and Television, the Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF), the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund (AALDEF), and PFLAG for making a significant difference in promoting equal rights for all, regardless of race, sexual orientation or gender identity. In June of 2011, Margaret was honored by LA Pride, receiving a Lifetime Achievement Award, recognizing an individual whose lifetime body of work has left a lasting major imprint on the LGBT community. Through her hard work, Margaret has had the opportunity to be heard, to extend her point of view and become regarded as a true pioneer in her field. She takes none of it for granted. Patti LuPone A fireball of talent and a musical force to be reckoned with, singer/actress Patti LuPone was born on April 21, 1949 on Long Island, New York of Italian heritage. Her parents, Orlando LuPone, a school administrator, and mother Angela, a librarian, eventually divorced. She was christened Patti in honor of her great-grand-aunt, the renowned 19th-century opera singer Adelina Patti. Trained in dance, her early days as a teen were spent as part of a 60s sibling group called "The Lupone Trio," which was comprised of Patti and older twin brothers William and Robert LuPone , the latter moving on to a daunting career of his own. A graduate of Northport High School, she attended the Drama Division of The Juilliard School and became part of its first graduating class, which also included future stars Kevin Kline and David Ogden Stiers . In 1972 the legendary John Houseman reshaped said graduating class and formed The Acting Company, which earned a strong reputation on tour as a classical repertory group. Gaining invaluable acting experience, she stayed with the company until 1975. Making her NY theater debut in "The School for Scandal" (1972), she went on to play major roles in "The Hostage," "The Lower Depths," "The Three Sisters" (her Broadway debut), "Measure for Measure," "Scapin," "Edward II," and "The Time of Your Life," among others. However, it was in musicals that she would reign supreme. She played Lucy in a version of "The Beggar's Opera" (1973) and went on to earn distinction in "The Robber Bridegroom" (Tony nomination) (1975), "The Baker's Wife" (1976) and "Working" (1978). Her incredible pipes and assured countenance eventually earned her the role of a lifetime with "Evita" (1979). As Argentina's calculating and beloved Eva Peron, Patti grabbed the international spotlight with a rare dramatic fury and brilliance. Her electrifying performance earned her both the Tony and Drama Desk awards, and the resulting stardom officially launched her film and TV career. Minor roles in King of the Gypsies and 1941 led to a co-starring role with Tom Skerritt in the vigilante crimer Fighting Back . Continuing to show off her singing prowess, she originated the role of Fantine in the London production of "Les Misérables" and became the first American to win the prestigious Olivier Award (for her work in both "Les Miz" and "The Cradle Will Rock") in 1985. She nabbed a second Drama Desk Award and another Tony nomination for her Reno Sweeney in "Anything Goes" (1987). Twice nominated for Emmy awards on TV, she impressed as Lady Bird opposite Randy Quaid 's President Lyndon Baines Johnson in the mini-movie LBJ: The Early Years and scored a resounding hit on the dramatic series Life Goes On as Libby Thatcher, the loving, protective mother of a son (played by Chris Burke ) afflicted with Down Syndrome. This groundbreaking program was the first of its kind to center its theme around a mentally handicapped character. The show ran a durable four seasons and its title song, "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La Da" by Lennon/McCartney, featured Patti's vocals. A round of guest shots over the years have included "Law & Order," "Frazier," "Touched by an Angel," "Will & Grace" (hilariously spoofing her diva image), and a recurring spot on the critically-acclaimed "Oz." On film she was well represented by Witness and in Driving Miss Daisy as Dan Aykroyd 's materialistic wife and minor nemesis to Jessica Tandy . The concert stage has been a commanding venue for Patti over the years with a number of successful one-woman singing showcases such as "The Lady with the Torch," "Matters of the Heart" and "Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda," winning an Outer Critics Circle Award for her "Patti Lupone on Broadway" in 1995. Stage concert versions of "Pal Joey," "Passion," "A Little Night Music," "Can-Can" and "Candide" have greatly added to her enduring popularity, in addition to her three solo evenings at Carnegie Hall. Powerhouse leads in "Sunset Boulevard" (1993) and "Master Class" (1996) have ensured her diva-like place as one of America's contemporary singing immortals. She earned another Tony nomination more recently for her inventive spin on the monstrous Mrs. Lovett in "Sweeney Todd" (2005). Married since 1988 to camera operator Matthew Johnston , they have one son, Josh, who appeared in a small role in Patti's concert version of "Passion." Danielle Bisutti Danielle Bisutti is an actress, singer-songwriter, writer, producer, and director whose current projects include: TV Pilot "Late Bloomers (The Chloe & Sage Chronicles)", TV Pilot "ImbiLand", and the character-driven indie film "The Fort" set to shoot in Spring of 2017. Born and raised in Los Angeles, Bisutti attended California State University Fullerton, where she received a BA in Acting and Musical Theatre, she studies improvisation at Upright Citizens Brigade and is a pro-member of Film Independent. As an actress, Danielle has made a name for herself with the diverse characters she has brought to life in film and television. In 2013, Bisutti received rave reviews for her role in top grossing Sony Pictures' and FilmDistrict film "Insidious Chapter 2" as the 'Mother of Parker Crane'. Critics took notice; one saying 'the performance of Danielle Bisutti as the younger version of the Bride in Black is a most elegant personification of evil." In addition to this film, Bisutti also starred in Universal Studios Home Entertainment's "Curse of Chucky" as "Barb," and Michael Rosenbaum's indie comedy "Back in the Day." Some of her other film credits include Lionsgate's Venice Underground (Eric Mabius), First Look Home Entertainment's The Neighbor (Matthew Modine), and Lionsgate's No Greater Love. On the television front, Bisutti has guest starred and recurred on some of the biggest series on TV today, including "Matador" for Robert Rodriguez's El Rey Network, "Parks & Recreation" for NBC "Anger Management" for FX, "Grey's Anatomy" for ABC, "Last Man Standing" for ABC, "CSI Miami" for CBS, "NCIS," "NCIS LA", "Criminal Minds", "Castle", "Hot in Cleveland", "90210", "Rizzoli & Isles", "Beauty and the Beast", "Body of Proof", "Leverage", "Bones", "Cold Case", "Two and a Half Men", "Boston Legal", "Without A Trace", "Raising the Bar" and "The O.C." to name a few. However, she may best known for her starring role as the uptight yet lovable fashion diva 'Amanda Cantwell' opposite Keke Palmer on the hit Nickelodeon series "True Jackson, VP" from 2008-2011. While attending CSUF, she was nominated several times for "Best Actress" in the Irene Ryan Competition and took runner-up at The Lincoln Center Theatre in NYC. Michael Butler (the original Broadway producer of Hair 1968) fell in love with the 'Potawatomi HAIR tribe' in which Bisutti played the leading role of 'Sheila' and brought the California-based cast and production to Chicago to perform at the Democratic National Convention along with a five-week run at The New Athenaeum Theatre. Bisutti's other theatre credits include: 'Reno Sweeny' in Anything Goes, 'Maggie' in Boy's Life, 'Yelena' in Uncle Vanya, 'Victoria/Jane' in Noel Coward's Tonight at 8:30, 'Fastranda' in Pippin, and 'Ophelia' in Hamlet. As a singer-songwriter and musician, Danielle has placed several of her original songs in such Feature Films as: Venice Underground, April Moon, In the Presence of, the love theme for Shadowheart, and theme song Heaven for indie feature City of... in which she starred as the lead. She has received a Los Angeles Music Award for Best Female Singer- Songwriter. "Glimmer" was nominated for AAA Album of the Year and her song, "In Passing" has received Unanimous Choice Recipient Award for Independent AC Single of the Year. Music Connection Magazine has featured Danielle in its "Hot 100 Unsigned Artists" list. She co-wrote musical themes for her TV Pilot "Late Bloomers" and is Music Supervisor for "The Fort" in which she will place two original songs: "Sideways" and "Daddy Learn a Gentle Way of Talking", a co-write with her producing partner Di Barker and musician Chelsea Dohemann. Vivian Vance She was born Vivian Roberta Jones, with a brother and four sisters. After the family moved from Cherryvale to Independence, Kansas, she studied drama under Anna Ingleman and William Inge . Their next move, to Albuquerque, New Mexico brought her to the Albuquerque Little Theatre, which provided her the money she needed to study under Eva Le Gallienne in New York. After arriving in 1932 she had trouble finding stage work until she began a two-year stint in Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein 's "Music in the Air." She next understudied Ethel Merman in the hit "Anything Goes." Her first starring role was as Kay Thompson 's last minute replacement in "Hooray for What!" starring Ed Wynn . Other Broadway costars included Danny Kaye , Eve Arden and Nanette Fabray . In 1945 while starring in a touring company of "Voice of the Turtle" she had a nervous breakdown. After undergoing psychotherapy and limited movie work, she returned to the play at the La Jolla (California) Playhouse, where she was seen by Desi Arnaz who decided she was perfect for the role of Ethel Mertz (the Arnaz' first choice, Bea Benaderet was unavailable) in the I Love Lucy television series. At first she didn't want the part (too frumpy), and she always hated being cast as the wife of William Frawley (she was 42, he was 64 the two never got along). 8,185 days 22 years & 5 months differed among the two birth dates. Frawley, an alcoholic and then on the professional skids, had actively campaigned for the role of Fred Mertz after learning that Gale Gordon was also unavailable. The runaway success of the series forced the two to work together, but their scenes often barely mask their mutual dislike. After I Love Lucy ended she divorced her third husband, married again, and moved to Stamford, Connecticut. In 1962, she began work on a different show, The Lucy Show , but the pressures of long-distance commuting didn't suit her, so after three years she limited her herself to guest appearances. In 1974, she and her husband moved to Belvedere (just north of Francisco Bay) so she could be near her sister. Five years later she died there, of cancer. Jo Anne Worley This tall (with piled-on jet-black hair), attractive, tunnel-mouthed comedienne is a one-of-a-kind commodity and certainly no shrinking violet when it comes to entertaining. Unapologetically, she adores the center stage...and vice versa -- the stage loves her. Like several of her Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In cohorts, Jo Anne Worley zoomed to overnight cult stardom in the late 1960s but, in her case, was able to extend her wild and woolly popularity to several other levels once her "fifteen minutes" of fame was over. Over the years, she has situated herself nicely into night clubs, musical theater productions, game shows, talk shows, commercials, and even cartoons. Four decades plus later, Jo Anne continues to delight and is instantly recognized with a mere raucous laugh and/or trademark pointy digit embedded in her cheek. The brassy, indefatigable Jo Anne was born in Lowell, Indiana, on September 6, 1937, the third of five children and has always separated herself from the crowd with her distinctively loud voice, whether singing or not. The writing was on the wall when she was crowned "school comedienne" in high school. Following graduation (1955), she traveled east to pursue her dreams and initially apprenticed with the Pickwick Players. After a two-year dramatic scholarship to Midwestern State University, she transferred to Los Angeles City College and also trained at the Pasadena Playhouse. It did not take long before she made her professional debut in a production of "Wonderful Town." In 1961, she garnered some attention in the popular L.A. musical revue "Billy Barnes People," a show that took her all the way, if very briefly, to Broadway. Performing in assorted musicals and revues over the next few years including "Carnival" (1962), "Second City Review" (1964), and "Hotel Passionato" (1965), Jo Anne's career was given a boost when she co-starred with fellow up-and-comers Linda Lavin and 'Paul Sand (I)'_ in the Mad Magazine-inspired off-Broadway revue "The Mad Show" in 1966. That same year, she received the break she was looking for when she was discovered by talk-show host Merv Griffin while showcasing her nightclub act in Greenwich Village. Griffin took a strong liking to her and gave her a viable comedy platform to play on with approximately 200 appearances in all. Producer George Schlatter caught Jo Anne's zany antics on Griffin's show and invited her to swinging TV stardom in 1968. The rest is history. It's not always easy to stand out in a large ensemble but Jo Anne did, complete with unabashed manic energy and faux operatic tones on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In as part of the "let it all hang out" generation. In this psychedelic, irreverently political pastiche of comedy slapstick and music, Jo Anne found a perfect forum for her talents. Her bold, infectious comic flair proved a real crowd pleaser, and the big boned brunette became a certifiable TV star. While the show also made stars out of Ruth Buzzi , Henry Gibson and Arte Johnson and superstars out of Goldie Hawn and Lily Tomlin , it also managed to rebuff the somewhat fading stars of co-hosts Dan Rowan and Dick Martin , and singer/actress Judy Carne . In 1970, Jo Anne left the celebrated madness at the peak of the show's popularity to pursue a variety of other creative outlets. She made onscreen guest appearances on several TV shows, notably Love, American Style , and was a steadfast presence on the talk show, variety show and game show circuits. Strangly enough, however, she never found a sitcom or another TV vehicle to adequately test-drive her comedy revvings. With such a high-wattage personality that invites comparisons to Carol Burnett , Carol Channing and Ethel Merman , Jo Anne may have out-sized herself for films but her larger-than-life presence perfectly fit the musical theater bill. For decades she found a vast number of showcases to logically suit her. Her many musical tours have included, notably, "Gypsy" as Mama Rose, "The Wizard of Oz" as the Wicked Witch, and "Mame" as the title socialite. In addition, Jo Anne has found marvelous vehicles in "The Pirates of Penzance," "Annie Get Your Gun," "Anything Goes," "Nunsense," "Grease!," "Call Me Madam," and "Annie". Her non-singing theater resume includes "Luv," "Same Time, Next Year," "Lovers and Other Strangers," "Moon Over Buffalo," "Steel Magnolias," and the female version of "The Odd Couple." Many of these shows co-starred then-husband Roger Perry , whom she married in 1975. The couple had no children and divorced in 2000. In 1989, Jo Anne returned to Broadway to appear in the original performance of "The Prince of Central Park." Her work over the years has been plentiful, especially for the Disney people, including the movie The Shaggy D.A. and animated features Beauty and the Beast (as the voice of the Wardrobe) and A Goofy Movie . In other pursuits, Jo Anne has been active on the lecture circuit and has also served on the Board of Directors for Actors and Others for Animals. She also performs in concert, typically offering parodies of well-known songs to suit her man-chasing personality. A culinary enthusiast, she has also been seen whipping up specialties on the Food Network ("Ready Set Cook" and "Chef du jour"). Aisha Hinds When Aisha Hinds' junior high school tap dance instructor observed that she needed an outlet for expression that surpassed her tap shoes, she was guided to the High School of Performing Arts in New York - where her formal acting training began. Hinds' numerous television credits include a supporting role on "Detroit 1-8-7", recurring roles on "HawthoRNe" and "The Shield" and guest appearances on "Boston Legal," "Medium," "CSI: NY," "Judging Amy," "Crossing Jordan," "ER" and "NYPD Blue." She also starred opposite Marcia Gay Harden in the pilot "H.A.TE." Her feature film roles include "Assault on Precinct 13," "Neo Ned" and "Love... More Aquarium." On stage, her theatre credits include August Wilson's "Fences" and "'Night, Mother" at the American Theatre of Harlem; "Tartuffe," "Anything Goes" and "Mame" at the Jerry Herman Ring Theatre; and George C. Wolfe's "The Colored Museum" and "A Piece of My Heart" at the Alvin Sherman Stage. Erich Bergen Erich Bergen is an American television, film and stage actor raised in New York City. He co-stars on CBS's Madam Secretary opposite Tea Leoni. He previously starred as Bob Gaudio in the Clint Eastwood-directed feature film Jersey Boys. Bergen played that role on stage for more than 1,000 performances in the Grammy- and Tony-winning Best Musical of the same name. He also performed with the 2012 Roundabout Theatre Company National Tour's production of Anything Goes as Billy Crocker. When not acting on screen, Bergen performs live shows as a solo singer and pianist, modeling his shows off the romantically old school feel of Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra. Sandy Duncan This wholesome "Chatty Cathy" delight had all the earmarkings of becoming a dithery TV star in the early 70s and a couple of sitcom vehicles were handed to her with silver platter-like enthusiasm. Neither, however, made the best use of her elfin charm and both series died a quick death. Nonetheless, Sandy Duncan went on to become a Disney film lead, a TV commodity pitching crackers and arguably the best Peter Pan Broadway has ever offered. Like Sally Field and Karen Valentine before her, Sandy had a potentially terminable case of the cutes that often did her more harm than good. But also, like the others, her talent won out. The story goes that this wistful tomboy felt like an outsider growing up in her native Texas because of her desires to be an actress. The elder of two girls born to a gas station owner, she trained in dance and appeared in productions of "The King and I" and "The Music Man" as a teen. Sandra Kay Duncan cast all negativity and self doubt aside and packed her bags for New York upon leaving Lon Morris Junior College (in Texas). She made an enchanting Wendy in "Peter Pan" the following year and soon poised herself as a triple threat on stage (singer/dancer/actress). She married Broadway actor Bruce Scott in 1968 and appeared in the rock musical "Your Own Thing" that same year. Taking her first Broadway curtain call and grabbing a Tony nomination in a bawdy musical version of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales", she next won the soubrette role of Maisie in the Jazz-age musical "The Boy Friend". She managed to steal the thunder right from under star Judy Carne (who had just left the cast of TV's "Laugh-In" in order to branch out) and earned her second Tony nomination -- this time as "Best Actress". The toothy strawberry blonde was a sensation and in 1970 Time Magazine named her "the most promising face of tomorrow". All this buildup reached the ears of Disney who decided to take a chance and cast her opposite Disney perennial Dean Jones in the featherweight comedy film The Million Dollar Duck . TV also saw her potential and featured her sparkling mug more and more in commercials. She then took on the title role in the film version of Neil Simon 's comedy hit Star Spangled Girl , which turned out to be a major disappointment. An untried talent on the primetime scene, CBS decided Sandy had enough promise and star quality to be given her own TV sitcom. Replacing Melba Moore at the last minute in the weekly show Funny Face , the storyline had Duncan playing single, independently-minded Sandy Stockton, a corn-fed Midwestern who heads to the big-city (Los Angeles) where she winds up in TV commercials while pursuing a teaching degree at UCLA. The series was a success and was a Top 10 show, but Duncan began experiencing severe headaches on the set and a tumor was discovered on her optic nerve. She had to leave the series and it was consequently pulled from the air. The series' sudden departure led to a misconception among some viewers that it had been canceled. Following a lengthy and delicate operation, the doctors managed to save her eye but she lost all vision in it. The following year the show was revamped and retitled. Duncan returned as Sandy Stockton. This time she was a single working girl who created chaos at an ad agency. This second incarnation of her series failed to regain the audience that the first incarnation had had. The Sandy Duncan Show was canceled by mid-December. In the meantime, she divorced her first husband in 1972 and married Dr. Thomas Calcateera a year later, whom she met while undergoing her eye operation. They would divorce six years later. After the demise of her second series, Sandy refocused on her strengths -- musical comedy -- and maintained her profile as a guest star on such variety shows as "The Sonny & Cher Show", "The Flip Wilson Show", "The Tonight Show" and "Laugh-In". She also was seen around the game show circuit as panelist on "What's My Line?" and "Hollywood Squares", among others. In 1979 Sandy retook Broadway by storm. Instead of the role of Wendy, she played the title tomboy in the musical "Peter Pan" and was nominated for a third time for a Tony Award. Born to play this role, she followed this spectacular success by locking arms with a carefree Tommy Tune in the tuneful Broadway show "My One and Only" replacing Twiggy in 1984. Sandy also appeared again for Disney both co-starring in the lightweight film comedy The Cat from Outer Space opposite fellow hoofer Ken Berry and providing a foxy voice for their popular The Fox and the Hound animated feature. Taking on a more serious tone, she garnered critical respect for her Emmy-nominated role in the epic mini-series Roots , but these dramatic offerings were few and far between. In the 1980s Sandy became a household name once again with her popular Wheat Thins commercials in which she periodically shared the camera with her two sons, Jeffrey and Michael, her children by Tony-nominated choreographer/dancer Don Correia , whom she married in 1980. In 1987, she returned to prime-time TV, but not in her own tailor-made vehicle. Instead Sandy replaced Valerie Harper in HER tailor-made vehicle after Harper departed in a well-publicized contractual dispute with producers after only one season. The show was simple changed in title from Valerie's Family: The Hogans to "The Hogan Family" and Sandy entered the proceedings as a close relative and new female head of household after Harper's character "died". As a testament to her audience appeal, the show managed to run for four more healthy seasons. In more recent times the pert, indefatigable Sandy has hosted Thanksgiving Day parades, dance competitions and teen pageants, starred on Broadway as Roxie Hart in "Chicago" (1999), and has headlined touring companies of such Broadway revivals as "Anything Goes" and "The King and I". She has also been a volunteer for the non-profit organization "RFB&D" (Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic) and was a recipient of the National Rehabilitation Hospital Victory Award, which is given to individuals who exhibit exceptional courage and strength in the face of adversity. Helen Reddy The #1 Grammy-winning "I Am Woman" became not only THE anthem of the feminist movement during the radical 1970s, but also the signature song for its crop-haired composer and singer Helen Reddy. Three decades later this is the hit people still remember her for, despite the fact she had an abundance of other "top ten" records over the course of her long career. Helen Maxine Lamond Reddy was born in Melbourne, Australia, to showbiz parents, comedy actor/producer/writer Max Reddy and singer/soap opera actress Stella Lamond . She has English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh ancestry. Helen began performing at the age of four at the Tivoli Theatre in Perth, Australia, touring much of her native country with her parents. She left boarding school at age 15 to work on the road singing and acting. Her musical style is best described as a light amalgam of rhythm and blues, easy rock and jazz. Her soothing, quivery vocals and equally warm appeal was instantly embraced, eventually earning her own Australian radio show. "Helen Reddy Sings" aired twice weekly on the Australian Broadcasting Commission. In 1966 Helen won a trip to New York in an Austalian Bandstand International contest and, though she met with little success during this excursion, did meet and marry second husband Jeff Wald , a manager and an agent with the William Morris talent agency. They married the following year and went to Los Angeles. Helen converted to Judaism before the marriage. Wald worked Helen into a few performances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , fifteen appearances total, and the resulting attention earned her her first hit with a top version of "I Don't Know How to Love Him" from the Broadway rock musical "Jesus Christ Superstar" in February 1972. Signed by Capitol Records, she enjoyed hit after hit throughout the early 70s, with "Delta Dawn" (1973) and "Angie Baby" (1974) also reaching #1. In 1973 Helen had her own summer-replacement variety show and was a popular hostess for a time on NBC's late-night variety show The Midnight Special . She tried to parlay her singing success into a film career but the pretty, wholesome-looking entertainer received only a mild reception for the Disney children's film Pete's Dragon and it went no further. In 1982, she divorced Wald and married a third time the following year to drummer Milton Ruth. Helen has ventured on into the concert and symphony orchestra forums as well as becoming a popular cabaret and nightclub attraction. In recent years she has graced a number of musical theater productions both on Broadway and in London's West End. Over the years she has been considered a primary interpreter of English playwright Willy Russell , having appeared in four productions of his one-woman show "Shirley Valentine." Other live musical productions have included "Anything Goes," "Call Me Madam," "The Mystery of Edwin Drood" and Russell's "Blood Brothers", in which she made her Broadway debut. Lately she is living again in her native Australia and retired from the business in 2002. These days she is a practicing hypnotherapist and motivational speaker. Sheila McCarthy Sheila met spouse Peter Donaldson while doing an aerobics warm-up (she was the instructor) while in a punk-rock production of "Godspell" at the Grand Theatre in London, Ontario in 1983. With Donaldson (whose father was a Commodore of the Canadian Steamship Line), she had two daughters: one born in 1992 and one born in 1988. Before Donaldson's death, they lived in Stratford, Ontario in a century-old home that is known to be free of "bohemian exuberance" - Ridpath sofas, club chairs, oriental carpets. The one concession to McCarthy's whimsy is the stainless steel and chrome-clad kitchen with the ceiling covered in retro pressed-tin squares. In the summer of 2004, she played in "Guys and Dolls" and "Anything Goes" in the Stratford Festival. Rip Taylor The nicknames, "The Prince of Pandemonium", "The Master of Mayhem" and "King of Camp and Confetti", are but a few valid applications that have been thrust upon zany comedian Rip Taylor, whose unique blend of burlesque and self-deprecating humor has entertained audiences for over four decades. A clever, quicksilver comic, he has headlined the top showrooms of Las Vegas, appeared on scores of television shows, starred in various musical stage slapsticks and even toyed with dramatic material over the years. Born Charles Elmer Taylor under quieter and more normal circumstances in Washington, D.C., on January 13, 1934, the raucous Rip began it all tossing out one-liners in nightclubs and had his first big break on Ed Sullivan 's The Ed Sullivan Show TV show in 1964. The tacky costumes, ridiculous props, handlebar mustache, wacky wigs and manic confetti-tossing didn't take long to follow as professional trademarks, and they soon made their way into the 1970s pop culture. Frequently appearing on television, he appeared in everything from variety shows to talk shows ( Merv Griffin and David Letterman ) to sitcoms like The Monkees . He was the gag man who delightfully wrangled out of every groan-inducing one-liner there was, eventually finding the perfect avenue for his brand of insanity via producer Chuck Barris and his syndicated TV shows of the 1970s and 1980s. Rip became a favorite panelist judge, along with Jaye P. Morgan , on Barris' The Gong Show , and later served as host of the equally tacky The $1.98 Beauty Show . A mainstay in Las Vegas, whether as ringleader of a topless chorus line or opening act to a major entertainer, Rip also slayed 'em on Broadway ("Sugar Babies") and has demonstrated a fine singing instrument in musicals including "Anything Goes", "Oliver!" (as "Fagan"), "Peter Pan" (as "Captain Hook") and in a 1999 production of "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (as "Pseudolus"). On the more serious side, he played Demi Moore 's crusty boss in Indecent Proposal and showed up sans confetti as Kate Hudson 's father in the Rob Reiner feature, Alex & Emma . For the most part, however, Rip has continued on his merry way in such campy film nonsense as Barris' The Gong Show Movie ; the "Exorcist" spoof, Repossessed , with Linda Blair and Leslie Nielsen ; the foreign-made The Silence of the Hams ["The Silence of the Hams"] and Jackass: The Movie . Beginning in the early 1960s, when he first provided additional voices for The Jetsons , Rip has continued making voice-over work a viable means of income. His voice can be heard in such animated films as DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp , Tom and Jerry: The Movie and Scooby-Doo and the Monster of Mexico . Rip was nominated for an Emmy award for voicing the role of "Uncle Fester" in the TV cartoon series, The Addams Family . Edie Adams The scintillating, sultry-eyed blonde (formerly a redhead) star of screen, TV and award-winning stage went on to become best known, however, for her sensual delivery pitching cigars in taunting 60s ads and commercials with her Mae West ian come-on line, "Why don't you pick one up and smoke it sometime?" This, of course, was at a time when smoking was considered quite sexy and fashionable, and Edie Adams went above and beyond the call of duty in making these ads legendary. Edie had her hand dipped in all pools of entertainment -- she was a singing siren, an award-winning Broadway musical entertainer, a deft impressionist and comedienne, a serious dramatic actress, a commercial saleswoman and a viable TV celebrity. Off-stage, she showed remarkable poise and resourcefulness, when her famous first husband, landmark TV comic Ernie Kovacs , was tragically killed in a January 1962 car crash in Los Angeles and she found her family finances in dire straits. She was born Edith Elizabeth Enke on April 16, 1927, in the relatively small town of Kingston, Pennsylvania, but moved while fairly young to Grove City. Her family relocated again, this time to Tenafly, New Jersey, where she grew up. Following her graduation from high school, Edie aspired to become an opera singer and studied voice and piano at New York's Juilliard School of Music. She then went on to take acting classes at the Columbia School of Drama. Her theatrical debut occurred with a 1947 production of "Blithe Spirit" and, a year later, she appeared in the stage show "Goodnight Ladies". Gradually building up her singing reputation via the nightclub circuit, her big break came when Arthur Godfrey booked her on his "Talent Scouts" show. She didn't come out the winner, but a TV director who caught sight of her performance visioned in her a seductive "straight man" who could mesh well with a certain zany comedian. In 1951, Edie (then known as Edith Adams) was signed up as a featured singer on Ernie Kovacs 's comedy show that originated in Philadelphia. The show, live and unrehearsed, became an innovative, groundbreaking effort in the relatively new medium. Outrageous and even incomprehensible at times, his comedy was deemed way ahead of its time, and, as a result, had problems reaching mainstream audiences who didn't "get it", and the programs were short-lived. Various Kovacs' platforms that included Edie were Ernie in Kovacsland , "Kovacs on the Korner" (1952), and, of course, The Ernie Kovacs Show . She and Kovacs eloped to Mexico City in 1954 and their union produced a daughter, Mia Kovacs . The duo were a popular couple in the Hollywood social circuit (moving there from New York in the late 50s) and the connections she developed out there were quite valuable in furthering her career. Early 50s TV opened many doors for Edie and she waltzed right through them. Her New York stage debut in the popular musical "Wonderful Town" in 1952 had her walking away with the Theatre World Award for "Best Newcomer". A few years later, she slithered away with a supporting Tony Award for her bodacious take on the "Daisy Mae" character in the musical "Li'l Abner" (1956). Following that were more musical and dramatic ventures on the stage including "The Merry Widow" (1957), a show she would return to more than once, "Sweet Bird of Youth" (1960) and "Free as a Bird" (1960). On film, Edie showed the public that she wasn't just a pretty face with her sharply unsympathetic supporting performance in Billy Wilder 's The Apartment and a funny, sexier one in the second of Rock Hudson and Doris Day 's three battle-of-the-sex romps, Lover Come Back . Surprisingly, Edie and Ernie never appeared together in a film. Edie remained primarily a TV fixture and, outside of her Emmy-nominated coupling with Kovacs, winningly played the Fairy Godmother in Julie Andrews ' popular TV version of Cinderella , appeared regularly with Jack Paar and Dinah Shore in their respective variety shows, acted on various prime-time shows, and graced a number of celebrity game and talk show panels. One of Edie's last pairings with Kovacs was in 1960 when they appeared as guests on the very last episode of The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour . The pair appeared as themselves with one of the highlights having Edie crooning the lovely ballad "That's All". Kovacs' sudden 1962 death was a terrible reversal of fortunes for Edie. An inveterate gambler, he left her owing much money to the IRS. Instead of filing bankruptcy, however, she worked her way out of debt. In the process, her career received a second wind. Perhaps it didn't hurt that the public adored Edie and that she was a genuinely sympathetic figure in the wake of her private tragedy. She returned to the nightclub circuit from whence she came, recorded albums, and also toured the country in various dramatic and musical comedy vehicles including "Rain" (as Sadie Thompson), "Bell's Are Ringing", "Annie Get Your Gun" (as Annie Oakley), "I Do! I Do!", "Anything Goes" and "Bus Stop". She also received outstanding notices in a few of her films, whether it be drama ( Love with the Proper Stranger , The Best Man ) or frivolous comedy ( Call Me Bwana , It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World , Under the Yum Yum Tree , The Honey Pot ). Moreover, she was handed her own musical variety show Here's Edie (aka "The Edie Adams Show") and received a couple of Emmy nominations for her efforts. She also took advantage of her famous impressions of Zsa Zsa Gabor and others, appearing on various TV comedy formats. More than anything, however, it was her come-hither temptress pitching Muriel cigars that had TV audiences's tongues wagging. It was a smashingly successful and highly profitable coup for Edie professionally. Her late husband, a notorious cigar smoker, at one time sold Dutch Master cigars on TV. The idea then for Edie to pitch a competing slimmer cigar on TV was only natural. She had much to do with the direction of the commercials, which ran throughout the 1960s, providing them with a perfect blend of class, glamour and sensuality. While growing noticeably heavier in later years, she never lost her trademark humor and sex appeal. Edie could still be seen from time to time on the stage in such shows as "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas", the female version of "The Odd Couple", "Hello, Dolly!" and "Nunsense". She remained committed to the end to restoring/preserving her late husband's videotapes and kinescopes of his ground-breaking 50s TV work. She also recalled her offbeat life with Kovacs in the book "Sing a Pretty Song", which was published in 1990. Edie remarried in 1964 to photographer Marty Mills, with whom she had a son, Josh Mills . That union ended in divorce in 1971. The following year, Edie married jazz trumpeter Pete Candoli . She and Candoli, who died in January of 2008, divorced in 1989. In another eerie, tragic circumstance, daughter Mia Kovacs was killed in a 1982 Los Angeles auto accident at age 22 -- 20 years after her father's similar demise. Suffering from cancer and losing weight in recent years, the beloved Edie died of complications from pneumonia at age 81 in Los Angeles. Frank Sutton As the brash and bruising tough guy with wide, flaring nostrils, compact features and boorish, bullying personality, you could have placed bets that anyone who had the guts to go nose-to-nose against crew cut-wearing badger Frank Sutton had better be one tough order. Nope. Far from it. Sutton's most feared, ulcer-inducing on-camera nemesis would be none other than one of TV's gentlest souls ever--Mayberry's own lovable gas station attendant Gomer Pyle. As the antagonistic, in-your-face Sgt. Vince Carter, whose outer bluster occasionally revealed a softer inner core, the 41-year-old Sutton finally found himself front and center co-starring in one of sitcomdom's most successful spin-offs-- Gomer Pyle: USMC , the offspring of The Andy Griffith Show . Fans really took to Sutton's volatile character whose hilarious slow burn meshed perfectly with Jim Nabors ' awkward guile. The gimmick of watching Carter's devious but ultimately failed plans to transfer Pyle out of his unit each week worked for five seasons. Off-stage Nabors and Sutton shared a mutual respect for each other. After the show's demise, in fact, Sutton went on to become a part of Jim's roster of regulars on The Jim Nabors Hour , a variety show that had a very short run. Frank Spencer Sutton was born in Clarksville, Tennessee. Although some sources list the year of his birth as 1922, his grave marker indicates 1923. An only child, both his parents had jobs working for the local newspaper. When he was eight, the family moved to Nashville, his father dying some time later of an intestinal ailment. Belonging to the drama club and appearing in high school plays sparked his early interest in acting, and he majored in Dramatic Arts at Columbia University, graduating cum laude. Gaining experience on the local stages, he eventually found a job as a radio announcer. Following WWII military service, he returned to acting and in the 1950s segued into TV, appearing on a couple of the more popular children's adventure series -- Captain Video and His Video Rangers and Tom Corbett, Space Cadet . Based in New York, Sutton also found work on the soaps The Edge of Night and The Secret Storm . Sutton's imposing mug and hothead countenance proved quite suitable for playing both good guys and bad guys and he became a steady, reliable fixture in rugged surroundings. With work on such series as "Gunsmoke", "Maverick", "The Fugitive", "Combat!", and "The Untouchables" he could be counted on to play everything from a crass, outspoken blue-collar buddy to a menacing henchman. Film appearances were sporadic, with only a few secondary roles offered. His best chances were in Four Boys and a Gun , Town Without Pity (a very good performance as one of a trio of American GIs accused of raping a young German girl) and The Satan Bug . In the early 1970s, after the success of the "Gomer Pyle" series, Sutton was seen in TV guest spots while performing in small-scale stock plays all over the US. His stage work would include comedic roles in "The Odd Couple," "Anything Goes" and "No Hard Feelings." In fact, he died suddenly of a heart attack on June 28, 1974, while in rehearsals for a show at a Louisiana dinner theater. The 50-year-old actor was survived by his wife of 25 years, daytime soap writer Toby Igler, and children Joseph and Amanda. He was buried in his home town. Aimee-Lynn Chadwick Aimee Lynn Chadwick hails from the small Cape Cod town of Sandwich, Ma. Growing up she attended the prestigious Capachione School of Performing Arts. Chadwick performed a variety of Leading roles in stage plays such as Reno Sweeney in Anything Goes, Martha in The Secret Garden, Adelaide in Guys and Dolls. Following her studies at CSPA, she went on to study at The Boston Conservatory. After exhausting the opportunities available to her on the east coast, she decided to head west. Moving to Los Angeles with one-hundred dollars in her pocket and nothing but a dream, Miss. Chadwick lived on people's couches for about 9 months until she found herself a small air mattress in the corner of an office room. Her long, hard haul finally paid off in 2003 when she landed a supporting role in the Warner Bros. feature, A Cinderella Story, as the quirky/punky, "shock jock" DJ Astrid. This role lead to other opportunities such as starring as Alice in the Special Edition Disney DVD of Alice in Wonderland, Disney's "Prom" and hosting DIRT (a children's motocross show that traveled around the United States). In the time she has been in LA, Aimee has landed many sought-after acting roles in independent and major motion pictures, as well as many notable network TV shows, Such as "The Mentalist", "The Closer", "Rizolli and Isles", to name a few, Acting with some of the top talents of today. Aimee Lynn is also an accomplished singer and songwriter. She has opened for Mandy Moore, Vitamin C and many more. She has also fronted the rock band, "Chasing Aimee", and the folk duo "The Charles Shaw Project". You can purchase her first album "Generation Next" , she created with producer London Thompson, on Itunes, and Amazon. She can be heard on fellow singer/actor Keram Malicki-Sanchez's latest album "Come to Life", where she sang and co-wrote the title track. Aimee Lynn can be seen out and about playing shows in Los Angeles, and is always writing comedy sketches and music for future albums. She is a true artist at heart, and loves nothing more than to bring her life experiences, and her soul to whatever platform is available to her, be it stage or screen. Larry Cedar Larry Cedar is an accomplished film, television, stage and voiceover artist. Admitted to Hastings Law School after earning his BA in Communication Studies, the course of his life was dramatically altered when he impulsively decided to audition for, and was accepted into, the MFA Theater program at UCLA. There he participated in and won the Hugh O'Brian Acting Competition award for Best Actor and as a result was signed to an exclusive one-year artist development contract with Universal Studios, where he subsequently appeared in his first television pilot. He went on to star in various projects for Walt Disney Studios, numerous episodics and several feature films, including a starring role opposite Rebecca De Mornay and Mary Gross in the Ivan Reitman -produced Feds , as well as an unforgettable appearance opposite John Lithgow as "The Creature on the Wing" in the Steven Spielberg remake of Twilight Zone: The Movie , directed by George Miller . Larry spent six years in New York starring in the award-winning PBS series Square One Television and later starred in 40 episodes of the Fox television series A.J.'s Time Travelers produced by Gianni Russo . An excellent singer, on stage he has portrayed Hoagy Carmichael in "Hoagy, Bix, and Wolfgang Beethoven Bunkhaus" at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, starred as "Vernon" opposite Lea Thompson in "They're Playing Our Song", and as "Secretary Thompson" in "1776: The Musical" opposite Roger Rees . An avid reader and monologist, he is currently developing a one-man show based on the works of one of his favorite authors, George Orwell . In 2003 he was nominated for two Los Angeles Theater Alliance "Ovation" awards for his performances in "Anything Goes" (as Lord Oakley) opposite Rachel York and "She Loves Me" (as Sipos, for which he ultimately won Best Featured Actor in a Musical). He also excels in the field of voiceovers, and in addition to lending his numerous vocal characterizations to hundreds of commercials, cartoon series, and video games, he specializes in the art of "speed talking". Demos of his voiceover work can be heard at www.disclaimerman.com. Larry currently recurs as "Leon", the opium-addicted card dealer and thief, in HBO's newest hit series, _"Deadwood" (2004/I)_ opposite Powers Boothe , Ricky Jay and Ian McShane . He most recently completed work opposite Keanu Reeves as the horrific "Vermin Man" (with special effects makeup by Stan Winston ) in Constantine , directed by Francis Lawrence . Janet Blair When it came to bright and polished, they didn't get much spiffier than singer/actress Janet Blair -- perhaps to her detriment in the long haul. At Columbia, she was usually overlooked for the roles that might have tested her dramatic mettle. Nevertheless, she pleased audiences as a pert and perky co-star to a number of bigger stars, ranging from George Raft and Cary Grant to Red Skelton and The Dorsey Brothers . Of Irish descent, she was born Martha Janet Lafferty in Altoona, Pennsylvania, in 1921. Raised there in the public school system, she sang in the church choir during her youth and adolescence. The inspiration and talent were evident enough for her to pursue singing as a career by the time she graduated. At age 18, she was a lead vocalist with Hal Kemp 's band at the Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles. While with Kemp's outfit, Janet met and, subsequently, married the band's pianist, Lou Busch , a respected musician, songwriter, and, later, ragtime recording artist. A Columbia Pictures talent scout caught her behind the microphone and spotted fine potential in the pretty-as-a-picture songstress. The death of Kemp in a car accident in December of 1940 and the band's eventual break-up signaled a life-changing course of events. She signed up with Columbia, for up to $100 a week, and moved to Los Angeles while her husband found work as a studio musician. Janet made an immediate impression in her debut film as the feisty kid sister of Joan Blondell and Binnie Barnes in Three Girls About Town and also dallied about in the movies, Two Yanks in Trinidad and Blondie Goes to College , until her big break in the movies arrived. Star Rosalind Russell made a pitch for Janet to play her co-lead in My Sister Eileen as her naive, starry-eyed younger sister (Eileen), who carried aspirations of being a big-time actress. The film became an instant hit and Janet abruptly moved up into the "love interest" ranks. Usually appearing in a frothy musical or light comedy, she was seeded second, however, to another redhead, Rita Hayworth , when it came to Columbia's dispensing out musical leads. Janet, nevertheless, continued promisingly paired up with George Raft in the mob-oriented tunefest, Broadway ; alongside Don Ameche in the musical, Something to Shout About ; and opposite Cary Grant in the comedy-fantasy, Once Upon a Time , one of his lesser known films. She played second lead to Ms. Hayworth in Tonight and Every Night and was right in her element when asked to co-star with bandleaders Jimmy Dorsey and Tommy Dorsey in their biopic, The Fabulous Dorseys . A rare dramatic role came her way in the Glenn Ford starrer, Gallant Journey , but again she was relegated to playing the stereotyped altruistic wife. In retrospect, the importance of her roles, although performed quite capably, were more supportive and decorative in nature and lacked real bite. By the time the daring-do "B" swashbuckler The Black Arrow rolled out, Columbia had lost interest in its fair maiden and Janet had lost interest in Hollywood. A new decade brought about a new career direction. Putting together a successful nightclub act, she was spotted by composer Richard Rodgers and made a sparkling name for herself within a short time. Rodgers & Hammerstein's "South Pacific", starring Mary Martin , was the hit of the Broadway season and Janet dutifully took on the lead role of "Ensign Nellie Forbush" when the show went on tour in 1950. She gave a yeoman performance -- over 1,200 in all -- within a three-year period. Following this success, she made her Broadway debut in the musical, "A Girl Can Tell," in 1953. She went on for decades, appearing in such tuneful vehicles as "Anything Goes," "Bells Are Ringing," "Annie Get Your Gun," "Mame," and "Follies." Her career, however, took second place after marrying second husband, producer/director Nick Mayo in 1953, and raising their two children, Amanda and Andrew. The couple met when he stage-managed "South Pacific" and went on to co-own and operate Valley Music Theatre in Woodland Hills, California, during the mid-1960s. There, she played "Maria" in "The Sound of Music" and "Peter Pan" opposite Vincent Price 's "Dr. Hook," among others. Her second marriage lasted until the late '60s. TV's "Golden Age" proved to be a viable medium for her. A promising series role came to her in 1956 when she replaced Emmy-winning Nanette Fabray as Sid Caesar 's femme co-star on Caesar's Hour but she left the sketch-based comedy show after only one season because she felt stifled and underused. She also returned to films on occasion, appearing opposite her The Fuller Brush Man co-star, Red Skelton , in another of his slapstick vehicles, Public Pigeon No. One ; as Tony Randall 's wife in the domestic comedy, Boys' Night Out , starring Kim Novak ; and in the excellent cult British horror, Burn, Witch, Burn (aka Burn, Witch, Burn) and she was fresh as a daisy, once again, in the antiseptic Disney musical, The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band . After her second divorce, Janet laid off touring in musicals and settled in Hollywood to raise her two teenage children while looking for TV work. She found a steady paycheck paired up with Henry Fonda on the sitcom, The Smith Family , playing another of her patented loyal wives. She also found scattered work on such TV shows as Marcus Welby, M.D. , Switch , Fantasy Island , and The Love Boat . Her last guest showing was on the Murder, She Wrote episode, Who Killed J.B. Fletcher? . Janet died at age 85 in Santa Monica, California, after developing pneumonia. Erin Mackey Erin did community children's theater around the area and at Fullerton Children's Repertory Theater and was spotted by a manager and offered the opportunity to audition for film and TV. Her first audition was for Disney's The Parent Trap, which she was cast as Lindsay Lohan's Acting Double. After Erin's freshman year of college at Carnegie Mellon University, she auditioned for the musical "Wicked" and landed a job on the First National Tour. After being in the ensemble, she was offered the role of Glinda in the Chicago company of "Wicked" where she remained for a year a half. She moved to the Los Angeles company of "Wicked" to play Glinda. In 2009, she made her Broadway debut as Glinda. Soon after Wicked, she was cast in Broadway's "Sondheim on Sondheim" with the Roundabout Theater Co. and followed it with the role of Hope Halcourt in the revival of "Anything Goes." "Chaplin" the musical was her next Broadway show playing Oona O'Neill opposite Rob McClure who was Charlie Chaplin. She appeared at Lincoln Center in the NY Philharmonic's concert production of Sweeney Todd as Johanna. It will be broadcast on PBS on September 26, 2014. Her regional and Off-Broadway credits include South Pacific (Nellie) at Paper Mill Playhouse, Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera's production of Phantom (Christine), The Light in the Piazza (Clara) at South Coast Repertory and I Remember Mama (Katrin) at the York Theatre. Film and TV: The Intern, Blue Bloods, Gossip Girl, Family Affair, Do Over and The Parent Trap. She has had the pleasure of performing with the Long Beach Symphony, Philadelphia Orchestra, Cleveland Pops and Florida Orchestra and can be heard on the original cast albums of Chaplin and Sondheim on Sondheim. Bobby Van Triple-threat performer singer, dancer and actor Bobby Van was the epitome of the breezy, exuberant song-and-dance man who could enliven any film he was put into. Unfortunately, he caught the tail end of MGM's musical reign during the 1950s. Alas, the visions of Gene Kelly and Donald O'Connor come more readily to mind when one reflects on the "Golden Age" of musicals but Bobby was a charming colleague. The entertainer was born Robert Jack Stein on December 6, 1928 in The Bronx, New York. Living most of his early youth backstage (his parents were vaudevillians), Bobby made his stage bow at the ripe old age of four, when he became a scene-stealing part of his parents' act. Bobby attended New York City schools growing up and took a special interest in music classes. His early interest focused on the trumpet, but a last-minute song-and-dance job as a replacement at a Catskill Mountains resort where he and his band were playing a gig ultimately changed his destiny. A natural on stage, he also told jokes and did impressions. World War II interrupted his nascent career but he eventually regained his momentum and started appearing regularly in nightclub, on radio and TV. Bobby earned some Broadway attention in the musical "Alive and Kicking" and in the revival of "On Your Toes," both in 1950. In 1952 he married musical actress Diane Garrett , who abruptly retired (they adopted a son, Peter, in 1959). That year was a banner one for Bobby professionally for he had joined the MGM ranks and was now appearing in movies. He partnered up with Debbie Reynolds in Skirts Ahoy! and had a minor part in the glossy Mario Lanza vehicle Because You're Mine , which featured him in a dance solo. Bobby went on to "second lead" status the following year with Small Town Girl starring Jane Powell , which featured his famous "hopping" dance sequence, then to film star as the boyish high school swooner in the warm and winning The Affairs of Dobie Gillis . Best of all, he showed off his exceptional dancing prowess in the musical classic Kiss Me Kate in which he, Tommy Rall and then-dancer Bob Fosse stopped the show with their breathtaking footwork in the "From This Moment On" number. Although this MGM film should have put him on the movie map, it ended up being his swan song. Bobby would not make another film for over a decade. With the "Golden Age" of MGM now officially a part of his past, Bobby was forced to look elsewhere for work. He kept a lower profile but remained busy in night clubs and worked as a choreographer, staging the musical numbers for two of Jerry Lewis ' movie vehicles: The Ladies Man and It's Only Money . He appeared regularly again on the screen (the smaller screen, that is) with a recurring role in the short-lived TV series Mickey starring old MGM pal Mickey Rooney . The two stars later worked together in night clubs. Divorced in the early 1960s from musical actress Diane Garrett , Bobby married another performer, singer/comedienne Elaine Joyce , in 1968. The lovely couple appeared frequently together on such game shows as Tattletales and Match Game 73 . Game shows actually became a steady line of work for Bobby, and he wound up hosting a few of his own, including Showoffs , The Fun Factory and Make Me Laugh . On stage he was rejuvenated again when he co-starred in the successful revival of "No, No, Nanette" (1971) on Broadway starring Susan Watson and Tony winner Helen Gallagher . Bobby himself was nominated for a Tony and went on to hoof it up in the original musical "Doctor Jazz" (1975), as well as the more established "Mack and Mabel" (1975), "Anything Goes" (1977) and "Dames at Sea" (1978). In 1977 wife Elaine bore him a baby girl, Taylor. Sadly, in 1979 Bobby was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. Although he underwent surgery to remove the tumor, the cancer came back. Ever the trouper, the "show went on" as he valiantly continued to perform despite his illness. He made his fourth and last appearance as host of the "Mrs. America Pageant" in June 1980. Bobby passed away a little more than a month later on July 31, 1980, at age 51. He is buried at Mt. Sinai Memorial Park in Burbank, California. Cole Porter Cole Porter was born June 9, 1891, at Peru, Indiana, the son of pharmacist Samuel Fenwick Porter and Kate Cole. Cole was raised on a 750-acre fruit ranch. Kate Cole married Samuel Porter in 1884 and had two children, Louis and Rachel, who both died in infancy. Porter's grandfather, J.G. Cole, was a multi-millionaire who made his fortune in the coal and western timber business. His mother introduced him to the violin and the piano. Cole started riding horses at age six and began to studying piano at eight at Indiana's Marion Conservatory. By age ten, he had begun to compose songs, and his first song was entitled "Song of the Birds". He attended Worcester Academy in Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1905, an elite private school from which he graduated in 1909 as class valedictorian. That summer he toured Europe as a graduation present from his grandfather. That fall, he entered Yale University and lived in a single room at Garland's Lodging House at 242 York Street in New Haven, CT, and became a member of the Freshman Glee Club. In 1910, he published his first song, "Bridget McGuire". While at Yale, he wrote football fight songs including the "Yale Bulldog Song" and "Bingo Eli Yale," which was introduced at a Yale dining hall dinner concert. Classmates include poet Archibald Macleish , Bill Crocker of San Francisco banking family and actor Monty Woolley . Dean Acheson , later to be U.S. Secretary of State, lived in the same dorm with Porter and was a good friend of Porter. In his senior year he was president of the University Glee club and a football cheerleader. Porter graduated from Yale in 1913 with a BA degree. He attended Harvard Law school from 1913 to 1914 and the Harvard School of Music from 1915 to 1916. In 1917 he went to France and distributed foodstuffs to war-ravaged villages. In April 1918 he joined the 32nd Field Artillery Regiment and worked with the Bureau of the Military Attache of the US. During this time he met the woman who would become his wife, Linda Lee Thomas, a wealthy Kentucky divorcée, at a breakfast reception at the Ritz Hotel in Paris. He did not, as is often rumored, join the French Foreign Legion at this time, nor receive a commission in the French army and see combat as an officer. In 1919 he rented an apartment in Paris, enrolled in a school specializing in music composition and studied with Vincent D'indy. On December 18, 1919, married Linda Lee Thomas, honeymooning in the south of France. This was a "professional" marriage, as Cole was, in fact, gay. Linda had been previously married to a newspaper publisher and was described as a beautiful woman who was one of the most celebrated hostesses in Europe. The Porters made their home on the Rue Monsieur in Paris, where their parties were renowned as long and brilliant. They hired the Monte Carlo Ballet for one of their affairs; once, on a whim, they transported all of their guests to the French Riviera. In 1923 they moved to Venice, Italy, where they lived in the Rezzonico Palace, the former home of poets Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning . They built an extravagant floating night club that would accommodate up to 100 guests. They conducted elaborate games including treasure hunts through the canals and arranged spectacular balls. Porter's first play on Broadway featured a former ballet dancer, actor Clifton Webb . He collaborated with E. Ray Goetz , the brother-in-law of Irving Berlin , on several Broadway plays, as Goetz was an established producer and lyricist. His ballad "Love For Sale" was introduced on December 8, 1930, in a revue that starred Jimmy Durante and was introduced by Kathryn Crawford . Walter Winchell , the newspaper columnist and radio personality, promoted the song, which was later banned by many radio stations because of its content. In 1934, his hit "Anything Goes" appeared on Broadway. During the show's hectic rehearsal Porter once asked the stage doorman what he thought the show should be called. The doorman responded that nothing seemed to go right, with so many things being taken out and then put back in, that "Anything Goes" might be a good title. Porter liked it, and kept it. In 1936, while preparing for "Red, Hot and Blue" with Bob Hope and Jimmy Durante , Ethel Merman was hired to do stenographic work to help Porter in rewriting scripts of the show. He later said she was the best stenographers he ever had. Porter wrote such classic songs as "Let's Do It" in 1928, "You Do Something To Me" in 1929, "Love For Sale" in 1930, "What Is This Thing Called Love?" in 1929, "Night and Day" in 1932, "I Get A Kick Out Of You" in 1934, "Begin the Beguine" in 1935, "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" in 1938, "Don't Fence Me In" in 1944, "I Love Paris" in 1953, "I've Got You Under My Skin", In the Still of The Night", "You'd Be So Nice To Come Home To", "True Love", "Just One Of Those Things", "Anything Goes", "From This Moment On", "You're The Top", "Easy to Love" and many, many more. On October 24, 1937, taking a break from a re-write of what would be his weakest musical, "You Never Know", visiting as a guest at a countess' home, Piping Rock Club in Locust Valley, New York, he was badly injured in a fall while horseback-riding. Both of his legs were smashed and he suffered a nerve injury. He was hospitalized for two years, confined to a wheelchair for five years and endured over 30 operations to save his legs over the next 20 years. During his recuperation he wrote a number of Broadway musicals. On August 3, 1952, his beloved mother died of a cerebral hemorrhage. His wife, Linda, died of cancer on May 20, 1954. On April 3, 1958, he sustained his 33rd operation, and still suffering from chronic pain, his right leg was amputated. He refused to wear an artificial limb and lived as a virtual recluse in his apartment at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City. He sought refuge in alcohol, sleep, self-pity and sank into despair. He even refused to attend a "Salute to Cole Porter" at the Metropolitan Opera on May 15, 1960, and the commencement exercises at Yale University in June of 1960 when he was conferred with an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, or his 70th birthday party arranged by his friends at the Orpheum Theater in New York City in June 1962. After what appeared to be a successful kidney stone operation at St. John's hospital in Santa Monica, California, he died very unexpectedly on October 15, 1964. His funeral instructions were that he have no funeral or memorial service and he was buried adjacent to his mother and wife in Peru, Indiana. Tom Byron Thomas Bryan Taliaferro Jr. (Tom Byron) was born on April 4, 1961, in Houston, Texas. Tom grew up in Houston, in a large family of four sisters, one of whom was openly gay. The shy, soft-spoken and extremely intelligent Byron fast-tracked through high school and graduated one year early. When he turned 18 he moved to Los Angeles, and got a job in an adult video/novelty store, which was located across the street from Jim South 's World Modeling Agency. South is a well-known booking agent for adult video actors and actresses. One day in May of 1982 Tom decided to walk in and meet Jim. South was cautious at first, because Tom looked younger than what his driver's license claimed, but wound up signing him to a shoot. Bobby Hollander 's "Anything Goes: Gourmet Video 19" (1982) was Tom's first shoot. His first scene was with Craig Roberts and Lili Marlene , and Tom unfortunately didn't fare too well under the pressure. However, he decided to stick it out and soon landed major roles in Private Teacher , All American Girls II: In Heat and the Marilyn Chambers vehicle Up 'n' Coming . With his extraordinary work in those three films, Byron was thrust into the spotlight. Many adult video producers took notice of the talented 21-year-old. Byron, who had been doing a number of loops and magazine still shoots to pay his rent, and work started pouring in. Tom made a name for himself as the consummate professional opposite such adult superstars as Ginger Lynn and Traci Lords , with whom he once shared an apartment. Along with his two friends, Peter North and Marc Wallice , Byron took the adult video world by storm. Between 1982 and 1990 he worked in nearly 1,000 films with virtually every actress in the business. Some of his finest work included the "Brat" series, where he played the bumbling husband Morty Dickinson, as well as his work in Sizzle and New Wave Hookers . Tom has received countless awards for his scene with Ginger Lynn and Steve Powers in "New Wave Hookers", a scene which Byron has referred to as "easy" but is regarded in adult circles as "legendary". By 1991 he had established himself as a presence in the adult-video world. Unfortunately, that was also the same year that the IRS came looking for him regarding unfiled income taxes. He found himself in serious financial debt and was even looking at some jail time if he couldn't straighten out his problems. In order to pay off his debts, Byron took on a rigorous work schedule. In 1991 he appeared in over 250 videos (averaging between two and three scenes per movie) in addition to appearing in a number of still magazine shoots for European and American publications. However, by 1992 he was burned out and unhappy with the industry, and began looking for other diversions. He chose music. He formed a band and began touring the L.A. music scene while doing porn on the side. He got some publicity by demanding a condoms-only policy during his scenes, the first actor to do so, but the publicity was short-lived, as was his music career. In 1993 he dedicated himself full time to appearing in adult films, and gave up his condoms-only stance. Between 1993 and 1996 he worked in well over 500 adult videos, often for his old friend, director Alex de Renzy (aka Rex Borsky). In 1997 Byron signed with a fledgling company called Elegant Angel. Company head Patrick Collins (aka Roscoe Bowltree) decided to bring Byron on board as an actor and a director (Byron had directed one of the Brat movies when director Paul Thomas had taken ill). However, Patrick saw the potential in Byron and pushed him to direct his own video series. After shooting a scene with Sean Michaels and Nikki Brantz that appeared in Sodomania 17: S.M.U.T. , Byron was on his way, and was assigned to direct a series called "Cumback Pussy". His directing style was very similar to that of his old buddy DeRenzy, and Byron, as well as Elegant Angel, cleaned up at the the Adult Video News Awards. In 1998 Byron, Robert Black and Van Damage decided to leave the stable of Elegant Angel after they felt betrayed by Collins. They formed their own company called Extreme Associates, named for its promise to produce "extreme" videos. Tiffany Mynx also left Elegant Angel and became the company's first contract starlet. Byron attempted to convince his good friend Marc Wallice to leave Elegant Angel also. As well as being a longtime friend, Wallice had been one of the people who helped Byron through his transition from performer to director and had also worked as the editor and cinematographer on many of Byron's early Elegant Angel movies. However, by late 1997 it was revealed that Wallice had contracted the HIV virus, and he subsequently retired. In 1999 Byron began shooting the "Lord of Asses", "Whack Attack" and "Planet of the Gapes" series, which were very similar to his "Cumback Pussy" line. He is still going strong and has ventured out, with his friend Rob Black, into the wrestling world. He helped form the Los Angeles-based XPW (Xtreme Pro Wrestling) organization, which is considered the top wrestling outfit behind WWF, WCW and ECW. In 2000 Byron worked almost exclusively for Extreme, with an occasional appearance in a Seymore Butts video. To date Byron has appeared in nearly 2,000 adult videos, a few mainstream films (such as 52 Pick-Up ) and has been inducted into the XRCO and AVN Hall of Fame. Shirley Ross Blonde, vivacious and obviously talented, Shirley Ross had the promisings of a big musical film star but her career remained strictly second-string throughout her fairly short career. Making a mark for herself proved difficult; in fact, she is best remembered through her pairing with an entertainment legend. Shirley was afforded the opportunity of duetting with Bob Hope on the song "Thanks for the Memory" in the splashy musical The Big Broadcast of 1938 (1938). The song, of course, became Bob's beloved signature tune. Shirley was born Bernice Gaunt, the daughter of C. Burr and Maude C. Gaunt in Omaha, Nebraska in 1913 (some sources say 1909). Her family moved west and she attended Hollywood High School, later studying at UCLA. Blessed with a gorgeous musical instrument and an adept piano player as well, Shirley went on to sing with Gus Arnheim's band on the west coast, appearing at all the swanky clubs of the day, including the Beverly Wilshire Hotel, while making a decent name for herself on radio. She also appeared in a west coast production of "Anything Goes." MGM initially scooped her up, making her unbilled debut in the Jean Harlow starrer Blonde Bombshell (1933). She continued on just as obscurely in the films Hollywood Party (as herself) 34, Manhattan Melodrama (1934), The Girl from Missouri (1934), The Merry Widow (1934), and Age of Indiscretion (1935), but was finally promoted to a minor featured role in the classic earthquake epic San Francisco (1936) with Clark Gable and Jeanette MacDonald, in which Shirley sang "Happy New Year." In 1936, she found more visible work over at Paramount and spent the next few years there paired up vocally and romantically with either Bing Crosby or Bob Hope in their popular vehicles - The Big Broadcast of 1937 (1936), Waikiki Wedding (1937), Thanks for the Memory (1938), Paris Honeymoon (1939) and Some Like It Hot (1939). Though most were trifling, insignificant time fillers, she was a diverting beauty and quite serviceable in them. She was even given the chance to topline a few of her own movies such as Prison Farm (1938), Sailors on Leave (1941) and A Song for Miss Julie (1945), which was her swan song. After leaving pictures, she was little heard or seen. Married to agent Ken Dolan, she had three children - two sons and a daughter. Shirley died in Menlo Park, California of cancer in 1975. Though gone and mostly forgotten, by having had some "Hope" in her life, hopefully a flicker of "Thanks for the Memory" will be in remembrance of Shirley Ross. Elaine Paige Elaine Paige, as an actress, recording artist, producer and broadcaster, has made a major contribution to the modern musical that ensures her own chapter in the entertainment world and justifies the title "The First Lady of Musical Theatre". She has starred in numerous West End productions and on Broadway and in concert internationally, sweeping to fame when she created her award winning performance as Eva Peron in Evita. Shortly afterwards she created the role of Grizabella in the original production of Cats and the classic song Memory became one of Elaine's many hit records. Further theatre productions: Hair, Jesus Christ Superstar, Grease, Billy, Chess (with her record breaking number one hit I Know Him So Well with Barbara Dickson), Anything Goes, Piaf, Sunset Boulevard in London and Broadway, The King and I, Sweeney Todd (New York City Opera). She has worked twice with Sir Peter Hall's Theatre Company in The Misanthrope and Feydeau's Where There's A Will. Elaine has performed in concert worldwide from The White House to The Great Hall of the People in Beijing, from the Bolshoi to Sydney Opera House. She has appeared in many television roles including her own TV specials and Royal Variety Shows. She has recorded 18 solo albums (4 multi Platinum and 9 consecutive Gold) and 7 cast albums and has been honoured with a number of awards: Society of West End Theatre Award for Best Actress in a Musical and Variety Club Award for Show Business Personality of the year (1978); Variety Club Award for Musical Artiste (1986) and Variety Club Award for Best Actress (1995); Gold Badge of Merit from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (1994); HMV Lifetime Achievement Award (1996); Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Operatic and Dramatic Association (1999); Order of the British Empire for services to Musical Theatre (1995), Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Actress in a Musical (2004) and Variety Club Special Presentation for 40 Years on Stage (2009) and in September 2012 Elaine was given an Honorary Degree of Doctor Of Letters by the University of East Anglia and Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts at a ceremony in London. Elaine often takes time out of her busy schedule to support tirelessly various charities close to her heart including The Dan Maskell Tennis Trust, The Children's Trust Tadworth, EveryChild, Breast Cancer Campaign, Noah's Ark Hospice, The Lady Taverners, St Thomas' Lupus Trust and most recently The Terence Higgins Trust. 2014 marks the 10th anniversary of the hugely successful weekly BBC Radio 2 show Elaine Paige on Sunday. The programme, devoted to musical theatre and film music, continues to delight audiences of over 2.3 million listeners each week. Television work has included Elaine appearing as herself in the BBC hit comedy programme Beautiful People; the role of Dora Bunner in Agatha Christie's Ms Marple story A Murder is Announced for Granada/WGBH, and a guest star role in Where The Heart Is for Granada Television. In 2005 she completed her triumphant concert tour of Australia, New Zealand and the Far East and in 2006 she released her new album of songs from the stage entitled Essential Musicals followed by a sell-out concert tour of Scandinavia, and the UK prior to taking her new show to China and in March 2007 she performed in concert at the Hong Kong Exhibition and Convention Centre. Elaine returned to the West End stage in 2007 to critical acclaim in the title role of The Drowsy Chaperone at the Novello Theatre, London for which she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Musical for her performance in What's On Stage Awards, London. As well as performing in Europe and in the USA in concert Elaine recorded a track with Secret Garden, The Things You Are You To Me for their number one quadruple-platinum selling album. September 2008 marked the 40th anniversary of Elaine's 'West End' debut and was celebrated with a book entitled Memories and a sell out international celebratory concert tour across the world including Scandinavia, China, the UK and Ireland (which resulted in a live CD release Elaine Paige Live - Celebrating A Life On Stage), and continued in October of 2009 across Australia & New Zealand where the Sydney concert was filmed for DVD release in March 2010 entitled Elaine Paige Celebrating A Life On Stage. On her return to the UK Elaine sang I Know Him So Well with Susan Boyle on her TV special I Dreamed a Dream: The Susan Boyle Story. Elaine also performed at the 2010 Cheltenham Jazz Festival showcasing a brand new jazz set to an enthralled audience. November 2010 saw the release of Elaine's brand new studio album, Elaine Paige & Friends. Recorded in New York and produced by legendary record producer Phil Ramone for Rhino/Warner Bros Records. It features duets with 14 of her favourite musical performers, and entered the Top 20 in the UK where Elaine was awarded a gold disc for sales over 100,000 by the end of the year. Elaine return to the concert stage in February 2011 after which she flew to the US to star as Carlotta Campion in Stephen Sondheim's Follies, at the Kennedy Centre in Washington DC, receiving critical acclaim from reviewers and audiences alike. Following an intimate concert at Chichester Cathedral, as part of the 2011 festivities, Elaine returned to the USA to reprise her role in Follies - this time on Broadway. Follies opened at the Marquis Theatre in New York on 12th September and once again the critics were unanimous in their praise for her performance and she was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical. 2012 kicked off with Elaine performing two concerts at New York's Lincoln Center - her debut concert performances in New York, which the New York Daily News said "After 34 years, London theatre legend Elaine Paige finally got to sing Don't Cry for Me Argentina on a New York stage. It was worth the wait." After a short break Follies moved to the West Coast of America in May to the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles for a limited 6 week only sold out engagement. The year ended with a series of successful concert appearances in New Zealand, Australia and the Far East and two special concerts in the UK - one at Raymond Blanc's La Manoir in Oxford and the other for The Prince's Trust at the Central Hall Westminster in London. As 2013 commenced Elaine was nominated and won the 2012 BroadwayWorld Los Angeles Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical (Touring) and the original cast recording of Follies, featuring Elaine, was included in the category Best Musical Theater Album in the 55th Grammy Award nominations. Following a tour of Scandinavia Elaine completed her first ever concert tour of the USA - playing to sell out audiences and garnering rave reviews. 2014, kicked off with The Elaine Paige Show on Sky Arts TV. The series was a unique glimpse into the fascinating world of musical theatre and combined a mix of songs, performance and interviews as Elaine was joined each week by a variety of guests from stage and screen. As the series went to air a brand new Warner CD The Ultimate Collection was released to celebrate Elaine's 50th year in the business featuring hits, rare unreleased tracks and a brand new re-mix of Be On Your Own, from the musical Nine, by Almighty Records. The year ended with a sell out UK tour including a spectacular night at London's prestigious Royal Albert Hall accompanied by the BBC Concert Orchestra which was not only broadcast on BBC Radio 2, but was filmed and released in cinemas worldwide and later as a live DVD/CD as I'm Still Here. 2015 saw Elaine continue her 50th Anniversary tour, perform live at the V.E. Day 70 Concert at London's Horse Guards Parade Ground, top the bill at some summer festival dates in the UK and take on two very different acting roles - one in the indie film Speed Love, which is a thriller based around a speed dating event due for release in 2016 and the other in Russell T Davis' adaptation of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream in which Elaine played the role of Mistress Quince, head of the mechanicals and director of the play within the play which airs on BBC1 TV on Monday 30th May 2016. In early 2016 Elaine announced a series of 'weekend concerts' entitled Stripped Back, which will see her perform her favourite tracks, from an array of contemporary songwriters, with a small group of musicians in some of the UK's most beautiful venues And so with these recent projects along with her continued success on BBC Radio 2 with Elaine Paige On Sunday and much more planned for the future, it's very fitting for the title of her most recent cinema & DVD release to be ... I'm Still Here! Martin Marquez Martin John Marquez was born on October 8th 1963 in Coventry to Anglo-Spanish parents, his English mother having met her husband whilst on holiday in Spain. Younger brother John Marquez is also an actor, the pair performing as comedy duo the Brothers Marquez as well as appearing together in 'East Enders' and Martin making a guest appearance in 'Doc Martin', where John plays dim constable Penhale. Of Martin's five children his daughter Ramona was an established comedic actress at age six through sitcom 'Outnumbered' and she and her brother Raoul featured in the film 'The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel'. Martin grew up in Coventry, attending King Henry VIII school and, having taken over his father's chip shop and also worked as a personal trainer and hotel barman Martin admits to getting the acting bug after a friend persuaded him to participate in a youth theatre group. From the 1990s he has built up an impressive stage career, performing in 'Private Lives', Jude the Obscure', 'Flesh and Blood' and 'Method and Madness' at the Lyric, Hammersmith., in the National Theatre's version of musical 'Anything Goes', both in London and on tour, 'The Iceman Cometh' at the Almeida, 'The Front Page' at the Donmar Warehouse and in the 2013 national tour of 'Abigail's Party'. On television he is perhaps best known as Gino the barman in 'Hotel Babylon' - in which John made a one-off appearance - and as fussy security guard Paul in the sitcom 'The Job Lot'. Barbara Dare Tiny (5'2"), but slim, sexy, and ravishing stunner Barbara Dare was born Stacy Mitnick on February 23, 1963 in Wichita Falls, Texas. Her father was a dentist in the Air Force and her mother was an alcoholic. Dare grew up in the Jewish faith in Wayne, New Jersey and attended Wayne Hills High School. She went on to earn a degree in Buying & Merchandising from the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York. Barbara first got involved with the adult film industry in the mid-1980's because of her wild and uninhibited anything-goes lifestyle at the legendary New York City swinger's club Plato's Retreat (she was named Ms. Plato's in 1985). Dare became one of the first porn actresses to sign an exclusive contract with a production company after she signed a $100,000 contract deal with Essex Video. Barbara appeared in well over 100 explicit hardcore features. Barbara won the AVN (Adult VIdeo News) Best New Starlet Award in 1987. She won additional AVN awards for Best Actress in 1989 and Best All-Girl Sex Scene in 1990. Dare was inducted into both the AVN Hall of Fame and the XRCO (X-Rated Critics Organization) Hall of Fame. Among the men's magazines Barbara was featured in and/or graced the covers of are "Fox," "Swank," "Hustler," "High Society," and "Club International". Dare made a rare foray into more "legitimate" R-rated low-budget fare with a substantial role as the perky Jan in Fred Olen Ray 's enjoyable lowbrow horror comedy romp Evil Toons . After taking a hiatus from porn in the early 1990's, Barbara briefly worked for Essex Video in public relations. In addition to her numerous porn film credits, Dare also toured both the US and Canada as a professional stripper. A former crack and heroin addict, Barbara now works as a substance abuse counselor. Jye Frasca Jye Frasca is most renowned for his career on the London stage staring in Jerome Robbins' "West Side Story", the smash hit ABBA musical "Mamma Mia", the record breaking London production of "Cats", The National Theatre's "Anything Goes", winner of the Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Musical Production, The National Theatre's "Love's Labour's Lost" working alongside award winning actor Joseph Fiennes, the Queen/Ben Elton musical "We Will Rock You", Cameron Mackintosh and Disney's "Mary Poppins", the original London production of "Wicked" directed by Joe Mantello and working alongside Tony Award winner Idina Menzel, the London Premiere of the Tony, Olivier, and Grammy Award winning show "Jersey Boys", the highly acclaimed London Premiere of "Thrill Me: The Leopold & Loeb Story" for which he was nominated as Best Actor at The West End Theatre Awards, and Alex Helfrecht's highly acclaimed adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's "Fiesta: The Sun Also Rises". Jye made his American stage debut in "Jersey Boys" for a limited engagement where he played the iconic role of Frankie Valli. On screen, Jye can be seen on the BBC comedy series "Schizo, Samurai, Shitzu" playing the lead role of Travolta, directed by Tim Kirkby and can be seen on Season One of ABC's smash hit "Galavant" directed by Chris Koch. Jye stars in the British feature film "Kaufman's Game", and also stars in "Reality Mine" in which he plays antagonist Charlie Mayhew, and his voice can be heard on the animated feature "Tom & Jerry: Back To Oz" as well on the upcoming virtual reality game "Star Trek: Bridge Crew". Keisuke Hoashi Keisuke Hoashi is an actor, writer, and producer, easily recognized from over 80 national commercials and 70+ memorable guest-starring appearances on hit TV shows, including "Jane the Virgin," "The King of Queens," and "Brockmire." Keisuke (pronounced "Case-Kay") is known for his mild-mannered appearance, deadpan wit, and ability to play over-the-top characters, both American and Japanese. He used all these trademark skills on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" as a Sanrio rep defending Hello Kitty's honor. ("Hello Kitty is not a cat.") He appeared on Bob's Burgers season 5 finale (episode "Hawk and Chick") as the voice of Japanese action movie star Hawk 'Koji' Kojima. Keisuke frequently plays doctors, as he has on "Jane the Virgin," "The Fosters," "Henry Danger," and the upcoming HBO series "Big Little Lies." He has played convincing professionals on "Mad Men," (Japanese businessman) "Heroes," (Tokyo cop) "Glee," (Jewish-Asian-American lawyer) and the cult hit "Better off Ted" (scientist). Among his many stage roles are shows with the Geffen Playhouse, the Venture West Theatre Company, the Classical Theatre Lab, Gily Productions, and Fire Rose Productions. Keisuke also shattered musical theatre stereotypes by landing major non-Asian-specific roles in productions such as "1776," "My Fair Lady," "The Last of Mrs. Lincoln," and "Anything Goes." A writer and musician, he wrote, produced, and performed in the world's first Martial Arts Musical Comedy, "Memoirs of a Ninja," with composer Brian Lewis. The satirical work won five Maddy Awards, five Garland Awards, and was honored as a "The Best Theatre 2000" pick by NiteLife After Dark magazine. In 2006, Keisuke co-founded the New York Summer Music Festival, a summer camp for talented young musicians ages 10 to 25. He created their "Hollywood in Oneonta" program and taught daily classes in filmmaking, acting, and original musical theatre production until 2012. He is also a founder of the Michigan Performing Arts Camp, and taught at the Hartwick College Summer Music Festival and Institute. Keisuke holds a Masters in Technical Communication from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a B.A. in English from the State University of New York, Potsdam. He is a native of Queens, New York and a graduate of Stuyvesant High School. Jessica Stone Jessica is an accomplished theater actress in New York and has been performing in plays on and off Broadway for the last 20 years. Her Broadway credits include "Anything Goes" with Sutton Foster, "Butley" with Nathan Lane , "The Odd Couple" with Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick , "Smell of the Kill" with Claudia Shear , "Design For Living" with Alan Cumming and Dominic West , "How to Succeed..." with John Stamos and "Grease" with Rosie O'Donnell . Off-Broadway credits: "Crimes of the Heart" directed by Kathleen Turner , "Krisit", "The Country Club", "June Moon", "Tenderloin" and "Babes in Arms". She has performed in Regional Theaters all over the country including the Huntington Theater Company, Mark Taper Forum, GeVa, the McCarter and six seasons at the Williamstown Theater Festival. Favorite productions include "She Stoops to Conquer", "She Loves Me", "Springtime For Henry", "Betty's Summer Vacation", "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "The Cherry Orchard". Jessica is particularly excited to be the voice of "Mrs. Sparklenose", a new character on Sesame Street , that made her debut in the fall of 2009. Not only has Jessica worked with some of the finest directors working in the theater today including Joe Mantello , Michael Greif and Nicholas Martin but she has begun a directing career as well. She directed an all-male production of "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" and a revival of Neil Simon's 'Last of the Red Hot Lovers" at the Williamstown Theater Festival, both to critical acclaim. Robert Floyd Most recently, Floyd appeared in a featured role in Godzilla. In addition, he currently stars in several independent films including Cold Hearts, Another House on Mercy Street, Paranoia, Second Coming and Streets in the Kitchen. He also starred in Larry Ludlam's The Last Match and Anything Goes. His TV credits include guest-starring roles on Early Edition, Law & Order, Silk Stalkings in addition to starring roles in movies of the week including The Descendant on UPN and He Didn't Come Home on CBS. He was under contract with Another World and had recurring roles in the daytime dramas All My Children and The City. Floyd has extensive theatre credits having performed in The Able Bodied Seaman for Manhattan Class Co., Anatomy of a Love Affair for New Perspectives Company, and Macbeth for Pelican Theatre. Floyd studied with Wynn Handman at Carnegie Hall in New York, Alice Spivak, Mervyn Nelson and John Kirby. Denis Quilley Noted British classical theatre actor Denis Quilley distinguished himself on the Shakespearean stage alongside Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud , among others. His sturdy handsomeness was slightly offset by a relatively prominent proboscis. As in the case of Jeremy Northam and Liam Neeson , it only accentuated his looks and added to the uniqueness of his characters. Educated at Bancroft's School in Essex, he made his first appearance in 1945 with the Birmingham Repertory Company and replaced Richard Burton in "The Lady's Not for Burning" in his London debut in 1950. Following roles in "Twelfth Night" and "The Merchant of Venice," Quilley took a marked departure from his classical reputation and made a resounding hit for himself in musicals and satirical revues, notably "Airs on a Shoestring" (1953) and "Grab Me a Gondola."(1956). In the early 60s he took his London role in "Irma La Douce" to Broadway and met with great success. Over his nearly six-decade career, he would grace the Old Vic, Royal Shakespeare, Regent's Park and Drury Lane stages in a wide range of roles. Highlights have included his Lopakhim in "The Cherry Orchard" and Claudius in "Hamlet." In the 70s he joined Laurence Olivier 's National Theatre Company for its last seasons at the Old Vic. He played Jamie to Olivier's James Tyrone in "Long Day's Journey Into Night" (also a TV version), Hildy Johnson in "The Front Page" and Caliban in "The Tempest" with John Gielgud . He continued impressively in musicals winning kudos for his "Sweeney Todd" and for "La Cage Aux Folles." He ended his career with "Anything Goes" in 2003, the year of his death. A less frequent but still familiar face on television ( Masada ) as well as in film intrigue ( Murder on the Orient Express and Evil Under the Sun ), the versatile Quilley was a gifted, cerebral player who could display strength as well as vulnerability and weakness. Willa Cuthrell Willa Cuthrell's feature film credits include "The Sisterhood of Night," recently released, as well as Woody Allen's "Whatever Works," opposite Larry David, and a featured role in Peter Hedges' "Dan in Real Life," alongside Steve Carell and Juliette Binoche. Willa made her early debut at three years old in an award-winning public service announcement called "Stop the Hate," which raised awareness about racial profiling after 9/11. The star studded cast included Mary-Louise Parker and Denis Quaid. Willa's stage credits include "Anything Goes," "Thoroughly Modern Millie," and "Guys and Dolls." She is also a visual artist, and her work has been presented yearly in New York City young artists shows since the age of four. Her drawings are featured in "The Sisterhood of Night," and she recently won a Scholastic Young Artist Prize for her painting "Eggplants" and her short story, "Store." Willa is an alum of the prestigious Iowa Writers' Workshop summer program, as well as Northwestern University's acclaimed "Cherub" Theater Program. Bill English Bill English was born and raised in Honeoye Falls, NY and began acting at an early age. He attended the prestigious University of North Carolina School of the Arts acting conservatory then moved to New York City to begin his career. Bill worked on Broadway in 'Twentieth Century' alongside Alec Baldwin and Anne Heche, and in 2012 he took over the lead role of Billy Crocker in 'Anything Goes' opposite Sutton Foster and Joel Grey. He made the move to Los Angeles after landing the lead role of 'Joel' in the ABC sitcom 'Cavemen'. TV credits include several guest star roles and national commercial spots for for Raisin Bran Crunch, Coke Zero, FedEx, Dunkin' Donuts,T-Mobile and many others. Robert Nichols A native of Oakland, California, Robert Nichols got his start as an entertainer in the Army during World War II. After his discharge, he attended London's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art while working as a song-and-dance man at the Players Theater (Victorian music hall). Hollywood director Howard Hawks , visiting London, cast Nichols in a small part in his 1949 comedy I Was a Male War Bride ; Nichols' scene was shot in Germany. Relocating to Hollywood, he appeared in dozens of additional features before tiring of the succession of "elderly juvenile" roles and moving back to England, where he worked on the stage and in films. A subsequent move to New York yielded yet more stage-work while his wife, Jennifer Nichols , became one of the movies' top wardrobe supervisors there. In more recent years, Nichols has been "on the road" with productions of "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum", "Anything Goes" and "Ragtime". Maria Ho Maria Ho was born in Taipei, Taiwan and is a Professional Poker Player and TV Host. She can currently be seen on CBS Sports, as a co-host and commentator on The Final Table. With over 2 million dollars in live poker tournament earnings she is ranked one of the Top 5 female poker player in the world. Her extensive poker resume includes 41 World Series of Poker cashes, 4 WSOP final tables, 5 World Poker Tour cashes, 3 WPT final tables, and 8 other final tables on the professional poker tour. Ho was the first female in history hired to a poker television broadcast (in 2013) as the resident Strategic Commentator. Throughout her poker career she has continued to lend her expertise as an on-camera host and commentator - with two seasons on the Heartland Poker Tour and appearances on ESPN 360, WSOP.com. She is an ambassador and host for the Poker Central Network, the Celebrity Spokesperson for the WinStar World Casino, and the current host of The Battle of Malta. With notoriety in both the entertainment and poker industry, Ho is widely recognized for competing on the Emmy-winning 15th season of The Amazing Race and for being the three time Last Woman Standing at the World Series of Poker Main Event (2007, 2011, 2014). She also broke records at the 2011 World Series of Poker - for the largest cash a woman has ever had at the WSOP, when she took 2nd place in the $5,000 No-Limit Event for a $540,020 payday. Fluent in Mandarin and born into a traditional Chinese family, the younger of two daughters, Maria's family moved from Taiwan to the United States when she was 4-years-old. They eventually settled just outside of Los Angeles in Arcadia, California. Maria attended the University of California, San Diego for college, with a major in Communications and a minor in Law. She pursued her passion for music and performing as a member of UCSD's A capella group the D.O.T.s. She also performed in several of the school's musicals, including The Marriage of Figaro and Anything Goes. During college Maria was introduced to playing poker. She was drawn to the psychology and competitive spirit of the game and soon went from playing games with college friends, to playing Limit cash games at nearby Indian casinos. By the time Maria graduated from UCSD in 2005, she had gone from playing low limits to high stakes cash games and had grown her poker bankroll to the point that she felt confident to embark on a career as a professional poker player. A skilled and respected gamer, Maria has received invitations to play in the World Team Poker Invitational (where her team, Team China took 1st place in 2010), as well as the World Mahjong Tour in Hong Kong, playing the traditional Chinese game of Mahjong with fellow celebrities from China and Taiwan. She has also been seen as a panelist on Anderson Cooper 360 and in 2016 she was named a Team Manager for the Inaugural season of the Global Poker League. Maria currently resides just outside of Los Angeles, California. When she isn't traveling the poker tournament circuit or for events she can be seen singing at Hollywood music gigs, devoting her time to charity and working with her family's successful real estate firm. Madeleine Curry Madeleine is an 8th grader at Orange County School of the Arts in the Musical Theater Conservatory. Professional credits include two seasons voicing Piri Piri on Nickelodeon's "Harvey Beaks", guest starring as Mandy on Disney Junior's "Sofia the First" and voicing 3 characters on the Disney blockbuster feature film,"Zootopia." She has performed extensively on stage with appearances at Palos Verdes Performing Arts Conservatory including "Bring it On"(Eva), "Into The Woods" (Little Red), "Singin' in the Rain" (Kathy Seldon), "Shrek the Musical" (Young Fiona), and "Anything Goes" (Angel). Credits with Puttin' on Productions in the South Bay include, "Little Mermaid"(Ariel) and "Suessical the Musical"(Mayzie). Madeleine appeared as Tootie in "Meet me in St. Louis" at OCSA earning her a MACY Outstanding Achievement Award. She has danced with ABT in the Lost Angeles production of "Le Corsair" at the Dorothy Chandler Pavillion. She has also appeared in several national commercials and was the 2015 ESPN/ABC promo voice for The Little League World Series. Madeleine enjoys playing the guitar in her free time. Valerie Mikita Valerie Mikita was born in Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania. At the age of 4, her family moved to the Windy City, "Chi-Town." This is where Valerie fell in love with Musical Theatre, and more importantly, found her own voice. During her senior year in High School, Valerie was recruited by a professional touring theatre company and began touring the U.S. showing off her insurmountable acting chops and those powerful vocal chords. Upon completion of the 2 year tour, Valerie ignited a newfound talent... singing The Star Spangled Banner at sporting events around the Midwest, like "Friday Night Fights," on ESPN and dozens of "Chicago Bulls" games, which earned her the nickname, "The National Anthem Girl." At the height of the Chicago Bulls popularity, she snagged the coveted position of featured lounge singer at Dennis Rodman's infamous nightclub, "Illusions." To expand her versatility and range, she also sang with a cover band during that time... everything from Pop & Rock to Dance and Oldies... kicking it off with her "Fabulous Baker Boys" routine. This eventually led to dozens of radio and TV commercials, where Valerie caught the attention of a top Chicago producer who took her under his wing and created a sultry Pop/R&B album, which took her on a tour across the US, Canada & London. He called her the White Janet Jackson. All the while, Valerie continued pursuing her acting career, landing lead roles in over a dozen independent feature films, as well as local and national commercials, which led to hosting a local children's show called, "@ Random," for 2 years. Valerie's big break into National TV, came with the internationally acclaimed, "Jenny Jones Show." She became infamously known as the sexy, witty, anything goes, segment host/comedian/correspondent for a period of 5 years. She appeared live on stage and also traveled the country, interviewing every different kind of person...from celebrities to everyday folks who watched the show religiously. With the love of entertainment in her blood, Valerie moved to LA and immediately landed the lead in the independent comedy, "Guy in Row Five," a recurring role on "Overhaulin,"for TLC, a pilot for the FX Network and another short film called, "The Eye of Dan". In 2006, Valerie starred opposite Eric Roberts & Steven Williams in the dramatic thriller, "Graves End," and played a co-starring role on "CSI." She can also be seen in the film, "The Wayshower," with Jsu Garcia and Peter Stormare, where she plays a mental patient in an insane asylum. Taking a hiatus from acting, Valerie decided to concentrate on live trade show presenting and on-camera hosting. She can be seen regularly hosting a variety of commercials, infomercials and new media promo videos. Most recently, Valerie just finished filming a leading role in the first episode of a new show on the Investigation Discovery Network. Words that describe Valerie: Vivacious, Fearless, Edgy, Quick-witted, Funny as Hell, and 100% committed to her craft. Irene Karas Loeper Irene Karas Loeper was born and raised in Vancouver, BC and is the daughter of Andree Karas, the Artistic Director of United Players Theatre Company. Irene's training includes: Circle in the Square in New York, Gastown Actors Studio in Vancouver, and the Vancouver Film School. Irene was last seen playing the role's of Daniella in the hit musical "In the Heights" and Tilly in "Its A Wonderful Life" for the Arts Club Theatre Company in Vancouver, BC. Irene's recent Film and Television projects include roles on the shows "Impastor", "Continuum", "Motive" and "Package Deal". Irene is well known for her performance of Reno Sweeney in the musical comedy "Anything Goes" for Theatre Under the Stars in Vancouver, BC in which she received an Ovation Award for Outstanding Lead Actress. Other nominations for Irene include an Ovation Award Nomination (2011) for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as "Miss Madelaine True" in the La Chuisa version of the musical "The Wild Party", and a Jessie Richardson Nomination (2010) and an Ovation Award Nomination (2010) for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as "Mrs Meers" in the musical comedy "Thoroughly Modern Millie". Irene also Produced and Performed in the Web Series "The Acting Class" nominated for a Leo Award for Best Web Series (2011) and "The Staff Room". Irene married the love of her life in 2014 and is enjoying her new home in The Country! Irene is represented by the wonderful Elena Kirschner at Red Management. Kandra King Kandra Baker is the second oldest of four daughters born to Joyce Harrison (Bismark, North Dakota) and Mel Baker (Colorado Springs, Colorado). With no boys in the family, Kandra was introduced to sports at an early age. She learned to ride horses and skateboard in Texas, snow ski and ice skate in Colorado and became quite adept at water skiing and tennis in San Diego, California, where her family would spend most summer vacations. Her other recreational activity all through childhood was acting. She starting winning Best Actress Awards in junior high school and began doing Community Theater at age nine. Kandra landed in Thousand Oaks, California, to attend California Lutheran University. She graduated Cum Laude with a BS degree in Pre-Law. After her first year of law school, she realized that rather than becoming a lawyer, she'd much rather play one on TV and embarked on an acting career in 1989. She was given the opportunity to work with such notables as Patrick Dempsey and Timothy Bottoms in Ava's Magical Adventure ,, Academy Award winner Jon Voight and Armand Assante in Eternity , John Rhys-Davies and Corey Haim in _Double 0 Kid, The (1992)_, Duane Clark and Stephen Baldwin in Bitter Harvest and Paul Rodriguez and Edward James Olmos in A Million to Juan . In 1994 Kandra decided to diversify and see what creative chord she could strike as a singer/songwriter. She wrote "Children's Songs" (available on Rugged Records) as well as pop, and country tunes produced by Grammy- and Dove-award-winning producer Dino Maddelone . Simultaneously, her enthusiasm for sports drew her to a new journey. She began to train hard as a dancer in all arenas, and was thrilled to perform musical theater throughout Los Angeles. She managed to squeeze in a few television appearances and fell in love with comedy! Her notable theater performances include playing Betsy is "Sweet Charity" directed by Jon Engstrom, who took home the Robby Award for his work on that show. She also got a "kick" out of performing in several musicals, including "Anything Goes" directed by Louis Wilkenfield and "Camelot" directed by Gary Romm at the 2200-seat Thousand Oaks Civic Light Opera. Brian Skeet Son of a tailor and born in the East End of London, Brian's love of the arts developed at an early age. He was educated at high school in Maine where he performed to great acclaim in the musical 'Anything Goes.' He then attended Cambridge University where his love of the arts and especially his passion for film grew even stronger. He soon won plaudits for his acting ability, most notably his performance as Max in the highly acclaimed production of 'The Homecoming.' But it was in the field of direction that his real talent began to shine. He directed the first student production of Larry Kramer's Aids drama 'The Normal Heart' which won the National Student Drama festival and got a rave review in the Sunday Times. He was just seventeen. This led to him becoming assistant director on the production of 'Cyrano De Bergerac.' directed by Sam Mendes and starred Tom Hollander. After graduating from Cambridge University with five firsts, he joined the BBC. During this time, his work included BAFTA nominated films about Walt Disney, John Malkovich and Ridley Scott for Omnibus, as well as two award winning documentaries for Arena, 'Kramer Vs Kramer' and 'In Search of Oz.' Brian's 'Late Show Profiles' focusing on Sir David Lean, Derek Jarman, Julia Roberts and Todd Haynes - were distinguished by his obvious love of cinema. In collaboration with Simon Curtis he worked on the acclaimed 'Performance' alongside John Malkovich, Miranda Richardson, Jane Horrocks and Kate Nelligan. He then co-directed 'The Merchant Of Venice La' with Peter Sellars which starred the late Philip Seymour Hoffman. After leaving the BBC, to pursue a career in film, he made his first short 'The Boy Who Fell In Love.' This proved to be an international success and led him to write and direct his first feature 'The Misadventures Of Margaret,' which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. Critics compared his movie to Joseph L. Mankiewicz and Preston Sturges. His follow-up was the award-winning drama 'The Weekend' starring Gena Rowlands, Brooke Shields and D B Sweeney. The film received critical acclaim and was hailed as Begrman in Chekhov by Rex Reed in "The New Yorker." When his father became ill he took time off to be a part time carer, but still managed to work at the South Bank with Hanif Kurshi and Akram Kahn. He also taught for a while at Goldsmiths College, London. Brian is currently working on the pre-production of two feature films both staring a wealth of major talent Deborah Kara Unger, alongside newcomers Jennifer Munby, and Matthew Ewald in "White Lilies" and Deborah Kara Unger and Greg Jackson as the leads in "Disorientated". He is also currently in production of " Lazarus".' A movie Set in the 1950's tackling Abortion (a controversial subject for its time), With a biblical storyline running through it starring Jamie Chambers as the lead. There are two movies being worked on 'MY MISTRESS with Corbin Bernsen and Amanda Pays and 'DEATH OF AN ANGEL' with Danny Hansen, Scott Thomas Reynolds and Jennifer Munby. He then co-directed 'The Merchant Of Venice La' with Peter Sellars which starred the late Philip Seymour Hoffman. After leaving the BBC, to pursue a career in film, he made his first short 'The Boy Who Fell In Love.' This proved to be an international success and led him to write and direct his first feature 'The Misadventures Of Margaret,' which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. Critics compared his movie to Joseph L. Mankiewicz and Preston Sturges. His follow-up was the award-winning drama 'The Weekend' starring Gena Rowlands, Brooke Shields and D B Sweeney. The film received critical acclaim and was hailed as Begrman in Chekhov by Rex Reed in "The New Yorker." When his father became ill he took time off to be a part time carer, but still managed to work at the South Bank with Hanif Kurshi and Akram Kahn. He also taught for a while at Goldsmiths College, London. Brian is currently working on the pre-production of two feature films both staring a wealth of major talent Deborah Kara Unger, alongside newcomers Jennifer Munby, and Matthew Ewald in "White Lilies" and Deborah Kara Unger and Greg Jackson as the leads in "Disorientated". He is also currently in production of " Lazarus".' A movie Set in the 1950's tackling Abortion (a controversial subject for its time), With a biblical storyline running through it starring Jamie Chambers as the lead. There are two movies being worked on 'MY MISTRESS with Corbin Bernsen and Amanda Pays and 'DEATH OF AN ANGEL' with Danny Hansen, Scott Thomas Reynolds and Jennifer Munby. Tiffany Browne-Tavarez Tiffany Browne-Tavarez was born Tiffany Anne Browne in Manassas, VA. She began acting in church productions at a young age. As a teenager living in Salem, VA, she studied acting in the International Baccalaureate Theater Arts program at her high school. After high school, she began acting in several community theater productions including Shakespeare's "A Mid-summer Night's Dream" and Cole Porter's "Anything Goes." She has since then moved to New York City and has acted in several independent films. Andrew McKeough Andrew McKeough: A Brief Biography Andrew McKeough was born Andrew Kirill McKeough, (after the Saint, Disciple, and Apostle named Andrew), on Friday, July 26th, 1996 at 01:23 AM EST, in Irkutsk, Russia to Professor (Villanova University) Charles McKeough and Mrs. Marylou McKeough. Andrew's parents nicknamed him Andy. Andrew was raised, and currently resides, in Wayne, Pennsylvania; right outside of Philadelphia, and just around the corner from Valley Forge National Historical Park. The first show that Andrew saw was Disney's 'Beauty and the Beast' at the Academy of Music in downtown Philadelphia. When Andrew entered the third grade in 2005, he joined Valley Forge Elementary School's Children's Choir, under the direction of Mrs. Patrice Bove. In the spring of 2006, at age nine, Andrew started to be an interpreter for Valley Forge National Historical Park. Andrew portrayed the character of Daniel Jackson, who was a young drummer boy in the continental army. Then in the fall of 2006, now age ten, Andrew was recommended to continue his role of Daniel Jackson in both Valley Forge, and a new location; historical Philadelphia. Andrew took the job with open arms! He continues interpreting in both Valley Forge and Philadelphia today. In 2007 Andrew saw his first on-Broadway show, Disney's 'Mary Poppins' at the New Amsterdam Theatre, at the age of ten. Once Andrew started getting more involved, with the theatre world, Andrew started to be coached in theatre by actress Annaleigh Ashford. To this day Ashford has remained close friends with the McKeough family. When Andrew was eleven, he and his family, made an appearance on the Steam Boat float in Universal Studio's "2008 Mardi Gras Celebration Parade". Andrew moved up to Valley Forge Middle School and joined the school's choir under the direction of Mrs. Anne Sprissler. Andrew remained in the choir until he graduated in 2011. In the summer of 2008, when Andrew was twelve, he starred in the children's version of Disney's 'High School Musical: On Stage!' He starred as the ever popular Troy Bolton, at the Episcopal Academy Theatre. Andrew went on to see his second on-Broadway show; Disney's 'The Little Mermaid' at The Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, at the age of twelve, during the winter of 2008. In 2009, Andrew starred as the Head Chéf in 'Willy Wonka and The Great Glass Elevator' at the Valley Forge Playhouse, in Wayne, Pennsylvania. Andrew then started to play the violin in the VFMS Orchestra, in the sixth grade, at the age of twelve. Later that year, Andrew started to play the Handbells, and was selected for the choir's "Select Bell Choir" called The Carillon Bell Choir. Andrew remained in the group for the last two years of his middle school career until he graduated in June of 2011. Later in the summer of 2009, at the age of thirteen, Andrew returned to the Willy Wonka series starring as Charlie Bucket in 'Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory', at the Mainstage Theatre on the New Episcopal Academy Campus, during the new school's inaugural opening season. Andrew was selected for the "Select Singing Choir" at Valley Forge Middle School named The Valley Forge Singers (V.F.S.). Andrew remained in the group for the last two years of his middle school career until he graduated in June of 2011. Andrew performed with the group twice in the Choir Music Festival: 'Music in the Parks' in Hershey, PA and was with the V.F.S. when they won a first place victory in 2010 and a second place victory in 2011. Andrew went on to be the Head Butler in the Rodgers and Hammerstein's classic musical 'Cinderella', playing again at the Valley Forge Playhouse, at the age of thirteen, during the spring of 2009. In November of 2009, Andrew was confirmed in the Catholic Church as Andrew Kirill 'Stephen' McKeough, taking the Confirmation name of Stephen. In June of 2010, at age thirteen, Andrew started interpreting in Colonial Williamsburg, portraying the character of John Carter, an upper class boy from a British family. Andrew still continues to interpret, as a Junior Interpreter, in Williamsburg, Valley Forge, and Philadelphia. When he was fourteen, in the summer of 2010, he had the opportunity to see the classic show of Disney's 'The Lion King', which was on tour, at the Academy of Music, in Philadelphia. During the summer of 2011, Andrew, while touring Canada, Andrew had the chance to catch the musical 'Billy Elliot' at the Canon Theatre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In the fall of 2011, now at the age of fifteen, Andrew entered Conestoga High School. He joined the choir under the direction of Mrs. Suzanne Dickinger, and the Handbell choir, under the Direction of longtime friend and colleague Mr. Chason Goldfinger. During the year he started to play the piano. Over Thanksgiving 2011, Andrew played the piano and harpsichord at Colonial Williamsburg, in Williamsburg, Virginia. There he met professional piano player Robert Hodge. To this day, McKeough and Hodge have remained good family friends. In December of 2011, Andrew was lucky to work with Sutton Foster and the cast of 'Anything Goes' on Broadway. In 2012, at the age of fifteen; Andrew worked on 'Stoga Music Theatre's production of 'TITANIC - The Musical' at the Hobson C. Wagner Memorial Theatre during the R.M.S. Titanic's: 100th Year Anniversary. Andrew acted as the shows historian. The part landed him with what was to be one of the highlights of his career. Andrew was nominated for three Cappie Awards for his part in the musical. In the spring, Andrew got the opportunity to work with Matthew Broderick, Kelli O'Hara, and the cast of 'Nice Work if You Can Get It' on Broadway. Before the summer started, Andrew started to take vocal, acting, audition, and dance lessons by actress and director Jennie Eisenhower. McKeough and Eisenhower families remain good family friends to this day. During the summer of 2012, Andrew departed on a three week tour of Europe with 'The American Music Abroad Bronze Tour 2012'. The tour would take Andrew to Switzerland, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and then back to Switzerland. Once Andrew turned sixteen, in July of 2012, Andrew got his Drivers Permit in the state of Pennsylvania. During his sophomore year at Conestoga, Andrew worked with the cast of the Tony Award winning best musical 'Once' on Broadway. Andrew also became a member of the sound crew on 'Stoga Music Theatre's production of Pride and Prejudice during the fall of 2012. During his 2012-2013 United States Tour, Andrew made stops in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Washington, D.C.; Williamsburg, Virginia; Orlando, Florida; including an international stop in Cancún, México; and many other locations! While in Williamsburg, Virginia, Andrew once again played the piano and harpsichord in Colonial Williamsburg. When in Florida, Andrew concluded a tour in Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, with the Conestoga Music Department, during the winter of 2012. The performance included Jodi Benson (voice of Ariel in The Little Mermaid movies) narrating the Story of Christmas in 'The 2012 Candlelight Processional', with the Conestoga Choirs, and was under the conduction of Dr. John V. Sinclair. In January of 2013, Andrew became one of the first in his class to get his Junior Driver's Licenses in the State of Pennsylvania. In the spring of 2013, Andrew competed in the Chester County Regional National History Day Competition at Immaculata University. Andrew, playing, the character that he is known for in Colonial Williamsburg, John Carter, went on to take First Place in the competition and moved on to the State Competition Rounds. The State Competition was held in May of 2013. Andrew gave a stellar performance but did not win a final place in the State Competition. But even know he did not win he was awarded with a new title; "Best Junior Colonial Interpreter in Pennsylvania!" Andrew returned again as a sound crewman during 'Stoga Music Theatre's production of 'The Pajama Game', which premiered on February 27th, 2013 at the Hobson C. Wagner Memorial Theatre. On Saturday, April 6th, 2013, during one of Andrew's regular trips to Broadway, Andrew went to see the musical 'Kinky Boots'. During his viewing of the musical he recognized one of the actresses. The actress was Annaleigh Ashford, who originated the lead role of Lauren in 'Kinky Boots'. Coincidentally Anna was Andrew's former theater coach, which helped him become who he is today. After the show he made contact with Anna; and is proud that he, and his family, visited New York, in May of 2013, to see 'Kinky Boots' again. Andrew also had lunch and a private backstage tour with Anna. Saturday, April 6th, 2013, also marked a life changing date for Andrew. It was the day that he met a girl named Charlotte Duffie-Fritz, who, while Andrew was filming a short documentary about his trip in New York, was caught goofing off on camera. Charlotte and Andrew thought it was extremely funny and put the video on YouTube. Andrew gave it the name; 'The New York Psycho'; and a star was born! In late May of 2013, Andrew and Charlotte decided to start making the 'New York Psycho' more than just a one-time thing. In May of 2013, Andrew started work on 'The New York Psycho'. The show took off! In late May of 2013 it was announced that Andrew would star as the infamous Harry Potter in 'Harry Potter and the New York Psycho'. Filming began in early June. Then in September of 2013, now in his Junior year of high school, Andrew continued filming 'The New York Psycho' series, starring as Alfred Pennyworth in The New York Psycho Rises. A Batman themed spoof. McKeough would go on to play other roles in the 'New York Psycho' series including Cato from 'The Hunger Games' and Rick Grimes in 'The Walking Dead' as well as other characters in the series. In the late summer to early winter of 2013, Andrew was a Manager with the "Conestoga Marching Pioneer Band" during their 2013 Marching Season. Andrew traveled with the band to Cavalcades in Springfield and Hershey, Pennsylvania. Andrew's most important Cavalcade was one close to home, in Berwyn, Pennsylvania; when the Marching Pioneers hosted their 4th Annual ''Stoga Showcase of Sound, A Cavalcade of Bands' on their home turf on Teamer Field at Conestoga High School. In addition to serving as a Band Manager, Andrew was the Personal Assistant to the Supervising Director of the Event. Then in late November 2013, Andrew was cast on as a special assistant to oversee the transition between sound designers for 'Stoga Theatre during their winter production of 'Father of the Bride'. On November 16th, 'Harry Potter and the New York Psycho' had it's World and Main Line premieres in Strafford, Pennsylvania, to an over excited audience! Andrew walked the Red Carpet, gave speeches throughout the premiere, talked about how it was to play Harry Potter on the Gala Red Carpet, and attended the formal Gala Party in the end. He also starred in the pilots of 'Grace on the Red Carpet' and 'nick&nick@nite', both of which are AKSM Film Studios productions. As for the 2014 Broadway season, he worked with the cast of 'Rocky' on Broadway. In December 2013 it was announced that Andrew would be playing the role of Kallani in 'Lailani: A Hawaiian Cinderella'. Kallani would be the father to Lailani, the Cinderella based character. After its premiere at the Hobson C. Wagner Memorial Theatre in Berwyn, Pennsylvania, the show, and Andrew, went on the road through January 2014. Then in January of 2014 it was announced that Andrew would be a part of the pre-production team for 'Stoga Theatre's Spring Season production of 'Thoroughly Modern Millie'; but that wouldn't be returning to be a part of the actual production. Instead it was announced that he would return to the Valley Forge Playhouse and was hired as assistant director for the Valley Forge Playhouse's Spring Production of 'The Wizard of Oz'. With a lot riding on the show, it opened in late March to amazing reviews. It was Andrew's first directing position on a show. In February of 2014, he then went on to start filming on 'The Hunger Games vs. The New York Psycho'. Which was a 'Hunger Games' themed parody. In early March of 2014 it was announced that Andrew would be taking Psycho Films co-star Samantha Hoppe to Conestoga High School's 2014 Junior Prom in May of 2014. On March 7th, Andrew competed in the Southeastern Pennsylvania Regional National History Day, and went on to, once again, and for the second year in a row, take First Place in the Individual Performance category. Andrew proceeded to the State Competition Round in Pennsylvania's National History Day at Millersville University. This was the second year that he advanced to the State Competition. The State Competition judging began on Monday, May 12th, 2014, and at approximately 09:30 PM it was announced that Andrew, for the second year in a row, would, unfortunately, not be advancing to the State Competition's Runoffs. But Andrew's title from the previous year, "Best Junior Colonial Interpreter in Pennsylvania," was re-awarded to Andrew on Tuesday, May 13th, 2014. In April 2014, over Easter break, or spring break, Andrew performed a concert entitled 'Rock this Way!' at Moon Palace in Cancun, Mexico. In early May of 2014, Andrew starred as Shakespeare in the 'Stoga Theatre production of 'The Bachelor: Shakespeare', it was a spoof on the famous Bachelor television show. On May 10th, 2014, Andrew and, 'New York Psycho' co-star, Samantha Hoppe attended the 2014 Conestoga Junior Prom together. On May 22nd, 2014 he hosted the 2014 VFMS Spring Music Concert. The concert was being held in honor of long-time music teacher Anne Sprissler, who announced in April 2014 that she would retire from her teaching position. The concert was held as a goodbye to the famed teacher, who Andrew had been taught by during his middle school years. Andrew gave a speech and shared moments of his time under the direction of Sprissler with the audience. On May 28th, 2014; 'A Psycho Library Special' premiered at the Conestoga High School Library. Andrew joined the rest of the 'New York Psycho' cast as they toured the library and taught incoming students about the school. The video was contracted by the high school and will be used in the future for orientations for new students. Then, on the next day, May 29th, 2014; Andrew held a workshop in conjunction with the 'Stoga Advanced Theatre Class at New Eagle Elementary School. Andrew and the others taught third graders about Chester County history. Some students participated in one of four mini-plays while others worked on improv games. Andrew, with the help of 'New York Psycho' co-star Charlotte Duffie-Fritz, wrote, directed, and taught the students about Samuel Barber. On Tuesday, June 3rd, 2014 Andrew was featured on 'Good Morning America!' (GMA) as a part of their "#startmydayGMA" campaign. On June7th, 2014 Andrew attended the dance recital of New York Psycho co-star Samantha Hoppe. On the 8th Andrew, and the rest of the Harry Potter and the New York Psycho cast and crew took the day to reunite and celebrate the one year anniversary of the filming of the film. From June 17th to June 20th, 2014, Andrew McKeough participated in the VIP Preview Opening of the London and Diagon Alley sections of "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter" at Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida. Andrew got to relive the most famous moments from the movies, and even got to take a ride on the famed Hogwarts Express. On Tuesday, June 24th, 2014 Andrew started rehearsals and recording sessions for the '2014 American Music Abroad Bronze Tour', which were held in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. On Thursday the 26th, the tour officially premiered with a gala dinner and ended with the only US Concert in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The next day, on the 27th, Andrew departed the United States for Italy with the rest of the tour. On Saturday, June 29th Andrew celebrated Saint Peter and Paul's Day, with Pope Francis, at the Vatican in Rome. The tour would then include many other stops in the USA, Italy, Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. In early April of 2014, Andrew officially announced that he would once again be returning to 'American Music Abroad' to perform in their 2014 Bronze Tour. The tour included stops in the USA, Italy, Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. During his '2014 Stars and Stripes Tour', Andy made stops in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Washington, D.C.; Williamsburg, Virginia; Orlando, Florida; including an international stop in Cancún, México; and many other locations! While in Williamsburg, Virginia, Andrew once again played the piano and harpsichord at different locations in Colonial Williamsburg. In early May of 2014 it was announced that Andrew would be returning to Walt Disney World, in Orlando, Florida, to tour with the Conestoga Music Department, during the winter of 2014. He sang in the 2014 Candlelight Processional at Disney's Epcot. The performance included Jonathan Groff (voice of Kristoff in 'Frozen') narrating the Story of Christmas in 'The 2014 Candlelight Processional', with the Conestoga Choirs, and was under the conduction of Dr. John V. Sinclair. Andrew even was included in different Disney parades and the '2014 Disney Christmas Day Parade'. Andrew took a day to go to Universal Studios and performed a concert in CityWalk. Part of Andrew's tour to Orlando also included a visit to Universal Orlando Resort's "Wizarding World of Harry Potter" (2013). Andrew, along with other members of the cast of 'Harry Potter and the New York Psycho', visited the newly launched London/Diagon Alley section in Universal Studios. They boarded the Hogwarts Express and traveled to Hogsmeade and visited Hogwarts in Universal's Islands of Adventure. The trip was the highlight of the year and of season three of 'The New York Psycho'! The other cast members attending this portion of the tour were David Nice (Ron), Noah Berkowitz (Voldemort), Rose Kantorczyk (Bellatrix) and Laura Susanne Stockler (Narcissa Malfoy). Andrew has visited, and been a special guest VIP at the Wizarding World four times, and attended the VIP Opening of London and Diagon Alley which was in late June of 2014. During the year Andrew worked with 'Stoga Theatre for their season. The 2014-2015 show season included 'Dracula' and Disney's 'Beauty and the Beast'. Andrew's friend Michael Godfrey starred as both Dracula and the Beast in the two productions. This season even saw the change of directors at 'Stoga Theatre from Nicole Gerenyi to Natalie Gaspari. Throughout his senior year of high school, Andrew got numerous offers from colleges and universities from around the world. They included, Villanova University (Radnor, Pennsylvania, USA), Saint Andrew's University (Saint Andrew's, Fife, Scotland), The College of William and Mary (Williamsburg, Virginia, USA) as well as Ursinus College (Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA). In the end, Andrew stated that it was a hard choice between Villanova and Saint Andrew's and that he would choose Villanova University "[...] to be closer to [his] family, and friends as well as the reputation that Villanova has for their excellence in a catholic education [...]". Andrew also starred in a new AKSM drama television series directed by Melanie Dernoga called 'Conestoga'. The show was about a bunch of high school kids and their experiences in high school. Andrew played the very shy Emmett Crosby. During the year Andrew also was in the AKSM feature remake of 'The Lovely Bones'. Andrew played the part of Samuel Heckler. Before graduating from Conestoga High School, he attended his senior prom at the Phoenixville Foundry on April 10th, 2015 with close friend, Sarah Kirkpatrick. The occasion was marked by a series of events streaming the entire length of the day. From a morning photoshoot to a pre-party, a motorcade to the event and an after-party to close out the night's events! Andy started to take classes at Villanova University during the summer of 2015 to get a head start for his fall semester. After four years at Conestoga Senior High School, it was time to say goodbye. Andrew graduated with honors at Villanova University on Tuesday, June 2nd, 2015. During the summer of 2015, Andy once-again departed on a three week tour of Europe with 'The American Music Abroad Bronze Tour 2015'. The tour would take Andrew to Switzerland, Croatia, Slovenia, Germany, Austria, Italy and then back to Switzerland. But due to a back injury suffered before the trip, Andrew suspended the rest of his summer activities and spent the rest of it recovering in Ocean City, New Jersey. At the end of the August Andrew returned to the Main Line to start school at Villanova University. Due to his back injury he could only attend part of the three day award winning "New Student Orientation". Andy started school later that week. In September of 2015 Andy stepped back into the spotlight during the 2015 Papal Visit of Washington, DC; New York City, New York and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania all culminating with "The 9th World Meeting of Families" held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In preparation for the Papal Visit, Andy went on 'The TODAY Show' and talked with Maria Shriver about what the visit means and how Pope Francis is the "People's Pope". In late September it was also announced that Andrew would become the Stage Manager at Villanova's Theatre company. Andrew's first show was Martin McDonagh's 'The Pillowman', which premiered in November of 2015. In October of 2015, Andrew McKeough was accompanied by close friend, Sarah Kirkpatrick to the 2015 Liberty Medal in Philadelphia honoring the Dalai Lama at the National Constitution Center. During the Winter and early Spring months, Andrew also made a handful of cameo appearances in different television shows including, 'TURN: Washington's Spies' (AMC - which he plays his role of John Carter and is filmed in Colonial Williamsburg), 'Younger' (TV Land - which he returned to performing with Sutton Foster), 'Life In Pieces' (CBS), 'Code Black' (CBS), and others! Throught the Fall and Spring, Andrew also helped launch Jackie Evancho's new music videos and singles which are to be featured on a new pop centered album which is set to be dropped in the Summer of 2016. In February of 2016, Andrew returned to the Villanova stage for their Spring production of 'It Runs in the Family'. Andrew returned as a lighting and sound designer alongside technical director Timothy Kokotajlo. In mid-February of 2016, it was announced that Andrew would be making two trips in the Spring including one International State Visit back to Cancun, Mexico and the second would be a relaxing vacation with close friend, Ashden Personius to Winchester, Virginia for the 2016 Easter holiday. It was also announced that Andrew would be hosting a series of events at Villanova surrounding the 2016 Presidential Election and Inauguration - which Andrew is expected to attend - including an exhibit called 'The Presidential Experience' as well as moderating a panel discussion series all set to start in October of 2016. Another tour was announced to premiere in July of 2016 in Strafford, Pennsylvania called 'Harry Potter: A Journey through Film' which will include props, costumes and pieces of film memorabilia from the set of 'Harry Potter and the New York Psycho'. Both tours were be produced by AKSM, Inc. company AKSM Touring, LLC. April 4th, 2016 marked a special day for Andrew. It was the day that the Villanova University Men's Wildcat Basketball team won the 2016 NCAA Men's Basketball Championship in Houston, Texas with a buzzer-beater shot. This event set off a series of other events and celebratory activities that Andrew would participate in throughout the next weeks. Andrew was front and center with close-friends Ashden Personius and Lauren Kirkpatrick when the Wildcats' returned home to Villanova. Andrew, along with close-friend Ashden Personius, traveled with the team down Market Street to City Hall at Dilworth Plaza in Philadelphia for a ceremony during the Championship Parade on April 8th, 2016. On April 15th, 2016 it was officially announced that Andrew was dating close-friend Ashden Personius since March 19th, 2016. The couple confirmed their relationship that day on different forms of social media. In a statement, Andrew said that, "[it] was a long time coming and that things just fell perfectly into place at one point [...]." Later in April of 2016, Andrew and Ashden helped bring in the 2016 Spring Concert featuring the alternative bands Jukebox the Ghost and X Ambassadors. The concert took place in front of Dougherty Hall on Villanova's Kennedy Ellipse. Twin sisters and close-friends of McKeough's, Lauren and Sarah Kirkpatrick were McKeough and Personius' special invited guests for the evening. Attend all day events they got to meet the bands and play video games with them, listen to their soundchecks as well as attend a special VIP meet and greet after the concert. The day also included a picnic in celebration of Villanova's 2016 "Spring Out" celebration. On May 20th, Andrew attend close-friend Sarah Kirkpatrick's senior prom with her twin sister Lauren Kirkpatrick, Lauren's boyfriend as well as the rest of the Upper Merion Senior Class of 2016 at Drexelbrook. On May 31st, 2016, Andrew along with girlfriend Ashden Personius traveled to the White House in Washington, DC to see President Barack Obama congratulate the Villanova Men's Basketball team on their NCAA Championship win and welcome them to the White House. The day's events included a tour of the White House and West Wing as well as a ceremony that filled the East Room ending with a press conference at the West Wing and concluding with dinner. This day would cap-off and end about two months of celebratory events for McKeough, Personius and the team. In June of 2016, AKSM Touring LLC announced that Andrew would be launching a new tour entitled, "The Best of AKSM" in August of 2016. The tour will feature Andrew as well as a group of other AKSM performers who will tour and perform at each concert with Andrew. In June, McKeough also attended Villanova's 'Reunion 2016!' weekend. This celebratory weekend started from Thursday the 9th through Sunday the 12th of June. It included many events including lunches, dinners and award ceremonies for Villanova's graduated classes ending with a 6 or a 1 and was the 50th reunion for the class of 1966. Then, in July of 2016, Andrew helped open a new expo tour by AKSM Touring LLC entitled; 'Harry Potter: A Journey Through Film' in Strafford, Pennsylvania called which will include props, costumes and pieces of film memorabilia from the set of 'Harry Potter and the New York Psycho'. The expo lasted through the month of July and included weekly showings of every single 'Harry Potter' movie. Andrew, along with other cast members made celebrity guest appearances at the different film screenings to introduce the film to it's audience. The expo all culminated on July 20th with a gala party in the fashion of a Yule Ball. The gala was attended by McKeough and Personius as well as other cast members and performing arts friends from 'Stoga Theatre's classes of 2012 through 2018. In honor of McKeough's 20th birthday, McKeough and Personius along with a small group of other close-friends took a private day trip to Ocean City in New Jersey on July 25th. On July 27th, after celebrating his birthday on the 26th, McKeough and Personius returned to Winchester, Virginia for a two week private holiday before returning to Villanova in August of 2016. McKeough and Personius returned to school on August 24th, 2016. The day marked the beginning of classes for McKeough's sophomore year and Personius' junior year. What is Andrew doing now? Andrew is currently nineteen years old and is now in the first semester of his sophomore year of college, attending Villanova University, located in Radnor, Pennsylvania. Andrew majors in communication (media production and PR) and political science with music and theatre arts as minors; all while pursuing his love of the theatre and film at 'Nova! Andrew also is taking vocal, acting, audition, and dance lessons by actress and director Jennie Eisenhower. Andrew continues to star in Colonial Williamsburg's 'Electronic Field Trips' (ETFs). Andrew will resume filming on the series in March through November of 2016. Andrew is also the assistant director at his hometown theatre The Valley Forge Playhouse, located in Wayne, Pennsylvania and stage manager of the theatre at Villanova. Andrew made his return to touring after a year break with a new tour entitled, "The Best of AKSM" which launched in August of 2016! ### Jennifer Lee Crowl Jennifer Lee Crowl is an actress, musical theater performer, and choreographer. She was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Belle Vernon, a small suburb located twenty-five miles south east of Pittsburgh. Her early performing opportunities were encouraged by her mother, who was a professor of music therapy at a local community college. Jennifer studied dance at Katy Lyon Dance Center in Uniontown, PA. She attended college at West Virginia University and received a Bachelor's degree in Elementary Education. Part of her college tuition was funded through a dance scholarship with the WVU Ballet Ensemble. Jennifer turned down a full-time position teaching third grade in North Carolina after graduating because she landed a job dancing in the Oktoberfest show at Busch Gardens in Williamsburg, Virginia. Other performing gigs followed including a bus-and-truck tour of The Will Rogers Follies and regional theater appearances in Singin' in the Rain, George M!, and Anything Goes. She moved to New York City in 1998 and performed as a Radio City Rockette in the Christmas Spectacular. She received her Actors Equity Card performing in the ensemble of Crazy for You at Paper Mill Playhouse, which was filmed for PBS Great Performances. That opportunity allowed her to be introduced to Susan Stroman, the esteemed Broadway choreographer and director. Her musical theater career advanced with much debt of gratitude to Ms. Stroman, who cast her in the very first National Tour of The Producers, the new Mel Brooks Musical. Jennifer was in the ensemble and a dance captain in that tour for two and a half years. Her Broadway debut arrived in another Mel Brooks Musical: Young Frankenstein. Jennifer earned her SAG card by dancing in the 2005 Universal remake of The Producers. She can be seen in two production numbers in the film: I Wanna Be A Producer (girl in pearls) and Along Came Bialy (little old lady dancing with a walker in Central Park). Jennifer's latest film credits include Arbitrage (receptionist) and The Other Woman (shopper). Michael Gruber Michael Thomas Gruber was born on November 1, 1964 to loving parents, two sisters, and a brother. He was born and raised in Cincinnati, Ohio where he grew up wanting to be a springboard and platform diver. Throughout his school years, Michael had a love for not only diving, but acting as he was constantly surrounded by acting and music. He was in various school plays such as Hello, Dolly! and Pippin and he was also in the choir. In 1982, Michael graduated high school and was off to college, specifically the University of Michigan, on an athletic scholarship for diving. As an NCAA All-American diver, Michael was heading for the Olympics to pursue his dream. In 1984, Michael didn't make the cut for the Olympics and contemplated what he really wanted to do with his career. Rather than continuing his training for another 4 years, he decided to focus more time on acting, which Michael realized his true passion. He then transferred to the Cincinnati College Conservatory of Music to complete his junior and senior years of college. From college on, Michael has pursued acting, singing, and dancing on stage with much critical acclaim. While his only film or video appearance has been the Commemorative Edition of Cats, Michael has been well received in several stage roles such as Munkustrap in Cats (Broadway), the Tin Man in Wizard of OZ, Don Lockwood in Singin' in the Rain, Riff in West Side Story, Cousin Kevin in Tommy, Judd Fry in Oklahoma!, Sky Masterson in Guys and Dolls, Billy Crocker in Anything Goes, Mike in the final company of a Chorus Line (Broadway), and part of the Ensemble in Swing! for which he was nominated for a FANY Award (Best Individual Performance). Paul Lazarus Paul Lazarus is a director, producer and writer of television, film and theater projects. He recently completed work on a feature length documentary called SlingShot about noted Segway inventor Dean Kamen and his work to solve the world's safe water crisis. Lazarus directed and produced the feature film, "Seven Girlfriends," starring Tim Daly, Mimi Rogers, Jami Gertz and Melora Hardin. Produced independently, "Seven Girlfriends" was released by Castle Hill Productions and was featured on HBO and Comedy Central. For Dreamworks SKG, he voice directed the animated musical feature, "Joseph," starring Ben Affleck. Lazarus resides in Los Angeles where he has been directing many notable prime time television series. Most recently he directed "Pretty Little Liars" for ABC Family, "The Middle," "Better Off Ted," "Samantha Who?" and "Ugly Betty" for ABC, the new "90210" for the CW network and "Big Time Rush" for Nickelodeon. Past shows include: "Friends," Psych," "Everybody Loves Raymond," "Las Vegas," "Grounded For Life," "Mad About You," "LA Law," "Melrose Place," "Dream On" and the pilot for MTV's "2Gether." For the Hollywood Bowl, he produced and directed the acclaimed 75th birthday tribute to Stephen Sondheim. That evening featured the Los Angeles Philharmonic, Barbara Streisand, Warren Beatty, Angela Lansbury, Carol Burnett, Eric McCormack, Jason Alexander and Bernadette Peters among many others. His new play, "A Tale of Charles Dickens," co-written with Janet Jones, was produced and recorded for radio by Los Angeles Theater Works in association with the Antaeus Theater Company. Other recent credits include directing John Steinbeck's "Of Mice and Men" and Neil Simon's "Biloxi Blues" at the Pasadena Playhouse, directing Kristin Chenoweth in her solo concert debut and the world premiere of a new musical, "The People vs. Mona," also at the Pasadena Playhouse. Other favorite Los Angeles theatrical projects include directing the world premieres of Mark St. Germain's play "Camping With Henry and Tom" starring Robert Prosky, Ronny Cox and John Cunningham and "The 24th Day" starring Noah Wyle and Peter Berg. "Camping..." received the Outer Critics' Circle and Lucille Lortel awards for best off-Broadway play. "The 24th Day" received six Los Angeles Dramalogue awards including Best Director and four LA Ovation award nominations. In the early 90s, he served as the Artistic Director of the historic Pasadena Playhouse. Lazarus has directed over eighty plays and musicals in such prominent theaters as The Kennedy Center, Lincoln Center, Playwrights Horizons, The Manhattan Theater Club, Circle Rep, The Actors Studio, La Mama ETC and The Goodspeed Opera House, to name a few. Highlights include: receiving a Drama Desk Nomination for directing the hit Off-Broadway musical, "Personals," which was written by David Crane, Seth Friedman and Marta Kauffman and composed by Stephen Schwartz and Alan Menken; directing Anouilh's "Antigone" for the Lincoln Center Institute; serving as associate director for the celebrated concert version of Stephen Sondheim's "Follies" starring Carol Burnett, Lee Remick and Mandy Patinkin; and staging the premiers of Jon Klein's drama, "Life Class," for the Art Institute of Chicago; David Crane and Larry Coen's comedy, "Epic Proportions" for the Manhattan Punch Line; and Mark St. Germain and Randy Courts' AT&T award-winning musical "Johnny Pye and the Foolkiller" for the George Street Playhouse. Early in his career, he produced and directed "A Stephen Sondheim Evening," which starred Angela Lansbury, George Hearn and Mr. Sondheim. That evening was recorded by RCA Records and received a Grammy nomination. He produced and hosted "Anything Goes," an award-winning radio series celebrating the American musical theater past, present and future for WBAI-FM in New York and National Public Radio. For twelve years, he has served on the Executive Board of the Stage Directors and Choreographers Society. A graduate of Dartmouth College, Lazarus apprenticed with the Royal Shakespeare Company in England. Curtis Cregan Curtis made his Broadway debut in Rent after touring the U.S., Canada, and Japan with the 2nd national tour of Rent. Other theatre roles include Grease (Doody) in Europe and at the American Music Theatre of San Jose, Anything Goes (Billy), The Secret Garden (Dickon), The Who's Tommy (Pinball Lad). Curtis was raised in Michigan, attending Interlochen Arts Academy and CCM, and now lives in New York City. When not onstage he enjoys traveling as much as his bank account will allow. Most recently he hiked volcanic peaks in Hawaii, explored caves through New Zealand and sailed off the coast of Australia. Curtis' favorite pastime in NYC is dodging cabbies and pedestrians on his roller blades. Rumiko Takahashi Takahashi was born on October 10, 1957 in Niigata, Japan. She displayed no special talent or interest for manga (Japanese comics) while attending Niigata Chuo High School, but while attending Japan Women's University, she enrolled in Gekiga Sonjuku, a manga school founded by Kazuo Koike (artist and writer of the mangas Lone Wolf and Cub, Crying Freeman and Lady Snowblood). His influence in her work is considerable. He stressed the importance of interesting characters in one's manga series. Takahashi took his lessons to heart: her characters often break the stereotypes inhabiting manga at the time. Takahashi takes care to portray her women to be as tough and as intelligent as her men. Almost none of them can be called an out-and-out villain. They often have different motivations and goals which puts them at odds with each other, and from this arises the dramatic tension of her stories, and quite often, the comedy as well. In 1976 she started publishing short manga. At this point, she needed to make an important decision, continue as a manga artist or make rounds interviewing for a regular job as a Japanese salary person. If she failed in manga, she would have difficulty getting work because companies would often prefer young, fresh graduates. Despite her parents' advice to take the more cautious path, she decided to press on. Her first manga series was Urusei Yatsura in 1978, published in Weekly Shonen Sunday. It concerns an alien invasion of earth that can only be stopped if the horniest boy in the world manages to catch an alien girl. It eventually became a cultural phenomenon, lasting nine years and spawning a long-running television series, Urusei yatsura . Urusei yatsura was partly directed by Mamoru Oshii (_"Kôkaku kidôtai" (1995)_, aka Ghost in the Shell). Oshii first rose in prominence thanks to his work in Urusei Yatsura. Her second manga hit was Maison Ikkoku (1980 to 1987 in Big Comic Spirits). Here, her experiences as a young adult making the rounds of job interviews, plus living in a small apartment while working for a living, became inspiration for her manga. Maison Ikkoku doesn't have any aliens, demons or martial-arts experts, instead it is a simple love triangle between a college student, Godai, his beautiful apartment manager, the young and recently widowed Mrs. Kyoko Otanashi and the rich, handsome tennis coach Shun Mitaka. Mitaka could have been a typical love rival, rich, handsome but self-centered. Instead, Takahashi actually makes him sympathetic; his love for Kyoko is as sincere as Godai, and he is also a nice guy. In fact it becomes one of the themes of Maison Ikkoku: if all things are equal, if both suitors have good characters and both sincerely loves the woman, then should Kyoko pick the richer suitor? The manga series charts Godai's maturation from callow youth ruled by hormones to a successful, responsible adult. The complex webs of relationships in Urusei and Maison are her secret recipe for generating endless configurations of conflict and humor. They keep readers waiting eagerly for the next installment at the same time gently remind them that that's how life is like with regards to romance, a tangled free-for-all that, despite its seemingly frightful messiness, Takahashi magically keeps clear and coherent for her readers. Maison Ikkoku also became the successful anime, Maison Ikkoku . In 1987, Not only did she end her two successful manga, Urusei and Maison, she also did short manga (Mermaid Saga and One-Pound Gospel), and started her third long-run manga series, Ranma 1/2. In 1987, the manga field was full of martial arts stories, so Takahashi was interested in trying her version of a martial arts manga, however, with a few innovations of her own. Ranma is a martial artist betrothed to a tomboy martial artist, Miss Akane Tendo, and when they marry they will inherit the dojo and the tradition of "Anything Goes" Martial Arts. The big twist is, when Ranma gets wet, he turns into a busty, red-headed girl. Takahashi pokes fun at (and gives homage to) martial arts, boy-girl relationships and other bizarre permutations that can arise from a web formed by a boy/girl, a tomboy girl as well as a menagerie of quirky supporting characters. Like Urusei and Maison, Ranma became an anime series, Ranma ½ , which lasted from 1989 to 1992. She ended the manga in 1996, and then started her fourth major manga series, Inuyasha. Inuyasha is set in medieval Japan. A modern schoolgirl, Kagome, is magically transported to the past, and she must help the half-demon Inuyasha collect shards of the powerful Shikon jewel. In this series, the tone is darker and less comedic than her other works. Characters and bystanders often die here and the major characters themselves are frequently in danger. Takahashi also introduces her first purely evil villain, the demon Naraku. Naraku is a kind of Iago to Inuyasha's Othello, letting others do the dirty work for him. Inuyasha became an anime in 2000 ( InuYasha ), lasting until 2004. It has already spawned several films, with the last one released in December, 2004. In terms of material rewards, Takahashi consistently makes the list of top ten Japanese tax payers from the manga community, an indication of the royalties she receives for her work, both old and new. Her fan base has spilled out of Japan, where she is virtually ubiquitous. She now has devoted followers from Europe, the United States and many fellow Asian nations. Her old work, from Urusei Yatsura up to her short manga up to the anime versions, have been reprinted and translated, finding their way to newer generations of readers and viewers. However, Takahashi continually keeps busy, meeting her deadlines, creating new manga. She admits she has little time to spend her money, devoting most of her time in her studio drawing and plotting the next installments of her manga, for the sake of her legions of fans worldwide. Brittany Wynn As a skilled triple threat artist, Brittany Wynn continues to gain momentum in the entertainment industry. Possessing an 20 year history of performance training from various schools, acting studios and dance companies such as Etobicoke School of the Arts, BDC, Metro Movement, OIP, Lewis Baumander Acting Studio and Armstrong Acting Studios, Brittany has further advanced her education internationally. Her appetite for acting, singing, and dancing brought her to Los Angeles in January 2013, where she attended the "New York Film Academy", working with top industry teachers and casting directors at Universal Studios in a vigorous program for film acting. LA's major dance companies "The Edge" and "Millenium Dance Complex" became her home. She's won vocal competitions and festivals across Canada, has been seen in the musicals RENT, Willy Wonka, Fame, Footloose, Hairspray, Annie and Broadway Moments. Brittany recently finished filming as the lead in "That Frank" in Los Angeles opposite Brett Ryback. She also finished shooting "The Game" in Los Angeles, which will be appearing in the festival circuit in 2017. Brittany made her directorial debut in 2014 and has since directed 5 different musicals across the GTA (Fame, The Little Mermaid, Anything Goes, Suessical: The Musical, Footloose) Brittany is currently in University pursuing her BSc in Psychology to round off her love of human motivation and behavior.	i don't know
Which British singer had a 1997 hit single with ‘Angels’?	Top 30 Songs with Angel in the Title The List Blog - Top 10 Top 30 Songs with Angel in the Title Staff Profiles Top 30 Songs with Angel in the Title Angels are mythical beings often depicted as messengers of God in the Hebrew Bible, Christian Bibles, and the Quran. The term "angel" has been used to describe spiritual beings found in many oral traditions. The roles of angels include protecting and guiding human beings, and carrying out God's tasks. In the last 75 years, hundreds of popular songs have been released that discuss angels. Many times the lyrics examine heaven, death, and love. It can be comforting to think that someone might be watching over and helping us make life decisions. This article will examine 30 popular angel songs. 30. Slaughter - Fly to the Angels Year: 1990 Slaughter is an American heavy metal band formed in Las Vegas, Nevada by lead vocalist/rhythm guitarist Mark Slaughter and bassist Dana Strum. The band reached stardom in 1990 with their first album Stick It to Ya. The record saw 3 songs hit the U.S. Billboard Hot 100: Fly to the Angels (#19), Up All Night (#27), and Spend My Life (#39). In July of 2011, Slaughter performed at the Halfway Jam festival in Royalton, Minnesota with Lita Ford, Cinderella, Skid Row, Stephen Pearcy, Kix, Quiet Riot, and Firehouse. 29. Alabama - Angels Among Us Year: 1993 Angels Among Us is a song written by Don Goodman and Becky Hobbs, and recorded by the American country music band Alabama. The song was released in December 1993 as a Christmas single from the band's 1993 album Cheap Seats. It charted twice on the Hot Country Songs charts. It features backing vocals from the Sanctuary Choir and Young Musicians Choir of the First Baptist Church of Fort Payne, Alabama. Alabama lead singer Randy Owen has said that the band received "hundreds of letters from all over the world saying that the song was a blessing." 28. Bobby Helms - My Special Angel Year: 1957 My Special Angel is a popular song by Jimmy Duncan, published in 1957. It became a crossover hit in 1957 for Bobby Helms. Helms version peaked at #7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and spent four weeks at number one on the U.S. Country music chart. In the United Kingdom, a version recorded by Malcolm Vaughan spent 14 weeks on the charts, peaking at number three. 27. Jon Secada - Angel Year: 1993 Angel is a 1993 hit song by Jon Secada from his debut album Jon Secada. It was a major success, reaching #18 on the pop chart, #1 on Hot Latin Tracks, and coming close to the top of the adult contemporary chart in the United States. It is a meaningful love song with great lyrics and a touching feel. Secada's debut album sold over 6 million copies around the world and was named one of the top pop records of the 1990s. 26. Hinder - Lips of an Angel Year: 2005 Lips of an Angel is a power ballad by Oklahoma rock band Hinder. It was released as the second single from their album Extreme Behavior (2005). The song was the band's breakthrough hit, charting in the Top 10 in the United States, and reaching #1 in Australia and New Zealand. The lyrics of the song deal with the singer describing his feelings when his favored girlfriend from his past calls late at night. 25. Ray Charles with Willie Nelson - Seven Spanish Angels Year: 1984 Seven Spanish Angels' is a 1984 single written by Troy Seals and Eddie Setser and recorded by Ray Charles with Willie Nelson. It is the most successful of Ray Charles' eight hits on the country chart. The single spent one week at number one and a total of twelve weeks on the country chart. It is about a Mexican outlaw and his beautiful girlfriend who are trying to outrun a posse. When the pair are finally cornered and exhausted from running, they decide to fight the approaching lawmen with gunfire and are killed. The song reached #6 on the New Zealand singles chart. 24. Curtis Lee - Pretty Little Angel Eyes Year: 1961 Curtis Lee is an American singer of the early 1960s. Lee was twice over the beneficiary of 1961 music productions by Phil Spector, with Pretty Little Angel Eyes (U.S. #7) and Under the Moon of Love (U.S. #46). While working with Spector, Lee received instrumental support, and doo wop from an R&B vocal group, The Halos. The Halos appeared on Pretty Little Angel Eyes and would achieve further recognition by backing up Barry Mann on Who Put The Bomp (in the Bomp, Bomp, Bomp). In the UK, Pretty Little Angel Eyes was a minor hit record, peaking at #47 in 1961. 23. Angel - Jimi Hendrix Year: 1971 Angel is the name of a song written and recorded by Jimi Hendrix, first released in February 1971 on the posthumous LP The Cry of Love. In April of 1971 it was put out as a single, which failed to chart. In the U.S. the single was backed with Freedom and in the UK with Night Bird Flying. In 1972, Rod Stewart covered Angel on his album Never a Dull Moment. His version can also be heard in the 2000 film Charlie's Angels. In the United Kingdom, Rod Stewart's cover reached #4. Some of the lyrics to Angel were recited at Jimi Hendrix's funeral. 22. Steelheart - I'll Never Let You Go (Angel Eyes) Year: 1990 Steelheart is a glam metal band based in Norwalk, Connecticut. They released their self-titled debut album in 1990. It sold 33,000 records on its first day in Japan alone, and quickly hit platinum status. The group's ballad She's Gone hit #1 on the International Charts, staying there for 17 weeks. She's Gone maintains its popularity in East Asia. The second single off the album I'll Never Let You Go (Angel Eyes) reached #14 on the U.S. charts, and was MTV's 2nd most requested video of the year. The album reached #40 in the United States. 21. Jeff Healey Band - Angel Eyes Year: 1989 Angel Eyes is a song written by John Hiatt and Fred Koller, for The Jeff Healey Band's first album See the Light (1988). It was first released as the album's second single in June 1989. Angel Eyes was a successful song and peaked at #5 in the U.S. It reached #16 in Canada, #79 in Australia, and #86 in the UK. The song was also the 17th highest selling single in the U.S. for 1989. It was used in the 1989 film Road House. In 2004, Angel Eyes was covered by Australian Idol series one contestant Paulini and became her first #1 single in Australia. 20. Martina McBride - Concrete Angel Year: 2002 Concrete Angel is a song recorded by American country music artist Martina McBride. It is a power ballad, centering on the main theme of child abuse and in a different context, bullying. The narrator tells a story about a 7-year-old little girl who's trying to deal with abuse from her alcoholic mother. In the end of the song, her mother beats her until she dies. Some people, like the girl's teacher, seem to notice signs of abuse, but just try to ignore it. Many people feel the single is one of Martina McBride's best and it is regularly featured on articles that examine lyrical achievement. Concrete Angel peaked at #47 in the U.S. and hit #5 on the Country Music chart. 19. U2 - Angel of Harlem Year: 1988 Angel of Harlem is the second single from U2's 1988 album, Rattle and Hum. It peaked at #9 on the UK Singles Chart, #8 on the Dutch Top 40, #14 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and #1 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks. It was written as homage to Billie Holiday and the lyrical content of the song refers to various New York City-area landmarks, including JFK airport, WBLS radio, and Harlem. It also refers to jazz-related history including John Coltrane and A Love Supreme, Birdland club, Miles Davis and Holiday herself ("Lady Day"). 18. Train - Calling All Angels Year: 2003 Calling All Angels is the title of a 2003 song by the band Train. It was included on the group's third studio album, My Private Nation. The song peaked at #19 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also spent three weeks atop the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart in 2003. Calling All Angels was nominated for two Grammy Awards and has become prominent in popular culture, having appeared in many television programs. The song is also played at Angel Stadium before every Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim game while the video screen shows a montage of the team's history. 17. Rosie & The Originals - Angel Baby Year: 1960 Angel Baby was a 1960 single by Rosie & The Originals. The song was recorded independently on a two-track machine when lead singer Rosie Hamlin was only 15-years-old. Initially unable to find a label willing to distribute the song because of its unpolished sound, the group convinced a San Diego department store to pipe their master through the listening booths in the record department. The response from listeners prompted Highland Records to sign the band and promote the single. The song reached #5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in December 1960 and remained in the charts for twelve weeks. John Lennon recorded a version of the Angel Baby in 1973, eventually released on the Lennon box set and Menlove Ave. In the intro, Lennon calls it one of his favorite songs and says: "send my love to Rosie, wherever she may be." Rosie called it her favorite cover of the song. 16. Scorpions - Send Me an Angel Year: 1990 Send Me an Angel is a power ballad by German heavy metal band Scorpions, released on their 1990 album Crazy World. Along with Wind of Change , it became the album's signature track reaching a high chart positions in many countries around the world. Send Me an Angel peaked at #4 in Sweden and the Netherlands, #5 in Germany, #8 in France, #8 in Austria, #14 in Switzerland, #27 in the UK, and #44 in the U.S. The song has been chosen as the main theme for the Disney/Pixar's 2012 movie Brave. It is not to be confused with the 1980s dance hit Send Me an Angel by Real Life, which is also featured on this list. 15. Madonna - Angel Year: 1985 Angel is a song by American singer-songwriter Madonna from her second studio album Like a Virgin. It was released on April 10, 1985 as the third single from the album. Like a Virgin is one of the best-selling records of all time with over 21 million copies distributed. According to Madonna, the song was inspired by a girl who is saved by an angel, and then falls in love with him. Angel became Madonna's fifth consecutive top-five single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top of its dance charts. The song was also able to reach #1 in Australia and the top-five in Canada, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Madonna has performed the song only once, which was on her Virgin Tour in 1985. 14. Mark Dinning - Teen Angel Year: 1959 Teen Angel is a teenage tragedy song written by Jean Dinning and her husband, Red Surrey, and performed by Jean's brother, Mark Dinning and Alex Murray in 1959. The song was not an instant success and was banned by U.S. radio stations due to the lyrics. The song is about a girl who is out on a ride with her boyfriend when their car is stalled on a railroad track. The boy pulls the girl to safety, but then she gets hit by a passing train. Teen Angel went on to reach #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in February of 1960 and #37 in the UK Singles Chart (even though it was banned from being played by the BBC). American rock and roll revival act Sha Na Na performed Teen Angel at the 1969 Woodstock festival. The original Mark Dinning recording was also featured in the 1973 film American Graffiti. 13. The Heights - How Do You Talk to an Angel Year: 1992 How Do You Talk to an Angel is the single version of the theme for the TV series The Heights, with Jamie Walters as lead singer. The song hit #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on November 14, 1992, but the series was canceled exactly one week after the song fell from its number one position. Vocals on the single included Charlotte Ross of NYPD Blue and Glee fame. In 1993, the song was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics. 12. Real Life - Send Me an Angel Year: 1983 Send Me an Angel is a song by the band Real Life, who are a Melbourne-based Australian New Wave/Synthpop group. The song is about a man who asks himself whether he finds true love and has become the group's most well known release. Send Me an Angel peaked at #29 in the U.S. The single was a international success and hit #1 in Germany and New Zealand, #2 in Switzerland, #4 in Sweden, #6 in Australia, #9 in Austria, #18 in Canada, and #19 in Spain. The songs biggest chart success in the United States was in 1989, when an updated version entitled Send Me An Angel '89 surpassed the original version peaking at #26. 11. Merrilee Rush - Angel of the Morning Year: 1968 Angel of the Morning is a popular song that has been recorded numerous times, and has been a charting hit single for several artists. The song was originally written and composed by New York-born songwriter Chip Taylor. Taylor produced a recording of the song with his friend Evie Sands but the financial straits of Cameo-Parkway Records prevented that version's release. Other early recordings of Angel of the Morning were made in 1967 by Danny Michaels and by UK vocalist Billie Davis. The song finally became a hit in the summer of 1968 via a recording by Merrilee Rush. Rush's version reached #7 in the United States, #4 in the Netherlands, and was a #1 hit in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The highest-charting and best-selling version of Angel of the Morning in the United States was recorded and released in 1981 by country-rock singer Juice Newton for her album Juice. Newton's version reached #4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and spent three weeks at #1 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart. More than 1 million units of Newton's single of the song were sold in the United States, and it reached the top ten in a number of other countries, including Canada and Australia. In the UK, Newton's version reached #35 on the UK Singles Chart. 10. Amanda Perez - Angel Year: 2003 Amanda Perez is a female American R&B singer-songwriter and record producer of Mexican descent. Perez scored her biggest hit in 2003 with the single Angel, which peaked at #20 on the U.S. Hot 100 sales chart. The single helped the album (also called Angel) to become a hit for Perez. 9. Phantom of the Opera - Angel of Music Year: 1986 The Phantom of the Opera is an operetta by Andrew Lloyd Webber. The music was composed by Lloyd Webber, and most lyrics were written by Charles Hart. The central plot revolves around a beautiful soprano, Christine Daae, who becomes the obsession of a mysterious, disfigured musical genius. With total worldwide box office receipts of over $5.1 billion, including a Broadway gross of US $800 million, Phantom of the Opera is the highest-grossing entertainment event of all time and the most financially successful theatrical show in history. By 2011, the Phantom of the Opera had been seen by over 130 million people in 145 cities in 27 countries. It is the most successful entertainment project in history. In the story, the title character Christine confesses to her best friend Meg (Madame Giry's daughter) that she knows her mysterious teacher only as an invisible "Angel of Music." The song Angel of Music is performed in Act I of the play and has become one of the show's most popular. 8. Aerosmith - Angel Year: 1988 Angel is a song performed by Aerosmith. It was written by lead singer Steven Tyler and Desmond Child. The song was released in 1988 as the second single from the band's massively successful 1987 album Permanent Vacation. It quickly climbed to #3 on the Billboard Hot 100, the second highest chart performance for any Aerosmith single, the first being I Don't Want to Miss a Thing (1998) . Steven Tyler has publicly spoken against Angel on numerous occasions. He was quoted saying on a radio interview in 1990 "The song was beautiful. It made me cry, but I heard it so damn much it drove me crazy! It became overplayed and at this point I'm so sick of it I never want to hear that song again". Since the Pump Tour in 1989-1990, Angel has become somewhat of a rarity at Aerosmith live shows. 7. Sarah McLachlan - Angel Year: 1997 Angel is a song by Sarah McLachlan that originally appeared on her 1997 album Surfacing. It is about the Smashing Pumpkins touring keyboard player Jonathan Melvoin, who overdosed on heroin and died in 1996. Angel was McLachlan's second top 5 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart and peaked at #4. The single remained on the chart for a total of twenty-nine weeks. It was the 18th most successful song of 1999 in the United States. The song peaked at #36 on the UK Singles Chart. 6. Monica - Angel of Mine Year: 1998 Angel of Mine is an R&B ballad written by Rhett Lawrence and Travon Potts. It was produced for the British R&B girl group Eternal's Greatest Hits album in 1997. The song became the group's 14th top ten hit on the UK singles chart peaking at #4 and spent a total of 13 weeks in the chart. In 1998, the song came to American fame when R&B singer Monica covered it (with altered lyrics) and released it as the third single from The Boy Is Mine. Angel of Mine was one of Monica's biggest worldwide successes, reaching #1 in the U.S. The song charted at #2 in Canada, #12 in Australia, #26 in New Zealand, #30 in Germany, and #55 in the UK. Angel of Mine was ranked #3 on the Hot 100 1999 year-end charts. It rated #62 on the U.S. 1990s chart. 5. Black Crowes - She Talks to Angels Year: 1990 She Talks to Angels is a song by the rock band The Black Crowes. It is the eighth track on their 1990 debut album Shake Your Money Maker and was released as the album's fourth single. The song made it to #30 on the US Hot 100 and hit #1 on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart. It peaked at # 70 on the UK Singles Chart. The song is allegedly about a woman who lost a child (one of the "angels" of the title) and who now copes with her pain through the use of drugs. 4. Shaggy - Angel Year: 2001 Angel is a number one hit song by reggae artist Shaggy featuring Rayvon. It was the follow-up to Shaggy's #1 hit It Wasn't Me. The song was number one in the U.S. for the week of March 31, 2001. Angel was an international hit for Shaggy and reached #1 in the UK, Australia, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The song was the 44th best-selling single of the 2000 decade in the UK. Angel uses the bass line from The Joker by Steve Miller (1973), and also borrows from Angel of the Morning. 3. Shelley Fabares - Johnny Angel Year: 1962 Johnny Angel is the debut pop single by Shelley Fabares released in 1962. The song premiered on an episode of Fabares' sitcom, The Donna Reed Show during the fourth season. The lyrics of the song tell the story of a teenage girl's romantic longing for a boy who doesn't know she exists, to the point where she declines other boys' propositions for dates because she'd rather concentrate on the boy she loves. Although Fabares' career as a singer came to an end within a few years of Johnny Angel, the song has become an oldies radio airplay favorite. Johnny Angel hit #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 on April 7, 1962, during a 15-week run on the chart. It also peaked at #41 on the UK Singles chart and sold over one-million copies. After her musical career, Shelley Fabares starred in the sitcom Coach as Craig T. Nelson's love interest and eventual wife, Christine. 2. Robbie Williams - Angels Year: 1997 Angels is a song by Robbie Williams, written by Williams with Guy Chambers. It was released in December 1997 and became the singer's biggest selling single. Angels has been voted the best song of the past 25 years by the BRIT Awards. It was the 38th best selling single of 1997 in the UK, and the 26th of 1998. Despite only reaching a peak of #4 in the UK, it passed the million sales mark in June 2009, with a combination of both physical and download sales. Angels entered the Top 40 in charts around the world, including Ireland (#2), Switzerland (#4), Belgium (#6), France (#7), Germany (#9), Australia (#12), Italy (#12), Sweden (#13), the Netherlands (#14), Canada (#18), and New Zealand (#23). 1. The Penguins - Earth Angel Year: 1954 Earth Angel (Will You Be Mine) is an American doo-wop song, originally released by The Penguins in 1954. The song quickly outstripped its A-side in popularity and reached #1 on the Billboard R&B chart for three weeks in early 1955 and #8 on the pop chart. Earth Angel was the only Top 40 hit for The Penguins. The song ranked #151 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In 2004, it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. In 1955, Earth Angel became a major hit for The Crew-Cuts, reaching the Billboard charts on January 29, 1955. The song was also featured in the movie Back to the Future.	Robbie Williams
In the human body, the buccal cavity is commonly known as what?	50 best British songwriters - Telegraph 50 best British songwriters The beat goes on: Neil McCormick on the best British songwriters 1 John Lennon 'When Paul felt like it, he would come in with about 20 songs and say, "We're recording." And I suddenly had to write a f---ing stack of songs. "Sgt Pepper" was like that.' It can't have been easy being in a band with a songwriter as gifted as Paul McCartney, but during their time together Lennon would write many of the Beatles' greatest songs, including Day Tripper, All You Need is Love and Strawberry Fields Forever. While McCartney was writing material for solo albums and for his new band Wings, Lennon pushed on to create Working Class Hero, Imagine and Give Peace a Chance. He was a revolutionary artist who travelled far beyond the dream of rock'n'roll stardom. Classic lyric: 'There's nothing you can do that can't be done./ Nothing you can sing that can't be sung.' (All You Need is Love, 1967) Related Articles 26 Aug 2009 2 Kate Bush There may be a stampede of young talented female singer songwriters rushing into the charts, but none has quite created the sensation that the 19-year-old Bush did when she burst onto the pop scene in 1978 with her wild mane and interpretive dancing. She turned the most passionate English novel, Wuthering Heights, into an ardent song, and it made her the first woman to have a UK number one with a self-written number. Bush continued to explore new frontiers, building a lasting body of work. Classic lyric: 'You don't want to hurt me,/ But see how deep the bullet lies./ Unaware that I'm tearing you asunder./ There is thunder in our hearts, baby.' (Running Up That Hill, 1985) 3 Morrissey/Johnny Marr The songwriting partnership behind the Smiths was responsible for some of the strangest and most enchanted pop music ever. Tales of thwarted sexual longing wrapped in enigmatic literary references are carried on reverberating waves of sound. That indefinable something takes in kitchen-sink romanticism and a camp disregard for the everyday ('There's more to life than books, you know,/ But not much more'), but it always points back to true north, as in the classic How Soon is Now? - 'I am human and I need to be loved/ Just like everybody else does.' Classic lyric: 'Fame, fame, fatal fame/ It can play hideous tricks on the brain.' (Frankly, Mr Shankly, 1986) 4 Paul McCartney The poppiest and most avant garde Beatle may have become more sentimental with age, but he remains one of Britain's greatest songwriters. He's certainly the most gifted tunesmith. McCartney could stuff more melodies into one song - Hello Goodbye, for instance - than most bands are capable of in a whole album. He wrote When I'm Sixty-Four as a 16-year-old, penned the most covered song (Yesterday) and - despite his atrocious last album, 'Memory Almost Full' - can still look forward to seeing Hey Jude slugging it out with Imagine, Bohemian Rhapsody and Robbie Williams's Angels at the top of the nation's favourite song poll. Classic lyric: 'Love, love me do./ You know I love you' (Love Me Do, 1962) 5 Elton John/Bernie Taupin The partnership between a Lincolnshire farmer's boy and a musical prodigy from Pinner, Middlesex, is one of the more unlikely associations in the history of rock and pop, but Elton's warm tenor and gospel-tinged piano-playing seem to fit perfectly with Taupin's references to rural life. Their collaboration began by post in 1967, after both replied to a press ad. They met six months later, banging out material for a record company - an hour for Taupin to write the lyrics, half an hour for Elton to set them to music - to create the songs that would launch Elton as a solo artist. All Elton's great numbers - including Rocket Man, Tiny Dancer and Candle in the Wind - were written together. Classic lyric: 'So goodbye yellow brick road,/ Where the dogs of society howl./ You can't plant me in your penthouse,/ I'm going back to my plough.' (Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, 1973) 6 Mick Jagger/Keith Richards According to their outspoken former manager Andrew Loog Oldham, Jagger and Richards were reluctant songwriters who had to be locked in a room in 1964 until they produced their first two songs, both awful. The era-defining anthem (?I Can't Get No) Satisfaction followed in 1965 (they liked their brackets), and from then on the great songs kept coming for two decades. Classic lyric: 'I can't get no satisfaction,/ I can't get no girl reaction,/ 'Cause I try and I try and I try and I try,/ I can't get no. ((I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, 1965) 7 Noël Coward 'Noël Coward was a charmer./ As a writer he was Brahma,' sang the late Ian Dury, tipping his hat to the rhyming skills of the composer who became a byword for sophisticated wordplay and society glitz. Coward's upbringing was slightly less glamorous. He was the son of a Royal Navy captain, which kept him out of the first rank in between-the-wars Britain, but not for long. He wrote his first song, Forbidden Fruit, at the age of 16 and went on to make his name as the author of sparkling comedies, incorporating his light, complex and elegant musical confections. Classic lyric: 'I know it's stupid, to be mad about the boy,/ I'm so ashamed of it, but must admit the sleepless nights I've had/ About the boy.' (Mad About the Boy, 1932) 8 Ian Curtis/New Order If your only knowledge of Joy Division had come from the film Closer, you could be forgiven for thinking that the band were a set of Manc music obsessives with a troubled singer. But a deeper image emerges from the band's final album, from which the film's title was taken, of an important late 20th-century artist confronting the extremes of human experience in songs such as Heart and Soul and The Eternal. That the musicians who took the journey with him all the way to his eventual suicide would go on to reinvent themselves in New Order as among the brightest, most engaging songwriters of the era was an extraordinary achievement. Classic lyric: 'Existence well what does it matter?/ I exist on the best terms I can./ The past is now part of my future,/ The present is well out of hand (Heart and Soul, 1980) 9 Van Morrison Time may have ravaged the golden-haired minstrel on the cover of 'Astral Weeks', but nothing seems to warp the deep soul in his voice. George Ivan Morrison was born in Belfast in 1945 and had written a bona fide rock classic, Gloria, for his band Them while still in his teens. It barely hinted at what Van the Man would be capable of in a 40-year solo career that soon escaped the narrow confines of rock, plunging into folk, jazz and gospel to deliver a stream of transcendentally wonderful songs from Caravan to Into the Mystic to Jackie Wilson Said (I'm in Heaven When You Smile). Classic lyric: 'And I shall drive my chariot/ Down your streets and cry/ Hey, it's me, I'm dynamite/And I don't know why.' (Sweet Thing, 1968) 10 Joe Strummer/Mick Jones (The Clash) Just six years separated The Clash's faultless run of singles, from White Riot in 1977 to Should I Stay or Should I Go in 1982, but they reveal a band that was developing at a breathless pace, alive to influences old and new. The combination of Strummer's fiery idealism and hard-to-catch lyrics, and Jones's gift for tunes and high harmonies, created a series of passionate bursts of energy that capture something unique and inspiring. Martin Scorsese described Janie Jones, the first track on their debut album, as the greatest British rock?'n'?roll song. It could be true, but the glory of Strummer and Jones's songwriting is that it's not even possible to say that it's the greatest Clash song. Classic couplet: 'All over people changing their votes,/ Along with their overcoats,/ If Adolf Hitler flew in today,/ They'd send a limousine anyway.' ((White Man) in Hammersmith Palais, 1978) 11 David Bowie For a decade at least, being a Bowie fan was shorthand for being arty, alternative, make-up loving and weird. But his songs still sounded great on the radio, encoding mystery, futuristic alienation and sex. From Space Oddity in 1969 to the chic-sounding Let's Dance in 1983, Bowie's songwriting stands at the nexus of pop with the avant garde, matching his shapeshifting visual image stride for stride. 12 Queen Freddie Mercury wrote Bohemian Rhapsody, John Deacon wrote I Want to Break Free and Brian May wrote Flash and Fat Bottomed Girls. Yep, they were a mixed bag of songwriters, but together they created a kind of magic. Queen's ability to blend camp humour with macho bombast made them funnier than Victoria Wood and as heavy as Led Zep - no mean feat. 13 Ray Davies The lead singer of the Kinks and author of a stream of classic hits, Davies introduced the concept of the individual voice into British rock and pop - as distinctive, witty and instantly recognisable as Noël Coward. He is credited with inventing a new kind of poetry and a new kind of language for pop writing by The Who's Pete Townshend. 14 Elvis Costello He may have looked like a cartoon Buddy Holly, but the young Costello was bristling with emotional and political invective, and had the musical and lyrical dexterity to recast his hurt and anger in any genre he cared to choose. That one of his earliest songs, Alison, may still be his best is no slight on the riches that were to follow. 15 Pete Townshend Pete Townshend's legacy will surely rest on writing The Who's era-defining My Generation, with a line that has entered the language - 'Hope I die before I get old.' Meanwhile, indie kids will carry on liking The Kids Are Alright, lovers of rock opera the towering Pinball Wizard and for fans of CSI the theme tunes - Won't Get Fooled Again, Baba O'Riley and Who Are You - are weekly reminders of what a great songwriter Townsend is. 16 Led Zeppelin Without the Zep's tales of pipers, misty mountains and the hammer of the gods, there would surely be no Spinal Tap, but there wouldn't be the drum intro to When the Levee Breaks, either. More than anyone else on this list, they show how songs can be more than just notes and words on a page. Oh, and they wrote something about a Stairway to Heaven, too. 17 The Bee Gees No question about their songwriting gifts, but do they pass the cricket test? The Brothers Gibb were born in the Isle of Man, but brought up in Australia. They wrote Islands in the Stream for Dolly and Kenny, Woman in Love by royal appointment for the Three Degrees, some critically esteemed early albums, and an endless stream of pop hits and disco classics, such as Night Fever and Staying Alive. 18 Neil Tennant/Chris Lowe (Pet Shop Boys) 'We were never being boring,' sang Tennant in 1990, and, 18 years on, it still sounds like a better epithet for the duo's songwriting career than the one with which it began, Opportunities (Let's Make Lots of Money). Tennant's gift is knowingness rather than cynicism, married to a deadpan wit that gives even his most melancholy moments - 'I love you, you pay my rent' - a bittersweet, sweet bitterness. 19 Pink Floyd Merging the late Syd Barrett into a single entry with Roger Waters is about as incongruous as this list is going to get: the former all playful wonder, the latter mostly bleak despair. Adding guitarist David Gilmour doesn't make things any simpler. You could make a case for the band's best songs being written either by Barrett, or about him (See Emily Play, Wish You Were Here, Shine on You Crazy Diamond) - unless you're a fan of Another Brick in the Wall. 20 P.J. Harvey Dark, theatrical and willing to explore the swampier side of human emotions, Harvey redefined what it meant to be a woman in rock - vividly feminine, rarely girly - in songs such as 1995's To Bring You My Love, before experimenting with mainstream pop to win the 2001 Mercury prize with 'Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea'. 21 Radiohead As a songwriting unit, Radiohead have the musical talent and emotional resolve to sally forth into any landscape. Their finest moments, such as Karma Police ('For a minute there, I lost myself, I lost myself') are so convincing that you can lose yourself in them. 22 Paul Weller The lead singer of the Jam cut a strange stylistic dash as part of the punk movement, marrying the look and sounds of Sixties mod with the anger of a revved-up class warrior and creating mini-epics, such as Down in the Tube Station at Midnight and That's Entertainment. 23 Bryan Ferry As he warbled, 'We are flying down to Rio!' in the middle of Roxy Music's first single, Virginia Plain, Bryan Ferry announced himself as a songwriter who would bring sex, style and movie glamour to the former town-and-country landscapes of pop. With the more sophisticated sheen of late Roxy and his solo career, Ferry embodied cool detachment in a series of croons. 24 Damon Albarn It's possible that Blur's Damon Albarn will forever be associated with those dynamic Woo hoo!'s in Song 2. But in his new band The Good, The Bad and The Queen, and as a member of the virtual group Gorillaz, Albarn's melodic gifts are undeniably as real as ever. 25 Coldplay In the summer of 2000, it was not possible to drive from one end of Europe to the other without being able to tune your car radio to a station playing Coldplay's single, Yellow. Since then, Chris Martin and co have continued to write big, sweeping, adult songs, selling 30 million albums in the process. 26 Sandy Denny The young classically trained pianist Denny threw herself into the London folk scene while working as a nurse at Brompton Hospital. She went on to write songs immersed in imagery that would have graced a Pre-Raphaelite painting, delivered in a voice as clear as a mountain lake. 27 Noel Gallagher Proof positive that tunes plus riffs plus attitude are a formula for rock'n'roll success, Gallagher's place in the history of British pop culture was established with a series of anthems, such as Live Forever and Cigarettes and Alcohol, then cemented with a soaring ballad, Wonderwall, which no one understands. 28 Annie Lennox/Dave Stewart In dramatic theatre pieces such as Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) and There Must Be an Angel (Playing With My Heart) they strutted and emoted on a grand scale. 29 John Lydon Before his appearance on I'm a Celebrity..., the former lead singer of the Sex Pistols wrote the lyrics for at least two of the most influential songs of the 20th century, Anarchy in the UK and God Save the Queen. 30 Richard Thompson Thompson's lyrics explore the desert expanses of personal depression ('There's nothing at the end of the rainbow,/ I was on the Calvary Cross'). In the brilliant When I Get to the Border, though, he imagines a world in which 'My troubles will all turn to sand,' and 'I'll be dancing down the street'. We hope so. 31 Robert Smith (The Cure) When the teenage Robert Smith penned a song based on Camus' L'Etranger (Killing an Arab) as his contribution to New Wave, it announced the arrival of a highly individual and contrary voice. He is often miscast as a doom merchant, but his songwriting spans the twin poles suggested by his cartoon-like visual image - from the gothic mystery and melancholia of songs such as Charlotte Sometimes to the smeared-red-lipstick pop of The Lovecats. 32 Mike Skinner/The Streets The emotionally eloquent voice of Mike Skinner captured the lives of a generation far removed from those covered by US rap, a world of Maccy D's, beefy bouncers and dry your eyes, mate. It also forged the template for a new style of British pop, to be further shaped and moulded by Lily Allen, Jamie-T and Kate Nash. 33 Nick Drake Drake's songs have helped to define the image of the singer/songwriter as a sensitive outsider palely clutching an acoustic guitar. He died in 1974 from an antidepressant overdose, but his albums were bursting with hope and sadness ('I was born to love no one,/ No one to love me'). 34 George Michael Wham! arrived in 1982. Senior partner George Michael soon felt that sharing fame was so Last Christmas, and began a solo career with 'Faith' (first single: I Want Your Sex). Its camp disco offerings sold 20 million copies. 35 Alex Turner (Arctic Monkeys) A century ago, D.H. Lawrence was lamenting the homogenisation of British regional culture. He surely would have approved of the rapid-fire bursts of demotic northern slang that have characterised the early career of this major new talent. 36 George Harrison The youngest Beatle didn't get a lot of space for his compositions on the band's albums, but he wrote some diverse and lovely songs, from Here Comes the Sun to Something. When the Beatles broke up, he released his pent-up energies with a triple solo album, 'All Things Must Pass'. 37 Jerry Dammers The musical force behind the Specials wrote the hits Too Much Too Young and Ghost Town about life in 1980s Britain, then turned his attention to an international issue for 1984's Nelson Mandela. 38 Amy Winehouse In songs such as Rehab and Tears Dry on Their Own from her second album, 2006's 'Back to Black', the troubled diva has turned her retro-styled compositions into something completely modern. 39 Cat Stevens Stevens wrote some of the most enduring songs of the 1960s and early 1970s: Wild World, Father and Son and the much-covered The First Cut is the Deepest, as well as some lesser-known beauties such as How Can I Tell You. 40 Sting De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da excepted, the songs Gordon Sumner wrote for the Police reveal an undeniable talent for crafting quirky pop gems, from Walking on the Moon to Message in a Bottle. 41 Gary Barlow Take That were supposed only to dance, look pretty and show off their six-packs, until evil genius Gary Barlow created a chart monster. Even the most hardened pop cynics had their hearts melted by Barlow's lovely ballad Back For Good. 42 Liam Howlett Howlett created the music that would fuel the Prodigy's rise from rave scene to international chart success, beginning with a track built around a sample from a 1973 children's public information film: 'Charly says always tell your mummy before you go off somewhere.' 43 Stuart Murdoch (Belle and Sebastian) Wistful, funny, culty and ever so slightly twee, the primary qualities of Murdoch's songwriting turn moon-in-June rhymes into delicately beautiful songs - 'You liberated a boy I never rated', he sang, in The Stars of Track and Field, in 1996. 44 Pete Doherty/Carl Barat Lesson one: complementary songwriting talents can make one unique whole, as the Libertines proved. Lesson two: don't go burgling your perfect match's flat. Simple. 45 Billy Bragg 'I don't want to change the world,' sang the young Billy Bragg in 1978's A New England. Not true. Over the next three decades, Bragg would prove that he had wanted to change the world all along, as well as write quirky and emotionally charged love songs. 46 Hot Chip 'Look after me and I'll look after you. That's something we both forgot to do.' Just to prove that hot dancefloor acts can also produce the sweetest pop, along came Hot Chip, a band of old schoolfriends from Putney. 47 Bill Fay If he'd never written anything else, the composer of Be Not So Fearful would deserve his place in this list. He had a brief career between 1967 and 1971, and his original vinyl albums - all two of them - are now collectors' items. 48 Joan Armatrading Being a successful black woman singer-songwriter in 1970s Britain made Armatrading a unique presence. She had her first top 10 hit in 1976 with Love & Affection, providing a blueprint for later songs such as Show Some Emotion and Me Myself I. 49 Mark E. Smith In another age, Smith might have been a pub ranter, in another still, a poet. The lead singer of The Fall's songs are original, uncompromising and deliberately rudimentary. 50 Ivor Novello The matinée idol and sex symbol who made his name by creating the music for the popular First World War number Keep the Home Fires Burning. He died in 1951, and the Novello Awards were created in his honour five years later.	i don't know
The Khamaseen (or Chamsin) is what type of weather condition?	Heatwave, Hamsin or Sharav - Anglo-List Heatwave, Hamsin or Sharav Hamsin - 50 days of heat & dust Hebrew: אקלים ומזג האוויר בישראל - שרב או חמסין What is a Hamsin? In short a "hamsin" is an oppressive, hot southerly or southeasterly, sandy wind blowing up from Egypt in spring. "Hamsin" is an Arabic word. You might see it spelled like this: khamsin, khamseen, khamaseen, chamsin or hamsin. The name originates from the Arabic word for fifty - khamsin, or similarly in Hebrew - chamishim. It refers to a unique set of weather conditions often in the spring and early summer months. There are approximately 50 days in a year when these weather conditions prevail in the Levant; North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula - hence the name. A Sharav The Arabic word "chamsin" has nothing to do with the Hebrew word for hot - "cham" חם. In Hebrew this weather condition is called a Sharav but in Israel it is commonly referred to by the Arabic name - chamsin. Typically, in Israel, during a Sharav, temperatures can increase by 10° C within a few hours . This oppressive, dry heat is often accompanied by large amounts of dust. Be prepared if you are an allergy sufferer! Typically this weather condition lasts one or two days at a time. As soon as the Sharav breaks, the wind changes direction, and a cool sea breeze generally follows. Sometimes there is light rain too. This extreme heat and wind is of great concern to farmers in Israel; crops can easily be damaged or destroyed. What to do? You can easily dehydrate; prevent it by making sure your family drinks plenty of water. Try not to hang up laundry. One might be tempted to do a few loads and get them dry as fast as possible. Remember that the sharav often brings dust and sand and these fine particles will settle on the newly laundered items. It might seem like a good idea to go to the beach and catch some rays, be careful, this can be dangerous. Keep out of the direct sun. If you're in a car and driving long distances, keep the air conditioner on and regularly check on the welfare of small children who may be with you in the vehicle. Never leave children, or the family pet alone in the car, even for a couple of minutes. The inside temperature of a car rapidly increases and can be life threatening when there is not adequate ventilation. Terrible tragedies have happened this way. Head for the shopping mall and spend the day in cool, air-conditioned comfort!	Wind
In 2012, which British MP apologised to his former French teacher in a letter published in the Radio Times, for misbehaving in class 30 years ago?	khamaseen - Wiktionary khamaseen khamaseen ‎(plural khamaseens ) A cyclonic type wind that is common in Egypt and Sudan towards the end of March and April of each year. Hot weather ensues, as well as sandstorms . According to the Turkish Calendar of Storms a storm of three days, to be expected around February 1. An oppressive , hot , dusty , south or south-east wind occurring in North Africa , the Arabian Peninsula, and the Levant , intermittently in late winter through late spring. Translations[ edit ] The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations . Translations to be checked	i don't know
The main entrance of which London museum is situated on Great Russell Street?	British Museum - Getting here Getting here The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London, WC1B 3DG Transport for London Journey Planner Please note that tour groups must use the King Edward entrance on Montague Place, WC1E 7JW. By Tube Buses that stop near the Museum: 1, 8, 19, 25, 38, 55, 98, 242 Stop on New Oxford Street 10, 14, 24, 29, 73, 134, 390 Stop northbound on Tottenham Court Road, southbound on Gower Street 59, 68, X68, 91, 168, 188 Stop on Southampton Row Transport for London: cycling information Santander Cycle Hire The nearest docking station is just outside the Museum gates, on the corner of Great Russell Street and Montague Street. About the Congestion Charge Parking There is little on-street parking available. The nearest car park to the Museum is located at Bloomsbury Square, WC1A 2RJ. Website for Bloomsbury Square car park Disabled parking There is limited parking in the Museum's forecourt for disabled visitors only. To make arrangements please telephone +44 (0)20 7323 8299 at least 24 hours in advance. You will be asked to provide the registration number, make and model of your vehicle and the date of your visit. Groups Entering the Museum Groups of 10 people or more must use the King Edward entrance on Montague Place, postcode WC1E 7JW . Groups must also book their visit at least seven days in advance.	British Museum
Which sculpture by Auguste Rodin was originally named ‘The Poet’?	British Museum - Visiting Skip to section menu The British Museum uses cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience and to help us improve the site. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. (Last updated: 12 January 2017) Find out more	i don't know
How many nuclear weapons have been used in the course of warfare?	Nuclear Weapons and Warfare \| RAND RAND > Topics > Nuclear Weapons and Warfare Nuclear weapons, the means of producing them, and their potential use play significant roles in international relations and homeland security. Throughout its history, RAND has provided detailed analyses and recommendations for defense planners and helped policymakers make informed national security decisions with regard to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and the nuclear activities of India, Pakistan, China, North Korea, Iran, and other nations. By Type Domestic Political Discord Now the Greatest Threat to U.S. Global Leadership Faced with traditional threats from opponents such as Russia and emerging threats from non-traditional adversaries such as the Islamic State, the United States needs a comprehensive foreign policy strategy that can provide stability and improve policymakers' ability to manage in today's more complex and turbulent times. Jan 18, 2017 The post–Cold War era is over. The United States faces new challenges abroad and rising political polarization at home. How should America advance its interests and pursue new opportunities around the world? Jan 18, 2017 The United States needs a coherent international strategy for today's turbulent world. But this will be hard to pursue without more domestic political consensus on America's global role. Jan 18, 2017 Trump Should Confront Kim Over ICBM Tests Whether successful or not, an ICBM test by North Korea would be very much against U.S. interests and President-elect Trump should act to counter it as early as possible. A turn to the basics of deterrence would be the path most likely to succeed. Jan 6, 2017 No Quick Fix with Russia A series of small steps is more likely to improve Western and Russian security than an attempt at a total reset. At the same time, sanctions against Russia over its actions in Ukraine, and NATO actions to reassure and protect allies, must continue. Jan 3, 2017 Beijing's perceptions and assessments aren't static. They evolve as China's standing in the world increases and its interests grow. U.S. leaders should focus on understanding and managing competition with China on a global scale. Dec 6, 2016 The Return of a Cold War Threat The danger of blundering into a nuclear war through miscalculation or human error has returned, said former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry at RAND's Politics Aside event. No leader is seeking nuclear war, but there are new dangers that didn't exist during the Cold War that could lead to one. Nov 15, 2016 After the Cold War and nearly 70 years of waging war against communism, the United States and its key allies have adopted the war against terror as their new organizing principal. Oct 28, 2016 Could the Kashmir Standoff Trigger Nuclear War? Militants trained in Pakistan have been raiding the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir for over a quarter of a century, but the recent attack was the deadliest in years. A short-term return to peace remains uncertain and the longer term is even harder to predict. Oct 10, 2016 Strong and viable global nuclear nonproliferation norms should remain a cornerstone of U.S. security now and into the future. Friends and allies must continue to have confidence in the U.S. strategic nuclear guarantees. Oct 9, 2016 America's next president will face challenges that test the fundamentals of world order. RAND experts have outlined key decisions, the dangers involved, and the least-bad options that now often pass for good ones. Oct 7, 2016 Whoever Wins the Presidency, the Next Big International Crisis Will Come from Iran The next U.S. president is likely to meet many international crises after taking office, and Iran may be one of the most challenging. The continuing climate of repression, the next Iranian presidential election, and Khamenei's eventual demise may provide some important opportunities for him or her. Sep 29, 2016 China has been a major proponent of regional security for Northeast Asia but appears disinterested in Republic of Korea (ROK) security against North Korean missile and nuclear weapon threats. Sep 23, 2016 Science and technology is only partly at the point of reliably detecting a nuclear weapon in cities — for some weapons and some adversaries. The solutions for this problem are only partial and are complicated by the nuances of the science. Sep 21, 2016 North Korea's fifth and biggest nuclear test could have implications for U.S. policy toward the North, China's role in the region, and the stability of the Kim regime. Sep 9, 2016 The End of Nuclear Proliferation? As the last case of nuclear proliferation fades further into history, it may become politically difficult to allocate resources to preventing it as other pressing threats, such as bio- and cyber-terrorism, continue to emerge. The time to act to keep nuclear proliferation a thing of the past is now. Jul 26, 2016 Weighing the Potential Value of Theater Ballistic Missiles in the Pacific The U.S. Department of State concluded in 2014 that Russia is in violation of its obligations under the INF Treaty. If the treaty cannot be revived, the U.S. Army should assess the value of adding conventional land-based theater ballistic missiles to its portfolio of strike capabilities. Jun 28, 2016	two
What is the title of British singer Gary Barlow’s album, released in 2012 to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II?	William Gay, “Weapons of Mass Destruction,” Global Studies Encyclopedia, eds Weapons of mass destruction typically refer to nuclear, chemical, and biological means for killing large numbers of people. The target is generally civilians or noncombatants. However, when nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons are used, they sometimes only kill a few persons or even no one. Nevertheless, the intent of those who use such weapons is to strike terror into the population. Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons have all been used in war. Nuclear weapons were used at the close of World War II. Chemical weapons were used in World War I. Biological weapons have been in use in warfare for over two millennia. The United Nations and many countries have called for bans against such weapons, even terming them genocidal. Several significant treaties have also been ratified that ban the use or even the production and stockpiling of various weapons of mass destruction. Of course, nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons are not the only possible weapons of mass destruction. In some police jurisdictions weapons of mass destruction can even be defined legally as ones that potentially can kill two or more people, and conventional explosives have been used for many years to kill large numbers of people. More recently, the use of commercial aircraft on September 11, 2001 to attack the World Trade Center illustrates the difficulty of anticipating all the means that can be employed to strike terror or to function as weapons of mass destruction. Furthermore, instead of targeting civilians, weapons of mass destruction can have military or political targets. The attack on the Pentagon on September 11th can be viewed as a military target, while such an attack against the White House would be a political target. While the attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon took over 3,000 lives, some analysts deny that commercial aircraft, even when used as weapons to kill thousands, are technically weapons of mass destruction. These attacks, however, underscore the variety of delivery systems that can be used. The commercial aircraft involved in these attacks carried large quantities of fuel, and gasoline is a chemical. In this case, both the chemical agent and the delivery system were hijacked. Debate is likely to continue on what to include under the heading of weapons of mass destruction and on whether a minimum level of damage can be quantified for classifying an attack as involving a weapon of mass destruction. However, given the current literature and for brevity, this article will focus on nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. Chemical and Biological Weapons vs. Traditional and Nuclear Weapons Nuclear weapons represent a distinct type among weapons of mass destruction. Leaving nuclear weapons aside for the moment, some very sharp contrasts can be drawn between chemical and biological weapons, on the one hand, and traditional (conventional) weapons, on the other hand. Five key contrasts can be made. From the point of view of maximizing damage and minimizing cost, although three of the differences favor traditional weapons, the two that favor chemical and biological weapons make them much desired by groups with limited resources that wish to inflict great harm. First, while traditional weapons typically have to be used in large quantities to kill lots of people, chemical and biological weapons can require only a few weapons to kill large numbers of people. Second, while traditional weapons can be used almost anywhere, most chemical and biological weapons require airborne dispersal that restricts their targeting and control. Third, while traditional weapons can be used in almost any weather conditions, chemical and biological weapons are generally affected considerably by weather conditions. Fourth, while traditional weapons typically can be focused on enemy targets, chemical and biological weapons can blur the distinction between the target and the attacker and can take as great a toll or even a greater one on the aggressor as they do on the “enemy.” Fifth, while traditional weapons are relatively expensive and complicated to produce, chemical and biological weapons are typically much easier to produce and much less expensive to produce. Nuclear weapons are like traditional weapons in four of the five areas. Unlike traditional or conventional weapons, they do not have to be used in large quantities to kill large numbers of people. Like other conventional weapons, they can be delivered almost anywhere, under almost all conditions, sometimes only against enemy targets, and are both expensive and technically difficult to produce. Nuclear weapons also share some features with chemical and biological weapons. All three have high lethality but are difficult to store and to deliver. However, their differences are equally important. While nuclear weapons are difficult to manufacture or procure and are easy to detect if stockpiled or deployed, chemical and biological weapons are much easier to make or buy and are much more difficult to detect when amassed and when dispersed. Moreover, whereas chemical weapons rely on toxic properties of chemical substances rather than explosive properties to produce physical or psychological effects and biological weapons rely on infectious agents such as bacteria, nuclear weapons produce large explosions and hazardous radioactive byproducts. Nuclear Weapons Nuclear weapons are the most grave among weapons of mass destruction. Atomic bombs were first used in World War II and were targeted against civilians. The 14 kiloton uranium bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 7, 1945 and the 20 kiloton plutonium bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 each killed 50,000 to 100,000 people and ushered in the nuclear arms race. The Soviet Union tested its first atomic or fission weapon in 1949, and the United States tested the first hydrogen or fusion bomb in 1952. At the height of the Cold War the United States and the Soviet Union each possessed about 10,000 strategic nuclear weapons with blast yields on the order of 150 kilotons to over a megaton and many times more tactical nuclear weapons deployed around the world with blast yields of roughly 0.1 kiloton to 15 kilotons. Both countries could deliver strategic nuclear weapons by aircraft, from land based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and by submarine launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), and many of their conventional forces deployed in Europe and elsewhere were “dual capable,” meaning they could fire conventional or nuclear shells. Throughout the Cold War, the United States retained an option of first use of tactical nuclear weapons in the face of a Warsaw Pact invasion of Western Europe. This era, with the development of vast nuclear arsenals under the doctrine of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD), has also been termed as being based on a “balance of terror.” By unleashing its strategic nuclear arsenal, in only a few hours, either nation could obliterate 100 to 200 cities and kill 50 to 100 million civilians. Moreover, either side, even after being so devastated by the other, could launch a second strike that would inflict equivalent destruction on the nation that launched a full-scale first strike. Not surprisingly, throughout the nuclear age, many ethicists and scientists and even some political and military officials have voiced grave concern over the prospects of the intentional or even accidental use of nuclear weapons. The end of the Cold War may have ended the “balance of terror,” but it did nothing in itself to end the terror of nuclear weapons. In fact, the “balance of terror” may have fostered nuclear self deterrence by the United States and the Soviet Union. The end of the Cold War could also end that era’s self deterrence; so, ironically, quite apart of the risks posed by continuing nuclear proliferation, the prospect especially of U.S. use of nuclear weapons could now even be greater. Chemical Weapons Chemical weapons are composed of compounds that have been artificially constructed, as opposed to compounds that exist naturally in either an inorganic or organic state. In chemical facilities around the world, disabling and deadly compounds (such as phosgene, chlorine, and mustard gas) are engineered for use almost exclusively against human beings. Unlike nuclear weapons and many traditional or conventional weapons, chemical weapons (in a manner analogous to the neutron bomb) destroy people rather than property, though clean up can be a significant problem. Chemical weapons are heavily weather dependent; for example, rain can dilute them or wind can disperse them. Especially since the Vietnam War, the definition of chemical weapons has also come to include as well the use of various herbicides for purposes of large-scale defoliation. We know about the consequences of chemical weapons from their actual use. In 1915 the British initiated the first “successful” allied use of gas. Soon thereafter, pre-Soviet Russia, France, and the United States used gas. In 1917 the Germans were the first to use mustard gas. By 1918 the United States had produced 3,600 tons of gas projectiles. During World War I, that witnessed the first large-scale use of chemical weapons, over 100,000 deaths and 1,300,000 casualties resulted from the use of chlorine gas and other chemical agents. As a consequence, the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibits poisonous gases and bacteriologicals, though its implications for biological weapons have been given little emphasis. Despite the Geneva Protocol, various countries subsequently used chemical weapons, especially during the 1920s and 1930s. Countries charged with such use include Egypt against Yemen, Italy against Ethiopia, Japan against China, and the Soviet Union in Southeast Asia. Remarkably, chemical weapons were not used during World War II. The rather limited post-war use of chemical weapons is also surprising, since the United States did not ratify the Geneva Protocol until 1976. In fact, a 1956 army manual and a 1965 army pamphlet noted that the United States was not a party to any treat that prohibited the use of chemical or biological weapons. Even after the Geneva Protocol was ratified, a revised army manual still observed that the United States reserves the right to determine which chemicals are included in the ban and maintained that that the ban only prohibited first use. Then, in 1987 the United States resumed making chemical weapons. More recently, Iraq used poison gas against Kurds in 1988, while terrorists used nerve gas to attack the Japanese subway system in 1995. So, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the prospects for slowing the drift back toward use of chemical weapons are not good. Biological Weapons Biological weapons are living microscopic organisms and are largely uncontrolled once they are released. They use infectious agents, such as bacteria or viruses, to inflict physical or psychological damage or death on their victims; the diseases that they can cause include tetanus and diphtheria. They are generated by microorganisms or plants or are animal in origination. Like chemical weapons, they are heavily weather dependent; rain can likewise dilute them and wind can likewise disperse them. A further problem with the use of bacteria, viruses, and toxins is that these poisons are usually unstable; so, their long-term storage often presents greater challenges than the storage of chemical weapons. However, like chemical weapons, they too destroy people rather than property. Biological weapons, which include ones for germ warfare, are actually much older than chemical weapons. Toxins were used as poisons on arrows by aboriginal South Americans and by other neolithic peoples. As is frequently noted in the literature, in the sixth century B.C.E. Assyrians poisoned wells with a fungus disease and in the fourteenth century C.E. a Tatar army that was attacking a city in what is now the Ukraine catapulted the plague-ridden corpses of their own troops over the city’s castle walls. Some researchers charge that in the fifteen century C.E. the English intentionally spread smallpox to reduce American Indian tribes hostile to British rule. According to former Soviet scientists, from 1973 to 1990 the Soviet Union had an extensive covert biological weapons program run by Biopreparat that had over two dozen biological weapons research facilities, about eight production facilities, and about four testing facilities. The United Nations contends that, though on a much smaller scale, Iraq has also had a biological weapons program for at least twenty years. Recently, the mailing of anthrax to government and media offices as well as other locations in the United States after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 has led to renewed responses to the threats posed to civilians by biological weapons. Among biological agents anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) has received the most attention. Cutaneous forms (malignant pustule) have a 20% mortality rate, while inhalational forms (which result in mediastinitis) have nearly a 100% mortality rate. Concerns are also growing that highly contagious and frequently lethal diseases could be released. For example, plague (Yersinia pestis) has a 50% mortality rate in the bubonic form and nearly a 100% mortality rate in the pneumonic form. Among toxins, botulinum (Clostridium botulinum), which can be weaponized as an aerosol, can have a 60% morality rate for those who inhale or inject it. (Iraq, in fact, weaponized this toxin prior to the Gulf War.) The number of viral agents is staggering. Among viral agents the possible reintroduction of small pox (Variola major) is currently receiving the most attention. Vaccination against small pox ended in 1981 when governments thought it had been eliminated. The mortality rate for unvaccinated individuals who are exposed to small pox is about 40%. Some viral hemorrhagic fevers also have high mortality rates. Included in this group are Ebola and yellow fever, and they can even be spread by aerosol. Vesicants (Sulfur mustard) have been used in war, as have been pulmonary agents. Beyond the warfare use of chlorine gas, the 1984 accidental release of 50,000 pounds of methylisocyanate (phosgene and methylamine) at the Union Carbide Plant in Bhopal, India affected 150,000 people, severely injuring over 10,000 people and killing around 3,300 people. And the list goes on, even including a range of “riot control” agents, such as tear gas. So, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the prospects for avoiding increased use of biological weapons appear to be even more bleak than efforts to restrain the use of chemical weapons. Prevention of the Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction Various treaties and agreements exist that aim to prevent the production, stocking piling, deployment, and use of weapons of mass destruction. Government agencies can also set up procedures designed to thwart attacks which use weapons of mass destruction. One of the tasks of the new Office of Homeland Security, created in the United States following the attacks of September 11, 2001, is to protect Americans from terrorist attacks including ones that might employ weapons of mass destruction. Whether such efforts can be effective or whether they will be merely quixotic remains to be seen. A quick review of past efforts to prevent the use of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons shows how far we have actually come but also how very far we still have to go. Preventing Nuclear War Despite the Nonproliferation Treaty, more than a half dozen countries now possess nuclear weapons. Nuclear states include the United States, Russia, Great Britain, France, China, Israel, India, and Pakistan. South Africa had some nuclear weapons during the period of apartheid but dismantled them before Nelson Mandella became President. Several more countries and terrorist groups have tried to develop or obtain nuclear weapons, including Iraq, Libya, North Korea, and Al-Qaeda. Some nuclear materials have been bought or stolen making possible at least radiological devices that could use conventional explosives to broadly disseminate radioactive contaminants. So far, however, no further use of nuclear devices has occurred since the U.S. atomic bombings of Japan (if one excludes items such as the depleted uranium shells the United States used during the Persian Gulf War). The Partial Test Ban Treaty, on the other hand, is one of the great success stories of citizen action in the twentieth century. Although a Comprehensive Test Ban has continued to elude the global community, the very high compliance with a ban on above ground tests of nuclear weapons has protected both human life and fragile ecosystems. Likewise, efforts to reduce strategic arsenals, both near the end of the Cold War and since the formation of the Russian Federation are a basis for some reduction in our worry over at least the prospect for large-scale thermonuclear war. Preventing Chemical War The fact that chemical weapons were not used in World War II serves as an illustration that humanity does not always continue to rely on every more pernicious weapons at its disposal. While some use of chemical weapons has continued, other significant agreements have also been reached since the Geneva Protocol of 1925. Significantly, in 1990 the United States and the Soviet Union signed an agreement to stop producing chemical weapons and to reduce their stockpiles to 5,000 agent tons. The Chemical Weapons Convention, signed by over 165 countries, went into effect in 1997. Nevertheless, the low cost and easy production of chemical weapons means that while agreement among superpowers may be necessary, it will not be sufficient. Unless militarily weak and economically impoverished states and subnational groups feel they have a voice in international decision making, the prospect for escalating use of chemical weapons will continue to haunt us. Preventing Biological War With respect to biological weapons, from the Middle Ages, Roman Catholic Church Councils have prohibited the use of poisons that indiscriminately kill noncombatants. Nevertheless, agreements that constrain the production and use of biological weapons are less developed than ones pertaining to chemical weapons. The most significant is the U.N. resolution entitled “Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction” which, by 1997, had already been ratified by 142 countries. Despite this and related treaties, events at the beginning of the twenty-first century portend that biological weapons may increasingly become the weapons of choice for the weak to use against the strong. Ethical Issues Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction All attempts to protect populations from existing weapons of mass destruction face formidable challenges. Once delivered to their targets little can be done for the immediate victims. Admittedly, some measures can be taken for populations significantly downwind from nuclear fallout or airborne chemical and biological agents. The best prospect for protection involves the eradication of such weapons. However, since human beings know how to produce these weapons, eliminating them does not prevent their reintroduction. What Jonathan Schell noted about nuclear weapons is also true for chemical and biological weapons—for all weapons actually. The materials needed for their production and delivery, as well as the knowledge of how to produce them, remain. However, philosophers have gone one step further in their assessments. The obstacles are more than physical and epistemological; they are also moral. For this reason, some of the most important work in preventing catastrophic use of weapons of mass destruction may not be what is being done by scientists and politicians but what can be done by moralists and ethicists. Fundamentally, weapons of mass destruction are instruments of terror. As moral philosophers have noted (Robert Holmes, in particular), both subnational groups and governments can resort to the use of weapons of terror. Clearly, wars generally kill far more people than do what are generally termed terrorist attacks. Principles of just war forbid the intentional killing of noncombatants. Nevertheless, especially since the obliteration bombing in Europe and against Japan at the close of World War II, cities and their civilian populations have become targets. So, one of the important ethical lessons about weapons of mass destruction is that they can be (and have been) used by individuals and by governments. In this regard, the difference is not so much one of kind as it is of degree. The end is the same in the terrorist acts of individuals and governments; the goal is to cause fear among civilians by doing violence to them or threatening them with violence. Twentieth-century civilizations engaged in barbarism—in genocides, politicides, and ecocides that took the lives of well over 100 million people. The beginning of the twenty-first century may well suggest that it will be the harbinger of even more violence, terrorism, and war. With the advent of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, the scepter of species self-destruction has been raised. Philosophers have written passionately about the meaning and roots of violence, terrorism, and war, including actual and possible uses of weapons of mass destruction. Many have written with equal passion on the need to take social responsibility. From a moral perspective, more has been written about nuclear weapons than other weapons of mass destruction. In this regard, see the entry on “Nuclear Warfare and Morality” in this encyclopedia. More literature is becoming available on chemical and biological weapons and warfare. An Encyclopedia of War and Ethics, edited by Donald Wells in 1996, has articles on biological and chemical weapons and war, nuclear deterrence and proliferation, and weapons of mass destruction. Given the range of linguistic use, the term “weapons of mass destruction” needs some special philosophical analysis. When we refer to weapons of mass destruction, we are drawing on a condemnatory connotation. Moreover, the prospect for and reality of special pleading in using this term needs to be highlighted. For example, the United States presented its use of nuclear weapons in World War II as a means to end the war and save lives, yet the United States condemns as weapons of mass destruction ones with far less destructive capability when they are possessed by “rogue” states or terrorist groups that are perceived as a military threat. Perhaps, the time has come to realize that most violence, terrorism, and war needs to be condemned, regardless of whether we term the instruments of violence, terrorism, and war as weapons of mass destruction. Philosophers and others have recognized that if we are to avoid devastating wars, especially ones involving weapons of mass destruction, we must first change our attitudes toward one another, especially toward what we regard as alien cultures. Various activities can promote the pursuit of the respect, cooperation, and understanding needed for positive peace and social justice. Open dialog, especially face-to-face conversation, is one of the most effective ways of experiencing that the other is not so alien or alienating. Beyond having political leaders of various nations meet, we need cultural and educational exchanges, as well as trade agreements among businesses and foreign travel by citizens. We can come to regard diversity in the expression of cultural and religious traditions and economic and political systems, along with the diversity of race, gender, class, and sexual orientation, as making up the harmonies and melodies that together create the song of humanity. If we do not learn to respect the diversity and open-endedness of life, we are likely to harvest the sameness and senselessness of violence, destruction, and death. Will the twenty-first century witness the escalation of violence, terrorism, and war and the use of weapons of mass destruction or will it usher in their renunciation? The choice is ours, but casting our lot will not be easy. Whatever we choose will involve struggle and hardship; yet, hope remains that we can avoid the wholesale slaughter of millions or even billions of innocent lives through reckless reliance on weapons of mass destruction. Bibliography Alibek, Ken with Stephen Handelman. Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World—Told from the Inside by the Man Who Ran It. New York: Random House, 1999. Combs, Cindy C. Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997. Cole, Leonard A. The Eleventh Plague: The Politics of Biological and Chemical Warfare. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1997. Cordesman, Anthony H. Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East. London: Brassey’s, 1991. Dando, Malcolm. Biological Warfare in the 21st Century: Biotechnology and the Proliferation of Biological Weapons. London: Brassey’s, 1994. Gay, William and Michael Pearson. The Nuclear Arms Race. Chicago: The American Library Association, 1987. Gay, William and Ronald E. Santoni. “Philosophy and the Contemporary Faces of Genocide: Multiple Genocide and Nuclear Destruction.” Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review, ed. Israel W. Charny (London: Mansell Publishing Limited, l988), pp. 172-190. Glasstone, Samuel and Philip J. Dolan. The Effects of Nuclear Weapons. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977. Holmes, Robert. “Terrorism and Violence: A Moral Perspective,” Issues in War and Peace: Philosophical Inquiries, eds. Joseph C. Kunkel and Kenneth H. Klein (Wolfeboro, NH: Longwood Academic, 1989), pp. 115-127. Levie, Howard S. “Chemical and Biological Warfare,” Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict, ed. Lester Kurtz (San Diego: Academic Press, 1999), volume 1, pp. 213-221. McCuen, Gary E., ed. Poison in the Wind: The Spread of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Hudson, NY: McCuen Pubs., 1992. Osterholm, Michael T. and John Schwartz. Living Terror: What Americans Needs to Know to Survive the Coming Bioterrorist Catastrophe. New York: Delacorte Press, 2000. Pringle, Laurence P. Chemical and Biological Warfare: The Cruelest Weapons. Springfield, IL: Enslow Pubs., 1993. Roberts, Brad, ed. Biological Weapons: Weapons of the Future? Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1993. Schell, Jonathan. The Fate of the Earth. New York: Knopf, 1982. Solomon, Brian, ed., Chemical and Biological Warfare. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1999. Wells, Donald A., ed. An Encyclopedia of War and Ethics. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. United Nations. Report of the Secretary General. Chemical and Bacteriological (Biological) Warfare and the Effect of their Possible Use (A/7575/Rev. 1, 1969). New York: United Nations, 1969.	i don't know
Coney Island is situated in which Borough of New York City?	Tourist Information \| Coney Island USA Coney Island USA A Nonprofit Arts Organization Defending The Honor of American Popular Culture! Tourist Information About Coney Island Coney Island is a New York City neighborhood that features an amusement area that includes 50 or more separate rides and attractions; it's not a centrally managed amusement park like Disneyland or Six Flags. As a result, specific questions about rides, filming privileges, etc., should be directed to individual businesses. This website is maintained by Coney Island USA, the not for profit arts organization that runs the Mermaid Parade, the Sideshow and the Coney Island Museum, among other programs. Days and Times of Operation Coney Island is a seasonal center operating roughly between Easter and Halloween. Rides and attraction are generally open on weekends from Easter until Memorial Day, all week long from Memorial Day until Labor Day, and then weekends from Labor Day until the end of October. The beach and boardwalk are open all year round (although lifeguards are only on duty from Memorial Day to Labor Day) and Nathan's Hot Dogs and the New York Aquarium are open almost every day of the year. During the week, rides and attractions may open at noon and run until the late evening. During the weekends, the same rides and attractions open around noon and may run until the early morning. Rides and Attractions Many of the Coney Island rides and attractions don't have websites or other contact information. But if you have questions, you can call or check out the website from one of the following: Coney Island USA- Home of the Coney Island Circus Sideshow, the Coney Island Museum, Freak Bar and more!!! Fireworks on the Beach Fireworks shoot off at 9:30pm every Friday night during the season. Fireworks generally start the last weekend in June and conclude the Friday before Labor Day. Food Coney Island is the birthplace of the hot-dog, and there is no shortage of places to eat here. Some of our favorites are: Footprints Cafe - 1521 Surf Ave. Gargiulo's - 2911 West 15th Street Steeplechase Beer Garden - 1904 Surf Ave. at MCU Park Nathan's Famous - 1310 Surf Ave. & 1129 Boardwalk Grimaldi's Pizza - 1215 Surf Ave. How To Get to Coney Island Coney Island is located in the southernmost part of Brooklyn. If you are using Google Maps or a gps, you can use the address 1208 Surf Avenue. By Train: Take the D, Q, N or F train to Stillwell Avenue. This takes about 45 - 60 minutes from midtown Manhattan. By Bus: B36 (Coney Island / Avenue U/Sheepshead Bay) B64 (Coney Island / Bay Ridge) B68 (Coney Island / Windsor Terrace) B74 (Sea Gate / Coney Island) B82 (Coney Island / Spring Creek) By Express Bus from Manhattan: X28, X38 By Car: Take the Belt Parkway to exit 6. Head south on Cropsey Avenue to West 17th Street. MCU Park and the Parachute Jump will be in front of you on Surf Avenue. Metered Parking is available along most streets. There are commercial parking lots on West 17th Street at MCU Park (The Official Coney Island Parking ) and West 12th Street between Mermaid and Surf, West 15th Street between the Boardwalk and Surf and on Neptune Avenue between West 12th and Stillwell Avenue. Lodging Coney Island USA lists these lodgings as a courtesy only due to their proximity; this should not be considered a recommendation. Sleep Inn 2586 Stillwell Ave, Brooklyn, NY, 11223, Phone: (718) 975-6702 Fax: (718) 975-6707 Comfort Inn 3218 Emmons Ave, Brooklyn, NY, US, 11235 Phone: (718) 368-3334 Fax: (718) 368-3963 Best Western Bay Brooklyn 3003 Emmons Avenue Brooklyn, New York, 11235-2212 Phone: 718-769-5000 Fax: 718-769-5005 Weather Report Have a question we haven't answered here? Try asking our Message Boards !	Brooklyn
In humans, edentulism is the complete loss of what?	Brooklyn \| NYCEDC Brooklyn Sunset Park Vision Plan Borough Overview Home to nearly 2.6 million residents, Brooklyn is the most populous borough in New York City and host to a thriving art and cultural scene and a growing innovation economy. With as many as 200 different languages and a population that is nearly 40% foreign born, Brooklyn’s diversity is a shining example of multi-culturalism at work in the United States. With projects ranging from the Kings theater to Coney Island Creek to the Downtown Cultural District, NYCEDC is deeply invested in the future of this borough. Projects South Brooklyn Marine Terminal Located along the Bay Ridge Channel in the Sunset Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, the South Brooklyn Marine Terminal (SBMT) offers unparalleled access to a large and affluent consumer market. Short-term permitting opportunities at the SBMT are now available for businesses handling general cargo, special cargo, automobiles and other vehicles, break-bulk, other commodities, construction materials and equipment, and other maritime industrial uses. Project Sunset Park Vision Plan Through a series of investments aimed at bringing aging infrastructure to good repair, professionalizing maritime and rail service, and increasing and diversifying job-intensive industrial uses along the waterfront, the Sunset Park Vision Plan lays out a series of short and long-term steps to strengthen the area as a center for industrial growth. Project For more than a century, New Yorkers and visitors alike have enjoyed the fascination, freedom, and diversity of the world-famous urban amusement destination known as "The People’s Playground." Project	i don't know
Late businessman and British politician Jan Ludvik Hoch was better known by what name?	The forgotten story of … Robert Maxwell’s 1986 Commonwealth Games \| Sport \| The Guardian The forgotten story of... The forgotten story of … Robert Maxwell’s 1986 Commonwealth Games Edinburgh ‘86 was crippled by boycotts and lack of funding until the media mogul stepped in to save the day … or so it seemed Robert Maxwell, right, described himself as the 'saviour' of the 1986 Commonwealth Games after becoming chairman three weeks before they started. Photograph: Monty Fresco/Associated News/REX Tuesday 22 July 2014 07.13 EDT Last modified on Monday 4 April 2016 11.00 EDT Share on Messenger Close The last time the Commonwealth Games came to Scotland, in Edinburgh in 1986, the cast list of champions was mightily impressive. Steve Ovett left the 800m and 1500m to Steve Cram, and ran instead in the 5,000m, which he duly won. Daley Thompson won the decathlon for the third time in a row, while Linford Christie was beaten in the 100m by Ben Johnson. Steve Redgrave took three rowing golds, and the first-time winners included Sally Gunnell and Liz Lynch, who would be a world champion as Liz McColgan. And then there was Lennox Lewis, whose victory in the newly introduced super-heavyweight class summed up all that was wrong with those Games. When the BBC cameras focused in on Aneurin Evans, Lewis’s opponent in the final, the most famous voice in British boxing said, “He really is out of his depth here. If I were him I’d be running for my life.” Perhaps Evans heard the remark by the great commentator Harry Carpenter, for he spent the next few minutes trying, unsuccessfully, to evade Lewis’s brutal punches. Evans’ corner threw in the towel after 23 seconds of round two. The title went to Lewis, the best boxer to have fought in the Commonwealth Games. And the young Welshman Evans became the unlikeliest silver medallist. Two days before the Games a late plea went out for more boxers: there were only two entries in the super-heavyweights, Lewis and the Englishman James Oyebola, who had beaten Evans earlier in the year. A mass boycott of the Games, led by African countries, hurt boxing more than any other sport: Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia all had strong contenders who stayed at home. Wales nominated Evans, whose luck was in. He zipped up to Scotland and drew a bye into the final. Lewis, representing Canada before his later switch to Britain, where he had spent most of his childhood, made short work of Oyebola first, then pounded Evans into submission. But for a rule change during the Games, Evans might still not have been on the podium. All three medals could not be awarded unless there was a minimum entry of five individuals in any contest – but because of the “special circumstances” of the boycott, the Commonwealth nations voted halfway through the Games to award three medals regardless of the entries. Lewis went on to world fame, Evans returned to obscurity in Caerphilly. The biggest hero for the Scottish crowds was, by some distance, Liz Lynch, who was on the dole when she won the 10,000m. It was the first time the distance was contested by women at the Commonwealth Games; it was Scotland’s only gold medal in athletics. Two of Lynch’s fellow runners had bet her £75 that she would cry at the medal ceremony. She lost. “I didn’t think I would, but the crowd were something else and Scotland the Brave sounded so wonderful. It was so overwhelming, totally unbelievable. I could never, ever relive that moment.” The undisputed champion of headline-making at Edinburgh 1986 was none of those medallists, though. It was a Jewish Czech war hero whose mother died in Auschwitz; a self-educated son of a peasant farmer who spoke 10 languages. He made a fortune from publishing, allegedly helped along by Britain’s secret service, was an MP for six years but was “not a person to be relied upon to exercise proper stewardship of a publicly quoted company” according to the Department of Trade, who investigated his dealings. He owned the world’s largest scientific and educational publishing company, Mirror Group Newspapers, two football clubs, and a massive ego. Lampooned in the satirical magazine Private Eye as “Cap’n Bob”, he craved international status as a political figure. He was born Jan Ludvik Hoch: he was better known as Robert Maxwell. These were the most bizarre, most troubled Commonwealth Games ever staged. A few weeks before the opening ceremony there had been talk of crisis, even of cancellation. More than half of all Commonwealth nations stayed away, as did the much-needed sponsors who might have kept Edinburgh out of debt. If Margaret Thatcher was the villain – there was no shortage of people keen to cast her in that role – then Maxwell claimed to be the hero. The Press called him “the white knight” when, with five weeks to go to the opening ceremony, Mirror Group Newspapers became the main backers and he took over as chairman of the company running the Games. Maxwell himself said he was “the saviour”. He hinted as much to the Queen when, much to his delight, he was introduced to her in Edinburgh by his personal photographer and aide Mike Maloney, who had been on many royal assignments. Maxwell handed the Queen a gift of a set of coins in a magnificent display box, and said, “Permit me to present you with a token of this great event that I have orchestrated.” People were still arguing about Maxwell’s role nearly three years later when the last of the bills was finally paid, though not by him. His name was still being discussed in the late summer of 1998 when the company in charge, Commonwealth Games 1986 (Scotland) Ltd, held its final meeting. By then the “white knight” was long dead, his name blackened forever. In November 1991 Maxwell went overboard from his private yacht in the Mediterranean. It became clear after his death that he had fraudulently misspent hundreds of millions of pounds from his employees’ pension funds. Without him, though, Edinburgh 1986 would have been an embarrassment that Scotland, Britain and the Commonwealth Games Federation might never have lived down. The Games would also have been a good deal less colourful without Maxwell, who liked to do things differently. On one occasion he invited a number of VIPs and their partners to dinner at his private suite. He served them Kentucky Fried Chicken straight from the bucket. At another function he introduced his friend Ryoichi Sasakawa to the press. He announced the Japanese businessman, who pumped in far more money than Maxwell himself, as a multimillionaire philanthropist who had “single-handedly funded the eradication of leprosy”. That claim was strange enough, given that more than 200,000 were still suffering from the disease a quarter of a century later, but Sasakawa himself left reporters even more dumbfounded when he told them that he was 27 years old and would live to the age of 200. He was 87 at the time. Why did Maxwell get involved? Maloney believes that somebody made a speculative suggestion to him about backing the Games, and he suddenly saw a great opportunity. “He thought he could be the saviour, and he was,” said Maloney, who was with Maxwell for his six-week involvement in Edinburgh. What a difference from Edinburgh 1970 when, for the first time, the event had been tagged “the Friendly Games”. The overall budget was £3m; in 1986 it was £17m. The spectre of a boycott was there from the start. The 1976 Olympics in Montreal, which cost the city a fortune, had lost 26 African nations who refused to compete because New Zealand were there. The problem was rugby: New Zealand’s All Blacks, like British teams, were still happy to play against South Africa at a time when other sports, supported by the United Nations, shunned them because of apartheid. The Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led to another boycott, masterminded by the United States, of the 1980 Moscow Games. Within a few years sport had become a prime target for politicians. Peter Heatly, later knighted for services to sport, had first suggested Edinburgh should bid for a second time. He was a diver, three times a gold medallist at the Games in the 1950s, who became a sports administrator and eventually the top man in the Commonwealth Games Federation. He recalled that talk of a boycott had always been around, “but when it hit, the extent and range surprised everybody. It broke 10 days before the Games and every morning you would wake up and another country had decided not to come. It was terrible. You died a little bit every day over those 10 days”. In Unfriendly Games, a book that detailed all the pitfalls and problems of Edinburgh ’86, the authors concluded that the Games might never have taken place had Heatly not persuaded Edinburgh to put their name forward. No other city made a bid. There had been a giant leap forward in sport, or at least in the commercialisation of it, in 1984. Despite a retaliatory boycott by the Communist countries the Los Angeles Olympics made a huge profit, through advertising and sponsorship deals negotiated by sharp businessmen. The Americans had shown the way: now the Scots could bring in sponsorship money too. They failed dismally. They needed professionals to negotiate deals, but relied on amateurs. Selling “the Friendly Games” to sponsors was beyond them, hence the late call to Maxwell. On 10 July, two weeks before the Games were due to start, newspapers across the world ran reports from press agencies in London: Two black African nations, Nigeria and Ghana, announced yesterday that they will boycott the 1986 Commonwealth Games later this month in protest of Britain’s refusal to agree to major economic sanctions against South Africa. The boycott appeared to be an attempt to put pressure on prime minister Margaret Thatcher, who has long opposed economic sanctions. The Nigerian Embassy in London said yesterday that the boycott was meant to “dramatise to the British government how strongly we feel about the matter”. The final loss was devastating: 32 teams and nearly 1,500 athletes stayed away. The massive success of the 1984 Olympics was largely down to one businessman, Peter Ueberroth. When he took over the running of the LA Games he created a committee of 150 “movers and shakers” to generate ideas. He persuaded Coca-Cola and other sponsors to back the Games despite worries over the economy and the Soviet-led boycott. The Olympics produced a profit of a quarter of a billion dollars. Ueberroth is said to be worth $100m. In the same role in Edinburgh was Kenneth Borthwick, a confectioner and Conservative councillor who was Lord Provost of the city from 1977 to 1980. Alex Wood, then the leader of Edinburgh Council, was not impressed. “Borthwick was an old-fashioned small businessman, a conservative Conservative. Dithering inaction was his default position.” Malcolm Beattie, the commercial figurehead of the Auckland 1990 Games and a leading name in New Zealand sports sponsorship, was more forthright. “Ken Borthwick was very old-school. He showed great deference to the Queen and the establishment but he didn’t understand anything about running a big sports event. We wanted to know about money, accommodation, sponsors – all he spoke about was the sound of bagpipes at dawn. The whole team were a bunch of amateurs.” Edinburgh’s pride at becoming the first city to stage the Games a second time “turned to humiliation”, wrote Bateman and Douglas, when Maxwell had to be called in. One of his first pronouncements was that the early preparations had been “appallingly amateurish”. No teams had withdrawn when Maxwell took over as chairman on 19 June. In the final fortnight before the opening ceremony, one after another, nations withdrew. Eight teams arrived and checked in to the athletes’ village only to discover that their governments had joined the boycott. Bermuda even took part in the opening ceremony before the athletes were ordered not to compete. “Have a thought,” said Maxwell, “for the hundreds of athletes who will be suffering heartache and disappointment that all their years of preparation have been wasted.” At least Maxwell had made an immediate impact when he took over. He put newspaper owners and editors on media committees in London and Edinburgh, thereby ensuring favourable coverage throughout the country. He played a brilliant game, gaining millions of pounds worth of positive publicity. Logos for the Mirror and its Scottish sister paper, the Record, were everywhere – on the replay screen, on top of the main stadium scoreboard, the swimming scoreboard, at the diving pool, on the corner posts on the boxing ring. Officially the Games’ main sponsors were Guinness. In reality it appeared to be Mirror Group. The accountants Coopers and Lybrand totted up all that exposure and put a value on it: £4.3m. By the final reckoning Maxwell had not even paid £0.3m. “No one could guess at the time that the White Knight would ride off into the sunset leaving a £3.8m debt behind for someone else to pay,” said his photographer-aide Maloney. “He got worldwide publicity, which was his main aim. Even so, he was the saviour of the Games, and he loved it. “That whole time in Edinburgh was utterly unreal. As soon as he arrived he just took over. He was always at meetings, and whatever the subject, even if he knew nothing about it, he’d take control. On one occasion he came out of a meeting and wanted to go back to the hotel. He walked into the road and flagged down an official Games car and told the driver, ‘Take me to the Sheraton.’ The driver said he couldn’t, as he was due to pick up somebody else, but Bob said, ‘I’m Robert Maxwell and I shall give you a letter of absolution to present to your boss.’ He even dictated it to me in the car. “Bob was a unique character. We became quite close friends but I have to say he was a bit of a pig when it came to eating.” On one occasion Maxwell ordered a banquet for 14 people from Edinburgh’s top Chinese restaurant. “There was plenty of Dom Perignon too,” said Maloney. “When he said ‘Tuck in,’ I asked if we shouldn’t wait for the other guests. There weren’t any – there was enough food for another 12 people and he just got stuck in, sometimes with his fingers. There was curry sauce dripping down his shirt-front when he went off to bed. “When he served the Kentucky Fried Chicken at another reception, it wasn’t the first time. He would do it at the Labour party conference too. When he was offering round the buckets he actually took a bite out of a leg and said to one of the lady guests, ‘Tastes good, try this - you’ll like it.’ And he put the chicken leg back in the bucket.” Clearly, Maxwell liked his food. Did he enjoy the sport, too? “He didn’t have the attention span for that,” said Maloney. “Even at football matches he’d always invent an excuse to leave, pretending he had to make a call. He could never have sat through the 5,000m race, for example – far too long. The 100m would have been about his limit.” Maxwell’s preferred setting was not the stadium; it was in front of the cameras. On the penultimate day of competition Maxwell called a press conference that was rated by some – among them Ian Wooldridge of the Daily Mail – as the strangest they ever attended. Maxwell welcomed Sasakawa, who would take questions through an interpreter. He was introduced as “a former politician who played an important role in the economic revival of his country after the war”. He had devoted himself to “world philanthropy”, and was president of the Federation of World Volunteer Firemen’s Associations, the World Union of Karate, the Japan Science Society and other bodies. Sasakawa spoke for five minutes, in Japanese, to explain what he was doing for world harmony. Maxwell had glossed over some facts about Sasakawa. Yes, he had given away $12bn over 20 years, but no, he had not made his fortune from shipbuilding. A better picture of the man came after his death in 1995 – he did not quite make it to 200 – in an obituary in the Independent that said Sasakawa had been “the last of Japan’s A-class war criminals who stood out as a monster of egotism, greed, ruthless ambition, and political deviousness”. He claimed to have slept with 500 women, was said to have had links with the CIA, and was allegedly involved in the opium trade. He made his fortune from gambling and built a business empire worth billions. His donation to the Edinburgh Games was £1.265m. The final deficit for Edinburgh ’86, before Sasakawa’s donation, was about the same as it had been before Maxwell took over – nearly £4m. The money from Japan made a big difference. Maxwell further reduced the losses by negotiation with creditors, among them two local councils. The Games’ administrative company did not clear up all its most pressing paperwork until 1989. There were still rumblings 10 years after that. Was it all worth it? In Alex Wood’s opinion, no. His “very personal perspective, reached retrospectively” was that the city should never have been involved. “Robert Maxwell was a man of monstrous ego, devoid of any desire to serve the greater good.” Those on Edinburgh Council, both Conservative and Labour, who pushed “promoting the city” as a good reason for hosting the Games were more interested, in reality, in foreign trips and socialising with the rich and powerful. “My view is that Edinburgh should never have become embroiled in seeking to host the Games,” said Wood. Despite all the failings and embarrassments, the Commonwealth Games Federation will be forever grateful that they did. Had there been no Games in 1986, who knows whether they would have made it back to Scotland in 2014? Brian Oliver is a former sports editor of the Observer. This is an edited extract from his book, The Commonwealth Games: Extraordinary Stories Behind The Medals, published by Bloomsbury and priced £12.99	Robert Maxwell
Madaraka Day is celebrated in June to commemorate the attaining of self-rule of which African country in 1963?	Robert Maxwell : definition of Robert Maxwell and synonyms of Robert Maxwell (English) 13 External links Early life Robert Maxwell was born Ján Ludvík Hyman Binyamin Hoch into a poor [2] [3] Yiddish -speaking Jewish family in the small town of Slatinské Doly (now Solotvino , Ukraine ), in the easternmost province of (pre-World War II), Czechoslovakia . His parents were Mechel Hoch and Hannah Slomowitz. He had six siblings. In 1939, the area was reclaimed by Hungary. Most members of his family died in Auschwitz after Hungary was occupied in 1944, by its former ally, Nazi Germany , but he had already escaped to France. [2] In Marseille he joined the Czechoslovak army in exile in May 1940. [4] After the defeat in France and the retreat to Great Britain , Maxwell took part in the protest against the leadership of the Czechoslovak army, and with 500 other soldiers, he was transferred to the British Pioneer Corps , and later to the North Staffordshire Regiment in 1943. He was then involved in action across Europe, from the Normandy beaches to Berlin , and achieved the rank of sergeant. [2] He gained a commission in 1945, and was promoted to captain . In January 1945, he received the Military Cross from Field Marshal Montgomery . It was during this time that British Intelligence changed his name several times, finally settling on Ian Robert Maxwell.[ citation needed ] In 1945, he married Elisabeth "Betty" Meynard; a French Protestant with whom he had nine children, with the goal of "recreating the family he lost in the Holocaust ". [5] Five of his children were later employed within his companies. Two met with tragedy: his three-year-old daughter Karine died of leukemia and his eldest son, Michael, was severely injured in 1961 (at the age of 15), after being driven home from a post-Christmas party when his driver fell asleep at the wheel. Michael never regained consciousness and died seven years later. [6] [7] [8] [9] After the war, Maxwell first worked as a newspaper censor for the British military command in Berlin in Allied-occupied Germany [ citation needed ]. Later, he used various contacts in the Allied occupation authorities to go into business, becoming the British and United States distributor for Springer Verlag , a publisher of scientific books. In 1951 he bought three quarters [10] of Butterworth-Springer, a minor publisher; the remaining quarter was held by the experienced scientific editor Paul Rosbaud . They changed the name of the company to Pergamon Press and rapidly built it into a major publishing house. Member of Parliament In 1964, representing the Labour Party , he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Buckingham . He was re-elected in 1966, but lost in 1970 to the Conservative William Benyon . Business activities Maxwell established the Maxwell Foundation in Liechtenstein in 1970. In 1974 he reacquired PPL[ clarification needed ]. Maxwell acquired the British Printing Corporation (BPC) in 1981, and changed its name to the British Printing and Communication Corporation (BPCC) and then to the Maxwell Communications Corporation . The company was later sold in a management buy-out, and is now known as Polestar. In July 1984 Maxwell acquired Mirror Group Newspapers from Reed International plc. MGN published the Daily Mirror , a pro-Labour Party tabloid newspaper. He also bought the American interests of the Macmillan publishing house . By the 1980s Maxwell's various companies owned the Daily Mirror, the Sunday Mirror , the Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail and several other newspapers, Pergamon Press, Nimbus Records , Collier books, Maxwell Directories, Prentice Hall Information Services, Macmillan (US) publishing, and the Berlitz language schools . He also owned a half-share of MTV in Europe and other European television interests, Maxwell Cable TV and Maxwell Entertainment. In 1987 Maxwell purchased part of IPC Media to create Fleetway Publications . In June 1985, Maxwell announced a takeover of Sir Clive Sinclair 's ailing home computer company, Sinclair Research , through Hollis Brothers, a Pergamon Press subsidiary. [11] However the deal was aborted in August 1985. [12] Maxwell's links with Eastern European totalitarian regimes resulted in a number of biographies (generally considered to be hagiographies [13] ) of those countries' then leaders, with interviews conducted by Maxwell, for which he received much derision. [14] Maxwell was also well known as the chairman of Oxford United Football Club , saving them from bankruptcy and leading them into the top flight of English football, winning the League Cup in 1986. Maxwell bought into Derby County F.C. in 1987. He also attempted to buy Manchester United in 1984, but refused owner Martin Edwards ' asking price. Controversy In 1969 Saul Steinberg , head of "Leasco Data Processing Corporation", was interested in a strategic acquisition of Pergamon. Steinberg claimed that during negotiations Maxwell had falsely stated that a subsidiary responsible for publishing encyclopedias was extremely profitable. [15] This led to an inquiry by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) under the Takeover Code of the time; at the same time the U.S. Congress was investigating Leasco's takeover practices. The DTI inquiry reported: "We regret having to conclude that, notwithstanding Mr Maxwell's acknowledged abilities and energy, he is not in our opinion a person who can be relied on to exercise proper stewardship of a publicly quoted company." It was found that Maxwell had contrived to maximise Pergamon's share price through transactions between his private family companies. [15] This caused Maxwell to lose control of Pergamon in the United Kingdom—but not in the United States, where Steinberg purchased Pergamon. Justice Forbes in September 1971 was critical of the inquiry, "They had moved from an inquisitorial role to accusatory one and virtually committed the business murder of Mr. Maxwell." He further continued that the trial judge would probably find that the "inspectors had acted contrary to the rules of national justice." [16] The company performed poorly under Steinberg; Maxwell resumed control of Pergamon, returned it to profitability, and eventually sold the company to Reed Elsevier in 1991. Maxwell was known to be litigious against those who would speak or write against him. The satirical magazine Private Eye lampooned him as "Cap'n Bob" and the "bouncing Czech", the latter nickname having originally been devised by Prime Minister Harold Wilson (under whom Maxwell was an MP). Maxwell took out several libel actions against Private Eye, one resulting in the magazine losing an estimated £225,000 and Maxwell using his commercial power to hit back with a one-off spoof magazine Not Private Eye . [17] In 1988, Maxwell purchased Macmillan, Inc., the American publishing firm, for $2.6 billion, which by some estimates was over three times its value[ citation needed ]. In the same year he launched an ambitious new project, a transnational newspaper called The European . However, in the following year he was forced to sell his successful Pergamon Press and Maxwell Directories to Elsevier for £440 million to cover his massive debts, but he used some of this money to buy the ailing New York Daily News . At the time, he was hailed in New York City as the man who "saved the Daily News."[ citation needed ] Headington Hill Hall Robert Maxwell lived in Headington for the last 32 years of his life. He rented Headington Hill Hall from Oxford City Council , and while he described it as "the best council house " in the country, other people jocularly called it " Maxwell House ". He also operated his publishing business, Pergamon Press , from buildings in the grounds of the Hall, and the Maxwell helicopter was a frequent sight over the Headington area. In March 1991 Maxwell sold the press to Elsevier , but it retained offices on the site. [18] Death On 5 November 1991, at the age of 68, Maxwell was presumed to have fallen overboard from his luxury yacht, the Lady Ghislaine , which was cruising off the Canary Islands , and his body was subsequently found floating in the Atlantic Ocean. [19] [20] He was buried on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem . The official ruling was death by accidental drowning . Then Prime Minister, John Major , said Maxwell had given him "valuable insights" into the situation in the Soviet Union during the attempted coup . He was a "great character", Major added. Neil Kinnock , then Labour Party leader, spoke of him as a man with "a zest for life" who "attracted controversy, envy and loyalty in great measure throughout his rumbustious life." Israeli connection Shortly before Maxwell's death, a former Mossad officer named Ari Ben-Menashe had approached a number of news organisations in Britain and the United States with the allegation that Maxwell and the Daily Mirror's foreign editor, Nick Davies , were both long-time agents for the Israeli intelligence service, Mossad. Ben-Menashe also claimed that in 1986 Maxwell had told the Israeli Embassy in London that Mordechai Vanunu had given information about Israel's nuclear capability to the Sunday Times , then to the Daily Mirror . Vanunu was subsequently lured from London to Rome by Mossad, where he was kidnapped and smuggled to Israel, convicted of treason and imprisoned for 18 years. No news organisation would publish Ben-Menashe's story at first but eventually the New Yorker journalist Seymour Hersh repeated some of the allegations during a press conference in London held to publicise The Samson Option, Hersh's book about Israel's nuclear weapons. On 21 October 1991, two Members of Parliament , Labour MP George Galloway and Conservative MP Rupert Allason (who writes books on the world of espionage under the pseudonym Nigel West) agreed to raise the issue in the House of Commons (under Parliamentary Privilege protection, [21] ) which in turn allowed British newspapers to report events without fear of libel suits. Maxwell called the claims "ludicrous, a total invention," and sacked Nick Davies. [20] The close proximity of his death to these allegations heightened interest in Maxwell's relationship with Israel, and the Daily Mirror published claims that he was assassinated by Mossad after he attempted to blackmail them. [22] Maxwell was given a funeral in Israel better befitting a head of state than a publisher, as described by author Gordon Thomas : On 10 November 1991, Maxwell’s funeral took place on the Mount of Olives Har Zeitim in Jerusalem , across from the Temple Mount. It had all the trappings of a state occasion, attended by the country’s government and opposition leaders. No fewer than six serving and former heads of the Israeli intelligence community listened as Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir eulogized: "He has done more for Israel than can today be said" (Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad, St. Martin's Press, 1999). [23] A hint of Maxwell's service to the Israeli state was provided by Loftus and Aarons, who described Maxwell's contacts with Czech anti-Stalinist Communist leaders in 1948 as crucial to the Czech decision to arm Israel in their War of Independence that year. Czech military assistance was both unique and crucial for the fledgling state as it battled for its existence. It was Maxwell's covert help in smuggling aircraft parts into Israel that led to the Jewish state having air supremacy during their 1948 War of Independence. [24] Jewish leaders were also grateful for Maxwell's intervention and material help in securing the freedom and immigration between 1988–1991 of over one million Russian Jews through his friendship with Mikhail Gorbachev . Over seven hundred thousand Russian Jews emigrated to Israel[ citation needed ]. Others have linked Shamir's cryptic statement to Maxwell's having told the Israeli government that Mordechai Vanunu had leaked details of Israel's secret nuclear weapons programme to Maxwell's Sunday Mirror newspaper, prompting them to kidnap Vanunu. Collapse of a publishing empire Maxwell's untimely death triggered a flood of instability with banks frantically calling in their massive loans. His two young sons Kevin and Ian struggled to hold the empire together, but were unable to prevent its collapse. It emerged that, without adequate prior authorisation, Maxwell had used hundreds of millions of pounds from his companies' pension funds to shore up the shares of the Mirror Group, to save his companies from bankruptcy. Eventually, the pension funds were replenished with monies from investment banks Shearson Lehman and Goldman Sachs , as well as the British government. This replenishment was limited and also supported by a surplus in the printers' fund which was taken by the government in part payment of £100m required to support the workers' State Pension. The rest of the £100m was waived. Maxwell's theft of pension funds was, therefore, partly repaid from public funds. The result was that, in general, pensioners received about 50% of their company pension entitlement. The Maxwell companies filed for bankruptcy protection in 1992. Kevin Maxwell was declared bankrupt with debts of £400 million. In 1995 Kevin and Ian Maxwell, and two other former directors, went on trial for conspiracy to defraud, but were unanimously acquitted by a twelve man jury in 1996. Cultural references Maxwell, through his software company Mirrorsoft , played a role in the acquisition of the video game Tetris from its developers in the Soviet Union and its eventual marketing and sale in the West. [25] The cover of Iron Maiden 's 1992 single " Be Quick or Be Dead " features the band's mascot, Eddie choking Maxwell surrounded by accusatory newspaper headlines. In an episode of the BBC Comedy Goodnight Sweetheart in a scene set in WWII a British soldier originally from an unspecified country in continental Europe is suggested to take the name Robert Maxwell when becoming a naturalized citizen. The character turns out to be a con man. Maxwell's death is referenced at the end of the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies (1997); M orders a press release announcing the death of newspaper baron and lead villain Elliot Carver, claiming that he had fallen overboard from his luxury yacht and drowned in the ocean. She adds that at present there is speculation of suicide. Alfred Marks also played Maxwell in a 1990s radio play for BBC Radio 4 , entitled Maxwell: The Last Days. A BBC drama titled Maxwell covering his life shortly before his death starring David Suchet was aired on 4 May 2007. [26] In 2008, Maxwell's wife published her memoirs, A Mind of Her Own, which sheds light on her life with Maxwell when the publishing magnate was ranked as one of the richest people in the world. [27] See also	i don't know
Who set a new land speed record in October 1983, driving Thrust 2 at the Black Rock Desert in Nevada, USA?	Land Speed Record - Black Rock Desert Nevada wiki Land Speed Record Jump to: navigation , search The Black Rock Desert has been the site of several land speed records. As of May, 2013, the world land speed record title is held by Andy Green in his 1997 run. Contents 4 October 1983, Richard Noble, Thrust2, 633.468 mph 25 September 1997, Andy Green, ThrustSSC, 714.144 mph 15 October 1997, Andy Green, ThrustSSC, 763.035 mph (Mach 1.016) Thrust2 BBC Motion Gallery - Search Results "Thrust 2" Derrel S. Fulwider, " From Resource Management to People Management: Reflections of a Federal Land Manager ," p 4, Winter-Spring 1986, The Humboldt Historian. Discussion about the May 11, 1983 public permit hearings in Gerlach and Reno. Map that shows the land speed record site. Thrust SSC Reno Gazette Journal, " Land Speed Record 10th Anniversary ," October 15, 2007. Includes photos. Steve Fossett CNN, " Search continues for aviation adventurer Steve Fossett ," September 4, 2007. Maj. Cynthia S. Ryan is quoted as stating that Fossett was looking for land speed record sites, though the Wikipedia article refutes that, though there is no citation. The Spectator, Hamilton, ON., " Supersonic woman sought; 'Right stuff' includes compact size ," January 31, 2008 Bloodhound Engineering News, South Africa, Bloodhound team pins land-speed record hopes on Northern Cape’s Hakskeen Pan ," January 28, 2011. "The current land-speed record was set in Nevada, in the US, in the Black Rock desert, so why not go back there? Tipler says that it isn’t flat enough anymore."	Richard Noble
On a standard dartboard, which number lies opposite 1?	Thrustbrief 33 - 25th September 1997 Battle for Mach 1 On Land A NEW LAND SPEED RECORD FOR THE THRUSTSSC TEAM Subject to recognition by the FIA, Squadron Leader Andy Green today set a new land speed record of 714.144mph driving the twin Rolls Royce Spey engined jet car ThrustSSC on the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, USA. The speed, the average of two runs in opposite directions over the same measured distance within one hour as required by the rules governing the land speed record, pushed the record over 700mph for the first time and was the biggest increase in the record ever recorded. Team leader Richard Noble whose record of 633.468mph set in 1983 in Thrust2 was superceded by Andy Green, was delighted with the result. "This will be one of the greatest records ever set", said Noble immediately after the USAC timekeepers had confirmed the speeds. Earlier in the day, things had not looked promising when the planned 10:00am roll out was delayed by 2 hours because of uncertain weather conditions. Winds and light rain showers gave cause for some concern, but after a two hour stand down, the world's press and TV returned to witness this historic event. There was no repeat of the computer and parachute problems of previous days and in two textbook runs, Green rewrote the land speed record history books in fine style. Running south to north on his first run, ThrustSSC set off at 13:30 looking smooth and stable as it accelerated up to the Mach number specified by the Engineering Team. Speeds were 697.950 for the kilo and 700.661 for the mile with SSC coming safely to a stop near the turnaround team. With the clocks still running, the team reported no problems and had Andy Green ready with almost 10 minutes to spare. The return run was even better with Andy later quoted as saying that the car seems more stable the faster it gets. Spectators, sponsors and press gathered around the PA system waiting for the USAC timers to announce the speeds but because of what they had just witnessed, they were already sure that it would be a record. Times of 730.784 for the kilo and 728.008 for the mile confirmed their thoughts. The average of the two runs lifted both the kilo and mile records for the Thrust Team after years of hard work. Congratulations were quick to arrive, including those from the Queen and the Prime Minister. Pictures had been beamed around the world with the Digital sponsored Website finally taking over one million hits after getting close the previous day at 974,000. Five times record holder Craig Breedlove who was watching the day's events unfold sent his congratulations via Spirit of America Operations Manager Bill Breedlove who arrived to shake Andy Green's hand and confirm that they will bring their car out tomorrow to test their fuel system modifications. They expect runs of around 400mph with more serious attempts on Andy Green's new record at the weekend if all goes well and the weather holds. Although they haven't yet completed analysing the data from today's runs, it is likely that Breedlove will have the desert to himself tomorrow while the SSC Team plan more engineering runs to test systems before moving on to higher speeds. Richard Noble said, "This is a fantastic achievement, but it is really only the beginning - we must move speeds up safely towards our ultimate goal - Mach 1." For Black Rock visits, please complete the accreditation forms on the web site media section and then follow the attendance instructions for each individual days racing Please contact the team using e-mail on [email protected] and indicate whether you would like to be added to the project's media database for updates and reports. All accredited journalists will be added automatically. Info line on 0839-888-850	i don't know
The comet Shoemaker broke apart and collided with which planet in our solar system in July 1994?	Remnants of 1994 Comet Impact Leave Puzzle at Jupiter Remnants of 1994 Comet Impact Leave Puzzle at Jupiter By Robert Roy Britt \| August 23, 2004 06:06am ET MORE Six exposures from the Hubble Space Telescope were combined to create this mosaic of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on May 17, 1994. When the comet was observed, its train of 21 icy fragments stretched across 710 thousand miles (1.1 million km) of space, or 3 times the distance between Earth and the Moon. Credit: H.A. Weaver, T. E. Smith (STScI), NASA Jupiter's atmosphere still contains remnants of a comet impact from a decade ago, but scientists said last week they are puzzled by how two substances have spread into different locations. The new study also discovered two previously undetected chemicals in Jupiter's air. Grasping what chemical compounds are in and above the Jovian clouds and how they move about could help scientists understand planets outside our solar system, too, said the researchers who produced the work. From July 16 through July 22, 1994, more than 20 fragments of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 collided with the gaseous planet, all coming in at about the same latitude, 45 degrees south. Fragments up to 1.2 miles (2 kilometers) sent plumes of hot gas into the Jovian atmosphere. Dark scars lasted for weeks. Shocks created by the impacts led to high-temperature chemical reactions that produced hydrogen cyanide, which remains in the air but has been spread around a bit in the years since. The comet also delivered carbon monoxide and water, which through an interaction with sunlight, scientists suspect, was converted to carbon dioxide. The Cassini spacecraft, now at Saturn, examined Jupiter as it swung by. The new study draws on infrared data from Cassini collected in 2000 and 2001. The hydrogen cyanide has diffused some both north and south, mixed by wave activity, explained Michael Flasar of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Jupiter's cloud bands carry material around the planet swiftly, but the bands do not mix easily. Not surprisingly, hydrogen cyanide is most abundant in a belt at the latitude where the comet was absorbed. At five degrees of latitude change in both directions, its presence drops off sharply. The highest concentration of carbon dioxide, however, has shifted away from the latitude of the impact. It is most prevalent poleward of 60 degrees south and decreases abruptly, toward the equator, north of 50 degrees south. Another smaller spike in its presence occurs at high northern latitudes, around 70 to 90 degrees north. Perhaps the two chemicals got distributed at different altitudes, and are being moved around by different currents, Flasar told SPACE.com. Or maybe the formation of the carbon dioxide was more complex than thought. He said it might have involved carbon monoxide first moving away from the impact area and then interacting with other substances at higher latitudes before being converted to carbon dioxide. "At high latitudes, precipitation of energetic oxygen ions probably occurs, associated with Jupiter's magnetically induced lights, known as aurora," Flasar explained. "These energetic ions could react with Jupiter's atmosphere to produce hydroxyl, which can oxidize carbon monoxide to produce carbon dioxide." If all that sounds complicated, you're not alone in wondering what's going on. "We're scratching our heads, and we need to work through these, and perhaps other, scenarios," said Flasar, who is principal investigator for Cassini's Composite Infrared Spectrometer. The study, led by Virgil G. Kunde of the University of Maryland, was published Thursday in the online version of the journal Science. The work also uncovered two new compounds, diacetylene and a so-called methyl radical, which are products of the breakup of methane by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. These were expected but had not been observed at Jupiter before. So far as astronomers know, the more than 100 giant planets found outside our solar system might be something like Jupiter. Only one has had its atmosphere probed. Better knowledge of the substances in Jupiter, and how things move around, should help set the stage for grasping the formation and evolution of gaseous extrasolar planets, the researchers say. "An understanding of the processes governing the composition and distribution of chemical species in Jupiter's atmosphere is required to successfully understand the chemical composition of extrasolar planets," they write in the journal. Comet's Scars on Jupiter This article is part of SPACE.com's weekly Mystery Monday series. Author Bio Robert Roy Britt, Rob has been producing internet content since the mid-1990s. He was a writer, editor and Director of Site Operations at SPACE.com starting in 1999. He served as Managing Editor of LiveScience since its launch in 2004. He now oversees news operations for the TechMediaNetwork's growing suite of technology, science and business news sites. Prior to joining the company, Rob was an editor at The Star-Ledger in New Jersey. He has a journalism degree from Humboldt State University in California. Subscribe To SPACE.com	Jupiter
The Sucre was the currency of which South American country between 1884 and 2000?	NASA/JPL Solar System Simulator NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011 PHOTO CAPTION P-43664 Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, torn into pieces as a result of a close approach to Jupiter in July 1992, collided with Jupiter during the third week of July 1994. Of tremendous scientific importance, the impacts of the cometary fragments released more energy into Jupiter's atmosphere than that of the world's combined nuclear arsenals. Because the impacts occurred on the night side of Jupiter, the explosions were not be directly observable from the Earth. However, professional and amateur astronomers observed the impact light flashes reflected off the inner satellites of Jupiter. Lasting effects on Jupiter, such as atmospheric clouds, ejecta plumes, or seismic thermal disturbances, were observable later when the rotation of Jupiter brought the impact sites into the Earth's view. Analysis of high resolution images of the comet taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in July 1993 suggests that the major cometary fragments range in size from one to a few kilometers. The large fragments are embedded in a cloud of debris with material ranging in size from boulder-sized to microscopic particles. Although comet-like outgassing of the fragments has not been observed, the fragile nature of the object suggests that it is indeed a comet rather than a more compact asteroid. Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was the ninth short-periodic comet discovered by Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy. It was first detected on a photograph taken on the night of March 24, 1993 with the 0.4 meter Schmidt telescope located on Palomar mountain in California. Subsequent observations were forthcoming from observers at the University of Hawaii, the Spacewatch telescope on Kitt Peak in Arizona, and McDonald Observatory in Texas. These observations were used to demonstrate that the comet was in orbit about Jupiter, and had made a very close approach (within 1.4 Jupiter radii from Jupiter's center) on July 7, 1992. During this close approach, the unequal Jupiter gravitational attractions on the comet's near and far sides broke apart the fragile object. The disruption of a comet into multiple fragments is an unusual event, the capture of a comet into an orbit about Jupiter is even more unusual, and the collision of a large comet with a planet is an extraordinary, millennial event. This color depiction of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacting Jupiter is shown from several perspectives. Image A is shown from the perspective of Earth-based observers. Image B shows the perspective from the Galileo spacecraft which can observe the impact point directly. Image C is shown from the Voyager 2 spacecraft, which may observe the event from its unique position at the outer reaches of the solar system. Image D depicts a generic view from Jupiter's south pole. For visual appeal, most of the large cometary fragments are shown close to one another in this image. At the time of Jupiter impact, the fragments will be separated from one another by several times the distances shown. This image was created by D.A. Seal of JPL's Mission Design Section using orbital computations provided by P.W. Chodas and D.K. Yeomans of JPL's Navigation Section. A high resolution TIFF file is available. This image shows the Cassini Mission with the major events highlighted by artistic renderings.	i don't know
How many players in each team enter the field at the beginning of a game of the South Asian tag sport Kho Kho?	Kho kho Kho kho Boys in a Government School in Haryana , India playing kho-kho Characteristics Team members 12 players per side. 9 in the field and 3 extra Kho kho ( Punjabi : ਖੋ-ਖੋ) is a tag sport from the Indian subcontinent . It is played by teams of twelve players, of which nine enter the field, who try to avoid being touched by members of the opposing team. [1] It is one of the two most popular traditional tag games of the South Asia , the other being kabbadi . [2] Apart from South Asia, it is also played in South Africa . [3] Contents 5 External links History In 1987, The Asian Kho Kho Federation was established during the 3rd SAF Games in Kolkata, India. Member countries included India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Maldives. The 1st Asian Championship was held at Kolkata in 1996 and the second championship at Dhaka in Bangladesh. India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Japan, Thailand and Bangladesh were participants of this championship. Rules, field dimensions and equipment used Each team consists of 12 players, but only 9 players take the field. A match consists of two innings with each inning consisting of chasing and running turns of 9 minutes each. One team sits/kneels in the middle of the court, in a row, with adjacent members facing opposite directions. The runners play in the field, 3 at a time and the team that takes the shortest time to tag/tap all the opponents in the field, wins. There is a pole on each end and the runner can go between two players who are sitting in zig zag manner, but the chaser is not allowed to turn back while running and go between the players. But chaser can go to pole and touch it and can go back or go to other side. Schematic representation of a kho-kho pitch A kho kho playground (or pitch) is rectangular. [4] It is 30 metres in length and 19 metres in width. There are two rectangles at the end. Length of the rectangle is 16 metres and the width is 2.75 metres. In the middle of these two rectangles, there are two wooden poles. The central lane is 23.50 metres long and 30 cm wide. There are eight cross lanes which lie across central lane, length of the cross lanes, are 16 metres and width 30 cm. It makes the small rectangles and each of it is 16 metres in length and 2.3 metres in breadth,(the two rectangles of near by the wooden poles are 2.5 metres width) at right angles to the central lane and divided equally into two parts of 7.85 metres each by central lane. At the end of central lane, the free zone tangent to the post-line, two smooth wooden posts are fixed, 120 cm height from the ground and their circumference is not less than 30 cm and not more than 40 cm The equipment used in kho kho are poles/post, strings, metallic measuring tape, lime powder, wire nails, two watches, types of rings having inner circumference of 30 cm and 40 cm, score shots (like a whistle, for instance), and stationery to write results. [5] References	9
The Hopman Cup is competed for in which sport?	Column from a disheartened sports lover: Traditional and regional sports---"Kho Kho" Column from a disheartened sports lover Am here 2 share a little bit knowledge about SPORTS(India or any other country).In this blog the main focus or u can say spotlight on INDIAN sports ,as well as the current events on sports in the world. Thursday, 23 August 2012 Traditional and regional sports---"Kho Kho" Like "Gilli-Danda" in india "Kho-Kho" is one of the popular traditional sport.It is one of the most popular traditional tag games of South Asia. Its team in India is called Kho- Kho Federation of India (K.K.F.I). The origin of Kho-Kho is difficult to trace, but many historians believe, that it is a modified form of 'Run Chase', which in its simplest form involves chasing and touching a person. With its origins in Maharashtra, Kho-Kho in ancient times, was played on 'raths' or chariots, and was known as Rathera. Like all Indian games, it is simple, inexpensive and enjoyable. It does, however, demand physical fitness, strength, speed and stamina, and a certain amount of ability. Dodging, feinting and bursts of controlled speed make this game quite thrilling. To catch by pursuit - to chase, rather than just run - is the capstone of Kho-Kho.The game develops qualities such as obedience, discipline, sportsmanship, and loyalty between team members. Kho-Kho is a simple game where the players dodge,feint and brust control speed.The main aim of the participants in the game of Kho-Kho is to catch the opponent by pursuit and to chase,rather than just run. The rules of the game were framed in the beginning of the 20th century. At Gymkhana Poona, a Committee was formed in 1914, to frame its rules. The first ever rules on Kho-Kho were published from Gymkhana Baroda, in 1924. In 1959-60, the first national Kho-Kho championship was organised in Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh). The Government has initiated the following awards for the game: Arjuna Award, Eklavya Award for men, Rani Laxmi Bai award for women, Veer Abhimanyu award for boys under 18, and Janaki award for girls under 16. How the game is played(RULES):- Each team consists of twelve players, but only nine players take the field for a contest. A match consists of two innings. An innings consists of chasing and running turns of 7 minutes each. Eight members of the chasing team sit in their eight squares on the central lane, alternately facing the opposite direction, while the ninth member is an active chaser, and stands at either of the posts, ready to begin the pursuit. Members of the chasing team have to put their opponent out, touching them with their palms, but without committing a foul. All the action in Kho-Kho is provided by the defenders, who try to play out the 7 minutes time, and the chasers who try to dismiss them. A defender can be dismissed in three ways: 1) if he is touched by an active chaser with his palm without committing a foul, 2) if he goes out of the limits on his own, 3) if he enters the limit late. Defenders enter the limit, in batches of three. After the third and last defender of batch is out, the next batch must enter the limits, before a 'kho' is given by the successful active chaser. Defenders have full freedom of movement on both sides of the central lane, but the active chaser cannot change the direction to which he is committed. He cannot cross the central lane. An active chaser can change position with a seated chaser, by touching him from behind by palm, and uttering the word 'kho' loudly, and simultaneously, chase or attack is build up through a series of 'khos' as the chase continues with a relay of chasers. At the end of the innings there is an interval of 5 minutes and an interval of 2 minutes, in between the turns. Each side alternates between chasing and defence. Kho-Kho can be played by men, women, and children of all ages. The game requires a very small piece of evenly surfaced ground, rectangular in shape, and 27m by 15m. The only equipment required are the two poles. The game lasts no more than 37 minutes. So from the above rules we conclude that- Each team consists of 12 players, but only 9 players take the field for a contest. A match consists of two innings. An innings consists of chasing and running turns of 9 minutes each. Then, 1 team sits/kneels in the middle of the court, in a row, with adjacent members facing opposite directions. The chasers can only run in one direction and cannot cut across the sitters unlike the dodgers who can run randomly and in between the sitters. They have to run round the entire row to reach the other side. The other option is to pass the chasing job to another sitter whose back is facing the chaser as the chaser is running. In this option, the chaser touches the sitter he wants,usually nearest to the target and shouts "kho" to signify the change of guard. The objective is to tag all the opponents in the shortest time possible. The team that takes the shortest time to tag all the opponents in the field, wins Field:- Schematic representation of a Kho-kho pitch (field). White lines are the markers, black circles are wooden poles (~ 4 feet tall), yellow arrows are chasing team members (facing as the arrow-heads are), blue smiley faces are the defenders (arrive in batches of 3). A Kho-Kho playground(or pitch) is rectangular. It is 29 meters in length and 16 meters in width. There are two rectangles at the end. One side of the rectangle is 16 meter and the other side is 2.75 meters. In the middle of these two rectangles, there are two wooden poles. The central lane is 907.50 cm long and 30 cm X 30 cm on the lane. There are eight cross lanes which lie across the small squares and each of it is 500 cm in length and 70 cm in breadth, at right angles to the central lane and divided equally into two parts of 7.30 cm each by central lane. At the end of central lane, two posts are fixed. They are 120 cm above the ground and their circumference is not less than 30 cm and not more than 40 cm. The post is made of wooden poles which are smooth all over. The posts are fixed firmly in the free zone tangent to the post-line at a height between 120 to 125 cm. History:- One of the major attributes of a successful animal life is "ACTIVE CHASE" which is a cardinal principle of the Indian game known as KHO-KHO, synonymous with the phrase "Game of Chase." It won't be incorrect or erroneous to state that KHO-KHO was a recognized sport in ancient times even earlier than the oldest mythological writings of the classics, "Mahabharata." The game of chase was then also a legend as it is used in literary phraseology as "putting KHO to someone's active chase meaning putting an effective block and stopping the progress," like we use the phrase "it isn't Cricket" meaning it is unfair and so on. The present appearance of the game was an adoption about the time of World War I in 1914, but lacked exacting rules and regulations that govern the modern games. There were neither any dimensions to the playground nor the poles which demarcate the central line. Time factor was also missing. The Deccan Gymkhana of Pune, so named and baptised by the great Indian leader Lokmanya Tilak drafted the first ever rules and regulations which symbolised the metamorphosis of the game soon to follow.The years 1923-24 saw foundation of the Inter School Sports Organisation, and Kho-Kho was introduced to develop at the grass roots and consequently popularise the sport. The move certainly showed the results and the game of Kho-Kho mainly owes it to the efforts taken by the Deccan Gymkhana and Hind Vijay Gymkhana.The end of 1935 saw again some changes and reforms in the rules based on the experience gathered in adopting the code. 1936 was the golden opportunity for the game of Kho-Kho when the Berlin Olympic Games featured an exhibition of Kho-Kho in the main stadium. The Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal of Amravati were the proud exhibitors. 1938 saw one step forward when Akhil Maharashtra Sharirik Shikshan Mandal organised zonal sports which attracted tremendous response from the budding enthusiasts as well as organizers. This needed yet another few reforms which were adopted in 1943 as well as 1945. During World War II times, Dr. Nash, a renowned U.S. sports organiser, technician, and expert, visited India and saw the game of Kho-Kho. Impressed to the fullest of the coze, Dr. Nash uttered that India should regard Kho-Kho as its National Sport. In that chunk of time the Hind Vijay Gymkhana and Jumma Dada Vyayam Shala in Baroda, the Sanmitra Sangh and Arya Kridoddharak Mandal were the renowned Kho-Kho teams in Pune. Hind Vijay Gymkhana organised the zonal sports. The first ever All India Kho-Kho Championships were organised at Vijay Wada in 1959-60 under the auspices of Kho-Kho Federation of India. The then Mumbai province won the championship under the leadership of Rajabhau Jeste who was a champion player, expert commentator and redoubtable coach made in one. The years 1960-61 featured Women's Championships for the first time. Individual prizes were installed in 1963. Man of the Tournament Award "Ekalavya Award"was won by Vishwanath Mayekar. The Woman of the Tournament Award "Rani Laxmibai Award" was claimed by Usha Anantham of Mysore. The years 1969-70 featured the junior age group competitions at Hyderabad. Youth under 18 and Boys under 16 of age were two new categories introduced where Hemant Jogdeo of Maharashtra was adjudged as the best youth player of the year and was honoured by Abhimanyu Award. Women's junior group Girls under 16 were held in 1974 at Dewas when two more sub-junior groups Boys under 14 and Girls under 12 also commenced yearly championship tournament every year where the best sub-juniors were awarded 'Bharat Award' and 'Veer Bala Award' boys and girls respectively.The Gold Cup Championships never ran smoothly year to year but had periodical haults due to non-availability of sponsor groups. So far the championship has been conducted 14 times for "ALL COMERS "where Madhyastha Ramal Baroda are 3 time winners, Gujarat Kreeda Mandal also of Baroda won 2 times, Sanmitra Sangh of Pune won 1 time and Nav Maharashtra Sangh of Pune won 8 times, achieving 'Hat-Trick' twice.Last five or seven years Women of West Bengal and Kerala are also making their presence felt, Manipur and Punjab Women are not far behind.The game of chase as was a favourite pasture of many renowned sportsmen like Bapu Nadkarni, Pranav Roy of Cricket, Nandu Natekar of Badminton, athletes Angel Mary and Sunder Shetty, Basketball stalwart Meera Deviyyah, Footballer Alok Mukherji and several others who made their mark in International Sports field. National Institute of Sports Netaji Subhash Institute included Kho-Kho in their curriculum since 1971 as six weeks schedule. In 1976 it was raised to 10 months schedule. Indian Olympic Association included Kho-Kho in 1982. 1989 saw Kho-Kho as a 'demonstration' in 'Asian Games' Festival. In 1987 again a demonstration was held in 'South Asian Games' and Asian Kho-Kho Federation came into existence with major membership though of only three countries which soon became a seven nation Federation under the Presidency of Shri. Sharadchandra Saha and Mukund Ambardekar was elected as Hon. Gen. Secretary.1998 saw the first ever International Championship held at Kolkata. Sponsors from various fields have been attached to this great game and Bank of Maharashtra has developed their first ever team of Professional players when others like Indian Railways are about to follow the suit. Since early 2000, the sport have found considerable popularity in Bangladesh with many good players getting national fame. One notable name is Ruksat Ahmed, who won the 2005 Junior Regional Championship in Dhaka. Since then she has participated in various national tournaments and won multiple times before finally retiring in 2010 as National Champion. It is a pity she could not take part in international competitions because of lack of support from the Bangladesh Kho-Kho Federation.Watching the Kho-Kho Championship, prerson no less calibred than Shri. Vijay Merchant, the idol of Indian Cricket, uttered "Hm, sadly mistaken I was so far when I imagined Cricket as a manly game and Kho-Kho as a feminine enterprise.... How earnestly now I feel exactly the other way round and feel sorry for not having played Kho-Kho in the childhood." Little Master Sunil Gavaskar too was so apologetic for having neglected this game in the childhood and uttered "had I ever even the slightest of the idea of this grand spectacle, perhaps I'd have preferred Kho-Kho to Cricket for ever." Such a game of skill, strength and extreme elegance coupled with tremendous requirement of tenacity and stamina is a Grand Indian Game of Chase. Domestic seasons and tournaments:- The following championships are organised for this game: National Championships, Junior National, Sub Junior National Championship, School Championship, Mini School Championship, Primary Mini School Championship, National Women Championship, All India Inter University Championship and Federation Cup. Organisations involved with the sport in India:- The primary sports body for this game is called the Kho-Kho Federation of India (K.K.F.I.). It has its branches in all the states and it has been conducting Mini, Junior and Open National Championships for both sexes, in many parts of India. Key Players:-	i don't know
Who plays Auntie Angela in the UK television comedy series ‘Outnumbered’?	Outnumbered characters - British Comedy Guide Pete AKA: Pete Brockman. Played by: Hugh Dennis Pete tries his hardest to organise his family but often finds himself over-run by his children. He's a bit confused and life seems to have taken Pete, rather than it being him who dictates the direction in which his life goes. Pete taught history in an inner-city school, where a typical school holiday sees five arrested, two become pregnant and one pupil shot. After resigning in protest, he's now a supply teacher. Pete is clearly frustrated by the lack of interest pupils show in learning about history, but is becoming more resigned to it just being a job. Pete's natural wit and his inability to keep jokes to himself has got him in trouble on more than one occasion. Following an ill-judged quip involving obesity and Ramadan, Pete found his job in jeopardy. Sue AKA: Sue Brockman. Played by: Claire Skinner Hard-working and beleaguered mum Sue does her best to cope with the three young kids but almost always finds the odds are stacked against her. When not trying to organise her three offspring, Sue (in the earlier series) can be found trying to deal with her very demanding boss. It seems that Veronica always phones or emails at the least suitable time but, for some reason, even when it is supposed to be her 'day off', Sue is too polite to tell her to go away... well, until near the end of series one, as which point she snaps. Sue clearly has issues with her sister Angela. Whenever given a chance, she will find a reason to have a snide dig at her hippy sister - much to the annoyance of Pete who has clearly heard it all a hundred times before. Jake AKA: Jake Brockman. Played by: Tyger Drew-Honey Jake is wise beyond his years - he seems to know about everything. The trouble with having so much knowledge is that Jake frequently manages to bring a halt to a conversation by recalling a scare-mongering story from the newspaper. Whether it be contracting bird flu, or the odds of a particle physics laboratory creating a black hole which will destroy the world, Jake manages to bring the mood down. Jake is almost always seen plugged into a laptop or iPod - the gadgets acting as a good distraction from his bickering family. In the latest series Jake has become a fully-formed moody teenager - fed up with his parents, the restrictions they place on his social life, and their interest in what he's getting up to. Ben AKA: Ben Brockman. Played by: Daniel Roche Ben has developed an extraordinary talent for lying - a character trait that his parents are clearly worried about. They actually have good reason to be concerned about his fibbing as it is causing them a few headaches. For example, at a school football match the other parents started asking Pete about his friendship with Gordon Brown, his SAS training, and complementing him on how he is so bravely fighting cancer... none of which is true! Ben is a very stubborn child - he often refuses to do what his parents tell him - this seems to be a tactic that works quite well, as Pete and Sue either give up on whatever it was they were trying to get him to do, or bribe him to comply. Karen AKA: Karen Brockman. Played by: Ramona Marquez Karen is Pete and Sue's regal daughter. She has a talent for interrogation, often asks adults the most bizarre off-the-wall questions which completely throw them off balance ("Are shadows made of atoms?"). Some of Karen's innocent questions are actually rather probing and, if answered correctly, would be rather embarrassing for the adults involved. Karen is of an age where she has an interest in everything... including nits. At one point she wanted to keep one as a pet! Karen doesn't yet subscribe to the 'being polite' social skills that adults must endure - and thus she doesn't hide the fact she doesn't really like Auntie Angela, much to the embarrassment of her parents. Auntie Angela AKA: Angela Morrison. Played by: Samantha Bond Sue's sister Angela is very 'new age' - she is into spiritual guides, dream catchers, feng shui etc. Having spent a long time in America following their mother's death, Angela turns up un-expectedly at Sue and Pete's house one day and, much to their surprise, announces that she is staying put for a while to look after granddad. However Angela loses him at the zoo and is dumped by her boyfriend... leaving Sue to predict that it won't be long before she is 'running back to America'. Sue turns out to be right. Angela wants to be liked by her niece and two nephews and so often undermines Sue and Pete by buying the kids nice presents and giving them money and chocolate too. Frank (Grandad) (Series 1-2 & 4) AKA: Frank Morrison. Grandad. Played by: David Ryall Sue and Angela's bewildered dad is suffering from the early signs of dementia. He spends most of his time in quiet contemplation; when he does speak it is normally to repeat a story he has already told before. In the second series, Frank comes to stay with the Brockmans as he recovers from an unfortunate accident involving a tin of baked beans. Frank is having to come to terms with the fact that he is losing his memory and is now living in a care home where, by all accounts, he's being a bit of a rascal (sneaking off the pub and such like). Barbara (Series 2) Played by: Lorraine Pilkington Barbara is the Brockman's dreaded next door neighbour. She constantly highlights Sue's shortcomings with her seemingly perfect life and children. However, as we discover during the second series, life is not quite so perfect for Babs after all - she has a number of blazing rows with her husband which keeps the whole neighbourhood awake.	Samantha Bond
Pouhon, Kemmel Straight and Blanchimont are all sections of the Formula One Grand Prix circuit in which country?	Samantha Bond - Artists - ATG Tickets Samantha Bond Samantha Bond Samantha Bond is an English actress best known for her roles as Miss Moneypenny in the James Bond films during the Pierce Brosnan years, and her role as Auntie Angela in the BBC comedy Outnumbered. She trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. She has appeared in many television series, notably the 1997 adaptation of Emma. She is a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and starred opposite Dame Judi Dench in David Hare's... Read more >> Biography Samantha Bond Overview Samantha Bond is an English actress best known for her roles as Miss Moneypenny in the James Bond films during the Pierce Brosnan years, and her role as Auntie Angela in the BBC comedy Outnumbered. She trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. She has appeared in many television series, notably the 1997 adaptation of Emma. She is a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and starred opposite Dame Judi Dench in David Hare's award-winning play Amy's View at the Royal National Theatre. In 1983, she appeared in the original Southampton production of Daisy Pulls it Off. Also in 1983 she appeared in Mansfield Park and Rumpole of the Bailey, where she played Rumpole's pupil 'Mizz' Liz Probert. In 1985, she appeared in the BBC's adaptation of A Murder is Announced. In 1989, she starred in the television adaptation of The Ginger Tree. In 2004, she starred opposite Peter Davison in the ITV drama-comedy Distant Shores. In 2006, she returned to the stage in a new production of Michael Frayn's Donkey's Years at the Comedy Theatre. In 2007, Bond appeared as the villain Mrs Wormwood in the pilot episode of the BBC children's drama series The Sarah Jane Adventures. She starred in David Leveaux's production of Tom Stoppard's Arcadia at the Duke of York's Theatre in 2009. Since 2007 Bond has appeared as the recurring character of Sue's sister, Auntie Angela in the BBC semi-improvised comedy Outnumbered. In 2009, she portrayed Queen Elizabeth II in part of a series of television programmes for Channel 4 charting particular periods of the monarch's reign. She played Mrs. Cheveley in a production of An Ideal Husband at the Vaudeville Theatre in 2010. Most recently she has appeared in the ITV drama Downton Abbey.	i don't know
English monarch King Henry VIII was given which Palace when ‘owner’ Cardinal Thomas Wolsey fell out of favour with the king?	Henry VIII, King of England - Henry VIII, King of England Biography - Poem Hunter Henry VIII, King of England - Henry VIII, King of England Biography - Poem Hunter Biography Biography of Henry VIII, King of England Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later King, of Ireland, as well as continuing the nominal claim by the English monarchs to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Yet he remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, even after his excommunication from the Catholic Church. Henry oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. Henry was considered an attractive, educated and accomplished king in his prime and has a reputation as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne". Besides ruling with absolute power, he also engaged himself as an author and composer. His desire to provide England with a male heir—which stemmed partly from personal vanity and partly because he believed a daughter would be unable to consolidate the Tudor Dynasty and the fragile peace that existed following the Wars of the Roses—led to the two things for which Henry is remembered: his six marriages, and the English Reformation, making England a mostly Protestant nation. In later life he became morbidly obese and his health suffered; his public image is frequently depicted as one of a lustful, egotistical, harsh, and insecure king. Early years: 1491–1509 Born at Greenwich Palace, Henry VIII was the third child of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Of the young Henry's six siblings, only three — Arthur, Prince of Wales; Margaret; and Mary — survived infancy. In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. In 1494, he was made Duke of York. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Henry was given a first-rate education from leading tutors, becoming fluent in Latin, French, and Spanish. As it was expected that the throne would pass to Prince Arthur, Henry's older brother, Henry was prepared for a clerical career. Elizabeth of York, his mother, died when Henry was aged 11. Death of Prince Arthur In 1502, Arthur died at the age of 15, after only 20 weeks of marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Arthur's death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother, the 10-year-old Henry, who then became Prince of Wales. Henry VII renewed his efforts to seal a marital alliance between England and Spain, by offering his second son in marriage to Prince Arthur's widow, Catherine of Aragon, youngest surviving child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. For the new Prince of Wales to marry his brother's widow, a dispensation from the Pope was normally required to overrule the impediment of affinity because, as told in the Book of Leviticus, "If a brother is to marry the wife of a brother they will remain childless." Catherine swore that her marriage to Prince Arthur had not been consummated. Still, both the English and Spanish parties agreed that an additional papal dispensation of affinity would be prudent to remove all doubt regarding the legitimacy of the marriage. The impatience of Catherine's mother, Queen Isabella I, induced Pope Julius II to grant dispensation in the form of a Papal bull. So, 14 months after her young husband's death, Catherine was betrothed to his even younger brother, Henry. Yet by 1505, Henry VII lost interest in a Spanish alliance and the younger Henry declared that his betrothal had been arranged without his consent. Continued diplomatic manoeuvring over the fate of the proposed marriage lingered until the death of Henry VII in 1509. Only 17 years old, Henry married Catherine on 11 June 1509 and, on 24 June 1509, the two were crowned at Westminster Abbey. Early reign: 1509–1525 Two days after his coronation, he arrested his father's two most unpopular ministers, Sir Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley (grandfather of Henry's daughter Elizabeth's favourite courtier, Robert Dudley). They were charged with high treason and were executed in 1510. This was to become Henry's primary tactic for dealing with those who stood in his way, as believed by historians such as Crofton. Henry also returned to the public some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers. ... his executors made restitution of great sums of money, to many persons taken against good conscience to the said king's use, by the forenamed Empson and Dudley. Henry cultivated the image of a Renaissance Man and his court was a centre of scholarly and artistic innovation and glamorous excess, epitomised by the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He was an accomplished musician, author, and poet. His best known musical composition is "Pastime with Good Company" or "The Kynges Ballade". He was an avid gambler and dice player, and excelled at sports, especially jousting, hunting, and real tennis. He was known for his strong defence of conventional Christian piety. Meeting Francis I on 7 June 1520 near Calais, he entertained the French king with a fortnight of lavish entertainment to establish a closer diplomatic relationship after the military conflicts of the previous decade. France and the Habsburgs In 1511 Pope Julius II proclaimed a Holy League against France. The new alliance rapidly grew to include not only Spain and the Holy Roman Empire but England as well. Henry decided to use the occasion to expand his holdings in northern France. He concluded the Treaty of Westminster, a pledge of mutual aid with Spain against France, in November 1511 and prepared for involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai. In 1513 Henry invaded France and his troops defeated a French army at the Battle of the Spurs. His brother-in-law, James IV of Scotland, invaded England at the behest of Louis XII of France, but failed to draw Henry's attention away from France. The English army, led by Queen Catherine, who acted as regent of England while Henry was in France, defeated the Scots at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513. Among the dead was the Scottish King James IV, ending Scotland's brief involvement in the war. On 18 February 1516 Queen Catherine bore Henry his first child to survive infancy, Princess Mary. (A son, Henry, Duke of Cornwall, had been born in 1511 but lived only a few weeks.) Power and authority Financially, the reign of Henry was a near-disaster. Although he inherited a prosperous economy (and further augmented his royal treasury by seizures of church lands), Henry's heavy spending and high taxes damaged the economy. For example, Henry expanded the Royal Navy from 5 to 53 ships. He loved palaces; he began with a dozen and died with fifty-five, in which he hung 2,000 tapestries. By comparison, his neighbour and nephew James V of Scotland had five palaces and 200 tapestries. He took pride in showing off his collection of weapons, which included exotic archery equipment, 2,250 pieces of land ordnance and 6,500 handguns. Henry began his reign with heavy reliance on advisers and ended with complete control. From 1514 to 1529, Thomas Wolsey (1473–1530), a Catholic cardinal, served as lord chancellor and practically controlled domestic and foreign policy for the young king. He negotiated the truce with France that was signalled by the dramatic display of amity on the Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520). He switched England back and forth as an ally of France and the Holy Roman Empire. Wolsey centralised the national government and extended the jurisdiction of the conciliar courts, particularly the Star Chamber. His use of forced loans to pay for foreign wars angered the rich, who were annoyed as well by his enormous wealth and ostentatious living. Wolsey disappointed the king when he failed to secure a quick divorce from Queen Catherine. The treasury was empty after years of extravagance; the peers and people were dissatisfied and Henry needed an entirely new approach; Wolsey had to be replaced. After 16 years at the top he lost power in 1529 and in 1530 was arrested on false charges of treason and died in custody. Wolsey's fall was a warning to the Pope and to the clergy of England of what might be expected for failure to comply with the king's wishes. Henry then took full control of his government, although at court numerous complex factions continued to try to ruin and destroy each other. Geoffrey Elton (1962) argues there was a major Tudor revolution in government. While crediting Henry with intelligence and shrewdness, Elton finds that much of the positive action, especially the break with Rome, was the work of Thomas Cromwell and not the king. Elton sees Henry as competent, but too lazy to take direct control of affairs for any extended period; that is, the king was an opportunist who relied on others for most of his ideas and to do most of the work. Henry's marital adventures are part of Elton's chain of evidence; a man who marries six wives, Elton notes, is not someone who fully controls his own fate. Elton shows that Thomas Cromwell had conceived of a commonwealth of England that included popular participation through Parliament and that this was generally expressed in the preambles to legislation. Parliamentary consent did not mean that the king had yielded any of his authority; Henry VIII was a paternalistic ruler who did not hesitate to use his power. Popular "consent" was a means to augment rather than limit royal power. Reformation Henry never formally repudiated the doctrines of the Catholic Church, but he declared himself supreme head of the church in England in 1534. This, combined with subsequent actions, eventually resulted in a separated church, the Church of England. Henry and his advisors felt the pope was acting in the role of an Italian prince involved in secular affairs, which obscured his religious role. They said Rome treated England as a minor stepchild, allowing it one cardinal out of fifty, and no possibility of that cardinal becoming pope. For reasons of state it was increasingly intolerable to Henry that major decisions in England were settled by Italians. The divorce issue exemplified the problem but was not itself the cause of the problem. Henry's reformation of the English church involved more complex motives and methods than his desire for a new wife and an heir. Henry asserted that his first marriage had never been valid, but the divorce issue was only one factor in Henry's desire to reform the church. In 1532–1537, he instituted a number of statutes — the act of appeal (Statute in Restraint of Appeals, 1533), the various Acts of Succession (1533, 1534, and 1536), the first Act of Supremacy (1534), and others — that dealt with the relationship between the king and the pope and the structure of the Church of England. During these years, Henry suppressed monasteries and pilgrimage shrines in his attempt to reform the church. The king was always the dominant force in the making of religious policy; his policy, which he pursued skilfully and consistently, is best characterised as a search for the middle way. Questions over what was the true faith were resolved with the adoption of the orthodox "Act of Six Articles" (1539) and a careful holding of the balance between extreme factions after 1540. Even so, the era saw movement away from religious orthodoxy, the more so as the pillars of the old beliefs, especially Thomas More and John Fisher, had been unable to accept the change and had been executed in 1535 for refusing to renounce papal authority. Critical for the Henrician reformation was the new political theology of obedience to the prince that was enthusiastically adopted by the Church of England in the 1530s. It reflected Martin Luther's new interpretation of the fourth commandment ("Honor thy father and mother") and was mediated to an English audience by William Tyndale. The founding of royal authority on the Ten Commandments, and thus on the word of God, was a particularly attractive feature of this doctrine, which became a defining feature of Henrician religion. Rival tendencies within the Church of England sought to exploit it in the pursuit of their particular agendas. Reformers strove to preserve its connections with the broader framework of Lutheran theology, with the emphasis on faith alone and the word of God, while conservatives emphasised good works, ceremonies, and charity. The Reformers linked royal supremacy and the word of God to persuade Henry to publish the Great Bible in 1539, an English translation that was a formidable prop for his new-found dignity. Response to the reforms was mixed. The reforms, which closed down monasteries that were the only support of the impoverished, alienated most of the population outside of London and helped provoke the great northern rising of 1536–1537, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. It was the only real threat to Henry's security on the throne in all his reign. Some 30,000 rebels in nine groups were led by the charismatic Robert Aske, together with most of the northern nobility. Aske went to London to negotiate terms; once there he was arrested, charged with treason and executed. About 200 rebels were executed and the disturbances ended. Elsewhere the changes were accepted and welcomed, and those who clung to Catholic rites kept quiet or moved in secrecy. They would reemerge in the reign of Henry's daughter Mary (1553–1558). Dissolving the monasteries England possessed numerous religious houses that owned large tracts of land worked by tenants. Henry dissolved them (1536–1541) and transferred a fifth of England's landed wealth to new hands. The program was designed primarily to create a landed gentry beholden to the crown, which would use the lands much more efficiently. Henry made radical changes in traditional religious practices. He ordered the clergy to preach against superstitious images, relics, miracles, and pilgrimages, and to remove most candles. The catechism of 1545, called the King's Primer, left out the saints. Latin rituals gave way to English. Shrines to saints were destroyed — including the popular one of St. Thomas of Canterbury — and relics were ridiculed as worthless old bones. Mistresses Contrary to popular belief, Henry may not have had very many affairs outside marriage. Apart from women he later married, the identities of only two mistresses are completely undisputed: Elizabeth Blount and Mary Boleyn. However, it is unlikely that they were the only two; Alison Weir has argued that, aside from the affairs listed below, there were numerous other short-term and secret liaisons, most of them conducted in the king's river-side mansion of Jordan House. Elizabeth "Bessie" Blount gave birth in June 1519 to Henry's illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy. The young boy was made Duke of Richmond in June 1525 in what some thought was one step on the path to legitimising him. In 1533, FitzRoy married Mary Howard, Anne Boleyn's first cousin, but died three years later without any children. At the time of FitzRoy's death (July 1536), Parliament was enacting the Second Succession Act, which could have allowed Henry's illegitimate son to become king. Mary Boleyn was Henry's mistress before her sister, Anne, became his second wife. She is thought to have been Catherine's lady-in-waiting at some point between 1519 and 1526. There has been speculation that Mary's two children, Catherine and Henry, were fathered by Henry, but this has never been proved and the King never acknowledged them as he did Henry FitzRoy. In 1510 it was reported that Henry was conducting an affair with one of the sisters of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, either Elizabeth or Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon. Her brother, the Duke of Buckingham, became enraged and Lord George Hastings, her husband, sent her to a convent. Eustace Chapuys wrote, "the husband of that lady went away, carried her off and placed her in a convent sixty miles from here, that no one may see her." Biographer Antonia Fraser has claimed that Henry had an affair with Mary Shelton in 1535, in opposition to the traditional belief that Margaret ("Madge") Shelton was Henry's lover. King's Great Matter: 1525–1533 The Six Wives of Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Henry became impatient with Catherine's inability to produce the heir he desired. All of Catherine's children died in infancy except their daughter Mary. Henry wanted a male heir to consolidate the power of the Tudor dynasty. In 1525, as Henry grew more impatient, he became enamoured of a charismatic young woman in the Queen's entourage, Anne Boleyn. Anne at first resisted his attempts to seduce her, and refused to become his mistress as her sister Mary Boleyn had. She said "I beseech your highness most earnestly to desist, and to this my answer in good part. I would rather lose my life than my honesty." This refusal made Henry even more attracted, and he pursued her relentlessly. Eventually, Anne saw her opportunity in Henry's infatuation and determined she would only yield to his embraces as his acknowledged queen. It soon became the King's absorbing desire to annul his marriage to Catherine. Henry appealed directly to the Holy See, independently from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, from whom he kept his plans for Anne secret. Instead, Henry's secretary, William Knight, was sent to Pope Clement VII to sue for the annulment. The grounds were that the bull of Pope Julius II was obtained by false pretences, because Catherine's brief marriage to the sickly Arthur had been consummated. Henry petitioned, in the event of annulment, a dispensation to marry again to any woman even in the first degree of affinity, whether the affinity was contracted by lawful or unlawful connection. This clearly had reference to Anne. However, as the pope was at that time imprisoned by Catherine's nephew, Emperor Charles V, Knight had difficulty in getting access to him, and so only managed to obtain the conditional dispensation for a new marriage. Henry now had no choice but to put the matter into the hands of Wolsey. Wolsey did all he could to secure a decision in the King's favour, going so far as to arrange an ecclesiastical court to meet in England, with a representative from the Pope. Shakespeare's play, Henry VIII, accurately records Catherine of Aragon's astounding coup in that remarkable courtroom in Act II, scene iv. She bows low to Henry, put herself at his mercy, states her case with irrefutable eloquence and then sweeps out of the courtroom, a woman both formidable and clearly wronged. However much this moment swayed those present and the rest of the world to her side, the Pope had never had any intention of empowering his legate. Charles V resisted the annulment of his aunt's marriage, but it is not clear how far this influenced the pope. But it is clear that Henry saw that the Pope was unlikely to give him an annulment from the Emperor's aunt. The pope forbade Henry to proceed to a new marriage before a decision was given in Rome, not in England. Wolsey bore the blame. Convinced that he was treacherous, Anne Boleyn maintained pressure until Wolsey was dismissed from public office in 1529. After being dismissed, the cardinal begged her to help him return to power, but she refused. He then began a plot to have Anne forced into exile and began communication with Queen Catherine and the Pope to that end. When this was discovered, Henry ordered Wolsey's arrest and had it not been for his death from illness in 1530, he might have been executed for treason. His replacement, Sir Thomas More, initially cooperated with the king's new policy, denouncing Wolsey in Parliament and proclaiming the opinion of the theologians at Oxford and Cambridge that the marriage of Henry to Catherine had been unlawful. As Henry began to deny the authority of the Pope, More's qualms grew. A year later, Queen Catherine was banished from court and her rooms were given to Anne. With Wolsey gone, Anne had considerable power over political matters. She was an unusually educated and intellectual woman for her time, and was keenly absorbed and engaged with the ideas of the Protestant Reformers. When Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham died, Anne had the Boleyn family's chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, appointed to the vacant position. Through the intervention of the King of France, this was conceded by Rome, the pallium being granted to him by Clement. Breaking the power of Rome in England proceeded slowly. In 1532, a lawyer who was a supporter of Anne, Thomas Cromwell, brought before Parliament a number of acts including the Supplication against the Ordinaries and the Submission of the Clergy, which recognised Royal Supremacy over the church. Following these acts, Thomas More resigned as Chancellor, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister. Second marriage In the winter of 1532, Henry attended a meeting with Francis I of France at Calais in which he enlisted the support of the French king for his new marriage. Immediately upon returning to Dover in England, Henry and Anne went through a secret wedding service. She soon became pregnant and there was a second wedding service in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgment at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of the king's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be valid. Catherine was formally stripped of her title as queen, and Anne was crowned queen consort on 1 June 1533. The queen gave birth to a daughter slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533. The child was christened Elizabeth, in honour of Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York. Rejecting the decisions of the Pope, Parliament validated the marriage of Henry and Anne with the First Succession Act (Act of Succession 1533). Catherine's daughter, Mary, was declared illegitimate, and Anne's issue were declared next in the line of succession. Most notable in this declaration was a clause repudiating "any foreign authority, prince or potentate". All adults in the Kingdom were required to acknowledge the Act's provisions by oath; those who refused were subject to imprisonment for life. Any publisher or printer of any literature alleging that the marriage was invalid was automatically guilty of high treason and could be punished by death. Separation from Rome: 1533–1540 Meanwhile, Parliament had forbidden all appeals to Rome and exacted the penalties of praemunire against all who introduced papal bulls into England. Parliament prohibited the Church from making any regulations (canons) without the king's consent. It was only then that Pope Clement at last took the step of launching sentences of excommunication against Henry and Thomas Cranmer, declaring at the same time the archbishop's decree of annulment to be invalid and the marriage with Anne null and papal nuncio was withdrawn from England and diplomatic relations with Rome were broken off. Several more laws were passed in England. The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act 1534 required the clergy to elect bishops nominated by the Sovereign. The Act of Supremacy in 1534 declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England" and the Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as such. In response to the excommunications, the Peter's Pence Act was passed in and it reiterated that England had "no superior under God, but only your Grace" and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished by "the unreasonable and uncharitable usurpations and exactions" of the Pope. In defiance of the Pope the Church of England was now under Henry’s control, not Rome's. Protestant Reformers still faced persecution, particularly over objections to Henry's annulment. Many fled abroad where they met further difficulties, including the influential William Tyndale, who was eventually executed and his body burned at King Henry's behest. Theological and practical reforms would follow only under Henry's successors (see end of section). Personal troubles The king and queen were not pleased with married life. The royal couple enjoyed periods of calm and affection, but Anne refused to play the submissive role expected of her. The vivacity and opinionated intellect that had made her so attractive as an illicit lover made her too independent for the largely ceremonial role of a royal wife, given that Henry expected absolute obedience from those who interacted with him in an official capacity at court. It made her many enemies. For his part, Henry disliked Anne’s constant irritability and violent temper. After a false pregnancy or miscarriage in 1534, he saw her failure to give him a son as a betrayal. As early as Christmas 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the chances of leaving Anne without having to return to Catherine. Opposition to Henry's religious policies was quickly suppressed in England. A number of dissenting monks were tortured and executed. The most prominent resisters included John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Sir Thomas More, Henry's former Lord Chancellor, both of who refused to take the oath to the King and were subsequently convicted of high treason and beheaded at Tower Hill, just outside the Tower of London. These suppressions, including the Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act of 1536, in turn contributed to further resistance among the English people, most notably in the Pilgrimage of Grace, a large uprising in northern England in October, 1536. Henry VIII promised the rebels he would pardon them and thanked them for raising the issues to his attention, then invited the rebel leader, Robert Aske to a royal banquet. At the banquet, Henry asked Aske to write down what had happened so he could have a better idea of the problems he would "change." Aske did what the King asked, although what he had written was later used against him as a confession. The King's word could not be questioned (as he was held as God's chosen, and second only to God himself) so Aske told the rebels they had been successful and they could disperse and go home. However, because Henry saw the rebels as traitors, he did not feel obliged to keep his promises. The rebels realised that the King was not keeping his promises and rebelled again later that year, but their strength was less in the second attempt and the King ordered the rebellion crushed. The leaders, including Aske, were arrested and executed for treason. Execution of Anne Boleyn On 8 January 1536 news reached the king and the queen that Catherine of Aragon had died. Upon hearing the news of her death, Henry and Anne reportedly decked themselves in bright yellow clothing, yellow being the colour of mourning in Spain at the time. Henry called for public displays of joy regarding Catherine's death. The queen was pregnant again, and she was aware of the consequences if she failed to give birth to a son. Her life could be in danger, as with both wives dead, Henry would be free to remarry and no one could claim that the union was illegal. Later that month, the King was unhorsed in a tournament and was badly injured. It seemed for a time that the King's life was in danger. When news of this accident reached the queen, she was sent into shock and miscarried a male child that was about 15 weeks old, on the day of Catherine’s funeral, 29 January 1536. For most observers, this personal loss was the beginning of the end of the royal marriage. Given the King's desperate desire for a son, the sequence of Anne's pregnancies has attracted much interest. Author Mike Ashley speculated that Anne had two stillborn children after Elizabeth's birth and before the birth of the male child she miscarried in 1536. Most sources attest only to the birth of Elizabeth in September 1533, a possible miscarriage in the summer of 1534, and the miscarriage of a male child, of almost four months gestation, in January 1536. As Anne recovered from her final miscarriage, Henry declared that his marriage had been the product of witchcraft. The King's new mistress, Jane Seymour, was quickly moved into new quarters. This was followed by Anne's brother, George Boleyn, being refused a prestigious court honour, the Order of the Garter, which was instead given to Jane Seymour's brother. Five men, including Anne's own brother, were arrested on charges of incest and treason, accused of having sexual relationships with the queen. On 2 May 1536 Anne was arrested and taken to the Tower of London. She was accused of adultery, incest and high treason. Although the evidence against them was unconvincing, the accused were found guilty and condemned to death by the peers. George Boleyn and the other accused men were executed on 17 May 1536. At 8 am on 19 May 1536, the queen was executed on Tower Green. She knelt upright, in the French style of executions. The execution was swift and consisted of a single stroke. Birth of a prince One day after Anne's execution in 1536 Henry became engaged to Jane Seymour, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting to whom the king had been showing favour for some time. They were married 10 days later. At about the same time as this, his third marriage, Henry granted his assent to the Laws in Wales Act 1535, which legally annexed Wales, uniting England and Wales into one unified nation. This was followed by the Second Succession Act (Act of Succession 1536), which declared Henry's children by Queen Jane to be next in the line of succession and declared both the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth illegitimate, thus excluding them from the throne. The king was granted the power to further determine the line of succession in his will. In 1537, Jane gave birth to a son, Prince Edward, the future Edward VI. The birth was difficult and the queen died at Hampton Court Palace on 24 October 1537 from an infection. After Jane's death, the entire court mourned with Henry for an extended period. Henry considered Jane to be his "true" wife, being the only one who had given him the male heir he so desperately sought. He was later to be buried next to her at his death. Final years: 1540–1547 In 1540, Henry sanctioned the destruction of shrines to saints. At this time, Henry wished to marry once again to ensure the succession. Thomas Cromwell, created Earl of Essex, suggested Anne, the sister of the Protestant Duke of Cleves, who was seen as an important ally in case of a Roman Catholic attack on England. Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to Cleves to paint a portrait of Anne for the king. Despite speculation that Holbein painted her in an overly flattering light, it is more likely that the portrait was accurate; Holbein remained in favour at court. After regarding Holbein's portrayal, and urged by the complimentary description of Anne given by his courtiers (and the fact that many others whom Holbein painted had no desire to risk marriage with Henry), the king agreed to wed Anne. On Anne's arrival in England, Henry is said to have found her unattractive, privately calling her a "Flanders Mare". There is no record of Anne's opinion of the relative attractions of her morbidly obese new husband. Henry wished to annul the marriage so he could marry another. The Duke of Cleves had become engaged in a dispute with the Holy Roman Emperor, with whom Henry had no desire to quarrel. Queen Anne was intelligent enough not to impede Henry's quest for an annulment. Upon the question of marital sex, she testified that her marriage had never been consummated. Henry was said to have come into the room each night and merely kissed his new bride on the forehead before retiring. All impediments to an annulment were thus removed. The marriage was subsequently dissolved and Anne received the title of "The King's Sister", and was granted Hever Castle, the former residence of the Boleyn family. Cromwell, meanwhile, fell out of favour for his role in arranging the marriage and was subsequently attainted and beheaded. The office of Vicegerent in Spirituals, which had been specifically created for him, was not filled. On 28 July 1540 (the same day Cromwell was executed), Henry married the young Catherine Howard, Anne Boleyn's first cousin and a lady-in-waiting of Anne's. He was absolutely delighted with his new queen. Soon after her marriage, however, Queen Catherine had an affair with the courtier Thomas Culpeper. She employed Francis Dereham, who was previously informally engaged to her and had an affair with her prior to her marriage, as her secretary. Thomas Cranmer, who was opposed to the powerful Roman Catholic Howard family, brought evidence of Queen Catherine's activities to the king's notice. Though Henry originally refused to believe the allegations, he allowed Cranmer to conduct an investigation, which resulted in Queen Catherine's implication. When questioned, the queen could have admitted a prior contract to marry Dereham, which would have made her subsequent marriage to Henry invalid, but she instead claimed that Dereham had forced her to enter into an adulterous relationship. Dereham, meanwhile, exposed Queen Catherine's relationship with Thomas Culpeper. Catherine was executed on 13 February 1542. She was aged between 17 and 22 when she died (opinions differ as to her year of birth). That same year, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown. Abbots and priors lost their seats in the House of Lords; only archbishops and bishops came to comprise the ecclesiastical element of the body. The Lords Spiritual, as members of the clergy with seats in the House of Lords were known, were for the first time outnumbered by the Lords Temporal. Catherine Parr, Henry's sixth and last wife. Henry married his last wife, the wealthy widow Catherine Parr, in 1543. She argued with Henry over religion; she was a reformer, but Henry remained a conservative. This behaviour nearly proved her undoing, but she saved herself by a show of submissiveness. She helped reconcile Henry with his first two daughters, the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth. In 1544, an Act of Parliament put the daughters back in the line of succession after Edward, Prince of Wales, though they were still deemed illegitimate. The same act allowed Henry to determine further succession to the throne in his will. A wave of political executions that commenced with Edmund de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk in 1513 ended with Henry Earl of Surrey in January, 1547. Although some sources claim that, according to Holinshed, the number of executions in this reign amounted to 72,000, the figure referred to "great thieves, petty thieves, and rogues," and the source is not Holinshed but the English clergyman William Harrison. This inflated figure came from Gerolamo Cardano who in turn got it from the Roman Catholic Bishop of Lisieux. Death and succession Late in life, Henry became obese (with a waist measurement of 54 inches/137 cm) and had to be moved about with the help of mechanical inventions. He was covered with painful, pus-filled boils and possibly suffered from gout. His obesity and other medical problems can be traced from a jousting accident in 1536 in which he suffered a leg wound. The accident actually re-opened and aggravated a previous leg wound he had sustained years earlier, to the extent that his doctors found it difficult (if not impossible) to treat it. The wound festered for the remainder of his life and became ulcerated, thus preventing him from maintaining the same level of physical activity he had previously enjoyed. The jousting accident is believed to have caused Henry's mood swings, which may have had a dramatic effect on his personality and temperament. The theory that Henry suffered from syphilis has been dismissed by most serious historians. Syphilis was a well-known disease in Henry's time, and although his contemporary Francis I of France was treated for it, the notes left from Henry's physicians do not indicate that the English king was. A more recent and credible theory suggests that Henry's medical symptoms, and those of his older sister Margaret Tudor, are characteristic of untreated Type II diabetes. According to research published in March 2011, his wives' pattern of pregnancies and his mental deterioration suggests that the king may have been Kell positive and suffered from McLeod syndrome. Obesity specialists at Imperial College London have analysed Henry VIII’s history and body morphology to identify that this was likely as a result of traumatic brain injury after his 1536 jousting accident, which in turn led to a neuroendocrine cause of his obesity. This analysis identifies growth hormone deficiency (GHD) as the source for his increased adiposity but also significant behavioural changes (multiple marriages and war with France) noted in his later years. Henry's obesity hastened his death at the age of 55, which occurred on 28 January 1547 in the Palace of Whitehall, on what would have been his father's 90th birthday. He expired soon after allegedly uttering his last words: "Monks! Monks! Monks!", perhaps in reference to the monks he caused to be evicted during the dissolution of the monasteries. Henry VIII was Interred in St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle, next to his wife Jane Seymour.Over a hundred years later Charles I was buried in the same vault. Within a little more than a decade after his death, all three of his royal heirs sat on the English throne, but none of the three left any descendants. Under the Act of Succession 1543, Henry's only surviving legitimate son, Edward, inherited the Crown, becoming Edward VI. Since Edward was only nine years old at the time, he could not exercise actual power. Henry's will designated 16 executors to serve on a council of regency until Edward reached the age of 18. The executors chose Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford, Jane Seymour's elder brother, to be Lord Protector of the Realm. In default of heirs to Edward, the throne was to pass to Henry VIII's daughter by Catherine of Aragon, the Princess Mary, and her heirs. If Mary's issue failed, the crown was to go to Henry's daughter by Anne Boleyn, Princess Elizabeth, and her heirs. Finally, if Elizabeth's line became extinct, the crown was to be inherited by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased younger sister, Mary. The descendants of Henry's sister Margaret Tudor — the royal family of Scotland — were therefore excluded from succession according to this act. This final provision failed when James VI of Scotland subsequently became James I of England upon Elizabeth's death. Public image and memory Henry worked hard to present an image of unchallengeable authority and irresistible power. He executed at will, beheading, often in public, more English notables than any monarch before or since. The roll of heads included two wives, twenty peers, four leading public servants, and six of the king's close attendants and friends, not to mention one cardinal and various heads of monasteries. In addition Cardinal Wolsey died en route to his treason trial. A strong man, over six feet tall and broad in proportion, he excelled at jousting and hunting. More than pastimes, they were political devices that served multiple goals, from enhancing his athletic royal image to impressing foreign emissaries and rulers, to conveying Henry's ability to suppress any rebellion. Thus he arranged a jousting tournament at Greenwich in 1517, where he wore gilded armour, gilded horse trappings, and outfits of velvet, satin and cloth of gold dripping with pearls and jewels. It suitably impressed foreign ambassadors, one of who wrote home that, "The wealth and civilisation of the world are here, and those who call the English barbarians appear to me to render themselves such." Henry finally retired from the lists in 1536 after a heavy fall from his horse left him unconscious for two hours, but he continued to sponsor two lavish tournaments a year. He then started adding weight and lost that trim athletic look that had made him so handsome; Henry's courtiers began dressing in heavily padded clothes to emulate — and flatter — their increasingly stout monarch. Towards the end of his reign his health rapidly declined due to unhealthy eating. Henry was an intellectual. The first English king with a modern humanist education, who read and wrote English, French, Latin and was thoroughly at home in his well-stocked library; he personally annotated many books and wrote and published his own book. He is also said to have written Helas madam. He founded Christ Church Cathedral School, Oxford, in 1546. To promote the public support for the reformation of the church, Henry had numerous pamphlets and lectures prepared. For example, Richard Sampson's Oratio (1534) was a legalistic argument for absolute obedience to the temporal power as vested in divine law and Christian love ("obey my commandments"). Sampson cited historical precedents (now known to be spurious) to support his claim that the English church had always been independent from Rome. At the popular level theatre and minstrel troupes funded by the crown travelled around the land to promote the new religious practices and ridicule the old. In the polemical plays they presented, the pope and Catholic priests and monks were mocked as foreign devils, while the glorious king was hailed as a brave and heroic defender of the true faith. Henry VIII was an avid gambler and dice player. He was an accomplished musician, author, and poet; his best known piece of music is "Pastime with Good Company" ("The Kynges Ballade"). He is often reputed to have written "Greensleeves" but probably did not. The King was involved in the original construction and improvement of several significant buildings, including Nonsuch Palace, King's College Chapel, Cambridge and Westminster Abbey in London. Many of the existing buildings Henry improved were properties confiscated from Wolsey, such as Christ Church, Oxford, Hampton Court Palace, the Palace of Whitehall, and Trinity College, Cambridge. The only surviving piece of clothing worn by Henry VIII is a cap of maintenance awarded to the Mayor of Waterford, along with a bearing sword, in 1536. It currently resides in the Waterford Museum of Treasures. A suit of Henry's armour is on display in the Tower of London. In the centuries since his death, Henry has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. Royal finances Henry inherited a vast fortune from his father Henry VII who had, in contrast to his son, been frugal and careful with money. This fortune was estimated to £1,250,000 (£375 million by today's standards). Much of this wealth was spent by Henry on maintaining his court and household, including many of the building works he undertook on royal palaces. Tudor monarchs had to fund all the expenses of government out of their own income. This income came from the Crown lands that Henry owned as well as from customs duties like tonnage and poundage, granted by parliament to the king for life. During Henry's reign the revenues of the Crown remained constant (around £100,000), but were eroded by inflation and rising prices brought about by war. Indeed it was war and Henry's dynastic ambitions in Europe that meant that the surplus he had inherited from his father was exhausted by the mid-1520s. Whereas Henry VII had not involved Parliament in his affairs very much, Henry VIII had to turn to Parliament during his reign for money, in particular for grants of subsidies to fund his wars. The Dissolution of the Monasteries provided a means to replenish the treasury and as a result the Crown took possession of monastic lands worth £120,000 (£36 million) a year. Henry had to debase the coinage in 1526 and 1539 in order to solve his financial problems, and despite his ministers efforts to reduce costs and waste at court, Henry died in debt. Legacy Though mainly motivated by dynastic and personal concerns, and despite never really abandoning the fundamentals of the Catholic Church, Henry ensured that the greatest act of his reign would be one of the most radical and decisive of any English monarch. His break with Rome in 1533–1534 was an act with enormous consequences for the subsequent course of English history beyond the Tudor dynasty. Not only in making possible the transformation of England into a powerful (albeit very distinctive) nation; but in the seizing of economic and political power from the Church by the aristocracy, chiefly through the acquisition of monastic lands and assets — a short-term strategy with long-term social consequences. Henry's decision to entrust the regency of his son Edward's minor years to a decidedly reform-oriented regency council, dominated by Edward Seymour, most likely for the simple tactical reason that Seymour seemed likely to provide the strongest leadership for the kingdom, ensured that the English Reformation would be consolidated and even furthered during his son's reign. Such ironies marked other aspects of his legacy. He fostered humanist learning and yet was responsible for the deaths of several outstanding English humanists. Obsessed with securing the succession to the throne, he left as his only heirs a young son (who died before his 16th birthday) and two daughters adhering to different religions. The power of the state was magnified. Henry worked with some success to make England once again a major player on the European scene but depleted his treasury in the course of doing so, a legacy that has remained an issue for English monarchs ever since. Scarisbrick (1968) concludes that Henry was a formidable, captivating man who "wore regality with a splendid conviction." But unpredictably his overpowering charm could turn into anger and shouting, for he was high-strung and unstable; hypochondriac and possessed of a strong streak of cruelty. Smith (1971) considered him an egotistical border-line neurotic given to great fits of temper and deep and dangerous suspicions, with a mechanical and conventional, but deeply held piety, having at best "a mediocre intellect" to hold these contradictory forces in harness. English navy Together with Alfred the Great and Charles II, Henry is traditionally cited as one of the founders of the Royal Navy. His reign featured some naval warfare and, more significantly, large royal investment in shipbuilding (including a few spectacular great ships such as Mary Rose), dockyards (such as HMNB Portsmouth) and naval innovations (such as the use of cannon on board ship — although archers were still deployed on medieval-style forecastles and bowcastles as the ship's primary armament on large ships, or co-armament where cannon were used). However, in some ways this is a misconception since Henry did not bequeath to his immediate successors a navy in the sense of a formalised organisation with structures, ranks, and formalised munitioning structures but only in the sense of a set of ships. Elizabeth I still had to cobble together a set of privately owned ships to fight off the Spanish Armada (which consisted of about 130 warships and converted merchant ships) and in the former, formal sense the modern British navy, the Royal Navy, is largely a product of the Anglo-Dutch naval rivalry of the 17th century. Still, Henry's reign marked the birth of English naval power and was a key factor in England's later victory over the Spanish Armada. Henry's break with Rome incurred the threat of a large-scale French or Spanish invasion. To guard against this he strengthened existing coastal defence fortresses such as Dover Castle and, at Dover, Moat Bulwark and Archcliffe Fort, which he personally visited for a few months to supervise. He built a chain of new 'castles' (in fact, large bastioned and garrisoned gun batteries) along Britain's southern and eastern coasts from East Anglia to Cornwall, largely built of material gained from the demolition of the monasteries. These were known as Henry VIII's Device Forts. Style and arms Many changes were made to the royal style during his reign. Henry originally used the style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Lord of Ireland". In 1521, pursuant to a grant from Pope Leo X rewarding a book by Henry, the Defence of the Seven Sacraments, attacking Martin Luther, the royal style became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland". Following Henry's excommunication, Pope Paul III rescinded the grant of the title "Defender of the Faith", but an Act of Parliament declared that it remained valid; and it continues in royal usage to the present day. In 1535, Henry added the "supremacy phrase" to the royal style, which became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith, Lord of Ireland and of the Church of England in Earth Supreme Head". In 1536, the phrase "of the Church of England" changed to "of the Church of England and also of Ireland". In 1541, Henry had the Irish Parliament change the title "Lord of Ireland" to "King of Ireland" with the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, after being advised that many Irish people regarded the Pope as the true head of their country, with the Lord acting as a mere representative. The reason the Irish regarded the Pope as their overlord was that Ireland had originally been given to the King Henry II of England by Pope Adrian IV in the 12th century as a feudal territory under papal overlordship. The meeting of Irish Parliament that proclaimed Henry VIII as King of Ireland was the first meeting attended by the Gaelic Irish chieftains as well as the Anglo-Irish aristocrats. The style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head" remained in use until the end of Henry's reign. Henry's motto was "Coeur Loyal" ("true heart") and he had this embroidered on his clothes in the form of a heart symbol and with the word "loyal". His emblem was the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis. As Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father (i.e. those of the kingdom), differenced by a label of three points ermine. As king, Henry's arms were the same as those used by his predecessors since Henry IV: Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England). This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia Henry VIII, King of England; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License . You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA. Henry VIII, King of England Poems	Hampton Court Palace
Which UK television presenter made his first tv appearance in an advertisement for Sure deodorant, featuring his ascent of Mount Everest?	Astrology of Henry VIII with horoscope chart, quotes, biography, and images Henry VIII—King of England: (1491-1547) June 28 1491, Greenwich, England, 8:45 AM, LMT. (Source: according to LMR, Martin Harvey quotes the birth record.) Died of hepatic dropsy on January 28, 1547, OS, February 7, 1547, NS, Westminster, England. Ascendant, Virgo with Mars in Virgo, H1; MC, late Taurus with Venus in Gemini conjunct MC; Sun in Cancer; Moon in Aries; Mercury in Leo; Jupiter in Gemini; Saturn in Aquarius; Uranus in Capricorn; Neptune in Sagittarius; Pluto in Scorpio. Henry VIII took the helm of the English church because the Pope would not let him divorce his first wife. He dissolved the monasteries and took over their property but allowed church services to continue in their old form. Handsome and popular when young, as Henry grew older he became renowned for his tyrannical ways. I am very sorry to know and hear how unreverently that most precious jewel, the Word of God, is disputed, rhymed, sung and jangled in every ale-house and tavern, contrary to the true meaning and doctrine of the same. Henry VIII (1491–1547), British monarch, King of England. speech, Dec. 24, 1545, to Parliament. I see and hear daily that you of the Clergy preach one against another, teach one contrary to another, inveigh one against another without charity or discretion. Some be too stiff in their old mumpsimus, others be too busy and curious in their new sumpsimus. Thus all men almost be in variety and discord. ATTRIBUTION: Henry VIII (1491–1547), British monarch, King of England (1509-1547). speech, Dec. 24, 1545, to Parliament. from Shakespear's Play Henry XIII If Love now Reigned as it hath been 1If love now reigned as it hath been 2And were rewarded as it hath sin, 3Noble men then would sure ensearch 4All ways whereby they might it reach, 5But envy reigneth with such disdain 6And causeth lovers outwardly to refrain, 7Which puts them to more and more 8Inwardly most grievous and sore. 9The fault in whom I cannot set, 10But let them tell which love doth get-- 11To lovers I put now sure this case: 12Which of their loves doth get them grace? 13And unto them which doth it know 14Better than do I, I think it so. Lusty Youth should us ensue 1Lusty Youth should us ensue, 2His merry heart shall sure all rue. 3For whatsoever they do him tell, 4It is not for him, we know it well. 5For they would have him his Liberty refrain 6And all merry company for to disdain, 7But I will not so whatsoever they say, 8But follow his mind in all that we may. 9How should Youth himself best use 10But all disdainers for to refuse? 11Youth has, as chief assurance, 12Honest Mirth with Virtue's pastance. 13For in them consisteth great honour, 14Though that disdainers would therein put error, 15For they do sue to get them grace 16All only riches to purchase. 17With Good Order, Counsel, and Equity, 18Good Lord, grant us our mansion to be! 19For without their good guidance 20Youth should fall in great mischance. 21For Youth is frail and prompt to do, 22As well vices as virtues to ensue. 23Wherefore by these he must be guided 24And Virtue's pastance must be therein used. 25Now unto God this prayer we make, 26That this rude play may well be take, 27And that we may our faults amend, 28An bliss obtain at our last end. Amen. Departure is my chief pain Departure is my chief pain I trust right well of return again. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) from 22 April 1509 until his death. He was the second monarch of the Tudor dynasty, succeeding his father, Henry VII. He is famous for having been married six times and for wielding the most untrammeled power of any English monarch. Notable events during his reign included the break with Rome and the subsequent establishment of the independent Church of England, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and the union of England and Wales. Several significant pieces of legislation were enacted during Henry VIII's reign. They included the several Acts which severed the English Church from the Roman Catholic Church and established Henry as the supreme head of the Church in England, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542 (which united England and Wales into one nation), the Buggery Act 1533, the first anti-sodomy enactment in England; and the Witchcraft Act 1542, which punished 'invoking or conjuring an evil spirit' with death. Henry VIII is known to have been an avid gambler and dice player. In his youth, he excelled at sport, especially jousting, hunting, and royal tennis. He was also an accomplished musician, author, and poet; his best known piece of music is Pastyme With Good Company (The Kynges Ballade). Henry VIII was also involved in the construction-from-scratch and improvement of several significant buildings, including Nonsuch Palace, King's College Chapel in Cambridge and Westminster Abbey in London - the existing buildings improved were often properties confiscated from Wolsey (such as Christ Church, Oxford, Hampton Court Palace, palace of Whitehall) and Trinity College, Cambridge. The future Henry VIII was born at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich in 1491.Born at the Palace of Placentia at Greenwich, Henry VIII was the third child of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Only three of Henry VIII's six siblings: Arthur (the Prince of Wales), Margaret and Mary, survived infancy. His Lancastrian father acquired the throne by right of conquest, his army defeating and killing the last Plantagenet king Richard III, but further solidified his hold by marrying Elizabeth, the daughter of the Yorkist king Edward IV. In 1493, the young Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. In 1494, he was created Duke of York. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, though still a child. In 1501 he attended the wedding of his elder brother Arthur and Catherine of Aragon, who were at the time only about fifteen and sixteen years old, respectively. The two were sent to spend time in Wales, as was customary for the heir-apparent and his wife, but Arthur caught an infection and died. Consequently, at the age of eleven, Henry, Duke of York, found himself heir-apparent to the Throne. Soon thereafter, he was created Prince of Wales. Henry VII was still eager to maintain the marital alliance between England and Spain through a marriage between Henry, Prince of Wales, and Catherine. Since the Prince of Wales sought to marry his brother's widow, he first had to obtain a dispensation from the Pope from the impediment of affinity. Catherine maintained that her first marriage was never consummated; if she were correct, no papal dispensation would have been necessary, but merely a dissolution of ratified marriage. Nonetheless, both the English and Spanish parties agreed on the necessity of a papal dispensation for the removal of all doubts regarding the legitimacy of the marriage. Due to the impatience of Catherine's mother, Queen Isabella, the Pope hastily granted his dispensation in a Papal Bull. Thus, fourteen months after her husband's death, Catherine found herself engaged to his brother, the Prince of Wales. By 1505, however, Henry VII lost interest in an alliance with Spain, and the young Prince of Wales was forced to declare that his betrothal had been arranged without his assent. Henry VIII ascended the throne in 1509 upon his father's death. Catherine's father, the Aragonese King Ferdinand II, sought to control England through his daughter, and consequently insisted on her marriage to the new English King. Henry VIII wed Catherine of Aragon about nine weeks after his accession on June 11, 1509 at Greenwich, despite the concerns of Pope Julius II and William Warham, the Archbishop of Canterbury, regarding the marriage's validity. They were both crowned at Westminster Abbey on 24 June 1509. Que Upon his accession, Henry was faced with the problematic issues posed by Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, two nobles of Henry VII's reign who imposed heavy arbitrary taxes on the nobility. In one of the many ways in which he tried to separate himself from the principles of his father's reign, he had them imprisoned in the Tower of London and later beheaded. Henry's constant willingness for war would prove to be another way in which he undertook to distance himself from Henry VII's reign; his predecessor favouring peace. Anonymous portrait of Henry VIII c. 1509For two years after Henry's accession, Richard Fox, the Bishop of Winchesterand Lord Privy Seal, and William Warham controlled matters of state. From 1511 onwards, however, power was held by the ecclesiastic Thomas Wolsey. In 1511, Henry joined the Holy League, a body of European rulers opposed to the French King Louis XII. The League also included such European rulers as Pope Julius II, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand II, with whom Henry also signed the Treaty of Westminster. Henry personally joined the English Army as they crossed the English Channelinto France, and took part in sieges and battles. In 1514, however, Ferdinand left the alliance, and the other parties made peace with the French. Irritation towards Spain led to discussion of a divorce with Queen Catherine. However, upon the accession of the French King Francis Iin 1515, England and France grew antagonistic, and Henry became reconciled with Ferdinand. In 1516, Queen Catherine gave birth to a girl, Mary, encouraging Henry in the belief that he could still have a male heir despite his wife's previous failed pregnancies (one stillbirth, one miscarriage, and two short-lived infants). Ferdinand died in 1516, to be succeeded by his grandson (Queen Catherine's nephew) Charles V. By October 1518, Wolsey had engineered the Papacy-led Treaty of London to resemble an English triumph of foreign diplomacy, placing England at the centre of a new European alliance with the ostensible aim of repelling Moorish invasions through Spain, which was the Pope's original aim. In 1519, when Maximilian also died, Wolsey, who was by that time a Cardinal, secretly proposed Henry as a candidate for the post of Holy Roman Emperor, though supporting the French King Francis in public. In the end, however, the prince-electorssettled on Charles. The subsequent rivalry between Francis and Charles allowed Henry to act as a mediator between them. Henry came to hold the balance of power in Europe. Both Francis and Charles sought Henry's favour, the former in a dazzling and spectacular manner at the Field of Cloth of Gold, and the latter more solemnly at Kent. After 1521, however, England's influence in Europe began to wane. Henry entered into an alliance with Charles V through the Treaty of Bruges, and Francis I was defeated by Charles' imperial armies at the Battle of Paviain February 1525. Charles' reliance on Henry subsided, as did England's power in Europe, and Henry was refused help to acquire the Fleur-de-Lys, despite Charles' guarantees. This lead to the Treaty of Westminsterin 1527. Henry's interest in European affairs extended to the attack on Luther's German revolution. In 1521, he dedicated his Defence of the Seven Sacraments, which earned him the title of "Defender of the Faith" (Defensor Fidei). Prior to this, his title had been "inclitissimus", meaning "most illustrious". The later title was maintained even after his break with Rome, and it is still used by the British monarch today. Henry VIII's accession was the first peaceful one England had witnessed in many years; however, the new Tudor dynasty's legitimacy could yet be tested. The English people seemed distrustful of female rulers, and Henry felt that only a male heir could secure the throne. Although Queen Catherine had been pregnant at least seven times (for the last time in 1518), only one child, the Princess Mary, had survived beyond infancy. Henry had previously been happy with mistresses, including Mary Boleyn and Elizabeth Blount, with whom he had had an illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy. In 1526, when it became clear that Queen Catherine could have no further children, he began to pursue Mary Boleyn's sister, Anne. Although it was almost certainly Henry's desire for a male heir that made him determined to divorce Catherine, he was very infatuated with Anne, despite her child-bearing inexperience and famously plain looks. Henry's long and arduous attempt to end his marriage to Queen Catherine became known as "The King's Great Matter". Cardinal Wolsey and William Warham quietly began an inquiry into the validity of her marriage to Henry. Queen Catherine, however, testified that her marriage to Arthur, Prince of Wales had never been consummated, and that there was therefore no impediment to her subsequent marriage to Henry. The inquiry could proceed no further, and was dropped. Without informing Cardinal Wolsey, Henry directly appealed to the Holy See. He sent his secretary William Knight to Rome to argue that Julius II's Bull was obtained by trickery, and consequently void. In addition, he requested Pope Clement VII (1523–34) to grant a dispensation allowing him to marry any woman, even in the first degree of affinity; such a dispensation was necessary because Henry had previously had intercourse with Anne Boleyn's sister Mary. Knight found that Pope Clement VII was practically the prisoner of the Emperor Charles V. He had difficulty gaining access to the Pope, and when he finally did, he could accomplish little. Clement VII did not agree to annul the marriage, but he did grant the desired dispensation, probably presuming that the dispensation would be of no effect as long as Henry remained married to Catherine. Being advised of the King's predicament, Cardinal Wolsey sent Stephen Gardiner and Edward Fox to Rome. Perhaps fearing Queen Catherine's nephew, Charles V, Pope Clement VII initially demurred. Fox was sent back with a commission authorising the commencement of proceedings, but the restrictions imposed made it practically meaningless. Gardiner strove for a "decretal commission", which decided the points of law beforehand, and left only questions of fact to be decided. Clement VII was persuaded to accept Gardiner's proposal, and permitted Cardinal Wolsey and Lorenzo Cardinal Campeggio to try the case jointly. His decretal commission was issued in secret; it was not to be shown to anybody, and was to always remain in Cardinal Campeggio's possession. Points of law were already settled in the commission; the Papal Bull authorising Henry's marriage to Catherine was to be declared void if the grounds alleged therein were false. For instance, the Bull would be void if it falsely asserted that the marriage was absolutely necessary to maintain the Anglo-Spanish alliance. Cardinal Campeggio arrived in England in 1528. Proceedings, however, were brought to a halt when the Spanish produced a second document allegedly granting the necessary dispensation. It was asserted that, a few months before he had granted papal dispensation in a public Bull, Pope Julius II had secretly granted the same in a private Brief sent to Spain. The decretal commission, however, only made mention of the Bull; it did not authorise Cardinal Campeggio and Cardinal Wolsey to determine the validity of the Brief and for eight months, the parties wrangled over its authenticity. During the spring of 1529, Henry's legal team assembled the libelus (the summary of Henry's royal arguments, including Lev: 2021) that was presented before the papal legates, where the following may be observed: 18 June, 1529 'The Queen was summoned to the great hall of the Black Friar's convent in London. The King, on a raised platform, sat at the upper end. Some distance away Catherine was given her place. The Cardinals, sitting lower than the King, flanked the royal presence, and near them the Archbishop of Canterbury and the bishops were given position. Doctor Richard Sampson, afterwards Bishop of Chichester, and Doctor John Bell, afterwards Bishop of Worcester, led those who pleaded for the King. Representing the Queen was John Fisher Bishop of Rochester, and Doctor Standish, a Gray Friar and Bishop of St. Asaph.' Following a series of deliberations, the matter was appealed to Rome, primarily after Catherine's nephew, Charles V, pressured the Pope into recalling Cardinal Campeggio and Catherine was then placed in the care of Sir Edmund Bedingfield at Kimbolton Castle. Angered with Cardinal Wolsey for the delay, Henry stripped him of his wealth and power. He was charged with præmunire — undermining the King's authority by agreeing to represent the Pope — but died on his way to trial. With Cardinal Wolsey fell other powerful ecclesiastics in England; laymen were appointed to offices such as those of Lord Chancellor and Lord Privy Seal, which were formerly confined to clergymen. Power then passed to Sir Thomas More (the new Lord Chancellor), Thomas Cranmer (the Archbishop of Canterbury), and Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex (the Secretary of State). On 25 January 1533, Cranmer participated in the wedding of Henry and Anne Boleyn. In May, Cranmer pronounced Henry's marriage to Catherine void, and shortly thereafter declared the marriage to Anne valid. The Princess Mary was deemed illegitimate, and was replaced as heiress-presumptive by Queen Anne's new daughter, the Princess Elizabeth. Catherine lost the title "Queen", and became the Dowager Princess of Wales; Mary was no longer a "Princess", but a mere "Lady". The Dowager Princess of Wales would die of cancer in 1536. Sir Thomas More, who had left office in 1532, accepted that Parliament could make Anne queen, but refused to acknowledge its religious authority. Instead, he held that the Pope remained the head of the Church. As a result, he was charged with high treason, and beheaded in 1535. Judging him to be a martyr, the Catholic Church later made him a saint. The Pope responded to these events by excommunicating Henry in July 1533. Considerable religious upheaval followed. Urged by Thomas Cromwell, Parliament passed several Acts that sealed the breach with Rome in the spring of 1534. The Statute in Restraint of Appeals prohibited appeals from English ecclesiastical courts to the Pope. It also prevented the Church from making any regulations without the King's consent. The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act 1534 required the clergy to elect Bishops nominated by the Sovereign. The Act of Supremacy 1534 declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England"; the Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as such. The Pope was denied sources of revenue such as Peter's Pence. Rejecting the decisions of the Pope, Parliament validated the marriage between Henry and Anne with the Act of Succession 1534. Catherine's daughter, the Lady Mary, was declared illegitimate, and Anne's issue were declared next in the line of succession. All adults were required to acknowledge the Act's provisions; those who refused to do so were liable to imprisonment for life. The publisher or printer of any literature alleging that Henry's marriage to Anne was invalid was automatically guilty of high treason, and could be punished by death. Opposition to Henry's religious policies was quickly suppressed. Several dissenting monks were tortured and executed. Cromwell, for whom was created the post of "Vicegerent in Spirituals", was authorised to visit monasteries, ostensibly to ensure that they followed royal instructions, but in reality to assess their wealth. In 1536, an Act of Parliament allowed Henry to seize the possessions of the lesser monasteries (those with annual incomes of £200 or less). In 1536, Queen Anne began to lose Henry's favour. After the Princess Elizabeth's birth, Queen Anne had two pregnancies that ended in either miscarriage or stillbirth. Henry VIII, meanwhile, had begun to turn his attentions to another lady of his court, Jane Seymour. Perhaps encouraged by Thomas Cromwell, Henry had Anne arrested on charges of using witchcraft to trap Henry into marrying her, of having adulterous relationships with five other men, of incest with her brother George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, of injuring the King and of conspiring to kill him, which amounted to treason; the charges were most likely fabricated. The court trying the case was presided over by Anne's own uncle, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk. In May 1536, the Court condemned Anne and her brother to death, either by burning at the stake or by decapitation, whichever the King pleased. The other four men Queen Anne had allegedly been involved with were to be hanged, drawn and quartered. Lord Rochford was beheaded soon after the trial ended; the four others implicated had their sentences commuted from hanging, drawing and quartering to decapitation. Anne was also beheaded soon thereafter. Only days after Anne's execution in 1536, Henry married Jane Seymour. The Act of Succession 1536 declared Henry's children by Queen Jane to be next in the line of succession, and declared both the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth illegitimate, thus excluding them. The King was granted the power to further determine the line of succession in his will. Jane gave birth to a son, the Prince Edward, in 1537, and died two weeks thereafter. After Jane's death, the entire court mourned with Henry for some time. Henry also considered her to be his only "true" wife, being the only one who had given him the male heir he so desperately sought. At about the same time as his marriage to Jane Seymour, Henry granted his assent to the Laws in Wales Act 1535, which legally annexed Wales, uniting England and Wales into one nation. The Act provided for the sole use of English in official proceedings in Wales, inconveniencing the numerous speakers of the Welsh language. Henry continued with his persecution of his religious opponents. In 1536, an uprising known as the Pilgrimage of Grace broke out in Northern England. To appease the rebellious Roman Catholics, Henry agreed to allow Parliament to address their concerns. Furthermore, he agreed to grant a general pardon to all those involved. He kept neither promise, and a second uprising occurred in 1537. As a result, the leaders of the rebellion were convicted of treason and executed. In 1538, Henry sanctioned the destruction of shrines to Roman Catholic Saints. In 1539, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown. As a reward for his role, Thomas Cromwell was created Earl of Essex. Abbots and priors lost their seats in the House of Lords; only archbishops and bishops came to comprise the ecclesiastical element of the body. The Lords Spiritual, as members of the clergy with seats in the House of Lords were known, were for the first time outnumbered by the Lords Temporal. Henry was shown the above picture of Anne of Cleves.Henry's only surviving son, the Prince Edward, Duke of Cornwall, was not a healthy child. Therefore, Henry desired to marry once again to ensure that a male could succeed him. Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex suggested Anne, the sister of the Protestant Duke of Cleves, who was seen as an important ally in case of a Roman Catholic attack on England. Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to Cleves to paint a portrait of Anne for the King. After regarding Holbein's flattering portrayal, and urged by the complimentary description of Anne given by his courtiers, Henry agreed to wed Anne. On Anne's arrival in England, Henry is said to have found her utterly unattractive, privately calling her a "Flanders Mare". She was painted totally without any signs of her pockmarked face. Nevertheless, he married her on 6 January 1540. Soon thereafter, however, Henry desired to end the marriage, not only because of his personal feelings but also because of political considerations. The Duke of Cleves had become engaged in a dispute with the Holy Roman Emperor, with whom Henry had no desire to quarrel. Queen Anne was intelligent enough not to impede Henry's quest for an annulment. She testified that her marriage was never consummated. Henry was said to have come into the room each night and merely kissed his new bride on the forehead before sleeping. The marriage was subsequently annulled on the grounds that Anne had previously been contracted to marry another European nobleman. She received the title of "The King's Sister", and was granted Hever Castle, the former residence of Anne Boleyn's family. The Earl of Essex, meanwhile, fell out of favour for his role in arranging the marriage, and was subsequently attainted and beheaded. The office of Vicegerent in Spirituals, which had been specifically created for him, was not filled, and still remains vacant. On 28 July 1540 (the same day Lord Essex was executed) Henry married the young Catherine Howard, Anne Boleyn's first cousin. Soon after her marriage, however, Queen Catherine may have had an affair with the courtier, Thomas Culpeper. She also employed Francis Dereham, who was previously informally engaged to her and had an affair with her prior to her marriage, as her secretary. Thomas Cranmer, who was opposed to the powerful Catholic Howard family, brought evidence of Queen Catherine's activities to the King's notice. Though Henry originally refused to believe the allegations, he allowed Cranmer to conduct an investigation, which resulted in Queen Catherine's implication. When questioned, the Queen could have admitted a prior contract to marry Dereham, which would have made her subsequent marriage to Henry invalid, but she instead claimed that Dereham had forced her to enter into an adulterous relationship. Dereham, meanwhile, exposed Queen Catherine's relationship with Thomas Culpeper. In December 1541, Culpeper and Dereham were executed. Catherine was condemned not by a trial, but by an Act of Attainder passed by Parliament. The Act recited the evidence against the Queen, and Henry would have been obliged to listen to the entire text before granting the Royal Assent. Because "the repetition of so grievous a Story and the recital of so infamous a crime" in the King's presence "might reopen a Wound already closing in the Royal Bosom", a special clause permitting Commissioners to grant the Royal Assent on the King's behalf was inserted in the Act. This method of granting the Royal Assent had never been used before, but, in later reigns, it came to replace the traditional personal appearance of the Sovereign in Parliament. Catherine's marriage was annulled shortly before her execution. As was the case with Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard could not have technically been guilty of adultery, as the marriage was officially null and void from the beginning. Again, this point was ignored, and Catherine was executed on 13 February 1542. She was only about eighteen years old at the time. Henry married his last wife, the wealthy widow Catherine Parr, in 1543. She argued with Henry over religion; she was a Protestant, but Henry remained a Catholic. This behaviour almost led to her undoing, but she saved herself by a show of submissiveness. She helped reconcile Henry with his first two daughters, the Lady Mary and the Lady Elizabeth. In 1544, an Act of Parliament put them back in the line of succession after the Prince Edward, Duke of Cornwall, though they were still deemed illegitimate. The same Act allowed Henry to determine further succession to the throne in his will. A mnemonic for the fates of Henry's wives is "divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived". An alternative version is "King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two beheaded". The doggerel, however, may be misleading. Firstly, Henry was never divorced from any of his wives; rather, his marriages to them were annulled. Secondly, four marriages — not two — ended in annulments. The marriages to Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard were annulled shortly before their executions. Ironically the annulments undermined the process under which Boleyn and Howard were executed: annulments operate on the basis that there had never been a marriage. If they had never been married to him, they could not have committed adultery, one of the central charges brought against them. However this technicality did not stop their execution. King Henry VIII died in the Palace of Whitehall in 1547.Later in life, Henry was grossly overweight, with a waist measurement of 54 inches (137 cm), and possibly suffered from gout. The well known theory that he suffered from syphilis was first promoted approximately 100 years after his death. More recent support for this idea has come from a greater understanding of the disease and has led to the suggestion that Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I all displayed symptoms characteristic of congenital syphilis. Henry's increased size dates from a jousting accident in 1536. He suffered a thigh wound which not only prevented him from taking exercise, but also gradually became ulcerated and may have indirectly led to his death, which occurred on 28 January 1547 at the Palace of Whitehall. He died on what would have been his father's 90th birthday. Henry VIII was buried in St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle, next to his wife Jane Seymour. Within a little more than a decade after his death, all three of his children sat on the English throne. Under the Act of Succession 1544, Henry's only surviving son, Edward, inherited the Crown, becoming Edward VI. Edward was the first Protestant monarch to rule England. Since Edward was only nine years old at the time, he could not exercise actual power. Henry's will designated sixteen executors to serve on a council of regency until Edward reached the age of eighteen. The executors chose Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford, Jane Seymour's elder brother, to be Lord Protector of the Realm. In the event of a death without children, Edward was to be succeeded (in default of his issue) by Henry VIII's daughter by Catherine of Aragon, the Lady Mary. If the Lady Mary did not have children, she was to be succeeded by his daughter by Anne Boleyn, the Lady Elizabeth. Finally, if the Lady Elizabeth also did not have children, she was to be followed by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor, Duchess of Suffolk. In modern times, Henry VIII has become one of the most popular historical kings of the English monarchy. This is mainly based on the common perception of his larger than life character as an over-eating, womanising bon vivant, which in turn is based on somewhat exaggerated or apocryphal stories of his life. In 2002, Henry VIII placed 40th in a BBC-sponsored poll on the 100 Greatest Britons. Along with Alfred the Great, Henry is traditionally called one of the founders of the Royal Navy. There are good reasons for this - his reign featured some naval warfare and, more significantly, large royal investment in shipbuilding (including a few spectacular 'great ships' such as the Mary Rose), dockyards (such as HMNB Portsmouth) and naval innovations (eg the use of cannon onboard ship - although archers were still deployed on medieval-style forecastles and bowcastles as the ship's primary armament on large ships, or co-armament where cannon were used). However, it is a misnomer since Henry did not bequeath to his immediate successors a 'navy' in the sense of a formalised organisation with structures, ranks, formalised munitioning structures etc, but only in the sense of a set of ships (albeit some spectacular ones). Elizabeth I still had to cobble together a set of privately-owned ships to fight off the Spanish Armada and in the former, formal sense the modern British navy, the Royal Navy, is largely a product of the naval side of the Napoleonic wars). By his break with Rome, Henry incurred the threat of a large-scale French or Spanish invasion. To guard against this he strengthened existing coastal defence fortresses (such as Dover Castle and, also at Dover, Moat Bulwark and Archcliffe Fort - he personally visited for a few months to supervise, as is commemorated in the modern exhibition in Dover Castle's keep there). He also built a chain of new 'castles' (in fact, large bastioned and garrisoned gun batteries) along Britain's southern coast from East Anglia to Cornwall, largely built of material gained from the demolition of monasteries. Also known as Henry VIII's Device Forts Henry VIII was the subject of William Shakespeare's historical play, Henry VIII: All Is True, written once it was safe to do so (once his daughter Elizabeth I had died). The play, however, has never been one of Shakespeare's more popular plays. Henry VIII was playing on June 29, 1613 when the Globe Theatre burnt down. Ironically, in another Renaissance play in which Henry might be expected to appear - the Elizabethan play Sir Thomas More, he is always an offstage presence, mentioned but never seen. The most notable modern example is Robert Bolt's play and film A Man for All Seasons (see also 'Cinematic films', below). Henry VIII was also the subject of a best-selling fictional autobiography written by Margaret George. There have been many films about Henry and his court. Two that bear mention are The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933), starring Charles Laughton, whose performance earned him an Academy Award, and The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1972), starring Keith Michell. Richard Burton and Genevieve Bujold were nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor and Best Actress for their roles as Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn in Anne of the Thousand Days (1969). Henry, played by Robert Shaw, also appears as one of the main characters in the multiple-Oscar-winning movie about Thomas More, A Man for All Seasons (1966), based upon Robert Bolt's play of the same name. Sid James played Henry in the movie Carry On Henry (1970), which portrayed the relationship between the King and two fictitious wives ("Marie of Normandy" and "Bettina", a mistress). He has also been a TV stalwart, both in drama and documentary, and in America and the UK. In drama, one notable example is the 1970 BBC series 'the Six Wives of Henry VIII', made up of six television plays, one per wife, each by a different author. Another is the 2003 ITV feature-length Henry VIII, with Ray Winstone as Henry VIII, critically panned for Henry as an East End gangster, spoken in Winstone's usual Cockney tones, surrounded entirely by a court speaking in Received Pronunciation, such as David Suchet as Wolsey. An episode of the 1960s American sitcom Bewitched had Samantha Stevens staving off a lustful Henry's intentions to make her his next wife. Henry's life was the subject of the famous but inaccurate Simpsons television episode named "Margical History Tour" in 2004, in which Homer Simpson played the King. In Homecoming: A Shot in D'Arc, an episode of Clone High, a dolphin impersonated Henry VIII to play on the basketball team. The writers chose Henry VIII because they viewed him as someone recognizable as a real historical figure yet someone that most North Americans know almost nothing about. In documentary, the leading academic on Henry, David Starkey leads the field, with Channel 4 series entitled 'Henry VIII' and 'The Six Wives of Henry VIII' - the latter gave one episode each to Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn, one jointly to Jane Seymour and Anne of Cleves, and another jointly to Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr. Henry also has an episode to himself in his more recent series 'Monarchy' (Monarchy TV series). In 2002, Henry VIII placed 40th in a BBC-sponsored poll on the 100 Greatest Britons. Henry was almost certainly the inspiration for the title of the popular song "I'm Henry the Eighth, I Am" (1911), recorded by Harry Champion and later by Herman's Hermits; the actual song, however, is about a man named Henry whose wife has been married to seven different individuals, all named Henry. In 1973, Rick Wakeman released a rock concept album on The Six Wives of Henry VIII, his first solo album after splitting from Yes. Henry VIII was the first English monarch to regularly use the style "Majesty", though the alternatives "Highness" and "Grace" were also used from time to time. Several changes were made to the royal style during his reign. Henry originally used the style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Lord of Ireland". In 1521, pursuant to a grant from Pope Leo X rewarding a book by Henry attacking Martin Luther and defending Catholicism, the royal style became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith and Lord of Ireland". After the breach with Rome, Pope Paul III rescinded the grant of the title "Defender of the Faith", but an Act of Parliament declared that it remained valid. In 1535, Henry added the "supremacy phrase" to the royal style, which became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith, Lord of Ireland and of the Church of England in Earth Supreme Head". In 1536, the phrase "of the Church of England" changed to "of the Church of England and also of Ireland". In 1542, Henry changed the title "Lord of Ireland" to "King of Ireland" after being advised that many Irish people regarded the Pope as the true head of their country, with the Lord acting as a mere representative. The style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head" remained in use until the end of Henry's reign. Henry's motto was Coeur Loyal (true heart) and he had this embroidered on his clothes in the form of a heart symbol and with the word 'loyall'. His emblem was the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis. Henry VIII's arms were the same as those used by his predecessors since Henry IV: Quarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England). By Catherine of Aragon (married June 11, 1509 annulled 1533; she died January 6, 1536) Miscarried daughter aft. 1555 reputed illegitimate; married 1546–1548 to John Harrington; no known issue * Note: Of Henry VIII's reputedly illegitimate children, only the Duke of Richmond and Somerset was formally acknowledged by the King. The paternity of his other alleged illegitimate children is not fully established. There may also have been other illegitimate children born to short-term unidentified mistresses. HENRY VIII (r. 1509-1547) Henry VIII was born at Greenwich on 28 June 1491, the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. He became heir to the throne on the death of his elder brother, Prince Arthur, in 1502 and succeeded in 1509. In his youth he was athletic and highly intelligent. A contemporary observer described him thus: 'he speaks good French, Latin and Spanish; is very religious; heard three masses daily when he hunted ... He is extremely fond of hunting, and never takes that diversion without tiring eight or ten horses ... He is also fond of tennis.' Henry's scholarly interests included writing both books and music, and he was a lavish patron of the arts. He was an accomplished player of many instruments and a composer. Greensleeves, the popular melody frequently attributed to him is, however, almost certainly not one of his compositions. As the author of a best-selling book (it went through some 20 editions in England and Europe) attacking Martin Luther and supporting the Roman Catholic church, in 1521 Henry was given the title 'Defender of the Faith' by the Pope. From his father, Henry VIII inherited a stable realm with the monarch's finances in healthy surplus - on his accession, Parliament had not been summoned for supplies for five years. Henry's varied interests and lack of application to government business and administration increased the influence of Thomas Wolsey, an Ipswich butcher's son, who became Lord Chancellor in 1515. Wolsey became one of the most powerful ministers in British history (symbolised by his building of Hampton Court Palace - on a greater scale than anything the king possessed). Wolsey exercised his powers vigorously in his own court of Chancery and in the increased use of the Council's judicial authority in the court of the Star Chamber. Wolsey was also appointed Cardinal in 1515 and given papal legate powers which enabled him to by-pass the Archbishop of Canterbury and 'govern' the Church in England. Henry's interest in foreign policy was focused on Western Europe, which was a shifting pattern of alliances centred round the kings of Spain and France, and the Holy Roman Emperor. (Henry was related by marriage to all three - his wife Catherine was Ferdinand of Aragon's daughter, his sister Mary married Louis XII of France in 1514, and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was Catherine's nephew.) An example of these shifts was Henry's unsuccessful Anglo-Spanish campaigns against France, ending in peace with France in 1520, when he spent huge sums on displays and tournaments at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Henry also invested in the navy, and increased its size from 5 to 53 ships (including the Mary Rose, the remains of which lie in the Portsmouth Naval Museum). The second half of Henry's reign was dominated by two issues very important for the later history of England and the monarchy: the succession and the Protestant Reformation, which led to the formation of the Church of England. Henry had married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon, in 1509. Catherine had produced only one surviving child - a girl, Princess Mary, born in 1516. By the end of the 1520s, Henry's wife was in her forties and he was desperate for a son. The Tudor dynasty had been established by conquest in 1485 and Henry was only its second monarch. England had not so far had a ruling queen, and the dynasty was not secure enough to run the risk of handing the Crown on to a woman, risking disputed succession or domination of a foreign power through marriage. Henry had anyway fallen in love with Anne Boleyn, the sister of one of his many mistresses, and tried to persuade the Pope to grant him an annulment of his marriage on the grounds that it had never been legal. Royal divorces had happened before: Louis XII had been granted a divorce in 1499, and in 1527 James IV's widow Margaret (Henry's sister) had also been granted one. However, a previous Pope had specifically granted Henry a licence to marry his brother's widow in 1509. In May 1529, Wolsey failed to gain the Pope's agreement to resolve Henry's case in England. All the efforts of Henry and his advisers came to nothing; Wolsey was dismissed and arrested, but died before he could be brought to trial. Since the attempts to obtain the divorce through pressure on the papacy had failed, Wolsey's eventual successor Thomas Cromwell (Henry's chief adviser from 1532 onwards) turned to Parliament, using its powers and anti-clerical attitude (encouraged by Wolsey's excesses) to decide the issue. The result was a series of Acts cutting back papal power and influence in England and bringing about the English Reformation. In 1532, an Act against Annates - although suspended during 'the king's pleasure' - was a clear warning to the Pope that ecclesiastical revenues were under threat. In 1532, Cranmer was promoted to Archbishop of Canterbury and, following the Pope's confirmation of his appointment, in May 1533 Cranmer declared Henry's marriage invalid; Anne Boleyn was crowned queen a week later. The Pope responded with excommunication, and Parliamentary legislation enacting Henry's decision to break with the Roman Catholic Church soon followed. An Act in restraint of appeals forbade appeals to Rome, stating that England was an empire, governed by one supreme head and king who possessed 'whole and entire' authority within the realm, and that no judgements or excommunications from Rome were valid. An Act of Submission of the Clergy and an Act of Succession followed, together with an Act of Supremacy (1534) which recognised that the king was 'the only supreme head of the Church of England called Anglicana Ecclesia'. The breach between the king and the Pope forced clergy, office-holders and others to choose their allegiance - the most famous being Sir Thomas More, who was executed for treason in 1535. The other effect of the English Protestant Reformation was the Dissolution of Monasteries, under which monastic lands and possessions were broken up and sold off. In the 1520s, Wolsey had closed down some of the small monastic communities to pay for his new foundations (he had colleges built at Oxford and Ipswich). In 1535-6, another 200 smaller monasteries were dissolved by statute, followed by the remaining greater houses in 1538-40; as a result, Crown revenues doubled for a few years. Henry's second marriage had raised hopes for a male heir. Anne Boleyn, however, produced another daughter, Princess Elizabeth, and failed to produce a male child. Henry got rid of Anne on charges of treason (presided over by Thomas Cromwell) which were almost certainly false, and she was executed in 1536. In 1537 her replacement, Henry's third wife Jane Seymour, finally bore him a son, who was later to become Edward VI. Jane died in childbed, 12 days after the birth in 1537. Although Cromwell had proved an effective minister in bringing about the royal divorce and the English Reformation, his position was insecure. The Pilgrimage of Grace, an insurrection in 1536, called for Cromwell's dismissal (the rebels were put down) but it was Henry's fourth, abortive and short-lived marriage to Anne of Cleves that led to Cromwell's downfall. Despite being made Earl of Essex in 1540, three months later he was arrested and executed. Henry made two more marriages, to Katherine Howard (executed on grounds of adultery in 1542) and Catherine Parr (who survived Henry to die in 1548). None produced any children. Henry made sure that his sole male heir, Edward, was educated by people who believed in Protestantism rather than Catholicism because he wanted the anti-papal nature of his reformation and his dynasty to become more firmly established. After Cromwell's execution, no leading minister emerged in the last seven years of Henry's reign. Overweight, irascible and in failing health, Henry turned his attention to France once more. Despite assembling an army of 40,000 men, only the town of Boulogne was captured and the French campaign failed. Although more than half the monastic properties had been sold off, forced loans and currency depreciation also had to be used to pay for the war, which contributed to increased inflation. Henry died in London on 28 January 1547. To some, Henry VIII was a strong and ruthless ruler, forcing through changes to the Church-State relationship which excluded the papacy and brought the clergy under control, thus strengthening the Crown's position and acquiring the monasteries' wealth. However, Henry's reformation had produced dangerous Protestant-Roman Catholic differences in the kingdom. The monasteries' wealth had been spent on wars and had also built up the economic strength of the aristocracy and other families in the counties, which in turn was to encourage ambitious Tudor court factions. Significantly, Parliament's involvement in making religious and dynastic changes had been firmly established. For all his concern over establishing his dynasty and the resulting religious upheaval, Henry's six marriages had produced one sickly son and an insecure succession with two princesses (Mary and Elizabeth) who at one stage had been declared illegitimate - none of whom were to have children.	i don't know
Which British fashion designer once said ‘A woman is as young as her knees’?	"A Mini Marvel; It Is Some 50 Years since Mary Quant Took the World by Storm with Her Short Skirt. Marion McMullen Finds out the Lengths Women Went to in the Name of Fashion" - The Journal (Newcastle, England), May 24, 2014 \| Online Research Library: Questia Read preview Article excerpt BRITISH fashion designer Mary Quant used to say: "A woman is as young as her knees." And she made sure knees were on show back in 1964 with the launch of the mini skirt. She named her best-selling fashion must after her favourite make of car and is widely credited with popularising the mini skirt. Quant, now 80, said she "couldn't have imagined" 50 years ago that the skirt would become a staple of women's clothing but said: "It seemed then to be obvious and so right." 1960s models like Twiggy and Jean "The Shrimp" Shrimpton championed the new look and girls were quick to follow the latest fashion trend. Mary Quant said she first designed the mini skirt with herself in mind. "I liked my skirts short because I wanted to run and catch the bus to get to work. It was that feeling of freedom and liberation." Mary Quant skirt after her " She began experimenting with shorter hemlines in the late 1950s, culminating in the creation of the mini skirt in 1964 and one of the defining fashions of the decade. "It was the girls on (London's) King's Road who invented the mini," said Mary. "I was making clothes which would let you run and dance, and we would make them the length the customer wanted. "I wore them very short and the customers would say, 'shorter, shorter'." Jenny Lister, a curator at the Victoria and Albert Museum specialising in 19th century fashion, said the mini skirt marked a turning point. "It was very symbolic of the rejection of formality and the pushing back of boundaries. "Fashion then was very much led by older, wealthier women. It was the more mature look - tailoring and twin sets. "But with the mini skirt you can see the switch to young women leading fashion." She added: "Young people who couldn't afford Mary Quant were rolling over the bands of their skirts to make them shorter. There was an element of rebellion about it." The popularity of the mini skirt quickly spread around the country while and women paraded in the streets of London in 1966 in support of their new favourite fashion item. "Fashion is not frivolous. It is a part of being alive today," said Quant. … Subscribe to Questia and enjoy: Full access to this article and over 10 million more from academic journals, magazines, and newspapers Over 83,000 books Access to powerful writing and research tools Article details	Mary Quant
What was the name of the last battleship built for the British Royal Navy, which ran aground in Portsmouth Harbour?	"A Mini Marvel; It Is Some 50 Years since Mary Quant Took the World by Storm with Her Short Skirt. Marion McMullen Finds out the Lengths Women Went to in the Name of Fashion" - The Journal (Newcastle, England), May 24, 2014 \| Online Research Library: Questia Read preview Article excerpt BRITISH fashion designer Mary Quant used to say: "A woman is as young as her knees." And she made sure knees were on show back in 1964 with the launch of the mini skirt. She named her best-selling fashion must after her favourite make of car and is widely credited with popularising the mini skirt. Quant, now 80, said she "couldn't have imagined" 50 years ago that the skirt would become a staple of women's clothing but said: "It seemed then to be obvious and so right." 1960s models like Twiggy and Jean "The Shrimp" Shrimpton championed the new look and girls were quick to follow the latest fashion trend. Mary Quant said she first designed the mini skirt with herself in mind. "I liked my skirts short because I wanted to run and catch the bus to get to work. It was that feeling of freedom and liberation." Mary Quant skirt after her " She began experimenting with shorter hemlines in the late 1950s, culminating in the creation of the mini skirt in 1964 and one of the defining fashions of the decade. "It was the girls on (London's) King's Road who invented the mini," said Mary. "I was making clothes which would let you run and dance, and we would make them the length the customer wanted. "I wore them very short and the customers would say, 'shorter, shorter'." Jenny Lister, a curator at the Victoria and Albert Museum specialising in 19th century fashion, said the mini skirt marked a turning point. "It was very symbolic of the rejection of formality and the pushing back of boundaries. "Fashion then was very much led by older, wealthier women. It was the more mature look - tailoring and twin sets. "But with the mini skirt you can see the switch to young women leading fashion." She added: "Young people who couldn't afford Mary Quant were rolling over the bands of their skirts to make them shorter. There was an element of rebellion about it." The popularity of the mini skirt quickly spread around the country while and women paraded in the streets of London in 1966 in support of their new favourite fashion item. "Fashion is not frivolous. It is a part of being alive today," said Quant. … Subscribe to Questia and enjoy: Full access to this article and over 10 million more from academic journals, magazines, and newspapers Over 83,000 books Access to powerful writing and research tools Article details	i don't know
The destruction of the city of Sodom features in which book of the Bible?	Genesis 19 NIV - Sodom and Gomorrah Destroyed - The two - Bible Gateway Genesis 19New International Version (NIV) Sodom and Gomorrah Destroyed 19 The two angels arrived at Sodom in the evening, and Lot was sitting in the gateway of the city. When he saw them, he got up to meet them and bowed down with his face to the ground. 2 “My lords,” he said, “please turn aside to your servant’s house. You can wash your feet and spend the night and then go on your way early in the morning.” “No,” they answered, “we will spend the night in the square.” 3 But he insisted so strongly that they did go with him and entered his house. He prepared a meal for them, baking bread without yeast, and they ate. 4 Before they had gone to bed, all the men from every part of the city of Sodom—both young and old—surrounded the house. 5 They called to Lot, “Where are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us so that we can have sex with them.” 6 Lot went outside to meet them and shut the door behind him 7 and said, “No, my friends. Don’t do this wicked thing. 8 Look, I have two daughters who have never slept with a man. Let me bring them out to you, and you can do what you like with them. But don’t do anything to these men, for they have come under the protection of my roof.” 9 “Get out of our way,” they replied. “This fellow came here as a foreigner, and now he wants to play the judge! We’ll treat you worse than them.” They kept bringing pressure on Lot and moved forward to break down the door. 10 But the men inside reached out and pulled Lot back into the house and shut the door. 11 Then they struck the men who were at the door of the house, young and old, with blindness so that they could not find the door. 12 The two men said to Lot, “Do you have anyone else here—sons-in-law, sons or daughters, or anyone else in the city who belongs to you? Get them out of here, 13 because we are going to destroy this place. The outcry to the Lord against its people is so great that he has sent us to destroy it.” 14 So Lot went out and spoke to his sons-in-law, who were pledged to marry[ a ] his daughters. He said, “Hurry and get out of this place, because the Lord is about to destroy the city!” But his sons-in-law thought he was joking. 15 With the coming of dawn, the angels urged Lot, saying, “Hurry! Take your wife and your two daughters who are here, or you will be swept away when the city is punished.” 16 When he hesitated, the men grasped his hand and the hands of his wife and of his two daughters and led them safely out of the city, for the Lord was merciful to them. 17 As soon as they had brought them out, one of them said, “Flee for your lives! Don’t look back, and don’t stop anywhere in the plain! Flee to the mountains or you will be swept away!” 18 But Lot said to them, “No, my lords,[ b ] please! 19 Your[ c ] servant has found favor in your[ d ] eyes, and you[ e ] have shown great kindness to me in sparing my life. But I can’t flee to the mountains; this disaster will overtake me, and I’ll die. 20 Look, here is a town near enough to run to, and it is small. Let me flee to it—it is very small, isn’t it? Then my life will be spared.” 21 He said to him, “Very well, I will grant this request too; I will not overthrow the town you speak of. 22 But flee there quickly, because I cannot do anything until you reach it.” (That is why the town was called Zoar.[ f ]) 23 By the time Lot reached Zoar, the sun had risen over the land. 24 Then the Lord rained down burning sulfur on Sodom and Gomorrah—from the Lord out of the heavens. 25 Thus he overthrew those cities and the entire plain, destroying all those living in the cities—and also the vegetation in the land. 26 But Lot’s wife looked back, and she became a pillar of salt. 27 Early the next morning Abraham got up and returned to the place where he had stood before the Lord. 28 He looked down toward Sodom and Gomorrah, toward all the land of the plain, and he saw dense smoke rising from the land, like smoke from a furnace. 29 So when God destroyed the cities of the plain, he remembered Abraham, and he brought Lot out of the catastrophe that overthrew the cities where Lot had lived. Lot and His Daughters 30 Lot and his two daughters left Zoar and settled in the mountains, for he was afraid to stay in Zoar. He and his two daughters lived in a cave. 31 One day the older daughter said to the younger, “Our father is old, and there is no man around here to give us children—as is the custom all over the earth. 32 Let’s get our father to drink wine and then sleep with him and preserve our family line through our father.” 33 That night they got their father to drink wine, and the older daughter went in and slept with him. He was not aware of it when she lay down or when she got up. 34 The next day the older daughter said to the younger, “Last night I slept with my father. Let’s get him to drink wine again tonight, and you go in and sleep with him so we can preserve our family line through our father.” 35 So they got their father to drink wine that night also, and the younger daughter went in and slept with him. Again he was not aware of it when she lay down or when she got up. 36 So both of Lot’s daughters became pregnant by their father. 37 The older daughter had a son, and she named him Moab[ g ]; he is the father of the Moabites of today. 38 The younger daughter also had a son, and she named him Ben-Ammi[ h ]; he is the father of the Ammonites[ i ] of today. Footnotes:	Genesis
Which legendary English outlaw ‘stole from the rich to give to the poor’?	The Discovery of the Sin Cities of Sodom and Gomorrah The Discovery of the Sin Cities of Sodom and Gomorrah Expert - Apr 16, 2008 - by Bryant G. Wood PhD Share/recommend this article: Excerpt When the archaeological, geographical and epigraphic evidence is reviewed in detail, it is clear that the infamous cities of Sodom and Gomorrah have now been found. What is more, this evidence demonstrates that the Bible provides an accurate eyewitness account of events that occurred southeast of the Dead Sea over 4,000 years ago... Continue reading Explore Related Articles Genesis and Ancient Near Eastern Stories of Creation and Flood: Part III Until recently, the Creation and the Flood have often been treated as separate units. One of the rea... Genesis and Ancient Near Eastern Stories of Creation and Flood: Part IV Many suggestions for a unifying theme of Genesis 1–11 as a whole... Genesis and Ancient Near Eastern Stories of Creation and Flood: An Introduction Part I Creation has been one of the most interesting and intriguing subjects in the Old Testament. In moder... Tags Support Like this artice? Our Ministry relies on the generosity of people like you. Every small donation helps us develop and publish great articles. Please support ABR! This article was originally published in summer 1999 issue of Bible and Spade. The names Sodom and Gomorrah(1) are bywords in our modern society. An especially wicked place is described as a "Sodom and Gomorrah." Pastors are sometimes said to be preaching "fire and brimstone." And we have the legal term sodomy for unnatural sex acts. These allusions, of course, stem from the Biblical account of events that occurred in the days of Abraham in Genesis 19. But did these places ever exist and will they ever be found? Most scholars think not. In his Anchor Bible Dictionary article on Sodom and Gomorrah, M.J. Mulder concluded that they were, Two legendary cities from prehistoric Israel in the neighborhood of the Dead Sea...it is highly uncertain, if not improbable, that the vanished cities of the Pentapolis will ever be recovered (1992: 99, 102). In their textbook on the history of Israel and Judah, Miller and Hayes state: The Sodom and Gomorrah story reflects yet another motif pattern known from extrabiblical literature, that of divine beings who visit a city to test the hospitality of its people and eventually destroy the inhospitable city. One can compare in this regard the Greek myth of Baucis and Philemon. The presence of such traditional motifs in the Biblical narratives raises the possibility that at least some of these narratives are purely products of the storyteller's art, which of course raises serious questions about their usefulness for historical reconstruction (1986:60). Looking for the Sites Sodom and Gomorrah were two of five cities referred to in Scripture as the Cities of the Plain. From references to the "plain of the Jordan" (Gn 13:10), "the Valley of Siddim (the Salt Sea)" (Gn 14:3) and Abraham looking down to see the Cities of the Plain from the area of Hebron (Gn 19:28), it is clear that the cities were located in the vicinity of the Dead Sea. Since the mountains come close to the shore on both the east and west, the cities must have been located either north or south of the Dead Sea. Various commentators over the centuries have suggested locations both north and south (Mulder 1992: 101 102). The reference to "bitumen pits" in Genesis 14:10, however, tips the scale in favor of a southern location (Howard 1984). Bitumen (a natural petroleum product similar to asphalt) was commonly found in the shallow southern basin of the Dead Sea in antiquity. (Bilkadi 1984; 1994; Clapp 1936a: 901–902; 1936b: 341–342). One popular theory, repeated yet today, is that the Cities of the Plain were located in the plain south of the Dead Sea and later covered by the waters of the southern basin, never to be seen again. The level of the Dead Sea has receded substantially in recent years, causing the southern basin to dry up. (2) Extensive exploration and activity in the area has produced no evidence to indicate that there were ancient sites there (Rast 1987a: 193). It wasn't until 1973 that solid archaeological evidence for locating the Cities of the Plain was found. At that time an archaeological survey of the area southeast of the Dead Sea was conducted by Walter Rast and Thomas Schaub in conjunction with their work at Bab edh-Dhra, an Early Bronze (ca. 3300–2000 BC) site on the east side of the Lisan peninsula.(3) Rast and Schaub discovered four additional sites south of Bab edh-Dhra, which they suggested might be related to the Cities of the Plain of the Old Testament (Rast and Schaub 1974). Subsequent excavations at Numeira, 13 km (8 mi) south of Bab edh-Dhra, have verified its close affinity with Bab edh-Dhra. Follow-up work at the other three sites, Safi, Feifa and Khanazir, however, has not been as rewarding. Explorations at Safi, Feifa and Khanazir When Rast and Schaub visited es-Safi in 1973 they discovered a large Early Bronze Age cemetery. To the east of the cemetery they observed wall remains and Early Bronze sherds indicative of a settlement site (1974: 911). Unfortunately, in the years following their survey, homes have been constructed on the site and "subsequent visits have been unable to confirm the presence of a[n Early Bronze Age] town site" (Schaub 1992: 895). Less than a month of excavation was carried out at Feifa and Khanazir, 16 December 1989–13 January 1990. An enormous Early Bronze Age cemetery was found at Feifa by Rast and Schaub in 1973, as well as a fortified enclosure (1974: 11–12). Upon excavation, the enclosure turned out to be an Iron Age II (eighth century BC) fortress constructed over part of the Early Bronze Age cemetery (de Vries 1991: 262; MacDonald 1997: 65). At Khanazir, walls observed by Rast and Schaub in 1973 (1974: 12–14) were in reality rectangular structures marking Early Bronze IV shaft tombs (deVries 1991: 262; Rast 1992: 560; MacDonald 1997: 65; Schaub 1997b: 62). Even though the locations of three of the Cities of the Plain remain elusive, evidence is strong that the two most important, Sodom and Gomorrah, have been found. Map of the area south of the Dead Sea, showing the proposed locations of the Biblical Cities of the Plain. Identifying the Sites Bab edh-Dhra and Numeira are the only known inhabited towns in the region of the Dead Sea between ca. 3300 and 900 BC. Moreover, Bab edh-Dhra is the largest site from the pre-Hellenistic period in the area (Rast 1987b: 46). The conclusion that these sites are associated with the Cities of the Plain is inescapable (Rast 1987a: 190–94; 1992: 561). In determining which archaeological site should be identified with which Biblical place name, we begin with Zoar. Because Lot fled to Zoar to escape the catastrophe (Gn 19:21–23), the town was spared from God's judgment. From later references to Zoar in the prophecies against Moab (Is 15:5; Jer 48:34), we know that the town continued to exist. It is further mentioned in various ancient references from the Hellenistic period to the Middle Ages (Schaub 1997b: 63; Astour 1992; Howard 1988b). (4) The most important source for locating the site is the Madaba map, a mosaic map on the floor of a church Bab edh-Dhra—view east along the south wall. Note the proximity of the mountain in the background. The angels told Lot, "Flee to the mountains or you will be swept away!" (Gn 19:17). Bab edh-Dhra townsite and cemeteries. Although the northern wall was lost due to erosion, it is estimated that the size of the fortified area was 9–10 acres. There was occupation to the east, south and west of the city walls as well. The main burial area throughout the more than 1,000 year history of the town was Cemetery A to the southwest. in Madaba, Jordan, depicting Palestine in the sixth century. Zoar is shown on the southeast shore of the Dead Sea, just south of the Zared River (Wadi Hesa) (Donner 1992: 42, No. 18). This places ancient Zoar in the vicinity of modem Safi, although its exact location is not known at present (Schaub 1997b: 63–64). The Bible tells us that Lot and his daughters lived in a cave in the mountains near Zoar (Gn 19:30). At the edge of the mountains just to the east of Zoar, the Madaba Map depicts the Sanctuary of St. Lot, a church built in memory of Lot. H. Donner and E.A. Knauf discovered the ruins of the church in 1983 (Donner 1992: 42), although McDonald claims to have found the site in 1986 (Politis 1993: 338). Built in front of a cave thought to be where Lot and his daughters lived, the church is located 7 km (4 mi) northeast of Safi on the north bank of the Wadi Hesa. The earliest evidence of occupation at the site is from the Early Bronze Age. Since the other four cities are always mentioned in pairs—Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim—it is logical to presume that Sodom would have been located near Gomorrah and Admah near Zeboiim. Thus Bab edh-Dhra and Numeira should be identified with one of these pairs, but which one? Turning to the site to the north of Safi, Numeira, we can make a linguistic connection with one of the Cities of the Plain. Many times ancient names are preserved in modem Arabic place names. The consonants of the name Gomorrah are c (ayin) MR and the consonants of Numeira are N M R. The ancient and modem names match, except for the first letter. Initial laryngeals like the ayin in cMR were commonly lost or transformed in the process of time, or when they came over into other languages or dialects. In this case, it is possible that nasalization took place, so the ayin in Hebrew cMR became the N in Arabic NMR (Shea 1988: 17). Jericho has been called the lowest city in the world, being at an elevation of 220 m (720 ft) below sea level. Bab edh-Dhra is at about the same elevation. The title of the world's lowest city, however, must now go to Numeira since it is situated at 280–290 m (920–950 ft) below sea level. The site to the north of Numeira, Bab edh-Dhra, would then be Sodom. Since Bab edh-Dhra is the largest ancient ruin in the region it stands to reason that it should be identified as Sodom, the most famous of the Cities of the Plain. It was occupied throughout the Early Bronze Age for a period of over 1,000 years. The Evidence General Geological studies have shown that the level of the Dead Sea was at a low point during the Early Bronze Age (Neev and Emery 1995: 62) and thus the shallow basin, or "plain" south of the Dead Sea, would have been dry land and probably cultivated. (5) The location of the Early Bronze Age sites along the eastern edge of the plain fits the Biblical description of the cities as being of the plain. "Cities of the Plain" is in the construct state in the Hebrew, which means that the word "cities" has a close association with the word "plain." The cities were not in the plain, or on the plain. If that were the case, a different construction would have been used. Rather, the cities were "of" the plain—they had a close association, or connection, with the plain. They were doubtless dependent upon the plain for their livelihood. Paleobotany The first description of the Cities of the Plain in the Bible is in the account of Lot separating from Abraham in Genesis 13:10–13. There, the plain is described as being "well watered" as far as Zoar (Gn 13:10). The Hebrew words translated "well watered" are kullah, an intensive form of the verb meaning "to be complete," and masqeh, from the verb meaning "to give to drink" or "irrigate." The meaning of kullah masqeh, then, is to be completely and totally irrigated. Paleo-botanical studies have shown that there was a rich diversity of crops grown at Bab edh-Dhra and Numeira. Most common were barley, wheat, grapes, figs, lentils and flax. Less common were chickpeas, peas, broad beans, dates and olives (McCreery 1980:52). Several of these crops could only have been grown with the use of irrigation: There is little doubt that agriculture was an important component of the economic base of the EB cities in the region and that irrigation was a key element of the agricultural industry (McCreery 1981: 168; cf p. 167, 1980: 52). City gate at Bab edh-Dhra. Located on the northeast side of the site, this is the gate that was in use at the end of the life of the city. The angels met Lot in the city gate. (Gn 19:1–3). The arrow shows the direction of entry. It appears that each of the five Cities of the Plain controlled the water from the principal streams that flowed into the plain from the east. Fortifications When the two angels came to Sodom to warn Lot of the impending doom, they found him sitting in the city gate (Gn 19:1). This indicates that Sodom was fortified. Bab edh-Dhra, which means "gate of the arm," had imposing fortifications. The city wall, enclosing an area of 9–10 acres, was a massive 7 m (23 ft) wide and made of stones and mud bricks (Schaub 1993: 134). Evidence for settlement was found outside the walls as well. The total population at the time Bab edh-Dhra met its end was between 600 and 1,200 (Rast 1987b: 47; 1992: 560; Schaub 1993: 134). Within the walls were a sanctuary on a high spot at the southwest end of the city, domestic and industrial areas, and a gateway on the northeast side. The gateway was comprised of two flanking towers with massive stone and timber foundations. They were ca. 4 m (13 ft) wide and 10 m (33 ft) long, with a 3–4 m (10–13 ft) passageway between. When Lot saw the angels, "he got up to meet them and bowed down with his face to the ground" (Gn 19:1). He then invited them to his home. Houses at Bab edh-Dhra were of the typical Early Bronze Age "broad room" style. They were rectangular, being about 5 m (16 ft) long and 2–3 m (7–10 ft) wide with an entrance in one of the long sides (Rast 1987b: 46). At Numeira, a town smaller than Bab edh-Dhra, the city wall was found to be about 4 m (13 ft) wide. Inside were houses very much like those at Bab edh-Dhra. It appears that the residents of Numeira buried their dead in the enormous cemetery at Bab edh-Dhra since no cemetery was discovered at Numeira. Supporting this hypothesis is the fact that pottery from Numeira was found in burials at Bab edh-Dhra (Rast 1987b: 47). Bab edh-Dhra—view north along the west wall, with the excavation areas at the west gate visible. The main gate was located here throughout most of the history of the city, giving easy access to the agricultural fields in the plain below. About 25 years before the final destruction, however, Bab edh-Dhra suffered a destruction which caused the citizens to purposely block up the west gate and construct a new gate on the northeast. This can be linked to the attack of the coalition of Mesopotamian kings described in Genesis 14. Two Destructions The Bible tells of not one, but two, traumatic events that occurred in the final days of Sodom and Gomorrah. Genesis 14 describes an attack against the Cities of the Plain by a coalition of four Mesopotamian kings. The battle was joined in the Valley of Siddim, probably at the northern end of the plain. Following their rout of the army of the Cities of the Plain, The four kings seized all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah and all their food; then they went away. They also carried off Abram's nephew Lot and his possessions, since he was living in Sodom (Gn 14:11). Then, in Genesis 19, we have the record of the final destruction when, because of their sin, The Lord rained down burning sulfur on Sodom and Gomorrah—from the Lord out of the heavens. Thus He overthrew those cities and the entire plain, including all those living in the cities—and also the vegetation of the land. (Gn 19:24–25). Plan of the excavated areas at Numeira. On the south is a 4 m (13 ft) town wall with an adjacent open area. North of the wall is a residential area, with blocks of houses separated by an east-west street. The entire area was covered with a thick layer of ash from the firestorm that totally destroyed the town. From the chronological data given in Genesis, it is possible to approximate the time span between the sacking of Sodom and Gomorrah by the kings of Mesopotamia and the final destruction of the cities. The account of the attack of the Mesopotamian coalition comes between the time when Abraham left Haran when he was 75 (12:4) and the conception of lshmael when Abraham was 85 (16:3). Since Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed at the time of the conception of Isaac when Abraham was 99 (17:1, 21:5), the sacking of Sodom and Gomorrah by the kings of Mesopotamia took place between 14 and 24 years before the final holocaust. There is evidence at both Bab edh-Dhra and Numeira for two destructions. (6) Excavation area at Numeira as it appeared following the 1977 season. Occupied for less than a century, the remains were better preserved at Numeira than at Bab edh-Dhra. Textiles, string, rope, seeds, and even a cluster of grapes survived amazingly well. Every room was filled with ash and burned debris from the dreadful holocaust that overtook the city. Evidence for Destruction at Bab edh-Dhra Throughout most of the life of Bab edh-Dhra the main entrance to the city was located on the west side, giving access to the plain below. Within the last 100 years of occupation, the west wall and gate area underwent a major destruction (Schaub and Rast 1984: 46; Rast 1987b: 47; Schaub 1997a: 249). This resulted in the citizens intentionally blocking up the west gate and constructing a new gate in the northeast (Schaub and Rast 1984: 46; Schaub 1993: 134). The new gate was founded on a meter of burned destruction debris resulting from the calamity (Rast and Schaub 1980: 28; Rast 1981a: 20). Shortly thereafter, at the close of the Early Bronze III period, the fortified city at Bab edh-Dhra met a final fiery end. Even though the site is badly eroded, enough evidence remained in several areas to show the severity of the disaster. The northeast gate was destroyed by fire as indicated by charcoal, broken and fallen bricks, and areas of ash (Rast 1981: 21). There was a massive pile-up of mudbrick in the west end suggesting heavy destruction in this part of the city (Rast 1981: 31). At this time the city wall fell and the mudbrick superstructure of the sanctuary collapsed, apparently after burning (Rast 1992: 560). The many stone and boulder fields within the city came from walls that were disrupted and transported downslope (Donahue 1980: 51; 1985:136). Following the destruction, there was occupation at Bab edh-Dhra in the Early Bronze IV period, but almost exclusively outside the destroyed Early Bronze III fortified town. Following this brief period of extramural settlement, the site was permanently abandoned. Two victims of the destruction of Numeira. These two skeletons were found adjacent to the east tower, lying in the ashy debris of the conflagration which brought the city to an end. They were buried under the collapsed stones from the tower. Evidence for Destruction at Numeira At Numeira, a better preserved site than Bab edh-Dhra, the evidence is even more dramatic. Unlike Bab edh-Dhra, the remnants of the town did not suffer erosional damage. Also in contrast to Bab edh-Dhra, Numeira was occupied for less than 100 years (Rast 1981b: 42; Rast and Schaub 1980: 43). On the east side of Numeira is a large tower 7.4 m (24 ft) wide and at least 10.0 m (33 ft) long (Coogan 1984: 80). It was built over an earlier domestic phase that suffered a heavy burning. This earliest phase of occupation was destroyed by fire; the walls and rooms that collapsed over the ashy destruction debris consisted of considerable mudbrick detritus, many large wooden beams, and carbonized grasses and reeds still tied by the ropes that had held them together as thatch. On the occupational surface of Room V (NE 10/2 Locus 5) was the skeleton of a mature male who had perished in the destruction of this earliest phase (Coogan 1984: 79). Similar evidence was found in Room 4 just inside the southern wall. Some 20–30 cm (8–12 in) below the final phase was an earlier phase with fragments of human bones (Rast and Schaub 1980:44). As with Bab edh-Dhra, Numeira was violently destroyed at the end of the Early Bronze III period. The type of pottery lying on the floors of the houses confirms that it met its end at the same time as Bab edh-Dhra (Rast and Schaub 1980: 45). A thick layer of burnt debris was found in almost every area excavated (Rast 1981b: 41; 1987b: 47). Michael Coogan, one of the excavators of Numeira, described what the archaeologists encountered: Under the topsoil (desert pavement) and a naturally deposited windblown sandy soil, the entire area was covered by the ashy debris of the final destruction of the town, up to 0.40 m in depth. This ash contained fragments of wooden beams that had supported the roofs of the dwellings and lay immediately over the latest occupational layer within each room, sealing the material beneath it. Not infrequently there was mudbrick detritus over the ash, which had resulted from the collapse of the mudbrick superstructures after the final conflagration (1984: 76). On the inner side of the tower more startling evidence was found for the tragedy which overcame Numeira. Over the final layer was a thick (0.50–0.10 m) layer of ashy debris, in which were found the skeletons of two mature males who perished in the final destruction of the town; over this was mudbrick detritus and rockfall (Coogan 1984:80). In Room 4 just inside the southern wall were fragments of human bones above and on the final surface (Rast and Schaub 1980: 44). Numeira met a tragic end and was never again occupied. It is possible to estimate the time span between the earlier destruction and the final destruction at Numeira. The area adjacent to the inner (west) face of the tower was used as an outdoor activity area. More than 20 alternating layers of chaff and carbonized material were found between the earlier domestic phase and the final destruction layer. The nature of the layers suggests seasonal activity (Coogan 1984:80). Thus, we can estimate the time span between the two destructions as being a little more than 20 years, which agrees with the Biblical time frame (14 to 24 years) between the events of Genesis 14 and 19 (Shea 1988: 18–19). Trade With Syria In 1975 a great archive of clay tablets dating to 2400–2350 BC was discovered at Tell Mardikh, ancient Ebla, in northern Syria (Archi 1997). One of the tablets is a geographic atlas listing 289 place names. An analysis of two segments of the list by William Shea indicates that they are sites located in Palestine, possibly places visited by merchants from Ebla (Shea 1983). The second segment, sites 188–219, traces a route from Syria south through the central hill country of Cisjordan, along the western shore of the Dead Sea, south of the Dead Sea Plain and then north along the east side of the Plain and Dead Sea. In the area corresponding to the east side of the Dead Sea Plain there are two places named—Number 210, Admah, and Number 211, Sodom. If Shea's readings are correct, this would be the only confirmed mention of the Cities of the Plain outside the Bible. (7) But why were not the other three cities, Gomorrah, Zoar, and Zeboiim, mentioned? The excavations at Numeira perhaps can shed some light on that question. These excavations revealed that Numeira (= Gomorrah) was in existence for only a short period of time, less than 100 years. It appears that the Ebla Atlas was composed prior to the founding of Numeira. The same may true of Zoar and Zeboiim. There has been some corroborating evidence from Bab edh-Dhra for this proposed contact. Among the cultural items that reflect foreign contact...the majority—including architectural features, cylinder seal impressions, jewelry, some forms of pottery, and a carved bull's head—show Syrian, if not Mesopotamian, influence (Schaub 1993: 135). Route traced by the Ebla Geographic Atlas. Site number 210 is Admah and site 211 Sodom—the only known occurrence of names of the Cities of the Plain outside the Bible.	i don't know
Who played Han Solo in the ‘Star Wars’ series of films?	Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (1977) - IMDb (Jonquiere, Canada) – See all my reviews When you ask casual movie fans (read: any of my friends) what their favorite movie is, you might get an answer like this: "Uh..I dunno...Jurassic Park 2 was cooler than the first... but Gladiator had people getting their heads cut off... and Scary Movie rocked, man... that movie is so funny." So what the hell do they mean? Well, beats me. Not too long ago, we were having a "philosophical" conversation about movies, when the subject came to Star Wars and the quels. (Pre and se.) We were arguing which one was the best. One of my friends said, "Well, I gotta admit, the first one is a classic, but the prequel has its moments." I swear a tear came to my eye. I never thought I'd have this kind of conversation with one of my friends. My point here is that Star Wars is a classic even to people who don't know Casablanca from Scooby Doo. It has everything you could possibly want: action, romance, midgets, cool creatures, quotable dialogue, midgets in bear suits, a great score and many more midgets. (Seriously, though, I don't mind midgets.) All this in a non-violent, non-racy, perfect-for-your-wee-ones package. For those of you who haven't seen this movie (yes, all 20 of you. I'm watching you.) I'll describe the plot. Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) is a young man who lives with his uncle and aunt on a desert planet. See. Luke's parents are dead. One day, as Luke is... outside, something crashes and he checks it out. It turns out there were two robots in there, namely C-3P0 and R2-D2. They have a message to give to some guy named Obi-Wan Kenobi (which turns out to be Alec Guiness!) from Princess Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher). Luke goes off to find old Ben, who lives close to his uncle. Old Ben gives Luke a long story about how his father was a Jedi and he will be one too, etc. When they come back, Luke's uncle and aunt are dead and now, he's not safe. So Luke and Ben and the robots head to Nar Shadaa, a hole, basically. There they meet up with Han Solo (Harrison Ford) and his big, uh, ape-like thing called a Wookie. There's a lot more plot to this movie, and I would pass the limit of 1000 word before I could explain it all. The fact of the matter is, there'S a lot of backstory to this movie. There's probably more backstory to this movie than there is to your LIFE. (Don't feel bad...) I used to be a fanatic. I used to know everything there was to know about Star Wars. And you will notice that I didn't start my review by saying I was blah blah blah in 1977. Why is that? Because, I wasn't at all in 1977. I saw every movie in its special edition form, in 1997. I had seen the movies on TV before, but they never held my attention. Until they were re-released. Just type in Star Wars in a search engine. You'll see that this movie has a rabid following and a detailed history to boot. The acting here is not what's important. It's about on the same level as old adventure films of the 30's and 40's except for a few notable exceptions (Guiness, Ford and a few supporting actors). What makes this movie exceptional is the whole spectacle that unfolds. This is never boring, rarely violent and always a treat to watch. All the creatures, all the characters, all the action scenes, all of this movie is basically perfect. People criticize it as being a kids' movie, as being just stupid mindless action. Well, you guys are right. But that's what this movie was set out to be, that's what it is and that's why I like it. Lucas borrowed from Kurosawa and Ford to make this movie, and consequently, many have borrowed from his work. This movie deserves to be borrowed from. It shaped American cinema, it shaped the way people think about "action-adventure" movies, it spawned dozens of books, two sequels, one prequel, two TV movies, comic books, action figures and legions of fans. If you haven't already seen this... Well ,you probably haven't seen much anyway, so rent this. If you have seen this, watch it again. I think I will. 10/10 190 of 315 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Harrison Ford
Who sang at half time at the US Super Bowl in February 2013?	Star Wars: Han Solo & Boba Fett Spinoff Films Revealed Star Wars: Han Solo & Boba Fett Spinoff Films Revealed Share Comment The movie universe has broken wide open since the announcement that Disney purchased LucasFilm and plans to release new Star Wars movies – beginning with Star Wars Episode VII in 2015. Just yesterday came the news from top executives that standalone spinoff films were in the works as well, to fill the years in between each numbered chapter of the unfolding new saga. A Yoda movie was the first rumored prospect for spinoff; following in the trend of revisiting old characters from the original trilogy, today we get word that Han Solo and Boba Fett might also get their own, respective, feature films. EW is dropping the exclusive, claiming to have it from sources that Solo and Fett are indeed the characters we will see in spinoff films. It makes perfect sense for Disney/Lucas to take a two-pronged approach to the franchise; on the one hand offering fans the nostalgic thrill of new adventures with old, beloved (lucrative) characters – meanwhile expanding the brand with the new Episodes and their characters. Word is the Han Solo film would take place between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, chronicling how a young rapscallion bacome the legendary lovable roughneck smuggler. Of course (as will be detailed in our upcoming editorial) there must be a “How Han Met Chewie” element to this film for it to be all it can be. If you couldn’t tell by the parameters being set, Han Solo would have to be played by a younger actor – though like The Hobbit, an aged Harrison Ford could still be utilized to frame the piece. Ford himself said he’s open to returning to the franchise . The Boba Fett movie is more vague in shape, but basically the idea is to set it between either Episodes IV & V, or V & VI, with the gist of it being Boba tangling with a collection of fellow intergalactic Bounty Hunters and scumbags to obtain (or protect) some quarry. With a loose frame like that, we could very well end up seeing Han Solo’s carbonite slab bounced around the screen for an hour an a half while Boba tries to get it back. Add in cameos by unscrupulous types like Darth Vader, and this anti-hero Star Wars flick could be something refreshingly new. Captain America director Joe Johnston told us personally he wants to make a Boba Fett movie – we’d still like to see that happen! Star Wars meets Dredd meets Catch Me if You Can? Why not. The current game plan is for Episodes VII – IX to be released every three years between 2015 – 2021, with additional films (like these solo spinoffs) in the gaps between Episodes chapters. Given the resources of Disney/LF, there very well could be two Star Wars films out a year, keeping with the Marvel blueprint. No word on casting, writers or directors yet – and given the state flux we are living in regarding Star Wars as a whole, anything could end up happening. Don’t count Yoda, Republic Commandos, Shadow of the Empire or anything else out. What about you guys? Any ideas to share? ———	i don't know
In July 2013, who revealed that they were the secret author Robert Galbraith?	JK Rowling tells story of alter ego Robert Galbraith \| Books \| The Guardian JK Rowling JK Rowling tells story of alter ego Robert Galbraith Harry Potter author explains how she gave her crime-writing alter ego Robert Galbraith his name, and why she went undercover for projected series of novels Pottering no more ... JK Rowling has revealed more about her pseudonymous detective novel. Photograph: Ian West/PA Wednesday 24 July 2013 05.52 EDT First published on Wednesday 24 July 2013 05.52 EDT Close This article is 3 years old JK Rowling chose her alter ego of Robert Galbraith by conflating the name of her political hero Robert F Kennedy and her childhood fantasy name "Ella Galbraith", the Harry Potter writer has explained on her alternative persona's official author website . The author, who was outed last week as the writer of detective novel The Cuckoo's Calling , also confirmed that she has "just finished the sequel" – the first of a projected series featuring sleuth Cormoran Strike – which is to be published in 2014. Amid the FAQs on the official Robert Galbraith author website, Rowling declared "I successfully channelled my inner bloke!" when editor David Shelley, who first read the novel without knowing who its true author was, said, "I never would have thought a woman wrote that." The Cuckoo's Calling, shot to No 1 in the hardback fiction charts last week, selling 17,662 copies after Rowling was revealed to be its author, charting above Dan Brown's Inferno at number two, and Second Honeymoon by James Patterson at number three. In the overall UK book charts, it reached third place, behind paperbacks of John Grisham's The Racketeer at No 1, and Rowling's previous adult novel The Casual Vacancy, which also climbed rapidly following the news, at number two. Writing on the Galbraith website, Rowling reaffirmed the line that the pseudonymous story "was not a leak or marketing ploy by me, my publisher or agent, both of whom have been completely supportive of my desire to fly under the radar. If sales were what mattered to me most, I would have written under my own name from the start, and with the greatest fanfare." The decision to choose a male pseudonym was driven by a desire to "take my writing persona as far away as possible from me", Rowling said. By choosing as her hero a military man working in national security – taking a lead from former SAS solider and bestselling author Andy McNab – she created an "excuse not to make personal appearances or to provide a photograph". "When I was a child, I really wanted to be called Ella Galbraith, I've no idea why. The name had a fascination for me. I actually considered calling myself LA Galbraith for the Strike series, but for fairly obvious reasons decided that initials were a bad idea," Rowling said. "I know a number of soldiers and I'm close to two people in particular who were incredibly generous as I researched my hero's background," Rowling wrote. Her military contacts also helped to construct a fake CV for Robert Galbraith. "One of these friends is from the Special Investigations Bureau. So while Strike himself is entirely fictional, his career and the experiences he's had are based on factual accounts of real soldiers." Rowling also reveals that lead character's first name "was a gift from his flaky groupie of a mother, is unusual and a recurring irritation to him as people normally get it wrong; we sense that he would much rather be called Bob." The character of Strike's assistant, Robin, a temporary secretary, grew "largely out of my own experiences as a temp, long ago in London where I could always make rent between jobs because I could type 100 words a minute due to writing fiction in my spare time." The book's title is taken from A Dirge, the mournful poem by Christina Rossetti which is a lament for one who died too young. Rowling was "yearning to go back to the beginning of a writing career in this new genre, to work without hype or expectation and to receive totally unvarnished feedback. It was a fantastic experience and I only wish it could have gone on a little longer," she said. Most of the Harry Potter books are "whodunits at heart", she added, saying that she "loves detective fiction". Its London setting was chosen above Scotland, where Rowling lives, because "you could write about London all your life and not exhaust the plots, settings or history," she said. Rowling's identity as the author of The Cuckoo's Calling was leaked last week by a friend of one of her lawyers. At that point, the book had sold 8,500 English-language copies across all formats (hardback, eBook, library and audiobook), and received two offers from television production companies. "The situation was becoming increasingly complicated," Rowling admitted, "largely because Robert was doing rather better than we had expected … but we all still hoped to keep the secret a little longer. Robert's success during his first three months as a published writer (discounting sales made after I was found out) actually compares favourably with JK Rowling's success over the equivalent period of her career." Christopher Gossage told his wife's best friend that obscure writer of The Cuckoo's Calling was in fact Harry Potter author Published: 31 Dec 2013 Despite sales boost, writer 'disappointed' that partner at law firm revealed crime novelist's identity to his wife's best friend Published: 18 Jul 2013 Sunday Times journalist learnt who wrote The Cuckoo's Calling in online exchange with friend of solicitor at Rowling's law firm. By Josh Halliday Published: 31 Jul 2013 First edition copy of The Cuckoo's Calling, signed by JK Rowling and 'Robert Galbraith', will be auctioned online this weekend Published: 19 Jul 2013	J. K. Rowling
How many apostles are there in the painting ‘The Last Supper’ by Leonardo da Vinci?	JK Rowling shares Robert Galbraith rejection letters - BBC News BBC News JK Rowling shares Robert Galbraith rejection letters 25 March 2016 Close share panel Image copyright Getty Images JK Rowling has shared two rejection letters she received for her first novel writing as Robert Galbraith. The author was trying to find a publisher for The Cuckoo's Calling, which was eventually released in 2013. Rowling posted the rejections on Twitter , saying she was doing so to encourage other aspiring writers. One of the letters, from publishing house Constable & Robinson, says it "could not publish [The Cuckoo's Calling] with commercial success". The letter goes on to suggest politely that Galbraith "double check in a helpful bookshop" or in the twice yearly "buyer's guide of Bookseller magazine", about who the current publishers of his fiction genre are. The letter adds "a writers' group or writing course may help" Galbraith to get constructive criticism of his debut crime novel. The second letter, from Creme de la Crime publishers, explains simply that they have become part of Severn House Publishers and are "unable to accept new submissions at the moment". Image copyright JK Rowling / Twitter Rowling, who has more than seven million Twitter followers, posted them in response to a fan's request for a picture of a rejection letter. She explained: "The Potter ones are now in a box in my attic, but I could show you Robert Galbraith's?" The Harry Potter author removed the signatures from the letters because she said she was posting them "for inspiration, not revenge". "I wasn't going to give up until every single publisher turned me down, but I often feared that would happen," she added. Author Joanne Harris joined the Twitter discussion, joking that she got so many rejections for her 1999 novel Chocolat that she had "made a sculpture" out of them. The novel went on to become hugely successful and was made into a film starring Juliette Binoche, Judi Dench and Johnny Depp. The Cuckoo's Calling was eventually published by Sphere Books, an imprint of Little, Brown & Company. The book sold about 1,500 copies before Rowling's identity as the author was revealed by the Sunday Times newspaper. It was Rowling's second novel for adults, having released The Casual Vacancy under her real name in 2012. The Harry Potter series of books has to date sold more than 400 million copies. The eight film adaptations of the books have been named as the second-highest grossing franchise and film series of all time. Rowling has also been named as the first female novelist in the world to become a billionaire.	i don't know
What is the first name of the older brother of British tennis player Andy Murray?	My brother was always better at tennis, Andy Murray admits - Telegraph Andy Murray My brother was always better at tennis, Andy Murray admits Andy Murray has told the next generation of tennis players that anyone can be champion, as he admits that his brother was always a better player growing up. An early photo of Jamie and Andy Murray Photo: Newsflash Image 1 of 2 Unbelievable moment: Andy Murray sinks to the ground as he wins the Wimbledon title Photo: GETTY IMAGES By Hayley Dixon 10:45AM BST 08 Jul 2013 As he gave a series of interviews after winning the £1.6million prize money, Andy Murray admitted that sportsmen are paid too much. But he said that winning was not about the cash, it was about making history. The Wimbledon champion said that he started out playing on “rubbish courts” with his brother Jamie and his mother Judy when he was four, and kept going because of his love of the sport. “I had my brother to play with which really helped me and he was always better than me growing up, so that was someone for me to look up to and then to try and beat and to try and compete with,” He told Radio 2’s Chris Evans Breakfast Show. “He is older than me so he is bigger and stronger and uglier than me and I just always wanted to be better than him and looked up to him. “That is what it comes down to you need to want to work hard for something and if you want it enough it doesn’t matter where you come from or anything like that, you can do it.” Related Articles	Jamie
Not including the cellar, how many rooms are there in the board game ‘Cluedo’?	Andrew (Andy) Murray - Genealogy Genealogy Join the world's largest family tree Gender Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos May 15 1987 - Dunblane, Scotland, FK15 Parents: William Murray, Judy Murray (born Erskine) Brother: May 15 1987 - Dunblane, Scotland, FK15 Parents: William Murray, Judy Murray (born Erskine) Brother: May 15 1987 - Dunblane, Scotland, FK15 Parents: William Murray, Judith "Judy" Murray (born Erskine) Brother: May 15 1987 - Dunblane, Scotland, FK15 Parents: William Murray, Judith "Judy" Murray (born Erskine) Brother: May 15 1987 - Dunblane, Scotland, FK15 Parents: William Murray, Judith "Judy" Murray (born Erskine) Brother: May 15 1987 - Dunblane, Scotland, FK15 Parents: William Murray, Judith "Judy" Murray (born Erskine) Brother: About Andrew (Andy) Murray Andy Murray is a Scottish professional tennis player. Murray is the first British player to reach the Wimbledon men's singles final in the open era for over 75 years, as well as the first British player in over a hundred years to win a tennis gold medal at the Olympics. In Sept. 2012 Murray won the US Open - beating Novan Djokovic in 5 sets in an epic match - 7-6, 7-5, 2-6, 3-6, 6-2 - the first British man to win a Grandslam title in 76 years. On 7th July 2013 Andy again reached the finals of Wimbledon and this time took the Championship title - beating Novan Djokovic in 3 sets - 6-4 7-5 6-4. He is the first British Wimbledon Champion since Fred Perry won the title 77 years ago. Personal Life Andrew Murray was born to Will and Judy in Glasgow, Scotland. His maternal grandfather, Roy Erskine, was a professional footballer in the late 1950s. Murray's brother, Jamie, is also a professional tennis player, playing on the doubles circuit. Following the separation of his parents when he was nine years old, Andy and Jamie lived with their father. Murray later attended Dunblane High School. Murray attended Dunblane Primary School, and was present during the 1996 Dunblane school massacre. Thomas Hamilton killed 17 people before turning one of his four guns on himself. Murray took cover in a classroom. Murray says he was too young to understand what was happening and is reluctant to talk about it in interviews, but in his autobiography Hitting Back he states that he attended a youth group run by Hamilton, and that his mother gave Hamilton lifts in her car. At 15, Murray was asked to train with Rangers Football Club at their School of Excellence, but declined, opting to focus on his tennis career instead. He then decided to move to Barcelona, Spain. There he studied at the Schiller International School and trained on the clay courts of the Sánchez-Casal Academy. Murray described this time as "a big sacrifice". While in Spain, he trained with Emilio Sánchez, formerly the world no. 1 doubles player. Murray was born with a bipartite patella, where the kneecap remains as two separate bones instead of fusing together in early childhood. He was diagnosed at the age of 16 and is seen frequently to hold his knee due to the pain caused by the condition and has pulled out of events because of it. Murray is in a long-term relationship with Kim Sears, who is regularly seen attending his matches. The couple are due to wed sometime in 2013. English Connection Although Murray has made patriotic comments about his Scottish nationality his maternal grandmother Eileen Shirley Edney was born to English parents John Marsom Edney and Joyce Mary Anderson. John Edney was a solicitor born in Berwick on Tweed in 1901 and Joyce Anderson was born in York in 1906. The couple married in Berwick on Tweed in 1931. John Edney’s mother Catherine Hush was born in Berwick in 1869, his father also John M Edney was born in the London area in 1857. The exact birth place given on the victorian census records on TheGenealogist.co.uk varies but with the majority indicating New Cross London. The occupation given on the Northumberland 1901 census shows his occupation as a potato trader, and previous occupations given as Corn Merchant and Shirt Machinist. His ancestry can be traced further back through the London area with forbearers recorded as Railway Clerk, Accountant and School Master. Joyce Anderson’s ancestry however is predominantly northern, giving Andy Murray a very cross-country English heritage. Her mother Gertrude Golding was born in Sheffield in 1882 and her grandparents were born in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire.	i don't know
What is the capital of Canada?	Capital Cities of Canada Capital Cities of Canada Toronto, Halifax and Yellowknife are among Canada's provincial capitals Ottawa Parkway Heading Downtown. Dennis McColeman / Photographer's Choice / Getty Images By Susan Munroe Updated October 18, 2016. Canada has 10 provinces and three territories, each of which has its own capital. From Charlottetown and Halifax in the east to Toronto and Winnipeg in the center, to Yellowknife in the north and Victoria in the west, each of Canada’s capital cities has its own unique identity. The nation's capital is Ottawa, which was incorporated in 1855 and gets its name from the Algonquin word for trade. Ottawa's archaeological sites point to an indigenous population that lived there for centuries before Europeans discovered the area. Between the 17th century and 19th century, the Ottawa River was the primary route for the Montreal fur trade. By 1830, Ottawa was a major supplier of timber to Britain, and the Grand Trunk Railway secured the city's status as the country's capital. Ottawa is home to a number of post-secondary, research and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre and the National Gallery. Read on for more about the capital cities of Canada's provinces and territories. Edmonton, Alberta Edmonton , on the North Saskatchewan River, is the northernmost of Canada’s large cities and is frequently referred to as the Gateway to the North, due to its road, rail, and air transportation links. Indigenous people inhabited Edmonton area for centuries before Europeans arrived. It’s believed that one of the first Europeans to explore the area was Anthony Henday, who visited in 1754 on behalf of the Hudson’s Bay Company. Henday sought to establish fur trading with Edmonton’s indigenous people. Fort Edmonton, named for Edmonton, London in England, was established in 1795 along the river’s northern banks. The Canadian Pacific Railway, which arrived in Edmonton in 1885, was a boon for the local economy, bringing new arrivals from Canada, the United States, and Europe to the area. Edmonton was incorporated as a town in 1892, and later as a city in 1904. It became the capital of the newly-formed province of Alberta a year later. Modern-day Edmonton has evolved into a city with a wide range of cultural, sporting and tourist attractions, and is the host of more than two dozen festivals each year. Most of Edmonton's population works in the service and trade industries as well as in the municipal, provincial and federal governments. Victoria, British Columbia Named after the English queen, Victoria is the capital city of the province of British Columbia. Victoria is a gateway to the Pacific Rim, is close to American markets, and has many sea and air links that make it a business hub. With the mildest climate in Canada, Victoria is known for its gardens and has a large retiree population. Its metropolitan area is the 15th largest in Canada. Before Europeans arrived in western Canada in the 1700s, Victoria was inhabited by indigenous Coastal Salish people and the native Songhees, who still have a large presence in the area. Juan Perez of Spain visited in 1774, and James Cook of England arrived in 1778. Fort Victoria was established by Hudson’s Bay trader James Douglas in 1841, although it was known as Fort Albert until 1843. Douglas became the first governor of British Columbia in 1858. Victoria became the capital of British Columbia when the province joined the Canadian Confederation in 1871. The focus of downtown Victoria is the inner harbor, which features the Parliament Buildings and the historic Fairmont Empress Hotel. Victoria also is home to the University of Victoria and Royal Roads University, as well as several other smaller colleges. Winnipeg, Manitoba Located at the geographical center of Canada, Winnipeg’s name is a Cree word meaning “muddy water.” Indigenous people inhabited Winnipeg well before the first French explorers arrived in 1738. Winnipeg was incorporated as a city in 1873 and is now the eighth-largest city in Canada. Named for nearby Lake Winnipeg, the city sits at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. It's at the bottom of the Red River Valley, which creates humid conditions during the summer months. The city is nearly equidistant from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and considered the center of Canada's Prairie provinces. The arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1881 led to increased development in Winnipeg, and although an earlier boom as a heavy manufacturing center has waned, the city remains the center of Canada's grain industry. Winnipeg is still a transportation hub, with extensive rail and air links. It is a multicultural city where more than 100 languages are spoken. It’s also the home of the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, and the Winnipeg Art Gallery, which houses the largest collection of Inuit art in the world. Winnipeg hosts numerous music events and festivals and is the home ice of the NHL's newest expansion team, the Jets. Fredericton, New Brunswick The capital city of the province of New Brunswick, Fredericton is strategically located on the Saint John River and is within a day's drive of Halifax, Toronto, and New York City. Before Europeans arrived, the Welastekwewiyik (or Maliseet) people inhabited the Fredericton area for centuries. The first Europeans to come to Fredericton were the French, who arrived in the late 1600s. The area was known as St. Anne's Point, and was captured by the British during the French and Indian War in 1759. New Brunswick became its own colony in 1784, with Fredericton becoming the provincial capital a year later. Modern-day Fredericton is a center for research in the agriculture, forestry, and engineering industries. Much of this research stems from the two major colleges in the city: the University of New Brunswick and St. Thomas University, as well as a variety of training colleges and institutes. St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador Although the origin of its name is somewhat mysterious, St. John's is Canada's oldest settlement, dating back to 1630. It sits on a deepwater harbor connected by the Narrows, a long inlet to the Atlantic Ocean. The French and English battled over St. John's through the late 17th century and early 18th century, with the final battle of the French and Indian War fought there in 1762. Although it had a colonial government beginning in 1888, St. John's was not formally incorporated as a city until 1921. In 1901, Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless (radio) signal in St. John's. A major site for fishing, St John's local economy was depressed by the collapse of cod fisheries in the early 1990s but has since rebounded with petrodollars from offshore oil projects. Yellowknife, Northwest Territories The capital city of the Northwest Territories is also its only city. Yellowknife is on the shore of Great Slave Lake, just over 300 miles from the Arctic Circle. It was populated by the aboriginal Tlicho people until Europeans arrived in 1785 or 1786. The first European in Yellowknife was a North West Company fur trader. A few other Europeans ventured into the Northwest Territories, but it was not until 1898 when gold was discovered nearby, that the population saw a sharp uptick. Gold and government administration were the mainstays of Yellowknife's economy until the late 1990s and early 2000s when the fall of gold prices led to the closure of the two main gold companies. The creation of the new territory of Nunavut in 1999 meant about a third of Yellowknife's government employees transferred to the new territory. The discovery of diamonds in the Northwest Territories in 1991 stimulated the economy again and diamond mining, cutting, polishing and selling became major activities for Yellowknife residents. While winters in Yellowknife are cold and dark, its proximity to the Arctic Circle means summer days are long and sunny. Halifax, Nova Scotia The largest urban area in the Atlantic provinces, Halifax has one of world's largest natural harbors and is an important seaport. Incorporated as a city in 1841, Halifax has been inhabited by humans since the Ice Age, with Mikmaq people living in the area for some 13,000 years prior to European exploration. The British established settlements in Halifax beginning in 1746 and pushed out the Mikmaq and Acadians living there. The local economy was boosted by the Napoleonic Wars of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, as Halifax supplied timber to the British Royal Navy. Halifax was the site of one of the worst explosions in Canada's history in 1917 when a munitions ship collided with another ship in the harbor. Some 2,000 people were killed and 9,000 were wounded in the blast, which leveled part of the city. Modern-day Halifax is home to the Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, and several universities, including Saint Mary’s and the University of King’s College. Iqaluit, Nunavut Formerly known as Frobisher Bay, Iqaluit is the capital, largest community and only city in Canada’s newest territory. Iqaluit, which means "many fish" in the Inuit language, sits at the northeast head of Frobisher Bay on southern Baffin Island. The Inuit who inhabited the region for centuries continue to have a significant presence in Iqaluit, despite the arrival of English explorers in 1561. Iqaluit was the site of a major airbase built at the start of World War II, which played an even larger role during the Cold War as a communications center. Toronto, Ontario The largest city in Canada, and the fourth-largest city in North America, Toronto is a cultural, entertainment, business and financial hub, and is the seat of the Ontario provincial government. The city has close to 3 million people, and the metro area has more than 5 million residents. Aboriginal people have been in the area that is now Toronto for thousands of years, and until the arrival of Europeans in the 1600s, the area was a hub for the Iroquois and Wendat-Huron confederacies of native Canadians. First explored by European fur traders, like many resource-rich and strategic areas in Canada, Toronto was the site of several battles between the French and British. During the Revolutionary War in the American colonies, many British settlers fled to Toronto. In 1793, the town of York was established; it was captured by Americans in the War of 1812. The area was renamed Toronto and incorporated as a city in 1834. Like much of the U.S., Toronto was hard-hit by the Depression in the 1930s, but its economy rebounded during World War II, as immigrants came to the area. Toronto's population grew exponentially after the war, and several of its suburbs saw rapid expansion. Modern-day Toronto is a highly diverse metro area, with the Royal Ontario Museum, the Ontario Science Centre and the Museum of Inuit Art among its cultural offerings. It's also home to several professional sports teams, including the Maple Leafs (hockey), the Blue Jays (baseball) and the Raptors (basketball). Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island The capital city of Canada's smallest province, Charlottetown holds a place in Canadian history as the site of the first three Canadian conferences on Confederation, which led to the creation of Canada in 1867 (even though Prince Edward Island did not join the Confederation until 1873). Like many regions of Canada, aboriginal people inhabited Charlottetown and Prince Edward Island for some 10,000 years before Europeans arrived. French fur traders came to the area in 1720, but by 1758, the British were largely in control of the region. During the 19th century, after Prince Edward Island was designated as a separate province from Nova Scotia, shipbuilding became a major industry in Charlottetown. In the present day, Charlottetown's biggest industry is tourism, with its historic architecture and scenic Charlottetown Harbour attracting visitors from all over the world. It's also home to Prince Edward Island University. Quebec City, Quebec Quebec City, the capital of the province of Quebec, is located on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River. It was occupied by aboriginal people for thousands of years before Europeans arrived in 1535. Permanent French settlement was not established in Quebec until 1608 when Samuel de Champlain set up a trading post there. It was captured by the British in 1759. Its location along the St. Lawrence River made Quebec City a major trade hub well into the 20th century. Modern-day Quebec City remains a hub for French-Canadian culture, rivaled only by Montreal, the other large Francophone city in Canada. Regina, Saskatchewan Founded in 1882, Regina is only about 100 miles north of the U.S. border. The area's first inhabitants were the Plains Cree and the Plains Ojibwa. The grassy, flat plain was home to herds of buffalo that were hunted to near-extinction by European fur traders. Regina was incorporated as a city in 1903, and when Saskatchewan became a province in 1905, Regina was named its capital. It has seen slow but steady growth since World War II, and it remains a major center of agriculture in Canada. It is home to the University of Regina and the Saskatchewan Polytechnic College. Whitehorse, Yukon Territory The capital city of the Yukon Territory of Canada is home to more than 70 percent of the Yukon's population. Whitehorse is within the shared traditional territory of the Ta'an Kwach'an Council (TKC) and the Kwanlin Dun First Nation (KDFN) and has a thriving cultural community. Its diversity includes French immersion programs and French schools, and it also has a sizable Filipino community. Whitehorse is just off the Alaska Highway on the Yukon River, about 65 miles north of the British Columbia border. The Yukon River flows right through Whitehorse, and there are broad valleys and big lakes around the city. It's also bordered by three large mountains: Grey Mountain on the east, Haeckel Hill on the northwest and Golden Horn Mountain on the south. The Yukon has been inhabited for several thousand years by aboriginal people. In the modern era, the Tutchone, Inland Tlingit and Tagish people, descendants of the Yukon First Nation people, still live in and around the Whitehorse area. The Yukon River near Whitehorse became a rest stop of sorts for gold prospectors during the Klondike Gold Rush in the late 1800s. Whitehorse is still a stop for most trucks bound for Alaska on the Alaska Highway. Around 250,000 travelers drive through Whitehorse every year, and several airlines fly out of the Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International airport.	Ottawa
What colour is Teletubby Po in the children’s television series’ Teletubbies’?	Canada Facts, Capital City, Currency, Flag, Language, Landforms, Land Statistics, Largest Cities, Population, Symbols French (official) 23.2%; other 17.5% Largest Cities: (by population) Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa-Gatineau, Calgary, Edmonton National Day: July 1 Population & Density: (all countries) Religions: Roman Catholic 42.6%, Protestant 23.3% (including United Church 9.5%, Anglican 6.8%, Baptist 2.4%, Lutheran 2%), other Christian 4.4%, Muslim 1.9%, other and unspecified 11.8%, none 16%	i don't know
In the Harry Potter series of books, what animal does Sirius Black turn into?	Sirius Black \| Harry Potter Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia —Sirius Black giving Harry Potter advice Sirius Black ( 3 November , [9] 1959 [10] – 18 June , 1996 [4] ), also known as Padfoot or Snuffles (in his Animagus form) was a pure-blood wizard , the older son of Orion and Walburga Black , and the brother of Regulus Black. Although he was the heir of the House of Black , Sirius disagreed with his family's belief in blood purity and defied tradition when he was Sorted into Gryffindor House instead of Slytherin at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , which he attended from 1971 - 1978 . As the rest of his family had been in Slytherin, he was the odd one out. As Sirius's relationship with his relatives deteriorated, he gained lifelong friendship in James Potter and Remus Lupin . Peter Pettigrew was a friend as well for ten years. The four friends, also known as the Marauders, joined the Order of the Phoenix to fight against Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters during the First Wizarding War . Sirius was named the godfather of Harry James Potter , the only son of James and Lily Potter . When Pettigrew betrayed the Potters to Voldemort, Sirius sought to exact revenge on Pettigrew. However, Pettigrew was able to frame Sirius for his betrayal of the Potters, the murder of twelve Muggles, and the staged murder of Pettigrew before Sirius could accomplish this. Sirius was sent to Azkaban , and after twelve years became the only known person to escape the prison unassisted by transforming into his Animagus form of a massive black dog confused with a "Grim", an omen said to cause death. Sirius exposed Pettigrew's treachery to his old friend Remus and his godson. After Lord Voldemort returned in 1995 , Sirius rejoined the Order. He was murdered by his cousin Bellatrix Lestrange during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries and subsequently cleared of all charges by the Ministry of Magic, though he was too late to enjoy his freedom. He briefly appeared again to Harry through the Resurrection Stone on 2 May, 1998 , along with James and Lily Potter, and Remus Lupin. Harry later named his first son James Sirius Potter after him. Contents [ show ] Biography "Sirius was a brave, clever, and energetic man, and such men are not usually content to sit at home in hiding while they believe others to be in danger." — Albus Dumbledore 's opinion of Sirius [src] Early life (1959-1971) Harry Potter: "Were — were your parents Death Eaters as well?" Sirius: "No, no, but believe me, they thought Voldemort had the right idea, they were all for the purification of the wizarding race, getting rid of Muggle-borns and having pure-bloods in charge." — Sirius regarding his family's beliefs [src] Sirius was the last remaining heir of the House of Black , a once-notable pure-blood wizarding family. His parents, Orion and Walburga , were both Blacks by birth and second cousins. Sirius had a younger brother, Regulus , who died after turning against Lord Voldemort in 1979 by attempting to destroy his Horcruxes . He was killed by the Inferi guarding one of his Horcruxes (although Sirius did not know this). Sirius did not share a close relationship with his brother, calling him "a better son" than himself. [11] "Sirius" is a traditional Black family name, recurring in at least three generations and following a family tradition of naming children after stars, constellations, and galaxies. The names Cygnus, Arcturus, and Regulus have also occurred at least twice each. Notably, however, only one Sirius (the subject's great-grandfather ) left a line of descent, which ended with the youngest Sirius, as he did not have children. [12] The Blacks in the early 1970s The Black family believed strongly in pure-blood elitism. They refused to consort with Muggles or Muggle-borns , Squibs and blood traitors and even disowned Squib family members, such as Sirius's great-uncle Marius Black , and insisted that their family members only marry within respectable pure-blood classes; because of these beliefs, they were forced to marry their own cousins. They also held the Dark Arts in reverence. Sirius rejected these values, leading to conflict with his family. He even put permanent-sticking charms on Gryffindor banners, as well as pictures of Muggle girls in bikinis, and motorcycles, and a picture of himself and his Gryffindor friends on the walls of his room to emphasise his differences from the family and annoy his parents. [13] When his cousins Bellatrix and Narcissa made the desirable pure-blood marriages, to Rodolphus Lestrange and Lucius Malfoy respectively, Sirius held them in contempt. His favourite cousin, Andromeda , was disowned by the family as a " blood traitor " when she married Ted Tonks , a Muggle-born wizard. Sirius would later share this designation and was held in contempt, even hatred, by some members of his family. However, in his later life, Sirius established friendships with his first cousin once removed, Nymphadora Tonks , as well as his godson Harry Potter (whom he loved as a son), Harry's best friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , (his third cousin) and his distant cousins in the Weasley family . He was distantly related to Arthur. [11] Hogwarts years (1971-1978) "It's beautiful, isn't it? I'll never forget the first time I walked through those doors. It'll be nice to do it again as a free man." —Sirius reminiscing on his days at Hogwarts [src] Sirius during his Sorting sitting next to Lily Evans Sirius had an unhappy childhood; by adolescence he had come to hate most of his relatives, in particular his mother, Walburga and his cousin Bellatrix Black . Whereas all other members of the Black family were Sorted into Slytherin , Sirius was placed in Gryffindor during his Sorting in 1971, showing that his views had already diverged from those of the rest of the family before he came to school. Sirius also took great care in hanging Gryffindor banners all over his room at Number 12 Grimmauld Place to show his difference from the rest of the family. Aside from the shrine to Godric Gryffindor, Sirius did the rest of his room akin to a Muggle boy of his age. He put up pictures of motorcycles and fighter jets, as well as posters of bathing beauties. Honouring Muggle accomplishments annoyed his family, but none so much as angering his mother that Sirius considered Muggle women attractive, even though muggles aren't a different species. The Marauders in their Animagus forms. Sirius is the black dog. By contrast, he greatly enjoyed life at Hogwarts, where he was inseparable from his best friends James Potter , Remus Lupin , and Peter Pettigrew . Remus, they later discovered, was a werewolf. To support him, Sirius, James and Peter secretly — and illegally — became Animagi , which allowed them to safely accompany Remus during his transformations and keep him under control. Sirius's form took the shape of a huge black dog (not unlike the Grim), from which his nickname "Padfoot" was derived, James would become a stag (Prongs), and Peter would become a rat (Wormtail). The four friends called themselves "the Marauders" and used the nicknames "Moony, Wormtail, Padfoot, and Prongs," Padfoot, Prongs, and Wormtail after their three Animagus forms and Moony after his lycanthropic condition. They would, during their time at Hogwarts, create the Marauders Map which allowed them to see where everyone in the castle was at a given time which made sneaking around and avoiding teachers much easier. They were very bright wizards, and in Harry's third year, he gained whole of this map by Fred and George, who took it from Filch. Although he later considered himself "an idiot" during this time, Sirius, along with James were immensely popular: teachers respected his intelligence, though not his behaviour, and girls adored his dark handsome looks, but his especially rebellious attitude made him ignore them, therefore making the girls fawn over his bad boy attitude. Many teachers regarded him and James as troublemakers or practical jokers; Hagrid once compared them to the mischievous twins Fred and George Weasley , saying that the Weasleys could "give them a run for their money". Harry witnessing Sirius and James bullying Snape in their fifth year Sirius's popularity was not universal, however. Early on, a mutual hatred sprang up between James Potter and Severus Snape. Sirius actively supported James, leading to Snape bestowing an equal and life-long grudge upon Sirius, which resulted in Snape's happiness after Sirius's death. Sirius later claimed Snape was "this little oddball who was up to his eyes in the Dark Arts " from Snape's first moments at Hogwarts, though there is no evidence of this during their first meeting. It could be that Sirius was exaggerating this to demonise Snape. He was one of the many people who hated Snape. Sirius and James often went out of their way to bully Snape; while watching one of Snape’s memories in the Pensieve , Harry saw Sirius and James physically bully him simply out of boredom. Sirius attempted to justify this by pointing out that he and James were only 15 at the time (to which Harry hotly replied, "I'm 15!"), though he did admit that he and James were "arrogant little berks", and that he was not proud of his behaviour, but had done nothing to rectify it. He and James eventually ended their campaign of ill treatment towards Snape, but they apparently never apologised. The only time James ever stopped was in front of Lily Evans a pretty red-head, whom James later married straight out Hogwarts. Sirius, James, Remus, and Peter as teenagers during their final years at Hogwarts Early on in his Hogwarts years, Sirius played a potentially lethal practical joke on Snape. He informed Snape of how to enter a tunnel under the Whomping Willow that would lead to the Shrieking Shack where, unknown to Snape, Remus Lupin was confined during his transformations into a werewolf. Snape went there during a full moon, and James was forced to rescue him. Sirius excused his own actions, explaining that he had simply told Snape what he wanted to know about the tunnel, while omitting crucial information. He simultaneously claimed it "served Snape right." The resentment Snape felt for Sirius was never healed. Snape was not the only student whom Sirius and James tormented during their years at Hogwarts. They also used an illegal hex on a boy named Bertram Aubrey that caused his head to grow twice its original size. It is unknown why they hexed him. At age sixteen, Sirius finally broke away from his family and took refuge with James Potter and his parents. The Potters generously adopted Sirius as a son. His outraged mother blasted his name off the family tree, as was tradition for those who did not support the family's supremacist ideology. Sirius's uncle Alphard , Walburga's brother, sympathised with his young nephew and left him a large inheritance, most likely causing Walburga to blast Alphard's name off, as well. Sirius was left financially independent by his uncle’s generous bequest, and eventually got a place of his own. First Wizarding War (1978-1981) Sirius: "What was there to be gained by fighting the most evil wizard that ever existed? Only innocent lives, Peter!" Peter Pettigrew: "You don’t understand! He would have killed me, Sirius!" Sirius: "THEN YOU SHOULD HAVE DIED! DIED RATHER THAN BETRAY YOUR FRIENDS, AS WE WOULD HAVE DONE FOR YOU!" — Sirius confronting Peter in regards to his betrayal [src] Sirius as an original Order member during the First Wizarding War After leaving school, Sirius fought against Lord Voldemort , eventually joining the Order of the Phoenix . Around 1977 , he and James were involved in a motorbike chase with two policemen. Although the chase started off as a bit of fun, it turned slightly more serious when the pair were attacked by three men on broomsticks. Sirius and James used their wands to raise the police car that had been chasing them, and their attackers crashed into it. It is unknown whether they got into trouble with the Ministry of Magic. [14] Sometime in 1979 , Sirius's father and brother both died. Orion's death was from an unknown cause, while Regulus's death was when he drank the Drink of Despair , and when he tried to get water to quench his thirst, he was dragged to his death by the Inferi , although Sirius never learned the details of his death. He remained the best of friends with James, and attended James's wedding to Lily Evans as best man. When their son Harry was born, James and Lily named Sirius godfather, thus designating him as Harry's guardian in the event of their deaths. He also gave Harry his first broom at the age of one as a birthday present, as stated by Lily in a letter found by Harry a number of years later. [13] After joining the Order of the Phoenix , Sirius found himself roiling with mistrust and stress due to the great terror that was Lord Voldemort. It took its toll — by October 1981, he no longer trusted his old friend Remus Lupin , suspecting he was a spy and excluding him from important information. However, he trusted Peter Pettigrew implicitly, a decision he would grow to regret for the rest of his life. Peter Pettigrew killing twelve Muggles after being confronted by Sirius about the death of Lily and James Potter In 1981, the Potters were aware that Harry, along with the son of fellow Order members Alice and Frank Longbottom , had become Lord Voldemort's specific targets. Albus Dumbledore advised the Potters to go into hiding using the Fidelius Charm , which Dumbledore hoped would conceal them from doom. James was adamant about Sirius being their Secret-Keeper , believing that Sirius would willingly die rather than reveal where they were. However, believing Voldemort would suspect him, Sirius suggested a "weak, talentless thing" — Peter Pettigrew — as a less obvious choice. Keeping everyone else, including Remus Lupin and Albus Dumbledore, in the dark, Sirius and the Potters reassigned Pettigrew to be Secret-Keeper with Sirius as a decoy. [15] Between the wars (1981-1995)	Dog
The element hydrogen has which number on the Periodic Table?	Sirius Black \| The Harry Potter Compendium \| Fandom powered by Wikia Young Sirius is portrayed by Rohan Gotobed in a flashback in the Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 film. Like James Potter, Snape, Lupin and Pettigrew, Sirius is portrayed as being much older in the Harry Potter films. Gary Oldman was 46 when he first played Sirius in Prisoner of Azkaban and 53 when he last played him. Sirius died at age 36. In the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , Filius Flitwick 's office is replaced by the Dark Tower as a temporary prison. Due to the much bigger fourth book compared to its predecessors, Sirius' role in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is drastically cut. All of the scenes after his head appears in the fire are removed, and Molly Weasley does not meet him (incidentally, Molly herself is cut from the film). Sirius and Snape only meet on screen in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, directed by Alfonso Cuaron. Their two subsequent meetings in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix do not occur. However, they are both heard talking in a meeting of the Order in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. In the film versions of the series, Sirius has many tattoos, but it is never stated in the book if he has any. These are implied to be prison tattoos that he received while in Azkaban. In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , it is notable that despite the fact that Snape and Lupin know that Sirius was aware of the passageway to the Shrieking Shack and, presumably, were convinced of his guilt, the passageway was not blocked off or guarded. In the film version of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Snape's memory shows James disarming Snape, and Sirius remarks, "Nice one, James!" In Battle of the Department of Mysteries , Sirius repeats this line when Harry disarms Lucius Malfoy, calling Harry "James" (these are his last words); a slip of the tongue that does not occur in the book, although it is consistent with comments made in the novel regarding him considering Harry a younger version of James. Also, Harry's middle name is James. In the Order of the Phoenix film, when Sirius arrives with the other members of the Order, he punches Lucius Malfoy exclaiming, "Get away from my godson". This unknowingly causes the destruction of The Prophecy Orb by causing Lucius Malfoy to drop it. Both actions are contrary to the book , in which Neville Longbottom breaks the orb and the punch does not occur. Also, in the film version of the Department of Mysteries battle, Sirius is hit with a Killing Curse by Bellatrix Lestrange which kills him, quite unlike the book, where he falls through the veil, which is what kills him as he had moved beyond it. The names Sirius and Regulus are also names of two main characters in the video game Bomberman 64 . Interestingly enough, in Bomberman, Sirius is thought to be a hero when in actuality he is a villain, which is the exact reverse of Sirius Black. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the way Sirius describes his brother 's death implies that Regulus was killed by the Killing Curse. But in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , it is established that Regulus was killed by the Inferi in Voldemort's Horcrux cave. However, Sirius states regarding his brother's death "from what I've found out since I got out (of Azkaban)", so it is likely Sirius received this information second hand, so his source may have been mistaken or Sirius may have assumed it was the Killing Curse. There is also a suggestion that Sirius might have done under-age magic. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Sirius states that he ran away from home at age 16. However, in Deathly Hallows, it is revealed that Sirius put permanent sticking charms of the back of all his pictures and posters hanging on his bedroom wall. But, considering he ran away from home at 16, and did not return until about age 35, he would have been under-age at the time he performed the permanent sticking charm. However, since he was in the home of a witch and wizard at the time, this would not have registered. The relationship between Sirius and Mrs. Weasley is considerably more tense in the books than is depicted in the films. He is also depicted in the books as being somewhat less in control than he is shown to be in the Order of the Phoenix film. In the films, after Sirius' death, it seems that Harry has picked up Sirius' fashion sense of occasionally wearing a blazer as regular wear, much like Sirius, who in the Order of the Phoenix film was always depicted as wearing a blazer. In an interview, J.K. Rowling said that Sirius began to laugh hysterically when the Aurors lead him to jail because James and Lily's death had unhinged him. [17] Sirius' godson Harry honoured Sirius by naming his first-born James Sirius Potter. Interestingly enough, the child that Harry named after James and Sirius often teases the child whose middle name is Severus, as in Severus Snape. In the film versions , Sirius Black has brown hair instead of black and blue eyes instead of grey. Sirius and his cousin, Bellatrix, met their deaths in a similar way, because they were both taunting their killers before they died (and their taunts were their last words) Despite being innocent of murdering Pettigrew and Muggles, a crime for which he was sent to Azkaban, he was not wrongly at Azkaban, per se; being an unregistered Animagus is a crime for which the sentence is, in fact, imprisonment in Azkaban. In the books, Sirius gives Harry an enchanted mirror (by which they should be able to communicate with), however, in the films, this is not shown on-screen. Sirius is described in the books as being able to transform into a dog about the size of a bear. In the movies, however, he transforms into a fairly normal-sized dog. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the only book in which the narrator calls Sirius by his surname, likely due to the fact that the novels are portrayed from Harry's perspective and throughout most of the novel, Harry views Sirius Black as a dangerous criminal and later not only this, but also a man who betrayed his parents. He is first referred to as "Sirius" in the narration about halfway through Chapter 20, at which point Harry has learned the truth about him, though at this point the narration is somewhat inconsistent in referring to him as either "Sirius" or "Black". By the final chapter, however, he is referred to consistently in the narration as "Sirius". Sirius was born at autumn, something that possibly relates to the Dog sign of the Chinese Zodiac being associated with that season.	i don't know
Which famous artist spent four years painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome?	7 Facts About Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Ceiling 7 Facts About Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Ceiling Everything You Wanted to Know About Michelangelo's Famous Frescoes Paintings Javier Sánchez / Getty Images Share By Shelley Esaak Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling is one of the most influential artworks of all time and a foundational work of Renaissance Art. Painted directly on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, the masterpiece depicts key scenes from the Book of Genesis. The complex narratives and skillfully painted human figures stunned viewers when the painting was first unveiled to the public in 1512 and continues to impress the thousands of pilgrims and tourists from around the world who visit the Chapel every day. Below are seven essential facts about the Sistine Chapel ceiling and its creation. 1. The Paintings Were Commissioned by Pope Julius II In 1508, Pope Julius II (also known as Giulio II and "Il papa terribile"), asked Michelangelo to paint Sistine Chapel's ceiling. Julius was determined that Rome should be rebuilt to its former glory, and had embarked on a vigorous campaign achieve the ambitious task. He felt that such artistic splendor would not only add luster to his own name, but also serve to supersede anything that Pope Alexander VI (a Borgia, and Julius' rival) had accomplished. continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance 2. Michelangelo Painted Over 5,000 Square Feet of Frescoes The ceiling measures about 40 meters (131 feet) long by 13 meters (43 feet) wide. Although these numbers are rounded, they demonstrate the enormous scale of this nontraditional canvas. In fact, Michelangelo painted well over 5,000 square feet of frescoes. 3. The Panels Depict More Than Just Scenes From the Book of Genesis The ceilings well-known central panels depict scenes from the Book of Genesis , from the Creation to the Fall to shortly after Noah's deluge. Adjacent to each of these scenes on either side, however, are immense portraits of prophets and sibyls who foretold the coming of the Messiah. Along the bottoms of these run spandrels and lunettes containing the ancestors of Jesus and stories of tragedy in ancient Israel. Scattered throughout are smaller figures, cherubs and ignudi (nudes). All told, there are more than 300 painted figures on the ceiling. 4. Michelangelo Was A Sculptor, Not A Painter Michelangelo thought of himself as a sculptor and preferred working with marble to almost any other material. Prior to the ceiling frescoes , the only painting he'd done was during his brief stint as a student in Ghirlandaio's workshop. Julius, however, was adamant that Michelangelo — and no other — should paint the Chapel's ceiling. To convince him, Julius offered as a reward to Michelangelo the wildly lucrative commission of sculpting 40 massive figures for his tomb, a project that appealed much more to Michelangelo given his artistic style. 5. The Paintings Took Four Years to Finish It took Michelangelo a little over four years, from July of 1508 to October of 1512, to finish the paintings. Michelangelo had never painted frescoes before and was learning the craft as he worked. What's more, he chose to work in buon fresco, the most difficult method, and one normally reserved for true masters. He also had to learn some wickedly hard techniques in perspective, namely painting figures on curved surfaces that appear "correct" when viewed from nearly 60 feet below. The work suffered numerous other setbacks, including mold and miserable, damp weather that disallowed plaster curing. The project was further stalled when Julius left to wage war and again when he fell ill. The ceiling project, and any hope Michelangelo had of being paid, were frequently in jeopardy while Julius was absent or near death. 6. Michelangelo Didn't Really Paint Lying Down Although the classic film The Agony and the Ecstacy, depicts Michelangelo (played by Charlton Heston) painting the frescoes on his back, the real Michelangelo didn't work in this position. Instead, he conceived and had constructed a unique scaffolding system sturdy enough to hold workers and materials and high enough that Mass could still be celebrated below. The scaffolding curved at its top, mimicking the curvature of the ceiling's vault. Michelangelo often had to bend backward and paint over his head — an awkward position that caused permanent damage to his vision. 7. Michelangelo Had Assistants Michelangelo gets, and deserves, credit for the entire project. The complete design was his. The sketches and cartoons for the frescoes were all of his hand, and he executed the vast bulk of the actual painting by himself. However, the vision of Michelangelo toiling away, a solitary figure in a vacant chapel, isn't entirely accurate. He needed many assistants if only to mix his paints, scramble up and down ladders, and prepare the day's plaster (a nasty business). Occasionally, a talented assistant might be entrusted with a patch of sky, a bit of landscape, or a figure so small and minor it is barely discernable from below. All of these were worked from his cartoons, however, and the temperamental Michelangelo hired and fired these assistants on such a regular basis that none of them could claim credit for any part of the ceiling.	Michelangelo
How many time zones does Russia have?	9 Things You May Not Know About Michelangelo - History in the Headlines 9 Things You May Not Know About Michelangelo March 6, 2015 By Evan Andrews Share What does it mean to be a "Renaissance Man"? Get the history of the Renaissance as told by musician and artist Jeffrey Lewis. Share this: 9 Things You May Not Know About Michelangelo Author 9 Things You May Not Know About Michelangelo URL Google Painter, sculptor and architect Michelangelo Buonarroti was born in Caprese, Italy on March 6, 1475. During a more than 70-year career, he won near-mythical fame as one of Europe’s preeminent “Renaissance Men,” and counted kings and popes among his many admirers and patrons. Temperamental and brilliant, Michelangelo crafted several masterpieces including the “David,” the “Pieta” and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. On the 540th anniversary of his birth, learn nine surprising facts about the artist often called “the Divine One.” 1. A jealous rival broke his nose when he was a teenager. As a teen, Michelangelo was sent to live and study in the home of Lorenzo de’ Medici, then one of the most important art patrons in all of Europe. His steady hand with a chisel and paintbrush soon made him the envy of all his fellow pupils. One young rival named Pietro Torrigiano grew so enraged at Michelangelo’s superior talent—and perhaps also his sharp tongue—that he walloped him in the nose, leaving it permanently smashed and disfigured. “I gave him such a blow on the nose that I felt bone and cartilage go down like biscuit beneath my knuckles,” Torrigiano later bragged, “and this mark of mine he will carry with him to the grave.” 2. He first rose to prominence after a failed attempt at art fraud. Early in his career, Michelangelo carved a now-lost cupid statue in the style of the ancient Greeks. Upon seeing the work, his patron Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’ Medici proposed an elaborate con. “If you were to prepare it so that it should appear to have been buried,” Medici said, “I shall send it to Rome and it would pass for an antique, and you would sell it much more profitably.” Michelangelo agreed, and the sham cupid was sold to Cardinal Raffaele Riario under the guise of being a recently recovered archeological wonder. Riario later heard rumors of the scam and got his money back, but he was so impressed by Michelangelo’s skill that he invited him to Rome for a meeting. The young sculptor would linger in the Eternal City for the next several years, eventually winning a commission to carve the “Pieta,” the work that first made his name as an artist. 3. He carved the “David” from a discarded block of marble. Michelangelo was notoriously picky about the marble he used for his sculptures, yet for his famous “David” statue, he made use of a block that other artists had deemed unworkable. Known as “the Giant,” the massive slab had been quarried nearly 40 years earlier for a series of sculptures, eventually abandoned, for the Florence Cathedral. It had deteriorated and grown rough after years of exposure to the elements, and by the time Michelangelo began working with it in 1501, it already bore the chisel marks of more than one frustrated sculptor. Michelangelo eventually crafted the discarded block into one of his most luminous works, but recent analyses of the “David” have revealed that the poor quality of its stone may have caused it to degrade at a faster rate than most marble statues. 4. He completed artworks for nine different Catholic Popes. Beginning in 1505, Michelangelo worked for nine consecutive Catholic pontiffs from Julius II to Pius IV. His breadth of work for the Vatican was vast, and included everything from crafting ornamental knobs for the papal bed to spending four grueling years painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo’s dealings with his holy patrons were not always pleasant. He had a particularly fraught relationship with the combative Pope Julius II, and once spent three years working on a marble façade for Leo X, only for the Pope to abruptly cancel the project. The artist later enjoyed more convivial partnerships with other pontiffs, and found a famous champion in Pope Paul III, who defended his work “The Last Judgment” after church officials deemed its many nude figures obscene. 5. He inserted his own likeness into some of his most famous works. Michelangelo rarely signed his works and left behind no formal self-portraits, but he occasionally hid stylized depictions of his face in his paintings and sculptures. The most famous of these secret self-portraits is found in his 1541 Sistine Chapel fresco “The Last Judgment,” in which St. Bartholomew is shown holding a piece of flayed skin whose face appears to be that of the artist. Michelangelo also portrayed himself as Saint Nicodemus in his so-called Florentine Pieta, and art historians have suggested he may be depicted in a crowd scene in his fresco “The Crucifixion of St. Peter.” "The Creation of Adam" from the Sistine Chapel 6. He designed military fortifications for the city of Florence. In 1527, the citizens of Michelangelo’s native Florence expelled the ruling Medici family and installed a republican government. Despite being in the employ of the Medici Pope Clement VII, Michelangelo backed the republican cause and was appointed director of the city’s fortifications. He took the job seriously, making extensive sketches for lookout bastions and even traveling to nearby towns to study their defensive walls. His designs later proved a significant obstacle when the Pope’s forces arrived to reclaim the city, and Florence survived 10 months under siege before finally falling in August 1530. Michelangelo could have easily been executed as a traitor, but Clement VII forgave him for his role in the rebellion and even immediately re-hired him. The artist’s position in Medici-ruled Florence remained tenuous, however, and when the Pope died in 1534, Michelangelo fled the city for Rome, never to return. 7. He was an accomplished poet. Michelangelo is best known as a visual artist, yet in his day he was also a respected man of letters. He produced several hundred sonnets and madrigals over his career, often jotting down stray lines of verse as he hammered away at statues in his workshop. Michelangelo’s poetry makes use of extensive wordplay, and touches on everything from sex and aging to his overactive bladder (he bemoans a “drippy duct compelling me awake too early”). While none of these works was formally published in his lifetime, they circulated widely among Rome’s 16th century literati, and composers even set some of them to music. Laszlo Toth being removed from the Vatican after vandalizing the “Pieta” 8. He kept working until the week he died. Michelangelo spent most of his golden years overseeing construction on St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican. Even after he became too weak to go to the work site regularly, he still supervised the job from home by sending drawings and designs to trusted foremen. Sculpture remained Michelangelo’s true love, however, and he continued chiseling away in his home studio until the very end. Only days before he died at the age of 88, he was still working on the so-called “Rondanini Pieta,” which depicts Jesus in the Virgin Mary’s arms. 9. Two of his most famous works have been victims of vandalism. In 1972, a mentally unstable geologist named Laszlo Toth hopped a guardrail at St. Peter’s Basilica and took a hammer to Michelangelo’s “Pieta.” The attack broke off the Madonna’s nose and forearm as well as part of her eyelid and veil. Restoration crews later recovered dozens of bits of marble from the priceless statue, including one mailed to the Vatican by a guilty American tourist who had picked it up during the commotion. It took 10 months of repair before the “Pieta” was finally put on display again—this time behind a layer of protective glass. A similar fate later befell the “David” in 1991, when a chisel-wielding vandal hammered off part of a toe on its left foot. Tags	i don't know
What colour ribbon was ‘tied around the Ole Oak Tree’ in a 1973 hit single by Tony Orlando and Dawn?	Tony Orlando \| Biography & History \| AllMusic google+ Artist Biography by Jason Ankeny In conjunction with his backing duo Dawn , singer Tony Orlando was one of the biggest pop stars of the early '70s, best remembered for the mammoth hit "Tie a Yellow Ribbon 'Round the Ole Oak Tree." Born Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitis in New York City on April 3, 1944, he entered the music business at the age of 16 following a successful audition for producer Don Kirshner . Orlando 's first hit, 1961's "Halfway to Paradise," was written for him by Carole King , who also authored the Top 20 follow-up, "Bless You." However, after scoring a minor chart entry with "Happy Times (Are Here to Stay)," his career ground to a halt when Kirshner sold his company to Screen Gems, which showed considerably more interest in publishing music than recording it. Orlando was given a job with the company's promotional department, and in 1967 he was tapped by Columbia Records to head their own publishing division, April-Blackwood Music . In early 1970, Orlando received a call from Bell Records producer Hank Medress requesting that he lay down a lead vocal over a demo recorded by a Detroit-based act called Dawn . The duo, consisting of vocalists Telma Hopkins and Joyce Vincent , had previously backed up singers including Edwin Starr , Johnnie Taylor , Freda Payne , and others; according to legend, Orlando never even met either singer until well after the record, "Candida," became a massive hit, rising to number three on the singles charts. Orlando quickly agreed to cut another record with Dawn , nonetheless adamantly insisting on keeping his day job; titled "Knock Three Times"; the single topped the charts in early 1971, and finally Orlando returned to music full-time, signing with Bell and going on tour with Hopkins and Vincent under the banner of Dawn, Featuring Tony Orlando. Released in 1973, "Tie a Yellow Ribbon" became Orlando 's biggest hit yet, and was named the top-selling single of the year. Long after its original success, the song re-entered the public consciousness with renewed force in 1981, becoming something of anthem during the Iranian hostage crisis as American citizens regularly tied yellow ribbons around trees as a symbol of their hopes and prayers for the hostages' safe return. By that time, Tony Orlando & Dawn had long since dissolved: after scoring subsequent Top Ten hits with 1973's "Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose?," 1974's "Steppin' Out (Gonna Boogie Tonight)," and 1975's chart-topping "He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)," the group's popularity began to slip, although they enjoyed considerable success with their CBS television variety series. However, in July 1977, Orlando -- reeling from the recent deaths of his sister and his close friend Freddie Prinze , as well as mounting drug problems -- announced his retirement, giving up show biz in the name of Christianity. Orlando 's retirement proved short-lived, and just four months later, he made a solo comeback in Las Vegas; Dawn attempted to forge on without him, but enjoyed little success on their own and eventually disbanded. In the meantime, Orlando signed to the Casablanca label, but as a solo performer he fared poorly, scoring only one charting single, 1979's "Sweets for My Sweet." The following year, he joined the cast of Broadway's Barnum; Hopkins mounted an acting career as well, to significant success. After appearing regularly on the sitcom Bosom Buddies, she joined the cast of Gimme a Break and, later, the long-running Family Matters. In 1988, Tony Orlando and Dawn briefly re-formed, and two years later -- already a staple of the Las Vegas club circuit -- he became the latest in a long line of celebrities to open a theater in the tourist community of Branson, Missouri, founding the Tony Orlando Yellow Ribbon Music Theater with the promise to play some 200 dates there annually.	Yellow
What was the first team sport included in the Olympic Games?	Tony Orlando & Dawn on Apple Music To preview a song, mouse over the title and click Play. Open iTunes to buy and download music. Biography In conjunction with his backing duo Dawn, singer Tony Orlando was one of the biggest pop stars of the early '70s, best remembered for the mammoth hit "Tie a Yellow Ribbon 'Round the Ole Oak Tree." Born Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitis in New York City on April 3, 1944, he entered the music business at the age of 16 following a successful audition for producer Don Kirshner. Orlando's first hit, 1961's "Halfway to Paradise," was written for him by Carole King, who also authored the Top 20 follow-up, "Bless You." However, after scoring a minor chart entry with "Happy Times (Are Here to Stay)," his career ground to a halt when Kirshner sold his company to Screen Gems, which showed considerably more interest in publishing music than recording it. Orlando was given a job with the company's promotional department, and in 1967 he was tapped by Columbia Records to head their own publishing division, April-Blackwood Music. In early 1970, Orlando received a call from Bell Records producer Hank Medress requesting that he lay down a lead vocal over a demo recorded by a Detroit-based act called Dawn. The duo, consisting of vocalists Telma Hopkins and Joyce Vincent, had previously backed up singers including Edwin Starr, Johnnie Taylor, Freda Payne, and others; according to legend, Orlando never even met either singer until well after the record, "Candida," became a massive hit, rising to number three on the singles charts. Orlando quickly agreed to cut another record with Dawn, nonetheless adamantly insisting on keeping his day job; titled "Knock Three Times"; the single topped the charts in early 1971, and finally Orlando returned to music full-time, signing with Bell and going on tour with Hopkins and Vincent under the banner of Dawn, Featuring Tony Orlando. Released in 1973, "Tie a Yellow Ribbon" became Orlando's biggest hit yet, and was named the top-selling single of the year. Long after its original success, the song re-entered the public consciousness with renewed force in 1981, becoming something of anthem during the Iranian hostage crisis as American citizens regularly tied yellow ribbons around trees as a symbol of their hopes and prayers for the hostages' safe return. By that time, Tony Orlando & Dawn had long since dissolved: after scoring subsequent Top Ten hits with 1973's "Say, Has Anybody Seen My Sweet Gypsy Rose?," 1974's "Steppin' Out (Gonna Boogie Tonight)," and 1975's chart-topping "He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)," the group's popularity began to slip, although they enjoyed considerable success with their CBS television variety series. However, in July 1977, Orlando — reeling from the recent deaths of his sister and his close friend Freddie Prinze, as well as mounting drug problems — announced his retirement, giving up show biz in the name of Christianity. Orlando's retirement proved short-lived, and just four months later, he made a solo comeback in Las Vegas; Dawn attempted to forge on without him, but enjoyed little success on their own and eventually disbanded. In the meantime, Orlando signed to the Casablanca label, but as a solo performer he fared poorly, scoring only one charting single, 1979's "Sweets for My Sweet." The following year, he joined the cast of Broadway's Barnum; Hopkins mounted an acting career as well, to significant success. After appearing regularly on the sitcom Bosom Buddies, she joined the cast of Gimme a Break and, later, the long-running Family Matters. In 1988, Tony Orlando and Dawn briefly re-formed, and two years later — already a staple of the Las Vegas club circuit — he became the latest in a long line of celebrities to open a theater in the tourist community of Branson, Missouri, founding the Tony Orlando Yellow Ribbon Music Theater with the promise to play some 200 dates there annually. Top Albums	i don't know
Catherine of Braganza, wife of English monarch Charles II, was said to have introduced which cutlery item to the dining tables of England?	Family Stories and Significant People - St. Clements Heritage Family Stories and Significant People Early Settlements of St. Clements Submit Your Family Story Has your family made a significant contribution to the R.M. of St. Clements? Would you like to share your story in the "Family Story" section of our website so it will be available to future generations? Send us your story! European Immigration to St. Clements 1880 to 1920 In the Beginning: The greatest wave of European immigration to St. Clements began between 1880 and 1920. Most of the people came from central Europe from the countries of Ukraine, Poland, Latvia, and Russia, with a lesser number of people from Romania, Germany, Hungry, and Austria. Nearly all of the people were unable to earn enough money in their homeland to pay the taxes or mortgage on their home and land. They suffered from economic, political, ethnical, and/or religious oppression in their homeland. Canada was a new country at the end of the 19th century with a low population of immigrant people. The majority of people living in Canada then, especially in western Canada, were First Nations and Métis peoples. The Prime Minster of Canada, Wilfrid Laurier, wanted to increase the country’s immigrant population in the west and offered the people of central Europe “free land” if they agreed to immigrate to Canada. Many people accepted the offer, and so began a new journey and a new way of life for many European peoples. Families sold their land and their homes to pay for the ocean passage to Canada. They brought few things with them when they left their homeland. Items such as clothes, small handmade tools, seeds of grain to plant in Canadian soil, blankets, dishes, and other small personal things were all they had. The ocean passage took about a month and conditions on the ships were very bad. Ships were overcrowded and the living quarters housed far more people than was comfortable or sanitary. There were no proper toilets. The ship’s crew fed the people soup, bread, biscuits, oatmeal, and fresh water. The overcrowding, poor hygiene, and improper diet caused illness and even death to some people. The ships docked in the ports of Halifax, 4Nova Scotia and Montreal, Quebec. After the people disembarked from the ship, they boarded trains to take them west to Manitoba and beyond. The trains were also overcrowded with people. The people sat or laid on wooden benches and beds that were uncomfortable. Many people arrived at the Immigration Shed in Winnipeg and then re-routed to East Selkirk. The First Arrivals: In February 1899, the first group of Russian Doukhobors, about 1700 in total, arrived in East Selkirk to take up residence in the old Round House, a building that the Canadian Government converted into an Immigration Shed. Living conditions in the Immigration Shed were not good. The building was cold, poorly heated, poorly ventilated, crowded with people, and designed for a completely different purpose. Several people became ill from disease and living in a cold, overcrowded building. On 1 March 1899, a four-year-old girl died of pneumonia. [1] The people were exhausted when they arrived. They had endured a long and difficult ship’s passage across the Atlantic Ocean and a slow and grueling train trip from eastern Canada to Manitoba. They coped with sadness and the stresses of eviction from their homes and homeland, and the separation from family and friends who had not immigrated. Many others coped with the death of loved ones along the way as they made their trip to Manitoba. The newcomers did not understand the language or the geography of Canada nor the customs and the people of this new country. Round House/Immigration Shed, East Selkirk After the first group of Doukhobors settled in the East Selkirk Round House, a large group of people from Ukraine, especially from the provinces of Galicia and Bukovyna arrived. Other groups of people from the same countries as well as people from Poland, Austria, and Latvia followed over the next months and years. [2] The Immigration Shed in St. Clements: Built from stone at a nearby quarry and brick from a manufacturing plant in East Selkirk, the Round House was an enormous building. It was about 90 feet wide and 180 feet deep with a stone foundation and 4 wings or extensions. The ceiling was high, especially in the area of the turntable. It also held a cellar beneath the building. The Canadian Government built it south of Colvile Road on Frank Street for the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) to maintain and repair its train engines. The building of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a critical first step in making immigrant settlement in the Canadian prairies possible. The railway would become the new way to transport people and cargo inland. When the Canadian government decided to build the railway, they hired Sanford Fleming to survey the best possible route for the future transcontinental railway. He arrived in Selkirk in 1872. He said Selkirk was a good spot to build a bridge for the railroad to cross Red River. Its high riverbanks would protect the bridge from destructive floodwaters. However, the Canadian Pacific Railway never built their railway bridge at Selkirk. The railway diverted south to Winnipeg and crossed the Red River there. The Government abandoned the Round House. It sat vacant for many years, until the Canadian Government decided to convert the building into an Immigration Shed to house incoming immigrants. The building required a lot of work, after all, it had been built to repair train engines, not to house people. Workers installed ten caldrons of 60 gallons each to hold water, twelve box-stoves, two large and four small stoves for cooking, and a few bathtubs to bathe in. [3] Two wells were dug nearby for drinking water, and toilets were outside. Government officials said the building was capable of housing 1500 to 2000 people at one time. [4] And that may have been true, but it certainly did not house them comfortably. The additions and changes that were made were simple and unrefined. When the first Doukhobors arrived in February of 1899, the building was cold, damp, and packed with people. In April of 1899, the 1700 Doukhobors had to make room for 600 new immigrants arriving by train. This group of people came from Ukraine in the province of Galicia. Their culture, custom, language, and traditions were completely different to those of the Doukhobors, but the Canadian Government believed they would get along. Few records remain to say if they did. One month later, another group of about 1000 Doukhobors made their way to East Selkirk, followed by an even larger group. The Round House was not large enough to house all those people, so the government erected large tents to provide more space. The people did not remain in the Round House. Over the summer of 1899, they boarded trains that took them west to settle on land in the provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. However, many Ukrainian, and some Doukhobor, Polish, and Latvian immigrants remained in East Selkirk, settled on lands in East Selkirk, Libau, Ukrainian Oven The Beaches, Gonor, Narol, Thalberg, and Walkeyberg, and established communities. Many of their descendents live in these communities today. Immigrants from Ukraine: The largest group of European peoples to immigrate to Canada, and more specifically to the prairies, came from Ukraine. The majority of people came from the western portion of Ukraine in the provinces of Galicia and Bukovyna. About 170,000 Ukrainians traveled to Canada between 1891 and 1920. Most Ukrainian people practiced the Catholic religion and brought many of their traditions with them to Canada including legends, songs, music, art, dance, food, and clothing. They spoke Ukrainian, the official language of Ukraine. It is a Slavic language with 33 letters in the alphabet, called Cyrillic alphabet. Some letters look like Greek symbols. Each region in Ukraine speaks a different dialect. [5] Doukhobors from Russia: People of Doukhobor heritage were/are a Christian group of Russian origin whose religious practice dates to the 17th century Russian Empire. The term Doukhobor means Spirit Wrestlers. The Russian government forced many Doukhobors to fight for the Czar, the then Slavic monarch, Nicholas II of Russia, whose rule between 1894 and 1917 brought death and destruction to many people. When they refused, the government sent them away to isolated parts of Siberia or jailed them. Canada offered the people free land, a right to their own religion, and guaranteed no military service. Thousands of Doukhobors agreed to relocate to Canada. Many were so poor that they could not afford passage to Canada. Other religious organizations such as the Quakers and Tolstoyans sympathized with their plight and paid their passage, as did the famous author Leo Tolstoy by offering them the royalties from his novel, Resurrection. [6] Doukhobors were mostly vegetarians eating a diet of bread, rice, barely, butter, sugar, tea, cheese, potatoes, cabbage, and molasses, rolled oats, onions, salt/pepper, and citric acid to “sour their soup.” [7] The first group of Doukhobors arrived in East Selkirk in February 1899 and about 6,000 others migrated to Canada over the year settling on granted land in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Other groups followed with many settling in Alberta, and British Columbia. Immigrants from Poland: Another large group of people to immigrate to Canada and settle on the prairies, and in East Selkirk, came from Poland. There was a shortage of jobs and land in their native Poland. This forced thousands of people to seek employment elsewhere. The Canadian Pacific Railway publicly campaigned in Poland promoting employment opportunities in western Canada for those considering immigration. Approximately 120,000 people came to Canada between 1895 and 1913. [8] Some people became farmers and worked the land while other worked on the railway and in mining. Most polish people practiced the Catholic religion. The Homestead Act: The Canadian Government offered land to each immigrant family for a small fee through The Homestead Act. Immigrants were required to pay about $10.00, build a house, clear a percentage of the bush off the property, and establish a farm within three years. Once they did that, the land was theirs. Immigrants choose their homestead from a map in the local immigration office which surveyors had divided into homesteads prior to the immigrant’s arrival. Surveyors laid out townships into six-mile squares (section) with each square (section) measuring 640 acres. They divided them again into four-quarters. The land act said that anyone over 21 could make a claim for a quarter section of land. [9] Doukhobors preferred to live in communal communities rather than individually, and so the Homestead Act amended their original plan to include the Hamlet Clause, which allowed people to settle together. [10] This was especially so in the western provinces. Where did the people go? After a temporary stay at the Round House, the people either moved west by train to Saskatchewan, Alberta, or British Columbia or staked their Homestead land claim in Manitoba. For those who remained, they settled in the regions of East Selkirk, Libau, Poplar Park, The Beaches, Garson, Lockport, Gonor, Narol, Thalberg, and Walkleyburg. Many descendants of those early settlers continue to live in these communities. How did they begin? As soon as the people arrived on their homestead, they began clearing the land of bush. Most families built near one another sharing the hardships of starting their farms. They cared for each other and helped each other in times of need. Many families intermarried so their descendants can tell both sides of the ancestor’s struggles and experience. The Ukrainian settlers initially built shelters called “budahs” or “zemliankas.” [11] They were crude one-room huts, lean-tos, or tent-like buildings that sheltered the family while they built the main house. When they were able to build a more substantial house, they did so with logs. They cut down trees, peeled the bark of the tree, and then notched out each end so the logs fitted snugly together. They cut holes in the logs for doors and windows and a chimney. Chimneys were made of stone. They filled the space between the logs with mud plaster from a mixture of water, mud, and grass. Some families went one-step further and painted or “whitewashed” their houses. They gathered limestone rocks from the fields and burned them over hot fires to extract a powdery chemical called lime. They mixed the lime with water then painted the whitewash over the plaster. This gave the house a clean appearance and helped to reduce drafts. The people brought this custom with them from their homeland. The people covered the roofs of the houses with grass tightly bound and fitted together. Often, the men had to find work elsewhere to earn enough money to support their families. Some men found work at the Garson Quarry, on the construction site of the Lockport Dam, with the Canadian Pacific Railway, and in Timber camps on Lake Winnipeg. It was up to the women and children to keep the farm going. They cut, chopped, and hauled wood to heat the shelter and barn. They collected snow to smelt for drinking and washing, and worked in small, cramped quarters with a small stove to bake their bread and cook their food. The women raised the children, tended the gardens, and cared for the livestock. It was an extremely hard existence for the immigrants during their first few years of residency in Canada. The people of Ukraine built houses in the style of their homeland. Galician-style Houses: Settlers who came from the region of Galicia, Ukraine built houses similar in design to those of their homeland. However, lack of money and time did not allow them to follow the traditions completely. The style they tried to follow, which scholars today call Galician-style was a log house with a simple thatched gabled roof. A gable roof is the triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof. They peeled logs and connected them at the corners with either a dovetail joint for a saddlenotch joint. Each log fitted atop the next. The people often plastered or whitewashed the exterior wall. A wall divided the interior into two rooms. These houses had a life span of about ten years. [12] Bukovyna-style Houses: Settlers who came from the region of Bukovyna, Ukraine built houses similar in design to those of their homeland. Today, scholars call them Bukovyna-style. The Bukovyna folk house was a little larger than the Galician house with three rooms and a doorway in the middle that opened to a small entryway called a “siny.” Houses were also made of log and generally had a hipped-roof as well with overhanging eaves. A hipped-roof means that all sides slope downwards to the walls giving the building the shape that somewhat resembles a pyramid. [13] Remains of a Bukovynian House, St. Clements Credit to Manitoba Historic Resources Remains of a Galician House, St. Clements What did they do? Many families settled in a region near to each other. Once they were established, many families in the more rural areas became grain and cattle farmers. They purchased oxen and horses, and cleared and cultivated the land in preparation to plant vegetables, potatoes, and grains. Some families started a general store for the other people to purchase supplies and dry goods. As the community grew, it received a post office that normally took on a name from the immigrants’ homeland, such as Libau, Narol, and Gonor. The people built schools for the children and churches for the community to worship in based on the architecture of their homeland. Interior of a log barn, St. Clements Sketch of a log barn, St. Clements Several families living between East Selkirk and Narol became vegetables gardeners. In the fall they harvested their crops, loaded the produce onto wagons (often pulled by oxen), and hauled their wares to the north end of Winnipeg where they set up booths to sell their vegetables. Before the construction of the Lockport Bridge, the path to Winnipeg followed the east side of Red River to the Redwood Bridge, Winnipeg. Many second and third generation descendants continued the tradition started by their ancestors. They received the name Market Gardeners. Glossary: Budahs: an early shelter for Ukrainian immigrants Bukovyna (Bukovina): a province in Ukraine Cyrillic alphabet: Ukrainian alphabet Doukhobor – a person of Russian heritage of a particular religious practice Dovetail join: a joint in cabinetry and square log construction consisting of interlocking “V”-shaped cuts Emigrate: leave a country Emigrant: a person who has left a country Galicia: a province in Ukraine Immigrate: go to a new country Immigrant: people who have come to one country from another country Immigration Shed: a place where immigrants stayed when they first arrived in a new country Round House: Engine House built to repair and maintain trains Saddlenotch joint: a join at the corner of a log cabin construction to fit two logs together Zemliankas: the name of an early shelter for Ukrainian immigrants Sources: Butterfield, David. Architectural Heritage: The Selkirk and District Planning Area. (Winnipeg: Manitoba Culture, Heritage, and Recreation, 1998) Hodge, Deborah, The Kids Book of Canadian Immigration (illustrated by John Mantha) (Toronto: Kids Can Press, 2006) Hudak, Healther Ukrainians in Canada (Calgary: Weigl Educational Publishers, 2005) Hughes, Susan Coming to Canada: Building A Life in a New Land (Toronto: Maple Tree Press, 2005) Laberge, Jared Preserving Our History One Story At A Time (Manitoba: St. Clements Heritage Advisory Committee, 2004) Potyondi, Barry Selkirk: The First Hundred Years (Barry Potyondi, 1981) Rural Municipality of St. Clements East Sideof the Red 1884-1984 (St. Clements: R.M. of St. Clements, 1984) Web sites: European Immigration to Red River Settlement By Donna Sutherland 1670 - 1870: The Fur Trade The First European Explorers Beginning in the 1500s, European Explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean looking for a faster route to Asia so the people of Europe could trade their goods with the peoples of Asia. Those early explorers did not reach Asia, but they found North America, and they discovered that the people of North America had something valuable to trade. It was animal fur, especially beaver fur. European men, navy officers, and military officials wore top hats made of beaver fur. Those early explorers traded knives, blankets, copper pots, and beads with the First Nation’s people in exchange for their furs. This began the fur trade era. The business of trading furs brought more and more people to what is now Canada. By the early 1700s, people had established many settlements and villages in the regions known today as the provinces of Nova Scotia and Quebec in eastern Canada. Those who settled in Quebec formed Quebec City, Montreal and Trois Rivières. Montreal became a centre for trade, especially the trading of animal fur. Men’s Hats During the 1600 and 1700s, men’s hats were fashionable, including personal top hats, army officer’s hats, and Navy officer’s hats. Hat makers used the felt of the undercoat of the beaver’s pelt to make these hats waterproof. They pressed the hair into a glossy felt and worked it into several different styles. Beaver hats became quite valuable motivating some men to will their hat to their son or friend when he died. The demand for beaver hats lasted well into the 1900s when silk replaced them. Various styles included the Continental, the Navy, the Army, the Clerical, the Wellington, the Paris Beau, the D’Orsay, and the Regent to name a few.[3] La Vérendrye North American Beaver castor canadensis French Canadian explorer, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes de la Vérendrye was born in Trois Rivères, Quebec on 17 November 1685 to Marie Boucher and René Gaultier.[1] He became a farmer, soldier, and a small-scale fur trader. At the age of 40, he became an explorer. He was convinced the western sea was not far from the Great Lakes, so he set off into the western interior in search of it with his sons and a small group of men. They travelled on the waterways in wood framed canoes covered with birchbark that were waterproofed with balsam or pine tree sap. Canoes were light. Men carried them easily across land from one waterway to another. A crossing of land between two waterways was a portage. As those early French explorers travelled inland, they made contact with First Nation peoples. Near the Great Lakes region in modern-day Ontario, they met several groups who wore similar dress and practiced similar custom. French traders called them Saulteaux (pronounced Soto) meaning people who jump or shoot the rapids. They called them this because the people leaped and jumped across the rapids as they speared fish on the St. Mary’s River near modern day Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario). Today, Saulteaux descendants called themselves Saulteaux, Ojibway, and/or Anishinaabee. Many French men formed marital unions with Saulteaux women based on Saulteaux marriage ceremony. Their children are the Métis. As the La Vérendrye party continued on their westward trek, they arrived and settled temporarily in the region of present-day St. Clements, Manitoba. They made contact with the Cree and Assiniboine peoples who were the region’s main First Nations people at that time. The two groups participated in trade exchanges. La Vérendrye and his men built a fort in the region, which they called Fort Maurepas after the old French colony in Louisiana (New France) along the Gulf of Mexico.[2] No one knows the exact location of the old fort, but it was somewhere near the mouth of Red River where the river meets Lake Winnipeg. Other French explorers and traders soon followed making contact with First Nations peoples of the region and trading muskets (guns), cloth, blankets, beads, cooking utensils, tea, flour, sugar and other goods for native pelts and furs. King Charles II of England King Charles II of England Another group of Europeans entered North America from the north through the creation of the Hudson’s Bay Company on Hudson Bay (northern Manitoba). King Charles II of England established the Hudson’s Bay Company on 2 May 1670 in Whitehall Palace, London, England. King Charles II was born in 1630 King Charles II married Catherine Braganza 1638-1705 King Charles II died 1685 Through a Royal Charter, King Charles II claimed all the lands that drained into Hudson Bay. He called it Rupert’s Land in honour of his cousin, Prince Rupert of Rhine. The territory he claimed covered 40% of modern-day Canada from Alberta to Quebec, and from Nunavut south into the northern United States. [4] Journey of Fur Pelts First Nation hunters normally trapped beaver and other animals in the winter months when the fur was long and full. After they killed an animal and removed its pelt, they gave it to the women who cleaned and tanned the hide before taking it to the trading post to trade. At the trading post, the furs were stored in the fur loft. In the late spring, the furs were placed in bundles inside a buffalo robe and put in a press to tighten the bundle into 90-pound bales. The bales were loaded onto boats and canoes and transported to Hudson Bay to catch the fall ship that would take them to England. King Charles established the company after two French fur traders, Médard Chouart, Seur des Groseilliers and Pierre-Esprit Radisson, visited him and told him about the abundance of furs in North America. The King sent two ships – Eaglet and Nonsuch – to North America filled with men and trade goods.The Eaglet had to turn back to England because of a bad storm, but Nonsuch commanded by Captain Zachariah Gilliam continued on to James Bay where it’s crew over wintered and returned to England the following year with a shipload of furs traded from Cree hunters. The Manitoba Museum houses a replica of the Nonsuch. Students can visit and walk on the deck to get a feel of the time. First Trading Posts Hudson’s Bay Company ships returned to the coast of James and Hudson Bay each year for two hundred years (1670 - 1870). The Company built forts along the seacoast to provide shelter for its employees as well as trading posts for First Nations peoples to trade their valuable furs for European goods, tools, weapons, and clothing. The names of the early HBC forts were: Rupert House ( built in 1668) Moose Factory ((built in 1673) Albany Fort (built in 1679) Severn Fort (built in 1680) York Factory (built in 1684) Churchill Fort/Prince of Wales Fort (built in 1714) Hudson Bay Company Workers and First Nations People The Hudson Bay Company hired men mostly from England, Orkney, and Scotland to work for them in North America. Men boarded ships in the ports of Gravesend, England and Stromness, Orkney and sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, through Hudson Strait into Hudson Bay. Many remained in the Bay for several years. They met Cree hunters from the region and developed friendships as well as trade exchanges with them. Many of the men who came to Hudson Bay to work for the Hudson’s Bay Company formed marital unions with Cree women based on Cree marriage custom and ceremony. These unions were as respected and long lasting as unions based on Christian marriage practices. The Cree did not practice Christianity. They followed their own spiritual traditions, based on Earth-based spiritual teachings that said Nature was divine, and all things in Nature are connected. Many children were born to Cree mothers and European fathers - they shared a rich ancestry of two different continents. However, others looked down on them calling them negative and disrespectful names such as half-breed and mixed-blood.[5] Today, most descendants call themselves, Métis because they find the terms half-breed and mixed-blood to be racist and derogatory. However, the true Métis people hold a much different heritage than those of Cree/Scottish or English heritage. Lessons from the Cree People The Cree peoples taught European traders how to: survive in a harsh climate travel the waterways make warm clothing and dress for the cold climate speak the Cree language Moving Inland The Hudson’s Bay Company spent 100 years on James and Hudson Bay before they began to explore inland. When they finally did move inland, they met new First Nations groups to trade with and built seasonal forts or trading posts in the interior. French traders moved inland too from the east. Often the two groups of traders fought for control of the fur trade in new regions. Both groups tried to get the First Nations people to trade with them ahead of the other. Both groups reached the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers where modern-day Winnipeg sits and built forts. The main French fort was Fort Gibraltar built by The North West Company from Montreal. As French fur traders moved westward into Manitoba, so did the Saulteaux/Ojibway peoples. One of the better-known leaders to settle in the St. Clements region was Peguis. Born in 1774 in Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario) Mother: a young Saulteaux woman – name unknown Father: a French Canadian fur trader – name unknown Moved west with his Band to Red Lake, Minnesota (USA) then to Pembina, North Dakota to trade furs with both the Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company Relocated to the forks of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers in the 1780s Settled on the banks of Netley Creek Established St. Peter’s Settlement, East Selkirk with Rev. Cockran Accepted the Christian name William King, his children took the surname Prince Died in 1864 Sketch by Peter Rindisbacher, possibly Chief Peguis Click to enlarge As the Saulteaux people moved westward into Hudson’s Bay Company territory, they traded their furs with them as well as the North West Company. Many Saulteaux people settled north and northwest of the Forks. One of the larger groups (Peguis Band) settled on Netley Creek (near modern day Petersfield) before creating the settlement of St. Peter’s in East Selkirk. Link to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe Ojibwe People at Wikipedia Link to: http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=38772 Peguis Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Library and Archives Canada Lord Selkirk The next great influx of people to arrive in the region of Manitoba came from the Highlands of Scotland. They were the Selkirk Settlers. During the 19th century, thousands of Highlanders were evicted from their homes and farms to make room for sheep. Known as the Highland Clearances, the people had nowhere to go and no money to support them. A young and wealthy Scotsman named Thomas Douglas (Lord Selkirk) witnessed this tragic event and decided to help the destitute people. Born in 1771 in Kirkcudbright, Scotland Mother: Helen Hamilton Married Jean Wedderburn Colvile in 1807 Became the fifth Earl of Selkirk, best known as Lord Selkirk Lord Selkirk wanted to relocate the people to Red River so they could make a fresh start. He bought shares in the Hudson’s Bay Company and asked the Company to grant him a piece of land suitable for the people. The Company granted him land in Rupert’s Land at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers. Hundreds of Scottish, as well as some Irish, Welsh, and English settlers, immigrated to Rupert’s Land between 1811 and 1816. They sailed on wooden sail boats that took two months to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The sea was rough, tossing ships and people around and making many passengers seasick. Disease was common on board the ships and sometimes people died at sea. The ships sailed through Hudson Strait, to Hudson Bay and anchored at York Factory. Lord Selkirk Click to enlarge The people disembarked from the ships, loaded their goods and food and themselves into York boats and canoes to journey south through the various waterways, across Lake Winnipeg to Red River and up the river to the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers where they began their settlement. They called it Red River Settlement. It would become the city of Winnipeg. Life in a new land Life was difficult for the new settlers. They had to build homes for their families and barns to shelter their animals. They had to cut and haul wood to heat those homes before winter set in. They did not know the geography of the land, nor did they know how to hunt animals such as deer to feed their families. Chief Peguis and his people came to the aid of the settlers, hunting for them, bringing them food to eat when they had none, giving them clothes and blankets to keep them warm, and snowshoes and moccasins to wear as they travelled in snow. For the first few years, the settlers relocated to Pembina (North Dakota) for the winter near the Hudson’s Bay Company post. Peguis and his band guided them there safely. Several Hudson’s Bay Company employees lived in Red River Settlement as well. In 1815, they built a fort on the west bank of the Red River and called it Fort Douglas. Battle of Seven Oaks Battle of Seven Oaks Several French fur traders living at Fort Gibraltar did not want the new Scottish immigrants to establish their colony. They threatened them, burned their houses and destroyed their tools and crops. Chief Peguis, and his men, tried to protect the settlers against the threats, and he even spoke to the French traders on the settlers’ behalf. However, it was not enough. The French traders continued to harass the settlers. On 19 June 1816, men from both groups had a confrontation near a bend in the river called Seven Oaks. Tempers flared and guns were drawn. Twenty-one men died that day. Today, people call the event, the Battle of Seven Oaks. Selkirk Treaty: Manitoba’s first Treaty Lord Selkirk came to Red River Settlement after the battle of Seven Oaks to assist and encourage his settlers. He negotiated with French fur traders and local First Nations peoples to bring peace to the region. On 18 July 1817, Lord Selkirk signed a Treaty with five First Nations leaders: Peguis, Le Sonnant, Le Robe Noir, L’homme Noir, and Premier. Selkirk Treaty, 1817 Click to enlarge The Treaty granted land to each leader including Lord Selkirk. Lord Selkirk stated on the Treaty that he would give one hundred pounds of tobacco each year to the First Nations leaders as payment for the use of the land. Lord Selkirk died three years later on 8 April 1820. Tobacco was/is a sacred medicine to First Nations people. It is offered to the Creator when praying, requesting advice, or discussing any kind of peace negotiations with other First Nations groups or with white traders and settlers. To the First Nations leaders who signed the Treaty, tobacco symbolized a sacred bond between them and Lord Selkirk. The Settlers re-established Red River Settlement. They built new houses and outbuildings, churches, retail outlets, and schools. They cultivated land, planted various grains and vegetables. They purchased cattle, oxen, horses, and sheep from farmers in the United States and bred those animals to expand their herds. Many settlers initially lived in Kildonan but some families also moved to other parts of the settlement. In the years that followed many other people immigrated to the settlement. Several Swiss and German groups arrived and stayed until the early 1820s. However, many Swiss and Germans found the winters too long and cold and most returned to their homelands or went elsewhere. Until 1821, a multicultural group of people made up Red River Settlement: Cree, Assiniboine, Saulteaux/Ojibway, and Métis peoples French fur traders and their families English fur traders Orcadian and Scottish fur traders Retired servants of the Hudson’s Bay Company Retired servants of the North West Company Selkirk Settlers Click to enlarge Reverend Joseph-Norbert Provencher (1787-1853) In 1818, the first Roman Catholic Missionary, Rev. Joseph-Norbert Provencher (1787-1853) arrived in Red River Settlement from Quebec. He established a church at the forks of the two rivers. He called it St. Boniface. He performed Christian marriages between French fur traders and their Saulteaux wives, who were already married à la façon du pays, and baptized their children. Link to: www.biographi.ca (Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Library and Archives Canada) for full biography of Rev. Provencher’s life and work. Rev. John West Click to enlarge The first Anglican Missionary Rev. John West arrived in the settlement in 1820. He came from England on a Hudson’s Bay Company ship to York Factory and made the long trek to Red River Settlement from the north. He spent time with Chief Peguis and the Saulteaux people at Netley Creek before making his residence in the colony. He built a log church and named it St. John. He baptized many children belonging to English and Scottish fur traders and their Cree wives. He performed marriages for several European men and First Nations women who had formed marital unions many years earlier based on First Nation ceremonies. First Nations peoples were not Christians. They were very spiritual people based on an earth-based spiritual practice that taught that all in Nature is connected. Rev. John West tried to convert First Nation peoples to Christianity - some agreed, but many did not. Rev. West returned to England three years after he arrived. Link to: http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=37843 “John West” at Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Library and Archives Canada on-line The Hudson’s Bay and North West Company become one In 1821 the two great rivalling fur trade companies, The Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company merged under the name The Hudson’s Bay Company. After this, the Company did not need to employ as many men. The company gave many of these men grants of land in the Red River Settlement and thus many men and their families retired and moved to the colony. Each lot of land had river access and measured two miles in length. River frontages were measured in chains – one chain equalled 66 feet. Land lots varied from one to twelve chains equalling 25 to 200 acres, and most lots were on both sides of the Red River. Most retirees were of English or of Scottish heritage. Their wives were primarily of Cree heritage. Their children were of mixed heritage. These families built their homes on land in the regions of modern day St. Andrews, St. Clements, St. Pauls (Middlechurch), and St. Johns. The men who retired from the North West Company and immigrated to Red River Settlement were mainly of French descent whose wives were mainly Saulteaux/Ojibway women. The children born to these unions were Métis – meaning to mix. These families built their homes and stables on land in the regions of St. Boniface, St. Vital, Sturgeon Creek, and Grantown. Work of early settlers In the early days of Red River Settlement, many men of European heritage became farmers, as did some First Nations men. Women of all ethnicities toiled in the fields planting vegetables, caring for the garden, and harvesting. They did canning and preserving food for winter. They cared for the children, cooked the meals, washed and stored the dishes, sewed clothing, knitted and mended socks, made candles and soaps, and nursed the sick. Children worked in the fields and vegetable gardens, helping their mothers. They took care of the animals. Girls learned to sew, spin wool, knit, cook, bake, clean. Children normally attended the local school established by the church. Foods of early settlers wild meat, fish and fowl pemmican (a paste of dried and pounded bison meat mixed with melted fat and other ingredients like berries), fish, bison, elk, venison (deer meat), moose, bear, duck, goose, wild turkey domestic meat and animal products pork, beef, lamb (a young sheep), mutton (an old sheep), eggs, milk and cream, cheese wild plants and animal products berries, wild rice, honey home-grown plants potatoes, corn, pumpkins, squash, carrots, cabbage, turnips, onions, wheat to grind flour for bread and bannock, oats for porridge other molasses, applesauce, soup, stew, baked beans Homes of the Settlers Red River home Click to enlarge The early settlers and retired fur traders built their homes from log or stone. People built both types in the St. Clements region, but the log cabin was more common. Log cabins were normally square in structure measuring about six metres (19 feet) long on all sides and three metres (9 feet) high. They placed the logs on top of the other with the end of each log notched at the bottom in a sort of V shape to fit tight around the top of the log below. Builders called this a dovetail join. Their farms usually included a house, barn, chicken coop, implement shed, smokehouse, icehouse, springhouse, outhouse, and hayloft. Some of their farming equipment included: hoe, plough, harrow, sharp blade, sickle, gristmill, handsaw, hammer, axe, waterwheel, rake, auger, and chisel. In 1830, Governor of the Hudson’s Bay Company Sir George Simpson ordered Lower Fort Garry to be built on the west bank of Red River near modern day Lockport. Families travelled to Lower Fort Garry to trade furs for goods sold in the company stores. A trapper entered the office in the fur loft building with his/her furs. The clerk examined the pelts before giving a quote as to how much he felt they were worth. Lower Fort Garry Click to enlarge Trappers and clerks often disagreed. They would barter on a fair price for both. After an agreement was reached, the clerk recorded it in the ledger. The trapper then gathered the items he and his family needed and the clerk would subtract the price of those items from the trapper’s credit. There was very little money exchange during that time. Sometimes the store clerk would give the trapper a token that he could take to the blacksmith or other shop if he needed to get other supplies and this would come off his credit. If a trapper needed items and did not have furs to trade, the Company would give the trapper the goods and mark the purchase in the ledger. When the trapper had furs, he would bring them in to pay back his credit. They worked on an honour system. Link to: http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/mb/fortgarry/index.aspx Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site of Canada, at Parks Canada 1826 – The Great Flood. Floodwaters destroyed Red River Settlement, carrying away buildings, animals, and all other things that were in its path including parts of Upper Fort Garry, a Hudson’s Bay Company fur trade post built in 1822. The gates of UFG remain at the corner of Main Street and Broadway Ave, Winnipeg. People of the settlement moved to higher ground for several weeks until the water receded. 1830 – Work began on Lower Fort Garry, the stone fort. It was built on higher ground then Upper Fort Garry to prevent it from being damaged by floodwaters. 1834 – The Hudson’s Bay Company purchased the colony of Red River from the heirs of Lord Selkirk. 1852 – The region of Red River Settlement, St. Clements and St. Andrews were devastated by another severe flood. Much of the colony was once again destroyed 1859 – The first steamboat arrived at Fort Garry, the Anson Northup, a 75-ton steamer. The steamer carried people and cargo from Minnesota (USA) to Red River Settlement. It also took people and cargo to various places on Lake Winnipeg. It docked at the mouth of Colvile Landing, Cook’s Creek until the winter of 1861/62 when she sank there. 1860 – Many people of eastern Canada begin to immigrate to Red River Settlement. 1864 – Confederation – four provinces Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario formed the country of Canada. 1869 – Riel rebellion. Métis leader Louis Riel and his council rebelled against the transfer of land from Rupert’s Land to Canada. 1870 - Manitoba joined Confederation to become Canada’s fifth province. The settlement of Selkirk grew outwards from the Red River on both banks. Local residents added the terms, east and west. Residents travelled between East and West Selkirk by ferryboat across Red River. barter: to trade by exchange of goods Chief Peguis: Chief of the Saulteaux people of Red River Settlement dovetail join: a joint in cabinetry and square log construction consisting of interlocking "V"-shaped cuts half-breed: a person of European and First Nation heritage, normally English/Scottish and Cree immigrant: people who have come to one country from another country La Vérendrye: a French fur trader from Quebec Métis: a person of French and Saulteaux/Ojibway heritage musket: a gun pelt: the skin of a fur bearing animal portage: land between two waterways Red River Settlement: The settlement at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine River th that was established in 1812 – the precursor of the city of Winnipeg York boat: a one-ton wooden boat rowed by nine men that was able to carry two to four tons of goods Botyondi, Barry Selkirk: The First Hundred Years” (Barry Potyondi, 1981) Bumsted, J.M. Fur Trade Wars: The Founding of Western Canada (Winnipeg: Great Plains Publications: 1999) Dempsey, A. Hugh Peguis Dictionary of Canadian Biography on-line at Library and Archives Canada Hodge, Deborah The Kids Book of Canadian Immigration (illustrated by John Mantha) (Toronto: Kids Can Press, 2006) Landry, Kenneth Provencher, Joseph Alfred, Rev., (Dictionary of Canadian Biography) at www.biographi.ca Library and Archives Canada Moore, Christopher Adventurers: Hudson’s Bay Company ~ The Epic Story (Quantum Book produced for the Hudson’s Bay Company: Toronto, 2000) Nault, Jennifer Hudson’s Bay Company (Calgary: Weigl Educational Publishers Ltd., 2007) Parks Canada YorkBoats & Buffalo Robes: Fur Trade Life at Lower Fort Garry (1981) Rebus, Anna Discovering Canada: Pierre de La Vérendrye (Calgary: Weigl Educational Publishers Limited, 2007) St. Clements Heritage East Sideof the Red 1884-1984 (St. Clements: R.M. of St. Clements, 1984) Sutherland, Donna G. Nahoway; A Distant Voice (Petersfield: White Buffalo Books: Petersfield, 2008) Sutherland, Donna G. Peguis: A Noble Friend (St. Andrews: Chief Peguis Heritage Park Inc, 2003) Wikipedia Fort Maurepas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Maurepas Willie, Richard, A. John West Dictionary of Canadian Biography on-line First Nations and Métis People of Red River Settlement By Donna Sutherland The People of Red River Settlement before Confederation Red River Settlement was a colony built at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers long before Confederation. It would become the city of Winnipeg. View of Red River Settlement, (1817) Archives of Manitoba Click to enlarge It became an official colony in 1812 with the arrival of settlers from the Scottish Highlands, known today as Selkirk Settlers. They sailed from their homeland to York Factory on Hudson Bay and travelled the waterways to Red River. However, those settlers were not the first residents of Red River Settlement. Most residents were of First Nations and/or Métis/half-breed heritage. Thousands of First Nation’s people had lived in the region for generations. French and English explorers and fur traders arrived in the late 1600s and early 1700s and mixed with the First Nations people. Others referred to their children as Half-breeds (Cree/Scots or English) and Métis (Saulteaux/Ojibway and French). Map of Red River Settlement in 1825 Click to enlarge After the Scottish settlers arrived, others followed. In 1872, the population of Red River Settlement totaled about 15,000 people. 1 Most residents were of First Nations and/or Métis/half-breed heritage. Other residents were of European heritage from the countries of Scotland, England, Ireland, Germany, eastern Canada, and the United States. As the population grew, so did the settlement, reaching over a large area of land. It extended north to Netley Creek, east to St. Boniface and west to White Horse Plains (Headingly). The areas we now call St. Clements, St. Andrews, Selkirk, and East Selkirk were the northern extensions of Red River Settlement. Before the concept of Confederation emerged, there was no Canada. There was only open, unbound land, and lots of it. Red River Settlement was among the unbound land, in the centre of the continent with key waterways that enabled travellers to reach it from all directions. Arrival of Fur Trade In 1670, the Hudson’s Bay Company and its English and Scottish fur traders arrived on the coast of James Bay in northern Ontario and Quebec, and later Hudson’s Bay in northern Manitoba. When King Charles II of England established the Hudson’s Bay Company, he claimed all lands that drained into Hudson and James Bay. He called his new territory Rupert’s Land. The territory he claimed was huge, about forty percent of modern-day Canada from Alberta to Quebec and from Hudson Bay south to the northern United States. Red River Settlement was in the territory of Rupert’s Land. Map of Hudson Bay by Tim Vasquez Click to enlarge Hudson’s Bay Company employees formed trade relationships with the local First Nations groups. They were primarily Cree peoples. European/First Nation Marriage Many men formed marital unions with Cree women based on Cree marriage custom and ceremony. Both the Cree people and the European traders respected the custom and most unions were long lasting. Many men formed marital unions with Cree women based on Cree marriage custom and ceremony. Both the Cree people and the European traders respected the custom and most unions were long lasting. The ancestral Cree did not practice Christianity. They followed their own spiritual traditions, based on Earth-based spiritual teachings that said Nature was divine, and all things in Nature are connected. The children born to Cree mothers and European fathers shared a rich ancestry of two different continents. However, others looked down on them calling them disrespectful names such as half-breed and mixed-blood. 2 Today, most of their descendants call themselves Métis because they feel the old terms were racist and derogatory. However, the true Métis people hold a much different heritage than those of Cree/Scottish or English heritage. The Métis descend from Saulteaux (Ojibway) mothers and French fathers. Over time, numerous fur traders and their Cree families moved south toward Red River Settlement where they met with other First Nation groups and European traders. Some of those traders were French from Quebec. They had travelled to the region of Red River in search of furs and riches too. Along the way, they met a group of First Nations people near the Great Lakes. The French called them Saulteaux (pronounced Soto) meaning people who jump or shoot the rapids. They called them this because the people leaped and jumped across the rapids as they speared fish on the St. Mary’s River near modern day Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario). Today, Saulteaux descendants call themselves Saulteaux, Ojibway, and/or Anishinaabee. Many French men formed marital unions with Saulteaux women based on Saulteaux marriage ceremony. Their children are the Métis. Most Métis people worked for The North West Company. Those that moved to the region of Red River Settlement built a fort there called Fort Gibraltar. Several groups of Saulteaux people, including the legendary Chief Peguis, followed those traders. They established new camps on the banks of Netley Creek and places further inland near Lake Manitoba and Lake Winnipegosis. On 1 July 1867, the British North American Act (BNA) passed, creating the Dominion of Canada. After the eastern colonies joined in Confederation, they wanted to link eastern Canada with the west coast of British Columbia and fill the land in-between with immigrant people. One way to do this was to build a transcontinental railway. The railway would cover 3,200 kilometres (2,000 miles) of swamps, bogs, rivers, prairies, and mountains from eastern Canada to British Columbia. The government named the new railway the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The railway would offer a faster, more direct route for long distant travel and an easier way to ship freight. It would also bring thousands of immigrant settlers into Rupert’s Land to build farms and settlements. This region was home to thousands of First Nations and Métis people and so the government had to develop a plan to make room for the settlers and farmers among the first residents. They did this by issuing scrip to Métis/half-breed people and making Treaties and developing Reservations with First Nations people. Most Métis people did not oppose either the new province or becoming Canadians. However, they did oppose the government’s secretive way of making the transfer, without the regional people’s consent or input in negotiations. How Manitoba became a Province Manitoba became a province and joined Confederation in 1870. However, in order to tell the story of how this came to be we need to go back a little further in history. In 1670, the Hudson’s Bay Company claimed ownership of Rupert’s Land and ruled over it for 200 hundreds. By the mid 1860s, Hudson’s Bay Company officials agreed to transfer the land to the newly formed country of Canada and negotiations began in the late 1860s to create the new province of Manitoba. The government did not ask the majority of Métis peoples of Red River Settlement or the First Nations peoples of Rupert’s Land if they wanted to become part of the new province or country before negotiations began. Most Métis people did not oppose either the new province or becoming Canadians. However, they did oppose the government’s secretive way of making the transfer, without the regional people’s consent or input in negotiations. Métis Concerns The Métis peoples wanted their voices heard in the decision-making process that would surely affect their lives and the lives of generations to follow. They wanted to elect their own government, rather than have British-European politicians in Ottawa govern them. They sought to preserve Métis rights and culture, and had concerns over the land of which they were born: would the waves of English-speaking settlers invade the lands of their birth and push them out. These were honest concerns as the government had already disregarded the Métis and First Nations people in the land transfer negotiations In the fall of 1869, the government went ahead with their plan to complete the land transfer. They sent Governor William McDougall to Red River Settlement for negotiations. A patrol of armed Métis guards met him when he arrived and denied him access. Louis Riel's Government Back row: ?, Pierre De Lorme, Thomas Bunn, Xavier Page, Andre Beauchemin, Baptiste Tourous 2nd row: Pierre Poitras, John Bruce, Louis Riel, W.B. O'Donoghue, Francois Dauphinais, Thomas Spence Front row: Bob O'Lone, Paul Proulx That same day Métis leader, Louis Riel, seized the Hudson’s Bay Company fur post at Upper Fort Garry near the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, and declared an official resistance to the transfer. A man from eastern Canada, Thomas Scott, was shot and killed during the resistance, which alarmed the Canadian Government. Riel established a provincial government and resisted the transfer for almost one year. The Canadian government did finally acknowledge Riel’s provincial government and negotiations between the two forms of government.Métis Leader, Louis Riel moved along. The government ceded lands to the Métis people and the formation of the province became a reality. On 12 May 1870, the Manitoba Act received royal assent. It went into effect on 15 July 1870. Manitoba became Canada’s fifth province. Initially the province was small, only about 13,000 square acres. It received the nickname Postage Stamp Province because it was so small. Its northern boundary stopped at modern day Winnipeg Beach. However, provincial boundaries extended in 1881 and again in 1912. What does the name Manitoba mean? Map of the postage stamp province of Manitoba Click to enlarge No one knows with certainty who suggested the name, Manitoba, or the word’s true meaning. It is a First Nation’s word, but from which language it derives, we cannot say for sure. Steeped in ancient lore and legend, First Nations ancestors described the region of Manitoba as a place of Spirit, especially so in the narrows of Lake Manitoba northwest of the city of Winnipeg. There, strong winds send waves crashing against the limestone shore rocks creating a rhythmic surge like the powerful, steady beat of a drum, which the ancestors believed was the heartbeat of the Great Spirit (Creator). The Cree words Manitou (Great Spirit) and Wapow (Narrows), and the Ojibway word Manitou-aa-bau describe the narrows as a place where the Great Spirit is heard, or where the Great Spirit sits. During negotiations with the Métis peoples over the transfer of land from the Hudson’s Bay Company to Canada, the Canadian government ceded 1.4 million acres to Métis/Half-breed families residing in the territory at the time of the land transfer. Termed then as the Northwest Half-breed Scrip, today it is Section 31 Manitoba Act Affidavits. Scrip is a term used to “describe a certificate, voucher, etc, establishing the bearer’s right to something.” 3 In this case, the voucher was for land and/or money. However, the process was fraught with error. First off, the government divided the 1.4 million acres based on an inaccurate census of the province in 1870, excluding several thousand people. As a result, many people did not receive their entitlement. Secondly, the government took over five years to distribute the land to the people. Consequently, hundreds of applicants did not receive their land or money due to death, relocation, or omission. 4 The stigma of describing oneself as a half-breed brought disadvantage, shame and poverty for many and it extinguished any right to future First Nation entitlement. Scrip of Margaret Sinclair Sutherland, Library and Archives Canada Click to enlarge Scrip policy did not protect Métis/half-breed lands nor did it secure political representation with the federal government. What it did do was help assimilate many Métis/half-breed people into European-Canadian culture that was fast approaching from eastern Canada. The Canadian Government told the Métis people that no prosecution would befall anyone who participated in the 1869 resistance. The government did not keep that Métis Half-breed scrip application promise. In the summer of 1870, the government sent a military expedition to Red River to avenge Thomas Scott’s death. They killed one Métis leader of the resistance, and forced others, including Louis Riel, to flee the territory. The government delayed the transfer of land they had promised to the Métis/half-breed peoples. Many people left the region and moved west as the flow of immigrants from Ontario steadily arrived. A major transformation came to the Métis/half-breed people of Red River Settlement. Peguis/St. Peter’s Band and Settlement Prior to the region becoming the province of Manitoba, the land between east/west Selkirk and Lake Winnipeg was reservation land. It had belonged to the Peguis/St. Peter’s Band for over fifty years. On 18 July 1817, Chief Peguis officially claimed it when he and four other indigenous leaders, Le Sonnant, Le Robe Noir, L’homme Noir, and Premier, signed the first treaty of the region along with Lord Selkirk (Thomas Douglas), the first European to officially claim land in the settlement. Known as the Selkirk Treaty, it affirmed land to each of the six signatories. 5 Chief Peguis and Reverend William Cockran Selkirk Treaty, signed in 1817 – Credit Archives of Manitoba Click to enlarge Peguis was born in 1774 near Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario). He and his Band immigrated to the region of Red River Settlement in the late 1780s and settled on the banks of Netley Creek. Peguis befriended the Selkirk Settlers and early missionaries who arrived after him. He developed a special friendship with Rev. William Cockran. Together, they established the community of St. Peter’s in the early 1830s, although the community did not receive its name until 1852 when they built the stone church. Saulteaux man, possibly Chief Peguis, Sketch by Peter Rindisbacher, Archives of Manitoba Click to enlarge Rev. Cockran was a Christian missionary who came to convert the non-Christian people such as Peguis and his Band to Christianity. The Peguis Band believed in an earth-based spiritual practice that taught that all things in the world were connected and all things including animals, plants, and even rocks had a spirit. They called their religion Midewiwin. A modern term is Shamanism. They called their leaders a Mide (Shaman). Rev. Cockran did convert Peguis and many of his people to Christianity. They began to dress in European style clothing and lived in log houses similar to settler’s houses. The community prospered with the building of several homes, barns, outbuildings, a blacksmith shop, a church, and a school. The people cultivated several acres of land into wheat fields and potato crops and they raised cattle, sheep, and horses. The community extended along both sides of Red River. Treaty One After Manitoba became a province, the Canadian government began land negotiations with First Nations people in the region. Many First Nations peoples did not understand the concept of owning land or Confederation. Nor did they speak or write the English language. This put them at a great disadvantage in negotiations with the new Canadian Government. However, the government moved along in its plan to make room for the railway, European-Canadian settlement and industry. With the First Nations people, the government created a Treaty - a formal and legal agreement with promises and commitments made between the government and the First Nations peoples of the region. Treaty One Negotiations Click to enlarge The Canadian government did not acknowledge the land agreement made between Chief Peguis and Lord Selkirk fifty-three years earlier. Instead, the government, on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen of England, began new negotiations and they re-surveyed the land. They established new boundaries to create the first post-Confederation treaty called, Treaty One. It stated the government would receive large tracts of land throughout the province of Manitoba. First Nations peoples received lands as well but much smaller tracts referred to as Reservations. This began the Reservation system in western Canada. Red Eagle/Henry Prince Click to enlarge Chief Peguis had died by the time Treaty One came into effect. His son Mis-koo-kenew (Red Eagle) – (Christian name Henry Prince), represented the Peguis/St. Peter’s Band. He signed Treaty One on 3 August 1871 at Lower Fort Garry. Several other chiefs representing the Bands of Brokenhead, Long Plain, Roseau River, Sagkeeng, Swan Lake, and Sandy Bay also signed Treaty One. Treaty One stated that members of the Peguis/St. Peter’s Band were entitled to, "so much of land on both sides of the Red River, beginning at the south line of St. Peter’s Parish, as will furnish one hundred and sixty acres for each family of five.” 6 The new southern boundary of Peguis/St. Peter’s Reserve began slightly south of Sugar Point, the thumb-like piece of land that sticks out into the river near modern-day Selkirk Golf Club. Residents of East/West Selkirk During the time of Confederation, residents of the east/west Selkirk region were a multi-cultural group of First Nations, Métis/half-breed peoples, and European immigrants. Saulteaux/Ojibway People Immigrated from eastern Canada near Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario) in the late 18th century Settled at Netley Creek and then St. Peter’s Settlement Chief Peguis was the leader of the Band Belonged to Peguis/St. Peter’s Band Traded furs and goods with the North West Company and the Hudson’s Bay Company Some women formed marital unions with French fur traders. They are the ancestors of the Métis people Cree Peoples Lived on the Plains, Forests, and Swampy regions Immigrated from the north, from places like Norway House, York Factory, and Churchill River Traded furs and goods with the Hudson’s Bay Company mostly Some women formed marital unions with Scottish and English fur traders. Others called their children Half-breeds and/or mixed-bloods Métis/Half-breed A mix of First Nation and European ancestry Many Métis/half-breed people resided in the Selkirk area and north toward Lake Winnipeg Non-indigenous peoples Winnipeg was once called Red River Settlement. East and west Selkirk were the northern extension of Red River Settlement. Manitoba became a province on 12 May 1870. Louis Riel fought for the rights of the Métis people. Peguis was a Saulteaux chief, also called the Cut-Nose Chief, because he had part of his nose bitten off. The first post-Confederation Treaty, Treaty One, was signed on 3 August 1871 as Lower Fort Garry. British North American Act (BNA): The BNA Act is the base document for the Canadian Constitution CPR: Canadian Pacific Railway cree: A First Nations person confederation: a union of alliance of provinces or states first nations: people native or belonging naturally to a place Fort Garry: A Hudson’s Bay Company fur trade post built at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine River in the early 1800s half-breed: People of First Nations and European heritage, primarily of English or Scottish fathers and Cree mothers Hudson’s Bay Company: English based fur-trade company that built fur-trade posts on the coasts of James and Hudson Bay. Its early headquarters was at York Factory on Hudson Bay. It hired only men, primarily of Scottish and English heritage who married Cree woman from North America. It is the oldest commercial corporation in North America. immigrants: people who moved to a new country King Charles: King of England (1630-1685) reigned over England, Scotland, and Ireland Métis: People of First Nations and European heritage, primarily from French fathers and Saulteaux (Ojibway) mothers. Queen Victoria: Queen of England (1819-1901) was the Queen of England and Ireland from 1837 until her death in 1901. Red River Settlement: precursor of Winnipeg reservation: An area of land owned and managed by a community of First Nations peoples Rupert’s Land : the name given to most of western Canada by King Charles II in 1670 scrip: A term used to describe a certificate or voucher that shows the bearer’s right to something. For example land. treaty: A formal and legal agreement with promises and commitments made between two groups of peoples. End Notes George M. Grant, Ocean to Ocean: Sandford Fleming’s Expedition Through Canada in 1872, p. 66 [Back to footnote] Donna G. Sutherland, Nahoway: A Distant Voice, p 51-52 [Back to footnote] Métis National Council at: http://tomcat.sunsite.ualberta.ca/MNC/scrip1.jsp [Back to footnote] Métis National Council at: http://tomcat.sunsite.ualberta.ca/MNC/scrip1.jsp also see: D. Bruce Sealey and Antoine S. Lussier, The Métis Canada’s Forgotten People [Back to footnote] Donna G. Sutherland Peguis: A Noble Friend, p. 64 [Back to footnote] Treaty Relations Commission of Manitoba on-line at: http://www.trcm.ca/ [Back to footnote] Publications Grant, George M., Ocean to Ocean: Sandford Fleming’s Expedition Through Canada in 1872 (Toronto: Prospero Books, 2000) Hallowell, Irving A., (edited with preface and foreword by Jennifer S. H. Brown), The Ojibwa of Berens River (Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1992) Mercredi Ovide & Turpel, Mary In the Rapids: Navigating the Future of First Nations (Toronto: Viking, 1993) Peers, Laura The Ojibway of Western Canada 1780 to 1879 (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1994) Potyondi, Barry, Selkirk: The First Hundred Years 1882-1982 (1981) Sealey, D. Bruce and Lussier, Antoine S., The Métis: Canada’s Forgotten People (Pemmican Publications: Winnipeg, 1975) Sutherland, Donna G. Peguis: A Noble Friend (St. Andrews: Chief Peguis Heritage Park Inc, 2003) Sutherland, Donna G. Nahoway: A Distant Voice (Petersfield: White Buffalo Books, 2008) Websites Local and Provincial Items, Manitoban and Northwest Herald Newspaper, 3 August 1872, On-line at: www.Manitobica.ca Manitoba Act at “Encyclopedia, The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada at: By Donna Sutherland Timeline: About 8000 Years Ago: Lake Agassiz A huge body of water covered the lands of St. Clements about 8000 years ago. Scientists suggest it formed about 14,000 years ago from the melting of a continental ice sheet. When the glacial lake drained, its sediments formed the rich farmland of the Red River valley and left behind Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Manitoba. In 1879, scientists called the great lake, Lake Agassiz - after Louis Agassiz, the first person to recognize that glacial action formed the lake. 1 At its height, the lake covered 440,000 square kilometres, larger than any lake in the world. What is Archaeology? An archaeological dig site. Archaeology is the study of ancient cultures. Archaeologists are the people who study ancient cultures. Archaeologists excavate and analyze physical remains contained in the layers of soil set by natural processes. Each layer of soil contains artifacts that belong to the people who occupied the site at that time. Layers of soil also hold clues to environmental conditions and changes over time. The First Peoples of St. Clements Archaeology tells us that after Lake Agassiz receded people and animals began to migrate to the region of Lockport and surrounding areas. Archaeologists have uncovered animal bones and stone tools dating back 3000 years ago. Those early residents followed migrating animals, birds, and fish to the region in certain seasons. Why did they choose the Lockport area? Some reasons include: They came from other regions that no longer supplied their needs They followed herds of bison or other large game to the region The landscape and environment supplied their needs The fast flowing water at Lockport, below a set of rapids, was ideal for fishing The bedrock near the rapids supplied stone for making tools Growing corn or other crops was possible in the fertile soil (Lockport has the oldest evidence of pre-European farming in Manitoba) Based on archaeology done near Lockport, remains from four distinct prehistoric cultures have been discovered in the region. Larter Culture Archaeologists refer to the first prehistoric culture as Larter Culture. Radiocarbon dating shows the people of Larter Culture lived in the region from between 1000 B.C to 200 B.C. This is a period in time called the late archaic or late middle prehistoric period. One of the first discoveries of this culture happened in 1951 at a site 7 kilometres south of Lockport (Parkdale, Manitoba) near Larter’s golf course, hence the name. 2 The culture used a distinctive barbed projectile point that archaeologists termed, Larter Tanged. It has been uncovered in various sites throughout Manitoba. 3 The people of Larter culture were nomadic travellers of the Great Plains (grasslands). Bison (buffalo) bones are prominent in their ancient campsites, but various kinds of fish bones and the pits of wild plants are also common. Archaeologists suggest those early hunters worked in groups to drive bison herds over a high riverbank where they would fall and be easily killed using an atlatl (spear). Larter people used all parts of the bison "The majority of artifacts found are made of stone." Importance of Bison Larter people used all parts of the bison: Its outer coat was used for clothing, rugs, and tent coverings Its bones were made into tools, utensils, and perhaps weapons Its internal organs were dried and made into containers to carry water The meat from one bison fed a large group of people and it was prepared in a few different ways: Smoking – thin slices of meat hung over a drying rack near a fire under the sun until it cured. Roasting - pieces of meat was speared with a stick and held over a fire Baking – meat was placed on top of smoldering embers in the earth then covered with damp grass. Boiling - The ancients used the stomach lining of the bison to waterproof a hole in the earth and poured water in the hole. They heated stones in a nearby fire, and when the stones became hot, the people placed the stones into the water, and then added the meat to the water to cook it. Larter Artifacts To date no ceramics, birch bark canoes, or bow/arrows have been uncovered in Larter Culture sites. The majority of artifacts found are made of stone. According to Manitoba Historic Resources, artifacts include: the distinctive corner-notch dart points (distinctive barbed projectile point) knives scraping tools and punches for the preparation of leather items gravers for incising wood and bone, chisels, and hammer stones 4 Artifacts related to Larter culture have been uncovered across the Great Plains from Alberta to the Ontario/Manitoba border. All traces of them vanished at about 200 B.C. First Peoples, Manitoba Historic Resources Larter Culture people: used animal bones for tools, utensils, and weapons used bison fur for rugs, blankets, tent coverings, clothing used bison sinew for sewing used bison dung for fires used atlatl – spear throwers Laurel Culture Archaeological evidence shows that after the Larter Culture vanished, people of a new culture took up residency in the St. Clements region. Archeologists call them Laurel Culture. The people arrived in the region from between 200 B.C. and 1000 A. D. Referred to as a middle woodland ceramic-ware culture Archaeologists call the culture Laurel because some of the first artifacts that were uncovered from this culture came from a northern Minnesota (USA) town near the Ontario border named Laurel. Laurel Culture technology was different to Larter Culture, suggesting they were new peoples relocating to the region. Archaeologists think the people of Laurel Culture came from the shores of the Great Lakes. Laurel Culture Pottery is usually a sign of less nomadic travel because clay pots were bulky and not easy to carry. Diet The Laurel Culture did not depend as much on the bison as Larter peoples did. Their diet was a mixture of moose, caribou, deer, elk, snowshoe hare, woodchuck, beaver, muskrat, porcupine, marten, fisher and otter. They also ate loon, swan, duck, turtle, passenger pigeon, goose, and several types of fish. People of Laurel Culture depended on the rivers, lakes, and forests for their food and resources. Some sites still hold hazelnuts and chokecherry pits, suggesting a variety of plants and berries in addition to meat in their diet. They also ate wild rice. Tool Technology Tool technology of Laurel Culture is different to Larter Culture although both cultures used similar kinds of stone tools. In early Laurel times, dart tips became smaller and a transition from atlatl to bow and arrow is evident. Bone, antlers, teeth, claws, and shells served as both tools and personal decoration for Laurel peoples. They also used native copper for beads, pendants, chisels, fishhooks, and knives. Some tools such as grinders suggest Laurel peoples were grinding seed and other vegetal matter into flour. Pottery Source: Manitoba Historical Resources Pottery appears during the time of Laurel Culture. Pottery is usually a sign of less nomadic travel because clay pots were bulky and not easy to carry. Their pottery was “coconut-shaped” with either vertical or slightly flared rimes decorated with various motifs pushed, stamped, or scratched into the clay before it hardened. 5 Housing The Laurel Culture made oval shaped houses from tree saplings. They drove the ends of the young trees into the ground and tied the tops together before covering them with animal skins tree bark, or long grasses. Burial They were a spiritual culture, burying their people in mounds with personal possessions to aid the spirit in the afterlife, or the life they believed the sprit would transcend too. Some archaeological theories suggest these ancient peoples migrated westward from their eastern homelands because of their dependency on wild rice. They travelled along the waters of western Ontario and eastern Manitoba camping along the shores where wild rice was abundant. The availability of wild rice so far into the interior may have been a major factor in the decision to build seasonal camps in the region. Some groups reached Red River from the south and travelled north with the current. Others came through the Winnipeg River system to Lake Winnipeg and travelled south (upstream) along Red River to Lockport. The ancients witnessed the Great Plains full of bison. They learned to hunt them using their meat for food, their hides for robes and rugs, and their bones for tools and utensils. 6 Fragments of Laurel pottery were uncovered in the earth under St. Peter’s Church, East Selkirk. Laurel Culture people: ate and harvested wild rice used bow & arrow ate bison, elk, moose, deer, beaver, birds, and fish made pottery unearthed at St. Peter’s Church, East Selkirk vanished around 1160 (12th century) after a severe drought The Late Woodland Cultures: Blackduck and Selkirk Woodland: Archaeologists use the term woodland to describe prehistoric sites that existed between hunter-gather societies and agricultural societies. One major characteristic of a Woodland Culture is the progressive difference in the form and decoration of pottery and the common use of corn agriculture. Archaeologists suggest that two Woodland Cultures resided in the region of Lockport (St. Clements). They called them, The Blackduck Culture and The Selkirk Culture. Pottery style distinguishes each culture. Blackduck Culture One of the first discoveries of the Culture occurred near Blackduck Lake in northern Minnesota (USA). Archaeologists referred to the artifacts found as Blackduck. Using radiocarbon dating on the artifacts, archaeologists dated the existence of the people from between 900 BC to 1000 CE (Common Era). Archaeologists suggest the people of the Selkirk Culture are the ancestors of the modern-day Cree peoples. Blackduck Culture pottery is a cord-impressed pottery with round-bases and constricted necks with flat, thick lips. Impression was put on the neck, rim, lip, and occasionally on the inner rim, when the clay was wet. 7 Archaeological excavations in southern Manitoba and Lockport have uncovered fragments of Blackduck pottery dating to about 900 A.D. (10th century) Other artifacts associated with Blackduck Culture include: Example of Blackduck pottery. Source: Manitoba Historic Resources small triangular and side-notched projectile points a variety of stone and bonehide-scraping tools ovate knives bear and beaver tooth ornaments and tools small copper tools and ornaments 8 Selkirk Culture Receiving its name from artifacts found near the city of Selkirk, the Selkirk Culture made pottery of similar style to Blackduck pottery with pots of globular shape with slightly constricted necks and out-flaring rims. This pottery is fabric-impressed, a term used to describe the surface finish of a pot related to the method used to create it. 9 Selkirk Culture Archaeologists say that Selkirk Culture and Blackduck Culture were similar to each other and show a certain level of continuity to the earlier Laurel Culture. Blackduck and Laurel Culture are especially similar in that both cultures made their campsites on the edge of the grassland/forest setting, and both were bison hunters. People of Selkirk Culture lived north of St. Clements in more heavily forested areas near lakes and rivers. Archaeologists suggest the people of the Selkirk Culture are the ancestors of the modern-day Cree peoples. 10 Artifacts belonging to this culture were uncovered in the earth under and near St. Peter’s Church, Dynevor (East Selkirk). Similarities between Blackduck and Selkirk Cultures: Both cultures existed between 900 (10th century) and 1700 (18th century). Both cultures ate wild rice and left behind fragments of material goods. Both cultures buried their dead in mounds. Both cultures traded with people from distant lands. The cultural evolution of the prehistoric peoples of the St. Clements region began with nomadic peoples coming and going from the region seasonally to living in a fixed place for longer periods. Initially the early peoples ate bison primarily, followed by a culture that incorporated other large and small animals to their diet, as well as fish, berries, and plants. Their tools and technology evolved from stone tools and atlatls (spears) to bow and arrow, and copper tools. What can be learned from studying prehistoric culture? To study prehistoric culture is to reconstruct the life ways and movements of humanity throughout time. By studying earlier cultures, our modern minds begin to see the connections between and among cultures and create a map that shows cultural change over time. The things left behind, hidden by time and soil, leave a story about the animals that roamed the lands, the people who followed them, and the ways of survival and evolution for both. Archaeologists say the First Peoples of Canada were the first immigrants, arriving from Asia by crossing a land bridge that once joined Alaska and Siberia. First Nation descendants say they have always lived on this continent. They call it Turtle Island. 1100 Years Ago to 300 Years Ago Spearing fish Ke-no-se-wun:The Lockport region was important for its abundance of fish. The region lies below a long set of rapids where fish came to spawn. The ancients could net and/or spear many fish, and so they named the region Ke-no-se-wun, a Cree word to mean, “There are many fish.” Agricultural Time Agriculture has deep roots in St. Clements. Archaeological digs done at Lockport show people were farming in the region as early as 900 (10th century). This means the region’s agricultural roots are over 1000 years old. Those early people domesticated wild plants and planted corn that they brought with them from other regions. They may have planted other vegetables too that modern archaeology has not yet discovered. The soil was full of nutrients from the sediments of Lake Agassiz and the flooding of the Red River each year. Various agricultural artifacts have been uncovered on the east bank of the Red River. They include: Whoever the early farmers were, they stopped farming at Lockport sometime during the 15th century because the climate in Lockport, and all of Manitoba, changed. The province turned cold with shorter, cooler summers and longer, colder winters. stone tools charred corn kernels. In-ground storage pit Early farmers used wooden digging sticks to break up the soil. They dug into the soil with hoes made from the shoulder blades (scapular) of bison that they tied to wooden handles. They planted corn in rows of small hillocks several feet apart with several kernels placed in each mound. The people ate fresh corn and stored it for later use using bell-shaped shortage pits in the ground that were lined with dried grasses, bark, or tanned hides preventing the stored food from spoiling. The largest pit found at Lockport measures 1.26 metres wide at its base (over 4 feet) and 1.37 metres (4.5 feet) deep. 11 Who were these early farmers? No one knows for sure who those early farmers were. Archaeologists think a clue to their identity might lie in the pottery. Some pottery fragments uncovered in Lockport are similar in style and pattern to the vessels found in early camps along the Missouri River. 12 Those camps belonged to the peoples of the Arikara, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Gros Ventre Nations. Those southern camps were not more than a few days travel from the Lockport area making it easy for people to travel between the two places. Bison scapular, Credit: Manitoba Historic Resources Peoples of the Mandan and Hidatsa cultures were corn farmers. In the early 1900s, an elderly Hidatsa woman named Maxidiwiac “Buffalo Bird Woman” told researchers about early farming practices of her people. She said Hidatsa women were responsible for soil preparation, planting, weeding and harvesting. 13 Women made hoes from the shoulder blades of bison and rakes by tying a set of deer antlers to a stick. The ancestors of the Mandan and Hidatsa cultures may have been Lockport’s early farmers. They may have come to the region because of its rich farmland and abundance of large game and fish. These were important food sources in addition to corn, wild rice, vegetable, and plant. Whoever the early farmers were, they stopped farming at Lockport sometime during the 15th century because the climate in Lockport, and all of Manitoba, changed. The province turned cold with shorter, cooler summers and longer, colder winters. Farming and fishing became impossible. The people moved to warmer climates, perhaps returning to the Upper Missouri River. Woman using scapular as a hoeNearly 500 years later, the evidence reveals the first farmers in the region of Lockport and St. Clements were the ancestors of today’s First Nations peoples, not Europeans as so many European writers suggest. Agricultural time was between 900 -1750 People of this time were agriculturalists, fishers, hunters, and gathers A period of domesticated corn kernels Bison bone scapula hoes were a main tool Deer antlers were made into rakes Women and children were the gardeners and/or farmers Grinding stones were used for milling plant seeds Underground pits to store the fall harvest were dug Pottery style found in Lockport suggest links to farming communities on the Upper Missouri River in the USA Historical time – After 1600 Several groups of First Nations people lived in the St. Clements region within the time of historical record. Three of them include: Assiniboin/e (Nakota) Saulteaux (Ojibway) Assiniboin/e (Nakota) Some sources say the tribal name Assiniboin/e came from the Cree peoples. Cree elders say their ancestors called the Assiniboin/e peoples, “Assee-nee-pay-tockor Assinipoet meaning Stone Water People.They called them this name because they saw them putting hot stones into rawhide-lined holes in the ground to cook their food.” 14 Assiniboin/e peoples were also called Stoney Indians for the same reason. Many Assiniboine/e people referred to themselves as Nakota. Descendants of the Sioux Assinboine Warriors painted by Karl Bodher, ca. 1830. Source: Library and Archives Canada Oral stories say the Assiniboin/e peoples separated from their relatives, the Yankton Dakota, a branch of the Sioux peoples, many generations ago. Their culture and their language are similar to the Lakota Sioux peoples of South and North Dakota. 15 They migrated from areas along the Mississippi River in the United States to the Northern Plains in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. They hunted bison. Some groups made their camps along the Assiniboine River. When European fur traders came to the region, and saw their camps and heard their name, they called the waterway, Assiniboine River. This river meets the Red River at the Forks in Winnipeg. Archaeology done in the Lockport area has uncovered ceramic called Sandy Lake or Psinoman. This ceramic belonged to the ancestors of modern day Assiniboine peoples. 16 Jesuit priests residing in missions in southern Ontario referred to Assiniboine peoples living in the Manitoba region in the mid 1600s. Perhaps the ceramic evidence shows their ancestors lived here long before that. Most Assiniboine groups formed trade networks with the Plains Cree peoples and with French and English/Scottish fur traders after they arrived in the region. They became guides, traders, and interpreters. Some Assiniboine men provided food to European trading posts on the Plains, and Assiniboine women made footwear, coats, and snowshoes for those fur traders. Some Assiniboine women married Cree, French, and English/Scottish men. During the historical period, the population of Assiniboine peoples declined rapidly due to European-introduced diseases. Although historically, Assiniboine peoples were once residents of the St. Clements region, today there are few, if any descendants, living in the region. Most families moved westward from the Great Plains of Manitoba and Saskatchewan to Alberta and Montana. Cree: Plains and Northern Archaeology suggests the people of the prehistoric Selkirk Culture are the ancestors of the modern day Cree peoples. Therefore, the Cree people have been a part of the Manitoba landscape for a long, long time. Non-Cree people gave the name, Cree, to this nation of people. It is a generic term that is common today, but most Cree peoples call themselves names that are more specific to their environment. Some examples in the English language include: Plains Cree Rock Cree Woodland Cree All groups of Cree peoples use their own language to identity themselves. For example, the Swampy Cree people of James Bay call themselves Omushkego (People of the muskeg). Cree women Historically, Cree peoples have resided in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and North West Territories. Bands have resided throughout the province of Manitoba from Hudson Bay to the southwestern Plains. The northern Cree ate mainly caribou, moose, and bear. The Plains Cree primarily ate bison (buffalo). The Plains Cree formed alliances with the Blackfoot and Mandan peoples in the south from which they traded horses. They were then able to chase buffalo/bison. They hunted with lances, and bows and arrows, before the introduction of the musket (gun) from European fur traders. Cree Women: butchered the game scraped the hair from the hides tanned the hides, using the brain of the animal. They mixed water with the brain to make a paste that they spread on the hide to soften it as it dried. hung the hide in smoke to tan it. This process made the hide waterproof. women made moccasins, mukluks, mitts, and coats from the hides. after the arrival of European cloth, women sewed dresses and skirts from colourful fabric, much of it plaid in design. Cree peoples lived in tipis/tents that were in the shape of a cone, larger at the bottom with a hole at the top to allow the smoke to rise up and blow away. Tamarack trees provided the poles for the tipi. Tamarack trees are tall, straight, and strong. Each group used a certain number of poles that had meaning for them. Some Cree peoples used 15 poles, others 13, and yet others 18. Each pole contained a teaching, such as obedience, respect, humility, etc. Buffalo hides covered the poles. It took eighteen bison hides, sewn together, to make a tipi twelve feet in diameter. 17 Plains Cree people were early residents of the St. Clements region. They traded with other First Nations people to the south and with French and English/Scottish fur traders when they came to the region. Northern Cree peoples lived along Hudson Bay and throughout the northern landscape of what it now called Manitoba. Many Cree men became friends with European fur traders who worked for the Hudson’s Bay Company. They became middlemen for the Hudson’s Bay Company, transporting goods from the north to the inland people, making trade for furs, and returning to Hudson Bay with the furs. Many Cree women married English and Scottish men who worked for the Hudson’s Bay Company – their children were termed half-breed by others not of the lineage. Saulteaux (Ojibway) Saulteaux (Ojibway) people migrated to the region of St. Clements in the mid to late 1700s. Their ancestral tribal name is difficult to determine because they have been called so many names over the last 300 years. During the early 1700s and before that time, this cultural group of people resided near the rapids on the St. Mary’s River (Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario). There, they encountered French fur traders from Quebec. Observing the people spearing fish in the river and jumping across the rapids to do this, the early traders referred to the people as Saulteaux, a French term that means people who jump or shoot the rapids. 18 Other tribal names for the Saulteaux include Ah-nish-in-ah-bay, Outchibouec, Chippewa, and Ojibwa/y. Several Saulteaux men made trade connections with French fur traders and several women formed marital unions with those same traders based on Saulteaux marriage ceremony. Their children are Métis meaning to-mix. Today, descendants self-identify as: Ojibway Anishinaabee During the 18th century, some groups of Saulteaux peoples moved westward into the region of present day Manitoba, and many made their home in the St. Clements area. Saulteaux man in traditional dress, possibly Peguis. Painting by Peter Rinisbacher Chief Peguis Peguis is one of the better-known Saulteaux (Ojibway) leaders who resettled in the St. Clements region. He was born in 1774 in Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario) to a young Saulteaux mother and a French father. As a young man he migrated west with his Band to Red Lake Minnesota. They moved northward to Pembina (North Dakota) where they traded furs with traders from both the Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company. Sometime during the 1780s, Peguis and his people migrated to the forks of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. They paddled north to Netley Creek where they found a large band of Cree peoples, and some Assiniboine peoples, dead in their camp. There are two stories that explain the reasons for the deaths. The first story says that smallpox, a highly infectious disease with fever and flue-like symptoms and blister-like sores on the skin, caused the deaths. It spread rapidly among the people. The second story says that the region was where the Cree and Assiniboine peoples made camp. During the summer, the men went to York Factory, Hudson Bay to trade their furs. The old people, children, and women remained in camp. A large band of Dakota Sioux attacked the camp and killed those who remained. Whatever the truth is, when Peguis, and his people, arrived they witnessed the decimation of a whole band of people. They called the waterway, Nee-bo-win Seepee, (various spelling exist in archival records) meaning Death River or River of Death in English. 19 By at least 1808, English fur traders were calling the waterway, Netley Creek. 20 Glossary anvil: a block of stone used to shape other materials through striking archeology: the study of ancient cultures, especially by the excavation and analysis of physical remains archeologist: a person who studies archaeology artifacts: objects made by human hands – tools, vessels, pipes Assiniboin/e: Tribal name for a group of First Nations people atlatl: a wooden spear BC: Before Christ or The Year of Lord (dating before or after the birth of Jesus Christ) biface: a two-side stone tool used as a multipurpose knife CE: Common era (archaeological dating of artifacts) cord-impressed pottery: Impressing or roughing the surface of a pot/vessel while the clay is still wet as a way to decorate it Cree: tribal name for a group of First Nations people hammerstone: a rounded cobble, sometimes with a grove to help hold it Larter Culture: The term, Larter, was used to identify a distinctive barbed projectile point termed, Larter Tanged, found in sites throughout Manitoba prehistoric culture: Cultures before the time of written history radiocarbon dating: An absolute dating method that measures the decay of the radioactive isotope of carbon in organic matter Saulteaux: Tribal name for a group of First Nations people, a French term End Notes Canadian Pacific Roundhouse at East Selkirk Converted into the Immigration Building Details Written by Shirley Herda The Roundhouse at East Selkirk was built by the Government of Canada as a Public Works project during the years 1878 and 1879. There were more than two contractors involved in the construction. It was an enormous building built of stone and brick. The stone came from our own East Selkirk Quarry and the bricks came from the plant lying west of Cook's Creek. It was a Mr. Williams, who was in charge at the completion of the project, and it was Messrs. Rowan and Sinclair that did the final inspection in late 1879. The Roundhouse (enginehouse) was handed over to the Government of Canada in Jan. 1880 and by May, Mr. Joseph Logan, had completed installing the large turntable in the enginehouse. The entire weight of the table and engine rested on the pivot. The large turntable was manufactured by WIm. Hazelhurst of St. John, N.B. Almost the same day as the turntable was being put in place, the work on the CPR spur track from the main track to the head of the east slough on the Red River was commenced. The track was to be 2 miles long and the Hudson Bay Company were to build a large warehouse and depot for the receiving of freight and supplies, on the river, at the end of the track. What follows is a chronology of events, rather than a story, and we hope it proves of some interest to the reader, especially those now living on the land so described, and for those who have perhaps relatives having passed through this structure. For many years the Roundhouse was the centre of much activity in East Selkirk. It was not only used as a Railway Station, but as a dance hall, recreation, for schooling, hospital, church and a general meeting place. Now on with the chronology of events starting in 1898. W.F. McCreary was appointed Commissioner of Immigration at Winnipeg at a salary of $2200.00 per annum, in 1897. At the same time, Mr. Frank Pedley, Barrister of Toronto was appointed Superintendent of Immigration, as well as Inspector of Immigration Offices. He was paid $2,500.00 per annum and this position commenced Sept. l, 1897. During the late fall of 1898, Mr. McCreary was corresponding with the Deputy Minister of the Interior, responsible for Immigration: "there is an old roundhouse at East Selkirk that I intend looking up which might hold 500 to 1000 of them (Doukhobors) if it could be put in shape. By mid Oct. 1898, McCreary had not yet viewed the roundhouse or checked to see if it was available as an Immigration Hall or what the outlay for repairs would be should it be secured by his department. However, he must have investigated somewhat, as he was able to report to the Deputy Minister: "it would be a most suitable place for about 500, because fuel would not cost you one half, vegetables would be cheaper and all the men could get work in the cordwood camps East of here. " Mr. McCreary and Dr. Patterson journeyed to East Selkirk on Oct. 16, 1898 "to look over the roundhouse" and McCreary reported to his superiors that "if I think it will do at all I will send a carpenter down to estimate putting it into repair. " McCreary sent a telegram to the Minister on Oct. 17, 1898 and was able to report that he "inspected Selkirk round-house yesterday, would cost $2,000 to repair, would hold 1500 to 2000 people." Dr. Patterson and Dr. Wendelbo had accompanied him on Oct. 16, the latter gentleman was "somewhat of a mechanic" and as such assisted with the estimates and inspection. McCreary met with local authorities to establish availability of "supplies and so forth. " The building was about 90 feet wide by 180 feet long and had a stone foundation that was up to 12' deep and 2' thick. The walls were of brick 18" throughout. The ceiling was about 15' high for the most part, but in the centre where the turntable was, it was near to 25' or 30' high. The building had cost $60,000 to erect. The walls and foundations were found to be in good shape but the roof however, which was covered with a mica substance covered with gravel, was out of repair. It would require extensive repair to keep out the water. The Town of East Selkirk that day in Oct. 1898 was very much deserted and many vacant houses were evident within easy distance of the roundhouse. Mr. McCreary commented that these empty dwellings "could probably be rented, leased or purchased, if needed, to house contagious diseases, should any break out. " If the roundhouse were converted into an immigration shed, wood could be secured in the area as the gov't owned two school sections within 3 miles that had over 2000 cords of wood available. The roundhouse had four brick wings. McCreary felt that maybe two of these could house the ovens needed by the Doukhobors for bread making, etc. while the other two large rooms could be used for sickness, such as maternity cases or like nature. "We may expect some of this among 1500 to 2000 people," he said. The roundhouse had in the centre, over the turntable, a very high ceiling with steel beams running across it. Mr. McCreary thought this could be changed quite easily by adding a new floor and building a second story where three or four hundred children could sleep. ln fact, McCreary felt the building was definitely capable of housing "2000 souls for the winter. " The ventilation prospects pleased Dr. Patterson. There were windows that could be opened by pulleys, and, besides, there were 5 or 6 flues connected by pipes which used to carry off the smoke from the train engines, which could now be used not only for cooking ranges, but as ventilators. Dr. Patterson was impressed and promised McCreary he would write to the Minister highly recommending the East Selkirk Roundhouse as a building "suitable for check quarantine' Besides, the good Doctor had discovered that milk and vegetables could be secured readily in the neighborhood. Also, the gov't owned several hundred acres adjoining the building which could be fenced and used by the immigrants next spring (1899) for the raising of crops and vegetables that would be needed by the new settlers. Not everything viewed round favor with the Doctor or Mr. Mccreary. Unfortunately, the horses and cattle had been allowed to go into the building and there was fully a foot or two of manure covering the floors. The clean up was estimated to be about $150.00. While it would take another $500 to floor it. The windows were all broken and some would have to be covered up with double and tar paper while others should have to be replaced with glass panes to allow sufficient light to enter. All in all, McCrcary found the building excellent for the purpose of the Doukhobors, and being such a large structure, would also service the Galicians and any others who would come in large numbers. Cook's Creek, they commented, "was a nice little stream" running within a quarter mile of the building, "where good bath arrangements!' could be made. A view bath tubs would also have to be put in the building, was another notation They recorded. One well would have to be dug in the corner of the building and another one outside. Closets (dry earth type) should be built outside and carried away every few days for good sanitation reasons. Another advantage noted about the East Selkirk Roundhouse was the large 50' square basement it possessed. This cellar had a good stone wall and brick floor and a sewer leading to Cooks Creek. Sufficient vegetables to keep the immigrants all winter could be stored in this large cellar as well as the "ten smaller cellars which ran under the ten engines which the building contained." These smaller cellars were about 4' wide. 5' deep and 20' long, walled and floored with bricks. it was felt that about 6 large cooking ranges round be required to burn continually in order to "boil sufficient vegetables" and such for the immigrants. The heat from these and that from the brick baking ovens, it was estimated, should be sufficient to heat the building. Mr. McCreary wrote to Ottawa asking them to advise as to "what action should be taken in regard to the building at East Selkirk" for if they were to use it for the Doukhobors they had to have the root repaired and the Windows done before the snows set in. He concluded. "the inner workings could be done afterwards." The Minister quickly wrote back, advising McCreary that "there will be,1,000 of these people instead of 2,000, and I am glad you have suggested the Roundhouse al East Selkirk." The Minister of the Interior quickly wrote to the Supt. of Immigration who in turn wrote to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company indicating they were "anxious to know at the earliest possible moment whether the building at East Selkirk could be placed at the Dept. disposal for housing Doukhobors during the winter." The Canadian Pacific were tardy in their reply, but by Nov. 4, 1898 D. McNicoll of Montreal had promised that Mr. Whyte would discuss the "roundhouse project" with Mr. James A. Smart (Deputy Minister of the Dept. of the Interior) when he visited Winnipeg. McCreary went ahead with gathering estimates for t he roundhouse repairs and had received three in particular by the 22nd of Nov. One was from G.F. Stephens Co. for the 690 panes of double thick glass, 15 l/2 x 15 1/2 at .250 a pane, 500 pounds of putty at 2 1/20 a pound and the red priming paint at $1.00 per gallon, in 5 gallon buckets. The other two quotes were for lumber to complete the flooring, closing up windrows, partitions, carrying the floor over all the cellars and building of the closets. One quote was from R. Dickson of Winnipeg and the other was from J.P. Rowley of East Selkirk. The prices quoted were close, about $1,500 for material and $700 for lab our. This was enough information for McCreary to urge Mr. J.A. Smart to get a lease signed with the CPR and by Dec. l, the Minister had sent a telegram to Wm. Whyte asking his company to "grant a twenty year lease of the old Roundhouse at East Selkirk to the Dominion Gov't at nominal rate." Whyte granted a 5 year lease to the Dominion for an annual lee of 55.00. The agreement was signed, finally, in Jan. of 1899. Meanwhile. in the Town of Selkirk, situated on the west bank of the Red River, they were speaking out editorially from Oct. to Dec. 1898 against the scheme. They were against the roundhouse in East Selkirk being used as a "dumping off point lor Russian Immigrants" and it went on to say, "they seem to be infected with that dreaded disease of which Selkirk has been free from" and it will "retard our trade and discourage progress if it be known they are there. " There were over 2000 Doukhobors on their way to Canada and may be followed by 5000 more from Russia, and it was natural that considerable curiosity and some misapprehension should prevail. Selkirk once again, were getting eye-strain from peering across the Red River in the direction of East Selkirk. Another article in the Selkirk Weekly Record, about mid-Nov. 1898, was directed against Sift on and his immigration policy. Mr. Stewart, the editor of the local newspaper, was a staunch Conservative and missed very few opportunities to land a blow, where Sift on was concerned. The item was critical, it said: "There is plenty of room here for English speaking settlers but no room for foreign refuse such as being dumped into Manitoba by Sift on and his immigration policy-in a few years if this thing continues we will have in this western country people of every sect, nationality and creed. Selkirk newspaper reported weekly on the activities of he east side of the river and it stirred up a lot of interest and discussion in the surrounding areas. McCreary was negotiating with D.C. Cameron of Rat Portage for lumber needed for roundhouse repairs. The Deputy Minister (Smart) had suggested, that it would be wise "to purchase from Cameron's firm as they are probably the largest dealers at Rat Portage and will be able to give the best satisfaction." James A. Smart also wired Cameron at Rat Portage on the same day advising him, "have given instructions to McCreary to see you re: lumber for the Selkirk Roundhouse. " James Smart wrote to the Hon. J. Tarte, Minister of Public Works at the end of Dec. and requested the speedy approval to expend about $2000 on the roundhouse. He also urged an early allowance as the Doukhobors he said "were on their way and would likely arrive about mid- Jan." Mr. Smart went on to say that "the intention is that the immigrants would do all the rough carpenter work, and it is desired that Mr. Smith, your inspector at Winnipeg should have general supervision, and there should also be two or three good carpenters in charge you will, of course, name these. " A controversy was brewing about the lumber contract for the roundhouse repairs and also the appointment of taff to oversee the project. McCreary wrote to Smart at Ottawa Dec. 31, 1898 and pointed out "l have just got your wire re: price of lumber from Cameron at Rat Portage. Now I have already spoken to Dick and Banning in regard to supplying this lumber and I fear they will be somewhat put out if they do not get the order, more especially as Mr. John Chisholm spoke to the Minister." McCreary reminded Smart that the estimate of quantities of lumber, etc. as prepared by Richard Dixon (Dickson) and by Rowley of East Selkirk were forwarded under cover of a memo dated Nov. 22, 1898. McCreary went on to say, "My own idea was, as far as fixing up that building was that we engage Dixon who is an old Selkirk man, as Foreman at $3 to $5 per day, together with a Russian carpenter here named Murkowski who speaks the language of the Doukhobors." His plan was that these 2 men should be in charge of a gang of about 100 Doukhobors and that with 25 to 50 pick axes they could dig up the manure in the roundhouse as well as do some spiking of planks. Also, McCreary thought that a couple of caldrons for boiling vegetables on the site and some bread from Winnipeg to do them a week along with necessary food stuffs etc. The men, outside of the Doukhobors, would stay at the Hotel there. McCrery wanted to hire teams to haul out the manure and get wood as well as haul the lumber from the railway cars to the roundhouse. The glazing of the windows that were not nailed up could be done by Owen Davis of Winnipeg. He would also repair the roof of the building. The sewer had to be cleaned out, so it could take off the surplus water in the spring. Two of the side rooms or wings, would be first to be cleaned out, windows nailed, doors hung and so forth, so that the Doukhobors could set up their caldrons for cooking, and also sleep there at night. lf not, the CPR could allow a couple of boxcars (colonist) which they sent down with the men, to remain on that switch for at least one night until the men had their sleeping place ready. McCrery also wanted to purchase a team of horses, large quantity of blankets and permission to have wells bored. Mr. McCrery was quite clear about the hiring of Mr. Dixon (Dickson), "whom I have put in charge" and he went on to explain why, "he is an old friend of the Gov't, having worked under the former Gov't on the CPR Construction, and is a well qualified mechanic. " Mr. McCrery wrote to the Deputy Minister of the interior (James A. Smart) on Jan. 5, 1899 saying "l have already written you in regard to Smith's frequent absences from the city and the difficulty of having work carried out rapidly - if you do not wish Dickson employed or if you wish anybody to supersede him, or Mr. Smith put in charge, write me or wire me." Mr. Roy of the Dept. of Public Works in Ottawa by Jan. 7, 1899 had written to Jas. Smart informing him that "Mr. Smith of the Dept. of Public Works would be in charge of the East Selkirk project and he will see that 2 or 3 good carpenters are put in charge. " The Supt. of Immigration was warning all concerned, and especially Mr., McCreary that the strictest economy would have to be enforced re: Doukhobors, as the cost of maintenance would be charged to these people them- selves, therefore, expenditures should be kept as low as possible. The Deputy Minister had to remind Mr. McCreary that it was the intention to use the Roundhouse on a permanent basis for immigration purposes and therefore expenditures for repairs, purchases and renovations should be made with a view to permanency. He also repeated that he had asked the Public Works Dept. to wire Mr. Smith that the men to be engaged at the Roundhouse were to be employed, "only after consultation with you. Mr. Dixon (Dickson) would be a good man, and I presume you have engaged him. " The well was being tendered by Mid-Jan. and bids were received at a cost from $ 1.70 up to $2.50 per foot with the contractor supplying the casing and the gov't providing the pump. Colin Mclean bored the two wells for a total cost of $432.59. A progress report dated Jan. 12, 1899 outlined that tender bids were being considered for the wells. Putty, glass, etc. was on hand, lumber was expected within a day or two and the permission was asked to purchase a team of horses for hauling and blankets for the men. Fifteen cords of wood had been piled up inside the building and two tons of hay for bedding the people Mr. McCreary received a telegram on Jan. 26, 1899 from James Smart which more or less instructed him to order lumber for bunks at the Roundhouse "it will save space, Doukhobors can build them, buy from Banning." Meanwhile in the Town of Selkirk the events were being viewed not as progress but as political interference. Several letters to the editor pointed out irregularities and attacked the M.P., Mr. MacDonnell re: dismissal of Mr. Dickson and Mr. Lyon re: discrepancies in the sand hauling and carpentry contracts. It was quoted that Mr. Dickson was dismissed on Jan. 21, 1899 and a less experienced man was placed in charge. The newspaper also mentioned that the "Selkirk Trading Company had secured the contract for supplying the flour for the Doukhobors at East Selkirk. lt would necessitate the Mill being run day and night. " The added business and purchases made by the government in the town of Selkirk in relation to the East Selkirk immigration Hall didn't satisfy the town at all. They continued to hit out at the East Side. Very early in Feb. the Selkirk Weekly Record made mention of smallpox being discovered amongst the party of Doukhobors arriving at Halifax and of course this caused a lot of concern locally. The article in question concluded: "what do our Council and Health Officers now think of the proposal of the old roundhouse at East Selkirk being turned into a place of disease and pestilence?" Then a controversy arose over the payment of wages for those working on the roundhouse. It appears Mr. Smith discharged more men and they were requesting their severance pay. Some confusion existed as to who was responsible for paying them. Then the Dept. of the interior at Ottawa cleared it up somewhat when the Deputy Minister wrote to McCreary in Winnipeg telling him that: "I beg to say that all the expenditures in connection with the purchase of material and the men engaged on the work at the East Selkirk roundhouse to be paid by this dept. (Dept. of Interior)-keep separate accounts--The Public Works Dept. has nothing at all to do with the work except that they have their Inspector oversee it and direct it be done in a satisfactory way—they have no appropriation. We have undertaken to pay for it out of our Immigration vote. It is absolutely necessary to have this work proceeded with." Beginning in late Jan. 1899 the Doukhobor groups landed in Halifax, St. John and Quebec. Interpreters were sent from Winnipeg to meet them. Chief among them was Philip Harvey. Harvey made only the first trip, and then remained at East Selkirk to supervise the incoming trains. Pressure was being placed on those in charge to get the facility ready for the Doukhobor contingent which was in Winnipeg and another group on the way. McCrery was trying to pull it all together but was not getting a great deal of cooperation from those working on the project. He wrote to the Deputy Minister (Jas. Smart) on Feb. 9, 1899 saying in regard to the East Selkirk Roundhouse: "matters are not working very smoothly and have not from the first. I sent 30 Doukhobors down yesterday and wished Mr. Smith to go with them, but so far he has not done so. I imagine these Doukhobors will be able to complete the building by Tuesday next, all except the roof, which Mr. Smith refuses to repair. " Mr. McCrery believed that unless the roof was covered with tar paper, etc. outside, or the building was plastered inside that all the heat would escape through the roof and it would be impossible to heat it. McCreary concluded by saying that they would start up all the caldrons and other stoves and try it out before the people arrived. He would oversee this himself by going down to East Selkirk on the weekend. On Feb. 20, 1899 Mr. McCrery reported that: "the building is ready at East Selkirk except for the roof which may leak and some difficulty with pipes. We have 10 caldrons of 60 gallons each, 12 box stoves, two large ranges and about 3 or 4 small ranges. The pipes from these will all lead into one large pipe in the centre of the dome. " It appears Mr. Smith and McCreary were still at odds over the roundhouse preparations because the latter gentleman concluded: "in my opinion, the other chimney should have been used, but Mr. Smith thought more heat would be given by extending them in this way, but I fear they will smoke and sweat. lf so, we shall have to change them." The Doukhobors, about 1700 arrived in East Selkirk on Wed. Feb. 22, 1899 and took up their quarters in the old roundhouse. and the first death amongst them since their arrival took place on Wed. March l, 1899, a little girl of about 4 years of age, who died of pneumonia. The chief diet for those quartered in the roundhouse was reported to be: bread, rice, barley, butter, sugar, tea, cheese, potatoes, cabbage, molasses, rolled oats, Onions, salt and pepper, and citric acid to "sour their soup". Meat was not for these immigrants as the Doukhobors were basically vegetarians. McCreary reported on Feb. 9, that "each soul here is now consuming one loaf of bread per day, and this with a copious supply of vegetables." McCreary figured out that it would take about 10,000 sacks of flour to feed 4000 Doukhobors for 5 months. At $1.50 per sack, this would mean an expenditure of some $15,000.00. On March l, Mr. J.T. Speirs of Winnipeg a Baker, went to East Selkirk and took along some fellow bakers to initiate the Doukhobors in the art of "baking" in the brick ovens that were erected at the roundhouse. In the March 3, 1899 issue of the Selkirk Weekly Record, the newspaper kept the pot boiling on the west side while the bread was baking on the east side. "As time rolls on cases of irregularity and highhanded work are being brought to light with the fixing up of the East Selkirk Roundhouse. In the first place the contracts were let without tender then came the providing or materials without tenders and then the argument over labor—then MP J.A. MacDonnell stepped in and wanted a say in the running of things--he had a favorite he wanted in charge, so out went Mr. Dickson, who had been hired by Commissioner McCreary and the Chief of the Dominion Public Works Dept. This action was done without warning, a purely and simply political move—no reflection on Mr. Dickson's ability or integrity. " Another news item of the same day caused some discussion and debate locally: "The Doukhobors are safely lodged at East Selkirk in the Roundhouse-- enjoying the bean soup and other necessities furnished at public expense. Concessions will likely be demanded for religious, education and Munc. Gov't, etc. They appear to get free transportation over here, free accommodation, free food, free homesteads, free implements. But, the British and Anglo Saxon has to maintain himself all the way and is heavily taxed once he gets here--he has to paddle his own canoe--besides he is called upon to defend the country he has just arrived in. People would like to see "free aid" (now given to foreigners) given to people of our own race. " Another editorial comment on March 25, re: Roundhouse, asked the question: "why was lumber and material for repairs to Roundhouse got from Rat Portage (Lumber) and the Hardware from Winnipeg when we all know that lumber and hardware could have been gotten cheaper in Selkirk?" Mr. Dickson didn't help the situation much when he wrote a letter to the editor claiming political intervention caused his dismissal off the East Selkirk project. He also brought to public awareness the fact that he and Mr. Lyons (Postmaster at East Selkirk) had a disagreement over the hauling contract and Mr. Lyons carpenters. The teams didn't give satisfaction and the carpenters were not very good. Mr. Lyons had told Dickson not to use Nelson's teams nor give work to either Mr. D. Miller or Mr. Thomas, for they were all rank Tories, etc. On April 17, the Supt. of Immigration at Ottawa, Mr. Frank Pedley telegraphed McCrery in Winnipeg asking him: "Wire when Richard Dickson was appointed for service at roundhouse, what were his duties, was he dismissed, if so, for what reason and upon whose recommendation. Write fully immediately." McCreary sent a return telegram on the same date and it stated: "Dixon was appointed foreman of Repairs at Roundhouse on Jan. 6, and relieved on 24th, when it was decided to have Doukhobors do repairs. Relieved on recommendation of MacDonnell. " ln the meantime the town of Selkirk must have had their spies and roving reporters on the job still, because next they hit out at illegal fishing. Another problem was brewing and the newspaper in Selkirk reported on April 21, 1899: "We have been informed that Doukhobors and settlers on the east side of the river are catching Pike and Pickerel wholesale at Cook's Creek--as the fish are now going up to spawn. Fishing for them is illegal and in contravention of the Fisheries Act. As the fishery Inspector's Office is not a mile away from the scene they isn't something done?" Then on Sat. April 22, about 600 more new settlers arrived from the east (Galicians) and were placed in the Roundhouse at East Selkirk. On May 18, 1899 Mr. Owen Davis was demanding his payment of $200 for work at the roundhouse and questions were being asked why the labor account on the building totaled $1528.14, almost double to what was originally estimated. Mr. Davis had the contract for putting the mica roof in order. The Supt. of immigration, Frank Pedley, advised no accounts would be paid before July l, next. The newspapers were full of dispatches about the movement of new settlers: About 1030 Doukhobors were expected to reach Quebec on May 1, via the steamship "Lake Superior" and the "Lake Huron" was bringing in about 2000 more on May 31, and 1500 Doukhobors were enroute to the west by train on May 19, the majority being children ranging from 2 weeks to 12 years of age. D. Morrison of Selkirk brought up a car load of oxen the week of May 19 and shipped them west for the Doukhobors. A letter from McCreary to Pedley dated May 25, 1899 refers to the East Selkirk Roundhouse and the purchase of a tent 80 x 130. This tent was supposed to have been sent to Yorkton, Sask. but was still stored in Winnipeg. McCreary went on to say, "My intention now is to try and get rid of the 1400 Galicians who arrive tonight and who will be placed in the Roundhouse for a time, before the Doukhobors will arrive, pitch the big tent down at East Selkirk and if it is necessary to hold them over, place the entire party there. This tent will, I imagine, hold about 1000, the Roundhouse 1600." THE HOMESTEAD ACT During July 1899, there were lively days at the CPR station in Ottawa as 9 special immigrant trains with l0 lf settlers were to come west, there had to be a way in which they could buy land. In 1872, an act was passed that showed them how to do this. Surveyors went out to divide the land into homesteads. They laid out townships, each of which was six miles square. Each square mile, or section, of 640 acres was divided into four quarter sections. The townships were numbered north from the 49th parallel, and east and west from a line drawn through Winnipeg. The land act said that anyone over 21, or anyone who was the head of a family could make entry for (claim) a quarter section of land. The only sections he could not claim were numbers 11 and 29, reserved for schools, and numbers B and three-quarters of 26, reserved for the Hudson's Bay Company. A would-be homesteader chose his land and paid his $10 registration fee. Then he started out for his homestead. Once he found the numbered stakes that showed him where the homestead was, he could start to build his house and farm his land. If he did as the Homestead Act asked, he would receive full title to his land in three years. He had to live on the land for six months in each of those years, build a house on the land and make other improvements. If the homesteader wanted, he could "pre-empt" another quarter section of land next to his homestead, for about $z or $2. so an acre. Between his homestead and his pre-emption, he could farm 320 acres of land. coaches each passed through carrying Galicians and Doukhobors. The East Selkirk Roundhouse will be full one day and within the week could almost empty again. In July there were 2000 lodged at the Roundhouse. They were expected to be there for some time as no reservation had been set aside for them further west. It was arranged that representatives from amongst them would shortly leave for the west with equipment, horses, wagons, etc. for the purpose of selecting sites for settlement. Once the advance party had been successful in this quest they would send for 300 to 400 and they would prepare making homes for the balance still at East Selkirk. Trouble erupted at the Roundhouse toward the end of July, 1899 and complaints were received about Mr. Stratton who had done a lot of the cooking, ordering in of food stuffs and the ledgering of the gov't accounts. In fact, although this gentleman was described as "cleanly in his habits and has kept the office, kitchen and dining room in clean condition" it was decided to dismiss him by August sometime. Because there was no hotel or stopping place near the roundhouse, many govt officials, Bankers going to exchange money, the Doukhobor delegates such as Hilkoff, Sulerjitzky and Konshin, including the interpreters, often stayed for some time and had to be serviced at the roundhouse. A lot of responsibility had fallen to Mr. Stratton and "he has done his work well" was an often repeated phrase. Messrs. Phillip Harvey and Morrison were the only other two men in full charge and because about 1500 of the Doukhobors were staying all summer, it was doubtful if they could handle the work load. It was generally agreed that Mr. Harvey was a very qualified interpreter and although he had been hired on a temporary basis, it was doubtful if they could have got along without him. As the Commissioner of Immigration said to James A. Smart in a memo regarding Mr. Phillip Harvey dated July 21, 1899: "Just imagine 2000 foreigners in one building for quite a lengthened period without any police, controlled practically by two men, and no serious riots or rows occurring. I think you will say the work has been well done. " The intent was that Harvey be placed on permanent staff and if the roundhouse emptied a bit in winter that Mr. Morrison could handle that building and Mr. Harvey could be utilized part time in East Selkirk and part time visiting the colonies, as interpreter, etc. and reporting on conditions and recording any hardships or complaints, etc. Oct. 10, 1899 found 600 to 700 persons still residing in the roundhouse. Commissioner McCreary wrote to Frank Pedley, the Supt. on May 22, 1900 and was quite troubled about the total number of immigrants heading west. He mentioned that about 1200 Galician were on their way. and where to place them was a very serious problem. Their condition was very unsatisfactory and their amount of funding was small. McCreary said he would require tents and they were all in use and requested permission to purchase 3 or 4 more tents. A very large percentage€ of the new immigrants did not have a dollar, so McCreary stated that the families be held at the East Selkirk Immigration Hall until the men went out and earned a little money on the "Section" if employment could be obtained. very fortunately, there was still some Saurkraut and potatoes at East Selkirk and all that had to be bought was cornmeal and flour, There were about 400 waiting for work and not much available. "What is going to be done is a problem. " ln his yearly Report dated Dec. 31, 1899 Commissioner McCreary stated that "the first group of 2078 "Souls" arrived Jan. 27, 1899 followed by 1,973 in Feb., in May l, 136 came, and July saw 2,335. Four more contingents arrived in Sept. and one in Dec." He was referring basically to the movement of the Doukhobors and concluded, "with some reasonable allowance for error, a total population of 7,354 souls, living in 795 houses, comprising 57 villages, and who, averaging 5 to a family, are settled on some 1500 homesteads of 160 acres each." On May 30, 1900 a very sad incident upset the entire community when a Doukhobor child was killed by a train. The press visited the roundhouse about mid-July 1900 and found everything well under the able supervision of Messrs. Harvey and Morrison. The office was at the south-east corner of the building and was neatly fitted up with chairs and table, pictures on the walls, giving it a cheery appearance. In the centre of the building was a large space used as a reception or waiting room. On each side of this were tables and stoves for the convenience of the immigrants. Back of this was large rooms used as sleeping apartments. At the front of the building there was no fence and the road from the Railway Station led right up to the main door. At the rear of the building were found large ovens and a good well with a pump. Inside the building was a cookhouse and other conveniences for the washing of clothes, etc. Because the building was off the main road travelled, it was not so much visited by the inquisitive as it would have otherwise been. It lacked outside painting and it also had no sign to identify what the building was. That winter, the roundhouse held only about 200 souls and was very cold. Permission was asked for an expenditure of about $60.00 to partition off just two of the rooms which would be easier to heat and be more comfortable for the people housed there. Besides, it would be cheaper than trying to heat the whole building. The Public Works Dept. in Winnipeg would do nothing until authorized from Ottawa, and they moved very slowly. The Acting Commissioner, Alex Moffat, said in a memo dated Dec. 18, 1900: "Would you, if you can, hurry up the business, as the people are poorly clad and the place is too cold as it is now. " By Jan. 8, 1901 the approval had been granted by Ottawa to Mr. Moffat and the alterations were made and some improvement was expressed as to the warmth of the building. However, once April came, the roof, which required substantial repairs the year before, was even worse. By mid April, they were forced to have 20 to 30 pails spread about inside the building to catch the rainwater coming in and they had to be emptied frequently. As the Commissioner said, when he requested that this outstanding repair be looked after, "I think you will agree this is not a cheerful situation for immigrants coming to a new country, and I hope you take the matter up with Public Works or better, authorize me to do work at once. " Ottawa informed Mr. J. Obed. Smith, now Commissioner of Immigration in Winnipeg and he in turn wrote to Frank Pedley the Supt. of Immigration by April, 1901, "that the building will be ready in a few days for reception of large number of immigrants and the Public Works Dept. have, so far as I know, failed to honor our requisitions in this respect for kalsomining etc. and we have been compelled to do the same ourselves. " J. Obed Smith wrote to the Dept. of the Interior by the 27 of April and reported that the next day, they expected about 600 Galicians and that the roundhouse was leaking badly. He went on to say that now it was raining and pouring into the building, all the pails and tubs were in use and the main hall was flooded. In the hospital, bedrooms, store-room and upstairs bedrooms the water was pouring in. The Public Works Dept. had been requested to repair the defective roof but have not completed the work. J. Obed Smith was some annoyed and told Ottawa that unless it was fixed at once, he would arrange to do it. Ottawa replied that the work had been ordered but the weather was unfavorable to complete it, but the request was ordered again. A short distance from the roundhouse was 12 acres of land that had been cleared and cultivated for garden use. Potatoes and several other articles of food were planted during 1900 which saved the Dept. considerable expense plus afforded the inmates of the building exercise and a form of employment for those required to stay for any length of time. The 12 acres, to the best of my knowledge, consisted of blocks 7, 8, and 9 on Parish Lots No. 72 and 73 in St. Clements. During the spring of 1901, Mr. David Lyons it would appear was about to purchase same and J. Obed Smith was urging the Dept. to stop the sale and retain same for the use of the roundhouse staff and inmates until such time as the building ceased to be used for immigration purposes. Mr. Obed Smith, early in May, 1901 started hammering at Ottawa to get the CPR to lay tracks from the main line (a little over 1/2 mile) up to the roundhouse. There was a good grade almost right up to the door of the immigration Hall that had been laid at the time the Roundhouse was constructed. According to Smith, all that was needed was the laying of ties and rails to provide a temporary track on which to carry coaches as close to the building as possible. Smith was quite sure the authorities would agree if they could see the unloading of a special trainload of foreign immigrants at East Selkirk particularly when it was raining. The people had to struggle under their loads of baggage for over 1/2 mile through mud. Mr. Smith felt it was a small concession to grant these people who had mostly all paid their railway fare, even though a low fare, to the railway company. Around May 20, 1901 Smith was pleased to inform Frank Pedley that amongst the party which had come in via the "Assyria" the week before was a fair proportion of Germans who were heading for the territory west of Gimli and that they had brought considerable money with them, some had up to $600 per family. Smith reported that he inspected the Immigration Hall at East Selkirk on May 14, and "I found everything except the building in excellent shape, and out of the two boatloads of foreign immigrants which were landed there since the commencement of the season, only eight families now remain. " Smith kept on requesting that rails be laid up to the shed and never missed an opportunity of putting in a pitch whenever he could. He had the Deputy Minister writing to the CPR and Sir William Van Horne had promised to look into it, as did D. McNicoll and Mr. Leonard, all of the railway company. Finally, Mr. Leonard, the General Supt. of CPR at Winnipeg promised to come out to East Selkirk to see if the work of laying the track could be readily done. Meanwhile Mr. J.P. Rowley of East Selkirk along with the following men and women did a considerable amount of work on the Immigration Shed which included: whitewashing, repairing the roof, scrubbing and cleaning, painting and other repairs. The total cost was $331.27 and the work was done by: J.P. Rowley, Wasyl Hrynanik, Nestor Marzuk, Geo. Reharzuk, Wasyl Reharzuk, Nikola Renik and wife, K. Kostiuk, A. Wolanzuk and wife, D. Kostinuk, S. Sokara, and Jacob Guerillo and wife. They had 300 feet of box drains built of planks and placed in the ditch so that it could be cleaned out with hose instead of being left in a filthy condition like it had been found on inspection. The box drain was 2' wide and l4' deep. Then they had put up 260' of close-board fence to cut off the yard from the public roadway. The whole roof was overhauled and was in good order, and it no longer leaked except where the water came in through the rotten siding on the high part of the building. A platform was built and laid down at the front door measuring 16 x 20, 2" planking. The caretaker had used some old stove pipes to take the place of eaves roughing over the front and back doors. Mr. Rowley had found that nearly all the plaster had fallen from the ceilings and had placed building paper on the ceiling and held it up with laths. The whole building was kalsomined three times and the woodwork twice giving it all a very clean appearance. The bunks were repaired and other necessary repairs. These were the first repairs and painting carried out at the roundhouse since the original major renovations done when the building was leased from the CPR. A terrific windstorm about mid July 1901, caused some damage to outbuildings at the building and further work was done. The roof was still giving them trouble. It was the upper structure above the main roof which was originally covered in siding, but the siding was now rotten and although the roof was watertight, this part of the building was by no means waterproof. As J. Obed Smith said, "When there are large numbers of people in the building it is hardly the proper thing to have water pouring in from all sides." The business of the extension of the spur track from the East Selkirk Station to the Immigration Shed was revived again in late Aug. l90l when D. McNicoll of the CPR had written to the Dept. of the Interior stating it would cost $3,600 to lay in the sidetrack. The Debt. Wrote back to the CPR saying it was a more costly undertaking than expected and that it should be placed in abeyance for the time being. Good news was received, however, by the end of Aug. 1901 when the Roundhouse staff were advised that Blocks 7,8, and 9 of lots 71 and 72, Parish of St .Clements (49.25 acres) was being reserved for the use other Immigration Hall at East Selkirk. They were happy to hear this as they had a large garden that year and the root vegetables had yet to be taken off the land. The winter of 1901 was an uneventful one with very few settlers remaining for any length of time. This quietness gave the Caretaker and his family the opportunity to put the building in good order and J. Obed Smith was able to advise the Supt. of Immigration (Frank Pedley) by the lst of April, 1902 that: "Our accommodation for large numbers of immigrants at this point is ample and sufficient. The building is now in good shape and ready for reception at any time." However, with the spring, 1902, came the request again for a spur track. Mr. Smith said the urgency will be just as great this year as at any other time. He said the people arrive at East Selkirk and after a tramp for the best part of a mile, carrying all their belongings, struggling along problem water arrival much spring with their little ones, and by the time they arrive there, "they are almost in fighting hum our. " Fire broke out at the Immigration Hall at 6 am. On Wed. April 23, 1902. It was found that one of the stoves had set fire to a partition. The flames got into the roof, and but for the prompt action of the officials and inmates, the whole building would have been destroyed. As it was, by the use of a chemical extinguisher and fire hose, the damage was kept to about $200 or less. However, the records read the partial distraction by fire of the immigration building at East Selkirk. With the excitement of the fire over and the repairs being carried out, Mr. Pedley started in to work on the CPR again trying to convince them that they should "afford the necessary accommodation and take this question up with view to having such provided." Meaning. of course. the rail tracks Early in May, five carloads of Galacians were transferred west from the East Selkirk Immigration Shed by rail. While they had been stationed there, there had been a lot of problems with the water pump that was located outside the building. The pump had been condemned in the summer of 1901 but with a lot of patching up it had been kept going until the spring of 1902. There was only two pumps, one inside and the one outside. There was a great need of a plentiful supply of water, especially when the building was at full capacity. Mr. J. Obed Smith, in a letter to the Supt. of Immigration (Pedley) on April 21, 1902 said: "from personal inspection I think the pump, which is now worn out, was not still any minute of the day, and, in fact, there were always crowds around ready for their turn to get water. This rendered it impossible to use water for flushing drains, etc. and what is really needed is a wind-mill and tank put up over the outside pump, and the pump either repaired or a new one provided. " While Ottawa was digesting the new request for a Windmill at the roundhouse, the CPR answered the memo written by Frank Pedley about the request of laying a track from the East Selkirk Station to the Immigration Building. Mr. D. McNicoll of the CPR said to Pedley (April 26) "Am I to understand that you are of the opinion the Dept. of Immigration should do nothing and that the Railway Co. should assume the entire cost of doing the work? I understand that we (CPR) have already given you use of the building there for the accommodation of the immigrants, " On April 29, the Caretaker at the Roundhouse advised the Commissioner that the water pump at the outside of the building had gone all to pieces and was utterly useless. A large group of settlers were expected to arrive any day and everything was in a panic as the outside pump was the principle means of supplying water to the people using the building. imagine,2000 people and no water! On May 3, 1902 Ottawa had not replied about the pump Or the water mill and 1600 people were expected to fill the place by May 5. Mr. Smith was worried about two problems at this time. One was the lack of a pump for the water that would be badly needed by 1500 to 1600 new arrivals. The other problem oddly enough, was about too much water. The weather had been very bad, a very wet spring and the day before the new trainloads were due to arrive, East Selkirk had a very heavy rainfall. The rains had caused the roads and trails to be in a terrible condition. Mr. Smith wrote, "one has only to draw upon his imagination a little to adequately realize what it means to have 1500 to 1600 people walk through the mud and pot holes from the East Selkirk Station to the immigration Hall, nearly a mile away, because the Railway Co. will not put in the spur track, as requested. The feelings and indignation of these people on being ejected from the trains and compelled to plough through the mud in this way, makes them a very "difficult lot of people to handle," and I would not be at all surprised if some of these days these large bodies of people would refuse to obey the orders of the very limited number of Gov't officials who can be spared to attend to them at East Selkirk. " Obviously, Mr. Smith was quite annoyed with the CPR. He mentioned that the local CPR group of employees at East Selkirk claimed they had no iron to put on the grade and that the Dept. should erect a large Immigration Building at honor or some station near Winnipeg. As to the CPR not having any iron rails to lay on the East Selkirk grade from the Station to the Shed, Mr. Smith wrote, "l am advised that there is about 900' of old iron on Sir William Van Horne's property at East Selkirk running down to an old quarry, which could partly fill the requirements. " Commissioner Smith felt that if the Railway Co. wanted to do the work they would have no difficulty in finding the needed materials for such a small piece of work. He went ahead and tried to have some of the mud holes on the way down to the Building from the Station filled in but concluded by saying, "it is alarming to think that this large body of men, women and children will have to plough through the mud and carry all their baggage that long distance, and carry the same back again when they are ready to move. " The appeal was not lost yet, as the Supt. of Immigration corresponded with the CPR (May 13, 1902) saying that his Dept. would be willing to contribute $1000 toward the cost of laying the track from the Station to the Shed. The commissioner had received appeals from East Selkirk, especially following the April 16, and April 27, car loads of immigrants who were scheduled to stop there. This time, the settlers had flatly refused to leave the railway cars, and some force had to be used, and trouble erupted. On April 27 the staff remembered previous experience, so when people refused to step out into the mud and rain, they let them sit there and took to the roundhouse, only those willing to walk the, almost one mile. At 5 o'clock next morning, when officials returned to the station, there was over 100 with their bundles on their backs, walking the track from East Selkirk to honor. The roundhouse staff and the gov't were soundly roasted for having allowed the immigrants to walk all the way to Winnipeg after having paid their fare on the railroad to that point. This whole problem was repeated again on May 17 , 1902 and it seemed to be the fashion to refuse to make the long walk to the roundhouse, especially in the mud and rain of spring. It also meant going over the volumes of records trying to sort out who was who and it was determined at one point that at least 100 single men of the party had struck out walking the rails and were not registered at the East Selkirk stop over. One of the advantages of having them spend a period of time at the roundhouse was that the officials could make sure that no one was ill, no one was hungry or destitute, It also gave the people a chance to have another look at settlement areas, to establish what trade and work was available as well as make changes in money and have the benefit of an interpreter for the last time before hitting the City of Winnipeg or points west. Besides, it gave people a chance to wash, eat and rest before meeting the large urban crush and confusion in the City. J. Obed Smith wrote again to Ottawa on May 19, 1902, saying that, "If this track were provided we could put the cars right up to the building and the trouble would end there: but nothing short of dynamite seems to be able to get them out of the cars and into the Immigration Hall and it is not the best thing for our Dept. to have these people strewn along the railway track between Selkirk and Winnipeg a distance of some 25 miles-struggling under their bundles. " Letters and telegrams were flying between East Selkirk, Winnipeg and Ottawa daily trying to sort out the approval forms and money needed to lay the spur tracks. The destitute settlers that were staying over at the roundhouse were utilized for work parties and the grade from the station to the hall were placed in perfect and complete condition to receive ties and rails. It was felt that three days' work, with the necessary material, would complete the job. In the meantime, the pump for water and the windmill that was on order and approved for installation had not arrived at East Selkirk. In view of the large numbers of people that had been serviced at the roundhouse, the wet spring, and other problems, the Supt. of Immigration wrote to the Public Works Dept. in Ottawa saying, "I would ask that immediate step be taken to remove the difficulty about water supply at once. " Toward the end of June, 1902, the windmill and pump were at East Selkirk and being erected. The reasons for delay they said was that parts had to be ordered from Ont. But at last it was erected, on view and functioning. Over the winter months, not too much trouble was experienced, with the exception of trying to heat the big barn of a place, and the condition of the ceiling and roof. The roof was not stable and upon inspection early in Feb. 1903 was reported to be "highly dangerous to life and limb both from its tumbled down condition and its danger from fire. " The Commissioner of Immigration wrote to the Supt. of Immigration, in Ottawa on Feb. 5, 1903 pointing out that, "the chimney is continually setting fire to the roof; and in fact during the last season the roof and parts of the building were on fire no less than seven, different times." In view of the fact that they often had 2000 people housed in the building at one time, was sufficient reason to remove the danger. There was an urgent appeal to Ottawa to authorize the necessary expenditure and approve the work or else discontinue the use of the building as a receiving and distributing point for new immigrants. As Mr. J. Obed Smith, the commissioner said under cover of an appeal in Feb. 1903, "l think the Dept. is not justified in endangering the lives of so many people by housing them in this building, which is unfit and unsafe at the present time. " The Supt. of Immigration, W.D. Scott, instructed by telegram that the proper officers look into the matter and place the building at East Selkirk in a condition of safety and comparative comfort for the use of the immigrants. The Chief Architect of Public Works was instructed to visit the scene and look at the building. The Roundhouse was expecting a very large contingent in March of 1903' and was very concerned about the condition of the building, it was very unsafe. No instructions had been received to proceed with the necessary changes, and by March 16, the officials were reporting that the ceiling over the hospital wing had let go and now the condition was "urgent". The immigrants had started to arrive in large numbers and an immense movement was expected during the 1903 season. However, by April l, nothing had been done to correct the dangerous situation at the East Selkirk sheds. Finally, on April 8, 1903, Mr.' James A. Smart of the Dept. of interior at Ottawa, telegraphed the commissioner in Winnipeg to "take immediate steps to make necessary repairs to Roundhouse at East Selkirk-do not delay putting building in order and advise me. " That was all the approval J. Obed Smith needed and he moved relatively fast. He told Ottawa that material for steel ceiling was on site and that the cost would be over $2000. Ottawa replied by April 10, 1903 with a short telegram worded, "Yes, proceed quickly as possible. " It is interesting to note that Ottawa (Minister of interior) had been forwarding instructions regularly to the Public Works Dept. (Winnipeg) over the years and the large majority of requests had been ignored. A memo, with no date, from the Deputy Minister of the Interior addressed to Smith, then the Commissioner of Immigration in Winnipeg makes mention of this lack of cooperation that East Selkirk had experienced since the beginning when the Roundhouse was turned into an Immigration Hall. The memo says in part: "regarding the repairs to the Selkirk building, I may say that I do not care anything at all about the Public Works Dept. as I do not think that they will undertake to pay for any repairs we may do, so we will have to pay for this ourselves. Regarding any further repairs that are necessary, while the Dept. may give the Public Works a chance to do it, if they do not undertake it, in a reasonable time, we propose to carry it our ourselves. This should have been done with regard to the roundhouse long ago " Toward the end of March 1903, at least five carloads of immigrants arrived at the roundhouse to take up their abode for a time and by late April, about 2000 more arrived, occupying about 27 coaches. On Aug. 5, 1903 the immigration Dept. got wind of some land (about 100 acres) that was to be put up for public auction adjoining the 48 acres being used by the roundhouse staff in East Selkirk for the production of food stuff and feed. The Van Horne Farm was used as an example and mentioned that East Selkirk supplied incidental farm hands for use on that farm and they thought the long range plans were to run an Instruction Farm in conjunction with the immigration Building: “I understood it was the Deputy Minister idea that sooner or later the Dept. would consider the necessity or advisability of having some farm near at the hand where experienced or newcomers desiring information on actual farming operation might obtain the knowledge they desire. The Dept. of interior and the Immigration Branch were hesitant in replying. The Supt. Of immigration stated that in his impression they should attend strictly to immigration work, as it is about all we can manage successfully.” The reply was received by Aug. 19, 1930 and W.D. Scott the Supt. Of Immigration advised Commissioner J. Smith that about increase the size of the landholding in East Selkirk, “ I have discussed this matter with the Deputy Minister and he holds the view that it would not be well for us the present time to undertake to compete with Sir Wlm. Van Horne at East Selkirk.” There appears to be no further mention of increasing the acreage attached to the roundhouse or of starting up an Instructional Farm for the benefit of the new immigrants stationed there. However, they had got their spur line and were thankful for that concession. The cost of repair to the roof, and the covering of the ceiling with metallic plates, was about $2,190.00 and when the supplementary estimates were presented to the Dominion Parliament during the latter part of Sept. 1903 amongst the items was the sum of $2600 for repairs to the Immigration Hall East Selkirk. D. Morrison had supervised the contract for the roof, ceiling and for the fitting up of the stoves as per the tenders submitted. The old building required more repairs by Jan. of 1904, because of the heavy use made of the structure during 1903. The stove were warped and twisted, until they were both useless and unsafe, so new ones were ordered. Window had to be continually replaced and new putty adhered, bunks had to be repaired or replaced, and the Public Workers were advised to complete the works as soon as possible. By March of 1904, the Immigration Agents were advised at St. John and Halifax, that there was a lack of accommodation in Winnipeg therefore, these newly arrived immigrants should be prepared to be taken off the trains at East Selkirk. It promised to be another heavy year. When the Amos Barnes building were offered for sale in Dec. 1904, the roundhouse staff wanted to bid on at least one of the building which was half shed and half stable. At the time the East Selkirk Immigration people were housing the Gov’t team and cattle in an old log shed which had been made weather-proof by a hay roof and piled up with manure on the outside. The roof had fallen in many times, and the Caretaker thought Barner’s old stable would do the trick. However, the Supt. Of Immigration replied that they could not entertain the purchase of the stable, so it was not bib on. The cost would have been $25 for the building and 425 to have it skidded into place. Things went along much as before, and then on July 13, 1906, a memo was received from the Dept. of the Interior ( Immigration Branch ) which read, “ Immigration hall at East Selkirk to be closed Sept. 30, 1960." That Oct. 1906, a memo was received from the “La Corporation Archiepiscopale C.R de St. Boniface”, requesting to purchase from two Parish of St. Clements, for a church site. This property formed a part of the reservation set aside for the Immigration Hall and they were advised as such, but also told that should it be removed as a reservation, their application for land would be considered. The land in question had been used exclusively for the purpose of raising sufficient oats to keep the Gov’t team in feed, The shed had been closed since Sept. 30, 1906 and the Commissioner wrote on Oct. 20, 1906 to the Supt. Sayings, “ the said building has been closed, and will not, in my opinion, be need for immigration purpose in the future,” An auction sale Dominion Lots in the town site of East Selkirk was held on Dec. 16. 1907 in the IOGT Hall, Selkirk. The lots were sold at an “ upset price” per acre and the purchaser had the option of the sale or 25 % down and the balance in 3 annual instalment at 5 5 per annum, interest. And at last, by early March of 1908, the Dominion Govt had sold most all of its lands in East Selkirk. The principle purchaser by 1908 were: Lyons 80 acres, Hicks 35 acres, Yule 65 acres and Frank 50 acres. The building was not used any longer for housing Immigrants and the Selkirk WEEKLY Record report in their issue of March 7, 1908:” The Immigration Hall at East Selkirk has now been scuttled and everything useful removed. A very expensive institution while it lasted, thank goodness it is gone and all the political managers with it. Sweet Peace for East Selkirk! A large quantity of cordwood belonging to Hick and Lyons is piled at the sidings. There was quite a bit of interest sparked over the removal of contents and some rumors were circulating about wrongdoings. The Selkirk Weekly Record reported that at 11 am on the 9th of April,1908 in the House of Commons in Ottawa the following questions were asked and answers given which should be of interest of Selkirk electors: 1. Re: Immigration Hall at East Selkirk – what was the total inventory of contents, plus cattle, hogs and horses attached to the Hall? 2. Have they been disposed of, if so, how? (Public or Private sale?) 3. Who disposed of them and the receipts of the sale made? 4. What has become of the Hall, does it still belong to the Gov’t? And answer were given by the Hon. Frank Oliver, Minister of the Interior as: “A report is being obtained from the Commissioner of Immigration at Winnipeg re: above question. It will be “ brought down “ as soon as received. It is voluminous and should be brought down in the from of a return.” The answer to these question were partially answered in a memo from the Commissioner at Winnipeg to G.D. Scott, Supt. Dated to discontinue the use of the Immigration Hall at East Selkirk last year ( 1907) and that instruction had been issue for the sale of the furniture, stove and other effect of the Hall as well as a team of horses and one cow which had been attach to the Hall for several years. The Furniture and stove as well supplies were purchased second-hand when the Hall was first equipped, and through multi-use, were not of much value when the Hall was closed in 1907. Instruction were issued to the former Caretaker to dispose of everything to best advantage and he did so. The team of horses which cost the Gov’t $220. five years earlier, sold for $200.; while the cow, which cost $20 seven years ago, brought in $25.00. The lumber used for bunk, beds, and seating farms were sold to D. Morrison bringing a total of $425.00. An old truck, 3 cookstoves, feed boiler, two box stoves, 100 tin cups were sold to Messrs. Hill and Nordal of East Selkirk for $72.00. As of April 16, 1908 there still remained, unsold, ten feed boilers, an iron pot, one cookstove, two box stoves and a set of platform scale. The value of the items left were estimated to be of about $ 100 And no purchaser had come forward. The Item referred to were by private sale and Commissioner stated. I am of the opinion that a public sale, cost of advertising and auctioneering would have resulted in the realization of a smaller sum obtained. The whole story will probably never be told. However, suffice it to say that many a home in and around East Selkirk it to say that many a home in and around East Selkirk boasted of chair , tables, utensils, pots and pans, pails and what have you, courtesy the gov’t. The Hall which was leased at $5.00 per year, was still the property of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company and the lease would be up in few months. A notice of intent to terminate the lease was supposed to be forwarded the CPR in 1908. On april 14, 1908 a letter was received from the real Estate firm of Walker of Walker and Frank requesting the rental of the roundhouse for Mr. George Frank who wanted it for only 5 months of the year. George Frankl had just sold his farm at East Selkirk and needed a temporary residency. His request was forwarded to the CPR for reply, and it was refused. The Dept. of the Interior received a receipt No.1447 representing the $435.00, being the proceeds of sale of furniture, stock, etc. from the old Immigration Hall at East Selkirk. The building was occupied well on into 1908 and the “ Surrender of Lease” was signed in 1909. In 1910, the building was used by various groups because this article appeared in the Selkirk Weekly Record on Aug. 19,1910: “ East Selkirk had a concert and tie Social and Dance at the East Selkirk Roundhouse on Friday last. Outside talent proved very disappointing (Wm. Scott of Winnipeg and D. Stanley McLeod of Keewatin, Ont, )but our own Miss Eva Baldwin on the organ saved the entertainment of the concert. After the concert, ties were sold ($23.75 sum raised). After auction, dancing was enjoyed until it was time for the farmer’s boys to go home and feed up the stock for breaking.” The Presbyterian congregation made extensive use of this building. East Selkirk could even boast of an indoor skating rink, because for several years the large room in the roundhouse ( reception area ) was flooded for skating and enjoyed indoors. They had coal-oil lamps for lighting and local musicians played for the ice and carnivals. The placed leaked like a sieve, and people just adjusted to the weather conditions. In winter skated and when it was dried out buy late summer, they danced and had a high old time. During the early years of World War I (Oct. 1915) arrangements were being made in various parts of the province for the winter housing of the soldiers at Camp Sewell. Lower Fort Garry, it was reported could be fitted up for some of them. The Selkirk Weekly Record suggested the "Roundhouse" at East Selkirk could be called into requisition as with just a few improvements the building could be converted into comfortable quarters for several hundred men. In the spring of 1916 it was reported that the woodwork of the Roundhouse was gradually disappearing. Detectives were placed on the case and at least 25 persons were found guilty of the theft and charged. They appeared before Magistrate Hay the first week in April, pleaded guilty and were all fined from $3 to $7 and costs. It was said that at least 25 more people would be charged, summoned and tried in relation to the same case. There were of course, hundreds who were never detected or apprehended. The names of those convicted and fined would really serve no purpose here, because twice as many got away with even more. Besides, half the houses for miles around, have chimneys built of the bricks, outbuildings and porches and spare rooms built from the wood of the old Roundhouse. Edgar C. Goulding, the Police Magistrate, East Selkirk, forwarded a memo dated April 22, 1916 to J' Bruce Walker the Commissioner of Immigration of Winnipeg. In it he made mention that the CPR were now selling off the old station grounds, Right of Way and Roundhouse. what concerned Goulding was that some of the people living in East Selkirk had come to him asking him to arrange to reserve a portion of the site that had been used as a cemetery. It appears that about 75 to 80 people had been interred there during the use of the building. And the East Selkirk residents were anxious to keep the cemetery plot reserved from the sale and preserved. Mr. Morrison confirmed what Goulding related and the site was placed on a sketch and marked Graves. By May, 1916 the Deputy Minister of the interior , Mr. w. D. Scoter, was viewing the memo, the sketch and the request that the burial plot be reserved from the sale of lands. Mr. Scott reviewed the case and was somewhat puzzled and at a loss to understand how it came to be that a cemetery was allocated Without any authorization. There was nothing on file relating to the subject and he suggested that this particular feature of the case be looked into. He had reviewed the lease and noted no provision made for any part of the property to be used as a cemetery. He did note however, that blocks 7, 8 and 9, ('7'792 and 7793 and 7794) were reserved for cultivation purposes. From the sketch it was hard to tell if the cemetery was located upon the gov't land reserved for cultivation or upon the lot belonging to the CPR and adjoining the roundhouse. The sketch would indicate that the burial plot was on the CPR property. The Land Patents Branch of the Dept. of the interior were involved with the search by the end of May, 1916 and informed Mr. W.W. Cory, Deputy Minister, that it the cemetery sites were within either the CPR station grounds or within Lots 7, 8, and 9 that these parcels had all passed from the Control of the Crown. Lot 7 was patented under a time Sale to David Lyons on Nov. 23, 1911 and Lots 8 and 9 were patented under Time Sale to E.P. Hickes on Oct. 1, 1910. it was suggested that if there were people living in the area who had relatives buried in this cemetery plot, that they correspond with the CPR or the private owners and negotiate for the burial grounds in question. When Joe Stoban was working on the land in connection with his blacksmith shop he unearthed some tombstones and graves on his property, according to Fred Kordalchuk. The controversy over the old school building in the Village of East Selkirk erupted during the summer of 1916. The structure was built in 1880/81 and had been repaired to death and the Dept. of Education had condemned it as being unfit for school purposes and it was very overcrowded. However, the locals were allowed to continue using it until they built another one. They did so reluctantly. The tenders were called by Oct. 2, 1916 and work was started by Oct. 12. The school was to be four rooms and would be built from stone taken from the old Roundhouse. So during the fall of 1916 and over the winter months. stone was hauled to the school site and used in the construction of the new Happy Thought School, which was formally opened on Monday, Feb. 5, 1917., The stonework of the Roundhouse was dismantled and the contractors building the school would pick and choose what they wanted. Teams and wagons would haul it to the job (school) site where the stonemasons fashioned the building. Fairly soon the roundhouse site was a rubble. It has been said that almost everybody within walking distance of East Selkirk had "filched" something from the Roundhouse building and property while it was still standing. Houses, all of a sudden, sprouted brick chimneys, storm porches got built with fine planking, extra rooms and additions to houses became the fashion. The cattle, horse, pig and chicken. were enjoying new quarters and never had it so good, Older buildings around town ceased their constant leaking by the installation of tin sheeting "filched" from the roundhouse. You might say the whole town and surrounding countryside had taken on a new appearance, courtesy the federal gov't and the Canadian Pacific Railway. The old stone Happy Thought School, which was fashioned from the roundhouse stone, was sold in 1983 back to the R.M. of St. Clements for $1.00. it had stood vacant for a number of years and looked, not unlike how the roundhouse must have looked, many years before, with its broken windows and unkept appearance. The tracks that came almost right up to the round house were left in their former location and were used for loading cordwood and supplies etc. for Winnipeg. The two store keepers in town traded groceries and supplies in exchange, for wood and also potatoes. Eventually, the tracks were no longer used, and were lifted and taken away. The immediate roundhouse property was bought by the CPR station agent then sold to Waluk's and finally to Les Mazur, and it has experienced much division of title. In conclusion, it is to be hoped that we have preserved some of the early history with the recording of this account. Endnotes: 1. Public Archives o Canada, Files of the Department of the interior. 1898 to 1916. 2. Selkirk Weekly Records Issues. 1E97 to 1916. 3. Interviews, 1982 and 1983. # Selkirk Culture This farming by the aboriginal peoples, although limited, “represents the earliest known evidence of farming on the Canadian prairies, and the northernmost expressions of pre-European horticulture on the North American Continent” (First Farmers in the Red River Valley - Signage). The last group of prehistoric peoples to live along the northern Red River was called the Selkirk Culture. They are the ancestors of the modern Cree Indians. They were dominant along the Red River all the way from Lockport to north of Selkirk. Archeological evidence concerning these peoples was discovered during a restoration project of St. Peter’s Church in East Selkirk, Manitoba. One stage of the restoration project involved the removal of the deteriorating flooring within the church. While removing the flooring, traces of early aboriginal lifestyles were found dating back nearly 800 years ago. After digging a mere one metre below the surface, they found fragments of pottery, stone tools, bison bones and traces of a hearth or fire pit. There were also fragments of Selkirk Culture pottery found dating back between 800 and 1750 A.D. The Selkirk Culture lived in the region until around 300 years ago, when the European fur trade began in this region. Kenosewun (ke-no’-se-wun), which is a Cree word meaning There are many fishes, is a fitting name to the Lockport site which was settled for its abundance of fish and wildlife. It is because of these resources that our municipal area was a wonder of activity, long before history was ever recorded. Article written by Jared Laberge St. Clements Heritage Advisory Committee – 08/01/2007 Archives of Manitoba. Kenosewun Museum. Museum Signage. Lockport, 2007. Archives of Manitoba. Kenosewun Park Trail. Historical Signage. Lockport, 2007. Manitoba Culture, Heritage and Citizenship. First Farmers In The Red River Valley. Manitoba: Historic Resources, 1994. Manitoba Culture, Heritage and Citizenship. Manitoba’s First Explorers. Manitoba: Historic Resources, 1992. Manitoba Culture, Heritage and Citizenship. The Prehistory of the Lockport Site. Manitoba: Historic Resources, 1985. McLeod, K. David. Land Below The Forks, Archeology, Prehistory and History of the Selkirk and District Planning Area. Manitoba: Historic Resources, 1987. Petch, Virginia. St. Peter’s Dynevor Heritage Resources Impact Assessment. Personal E-mail. 2002. From The Land of Pain To The Land Of Promise From The Land of Pain To The Land Of Promise Prehistoric Inhabitants of Lockport and St. Clements By Jared Laberge Around the time that ancient Greece was rising to power, Lockport and St. Clements were part of a bountiful region of hunting, fishing, and trading. Long before European explorers reached the Red River valley, around the time that ancient Greece was rising to power, Lockport and St. Clements were part of a bountiful region of hunting, fishing, and trading.“For the 3000 years before recorded history, native peoples came here to camp, hunt, and fish.” (Kenosewun Museum - Signage) Wisconsin Glacier Era and Lake Agassiz Map of glacier boundaries over North America in the Wisconsin era From 70,000 to 10,000 years ago, 97% of Canada was covered with ice. This continental glacier, known as the Wisconsin glacier era, made life in most areas of North America uninhabitable. However, around 10,000 years ago, when the glacier began to recede, much rich and fertile land was uncovered. With the melting of this glacier, endless amounts of water were deposited on the earth. By 8000 BC, current day St. Clements was covered by the waters of Glacial Lake Agassiz, the largest freshwater lake on the continent. Although first explorers began arriving in Manitoba as early as 11,000 years ago, it was not until 6300-6000 BC that St. Clements’ region dried enough to become habitable. The First People How do we know this? Archeology provides the information. Archeology is the study of previous ways of life by analyzing all types of natural surroundings, and preserved objects, and mentally recreating a cultural lifestyle. Through archeology, it is estimated that First Nations explorers may have traveled the Selkirk area anywhere from 6500-5500 BC. However, more established bands were not present in the area until near 1000 BC, when they arrived in present day Lockport. Archeological surveys done in the 1980s revealed much historic evidence of aboriginal settlement at the Lockport area. But why was Lockport such a favourable site? Early European accounts of bison sightings describe herds of thousands, which took three days to pass. Before the Lockport dam was completed in 1910, this area along the Red River was home to the St. Andrews Rapids. These rapids, falling over 15 feet in a 16-kilometer distance, attracted hunters over 300 years ago. Huge herds of bison came to cross the river at the shallow waters. The fast moving waters over the rapids was also an “ideal spawning and feeding ground for fish [… and the bedrock of the rapids] provided people with large quantities of stone for making tools” (Bringing It All Together - Signage). Spring floods, which were more common at the time, spilled nutrients onto the surrounding soil, making the land very fertile. An archeological dig site Before 200 BC, the climate of the area was wetter and cloudier than today, with cooler summers, and more severe winter storms and spring flooding. The present-day forests had not reached our municipality, and the landscape was completely grassland. The First People: The Larter Culture Prehistory of this region is marked by specific cultural groups arriving/leaving the land. The first included the Larter Culture, which existed from 1000 – 200 BC. They were named for the family whose property held evidence of the early peoples, discovered in 1951. They were the first group of people to occupy the Lockport area. Being nomadic people, their tools and houses were easily assembled/disassembled and transferred. The main purpose for coming here was because they “followed the bison to the shelter of the Red River Valley in the winter months. Bison bones and corner-notched dart points at the site show this” (Larter Culture - Signage). Drawing of bison hunters and scenes from the Larter culture Importance of Bison Bison were very important to the Larter Culture. Early European accounts of bison sightings describe herds of thousands, which took three days to pass. The bison had many uses to the First Nations peoples. Its hide “was used for blankets, garments, boats, ropes and housing. The hoofs produced glue, and its sinews were used for bowstrings and twine. The meat was cut in strips and dried, and mixed with marrow and suet to create pemmican. The bones could be used for weapons and tools […]. Even the bison’s droppings were used as fuel for fires” (Silent Thunder - Signage). To the First Nations peoples, the buffalo was also more than just a resource. “The buffalo was a part of us, his flesh and blood being absorbed by us until it became our own flesh and blood. Our clothing, our tipis, everything we needed for life came from the buffalo’s body. It was hard to say where the animal ended and the man began” - John [Fire] Lame Deer, Sioux medicine man, 1972 (Silent Thunder – Signage). The Laurel Culture Following the Larter Culture, was the arrival of the Laurel Culture. The Laurel Culture was present on the Lockport site from 200 BC – 1000 AD. They were named for the Minnesota town where fragments of their pottery were found. The Laurel Culture also commonly developed campsites, allowing them to stay longer than the previous nomadic Larters. Importance of Fishing As the Lockport grasslands gradually turned into mixed forests, Great Lakes First Nations peoples began arriving. With them came new technologies, like the “bow and arrow, birchbark canoes, and a knowledge of ceramics” (Laurel Culture - Signage). They harvested wild rice, hunted and fished.The Laurel Culture also commonly developed campsites, allowing them to stay longer than the previous nomadic Larters. The Lockport area contained extensive historic evidence of these people.Several burial mounds were found near Lockport, decorated with items that may have been of value in the afterlife. It is evident that the cultures lived in numerous locations, with seasonal camps; their pottery fragments have been discovered as far north as St. Peter’s Church in East Selkirk, Manitoba. To understand the Laurel community one must also pay attention to their most valuable resource -- fishing. The same species of fish were present in the Red River Valley for centuries. The channel catfish, pickerel, goldeye, lake sturgeon, suckers, freshwater drum and northern pike, were all used as a staple in their diet. [The fish were boiled or dried before eating.] Fishing technology amongst early peoples reached a peak after A.D. 1000. One technique was to spear larger fish such as the giant sturgeon and channel catfish, using harpoons tipped with barbed bone points (An Account of Prehistoric Fishing at Lockport - Signage). Later, some netting was also used; these were gill nets with stones attached at the corners. Dramatic Climate Change It was around 500 AD that the climate changed dramatically in the Red River region, developing into one similar to today. Then, in 1160, came a severe drought. The people of the Laurel Culture left without any further trace; not much is known of what happened to them. The First Farmers In the 12th century, people in the Dakotas were experiencing severe droughts along with a population explosion. The people living there traveled north to Lockport, attracted by its ample moisture for horticulture; they arrived between 1000 and 1300 AD. Archeological investigations conducted at Lockport in the 1980s unearthed charred corn kernels, hoes made from the shoulder-blades of bison, and underground storage pits which were up to two meters deep. The pottery styles discovered originated among Native farming cultures of the upper Mississippi and Missouri river valleys. “Radiocarbon-dating charcoal and bone recovered at Lockport […] indicate that aboriginal people were planting corn there in 1400 AD” (Aboriginal Horticulture - Signage). They were the earliest pre-European farmers in Manitoba and may have had a population anywhere from 300 to 2000 people. They also hunted “bison, rabbit, beaver, muskrat, moose, grouse, pelicans, and cranes. They fished for catfish, walleye, sturgeon, and pike in the fast moving waters of the Red River. They gathered hazelnuts, wild cherries, raspberries, and strawberries as well as a variety of seeds” (Corn Planting - Signage). It is believed that they kept their gardens on levees within the marsh. Although only evidence of corn has been found, it is assumed they farmed beans, squash, and sunflowers as well. Radiocarbon-dating charcoal and bone recovered at Lockport [...] indicate that aboriginal people were planting corn there in 1400 AD. Use of Corn Some of the ways that corn was prepared included: Farming with a hoe made from a bison shoulder blade Ash balls for seasoning – shelled corn husks were burned and the ashes were cooled and molded to make a ball which could be used for seasoning Mapi’ Nakapa’ which was in a stew with meat Ma’nakapa which was corn meal and beans with spring salt Corn balls Corn bread Hard yellow corn parched in sand – better known as popcorn. (Corn Planting – Signage) This farming by the aboriginal peoples, although limited, “represents the earliest known evidence of farming on the Canadian prairies, and the northernmost expressions of pre-European horticulture on the North American Continent” (First Farmers in the Red River Valley - Signage). The Selkirk Culture The last group of prehistoric peoples to live along the northern Red River was called the Selkirk Culture. They are the ancestors of the modern Cree Indians. They were dominant along the Red River all the way from Lockport to north of Selkirk. Archeological Discovery at St. Peters Church Archeological evidence concerning these peoples was discovered during a restoration project of St. Peter’s Church in East Selkirk, Manitoba. One stage of the restoration project involved the removal of the deteriorating flooring within the church. While removing the flooring, traces of early aboriginal lifestyles were found dating back nearly 800 years ago. Selkirk Culture After digging a mere one metre below the surface, they found fragments of pottery, stone tools, bison bones and traces of a hearth or fire pit. There were also fragments of Selkirk Culture pottery found dating back between 800 and 1750 A.D.The Selkirk Culture lived in the region until around 300 years ago, when the European fur trade began in this region. Kenosewun (ke-no’-se-wun), which is a Cree word meaning There are many fishes, is a fitting name to the Lockport site which was settled for its abundance of fish and wildlife. It is because of these resources that our municipal area was a wonder of activity, long before history was ever recorded. Sources by Jared Laberge Explorers and Fur Traders Exploring the “new world” was a task that few had the bravery to attempt. The French Canadians were some of the first foreign explorers to come to the land along the Red River and into current St. Clements. Led by Pierre La Vérendrye, they explored this fertile region in the first half of the 18th century. Map of La Vérendrye's explorations Click to enlargeThe explorations of La Vérendrye have been honoured in Manitoba with a trail system. It uses existing roads that closely follow the waterways he travelled. The La Vérendrye trail runs directly through the municipality of St. Clements, hugging the east side of the Red River. It includes most of St. Peter’s Road and many residents of this area are reminded of La Vérendrye's travels by the familiar yellow trail sign. Learn more about the La Vérendrye trail Although these explorers never established a permanent settlement, they opened the possibility of future exploration into the area. The workers of the Hudson’s Bay Company followed soon after. The Hudson’s Bay Company began in the 17th century. The English King, Charles II, gave two astute explorers, Radisson and Groseilliers, a ship called the Nonsuch. With this ship, they were instructed to explore the unsettled region. These explorers made many reports about the bountiful fur supplies that were present and the Hudson’s Bay Company was soon founded in hope to harness these valuable riches. They immediately beganto trade on the coasts of Hudson's Bay and James Bay. They later moved inland into Rupert’s Land, which included the all land area that contained rivers draining into Hudson’s Bay. The founding of this company brought many traders and explorers into current day Western Canada. All of them were hoping to make themselves wealthy beyond their wildest dreams. The First Settlers The creation of the Hudson's Bay Company helped begin the first permanent foreign settlement in the Red River area. The first settlements in the St. Clements area consisted of Hudson’s Bay Company employees who were trading with the aboriginal peoples. Many active and retired traders settled in the area just south of present day Selkirk/East Selkirk, in Lower St. Clements. This confirmed constant trade access to the aboriginal settlement, located just north of their community. With little difficulty, they solidified their homes and established their families. Many European men married aboriginal women creating a new race of people. Those of English Isles descent were known as 'mixed blood' people, and often adopted their father's religion, which was Anglican. These were the predominant people in the St. Clements area. People of mixed French and aboriginal blood were known as Métis (meaning 'mixed') and were distinct from the mixed blood people in many ways, including the adoption of their father's religion, which was Roman Catholic. Today we refer to both groups as Metis.The 'mixed-blood' cultural group became dominant in the region, spreading between present day Winnipeg to Selkirk. The first settlers to arrive who were not related to the fur trade were Lord Selkirk's settlers. These settlers were refugees from the Highlands of Scotland, who were evicted from their homes during the Clearances of the early 1800's. In the early 1800’s, Scottish peasants were experiencing one of their most difficult times in history. With the introduction of sheep farming, there were many Highland and Lowland clearances. Clearances occurred when landlords “cleared” the peasants and their homes from their estates to make room for sheep fields, which were more profitable. They did not care about what would happen to these helpless peasants, only about the money that the sheep farm would create. This left many Scottish people with no home, let alone livelihood. Thomas Douglas, a Scottish nobleman known as Lord Selkirk, the Fifth Earl of Selkirk, took pity on these displaced peasants and wanted to help them. He aided hundreds of highlanders in escaping the extreme difficulties in their homeland by organizing the transportation of these “Selkirk settlers” to Canada. He took the first group to Belfast, Prince Edward Island in 1803 and a second group to Baldoon, Upper Canada in 1804. Lord Selkirk showed much interest in Alexander Mackenzie’s exploration of current Western Canada. He decided that he would create his own settlement in the west with these suffering people. He gave them the chance for a better life that they could not have found in their homeland. Lord Selkirk convinced the Hudson’s Bay Company that an agricultural settlement in the Red River area would help greatly with the fur trade. In 1811,the HBC granted him 300,000 km 2 to establish a settlement. In 1812, the first group of Selkirk settlers arrived. They settled north of the river junction in St. John’s parish and further north in the current Kildonan area. Many years passed and slowly the population started to grow. Many homes were also built where the trade was most likely to occur. At this time, there were many Métis and aboriginal peoples located near present day Selkirk. Many quarrels happened between the Métis and Scottish immigrant groups. The Métis saw the land as their territory and did not agree with the HBC’s decision to allow these settlers to establish in this territory. Violence was frequent, and it was through these disputes that the savage Seven Oaks Massacre occurred. The Métis gained much land and control in the area; as a result, Lord Selkirk sent a small force to stop the disputes. This ended successfully for the settlers, overwhelming the Métis and allowing them to yet again colonize and live peacefully on the land. # Selkirk Culture Years passed and the children of the original settlers began to move north and westward. They were trying to escape the flood plains that their ancestors originally settled on, at the forks of the two rivers. Many arrived in the newly created parish of St. Clements, which was located just above Lower Fort Garry, a secured fur trading post. This land was not prone to flooding, and relocating also placed the settlers closer to trading with the aboriginal people, in current St. Clements. In 1869 the Hudson’s Bay Company gave up control over Rupert’s Land to the Government of Canada. Immediately, the Red River area when into a form of depression. Because of the great decrease in trade, money was not present for purchasing goods. As a result, crops were not seeded and droughts and floods still plagued the region. Life was difficult for the next few years, but these strong people persisted through any disaster that faced them. After a few years, the settlers in this area were able to create a small, semi-stable economy. A number of the Scottish descendants then moved to the current day Selkirk/East Selkirk area. The land did not flood at this destination, which made it very suitable for farming and settling. Here they established a settlement under the name of the leader that achieved them their freedom, Selkirk. This was the first major arrival of immigration into the Rural Municipality of St. Clements. Originally the main site for the city was to be based on the east side of the river, where current day East Selkirk is located. Plans changed, however,with the formation of two colonies on each side of the river. West Selkirk was officially established in 1882, followed by East Selkirk in 1883. By 1884, East Selkirk included over 400 people, five general stores, four hotels, several quarries, brickyards, potteries, and a very busy harbour at Colville Landing. This was a very prosperous time in East Selkirk history. # Eventually the settlement at this area led to the creation of the East Selkirk Roundhouse/Immigration Shed. This building was the main cause of immigration and settlement into the current St. Clements region. It helped establish many other oppressed immigrants, as Lord Selkirk had done once long ago. For more information on the La Vérendrye trail, visit http://laverendryetrail.mb.ca/ . Article written by Jared Laberge St. Clements Heritage Advisory Committee – 07/27/05 St. Clements Historical Committee. East Side Of The Red. Winnipeg: Inter-Collegiate Press, 1984.	Fork
In April 1980, the St Pauls Riot broke out in which English city?	Family Stories and Significant People - St. Clements Heritage Family Stories and Significant People Early Settlements of St. Clements Submit Your Family Story Has your family made a significant contribution to the R.M. of St. Clements? Would you like to share your story in the "Family Story" section of our website so it will be available to future generations? Send us your story! European Immigration to St. Clements 1880 to 1920 In the Beginning: The greatest wave of European immigration to St. Clements began between 1880 and 1920. Most of the people came from central Europe from the countries of Ukraine, Poland, Latvia, and Russia, with a lesser number of people from Romania, Germany, Hungry, and Austria. Nearly all of the people were unable to earn enough money in their homeland to pay the taxes or mortgage on their home and land. They suffered from economic, political, ethnical, and/or religious oppression in their homeland. Canada was a new country at the end of the 19th century with a low population of immigrant people. The majority of people living in Canada then, especially in western Canada, were First Nations and Métis peoples. The Prime Minster of Canada, Wilfrid Laurier, wanted to increase the country’s immigrant population in the west and offered the people of central Europe “free land” if they agreed to immigrate to Canada. Many people accepted the offer, and so began a new journey and a new way of life for many European peoples. Families sold their land and their homes to pay for the ocean passage to Canada. They brought few things with them when they left their homeland. Items such as clothes, small handmade tools, seeds of grain to plant in Canadian soil, blankets, dishes, and other small personal things were all they had. The ocean passage took about a month and conditions on the ships were very bad. Ships were overcrowded and the living quarters housed far more people than was comfortable or sanitary. There were no proper toilets. The ship’s crew fed the people soup, bread, biscuits, oatmeal, and fresh water. The overcrowding, poor hygiene, and improper diet caused illness and even death to some people. The ships docked in the ports of Halifax, 4Nova Scotia and Montreal, Quebec. After the people disembarked from the ship, they boarded trains to take them west to Manitoba and beyond. The trains were also overcrowded with people. The people sat or laid on wooden benches and beds that were uncomfortable. Many people arrived at the Immigration Shed in Winnipeg and then re-routed to East Selkirk. The First Arrivals: In February 1899, the first group of Russian Doukhobors, about 1700 in total, arrived in East Selkirk to take up residence in the old Round House, a building that the Canadian Government converted into an Immigration Shed. Living conditions in the Immigration Shed were not good. The building was cold, poorly heated, poorly ventilated, crowded with people, and designed for a completely different purpose. Several people became ill from disease and living in a cold, overcrowded building. On 1 March 1899, a four-year-old girl died of pneumonia. [1] The people were exhausted when they arrived. They had endured a long and difficult ship’s passage across the Atlantic Ocean and a slow and grueling train trip from eastern Canada to Manitoba. They coped with sadness and the stresses of eviction from their homes and homeland, and the separation from family and friends who had not immigrated. Many others coped with the death of loved ones along the way as they made their trip to Manitoba. The newcomers did not understand the language or the geography of Canada nor the customs and the people of this new country. Round House/Immigration Shed, East Selkirk After the first group of Doukhobors settled in the East Selkirk Round House, a large group of people from Ukraine, especially from the provinces of Galicia and Bukovyna arrived. Other groups of people from the same countries as well as people from Poland, Austria, and Latvia followed over the next months and years. [2] The Immigration Shed in St. Clements: Built from stone at a nearby quarry and brick from a manufacturing plant in East Selkirk, the Round House was an enormous building. It was about 90 feet wide and 180 feet deep with a stone foundation and 4 wings or extensions. The ceiling was high, especially in the area of the turntable. It also held a cellar beneath the building. The Canadian Government built it south of Colvile Road on Frank Street for the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) to maintain and repair its train engines. The building of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a critical first step in making immigrant settlement in the Canadian prairies possible. The railway would become the new way to transport people and cargo inland. When the Canadian government decided to build the railway, they hired Sanford Fleming to survey the best possible route for the future transcontinental railway. He arrived in Selkirk in 1872. He said Selkirk was a good spot to build a bridge for the railroad to cross Red River. Its high riverbanks would protect the bridge from destructive floodwaters. However, the Canadian Pacific Railway never built their railway bridge at Selkirk. The railway diverted south to Winnipeg and crossed the Red River there. The Government abandoned the Round House. It sat vacant for many years, until the Canadian Government decided to convert the building into an Immigration Shed to house incoming immigrants. The building required a lot of work, after all, it had been built to repair train engines, not to house people. Workers installed ten caldrons of 60 gallons each to hold water, twelve box-stoves, two large and four small stoves for cooking, and a few bathtubs to bathe in. [3] Two wells were dug nearby for drinking water, and toilets were outside. Government officials said the building was capable of housing 1500 to 2000 people at one time. [4] And that may have been true, but it certainly did not house them comfortably. The additions and changes that were made were simple and unrefined. When the first Doukhobors arrived in February of 1899, the building was cold, damp, and packed with people. In April of 1899, the 1700 Doukhobors had to make room for 600 new immigrants arriving by train. This group of people came from Ukraine in the province of Galicia. Their culture, custom, language, and traditions were completely different to those of the Doukhobors, but the Canadian Government believed they would get along. Few records remain to say if they did. One month later, another group of about 1000 Doukhobors made their way to East Selkirk, followed by an even larger group. The Round House was not large enough to house all those people, so the government erected large tents to provide more space. The people did not remain in the Round House. Over the summer of 1899, they boarded trains that took them west to settle on land in the provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. However, many Ukrainian, and some Doukhobor, Polish, and Latvian immigrants remained in East Selkirk, settled on lands in East Selkirk, Libau, Ukrainian Oven The Beaches, Gonor, Narol, Thalberg, and Walkeyberg, and established communities. Many of their descendents live in these communities today. Immigrants from Ukraine: The largest group of European peoples to immigrate to Canada, and more specifically to the prairies, came from Ukraine. The majority of people came from the western portion of Ukraine in the provinces of Galicia and Bukovyna. About 170,000 Ukrainians traveled to Canada between 1891 and 1920. Most Ukrainian people practiced the Catholic religion and brought many of their traditions with them to Canada including legends, songs, music, art, dance, food, and clothing. They spoke Ukrainian, the official language of Ukraine. It is a Slavic language with 33 letters in the alphabet, called Cyrillic alphabet. Some letters look like Greek symbols. Each region in Ukraine speaks a different dialect. [5] Doukhobors from Russia: People of Doukhobor heritage were/are a Christian group of Russian origin whose religious practice dates to the 17th century Russian Empire. The term Doukhobor means Spirit Wrestlers. The Russian government forced many Doukhobors to fight for the Czar, the then Slavic monarch, Nicholas II of Russia, whose rule between 1894 and 1917 brought death and destruction to many people. When they refused, the government sent them away to isolated parts of Siberia or jailed them. Canada offered the people free land, a right to their own religion, and guaranteed no military service. Thousands of Doukhobors agreed to relocate to Canada. Many were so poor that they could not afford passage to Canada. Other religious organizations such as the Quakers and Tolstoyans sympathized with their plight and paid their passage, as did the famous author Leo Tolstoy by offering them the royalties from his novel, Resurrection. [6] Doukhobors were mostly vegetarians eating a diet of bread, rice, barely, butter, sugar, tea, cheese, potatoes, cabbage, and molasses, rolled oats, onions, salt/pepper, and citric acid to “sour their soup.” [7] The first group of Doukhobors arrived in East Selkirk in February 1899 and about 6,000 others migrated to Canada over the year settling on granted land in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Other groups followed with many settling in Alberta, and British Columbia. Immigrants from Poland: Another large group of people to immigrate to Canada and settle on the prairies, and in East Selkirk, came from Poland. There was a shortage of jobs and land in their native Poland. This forced thousands of people to seek employment elsewhere. The Canadian Pacific Railway publicly campaigned in Poland promoting employment opportunities in western Canada for those considering immigration. Approximately 120,000 people came to Canada between 1895 and 1913. [8] Some people became farmers and worked the land while other worked on the railway and in mining. Most polish people practiced the Catholic religion. The Homestead Act: The Canadian Government offered land to each immigrant family for a small fee through The Homestead Act. Immigrants were required to pay about $10.00, build a house, clear a percentage of the bush off the property, and establish a farm within three years. Once they did that, the land was theirs. Immigrants choose their homestead from a map in the local immigration office which surveyors had divided into homesteads prior to the immigrant’s arrival. Surveyors laid out townships into six-mile squares (section) with each square (section) measuring 640 acres. They divided them again into four-quarters. The land act said that anyone over 21 could make a claim for a quarter section of land. [9] Doukhobors preferred to live in communal communities rather than individually, and so the Homestead Act amended their original plan to include the Hamlet Clause, which allowed people to settle together. [10] This was especially so in the western provinces. Where did the people go? After a temporary stay at the Round House, the people either moved west by train to Saskatchewan, Alberta, or British Columbia or staked their Homestead land claim in Manitoba. For those who remained, they settled in the regions of East Selkirk, Libau, Poplar Park, The Beaches, Garson, Lockport, Gonor, Narol, Thalberg, and Walkleyburg. Many descendants of those early settlers continue to live in these communities. How did they begin? As soon as the people arrived on their homestead, they began clearing the land of bush. Most families built near one another sharing the hardships of starting their farms. They cared for each other and helped each other in times of need. Many families intermarried so their descendants can tell both sides of the ancestor’s struggles and experience. The Ukrainian settlers initially built shelters called “budahs” or “zemliankas.” [11] They were crude one-room huts, lean-tos, or tent-like buildings that sheltered the family while they built the main house. When they were able to build a more substantial house, they did so with logs. They cut down trees, peeled the bark of the tree, and then notched out each end so the logs fitted snugly together. They cut holes in the logs for doors and windows and a chimney. Chimneys were made of stone. They filled the space between the logs with mud plaster from a mixture of water, mud, and grass. Some families went one-step further and painted or “whitewashed” their houses. They gathered limestone rocks from the fields and burned them over hot fires to extract a powdery chemical called lime. They mixed the lime with water then painted the whitewash over the plaster. This gave the house a clean appearance and helped to reduce drafts. The people brought this custom with them from their homeland. The people covered the roofs of the houses with grass tightly bound and fitted together. Often, the men had to find work elsewhere to earn enough money to support their families. Some men found work at the Garson Quarry, on the construction site of the Lockport Dam, with the Canadian Pacific Railway, and in Timber camps on Lake Winnipeg. It was up to the women and children to keep the farm going. They cut, chopped, and hauled wood to heat the shelter and barn. They collected snow to smelt for drinking and washing, and worked in small, cramped quarters with a small stove to bake their bread and cook their food. The women raised the children, tended the gardens, and cared for the livestock. It was an extremely hard existence for the immigrants during their first few years of residency in Canada. The people of Ukraine built houses in the style of their homeland. Galician-style Houses: Settlers who came from the region of Galicia, Ukraine built houses similar in design to those of their homeland. However, lack of money and time did not allow them to follow the traditions completely. The style they tried to follow, which scholars today call Galician-style was a log house with a simple thatched gabled roof. A gable roof is the triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof. They peeled logs and connected them at the corners with either a dovetail joint for a saddlenotch joint. Each log fitted atop the next. The people often plastered or whitewashed the exterior wall. A wall divided the interior into two rooms. These houses had a life span of about ten years. [12] Bukovyna-style Houses: Settlers who came from the region of Bukovyna, Ukraine built houses similar in design to those of their homeland. Today, scholars call them Bukovyna-style. The Bukovyna folk house was a little larger than the Galician house with three rooms and a doorway in the middle that opened to a small entryway called a “siny.” Houses were also made of log and generally had a hipped-roof as well with overhanging eaves. A hipped-roof means that all sides slope downwards to the walls giving the building the shape that somewhat resembles a pyramid. [13] Remains of a Bukovynian House, St. Clements Credit to Manitoba Historic Resources Remains of a Galician House, St. Clements What did they do? Many families settled in a region near to each other. Once they were established, many families in the more rural areas became grain and cattle farmers. They purchased oxen and horses, and cleared and cultivated the land in preparation to plant vegetables, potatoes, and grains. Some families started a general store for the other people to purchase supplies and dry goods. As the community grew, it received a post office that normally took on a name from the immigrants’ homeland, such as Libau, Narol, and Gonor. The people built schools for the children and churches for the community to worship in based on the architecture of their homeland. Interior of a log barn, St. Clements Sketch of a log barn, St. Clements Several families living between East Selkirk and Narol became vegetables gardeners. In the fall they harvested their crops, loaded the produce onto wagons (often pulled by oxen), and hauled their wares to the north end of Winnipeg where they set up booths to sell their vegetables. Before the construction of the Lockport Bridge, the path to Winnipeg followed the east side of Red River to the Redwood Bridge, Winnipeg. Many second and third generation descendants continued the tradition started by their ancestors. They received the name Market Gardeners. Glossary: Budahs: an early shelter for Ukrainian immigrants Bukovyna (Bukovina): a province in Ukraine Cyrillic alphabet: Ukrainian alphabet Doukhobor – a person of Russian heritage of a particular religious practice Dovetail join: a joint in cabinetry and square log construction consisting of interlocking “V”-shaped cuts Emigrate: leave a country Emigrant: a person who has left a country Galicia: a province in Ukraine Immigrate: go to a new country Immigrant: people who have come to one country from another country Immigration Shed: a place where immigrants stayed when they first arrived in a new country Round House: Engine House built to repair and maintain trains Saddlenotch joint: a join at the corner of a log cabin construction to fit two logs together Zemliankas: the name of an early shelter for Ukrainian immigrants Sources: Butterfield, David. Architectural Heritage: The Selkirk and District Planning Area. (Winnipeg: Manitoba Culture, Heritage, and Recreation, 1998) Hodge, Deborah, The Kids Book of Canadian Immigration (illustrated by John Mantha) (Toronto: Kids Can Press, 2006) Hudak, Healther Ukrainians in Canada (Calgary: Weigl Educational Publishers, 2005) Hughes, Susan Coming to Canada: Building A Life in a New Land (Toronto: Maple Tree Press, 2005) Laberge, Jared Preserving Our History One Story At A Time (Manitoba: St. Clements Heritage Advisory Committee, 2004) Potyondi, Barry Selkirk: The First Hundred Years (Barry Potyondi, 1981) Rural Municipality of St. Clements East Sideof the Red 1884-1984 (St. Clements: R.M. of St. Clements, 1984) Web sites: European Immigration to Red River Settlement By Donna Sutherland 1670 - 1870: The Fur Trade The First European Explorers Beginning in the 1500s, European Explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean looking for a faster route to Asia so the people of Europe could trade their goods with the peoples of Asia. Those early explorers did not reach Asia, but they found North America, and they discovered that the people of North America had something valuable to trade. It was animal fur, especially beaver fur. European men, navy officers, and military officials wore top hats made of beaver fur. Those early explorers traded knives, blankets, copper pots, and beads with the First Nation’s people in exchange for their furs. This began the fur trade era. The business of trading furs brought more and more people to what is now Canada. By the early 1700s, people had established many settlements and villages in the regions known today as the provinces of Nova Scotia and Quebec in eastern Canada. Those who settled in Quebec formed Quebec City, Montreal and Trois Rivières. Montreal became a centre for trade, especially the trading of animal fur. Men’s Hats During the 1600 and 1700s, men’s hats were fashionable, including personal top hats, army officer’s hats, and Navy officer’s hats. Hat makers used the felt of the undercoat of the beaver’s pelt to make these hats waterproof. They pressed the hair into a glossy felt and worked it into several different styles. Beaver hats became quite valuable motivating some men to will their hat to their son or friend when he died. The demand for beaver hats lasted well into the 1900s when silk replaced them. Various styles included the Continental, the Navy, the Army, the Clerical, the Wellington, the Paris Beau, the D’Orsay, and the Regent to name a few.[3] La Vérendrye North American Beaver castor canadensis French Canadian explorer, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes de la Vérendrye was born in Trois Rivères, Quebec on 17 November 1685 to Marie Boucher and René Gaultier.[1] He became a farmer, soldier, and a small-scale fur trader. At the age of 40, he became an explorer. He was convinced the western sea was not far from the Great Lakes, so he set off into the western interior in search of it with his sons and a small group of men. They travelled on the waterways in wood framed canoes covered with birchbark that were waterproofed with balsam or pine tree sap. Canoes were light. Men carried them easily across land from one waterway to another. A crossing of land between two waterways was a portage. As those early French explorers travelled inland, they made contact with First Nation peoples. Near the Great Lakes region in modern-day Ontario, they met several groups who wore similar dress and practiced similar custom. French traders called them Saulteaux (pronounced Soto) meaning people who jump or shoot the rapids. They called them this because the people leaped and jumped across the rapids as they speared fish on the St. Mary’s River near modern day Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario). Today, Saulteaux descendants called themselves Saulteaux, Ojibway, and/or Anishinaabee. Many French men formed marital unions with Saulteaux women based on Saulteaux marriage ceremony. Their children are the Métis. As the La Vérendrye party continued on their westward trek, they arrived and settled temporarily in the region of present-day St. Clements, Manitoba. They made contact with the Cree and Assiniboine peoples who were the region’s main First Nations people at that time. The two groups participated in trade exchanges. La Vérendrye and his men built a fort in the region, which they called Fort Maurepas after the old French colony in Louisiana (New France) along the Gulf of Mexico.[2] No one knows the exact location of the old fort, but it was somewhere near the mouth of Red River where the river meets Lake Winnipeg. Other French explorers and traders soon followed making contact with First Nations peoples of the region and trading muskets (guns), cloth, blankets, beads, cooking utensils, tea, flour, sugar and other goods for native pelts and furs. King Charles II of England King Charles II of England Another group of Europeans entered North America from the north through the creation of the Hudson’s Bay Company on Hudson Bay (northern Manitoba). King Charles II of England established the Hudson’s Bay Company on 2 May 1670 in Whitehall Palace, London, England. King Charles II was born in 1630 King Charles II married Catherine Braganza 1638-1705 King Charles II died 1685 Through a Royal Charter, King Charles II claimed all the lands that drained into Hudson Bay. He called it Rupert’s Land in honour of his cousin, Prince Rupert of Rhine. The territory he claimed covered 40% of modern-day Canada from Alberta to Quebec, and from Nunavut south into the northern United States. [4] Journey of Fur Pelts First Nation hunters normally trapped beaver and other animals in the winter months when the fur was long and full. After they killed an animal and removed its pelt, they gave it to the women who cleaned and tanned the hide before taking it to the trading post to trade. At the trading post, the furs were stored in the fur loft. In the late spring, the furs were placed in bundles inside a buffalo robe and put in a press to tighten the bundle into 90-pound bales. The bales were loaded onto boats and canoes and transported to Hudson Bay to catch the fall ship that would take them to England. King Charles established the company after two French fur traders, Médard Chouart, Seur des Groseilliers and Pierre-Esprit Radisson, visited him and told him about the abundance of furs in North America. The King sent two ships – Eaglet and Nonsuch – to North America filled with men and trade goods.The Eaglet had to turn back to England because of a bad storm, but Nonsuch commanded by Captain Zachariah Gilliam continued on to James Bay where it’s crew over wintered and returned to England the following year with a shipload of furs traded from Cree hunters. The Manitoba Museum houses a replica of the Nonsuch. Students can visit and walk on the deck to get a feel of the time. First Trading Posts Hudson’s Bay Company ships returned to the coast of James and Hudson Bay each year for two hundred years (1670 - 1870). The Company built forts along the seacoast to provide shelter for its employees as well as trading posts for First Nations peoples to trade their valuable furs for European goods, tools, weapons, and clothing. The names of the early HBC forts were: Rupert House ( built in 1668) Moose Factory ((built in 1673) Albany Fort (built in 1679) Severn Fort (built in 1680) York Factory (built in 1684) Churchill Fort/Prince of Wales Fort (built in 1714) Hudson Bay Company Workers and First Nations People The Hudson Bay Company hired men mostly from England, Orkney, and Scotland to work for them in North America. Men boarded ships in the ports of Gravesend, England and Stromness, Orkney and sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, through Hudson Strait into Hudson Bay. Many remained in the Bay for several years. They met Cree hunters from the region and developed friendships as well as trade exchanges with them. Many of the men who came to Hudson Bay to work for the Hudson’s Bay Company formed marital unions with Cree women based on Cree marriage custom and ceremony. These unions were as respected and long lasting as unions based on Christian marriage practices. The Cree did not practice Christianity. They followed their own spiritual traditions, based on Earth-based spiritual teachings that said Nature was divine, and all things in Nature are connected. Many children were born to Cree mothers and European fathers - they shared a rich ancestry of two different continents. However, others looked down on them calling them negative and disrespectful names such as half-breed and mixed-blood.[5] Today, most descendants call themselves, Métis because they find the terms half-breed and mixed-blood to be racist and derogatory. However, the true Métis people hold a much different heritage than those of Cree/Scottish or English heritage. Lessons from the Cree People The Cree peoples taught European traders how to: survive in a harsh climate travel the waterways make warm clothing and dress for the cold climate speak the Cree language Moving Inland The Hudson’s Bay Company spent 100 years on James and Hudson Bay before they began to explore inland. When they finally did move inland, they met new First Nations groups to trade with and built seasonal forts or trading posts in the interior. French traders moved inland too from the east. Often the two groups of traders fought for control of the fur trade in new regions. Both groups tried to get the First Nations people to trade with them ahead of the other. Both groups reached the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers where modern-day Winnipeg sits and built forts. The main French fort was Fort Gibraltar built by The North West Company from Montreal. As French fur traders moved westward into Manitoba, so did the Saulteaux/Ojibway peoples. One of the better-known leaders to settle in the St. Clements region was Peguis. Born in 1774 in Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario) Mother: a young Saulteaux woman – name unknown Father: a French Canadian fur trader – name unknown Moved west with his Band to Red Lake, Minnesota (USA) then to Pembina, North Dakota to trade furs with both the Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company Relocated to the forks of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers in the 1780s Settled on the banks of Netley Creek Established St. Peter’s Settlement, East Selkirk with Rev. Cockran Accepted the Christian name William King, his children took the surname Prince Died in 1864 Sketch by Peter Rindisbacher, possibly Chief Peguis Click to enlarge As the Saulteaux people moved westward into Hudson’s Bay Company territory, they traded their furs with them as well as the North West Company. Many Saulteaux people settled north and northwest of the Forks. One of the larger groups (Peguis Band) settled on Netley Creek (near modern day Petersfield) before creating the settlement of St. Peter’s in East Selkirk. Link to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe Ojibwe People at Wikipedia Link to: http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=38772 Peguis Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Library and Archives Canada Lord Selkirk The next great influx of people to arrive in the region of Manitoba came from the Highlands of Scotland. They were the Selkirk Settlers. During the 19th century, thousands of Highlanders were evicted from their homes and farms to make room for sheep. Known as the Highland Clearances, the people had nowhere to go and no money to support them. A young and wealthy Scotsman named Thomas Douglas (Lord Selkirk) witnessed this tragic event and decided to help the destitute people. Born in 1771 in Kirkcudbright, Scotland Mother: Helen Hamilton Married Jean Wedderburn Colvile in 1807 Became the fifth Earl of Selkirk, best known as Lord Selkirk Lord Selkirk wanted to relocate the people to Red River so they could make a fresh start. He bought shares in the Hudson’s Bay Company and asked the Company to grant him a piece of land suitable for the people. The Company granted him land in Rupert’s Land at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers. Hundreds of Scottish, as well as some Irish, Welsh, and English settlers, immigrated to Rupert’s Land between 1811 and 1816. They sailed on wooden sail boats that took two months to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The sea was rough, tossing ships and people around and making many passengers seasick. Disease was common on board the ships and sometimes people died at sea. The ships sailed through Hudson Strait, to Hudson Bay and anchored at York Factory. Lord Selkirk Click to enlarge The people disembarked from the ships, loaded their goods and food and themselves into York boats and canoes to journey south through the various waterways, across Lake Winnipeg to Red River and up the river to the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers where they began their settlement. They called it Red River Settlement. It would become the city of Winnipeg. Life in a new land Life was difficult for the new settlers. They had to build homes for their families and barns to shelter their animals. They had to cut and haul wood to heat those homes before winter set in. They did not know the geography of the land, nor did they know how to hunt animals such as deer to feed their families. Chief Peguis and his people came to the aid of the settlers, hunting for them, bringing them food to eat when they had none, giving them clothes and blankets to keep them warm, and snowshoes and moccasins to wear as they travelled in snow. For the first few years, the settlers relocated to Pembina (North Dakota) for the winter near the Hudson’s Bay Company post. Peguis and his band guided them there safely. Several Hudson’s Bay Company employees lived in Red River Settlement as well. In 1815, they built a fort on the west bank of the Red River and called it Fort Douglas. Battle of Seven Oaks Battle of Seven Oaks Several French fur traders living at Fort Gibraltar did not want the new Scottish immigrants to establish their colony. They threatened them, burned their houses and destroyed their tools and crops. Chief Peguis, and his men, tried to protect the settlers against the threats, and he even spoke to the French traders on the settlers’ behalf. However, it was not enough. The French traders continued to harass the settlers. On 19 June 1816, men from both groups had a confrontation near a bend in the river called Seven Oaks. Tempers flared and guns were drawn. Twenty-one men died that day. Today, people call the event, the Battle of Seven Oaks. Selkirk Treaty: Manitoba’s first Treaty Lord Selkirk came to Red River Settlement after the battle of Seven Oaks to assist and encourage his settlers. He negotiated with French fur traders and local First Nations peoples to bring peace to the region. On 18 July 1817, Lord Selkirk signed a Treaty with five First Nations leaders: Peguis, Le Sonnant, Le Robe Noir, L’homme Noir, and Premier. Selkirk Treaty, 1817 Click to enlarge The Treaty granted land to each leader including Lord Selkirk. Lord Selkirk stated on the Treaty that he would give one hundred pounds of tobacco each year to the First Nations leaders as payment for the use of the land. Lord Selkirk died three years later on 8 April 1820. Tobacco was/is a sacred medicine to First Nations people. It is offered to the Creator when praying, requesting advice, or discussing any kind of peace negotiations with other First Nations groups or with white traders and settlers. To the First Nations leaders who signed the Treaty, tobacco symbolized a sacred bond between them and Lord Selkirk. The Settlers re-established Red River Settlement. They built new houses and outbuildings, churches, retail outlets, and schools. They cultivated land, planted various grains and vegetables. They purchased cattle, oxen, horses, and sheep from farmers in the United States and bred those animals to expand their herds. Many settlers initially lived in Kildonan but some families also moved to other parts of the settlement. In the years that followed many other people immigrated to the settlement. Several Swiss and German groups arrived and stayed until the early 1820s. However, many Swiss and Germans found the winters too long and cold and most returned to their homelands or went elsewhere. Until 1821, a multicultural group of people made up Red River Settlement: Cree, Assiniboine, Saulteaux/Ojibway, and Métis peoples French fur traders and their families English fur traders Orcadian and Scottish fur traders Retired servants of the Hudson’s Bay Company Retired servants of the North West Company Selkirk Settlers Click to enlarge Reverend Joseph-Norbert Provencher (1787-1853) In 1818, the first Roman Catholic Missionary, Rev. Joseph-Norbert Provencher (1787-1853) arrived in Red River Settlement from Quebec. He established a church at the forks of the two rivers. He called it St. Boniface. He performed Christian marriages between French fur traders and their Saulteaux wives, who were already married à la façon du pays, and baptized their children. Link to: www.biographi.ca (Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Library and Archives Canada) for full biography of Rev. Provencher’s life and work. Rev. John West Click to enlarge The first Anglican Missionary Rev. John West arrived in the settlement in 1820. He came from England on a Hudson’s Bay Company ship to York Factory and made the long trek to Red River Settlement from the north. He spent time with Chief Peguis and the Saulteaux people at Netley Creek before making his residence in the colony. He built a log church and named it St. John. He baptized many children belonging to English and Scottish fur traders and their Cree wives. He performed marriages for several European men and First Nations women who had formed marital unions many years earlier based on First Nation ceremonies. First Nations peoples were not Christians. They were very spiritual people based on an earth-based spiritual practice that taught that all in Nature is connected. Rev. John West tried to convert First Nation peoples to Christianity - some agreed, but many did not. Rev. West returned to England three years after he arrived. Link to: http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=37843 “John West” at Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Library and Archives Canada on-line The Hudson’s Bay and North West Company become one In 1821 the two great rivalling fur trade companies, The Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company merged under the name The Hudson’s Bay Company. After this, the Company did not need to employ as many men. The company gave many of these men grants of land in the Red River Settlement and thus many men and their families retired and moved to the colony. Each lot of land had river access and measured two miles in length. River frontages were measured in chains – one chain equalled 66 feet. Land lots varied from one to twelve chains equalling 25 to 200 acres, and most lots were on both sides of the Red River. Most retirees were of English or of Scottish heritage. Their wives were primarily of Cree heritage. Their children were of mixed heritage. These families built their homes on land in the regions of modern day St. Andrews, St. Clements, St. Pauls (Middlechurch), and St. Johns. The men who retired from the North West Company and immigrated to Red River Settlement were mainly of French descent whose wives were mainly Saulteaux/Ojibway women. The children born to these unions were Métis – meaning to mix. These families built their homes and stables on land in the regions of St. Boniface, St. Vital, Sturgeon Creek, and Grantown. Work of early settlers In the early days of Red River Settlement, many men of European heritage became farmers, as did some First Nations men. Women of all ethnicities toiled in the fields planting vegetables, caring for the garden, and harvesting. They did canning and preserving food for winter. They cared for the children, cooked the meals, washed and stored the dishes, sewed clothing, knitted and mended socks, made candles and soaps, and nursed the sick. Children worked in the fields and vegetable gardens, helping their mothers. They took care of the animals. Girls learned to sew, spin wool, knit, cook, bake, clean. Children normally attended the local school established by the church. Foods of early settlers wild meat, fish and fowl pemmican (a paste of dried and pounded bison meat mixed with melted fat and other ingredients like berries), fish, bison, elk, venison (deer meat), moose, bear, duck, goose, wild turkey domestic meat and animal products pork, beef, lamb (a young sheep), mutton (an old sheep), eggs, milk and cream, cheese wild plants and animal products berries, wild rice, honey home-grown plants potatoes, corn, pumpkins, squash, carrots, cabbage, turnips, onions, wheat to grind flour for bread and bannock, oats for porridge other molasses, applesauce, soup, stew, baked beans Homes of the Settlers Red River home Click to enlarge The early settlers and retired fur traders built their homes from log or stone. People built both types in the St. Clements region, but the log cabin was more common. Log cabins were normally square in structure measuring about six metres (19 feet) long on all sides and three metres (9 feet) high. They placed the logs on top of the other with the end of each log notched at the bottom in a sort of V shape to fit tight around the top of the log below. Builders called this a dovetail join. Their farms usually included a house, barn, chicken coop, implement shed, smokehouse, icehouse, springhouse, outhouse, and hayloft. Some of their farming equipment included: hoe, plough, harrow, sharp blade, sickle, gristmill, handsaw, hammer, axe, waterwheel, rake, auger, and chisel. In 1830, Governor of the Hudson’s Bay Company Sir George Simpson ordered Lower Fort Garry to be built on the west bank of Red River near modern day Lockport. Families travelled to Lower Fort Garry to trade furs for goods sold in the company stores. A trapper entered the office in the fur loft building with his/her furs. The clerk examined the pelts before giving a quote as to how much he felt they were worth. Lower Fort Garry Click to enlarge Trappers and clerks often disagreed. They would barter on a fair price for both. After an agreement was reached, the clerk recorded it in the ledger. The trapper then gathered the items he and his family needed and the clerk would subtract the price of those items from the trapper’s credit. There was very little money exchange during that time. Sometimes the store clerk would give the trapper a token that he could take to the blacksmith or other shop if he needed to get other supplies and this would come off his credit. If a trapper needed items and did not have furs to trade, the Company would give the trapper the goods and mark the purchase in the ledger. When the trapper had furs, he would bring them in to pay back his credit. They worked on an honour system. Link to: http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/mb/fortgarry/index.aspx Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site of Canada, at Parks Canada 1826 – The Great Flood. Floodwaters destroyed Red River Settlement, carrying away buildings, animals, and all other things that were in its path including parts of Upper Fort Garry, a Hudson’s Bay Company fur trade post built in 1822. The gates of UFG remain at the corner of Main Street and Broadway Ave, Winnipeg. People of the settlement moved to higher ground for several weeks until the water receded. 1830 – Work began on Lower Fort Garry, the stone fort. It was built on higher ground then Upper Fort Garry to prevent it from being damaged by floodwaters. 1834 – The Hudson’s Bay Company purchased the colony of Red River from the heirs of Lord Selkirk. 1852 – The region of Red River Settlement, St. Clements and St. Andrews were devastated by another severe flood. Much of the colony was once again destroyed 1859 – The first steamboat arrived at Fort Garry, the Anson Northup, a 75-ton steamer. The steamer carried people and cargo from Minnesota (USA) to Red River Settlement. It also took people and cargo to various places on Lake Winnipeg. It docked at the mouth of Colvile Landing, Cook’s Creek until the winter of 1861/62 when she sank there. 1860 – Many people of eastern Canada begin to immigrate to Red River Settlement. 1864 – Confederation – four provinces Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario formed the country of Canada. 1869 – Riel rebellion. Métis leader Louis Riel and his council rebelled against the transfer of land from Rupert’s Land to Canada. 1870 - Manitoba joined Confederation to become Canada’s fifth province. The settlement of Selkirk grew outwards from the Red River on both banks. Local residents added the terms, east and west. Residents travelled between East and West Selkirk by ferryboat across Red River. barter: to trade by exchange of goods Chief Peguis: Chief of the Saulteaux people of Red River Settlement dovetail join: a joint in cabinetry and square log construction consisting of interlocking "V"-shaped cuts half-breed: a person of European and First Nation heritage, normally English/Scottish and Cree immigrant: people who have come to one country from another country La Vérendrye: a French fur trader from Quebec Métis: a person of French and Saulteaux/Ojibway heritage musket: a gun pelt: the skin of a fur bearing animal portage: land between two waterways Red River Settlement: The settlement at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine River th that was established in 1812 – the precursor of the city of Winnipeg York boat: a one-ton wooden boat rowed by nine men that was able to carry two to four tons of goods Botyondi, Barry Selkirk: The First Hundred Years” (Barry Potyondi, 1981) Bumsted, J.M. Fur Trade Wars: The Founding of Western Canada (Winnipeg: Great Plains Publications: 1999) Dempsey, A. Hugh Peguis Dictionary of Canadian Biography on-line at Library and Archives Canada Hodge, Deborah The Kids Book of Canadian Immigration (illustrated by John Mantha) (Toronto: Kids Can Press, 2006) Landry, Kenneth Provencher, Joseph Alfred, Rev., (Dictionary of Canadian Biography) at www.biographi.ca Library and Archives Canada Moore, Christopher Adventurers: Hudson’s Bay Company ~ The Epic Story (Quantum Book produced for the Hudson’s Bay Company: Toronto, 2000) Nault, Jennifer Hudson’s Bay Company (Calgary: Weigl Educational Publishers Ltd., 2007) Parks Canada YorkBoats & Buffalo Robes: Fur Trade Life at Lower Fort Garry (1981) Rebus, Anna Discovering Canada: Pierre de La Vérendrye (Calgary: Weigl Educational Publishers Limited, 2007) St. Clements Heritage East Sideof the Red 1884-1984 (St. Clements: R.M. of St. Clements, 1984) Sutherland, Donna G. Nahoway; A Distant Voice (Petersfield: White Buffalo Books: Petersfield, 2008) Sutherland, Donna G. Peguis: A Noble Friend (St. Andrews: Chief Peguis Heritage Park Inc, 2003) Wikipedia Fort Maurepas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Maurepas Willie, Richard, A. John West Dictionary of Canadian Biography on-line First Nations and Métis People of Red River Settlement By Donna Sutherland The People of Red River Settlement before Confederation Red River Settlement was a colony built at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers long before Confederation. It would become the city of Winnipeg. View of Red River Settlement, (1817) Archives of Manitoba Click to enlarge It became an official colony in 1812 with the arrival of settlers from the Scottish Highlands, known today as Selkirk Settlers. They sailed from their homeland to York Factory on Hudson Bay and travelled the waterways to Red River. However, those settlers were not the first residents of Red River Settlement. Most residents were of First Nations and/or Métis/half-breed heritage. Thousands of First Nation’s people had lived in the region for generations. French and English explorers and fur traders arrived in the late 1600s and early 1700s and mixed with the First Nations people. Others referred to their children as Half-breeds (Cree/Scots or English) and Métis (Saulteaux/Ojibway and French). Map of Red River Settlement in 1825 Click to enlarge After the Scottish settlers arrived, others followed. In 1872, the population of Red River Settlement totaled about 15,000 people. 1 Most residents were of First Nations and/or Métis/half-breed heritage. Other residents were of European heritage from the countries of Scotland, England, Ireland, Germany, eastern Canada, and the United States. As the population grew, so did the settlement, reaching over a large area of land. It extended north to Netley Creek, east to St. Boniface and west to White Horse Plains (Headingly). The areas we now call St. Clements, St. Andrews, Selkirk, and East Selkirk were the northern extensions of Red River Settlement. Before the concept of Confederation emerged, there was no Canada. There was only open, unbound land, and lots of it. Red River Settlement was among the unbound land, in the centre of the continent with key waterways that enabled travellers to reach it from all directions. Arrival of Fur Trade In 1670, the Hudson’s Bay Company and its English and Scottish fur traders arrived on the coast of James Bay in northern Ontario and Quebec, and later Hudson’s Bay in northern Manitoba. When King Charles II of England established the Hudson’s Bay Company, he claimed all lands that drained into Hudson and James Bay. He called his new territory Rupert’s Land. The territory he claimed was huge, about forty percent of modern-day Canada from Alberta to Quebec and from Hudson Bay south to the northern United States. Red River Settlement was in the territory of Rupert’s Land. Map of Hudson Bay by Tim Vasquez Click to enlarge Hudson’s Bay Company employees formed trade relationships with the local First Nations groups. They were primarily Cree peoples. European/First Nation Marriage Many men formed marital unions with Cree women based on Cree marriage custom and ceremony. Both the Cree people and the European traders respected the custom and most unions were long lasting. Many men formed marital unions with Cree women based on Cree marriage custom and ceremony. Both the Cree people and the European traders respected the custom and most unions were long lasting. The ancestral Cree did not practice Christianity. They followed their own spiritual traditions, based on Earth-based spiritual teachings that said Nature was divine, and all things in Nature are connected. The children born to Cree mothers and European fathers shared a rich ancestry of two different continents. However, others looked down on them calling them disrespectful names such as half-breed and mixed-blood. 2 Today, most of their descendants call themselves Métis because they feel the old terms were racist and derogatory. However, the true Métis people hold a much different heritage than those of Cree/Scottish or English heritage. The Métis descend from Saulteaux (Ojibway) mothers and French fathers. Over time, numerous fur traders and their Cree families moved south toward Red River Settlement where they met with other First Nation groups and European traders. Some of those traders were French from Quebec. They had travelled to the region of Red River in search of furs and riches too. Along the way, they met a group of First Nations people near the Great Lakes. The French called them Saulteaux (pronounced Soto) meaning people who jump or shoot the rapids. They called them this because the people leaped and jumped across the rapids as they speared fish on the St. Mary’s River near modern day Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario). Today, Saulteaux descendants call themselves Saulteaux, Ojibway, and/or Anishinaabee. Many French men formed marital unions with Saulteaux women based on Saulteaux marriage ceremony. Their children are the Métis. Most Métis people worked for The North West Company. Those that moved to the region of Red River Settlement built a fort there called Fort Gibraltar. Several groups of Saulteaux people, including the legendary Chief Peguis, followed those traders. They established new camps on the banks of Netley Creek and places further inland near Lake Manitoba and Lake Winnipegosis. On 1 July 1867, the British North American Act (BNA) passed, creating the Dominion of Canada. After the eastern colonies joined in Confederation, they wanted to link eastern Canada with the west coast of British Columbia and fill the land in-between with immigrant people. One way to do this was to build a transcontinental railway. The railway would cover 3,200 kilometres (2,000 miles) of swamps, bogs, rivers, prairies, and mountains from eastern Canada to British Columbia. The government named the new railway the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). The railway would offer a faster, more direct route for long distant travel and an easier way to ship freight. It would also bring thousands of immigrant settlers into Rupert’s Land to build farms and settlements. This region was home to thousands of First Nations and Métis people and so the government had to develop a plan to make room for the settlers and farmers among the first residents. They did this by issuing scrip to Métis/half-breed people and making Treaties and developing Reservations with First Nations people. Most Métis people did not oppose either the new province or becoming Canadians. However, they did oppose the government’s secretive way of making the transfer, without the regional people’s consent or input in negotiations. How Manitoba became a Province Manitoba became a province and joined Confederation in 1870. However, in order to tell the story of how this came to be we need to go back a little further in history. In 1670, the Hudson’s Bay Company claimed ownership of Rupert’s Land and ruled over it for 200 hundreds. By the mid 1860s, Hudson’s Bay Company officials agreed to transfer the land to the newly formed country of Canada and negotiations began in the late 1860s to create the new province of Manitoba. The government did not ask the majority of Métis peoples of Red River Settlement or the First Nations peoples of Rupert’s Land if they wanted to become part of the new province or country before negotiations began. Most Métis people did not oppose either the new province or becoming Canadians. However, they did oppose the government’s secretive way of making the transfer, without the regional people’s consent or input in negotiations. Métis Concerns The Métis peoples wanted their voices heard in the decision-making process that would surely affect their lives and the lives of generations to follow. They wanted to elect their own government, rather than have British-European politicians in Ottawa govern them. They sought to preserve Métis rights and culture, and had concerns over the land of which they were born: would the waves of English-speaking settlers invade the lands of their birth and push them out. These were honest concerns as the government had already disregarded the Métis and First Nations people in the land transfer negotiations In the fall of 1869, the government went ahead with their plan to complete the land transfer. They sent Governor William McDougall to Red River Settlement for negotiations. A patrol of armed Métis guards met him when he arrived and denied him access. Louis Riel's Government Back row: ?, Pierre De Lorme, Thomas Bunn, Xavier Page, Andre Beauchemin, Baptiste Tourous 2nd row: Pierre Poitras, John Bruce, Louis Riel, W.B. O'Donoghue, Francois Dauphinais, Thomas Spence Front row: Bob O'Lone, Paul Proulx That same day Métis leader, Louis Riel, seized the Hudson’s Bay Company fur post at Upper Fort Garry near the forks of the Red and Assiniboine rivers, and declared an official resistance to the transfer. A man from eastern Canada, Thomas Scott, was shot and killed during the resistance, which alarmed the Canadian Government. Riel established a provincial government and resisted the transfer for almost one year. The Canadian government did finally acknowledge Riel’s provincial government and negotiations between the two forms of government.Métis Leader, Louis Riel moved along. The government ceded lands to the Métis people and the formation of the province became a reality. On 12 May 1870, the Manitoba Act received royal assent. It went into effect on 15 July 1870. Manitoba became Canada’s fifth province. Initially the province was small, only about 13,000 square acres. It received the nickname Postage Stamp Province because it was so small. Its northern boundary stopped at modern day Winnipeg Beach. However, provincial boundaries extended in 1881 and again in 1912. What does the name Manitoba mean? Map of the postage stamp province of Manitoba Click to enlarge No one knows with certainty who suggested the name, Manitoba, or the word’s true meaning. It is a First Nation’s word, but from which language it derives, we cannot say for sure. Steeped in ancient lore and legend, First Nations ancestors described the region of Manitoba as a place of Spirit, especially so in the narrows of Lake Manitoba northwest of the city of Winnipeg. There, strong winds send waves crashing against the limestone shore rocks creating a rhythmic surge like the powerful, steady beat of a drum, which the ancestors believed was the heartbeat of the Great Spirit (Creator). The Cree words Manitou (Great Spirit) and Wapow (Narrows), and the Ojibway word Manitou-aa-bau describe the narrows as a place where the Great Spirit is heard, or where the Great Spirit sits. During negotiations with the Métis peoples over the transfer of land from the Hudson’s Bay Company to Canada, the Canadian government ceded 1.4 million acres to Métis/Half-breed families residing in the territory at the time of the land transfer. Termed then as the Northwest Half-breed Scrip, today it is Section 31 Manitoba Act Affidavits. Scrip is a term used to “describe a certificate, voucher, etc, establishing the bearer’s right to something.” 3 In this case, the voucher was for land and/or money. However, the process was fraught with error. First off, the government divided the 1.4 million acres based on an inaccurate census of the province in 1870, excluding several thousand people. As a result, many people did not receive their entitlement. Secondly, the government took over five years to distribute the land to the people. Consequently, hundreds of applicants did not receive their land or money due to death, relocation, or omission. 4 The stigma of describing oneself as a half-breed brought disadvantage, shame and poverty for many and it extinguished any right to future First Nation entitlement. Scrip of Margaret Sinclair Sutherland, Library and Archives Canada Click to enlarge Scrip policy did not protect Métis/half-breed lands nor did it secure political representation with the federal government. What it did do was help assimilate many Métis/half-breed people into European-Canadian culture that was fast approaching from eastern Canada. The Canadian Government told the Métis people that no prosecution would befall anyone who participated in the 1869 resistance. The government did not keep that Métis Half-breed scrip application promise. In the summer of 1870, the government sent a military expedition to Red River to avenge Thomas Scott’s death. They killed one Métis leader of the resistance, and forced others, including Louis Riel, to flee the territory. The government delayed the transfer of land they had promised to the Métis/half-breed peoples. Many people left the region and moved west as the flow of immigrants from Ontario steadily arrived. A major transformation came to the Métis/half-breed people of Red River Settlement. Peguis/St. Peter’s Band and Settlement Prior to the region becoming the province of Manitoba, the land between east/west Selkirk and Lake Winnipeg was reservation land. It had belonged to the Peguis/St. Peter’s Band for over fifty years. On 18 July 1817, Chief Peguis officially claimed it when he and four other indigenous leaders, Le Sonnant, Le Robe Noir, L’homme Noir, and Premier, signed the first treaty of the region along with Lord Selkirk (Thomas Douglas), the first European to officially claim land in the settlement. Known as the Selkirk Treaty, it affirmed land to each of the six signatories. 5 Chief Peguis and Reverend William Cockran Selkirk Treaty, signed in 1817 – Credit Archives of Manitoba Click to enlarge Peguis was born in 1774 near Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario). He and his Band immigrated to the region of Red River Settlement in the late 1780s and settled on the banks of Netley Creek. Peguis befriended the Selkirk Settlers and early missionaries who arrived after him. He developed a special friendship with Rev. William Cockran. Together, they established the community of St. Peter’s in the early 1830s, although the community did not receive its name until 1852 when they built the stone church. Saulteaux man, possibly Chief Peguis, Sketch by Peter Rindisbacher, Archives of Manitoba Click to enlarge Rev. Cockran was a Christian missionary who came to convert the non-Christian people such as Peguis and his Band to Christianity. The Peguis Band believed in an earth-based spiritual practice that taught that all things in the world were connected and all things including animals, plants, and even rocks had a spirit. They called their religion Midewiwin. A modern term is Shamanism. They called their leaders a Mide (Shaman). Rev. Cockran did convert Peguis and many of his people to Christianity. They began to dress in European style clothing and lived in log houses similar to settler’s houses. The community prospered with the building of several homes, barns, outbuildings, a blacksmith shop, a church, and a school. The people cultivated several acres of land into wheat fields and potato crops and they raised cattle, sheep, and horses. The community extended along both sides of Red River. Treaty One After Manitoba became a province, the Canadian government began land negotiations with First Nations people in the region. Many First Nations peoples did not understand the concept of owning land or Confederation. Nor did they speak or write the English language. This put them at a great disadvantage in negotiations with the new Canadian Government. However, the government moved along in its plan to make room for the railway, European-Canadian settlement and industry. With the First Nations people, the government created a Treaty - a formal and legal agreement with promises and commitments made between the government and the First Nations peoples of the region. Treaty One Negotiations Click to enlarge The Canadian government did not acknowledge the land agreement made between Chief Peguis and Lord Selkirk fifty-three years earlier. Instead, the government, on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen of England, began new negotiations and they re-surveyed the land. They established new boundaries to create the first post-Confederation treaty called, Treaty One. It stated the government would receive large tracts of land throughout the province of Manitoba. First Nations peoples received lands as well but much smaller tracts referred to as Reservations. This began the Reservation system in western Canada. Red Eagle/Henry Prince Click to enlarge Chief Peguis had died by the time Treaty One came into effect. His son Mis-koo-kenew (Red Eagle) – (Christian name Henry Prince), represented the Peguis/St. Peter’s Band. He signed Treaty One on 3 August 1871 at Lower Fort Garry. Several other chiefs representing the Bands of Brokenhead, Long Plain, Roseau River, Sagkeeng, Swan Lake, and Sandy Bay also signed Treaty One. Treaty One stated that members of the Peguis/St. Peter’s Band were entitled to, "so much of land on both sides of the Red River, beginning at the south line of St. Peter’s Parish, as will furnish one hundred and sixty acres for each family of five.” 6 The new southern boundary of Peguis/St. Peter’s Reserve began slightly south of Sugar Point, the thumb-like piece of land that sticks out into the river near modern-day Selkirk Golf Club. Residents of East/West Selkirk During the time of Confederation, residents of the east/west Selkirk region were a multi-cultural group of First Nations, Métis/half-breed peoples, and European immigrants. Saulteaux/Ojibway People Immigrated from eastern Canada near Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario) in the late 18th century Settled at Netley Creek and then St. Peter’s Settlement Chief Peguis was the leader of the Band Belonged to Peguis/St. Peter’s Band Traded furs and goods with the North West Company and the Hudson’s Bay Company Some women formed marital unions with French fur traders. They are the ancestors of the Métis people Cree Peoples Lived on the Plains, Forests, and Swampy regions Immigrated from the north, from places like Norway House, York Factory, and Churchill River Traded furs and goods with the Hudson’s Bay Company mostly Some women formed marital unions with Scottish and English fur traders. Others called their children Half-breeds and/or mixed-bloods Métis/Half-breed A mix of First Nation and European ancestry Many Métis/half-breed people resided in the Selkirk area and north toward Lake Winnipeg Non-indigenous peoples Winnipeg was once called Red River Settlement. East and west Selkirk were the northern extension of Red River Settlement. Manitoba became a province on 12 May 1870. Louis Riel fought for the rights of the Métis people. Peguis was a Saulteaux chief, also called the Cut-Nose Chief, because he had part of his nose bitten off. The first post-Confederation Treaty, Treaty One, was signed on 3 August 1871 as Lower Fort Garry. British North American Act (BNA): The BNA Act is the base document for the Canadian Constitution CPR: Canadian Pacific Railway cree: A First Nations person confederation: a union of alliance of provinces or states first nations: people native or belonging naturally to a place Fort Garry: A Hudson’s Bay Company fur trade post built at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine River in the early 1800s half-breed: People of First Nations and European heritage, primarily of English or Scottish fathers and Cree mothers Hudson’s Bay Company: English based fur-trade company that built fur-trade posts on the coasts of James and Hudson Bay. Its early headquarters was at York Factory on Hudson Bay. It hired only men, primarily of Scottish and English heritage who married Cree woman from North America. It is the oldest commercial corporation in North America. immigrants: people who moved to a new country King Charles: King of England (1630-1685) reigned over England, Scotland, and Ireland Métis: People of First Nations and European heritage, primarily from French fathers and Saulteaux (Ojibway) mothers. Queen Victoria: Queen of England (1819-1901) was the Queen of England and Ireland from 1837 until her death in 1901. Red River Settlement: precursor of Winnipeg reservation: An area of land owned and managed by a community of First Nations peoples Rupert’s Land : the name given to most of western Canada by King Charles II in 1670 scrip: A term used to describe a certificate or voucher that shows the bearer’s right to something. For example land. treaty: A formal and legal agreement with promises and commitments made between two groups of peoples. End Notes George M. Grant, Ocean to Ocean: Sandford Fleming’s Expedition Through Canada in 1872, p. 66 [Back to footnote] Donna G. Sutherland, Nahoway: A Distant Voice, p 51-52 [Back to footnote] Métis National Council at: http://tomcat.sunsite.ualberta.ca/MNC/scrip1.jsp [Back to footnote] Métis National Council at: http://tomcat.sunsite.ualberta.ca/MNC/scrip1.jsp also see: D. Bruce Sealey and Antoine S. Lussier, The Métis Canada’s Forgotten People [Back to footnote] Donna G. Sutherland Peguis: A Noble Friend, p. 64 [Back to footnote] Treaty Relations Commission of Manitoba on-line at: http://www.trcm.ca/ [Back to footnote] Publications Grant, George M., Ocean to Ocean: Sandford Fleming’s Expedition Through Canada in 1872 (Toronto: Prospero Books, 2000) Hallowell, Irving A., (edited with preface and foreword by Jennifer S. H. Brown), The Ojibwa of Berens River (Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1992) Mercredi Ovide & Turpel, Mary In the Rapids: Navigating the Future of First Nations (Toronto: Viking, 1993) Peers, Laura The Ojibway of Western Canada 1780 to 1879 (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1994) Potyondi, Barry, Selkirk: The First Hundred Years 1882-1982 (1981) Sealey, D. Bruce and Lussier, Antoine S., The Métis: Canada’s Forgotten People (Pemmican Publications: Winnipeg, 1975) Sutherland, Donna G. Peguis: A Noble Friend (St. Andrews: Chief Peguis Heritage Park Inc, 2003) Sutherland, Donna G. Nahoway: A Distant Voice (Petersfield: White Buffalo Books, 2008) Websites Local and Provincial Items, Manitoban and Northwest Herald Newspaper, 3 August 1872, On-line at: www.Manitobica.ca Manitoba Act at “Encyclopedia, The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada at: By Donna Sutherland Timeline: About 8000 Years Ago: Lake Agassiz A huge body of water covered the lands of St. Clements about 8000 years ago. Scientists suggest it formed about 14,000 years ago from the melting of a continental ice sheet. When the glacial lake drained, its sediments formed the rich farmland of the Red River valley and left behind Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Manitoba. In 1879, scientists called the great lake, Lake Agassiz - after Louis Agassiz, the first person to recognize that glacial action formed the lake. 1 At its height, the lake covered 440,000 square kilometres, larger than any lake in the world. What is Archaeology? An archaeological dig site. Archaeology is the study of ancient cultures. Archaeologists are the people who study ancient cultures. Archaeologists excavate and analyze physical remains contained in the layers of soil set by natural processes. Each layer of soil contains artifacts that belong to the people who occupied the site at that time. Layers of soil also hold clues to environmental conditions and changes over time. The First Peoples of St. Clements Archaeology tells us that after Lake Agassiz receded people and animals began to migrate to the region of Lockport and surrounding areas. Archaeologists have uncovered animal bones and stone tools dating back 3000 years ago. Those early residents followed migrating animals, birds, and fish to the region in certain seasons. Why did they choose the Lockport area? Some reasons include: They came from other regions that no longer supplied their needs They followed herds of bison or other large game to the region The landscape and environment supplied their needs The fast flowing water at Lockport, below a set of rapids, was ideal for fishing The bedrock near the rapids supplied stone for making tools Growing corn or other crops was possible in the fertile soil (Lockport has the oldest evidence of pre-European farming in Manitoba) Based on archaeology done near Lockport, remains from four distinct prehistoric cultures have been discovered in the region. Larter Culture Archaeologists refer to the first prehistoric culture as Larter Culture. Radiocarbon dating shows the people of Larter Culture lived in the region from between 1000 B.C to 200 B.C. This is a period in time called the late archaic or late middle prehistoric period. One of the first discoveries of this culture happened in 1951 at a site 7 kilometres south of Lockport (Parkdale, Manitoba) near Larter’s golf course, hence the name. 2 The culture used a distinctive barbed projectile point that archaeologists termed, Larter Tanged. It has been uncovered in various sites throughout Manitoba. 3 The people of Larter culture were nomadic travellers of the Great Plains (grasslands). Bison (buffalo) bones are prominent in their ancient campsites, but various kinds of fish bones and the pits of wild plants are also common. Archaeologists suggest those early hunters worked in groups to drive bison herds over a high riverbank where they would fall and be easily killed using an atlatl (spear). Larter people used all parts of the bison "The majority of artifacts found are made of stone." Importance of Bison Larter people used all parts of the bison: Its outer coat was used for clothing, rugs, and tent coverings Its bones were made into tools, utensils, and perhaps weapons Its internal organs were dried and made into containers to carry water The meat from one bison fed a large group of people and it was prepared in a few different ways: Smoking – thin slices of meat hung over a drying rack near a fire under the sun until it cured. Roasting - pieces of meat was speared with a stick and held over a fire Baking – meat was placed on top of smoldering embers in the earth then covered with damp grass. Boiling - The ancients used the stomach lining of the bison to waterproof a hole in the earth and poured water in the hole. They heated stones in a nearby fire, and when the stones became hot, the people placed the stones into the water, and then added the meat to the water to cook it. Larter Artifacts To date no ceramics, birch bark canoes, or bow/arrows have been uncovered in Larter Culture sites. The majority of artifacts found are made of stone. According to Manitoba Historic Resources, artifacts include: the distinctive corner-notch dart points (distinctive barbed projectile point) knives scraping tools and punches for the preparation of leather items gravers for incising wood and bone, chisels, and hammer stones 4 Artifacts related to Larter culture have been uncovered across the Great Plains from Alberta to the Ontario/Manitoba border. All traces of them vanished at about 200 B.C. First Peoples, Manitoba Historic Resources Larter Culture people: used animal bones for tools, utensils, and weapons used bison fur for rugs, blankets, tent coverings, clothing used bison sinew for sewing used bison dung for fires used atlatl – spear throwers Laurel Culture Archaeological evidence shows that after the Larter Culture vanished, people of a new culture took up residency in the St. Clements region. Archeologists call them Laurel Culture. The people arrived in the region from between 200 B.C. and 1000 A. D. Referred to as a middle woodland ceramic-ware culture Archaeologists call the culture Laurel because some of the first artifacts that were uncovered from this culture came from a northern Minnesota (USA) town near the Ontario border named Laurel. Laurel Culture technology was different to Larter Culture, suggesting they were new peoples relocating to the region. Archaeologists think the people of Laurel Culture came from the shores of the Great Lakes. Laurel Culture Pottery is usually a sign of less nomadic travel because clay pots were bulky and not easy to carry. Diet The Laurel Culture did not depend as much on the bison as Larter peoples did. Their diet was a mixture of moose, caribou, deer, elk, snowshoe hare, woodchuck, beaver, muskrat, porcupine, marten, fisher and otter. They also ate loon, swan, duck, turtle, passenger pigeon, goose, and several types of fish. People of Laurel Culture depended on the rivers, lakes, and forests for their food and resources. Some sites still hold hazelnuts and chokecherry pits, suggesting a variety of plants and berries in addition to meat in their diet. They also ate wild rice. Tool Technology Tool technology of Laurel Culture is different to Larter Culture although both cultures used similar kinds of stone tools. In early Laurel times, dart tips became smaller and a transition from atlatl to bow and arrow is evident. Bone, antlers, teeth, claws, and shells served as both tools and personal decoration for Laurel peoples. They also used native copper for beads, pendants, chisels, fishhooks, and knives. Some tools such as grinders suggest Laurel peoples were grinding seed and other vegetal matter into flour. Pottery Source: Manitoba Historical Resources Pottery appears during the time of Laurel Culture. Pottery is usually a sign of less nomadic travel because clay pots were bulky and not easy to carry. Their pottery was “coconut-shaped” with either vertical or slightly flared rimes decorated with various motifs pushed, stamped, or scratched into the clay before it hardened. 5 Housing The Laurel Culture made oval shaped houses from tree saplings. They drove the ends of the young trees into the ground and tied the tops together before covering them with animal skins tree bark, or long grasses. Burial They were a spiritual culture, burying their people in mounds with personal possessions to aid the spirit in the afterlife, or the life they believed the sprit would transcend too. Some archaeological theories suggest these ancient peoples migrated westward from their eastern homelands because of their dependency on wild rice. They travelled along the waters of western Ontario and eastern Manitoba camping along the shores where wild rice was abundant. The availability of wild rice so far into the interior may have been a major factor in the decision to build seasonal camps in the region. Some groups reached Red River from the south and travelled north with the current. Others came through the Winnipeg River system to Lake Winnipeg and travelled south (upstream) along Red River to Lockport. The ancients witnessed the Great Plains full of bison. They learned to hunt them using their meat for food, their hides for robes and rugs, and their bones for tools and utensils. 6 Fragments of Laurel pottery were uncovered in the earth under St. Peter’s Church, East Selkirk. Laurel Culture people: ate and harvested wild rice used bow & arrow ate bison, elk, moose, deer, beaver, birds, and fish made pottery unearthed at St. Peter’s Church, East Selkirk vanished around 1160 (12th century) after a severe drought The Late Woodland Cultures: Blackduck and Selkirk Woodland: Archaeologists use the term woodland to describe prehistoric sites that existed between hunter-gather societies and agricultural societies. One major characteristic of a Woodland Culture is the progressive difference in the form and decoration of pottery and the common use of corn agriculture. Archaeologists suggest that two Woodland Cultures resided in the region of Lockport (St. Clements). They called them, The Blackduck Culture and The Selkirk Culture. Pottery style distinguishes each culture. Blackduck Culture One of the first discoveries of the Culture occurred near Blackduck Lake in northern Minnesota (USA). Archaeologists referred to the artifacts found as Blackduck. Using radiocarbon dating on the artifacts, archaeologists dated the existence of the people from between 900 BC to 1000 CE (Common Era). Archaeologists suggest the people of the Selkirk Culture are the ancestors of the modern-day Cree peoples. Blackduck Culture pottery is a cord-impressed pottery with round-bases and constricted necks with flat, thick lips. Impression was put on the neck, rim, lip, and occasionally on the inner rim, when the clay was wet. 7 Archaeological excavations in southern Manitoba and Lockport have uncovered fragments of Blackduck pottery dating to about 900 A.D. (10th century) Other artifacts associated with Blackduck Culture include: Example of Blackduck pottery. Source: Manitoba Historic Resources small triangular and side-notched projectile points a variety of stone and bonehide-scraping tools ovate knives bear and beaver tooth ornaments and tools small copper tools and ornaments 8 Selkirk Culture Receiving its name from artifacts found near the city of Selkirk, the Selkirk Culture made pottery of similar style to Blackduck pottery with pots of globular shape with slightly constricted necks and out-flaring rims. This pottery is fabric-impressed, a term used to describe the surface finish of a pot related to the method used to create it. 9 Selkirk Culture Archaeologists say that Selkirk Culture and Blackduck Culture were similar to each other and show a certain level of continuity to the earlier Laurel Culture. Blackduck and Laurel Culture are especially similar in that both cultures made their campsites on the edge of the grassland/forest setting, and both were bison hunters. People of Selkirk Culture lived north of St. Clements in more heavily forested areas near lakes and rivers. Archaeologists suggest the people of the Selkirk Culture are the ancestors of the modern-day Cree peoples. 10 Artifacts belonging to this culture were uncovered in the earth under and near St. Peter’s Church, Dynevor (East Selkirk). Similarities between Blackduck and Selkirk Cultures: Both cultures existed between 900 (10th century) and 1700 (18th century). Both cultures ate wild rice and left behind fragments of material goods. Both cultures buried their dead in mounds. Both cultures traded with people from distant lands. The cultural evolution of the prehistoric peoples of the St. Clements region began with nomadic peoples coming and going from the region seasonally to living in a fixed place for longer periods. Initially the early peoples ate bison primarily, followed by a culture that incorporated other large and small animals to their diet, as well as fish, berries, and plants. Their tools and technology evolved from stone tools and atlatls (spears) to bow and arrow, and copper tools. What can be learned from studying prehistoric culture? To study prehistoric culture is to reconstruct the life ways and movements of humanity throughout time. By studying earlier cultures, our modern minds begin to see the connections between and among cultures and create a map that shows cultural change over time. The things left behind, hidden by time and soil, leave a story about the animals that roamed the lands, the people who followed them, and the ways of survival and evolution for both. Archaeologists say the First Peoples of Canada were the first immigrants, arriving from Asia by crossing a land bridge that once joined Alaska and Siberia. First Nation descendants say they have always lived on this continent. They call it Turtle Island. 1100 Years Ago to 300 Years Ago Spearing fish Ke-no-se-wun:The Lockport region was important for its abundance of fish. The region lies below a long set of rapids where fish came to spawn. The ancients could net and/or spear many fish, and so they named the region Ke-no-se-wun, a Cree word to mean, “There are many fish.” Agricultural Time Agriculture has deep roots in St. Clements. Archaeological digs done at Lockport show people were farming in the region as early as 900 (10th century). This means the region’s agricultural roots are over 1000 years old. Those early people domesticated wild plants and planted corn that they brought with them from other regions. They may have planted other vegetables too that modern archaeology has not yet discovered. The soil was full of nutrients from the sediments of Lake Agassiz and the flooding of the Red River each year. Various agricultural artifacts have been uncovered on the east bank of the Red River. They include: Whoever the early farmers were, they stopped farming at Lockport sometime during the 15th century because the climate in Lockport, and all of Manitoba, changed. The province turned cold with shorter, cooler summers and longer, colder winters. stone tools charred corn kernels. In-ground storage pit Early farmers used wooden digging sticks to break up the soil. They dug into the soil with hoes made from the shoulder blades (scapular) of bison that they tied to wooden handles. They planted corn in rows of small hillocks several feet apart with several kernels placed in each mound. The people ate fresh corn and stored it for later use using bell-shaped shortage pits in the ground that were lined with dried grasses, bark, or tanned hides preventing the stored food from spoiling. The largest pit found at Lockport measures 1.26 metres wide at its base (over 4 feet) and 1.37 metres (4.5 feet) deep. 11 Who were these early farmers? No one knows for sure who those early farmers were. Archaeologists think a clue to their identity might lie in the pottery. Some pottery fragments uncovered in Lockport are similar in style and pattern to the vessels found in early camps along the Missouri River. 12 Those camps belonged to the peoples of the Arikara, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Gros Ventre Nations. Those southern camps were not more than a few days travel from the Lockport area making it easy for people to travel between the two places. Bison scapular, Credit: Manitoba Historic Resources Peoples of the Mandan and Hidatsa cultures were corn farmers. In the early 1900s, an elderly Hidatsa woman named Maxidiwiac “Buffalo Bird Woman” told researchers about early farming practices of her people. She said Hidatsa women were responsible for soil preparation, planting, weeding and harvesting. 13 Women made hoes from the shoulder blades of bison and rakes by tying a set of deer antlers to a stick. The ancestors of the Mandan and Hidatsa cultures may have been Lockport’s early farmers. They may have come to the region because of its rich farmland and abundance of large game and fish. These were important food sources in addition to corn, wild rice, vegetable, and plant. Whoever the early farmers were, they stopped farming at Lockport sometime during the 15th century because the climate in Lockport, and all of Manitoba, changed. The province turned cold with shorter, cooler summers and longer, colder winters. Farming and fishing became impossible. The people moved to warmer climates, perhaps returning to the Upper Missouri River. Woman using scapular as a hoeNearly 500 years later, the evidence reveals the first farmers in the region of Lockport and St. Clements were the ancestors of today’s First Nations peoples, not Europeans as so many European writers suggest. Agricultural time was between 900 -1750 People of this time were agriculturalists, fishers, hunters, and gathers A period of domesticated corn kernels Bison bone scapula hoes were a main tool Deer antlers were made into rakes Women and children were the gardeners and/or farmers Grinding stones were used for milling plant seeds Underground pits to store the fall harvest were dug Pottery style found in Lockport suggest links to farming communities on the Upper Missouri River in the USA Historical time – After 1600 Several groups of First Nations people lived in the St. Clements region within the time of historical record. Three of them include: Assiniboin/e (Nakota) Saulteaux (Ojibway) Assiniboin/e (Nakota) Some sources say the tribal name Assiniboin/e came from the Cree peoples. Cree elders say their ancestors called the Assiniboin/e peoples, “Assee-nee-pay-tockor Assinipoet meaning Stone Water People.They called them this name because they saw them putting hot stones into rawhide-lined holes in the ground to cook their food.” 14 Assiniboin/e peoples were also called Stoney Indians for the same reason. Many Assiniboine/e people referred to themselves as Nakota. Descendants of the Sioux Assinboine Warriors painted by Karl Bodher, ca. 1830. Source: Library and Archives Canada Oral stories say the Assiniboin/e peoples separated from their relatives, the Yankton Dakota, a branch of the Sioux peoples, many generations ago. Their culture and their language are similar to the Lakota Sioux peoples of South and North Dakota. 15 They migrated from areas along the Mississippi River in the United States to the Northern Plains in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. They hunted bison. Some groups made their camps along the Assiniboine River. When European fur traders came to the region, and saw their camps and heard their name, they called the waterway, Assiniboine River. This river meets the Red River at the Forks in Winnipeg. Archaeology done in the Lockport area has uncovered ceramic called Sandy Lake or Psinoman. This ceramic belonged to the ancestors of modern day Assiniboine peoples. 16 Jesuit priests residing in missions in southern Ontario referred to Assiniboine peoples living in the Manitoba region in the mid 1600s. Perhaps the ceramic evidence shows their ancestors lived here long before that. Most Assiniboine groups formed trade networks with the Plains Cree peoples and with French and English/Scottish fur traders after they arrived in the region. They became guides, traders, and interpreters. Some Assiniboine men provided food to European trading posts on the Plains, and Assiniboine women made footwear, coats, and snowshoes for those fur traders. Some Assiniboine women married Cree, French, and English/Scottish men. During the historical period, the population of Assiniboine peoples declined rapidly due to European-introduced diseases. Although historically, Assiniboine peoples were once residents of the St. Clements region, today there are few, if any descendants, living in the region. Most families moved westward from the Great Plains of Manitoba and Saskatchewan to Alberta and Montana. Cree: Plains and Northern Archaeology suggests the people of the prehistoric Selkirk Culture are the ancestors of the modern day Cree peoples. Therefore, the Cree people have been a part of the Manitoba landscape for a long, long time. Non-Cree people gave the name, Cree, to this nation of people. It is a generic term that is common today, but most Cree peoples call themselves names that are more specific to their environment. Some examples in the English language include: Plains Cree Rock Cree Woodland Cree All groups of Cree peoples use their own language to identity themselves. For example, the Swampy Cree people of James Bay call themselves Omushkego (People of the muskeg). Cree women Historically, Cree peoples have resided in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and North West Territories. Bands have resided throughout the province of Manitoba from Hudson Bay to the southwestern Plains. The northern Cree ate mainly caribou, moose, and bear. The Plains Cree primarily ate bison (buffalo). The Plains Cree formed alliances with the Blackfoot and Mandan peoples in the south from which they traded horses. They were then able to chase buffalo/bison. They hunted with lances, and bows and arrows, before the introduction of the musket (gun) from European fur traders. Cree Women: butchered the game scraped the hair from the hides tanned the hides, using the brain of the animal. They mixed water with the brain to make a paste that they spread on the hide to soften it as it dried. hung the hide in smoke to tan it. This process made the hide waterproof. women made moccasins, mukluks, mitts, and coats from the hides. after the arrival of European cloth, women sewed dresses and skirts from colourful fabric, much of it plaid in design. Cree peoples lived in tipis/tents that were in the shape of a cone, larger at the bottom with a hole at the top to allow the smoke to rise up and blow away. Tamarack trees provided the poles for the tipi. Tamarack trees are tall, straight, and strong. Each group used a certain number of poles that had meaning for them. Some Cree peoples used 15 poles, others 13, and yet others 18. Each pole contained a teaching, such as obedience, respect, humility, etc. Buffalo hides covered the poles. It took eighteen bison hides, sewn together, to make a tipi twelve feet in diameter. 17 Plains Cree people were early residents of the St. Clements region. They traded with other First Nations people to the south and with French and English/Scottish fur traders when they came to the region. Northern Cree peoples lived along Hudson Bay and throughout the northern landscape of what it now called Manitoba. Many Cree men became friends with European fur traders who worked for the Hudson’s Bay Company. They became middlemen for the Hudson’s Bay Company, transporting goods from the north to the inland people, making trade for furs, and returning to Hudson Bay with the furs. Many Cree women married English and Scottish men who worked for the Hudson’s Bay Company – their children were termed half-breed by others not of the lineage. Saulteaux (Ojibway) Saulteaux (Ojibway) people migrated to the region of St. Clements in the mid to late 1700s. Their ancestral tribal name is difficult to determine because they have been called so many names over the last 300 years. During the early 1700s and before that time, this cultural group of people resided near the rapids on the St. Mary’s River (Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario). There, they encountered French fur traders from Quebec. Observing the people spearing fish in the river and jumping across the rapids to do this, the early traders referred to the people as Saulteaux, a French term that means people who jump or shoot the rapids. 18 Other tribal names for the Saulteaux include Ah-nish-in-ah-bay, Outchibouec, Chippewa, and Ojibwa/y. Several Saulteaux men made trade connections with French fur traders and several women formed marital unions with those same traders based on Saulteaux marriage ceremony. Their children are Métis meaning to-mix. Today, descendants self-identify as: Ojibway Anishinaabee During the 18th century, some groups of Saulteaux peoples moved westward into the region of present day Manitoba, and many made their home in the St. Clements area. Saulteaux man in traditional dress, possibly Peguis. Painting by Peter Rinisbacher Chief Peguis Peguis is one of the better-known Saulteaux (Ojibway) leaders who resettled in the St. Clements region. He was born in 1774 in Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario) to a young Saulteaux mother and a French father. As a young man he migrated west with his Band to Red Lake Minnesota. They moved northward to Pembina (North Dakota) where they traded furs with traders from both the Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company. Sometime during the 1780s, Peguis and his people migrated to the forks of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. They paddled north to Netley Creek where they found a large band of Cree peoples, and some Assiniboine peoples, dead in their camp. There are two stories that explain the reasons for the deaths. The first story says that smallpox, a highly infectious disease with fever and flue-like symptoms and blister-like sores on the skin, caused the deaths. It spread rapidly among the people. The second story says that the region was where the Cree and Assiniboine peoples made camp. During the summer, the men went to York Factory, Hudson Bay to trade their furs. The old people, children, and women remained in camp. A large band of Dakota Sioux attacked the camp and killed those who remained. Whatever the truth is, when Peguis, and his people, arrived they witnessed the decimation of a whole band of people. They called the waterway, Nee-bo-win Seepee, (various spelling exist in archival records) meaning Death River or River of Death in English. 19 By at least 1808, English fur traders were calling the waterway, Netley Creek. 20 Glossary anvil: a block of stone used to shape other materials through striking archeology: the study of ancient cultures, especially by the excavation and analysis of physical remains archeologist: a person who studies archaeology artifacts: objects made by human hands – tools, vessels, pipes Assiniboin/e: Tribal name for a group of First Nations people atlatl: a wooden spear BC: Before Christ or The Year of Lord (dating before or after the birth of Jesus Christ) biface: a two-side stone tool used as a multipurpose knife CE: Common era (archaeological dating of artifacts) cord-impressed pottery: Impressing or roughing the surface of a pot/vessel while the clay is still wet as a way to decorate it Cree: tribal name for a group of First Nations people hammerstone: a rounded cobble, sometimes with a grove to help hold it Larter Culture: The term, Larter, was used to identify a distinctive barbed projectile point termed, Larter Tanged, found in sites throughout Manitoba prehistoric culture: Cultures before the time of written history radiocarbon dating: An absolute dating method that measures the decay of the radioactive isotope of carbon in organic matter Saulteaux: Tribal name for a group of First Nations people, a French term End Notes Canadian Pacific Roundhouse at East Selkirk Converted into the Immigration Building Details Written by Shirley Herda The Roundhouse at East Selkirk was built by the Government of Canada as a Public Works project during the years 1878 and 1879. There were more than two contractors involved in the construction. It was an enormous building built of stone and brick. The stone came from our own East Selkirk Quarry and the bricks came from the plant lying west of Cook's Creek. It was a Mr. Williams, who was in charge at the completion of the project, and it was Messrs. Rowan and Sinclair that did the final inspection in late 1879. The Roundhouse (enginehouse) was handed over to the Government of Canada in Jan. 1880 and by May, Mr. Joseph Logan, had completed installing the large turntable in the enginehouse. The entire weight of the table and engine rested on the pivot. The large turntable was manufactured by WIm. Hazelhurst of St. John, N.B. Almost the same day as the turntable was being put in place, the work on the CPR spur track from the main track to the head of the east slough on the Red River was commenced. The track was to be 2 miles long and the Hudson Bay Company were to build a large warehouse and depot for the receiving of freight and supplies, on the river, at the end of the track. What follows is a chronology of events, rather than a story, and we hope it proves of some interest to the reader, especially those now living on the land so described, and for those who have perhaps relatives having passed through this structure. For many years the Roundhouse was the centre of much activity in East Selkirk. It was not only used as a Railway Station, but as a dance hall, recreation, for schooling, hospital, church and a general meeting place. Now on with the chronology of events starting in 1898. W.F. McCreary was appointed Commissioner of Immigration at Winnipeg at a salary of $2200.00 per annum, in 1897. At the same time, Mr. Frank Pedley, Barrister of Toronto was appointed Superintendent of Immigration, as well as Inspector of Immigration Offices. He was paid $2,500.00 per annum and this position commenced Sept. l, 1897. During the late fall of 1898, Mr. McCreary was corresponding with the Deputy Minister of the Interior, responsible for Immigration: "there is an old roundhouse at East Selkirk that I intend looking up which might hold 500 to 1000 of them (Doukhobors) if it could be put in shape. By mid Oct. 1898, McCreary had not yet viewed the roundhouse or checked to see if it was available as an Immigration Hall or what the outlay for repairs would be should it be secured by his department. However, he must have investigated somewhat, as he was able to report to the Deputy Minister: "it would be a most suitable place for about 500, because fuel would not cost you one half, vegetables would be cheaper and all the men could get work in the cordwood camps East of here. " Mr. McCreary and Dr. Patterson journeyed to East Selkirk on Oct. 16, 1898 "to look over the roundhouse" and McCreary reported to his superiors that "if I think it will do at all I will send a carpenter down to estimate putting it into repair. " McCreary sent a telegram to the Minister on Oct. 17, 1898 and was able to report that he "inspected Selkirk round-house yesterday, would cost $2,000 to repair, would hold 1500 to 2000 people." Dr. Patterson and Dr. Wendelbo had accompanied him on Oct. 16, the latter gentleman was "somewhat of a mechanic" and as such assisted with the estimates and inspection. McCreary met with local authorities to establish availability of "supplies and so forth. " The building was about 90 feet wide by 180 feet long and had a stone foundation that was up to 12' deep and 2' thick. The walls were of brick 18" throughout. The ceiling was about 15' high for the most part, but in the centre where the turntable was, it was near to 25' or 30' high. The building had cost $60,000 to erect. The walls and foundations were found to be in good shape but the roof however, which was covered with a mica substance covered with gravel, was out of repair. It would require extensive repair to keep out the water. The Town of East Selkirk that day in Oct. 1898 was very much deserted and many vacant houses were evident within easy distance of the roundhouse. Mr. McCreary commented that these empty dwellings "could probably be rented, leased or purchased, if needed, to house contagious diseases, should any break out. " If the roundhouse were converted into an immigration shed, wood could be secured in the area as the gov't owned two school sections within 3 miles that had over 2000 cords of wood available. The roundhouse had four brick wings. McCreary felt that maybe two of these could house the ovens needed by the Doukhobors for bread making, etc. while the other two large rooms could be used for sickness, such as maternity cases or like nature. "We may expect some of this among 1500 to 2000 people," he said. The roundhouse had in the centre, over the turntable, a very high ceiling with steel beams running across it. Mr. McCreary thought this could be changed quite easily by adding a new floor and building a second story where three or four hundred children could sleep. ln fact, McCreary felt the building was definitely capable of housing "2000 souls for the winter. " The ventilation prospects pleased Dr. Patterson. There were windows that could be opened by pulleys, and, besides, there were 5 or 6 flues connected by pipes which used to carry off the smoke from the train engines, which could now be used not only for cooking ranges, but as ventilators. Dr. Patterson was impressed and promised McCreary he would write to the Minister highly recommending the East Selkirk Roundhouse as a building "suitable for check quarantine' Besides, the good Doctor had discovered that milk and vegetables could be secured readily in the neighborhood. Also, the gov't owned several hundred acres adjoining the building which could be fenced and used by the immigrants next spring (1899) for the raising of crops and vegetables that would be needed by the new settlers. Not everything viewed round favor with the Doctor or Mr. Mccreary. Unfortunately, the horses and cattle had been allowed to go into the building and there was fully a foot or two of manure covering the floors. The clean up was estimated to be about $150.00. While it would take another $500 to floor it. The windows were all broken and some would have to be covered up with double and tar paper while others should have to be replaced with glass panes to allow sufficient light to enter. All in all, McCrcary found the building excellent for the purpose of the Doukhobors, and being such a large structure, would also service the Galicians and any others who would come in large numbers. Cook's Creek, they commented, "was a nice little stream" running within a quarter mile of the building, "where good bath arrangements!' could be made. A view bath tubs would also have to be put in the building, was another notation They recorded. One well would have to be dug in the corner of the building and another one outside. Closets (dry earth type) should be built outside and carried away every few days for good sanitation reasons. Another advantage noted about the East Selkirk Roundhouse was the large 50' square basement it possessed. This cellar had a good stone wall and brick floor and a sewer leading to Cooks Creek. Sufficient vegetables to keep the immigrants all winter could be stored in this large cellar as well as the "ten smaller cellars which ran under the ten engines which the building contained." These smaller cellars were about 4' wide. 5' deep and 20' long, walled and floored with bricks. it was felt that about 6 large cooking ranges round be required to burn continually in order to "boil sufficient vegetables" and such for the immigrants. The heat from these and that from the brick baking ovens, it was estimated, should be sufficient to heat the building. Mr. McCreary wrote to Ottawa asking them to advise as to "what action should be taken in regard to the building at East Selkirk" for if they were to use it for the Doukhobors they had to have the root repaired and the Windows done before the snows set in. He concluded. "the inner workings could be done afterwards." The Minister quickly wrote back, advising McCreary that "there will be,1,000 of these people instead of 2,000, and I am glad you have suggested the Roundhouse al East Selkirk." The Minister of the Interior quickly wrote to the Supt. of Immigration who in turn wrote to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company indicating they were "anxious to know at the earliest possible moment whether the building at East Selkirk could be placed at the Dept. disposal for housing Doukhobors during the winter." The Canadian Pacific were tardy in their reply, but by Nov. 4, 1898 D. McNicoll of Montreal had promised that Mr. Whyte would discuss the "roundhouse project" with Mr. James A. Smart (Deputy Minister of the Dept. of the Interior) when he visited Winnipeg. McCreary went ahead with gathering estimates for t he roundhouse repairs and had received three in particular by the 22nd of Nov. One was from G.F. Stephens Co. for the 690 panes of double thick glass, 15 l/2 x 15 1/2 at .250 a pane, 500 pounds of putty at 2 1/20 a pound and the red priming paint at $1.00 per gallon, in 5 gallon buckets. The other two quotes were for lumber to complete the flooring, closing up windrows, partitions, carrying the floor over all the cellars and building of the closets. One quote was from R. Dickson of Winnipeg and the other was from J.P. Rowley of East Selkirk. The prices quoted were close, about $1,500 for material and $700 for lab our. This was enough information for McCreary to urge Mr. J.A. Smart to get a lease signed with the CPR and by Dec. l, the Minister had sent a telegram to Wm. Whyte asking his company to "grant a twenty year lease of the old Roundhouse at East Selkirk to the Dominion Gov't at nominal rate." Whyte granted a 5 year lease to the Dominion for an annual lee of 55.00. The agreement was signed, finally, in Jan. of 1899. Meanwhile. in the Town of Selkirk, situated on the west bank of the Red River, they were speaking out editorially from Oct. to Dec. 1898 against the scheme. They were against the roundhouse in East Selkirk being used as a "dumping off point lor Russian Immigrants" and it went on to say, "they seem to be infected with that dreaded disease of which Selkirk has been free from" and it will "retard our trade and discourage progress if it be known they are there. " There were over 2000 Doukhobors on their way to Canada and may be followed by 5000 more from Russia, and it was natural that considerable curiosity and some misapprehension should prevail. Selkirk once again, were getting eye-strain from peering across the Red River in the direction of East Selkirk. Another article in the Selkirk Weekly Record, about mid-Nov. 1898, was directed against Sift on and his immigration policy. Mr. Stewart, the editor of the local newspaper, was a staunch Conservative and missed very few opportunities to land a blow, where Sift on was concerned. The item was critical, it said: "There is plenty of room here for English speaking settlers but no room for foreign refuse such as being dumped into Manitoba by Sift on and his immigration policy-in a few years if this thing continues we will have in this western country people of every sect, nationality and creed. Selkirk newspaper reported weekly on the activities of he east side of the river and it stirred up a lot of interest and discussion in the surrounding areas. McCreary was negotiating with D.C. Cameron of Rat Portage for lumber needed for roundhouse repairs. The Deputy Minister (Smart) had suggested, that it would be wise "to purchase from Cameron's firm as they are probably the largest dealers at Rat Portage and will be able to give the best satisfaction." James A. Smart also wired Cameron at Rat Portage on the same day advising him, "have given instructions to McCreary to see you re: lumber for the Selkirk Roundhouse. " James Smart wrote to the Hon. J. Tarte, Minister of Public Works at the end of Dec. and requested the speedy approval to expend about $2000 on the roundhouse. He also urged an early allowance as the Doukhobors he said "were on their way and would likely arrive about mid- Jan." Mr. Smart went on to say that "the intention is that the immigrants would do all the rough carpenter work, and it is desired that Mr. Smith, your inspector at Winnipeg should have general supervision, and there should also be two or three good carpenters in charge you will, of course, name these. " A controversy was brewing about the lumber contract for the roundhouse repairs and also the appointment of taff to oversee the project. McCreary wrote to Smart at Ottawa Dec. 31, 1898 and pointed out "l have just got your wire re: price of lumber from Cameron at Rat Portage. Now I have already spoken to Dick and Banning in regard to supplying this lumber and I fear they will be somewhat put out if they do not get the order, more especially as Mr. John Chisholm spoke to the Minister." McCreary reminded Smart that the estimate of quantities of lumber, etc. as prepared by Richard Dixon (Dickson) and by Rowley of East Selkirk were forwarded under cover of a memo dated Nov. 22, 1898. McCreary went on to say, "My own idea was, as far as fixing up that building was that we engage Dixon who is an old Selkirk man, as Foreman at $3 to $5 per day, together with a Russian carpenter here named Murkowski who speaks the language of the Doukhobors." His plan was that these 2 men should be in charge of a gang of about 100 Doukhobors and that with 25 to 50 pick axes they could dig up the manure in the roundhouse as well as do some spiking of planks. Also, McCreary thought that a couple of caldrons for boiling vegetables on the site and some bread from Winnipeg to do them a week along with necessary food stuffs etc. The men, outside of the Doukhobors, would stay at the Hotel there. McCrery wanted to hire teams to haul out the manure and get wood as well as haul the lumber from the railway cars to the roundhouse. The glazing of the windows that were not nailed up could be done by Owen Davis of Winnipeg. He would also repair the roof of the building. The sewer had to be cleaned out, so it could take off the surplus water in the spring. Two of the side rooms or wings, would be first to be cleaned out, windows nailed, doors hung and so forth, so that the Doukhobors could set up their caldrons for cooking, and also sleep there at night. lf not, the CPR could allow a couple of boxcars (colonist) which they sent down with the men, to remain on that switch for at least one night until the men had their sleeping place ready. McCrery also wanted to purchase a team of horses, large quantity of blankets and permission to have wells bored. Mr. McCrery was quite clear about the hiring of Mr. Dixon (Dickson), "whom I have put in charge" and he went on to explain why, "he is an old friend of the Gov't, having worked under the former Gov't on the CPR Construction, and is a well qualified mechanic. " Mr. McCrery wrote to the Deputy Minister of the interior (James A. Smart) on Jan. 5, 1899 saying "l have already written you in regard to Smith's frequent absences from the city and the difficulty of having work carried out rapidly - if you do not wish Dickson employed or if you wish anybody to supersede him, or Mr. Smith put in charge, write me or wire me." Mr. Roy of the Dept. of Public Works in Ottawa by Jan. 7, 1899 had written to Jas. Smart informing him that "Mr. Smith of the Dept. of Public Works would be in charge of the East Selkirk project and he will see that 2 or 3 good carpenters are put in charge. " The Supt. of Immigration was warning all concerned, and especially Mr., McCreary that the strictest economy would have to be enforced re: Doukhobors, as the cost of maintenance would be charged to these people them- selves, therefore, expenditures should be kept as low as possible. The Deputy Minister had to remind Mr. McCreary that it was the intention to use the Roundhouse on a permanent basis for immigration purposes and therefore expenditures for repairs, purchases and renovations should be made with a view to permanency. He also repeated that he had asked the Public Works Dept. to wire Mr. Smith that the men to be engaged at the Roundhouse were to be employed, "only after consultation with you. Mr. Dixon (Dickson) would be a good man, and I presume you have engaged him. " The well was being tendered by Mid-Jan. and bids were received at a cost from $ 1.70 up to $2.50 per foot with the contractor supplying the casing and the gov't providing the pump. Colin Mclean bored the two wells for a total cost of $432.59. A progress report dated Jan. 12, 1899 outlined that tender bids were being considered for the wells. Putty, glass, etc. was on hand, lumber was expected within a day or two and the permission was asked to purchase a team of horses for hauling and blankets for the men. Fifteen cords of wood had been piled up inside the building and two tons of hay for bedding the people Mr. McCreary received a telegram on Jan. 26, 1899 from James Smart which more or less instructed him to order lumber for bunks at the Roundhouse "it will save space, Doukhobors can build them, buy from Banning." Meanwhile in the Town of Selkirk the events were being viewed not as progress but as political interference. Several letters to the editor pointed out irregularities and attacked the M.P., Mr. MacDonnell re: dismissal of Mr. Dickson and Mr. Lyon re: discrepancies in the sand hauling and carpentry contracts. It was quoted that Mr. Dickson was dismissed on Jan. 21, 1899 and a less experienced man was placed in charge. The newspaper also mentioned that the "Selkirk Trading Company had secured the contract for supplying the flour for the Doukhobors at East Selkirk. lt would necessitate the Mill being run day and night. " The added business and purchases made by the government in the town of Selkirk in relation to the East Selkirk immigration Hall didn't satisfy the town at all. They continued to hit out at the East Side. Very early in Feb. the Selkirk Weekly Record made mention of smallpox being discovered amongst the party of Doukhobors arriving at Halifax and of course this caused a lot of concern locally. The article in question concluded: "what do our Council and Health Officers now think of the proposal of the old roundhouse at East Selkirk being turned into a place of disease and pestilence?" Then a controversy arose over the payment of wages for those working on the roundhouse. It appears Mr. Smith discharged more men and they were requesting their severance pay. Some confusion existed as to who was responsible for paying them. Then the Dept. of the interior at Ottawa cleared it up somewhat when the Deputy Minister wrote to McCreary in Winnipeg telling him that: "I beg to say that all the expenditures in connection with the purchase of material and the men engaged on the work at the East Selkirk roundhouse to be paid by this dept. (Dept. of Interior)-keep separate accounts--The Public Works Dept. has nothing at all to do with the work except that they have their Inspector oversee it and direct it be done in a satisfactory way—they have no appropriation. We have undertaken to pay for it out of our Immigration vote. It is absolutely necessary to have this work proceeded with." Beginning in late Jan. 1899 the Doukhobor groups landed in Halifax, St. John and Quebec. Interpreters were sent from Winnipeg to meet them. Chief among them was Philip Harvey. Harvey made only the first trip, and then remained at East Selkirk to supervise the incoming trains. Pressure was being placed on those in charge to get the facility ready for the Doukhobor contingent which was in Winnipeg and another group on the way. McCrery was trying to pull it all together but was not getting a great deal of cooperation from those working on the project. He wrote to the Deputy Minister (Jas. Smart) on Feb. 9, 1899 saying in regard to the East Selkirk Roundhouse: "matters are not working very smoothly and have not from the first. I sent 30 Doukhobors down yesterday and wished Mr. Smith to go with them, but so far he has not done so. I imagine these Doukhobors will be able to complete the building by Tuesday next, all except the roof, which Mr. Smith refuses to repair. " Mr. McCrery believed that unless the roof was covered with tar paper, etc. outside, or the building was plastered inside that all the heat would escape through the roof and it would be impossible to heat it. McCreary concluded by saying that they would start up all the caldrons and other stoves and try it out before the people arrived. He would oversee this himself by going down to East Selkirk on the weekend. On Feb. 20, 1899 Mr. McCrery reported that: "the building is ready at East Selkirk except for the roof which may leak and some difficulty with pipes. We have 10 caldrons of 60 gallons each, 12 box stoves, two large ranges and about 3 or 4 small ranges. The pipes from these will all lead into one large pipe in the centre of the dome. " It appears Mr. Smith and McCreary were still at odds over the roundhouse preparations because the latter gentleman concluded: "in my opinion, the other chimney should have been used, but Mr. Smith thought more heat would be given by extending them in this way, but I fear they will smoke and sweat. lf so, we shall have to change them." The Doukhobors, about 1700 arrived in East Selkirk on Wed. Feb. 22, 1899 and took up their quarters in the old roundhouse. and the first death amongst them since their arrival took place on Wed. March l, 1899, a little girl of about 4 years of age, who died of pneumonia. The chief diet for those quartered in the roundhouse was reported to be: bread, rice, barley, butter, sugar, tea, cheese, potatoes, cabbage, molasses, rolled oats, Onions, salt and pepper, and citric acid to "sour their soup". Meat was not for these immigrants as the Doukhobors were basically vegetarians. McCreary reported on Feb. 9, that "each soul here is now consuming one loaf of bread per day, and this with a copious supply of vegetables." McCreary figured out that it would take about 10,000 sacks of flour to feed 4000 Doukhobors for 5 months. At $1.50 per sack, this would mean an expenditure of some $15,000.00. On March l, Mr. J.T. Speirs of Winnipeg a Baker, went to East Selkirk and took along some fellow bakers to initiate the Doukhobors in the art of "baking" in the brick ovens that were erected at the roundhouse. In the March 3, 1899 issue of the Selkirk Weekly Record, the newspaper kept the pot boiling on the west side while the bread was baking on the east side. "As time rolls on cases of irregularity and highhanded work are being brought to light with the fixing up of the East Selkirk Roundhouse. In the first place the contracts were let without tender then came the providing or materials without tenders and then the argument over labor—then MP J.A. MacDonnell stepped in and wanted a say in the running of things--he had a favorite he wanted in charge, so out went Mr. Dickson, who had been hired by Commissioner McCreary and the Chief of the Dominion Public Works Dept. This action was done without warning, a purely and simply political move—no reflection on Mr. Dickson's ability or integrity. " Another news item of the same day caused some discussion and debate locally: "The Doukhobors are safely lodged at East Selkirk in the Roundhouse-- enjoying the bean soup and other necessities furnished at public expense. Concessions will likely be demanded for religious, education and Munc. Gov't, etc. They appear to get free transportation over here, free accommodation, free food, free homesteads, free implements. But, the British and Anglo Saxon has to maintain himself all the way and is heavily taxed once he gets here--he has to paddle his own canoe--besides he is called upon to defend the country he has just arrived in. People would like to see "free aid" (now given to foreigners) given to people of our own race. " Another editorial comment on March 25, re: Roundhouse, asked the question: "why was lumber and material for repairs to Roundhouse got from Rat Portage (Lumber) and the Hardware from Winnipeg when we all know that lumber and hardware could have been gotten cheaper in Selkirk?" Mr. Dickson didn't help the situation much when he wrote a letter to the editor claiming political intervention caused his dismissal off the East Selkirk project. He also brought to public awareness the fact that he and Mr. Lyons (Postmaster at East Selkirk) had a disagreement over the hauling contract and Mr. Lyons carpenters. The teams didn't give satisfaction and the carpenters were not very good. Mr. Lyons had told Dickson not to use Nelson's teams nor give work to either Mr. D. Miller or Mr. Thomas, for they were all rank Tories, etc. On April 17, the Supt. of Immigration at Ottawa, Mr. Frank Pedley telegraphed McCrery in Winnipeg asking him: "Wire when Richard Dickson was appointed for service at roundhouse, what were his duties, was he dismissed, if so, for what reason and upon whose recommendation. Write fully immediately." McCreary sent a return telegram on the same date and it stated: "Dixon was appointed foreman of Repairs at Roundhouse on Jan. 6, and relieved on 24th, when it was decided to have Doukhobors do repairs. Relieved on recommendation of MacDonnell. " ln the meantime the town of Selkirk must have had their spies and roving reporters on the job still, because next they hit out at illegal fishing. Another problem was brewing and the newspaper in Selkirk reported on April 21, 1899: "We have been informed that Doukhobors and settlers on the east side of the river are catching Pike and Pickerel wholesale at Cook's Creek--as the fish are now going up to spawn. Fishing for them is illegal and in contravention of the Fisheries Act. As the fishery Inspector's Office is not a mile away from the scene they isn't something done?" Then on Sat. April 22, about 600 more new settlers arrived from the east (Galicians) and were placed in the Roundhouse at East Selkirk. On May 18, 1899 Mr. Owen Davis was demanding his payment of $200 for work at the roundhouse and questions were being asked why the labor account on the building totaled $1528.14, almost double to what was originally estimated. Mr. Davis had the contract for putting the mica roof in order. The Supt. of immigration, Frank Pedley, advised no accounts would be paid before July l, next. The newspapers were full of dispatches about the movement of new settlers: About 1030 Doukhobors were expected to reach Quebec on May 1, via the steamship "Lake Superior" and the "Lake Huron" was bringing in about 2000 more on May 31, and 1500 Doukhobors were enroute to the west by train on May 19, the majority being children ranging from 2 weeks to 12 years of age. D. Morrison of Selkirk brought up a car load of oxen the week of May 19 and shipped them west for the Doukhobors. A letter from McCreary to Pedley dated May 25, 1899 refers to the East Selkirk Roundhouse and the purchase of a tent 80 x 130. This tent was supposed to have been sent to Yorkton, Sask. but was still stored in Winnipeg. McCreary went on to say, "My intention now is to try and get rid of the 1400 Galicians who arrive tonight and who will be placed in the Roundhouse for a time, before the Doukhobors will arrive, pitch the big tent down at East Selkirk and if it is necessary to hold them over, place the entire party there. This tent will, I imagine, hold about 1000, the Roundhouse 1600." THE HOMESTEAD ACT During July 1899, there were lively days at the CPR station in Ottawa as 9 special immigrant trains with l0 lf settlers were to come west, there had to be a way in which they could buy land. In 1872, an act was passed that showed them how to do this. Surveyors went out to divide the land into homesteads. They laid out townships, each of which was six miles square. Each square mile, or section, of 640 acres was divided into four quarter sections. The townships were numbered north from the 49th parallel, and east and west from a line drawn through Winnipeg. The land act said that anyone over 21, or anyone who was the head of a family could make entry for (claim) a quarter section of land. The only sections he could not claim were numbers 11 and 29, reserved for schools, and numbers B and three-quarters of 26, reserved for the Hudson's Bay Company. A would-be homesteader chose his land and paid his $10 registration fee. Then he started out for his homestead. Once he found the numbered stakes that showed him where the homestead was, he could start to build his house and farm his land. If he did as the Homestead Act asked, he would receive full title to his land in three years. He had to live on the land for six months in each of those years, build a house on the land and make other improvements. If the homesteader wanted, he could "pre-empt" another quarter section of land next to his homestead, for about $z or $2. so an acre. Between his homestead and his pre-emption, he could farm 320 acres of land. coaches each passed through carrying Galicians and Doukhobors. The East Selkirk Roundhouse will be full one day and within the week could almost empty again. In July there were 2000 lodged at the Roundhouse. They were expected to be there for some time as no reservation had been set aside for them further west. It was arranged that representatives from amongst them would shortly leave for the west with equipment, horses, wagons, etc. for the purpose of selecting sites for settlement. Once the advance party had been successful in this quest they would send for 300 to 400 and they would prepare making homes for the balance still at East Selkirk. Trouble erupted at the Roundhouse toward the end of July, 1899 and complaints were received about Mr. Stratton who had done a lot of the cooking, ordering in of food stuffs and the ledgering of the gov't accounts. In fact, although this gentleman was described as "cleanly in his habits and has kept the office, kitchen and dining room in clean condition" it was decided to dismiss him by August sometime. Because there was no hotel or stopping place near the roundhouse, many govt officials, Bankers going to exchange money, the Doukhobor delegates such as Hilkoff, Sulerjitzky and Konshin, including the interpreters, often stayed for some time and had to be serviced at the roundhouse. A lot of responsibility had fallen to Mr. Stratton and "he has done his work well" was an often repeated phrase. Messrs. Phillip Harvey and Morrison were the only other two men in full charge and because about 1500 of the Doukhobors were staying all summer, it was doubtful if they could handle the work load. It was generally agreed that Mr. Harvey was a very qualified interpreter and although he had been hired on a temporary basis, it was doubtful if they could have got along without him. As the Commissioner of Immigration said to James A. Smart in a memo regarding Mr. Phillip Harvey dated July 21, 1899: "Just imagine 2000 foreigners in one building for quite a lengthened period without any police, controlled practically by two men, and no serious riots or rows occurring. I think you will say the work has been well done. " The intent was that Harvey be placed on permanent staff and if the roundhouse emptied a bit in winter that Mr. Morrison could handle that building and Mr. Harvey could be utilized part time in East Selkirk and part time visiting the colonies, as interpreter, etc. and reporting on conditions and recording any hardships or complaints, etc. Oct. 10, 1899 found 600 to 700 persons still residing in the roundhouse. Commissioner McCreary wrote to Frank Pedley, the Supt. on May 22, 1900 and was quite troubled about the total number of immigrants heading west. He mentioned that about 1200 Galician were on their way. and where to place them was a very serious problem. Their condition was very unsatisfactory and their amount of funding was small. McCreary said he would require tents and they were all in use and requested permission to purchase 3 or 4 more tents. A very large percentage€ of the new immigrants did not have a dollar, so McCreary stated that the families be held at the East Selkirk Immigration Hall until the men went out and earned a little money on the "Section" if employment could be obtained. very fortunately, there was still some Saurkraut and potatoes at East Selkirk and all that had to be bought was cornmeal and flour, There were about 400 waiting for work and not much available. "What is going to be done is a problem. " ln his yearly Report dated Dec. 31, 1899 Commissioner McCreary stated that "the first group of 2078 "Souls" arrived Jan. 27, 1899 followed by 1,973 in Feb., in May l, 136 came, and July saw 2,335. Four more contingents arrived in Sept. and one in Dec." He was referring basically to the movement of the Doukhobors and concluded, "with some reasonable allowance for error, a total population of 7,354 souls, living in 795 houses, comprising 57 villages, and who, averaging 5 to a family, are settled on some 1500 homesteads of 160 acres each." On May 30, 1900 a very sad incident upset the entire community when a Doukhobor child was killed by a train. The press visited the roundhouse about mid-July 1900 and found everything well under the able supervision of Messrs. Harvey and Morrison. The office was at the south-east corner of the building and was neatly fitted up with chairs and table, pictures on the walls, giving it a cheery appearance. In the centre of the building was a large space used as a reception or waiting room. On each side of this were tables and stoves for the convenience of the immigrants. Back of this was large rooms used as sleeping apartments. At the front of the building there was no fence and the road from the Railway Station led right up to the main door. At the rear of the building were found large ovens and a good well with a pump. Inside the building was a cookhouse and other conveniences for the washing of clothes, etc. Because the building was off the main road travelled, it was not so much visited by the inquisitive as it would have otherwise been. It lacked outside painting and it also had no sign to identify what the building was. That winter, the roundhouse held only about 200 souls and was very cold. Permission was asked for an expenditure of about $60.00 to partition off just two of the rooms which would be easier to heat and be more comfortable for the people housed there. Besides, it would be cheaper than trying to heat the whole building. The Public Works Dept. in Winnipeg would do nothing until authorized from Ottawa, and they moved very slowly. The Acting Commissioner, Alex Moffat, said in a memo dated Dec. 18, 1900: "Would you, if you can, hurry up the business, as the people are poorly clad and the place is too cold as it is now. " By Jan. 8, 1901 the approval had been granted by Ottawa to Mr. Moffat and the alterations were made and some improvement was expressed as to the warmth of the building. However, once April came, the roof, which required substantial repairs the year before, was even worse. By mid April, they were forced to have 20 to 30 pails spread about inside the building to catch the rainwater coming in and they had to be emptied frequently. As the Commissioner said, when he requested that this outstanding repair be looked after, "I think you will agree this is not a cheerful situation for immigrants coming to a new country, and I hope you take the matter up with Public Works or better, authorize me to do work at once. " Ottawa informed Mr. J. Obed. Smith, now Commissioner of Immigration in Winnipeg and he in turn wrote to Frank Pedley the Supt. of Immigration by April, 1901, "that the building will be ready in a few days for reception of large number of immigrants and the Public Works Dept. have, so far as I know, failed to honor our requisitions in this respect for kalsomining etc. and we have been compelled to do the same ourselves. " J. Obed Smith wrote to the Dept. of the Interior by the 27 of April and reported that the next day, they expected about 600 Galicians and that the roundhouse was leaking badly. He went on to say that now it was raining and pouring into the building, all the pails and tubs were in use and the main hall was flooded. In the hospital, bedrooms, store-room and upstairs bedrooms the water was pouring in. The Public Works Dept. had been requested to repair the defective roof but have not completed the work. J. Obed Smith was some annoyed and told Ottawa that unless it was fixed at once, he would arrange to do it. Ottawa replied that the work had been ordered but the weather was unfavorable to complete it, but the request was ordered again. A short distance from the roundhouse was 12 acres of land that had been cleared and cultivated for garden use. Potatoes and several other articles of food were planted during 1900 which saved the Dept. considerable expense plus afforded the inmates of the building exercise and a form of employment for those required to stay for any length of time. The 12 acres, to the best of my knowledge, consisted of blocks 7, 8, and 9 on Parish Lots No. 72 and 73 in St. Clements. During the spring of 1901, Mr. David Lyons it would appear was about to purchase same and J. Obed Smith was urging the Dept. to stop the sale and retain same for the use of the roundhouse staff and inmates until such time as the building ceased to be used for immigration purposes. Mr. Obed Smith, early in May, 1901 started hammering at Ottawa to get the CPR to lay tracks from the main line (a little over 1/2 mile) up to the roundhouse. There was a good grade almost right up to the door of the immigration Hall that had been laid at the time the Roundhouse was constructed. According to Smith, all that was needed was the laying of ties and rails to provide a temporary track on which to carry coaches as close to the building as possible. Smith was quite sure the authorities would agree if they could see the unloading of a special trainload of foreign immigrants at East Selkirk particularly when it was raining. The people had to struggle under their loads of baggage for over 1/2 mile through mud. Mr. Smith felt it was a small concession to grant these people who had mostly all paid their railway fare, even though a low fare, to the railway company. Around May 20, 1901 Smith was pleased to inform Frank Pedley that amongst the party which had come in via the "Assyria" the week before was a fair proportion of Germans who were heading for the territory west of Gimli and that they had brought considerable money with them, some had up to $600 per family. Smith reported that he inspected the Immigration Hall at East Selkirk on May 14, and "I found everything except the building in excellent shape, and out of the two boatloads of foreign immigrants which were landed there since the commencement of the season, only eight families now remain. " Smith kept on requesting that rails be laid up to the shed and never missed an opportunity of putting in a pitch whenever he could. He had the Deputy Minister writing to the CPR and Sir William Van Horne had promised to look into it, as did D. McNicoll and Mr. Leonard, all of the railway company. Finally, Mr. Leonard, the General Supt. of CPR at Winnipeg promised to come out to East Selkirk to see if the work of laying the track could be readily done. Meanwhile Mr. J.P. Rowley of East Selkirk along with the following men and women did a considerable amount of work on the Immigration Shed which included: whitewashing, repairing the roof, scrubbing and cleaning, painting and other repairs. The total cost was $331.27 and the work was done by: J.P. Rowley, Wasyl Hrynanik, Nestor Marzuk, Geo. Reharzuk, Wasyl Reharzuk, Nikola Renik and wife, K. Kostiuk, A. Wolanzuk and wife, D. Kostinuk, S. Sokara, and Jacob Guerillo and wife. They had 300 feet of box drains built of planks and placed in the ditch so that it could be cleaned out with hose instead of being left in a filthy condition like it had been found on inspection. The box drain was 2' wide and l4' deep. Then they had put up 260' of close-board fence to cut off the yard from the public roadway. The whole roof was overhauled and was in good order, and it no longer leaked except where the water came in through the rotten siding on the high part of the building. A platform was built and laid down at the front door measuring 16 x 20, 2" planking. The caretaker had used some old stove pipes to take the place of eaves roughing over the front and back doors. Mr. Rowley had found that nearly all the plaster had fallen from the ceilings and had placed building paper on the ceiling and held it up with laths. The whole building was kalsomined three times and the woodwork twice giving it all a very clean appearance. The bunks were repaired and other necessary repairs. These were the first repairs and painting carried out at the roundhouse since the original major renovations done when the building was leased from the CPR. A terrific windstorm about mid July 1901, caused some damage to outbuildings at the building and further work was done. The roof was still giving them trouble. It was the upper structure above the main roof which was originally covered in siding, but the siding was now rotten and although the roof was watertight, this part of the building was by no means waterproof. As J. Obed Smith said, "When there are large numbers of people in the building it is hardly the proper thing to have water pouring in from all sides." The business of the extension of the spur track from the East Selkirk Station to the Immigration Shed was revived again in late Aug. l90l when D. McNicoll of the CPR had written to the Dept. of the Interior stating it would cost $3,600 to lay in the sidetrack. The Debt. Wrote back to the CPR saying it was a more costly undertaking than expected and that it should be placed in abeyance for the time being. Good news was received, however, by the end of Aug. 1901 when the Roundhouse staff were advised that Blocks 7,8, and 9 of lots 71 and 72, Parish of St .Clements (49.25 acres) was being reserved for the use other Immigration Hall at East Selkirk. They were happy to hear this as they had a large garden that year and the root vegetables had yet to be taken off the land. The winter of 1901 was an uneventful one with very few settlers remaining for any length of time. This quietness gave the Caretaker and his family the opportunity to put the building in good order and J. Obed Smith was able to advise the Supt. of Immigration (Frank Pedley) by the lst of April, 1902 that: "Our accommodation for large numbers of immigrants at this point is ample and sufficient. The building is now in good shape and ready for reception at any time." However, with the spring, 1902, came the request again for a spur track. Mr. Smith said the urgency will be just as great this year as at any other time. He said the people arrive at East Selkirk and after a tramp for the best part of a mile, carrying all their belongings, struggling along problem water arrival much spring with their little ones, and by the time they arrive there, "they are almost in fighting hum our. " Fire broke out at the Immigration Hall at 6 am. On Wed. April 23, 1902. It was found that one of the stoves had set fire to a partition. The flames got into the roof, and but for the prompt action of the officials and inmates, the whole building would have been destroyed. As it was, by the use of a chemical extinguisher and fire hose, the damage was kept to about $200 or less. However, the records read the partial distraction by fire of the immigration building at East Selkirk. With the excitement of the fire over and the repairs being carried out, Mr. Pedley started in to work on the CPR again trying to convince them that they should "afford the necessary accommodation and take this question up with view to having such provided." Meaning. of course. the rail tracks Early in May, five carloads of Galacians were transferred west from the East Selkirk Immigration Shed by rail. While they had been stationed there, there had been a lot of problems with the water pump that was located outside the building. The pump had been condemned in the summer of 1901 but with a lot of patching up it had been kept going until the spring of 1902. There was only two pumps, one inside and the one outside. There was a great need of a plentiful supply of water, especially when the building was at full capacity. Mr. J. Obed Smith, in a letter to the Supt. of Immigration (Pedley) on April 21, 1902 said: "from personal inspection I think the pump, which is now worn out, was not still any minute of the day, and, in fact, there were always crowds around ready for their turn to get water. This rendered it impossible to use water for flushing drains, etc. and what is really needed is a wind-mill and tank put up over the outside pump, and the pump either repaired or a new one provided. " While Ottawa was digesting the new request for a Windmill at the roundhouse, the CPR answered the memo written by Frank Pedley about the request of laying a track from the East Selkirk Station to the Immigration Building. Mr. D. McNicoll of the CPR said to Pedley (April 26) "Am I to understand that you are of the opinion the Dept. of Immigration should do nothing and that the Railway Co. should assume the entire cost of doing the work? I understand that we (CPR) have already given you use of the building there for the accommodation of the immigrants, " On April 29, the Caretaker at the Roundhouse advised the Commissioner that the water pump at the outside of the building had gone all to pieces and was utterly useless. A large group of settlers were expected to arrive any day and everything was in a panic as the outside pump was the principle means of supplying water to the people using the building. imagine,2000 people and no water! On May 3, 1902 Ottawa had not replied about the pump Or the water mill and 1600 people were expected to fill the place by May 5. Mr. Smith was worried about two problems at this time. One was the lack of a pump for the water that would be badly needed by 1500 to 1600 new arrivals. The other problem oddly enough, was about too much water. The weather had been very bad, a very wet spring and the day before the new trainloads were due to arrive, East Selkirk had a very heavy rainfall. The rains had caused the roads and trails to be in a terrible condition. Mr. Smith wrote, "one has only to draw upon his imagination a little to adequately realize what it means to have 1500 to 1600 people walk through the mud and pot holes from the East Selkirk Station to the immigration Hall, nearly a mile away, because the Railway Co. will not put in the spur track, as requested. The feelings and indignation of these people on being ejected from the trains and compelled to plough through the mud in this way, makes them a very "difficult lot of people to handle," and I would not be at all surprised if some of these days these large bodies of people would refuse to obey the orders of the very limited number of Gov't officials who can be spared to attend to them at East Selkirk. " Obviously, Mr. Smith was quite annoyed with the CPR. He mentioned that the local CPR group of employees at East Selkirk claimed they had no iron to put on the grade and that the Dept. should erect a large Immigration Building at honor or some station near Winnipeg. As to the CPR not having any iron rails to lay on the East Selkirk grade from the Station to the Shed, Mr. Smith wrote, "l am advised that there is about 900' of old iron on Sir William Van Horne's property at East Selkirk running down to an old quarry, which could partly fill the requirements. " Commissioner Smith felt that if the Railway Co. wanted to do the work they would have no difficulty in finding the needed materials for such a small piece of work. He went ahead and tried to have some of the mud holes on the way down to the Building from the Station filled in but concluded by saying, "it is alarming to think that this large body of men, women and children will have to plough through the mud and carry all their baggage that long distance, and carry the same back again when they are ready to move. " The appeal was not lost yet, as the Supt. of Immigration corresponded with the CPR (May 13, 1902) saying that his Dept. would be willing to contribute $1000 toward the cost of laying the track from the Station to the Shed. The commissioner had received appeals from East Selkirk, especially following the April 16, and April 27, car loads of immigrants who were scheduled to stop there. This time, the settlers had flatly refused to leave the railway cars, and some force had to be used, and trouble erupted. On April 27 the staff remembered previous experience, so when people refused to step out into the mud and rain, they let them sit there and took to the roundhouse, only those willing to walk the, almost one mile. At 5 o'clock next morning, when officials returned to the station, there was over 100 with their bundles on their backs, walking the track from East Selkirk to honor. The roundhouse staff and the gov't were soundly roasted for having allowed the immigrants to walk all the way to Winnipeg after having paid their fare on the railroad to that point. This whole problem was repeated again on May 17 , 1902 and it seemed to be the fashion to refuse to make the long walk to the roundhouse, especially in the mud and rain of spring. It also meant going over the volumes of records trying to sort out who was who and it was determined at one point that at least 100 single men of the party had struck out walking the rails and were not registered at the East Selkirk stop over. One of the advantages of having them spend a period of time at the roundhouse was that the officials could make sure that no one was ill, no one was hungry or destitute, It also gave the people a chance to have another look at settlement areas, to establish what trade and work was available as well as make changes in money and have the benefit of an interpreter for the last time before hitting the City of Winnipeg or points west. Besides, it gave people a chance to wash, eat and rest before meeting the large urban crush and confusion in the City. J. Obed Smith wrote again to Ottawa on May 19, 1902, saying that, "If this track were provided we could put the cars right up to the building and the trouble would end there: but nothing short of dynamite seems to be able to get them out of the cars and into the Immigration Hall and it is not the best thing for our Dept. to have these people strewn along the railway track between Selkirk and Winnipeg a distance of some 25 miles-struggling under their bundles. " Letters and telegrams were flying between East Selkirk, Winnipeg and Ottawa daily trying to sort out the approval forms and money needed to lay the spur tracks. The destitute settlers that were staying over at the roundhouse were utilized for work parties and the grade from the station to the hall were placed in perfect and complete condition to receive ties and rails. It was felt that three days' work, with the necessary material, would complete the job. In the meantime, the pump for water and the windmill that was on order and approved for installation had not arrived at East Selkirk. In view of the large numbers of people that had been serviced at the roundhouse, the wet spring, and other problems, the Supt. of Immigration wrote to the Public Works Dept. in Ottawa saying, "I would ask that immediate step be taken to remove the difficulty about water supply at once. " Toward the end of June, 1902, the windmill and pump were at East Selkirk and being erected. The reasons for delay they said was that parts had to be ordered from Ont. But at last it was erected, on view and functioning. Over the winter months, not too much trouble was experienced, with the exception of trying to heat the big barn of a place, and the condition of the ceiling and roof. The roof was not stable and upon inspection early in Feb. 1903 was reported to be "highly dangerous to life and limb both from its tumbled down condition and its danger from fire. " The Commissioner of Immigration wrote to the Supt. of Immigration, in Ottawa on Feb. 5, 1903 pointing out that, "the chimney is continually setting fire to the roof; and in fact during the last season the roof and parts of the building were on fire no less than seven, different times." In view of the fact that they often had 2000 people housed in the building at one time, was sufficient reason to remove the danger. There was an urgent appeal to Ottawa to authorize the necessary expenditure and approve the work or else discontinue the use of the building as a receiving and distributing point for new immigrants. As Mr. J. Obed Smith, the commissioner said under cover of an appeal in Feb. 1903, "l think the Dept. is not justified in endangering the lives of so many people by housing them in this building, which is unfit and unsafe at the present time. " The Supt. of Immigration, W.D. Scott, instructed by telegram that the proper officers look into the matter and place the building at East Selkirk in a condition of safety and comparative comfort for the use of the immigrants. The Chief Architect of Public Works was instructed to visit the scene and look at the building. The Roundhouse was expecting a very large contingent in March of 1903' and was very concerned about the condition of the building, it was very unsafe. No instructions had been received to proceed with the necessary changes, and by March 16, the officials were reporting that the ceiling over the hospital wing had let go and now the condition was "urgent". The immigrants had started to arrive in large numbers and an immense movement was expected during the 1903 season. However, by April l, nothing had been done to correct the dangerous situation at the East Selkirk sheds. Finally, on April 8, 1903, Mr.' James A. Smart of the Dept. of interior at Ottawa, telegraphed the commissioner in Winnipeg to "take immediate steps to make necessary repairs to Roundhouse at East Selkirk-do not delay putting building in order and advise me. " That was all the approval J. Obed Smith needed and he moved relatively fast. He told Ottawa that material for steel ceiling was on site and that the cost would be over $2000. Ottawa replied by April 10, 1903 with a short telegram worded, "Yes, proceed quickly as possible. " It is interesting to note that Ottawa (Minister of interior) had been forwarding instructions regularly to the Public Works Dept. (Winnipeg) over the years and the large majority of requests had been ignored. A memo, with no date, from the Deputy Minister of the Interior addressed to Smith, then the Commissioner of Immigration in Winnipeg makes mention of this lack of cooperation that East Selkirk had experienced since the beginning when the Roundhouse was turned into an Immigration Hall. The memo says in part: "regarding the repairs to the Selkirk building, I may say that I do not care anything at all about the Public Works Dept. as I do not think that they will undertake to pay for any repairs we may do, so we will have to pay for this ourselves. Regarding any further repairs that are necessary, while the Dept. may give the Public Works a chance to do it, if they do not undertake it, in a reasonable time, we propose to carry it our ourselves. This should have been done with regard to the roundhouse long ago " Toward the end of March 1903, at least five carloads of immigrants arrived at the roundhouse to take up their abode for a time and by late April, about 2000 more arrived, occupying about 27 coaches. On Aug. 5, 1903 the immigration Dept. got wind of some land (about 100 acres) that was to be put up for public auction adjoining the 48 acres being used by the roundhouse staff in East Selkirk for the production of food stuff and feed. The Van Horne Farm was used as an example and mentioned that East Selkirk supplied incidental farm hands for use on that farm and they thought the long range plans were to run an Instruction Farm in conjunction with the immigration Building: “I understood it was the Deputy Minister idea that sooner or later the Dept. would consider the necessity or advisability of having some farm near at the hand where experienced or newcomers desiring information on actual farming operation might obtain the knowledge they desire. The Dept. of interior and the Immigration Branch were hesitant in replying. The Supt. Of immigration stated that in his impression they should attend strictly to immigration work, as it is about all we can manage successfully.” The reply was received by Aug. 19, 1930 and W.D. Scott the Supt. Of Immigration advised Commissioner J. Smith that about increase the size of the landholding in East Selkirk, “ I have discussed this matter with the Deputy Minister and he holds the view that it would not be well for us the present time to undertake to compete with Sir Wlm. Van Horne at East Selkirk.” There appears to be no further mention of increasing the acreage attached to the roundhouse or of starting up an Instructional Farm for the benefit of the new immigrants stationed there. However, they had got their spur line and were thankful for that concession. The cost of repair to the roof, and the covering of the ceiling with metallic plates, was about $2,190.00 and when the supplementary estimates were presented to the Dominion Parliament during the latter part of Sept. 1903 amongst the items was the sum of $2600 for repairs to the Immigration Hall East Selkirk. D. Morrison had supervised the contract for the roof, ceiling and for the fitting up of the stoves as per the tenders submitted. The old building required more repairs by Jan. of 1904, because of the heavy use made of the structure during 1903. The stove were warped and twisted, until they were both useless and unsafe, so new ones were ordered. Window had to be continually replaced and new putty adhered, bunks had to be repaired or replaced, and the Public Workers were advised to complete the works as soon as possible. By March of 1904, the Immigration Agents were advised at St. John and Halifax, that there was a lack of accommodation in Winnipeg therefore, these newly arrived immigrants should be prepared to be taken off the trains at East Selkirk. It promised to be another heavy year. When the Amos Barnes building were offered for sale in Dec. 1904, the roundhouse staff wanted to bid on at least one of the building which was half shed and half stable. At the time the East Selkirk Immigration people were housing the Gov’t team and cattle in an old log shed which had been made weather-proof by a hay roof and piled up with manure on the outside. The roof had fallen in many times, and the Caretaker thought Barner’s old stable would do the trick. However, the Supt. Of Immigration replied that they could not entertain the purchase of the stable, so it was not bib on. The cost would have been $25 for the building and 425 to have it skidded into place. Things went along much as before, and then on July 13, 1906, a memo was received from the Dept. of the Interior ( Immigration Branch ) which read, “ Immigration hall at East Selkirk to be closed Sept. 30, 1960." That Oct. 1906, a memo was received from the “La Corporation Archiepiscopale C.R de St. Boniface”, requesting to purchase from two Parish of St. Clements, for a church site. This property formed a part of the reservation set aside for the Immigration Hall and they were advised as such, but also told that should it be removed as a reservation, their application for land would be considered. The land in question had been used exclusively for the purpose of raising sufficient oats to keep the Gov’t team in feed, The shed had been closed since Sept. 30, 1906 and the Commissioner wrote on Oct. 20, 1906 to the Supt. Sayings, “ the said building has been closed, and will not, in my opinion, be need for immigration purpose in the future,” An auction sale Dominion Lots in the town site of East Selkirk was held on Dec. 16. 1907 in the IOGT Hall, Selkirk. The lots were sold at an “ upset price” per acre and the purchaser had the option of the sale or 25 % down and the balance in 3 annual instalment at 5 5 per annum, interest. And at last, by early March of 1908, the Dominion Govt had sold most all of its lands in East Selkirk. The principle purchaser by 1908 were: Lyons 80 acres, Hicks 35 acres, Yule 65 acres and Frank 50 acres. The building was not used any longer for housing Immigrants and the Selkirk WEEKLY Record report in their issue of March 7, 1908:” The Immigration Hall at East Selkirk has now been scuttled and everything useful removed. A very expensive institution while it lasted, thank goodness it is gone and all the political managers with it. Sweet Peace for East Selkirk! A large quantity of cordwood belonging to Hick and Lyons is piled at the sidings. There was quite a bit of interest sparked over the removal of contents and some rumors were circulating about wrongdoings. The Selkirk Weekly Record reported that at 11 am on the 9th of April,1908 in the House of Commons in Ottawa the following questions were asked and answers given which should be of interest of Selkirk electors: 1. Re: Immigration Hall at East Selkirk – what was the total inventory of contents, plus cattle, hogs and horses attached to the Hall? 2. Have they been disposed of, if so, how? (Public or Private sale?) 3. Who disposed of them and the receipts of the sale made? 4. What has become of the Hall, does it still belong to the Gov’t? And answer were given by the Hon. Frank Oliver, Minister of the Interior as: “A report is being obtained from the Commissioner of Immigration at Winnipeg re: above question. It will be “ brought down “ as soon as received. It is voluminous and should be brought down in the from of a return.” The answer to these question were partially answered in a memo from the Commissioner at Winnipeg to G.D. Scott, Supt. Dated to discontinue the use of the Immigration Hall at East Selkirk last year ( 1907) and that instruction had been issue for the sale of the furniture, stove and other effect of the Hall as well as a team of horses and one cow which had been attach to the Hall for several years. The Furniture and stove as well supplies were purchased second-hand when the Hall was first equipped, and through multi-use, were not of much value when the Hall was closed in 1907. Instruction were issued to the former Caretaker to dispose of everything to best advantage and he did so. The team of horses which cost the Gov’t $220. five years earlier, sold for $200.; while the cow, which cost $20 seven years ago, brought in $25.00. The lumber used for bunk, beds, and seating farms were sold to D. Morrison bringing a total of $425.00. An old truck, 3 cookstoves, feed boiler, two box stoves, 100 tin cups were sold to Messrs. Hill and Nordal of East Selkirk for $72.00. As of April 16, 1908 there still remained, unsold, ten feed boilers, an iron pot, one cookstove, two box stoves and a set of platform scale. The value of the items left were estimated to be of about $ 100 And no purchaser had come forward. The Item referred to were by private sale and Commissioner stated. I am of the opinion that a public sale, cost of advertising and auctioneering would have resulted in the realization of a smaller sum obtained. The whole story will probably never be told. However, suffice it to say that many a home in and around East Selkirk it to say that many a home in and around East Selkirk boasted of chair , tables, utensils, pots and pans, pails and what have you, courtesy the gov’t. The Hall which was leased at $5.00 per year, was still the property of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company and the lease would be up in few months. A notice of intent to terminate the lease was supposed to be forwarded the CPR in 1908. On april 14, 1908 a letter was received from the real Estate firm of Walker of Walker and Frank requesting the rental of the roundhouse for Mr. George Frank who wanted it for only 5 months of the year. George Frankl had just sold his farm at East Selkirk and needed a temporary residency. His request was forwarded to the CPR for reply, and it was refused. The Dept. of the Interior received a receipt No.1447 representing the $435.00, being the proceeds of sale of furniture, stock, etc. from the old Immigration Hall at East Selkirk. The building was occupied well on into 1908 and the “ Surrender of Lease” was signed in 1909. In 1910, the building was used by various groups because this article appeared in the Selkirk Weekly Record on Aug. 19,1910: “ East Selkirk had a concert and tie Social and Dance at the East Selkirk Roundhouse on Friday last. Outside talent proved very disappointing (Wm. Scott of Winnipeg and D. Stanley McLeod of Keewatin, Ont, )but our own Miss Eva Baldwin on the organ saved the entertainment of the concert. After the concert, ties were sold ($23.75 sum raised). After auction, dancing was enjoyed until it was time for the farmer’s boys to go home and feed up the stock for breaking.” The Presbyterian congregation made extensive use of this building. East Selkirk could even boast of an indoor skating rink, because for several years the large room in the roundhouse ( reception area ) was flooded for skating and enjoyed indoors. They had coal-oil lamps for lighting and local musicians played for the ice and carnivals. The placed leaked like a sieve, and people just adjusted to the weather conditions. In winter skated and when it was dried out buy late summer, they danced and had a high old time. During the early years of World War I (Oct. 1915) arrangements were being made in various parts of the province for the winter housing of the soldiers at Camp Sewell. Lower Fort Garry, it was reported could be fitted up for some of them. The Selkirk Weekly Record suggested the "Roundhouse" at East Selkirk could be called into requisition as with just a few improvements the building could be converted into comfortable quarters for several hundred men. In the spring of 1916 it was reported that the woodwork of the Roundhouse was gradually disappearing. Detectives were placed on the case and at least 25 persons were found guilty of the theft and charged. They appeared before Magistrate Hay the first week in April, pleaded guilty and were all fined from $3 to $7 and costs. It was said that at least 25 more people would be charged, summoned and tried in relation to the same case. There were of course, hundreds who were never detected or apprehended. The names of those convicted and fined would really serve no purpose here, because twice as many got away with even more. Besides, half the houses for miles around, have chimneys built of the bricks, outbuildings and porches and spare rooms built from the wood of the old Roundhouse. Edgar C. Goulding, the Police Magistrate, East Selkirk, forwarded a memo dated April 22, 1916 to J' Bruce Walker the Commissioner of Immigration of Winnipeg. In it he made mention that the CPR were now selling off the old station grounds, Right of Way and Roundhouse. what concerned Goulding was that some of the people living in East Selkirk had come to him asking him to arrange to reserve a portion of the site that had been used as a cemetery. It appears that about 75 to 80 people had been interred there during the use of the building. And the East Selkirk residents were anxious to keep the cemetery plot reserved from the sale and preserved. Mr. Morrison confirmed what Goulding related and the site was placed on a sketch and marked Graves. By May, 1916 the Deputy Minister of the interior , Mr. w. D. Scoter, was viewing the memo, the sketch and the request that the burial plot be reserved from the sale of lands. Mr. Scott reviewed the case and was somewhat puzzled and at a loss to understand how it came to be that a cemetery was allocated Without any authorization. There was nothing on file relating to the subject and he suggested that this particular feature of the case be looked into. He had reviewed the lease and noted no provision made for any part of the property to be used as a cemetery. He did note however, that blocks 7, 8 and 9, ('7'792 and 7793 and 7794) were reserved for cultivation purposes. From the sketch it was hard to tell if the cemetery was located upon the gov't land reserved for cultivation or upon the lot belonging to the CPR and adjoining the roundhouse. The sketch would indicate that the burial plot was on the CPR property. The Land Patents Branch of the Dept. of the interior were involved with the search by the end of May, 1916 and informed Mr. W.W. Cory, Deputy Minister, that it the cemetery sites were within either the CPR station grounds or within Lots 7, 8, and 9 that these parcels had all passed from the Control of the Crown. Lot 7 was patented under a time Sale to David Lyons on Nov. 23, 1911 and Lots 8 and 9 were patented under Time Sale to E.P. Hickes on Oct. 1, 1910. it was suggested that if there were people living in the area who had relatives buried in this cemetery plot, that they correspond with the CPR or the private owners and negotiate for the burial grounds in question. When Joe Stoban was working on the land in connection with his blacksmith shop he unearthed some tombstones and graves on his property, according to Fred Kordalchuk. The controversy over the old school building in the Village of East Selkirk erupted during the summer of 1916. The structure was built in 1880/81 and had been repaired to death and the Dept. of Education had condemned it as being unfit for school purposes and it was very overcrowded. However, the locals were allowed to continue using it until they built another one. They did so reluctantly. The tenders were called by Oct. 2, 1916 and work was started by Oct. 12. The school was to be four rooms and would be built from stone taken from the old Roundhouse. So during the fall of 1916 and over the winter months. stone was hauled to the school site and used in the construction of the new Happy Thought School, which was formally opened on Monday, Feb. 5, 1917., The stonework of the Roundhouse was dismantled and the contractors building the school would pick and choose what they wanted. Teams and wagons would haul it to the job (school) site where the stonemasons fashioned the building. Fairly soon the roundhouse site was a rubble. It has been said that almost everybody within walking distance of East Selkirk had "filched" something from the Roundhouse building and property while it was still standing. Houses, all of a sudden, sprouted brick chimneys, storm porches got built with fine planking, extra rooms and additions to houses became the fashion. The cattle, horse, pig and chicken. were enjoying new quarters and never had it so good, Older buildings around town ceased their constant leaking by the installation of tin sheeting "filched" from the roundhouse. You might say the whole town and surrounding countryside had taken on a new appearance, courtesy the federal gov't and the Canadian Pacific Railway. The old stone Happy Thought School, which was fashioned from the roundhouse stone, was sold in 1983 back to the R.M. of St. Clements for $1.00. it had stood vacant for a number of years and looked, not unlike how the roundhouse must have looked, many years before, with its broken windows and unkept appearance. The tracks that came almost right up to the round house were left in their former location and were used for loading cordwood and supplies etc. for Winnipeg. The two store keepers in town traded groceries and supplies in exchange, for wood and also potatoes. Eventually, the tracks were no longer used, and were lifted and taken away. The immediate roundhouse property was bought by the CPR station agent then sold to Waluk's and finally to Les Mazur, and it has experienced much division of title. In conclusion, it is to be hoped that we have preserved some of the early history with the recording of this account. Endnotes: 1. Public Archives o Canada, Files of the Department of the interior. 1898 to 1916. 2. Selkirk Weekly Records Issues. 1E97 to 1916. 3. Interviews, 1982 and 1983. # Selkirk Culture This farming by the aboriginal peoples, although limited, “represents the earliest known evidence of farming on the Canadian prairies, and the northernmost expressions of pre-European horticulture on the North American Continent” (First Farmers in the Red River Valley - Signage). The last group of prehistoric peoples to live along the northern Red River was called the Selkirk Culture. They are the ancestors of the modern Cree Indians. They were dominant along the Red River all the way from Lockport to north of Selkirk. Archeological evidence concerning these peoples was discovered during a restoration project of St. Peter’s Church in East Selkirk, Manitoba. One stage of the restoration project involved the removal of the deteriorating flooring within the church. While removing the flooring, traces of early aboriginal lifestyles were found dating back nearly 800 years ago. After digging a mere one metre below the surface, they found fragments of pottery, stone tools, bison bones and traces of a hearth or fire pit. There were also fragments of Selkirk Culture pottery found dating back between 800 and 1750 A.D. The Selkirk Culture lived in the region until around 300 years ago, when the European fur trade began in this region. Kenosewun (ke-no’-se-wun), which is a Cree word meaning There are many fishes, is a fitting name to the Lockport site which was settled for its abundance of fish and wildlife. It is because of these resources that our municipal area was a wonder of activity, long before history was ever recorded. Article written by Jared Laberge St. Clements Heritage Advisory Committee – 08/01/2007 Archives of Manitoba. Kenosewun Museum. Museum Signage. Lockport, 2007. Archives of Manitoba. Kenosewun Park Trail. Historical Signage. Lockport, 2007. Manitoba Culture, Heritage and Citizenship. First Farmers In The Red River Valley. Manitoba: Historic Resources, 1994. Manitoba Culture, Heritage and Citizenship. Manitoba’s First Explorers. Manitoba: Historic Resources, 1992. Manitoba Culture, Heritage and Citizenship. The Prehistory of the Lockport Site. Manitoba: Historic Resources, 1985. McLeod, K. David. Land Below The Forks, Archeology, Prehistory and History of the Selkirk and District Planning Area. Manitoba: Historic Resources, 1987. Petch, Virginia. St. Peter’s Dynevor Heritage Resources Impact Assessment. Personal E-mail. 2002. From The Land of Pain To The Land Of Promise From The Land of Pain To The Land Of Promise Prehistoric Inhabitants of Lockport and St. Clements By Jared Laberge Around the time that ancient Greece was rising to power, Lockport and St. Clements were part of a bountiful region of hunting, fishing, and trading. Long before European explorers reached the Red River valley, around the time that ancient Greece was rising to power, Lockport and St. Clements were part of a bountiful region of hunting, fishing, and trading.“For the 3000 years before recorded history, native peoples came here to camp, hunt, and fish.” (Kenosewun Museum - Signage) Wisconsin Glacier Era and Lake Agassiz Map of glacier boundaries over North America in the Wisconsin era From 70,000 to 10,000 years ago, 97% of Canada was covered with ice. This continental glacier, known as the Wisconsin glacier era, made life in most areas of North America uninhabitable. However, around 10,000 years ago, when the glacier began to recede, much rich and fertile land was uncovered. With the melting of this glacier, endless amounts of water were deposited on the earth. By 8000 BC, current day St. Clements was covered by the waters of Glacial Lake Agassiz, the largest freshwater lake on the continent. Although first explorers began arriving in Manitoba as early as 11,000 years ago, it was not until 6300-6000 BC that St. Clements’ region dried enough to become habitable. The First People How do we know this? Archeology provides the information. Archeology is the study of previous ways of life by analyzing all types of natural surroundings, and preserved objects, and mentally recreating a cultural lifestyle. Through archeology, it is estimated that First Nations explorers may have traveled the Selkirk area anywhere from 6500-5500 BC. However, more established bands were not present in the area until near 1000 BC, when they arrived in present day Lockport. Archeological surveys done in the 1980s revealed much historic evidence of aboriginal settlement at the Lockport area. But why was Lockport such a favourable site? Early European accounts of bison sightings describe herds of thousands, which took three days to pass. Before the Lockport dam was completed in 1910, this area along the Red River was home to the St. Andrews Rapids. These rapids, falling over 15 feet in a 16-kilometer distance, attracted hunters over 300 years ago. Huge herds of bison came to cross the river at the shallow waters. The fast moving waters over the rapids was also an “ideal spawning and feeding ground for fish [… and the bedrock of the rapids] provided people with large quantities of stone for making tools” (Bringing It All Together - Signage). Spring floods, which were more common at the time, spilled nutrients onto the surrounding soil, making the land very fertile. An archeological dig site Before 200 BC, the climate of the area was wetter and cloudier than today, with cooler summers, and more severe winter storms and spring flooding. The present-day forests had not reached our municipality, and the landscape was completely grassland. The First People: The Larter Culture Prehistory of this region is marked by specific cultural groups arriving/leaving the land. The first included the Larter Culture, which existed from 1000 – 200 BC. They were named for the family whose property held evidence of the early peoples, discovered in 1951. They were the first group of people to occupy the Lockport area. Being nomadic people, their tools and houses were easily assembled/disassembled and transferred. The main purpose for coming here was because they “followed the bison to the shelter of the Red River Valley in the winter months. Bison bones and corner-notched dart points at the site show this” (Larter Culture - Signage). Drawing of bison hunters and scenes from the Larter culture Importance of Bison Bison were very important to the Larter Culture. Early European accounts of bison sightings describe herds of thousands, which took three days to pass. The bison had many uses to the First Nations peoples. Its hide “was used for blankets, garments, boats, ropes and housing. The hoofs produced glue, and its sinews were used for bowstrings and twine. The meat was cut in strips and dried, and mixed with marrow and suet to create pemmican. The bones could be used for weapons and tools […]. Even the bison’s droppings were used as fuel for fires” (Silent Thunder - Signage). To the First Nations peoples, the buffalo was also more than just a resource. “The buffalo was a part of us, his flesh and blood being absorbed by us until it became our own flesh and blood. Our clothing, our tipis, everything we needed for life came from the buffalo’s body. It was hard to say where the animal ended and the man began” - John [Fire] Lame Deer, Sioux medicine man, 1972 (Silent Thunder – Signage). The Laurel Culture Following the Larter Culture, was the arrival of the Laurel Culture. The Laurel Culture was present on the Lockport site from 200 BC – 1000 AD. They were named for the Minnesota town where fragments of their pottery were found. The Laurel Culture also commonly developed campsites, allowing them to stay longer than the previous nomadic Larters. Importance of Fishing As the Lockport grasslands gradually turned into mixed forests, Great Lakes First Nations peoples began arriving. With them came new technologies, like the “bow and arrow, birchbark canoes, and a knowledge of ceramics” (Laurel Culture - Signage). They harvested wild rice, hunted and fished.The Laurel Culture also commonly developed campsites, allowing them to stay longer than the previous nomadic Larters. The Lockport area contained extensive historic evidence of these people.Several burial mounds were found near Lockport, decorated with items that may have been of value in the afterlife. It is evident that the cultures lived in numerous locations, with seasonal camps; their pottery fragments have been discovered as far north as St. Peter’s Church in East Selkirk, Manitoba. To understand the Laurel community one must also pay attention to their most valuable resource -- fishing. The same species of fish were present in the Red River Valley for centuries. The channel catfish, pickerel, goldeye, lake sturgeon, suckers, freshwater drum and northern pike, were all used as a staple in their diet. [The fish were boiled or dried before eating.] Fishing technology amongst early peoples reached a peak after A.D. 1000. One technique was to spear larger fish such as the giant sturgeon and channel catfish, using harpoons tipped with barbed bone points (An Account of Prehistoric Fishing at Lockport - Signage). Later, some netting was also used; these were gill nets with stones attached at the corners. Dramatic Climate Change It was around 500 AD that the climate changed dramatically in the Red River region, developing into one similar to today. Then, in 1160, came a severe drought. The people of the Laurel Culture left without any further trace; not much is known of what happened to them. The First Farmers In the 12th century, people in the Dakotas were experiencing severe droughts along with a population explosion. The people living there traveled north to Lockport, attracted by its ample moisture for horticulture; they arrived between 1000 and 1300 AD. Archeological investigations conducted at Lockport in the 1980s unearthed charred corn kernels, hoes made from the shoulder-blades of bison, and underground storage pits which were up to two meters deep. The pottery styles discovered originated among Native farming cultures of the upper Mississippi and Missouri river valleys. “Radiocarbon-dating charcoal and bone recovered at Lockport […] indicate that aboriginal people were planting corn there in 1400 AD” (Aboriginal Horticulture - Signage). They were the earliest pre-European farmers in Manitoba and may have had a population anywhere from 300 to 2000 people. They also hunted “bison, rabbit, beaver, muskrat, moose, grouse, pelicans, and cranes. They fished for catfish, walleye, sturgeon, and pike in the fast moving waters of the Red River. They gathered hazelnuts, wild cherries, raspberries, and strawberries as well as a variety of seeds” (Corn Planting - Signage). It is believed that they kept their gardens on levees within the marsh. Although only evidence of corn has been found, it is assumed they farmed beans, squash, and sunflowers as well. Radiocarbon-dating charcoal and bone recovered at Lockport [...] indicate that aboriginal people were planting corn there in 1400 AD. Use of Corn Some of the ways that corn was prepared included: Farming with a hoe made from a bison shoulder blade Ash balls for seasoning – shelled corn husks were burned and the ashes were cooled and molded to make a ball which could be used for seasoning Mapi’ Nakapa’ which was in a stew with meat Ma’nakapa which was corn meal and beans with spring salt Corn balls Corn bread Hard yellow corn parched in sand – better known as popcorn. (Corn Planting – Signage) This farming by the aboriginal peoples, although limited, “represents the earliest known evidence of farming on the Canadian prairies, and the northernmost expressions of pre-European horticulture on the North American Continent” (First Farmers in the Red River Valley - Signage). The Selkirk Culture The last group of prehistoric peoples to live along the northern Red River was called the Selkirk Culture. They are the ancestors of the modern Cree Indians. They were dominant along the Red River all the way from Lockport to north of Selkirk. Archeological Discovery at St. Peters Church Archeological evidence concerning these peoples was discovered during a restoration project of St. Peter’s Church in East Selkirk, Manitoba. One stage of the restoration project involved the removal of the deteriorating flooring within the church. While removing the flooring, traces of early aboriginal lifestyles were found dating back nearly 800 years ago. Selkirk Culture After digging a mere one metre below the surface, they found fragments of pottery, stone tools, bison bones and traces of a hearth or fire pit. There were also fragments of Selkirk Culture pottery found dating back between 800 and 1750 A.D.The Selkirk Culture lived in the region until around 300 years ago, when the European fur trade began in this region. Kenosewun (ke-no’-se-wun), which is a Cree word meaning There are many fishes, is a fitting name to the Lockport site which was settled for its abundance of fish and wildlife. It is because of these resources that our municipal area was a wonder of activity, long before history was ever recorded. Sources by Jared Laberge Explorers and Fur Traders Exploring the “new world” was a task that few had the bravery to attempt. The French Canadians were some of the first foreign explorers to come to the land along the Red River and into current St. Clements. Led by Pierre La Vérendrye, they explored this fertile region in the first half of the 18th century. Map of La Vérendrye's explorations Click to enlargeThe explorations of La Vérendrye have been honoured in Manitoba with a trail system. It uses existing roads that closely follow the waterways he travelled. The La Vérendrye trail runs directly through the municipality of St. Clements, hugging the east side of the Red River. It includes most of St. Peter’s Road and many residents of this area are reminded of La Vérendrye's travels by the familiar yellow trail sign. Learn more about the La Vérendrye trail Although these explorers never established a permanent settlement, they opened the possibility of future exploration into the area. The workers of the Hudson’s Bay Company followed soon after. The Hudson’s Bay Company began in the 17th century. The English King, Charles II, gave two astute explorers, Radisson and Groseilliers, a ship called the Nonsuch. With this ship, they were instructed to explore the unsettled region. These explorers made many reports about the bountiful fur supplies that were present and the Hudson’s Bay Company was soon founded in hope to harness these valuable riches. They immediately beganto trade on the coasts of Hudson's Bay and James Bay. They later moved inland into Rupert’s Land, which included the all land area that contained rivers draining into Hudson’s Bay. The founding of this company brought many traders and explorers into current day Western Canada. All of them were hoping to make themselves wealthy beyond their wildest dreams. The First Settlers The creation of the Hudson's Bay Company helped begin the first permanent foreign settlement in the Red River area. The first settlements in the St. Clements area consisted of Hudson’s Bay Company employees who were trading with the aboriginal peoples. Many active and retired traders settled in the area just south of present day Selkirk/East Selkirk, in Lower St. Clements. This confirmed constant trade access to the aboriginal settlement, located just north of their community. With little difficulty, they solidified their homes and established their families. Many European men married aboriginal women creating a new race of people. Those of English Isles descent were known as 'mixed blood' people, and often adopted their father's religion, which was Anglican. These were the predominant people in the St. Clements area. People of mixed French and aboriginal blood were known as Métis (meaning 'mixed') and were distinct from the mixed blood people in many ways, including the adoption of their father's religion, which was Roman Catholic. Today we refer to both groups as Metis.The 'mixed-blood' cultural group became dominant in the region, spreading between present day Winnipeg to Selkirk. The first settlers to arrive who were not related to the fur trade were Lord Selkirk's settlers. These settlers were refugees from the Highlands of Scotland, who were evicted from their homes during the Clearances of the early 1800's. In the early 1800’s, Scottish peasants were experiencing one of their most difficult times in history. With the introduction of sheep farming, there were many Highland and Lowland clearances. Clearances occurred when landlords “cleared” the peasants and their homes from their estates to make room for sheep fields, which were more profitable. They did not care about what would happen to these helpless peasants, only about the money that the sheep farm would create. This left many Scottish people with no home, let alone livelihood. Thomas Douglas, a Scottish nobleman known as Lord Selkirk, the Fifth Earl of Selkirk, took pity on these displaced peasants and wanted to help them. He aided hundreds of highlanders in escaping the extreme difficulties in their homeland by organizing the transportation of these “Selkirk settlers” to Canada. He took the first group to Belfast, Prince Edward Island in 1803 and a second group to Baldoon, Upper Canada in 1804. Lord Selkirk showed much interest in Alexander Mackenzie’s exploration of current Western Canada. He decided that he would create his own settlement in the west with these suffering people. He gave them the chance for a better life that they could not have found in their homeland. Lord Selkirk convinced the Hudson’s Bay Company that an agricultural settlement in the Red River area would help greatly with the fur trade. In 1811,the HBC granted him 300,000 km 2 to establish a settlement. In 1812, the first group of Selkirk settlers arrived. They settled north of the river junction in St. John’s parish and further north in the current Kildonan area. Many years passed and slowly the population started to grow. Many homes were also built where the trade was most likely to occur. At this time, there were many Métis and aboriginal peoples located near present day Selkirk. Many quarrels happened between the Métis and Scottish immigrant groups. The Métis saw the land as their territory and did not agree with the HBC’s decision to allow these settlers to establish in this territory. Violence was frequent, and it was through these disputes that the savage Seven Oaks Massacre occurred. The Métis gained much land and control in the area; as a result, Lord Selkirk sent a small force to stop the disputes. This ended successfully for the settlers, overwhelming the Métis and allowing them to yet again colonize and live peacefully on the land. # Selkirk Culture Years passed and the children of the original settlers began to move north and westward. They were trying to escape the flood plains that their ancestors originally settled on, at the forks of the two rivers. Many arrived in the newly created parish of St. Clements, which was located just above Lower Fort Garry, a secured fur trading post. This land was not prone to flooding, and relocating also placed the settlers closer to trading with the aboriginal people, in current St. Clements. In 1869 the Hudson’s Bay Company gave up control over Rupert’s Land to the Government of Canada. Immediately, the Red River area when into a form of depression. Because of the great decrease in trade, money was not present for purchasing goods. As a result, crops were not seeded and droughts and floods still plagued the region. Life was difficult for the next few years, but these strong people persisted through any disaster that faced them. After a few years, the settlers in this area were able to create a small, semi-stable economy. A number of the Scottish descendants then moved to the current day Selkirk/East Selkirk area. The land did not flood at this destination, which made it very suitable for farming and settling. Here they established a settlement under the name of the leader that achieved them their freedom, Selkirk. This was the first major arrival of immigration into the Rural Municipality of St. Clements. Originally the main site for the city was to be based on the east side of the river, where current day East Selkirk is located. Plans changed, however,with the formation of two colonies on each side of the river. West Selkirk was officially established in 1882, followed by East Selkirk in 1883. By 1884, East Selkirk included over 400 people, five general stores, four hotels, several quarries, brickyards, potteries, and a very busy harbour at Colville Landing. This was a very prosperous time in East Selkirk history. # Eventually the settlement at this area led to the creation of the East Selkirk Roundhouse/Immigration Shed. This building was the main cause of immigration and settlement into the current St. Clements region. It helped establish many other oppressed immigrants, as Lord Selkirk had done once long ago. For more information on the La Vérendrye trail, visit http://laverendryetrail.mb.ca/ . Article written by Jared Laberge St. Clements Heritage Advisory Committee – 07/27/05 St. Clements Historical Committee. East Side Of The Red. Winnipeg: Inter-Collegiate Press, 1984.	i don't know
Which newspaper has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism?	Log In - New York Times Log In Don't have an account? Sign up here » In order to access our Web site, your Web browser must accept cookies from NYTimes.com. More information »	The New York Times
Who became British Prime Minister in October 1951?	The Pulitzer Prize Winner Who Walked Away From Journalism The Pulitzer Prize Winner Who Walked Away From Journalism By g.burningham On 4/21/15 at 5:25 PM Rob Kuznia, left, celebrates the first Pulitzer for Torrance, California, newspaper the Daily Breeze. Photo by Scott Varley, Daily Breeze Culture Pulitzer Prize Journalism Rob Kuznia, 39, started Monday by getting into his 1989 Honda and driving to the train station, as he always does for his job in public relations at the University of Southern California. At noon, when the Pulitzer Prizes were set to be announced, Kuznia walked the campus, too nervous to sit at his desk. Even after he heard the 12 gongs from a campus clock that signaled the time, his phone didn’t ring. “It felt like it was the clock chiming for my little fantasy,” Kuznia said. “I thought, Well, that was a fun run.” Kuznia was already back at his desk when his phone finally buzzed. It was Frank Suraci, his former editor at a small Torrance, California, paper, the Daily Breeze , telling him that they had just won the most prestigious award in journalism. The Breeze, which won a local reporting Pulitzer for its series on corruption in the struggling Centinela Valley Union High School District, joined a field of Pulitzer Prize regulars, among them The New York Times (114), The Washington Post (47) and the Los Angeles Times (41). Theirs was the kind of win that can make careers. Which is why it seemed ironic that Kuznia, who shared the victory with Suraci and fellow writer Rebecca Kimitch, had left journalism months earlier. Try Newsweek for only $1.25 per week The Daily Breeze won the Scripps Howard Award in Community Journalism for its exposé on corruption in the Centinela Valley Union High School District. From left, Frank Suraci, Rob Kuznia and Rebecca Kimitch. Robert Casillas / Daily Breeze “Print journalism at the local level is a scary place to be when you’re pushing 40,” Kuznia said. The Breeze’s corruption series got a superintendent fired and restored physical education and summer school programs for students, but its success wasn’t enough to keep him at the paper. Kuznia worked a career path that used to be the industry standard: He started at a small paper in Oregon and made his way up to bigger publications. In 2007, he was fired from the Santa Barbara News-Press for trying to start a union with fellow reporters and soon found himself filling out an application at Starbucks while collecting unemployment. The Daily Breeze announces the good news. The Daily Breeze The Breeze, which Kuznia joined four years ago, was a welcome reentry into journalism. The daily has been in print for almost 100 years and was once known as a “farm team” for its much larger rival, the LA Times. But mediocre pay and newspaper industry uncertainty—plus his longtime girlfriend’s objection to the job’s long hours—eventually convinced Kuznia to leave the paper. “It’s a little draining,” Kuznia says of newspaper work. In August 2014, days after his final story, he joined USC’s Shoah Foundation, which fights genocide worldwide. Despite his defection, Kuznia encourages young journalists not to give up too soon. “If you really love it, you’ve kind of got to try it,” he says. “This story is a testament to the importance of old-fashioned beat reporting, by reporters who are supported by an institution of professionals.” Toni Sciacqua, managing editor of the Breeze, says she was incredulous when Kuznia gave notice. “A lot of people leave when they’re frustrated, and he was doing the best work of his career.” Sciacqua says the paper’s staff is still taking in all the news. “Morale is pretty good in here today.” Related Stories The Secret Of Success Kuznia says that without small papers, there would be nothing to support investigations like his. After hearing about his win Monday, he says he was “whisked to the newsroom” from USC, where, like a World Series champion, he was doused in champagne. “After that, it was kind of a blur.” It’s too early to say if the industry’s most-sought after prize will push Kuznia back into journalism. He says he’s very happy with his current job, and there’s been no rush of job offers, at least not yet (although Newsweek mentioned to him it does take freelance pitches). But, as his girlfriend said when she heard, “who can argue with a Pulitzer?” Correction: An earlier version of this article incorrectly stated the year Kuznia quit. It was 2014.	i don't know
In which country is Lake Ladoga?	Lake Ladoga. The largest lake in Europe. Lake Ladoga. The largest lake in Europe. Lake Ladoga is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia just outside the outskirts of Saint Petersburg. It is the largest lake in Europe, and the 14th largest freshwater lake by area in the world. Konevets island on Lake Ladoga. The lake has an average surface area of 17,891 km^(2) (excluding the islands). Its north-to-south length is 219 km and its average width is 83 km; the average depth is 51 m, although it reaches a maximum of 230 m in the north-western part. Basin area: 276,000 km^(2), volume: 837 km^(3) (earlier estimated as 908 km^(3));. There are around 660 islands, with a total area of about 435 km^(2). Ladoga is, on average, 5 m above sea level. Most of the islands, including the famous Valaam archipelago, Kilpola and Konevets, are situated in the northwest of the lake. Separated from the Baltic Sea by the Karelian Isthmus, it drains into the Gulf of Finland via the Neva River. Lake Ladoga is navigable, being a part of the Volga-Baltic Waterway connecting the Baltic Sea with the Volga River. The Ladoga Canal bypasses the lake in the southern part, connecting the Neva to the Svir. The basin of Lake Ladoga includes about 50,000 lakes and 3,500 rivers longer than 10 km. About 85% of the water income is due to tributaries, 13% is due to precipitation, and 2% is due to underground waters. The Ladoga is rich with fish. 48 forms (species and infraspecific taxa) of fish have been encountered in the lake, including roach, carp bream, zander, European perch, ruffe, endemic variety of smelt, two varieties of Coregonus albula (vendace), eight varieties of Coregonus lavaretus, a number of other Salmonidae as well as, albeit rarely, endangered European sea sturgeon. For all the Great Lakes except Peipsi, Lake Ladoga is closing. Therefore, it is very large pool 258.6 km2. (Smith and Kirillov, 1966). In this basin, about 50,000 smaller lakes, many wetlands and rivers 3500 (longer than 10km each), for a total length of about 45,000 km of rivers (Nezhihovsky, 1955). Swamps and lakes in the basin complex regulate runoff into Lake Ladoga and the water regime. River, passing through intermediate lake, leave them a lot of portable suspended mineral particles and reach Ladoga with significantly clarified water. River floods spread on the lakes. Neva not become shallow or what time of year, and it is no flood. Fluctuations in the river level depends mainly on the tide ebbs and winds. With sleeves winds blowing down the river, the water level can fall to 1 meter, with the surge winds from the Gulf level rises sometimes to a dangerous size, and Leningrad Floods. Neva is original not only for its affluent and their hydrological regime. Unlike normal river it has no real river terraces, there is no real delta. River deltas usually result from deposition in the mouth of the river of the sediment, which carries the river. But in the Neva River, which follows from the huge sump, which is Lake Ladoga, very little sediment. Consequently, the deposition of silt at the mouth of the Neva could not lead to the formation of the delta in the usual way. And Neva delta, consisting of 101 islands and an area of 83km2. Arose otherwise. Baltic Sea was once more extensive than it is now. Reduced in volume and retreating to the west of the mouth of the Neva River, is being drained coastal shallows, turning them into islands. Neva water flowed between the islands, and the river flows into the sea was not one, as before, and several branches. And received a "delta". It was formed about 2000 years ago. As already noted, the northern part of Lake Ladoga lies on the Baltic crystalline shield, the south - on the Russian platform. The southern border of the shield in the areas closest to Lake Ladoga is approximately along the line Vyborg - Priozersk - estuary. Vidlitsa - source p. Svir. Ancient rocks that form the Baltic Shield, go to the surface, being covered in places with a thin (a few meters) layer of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments. Archean rocks of the main place in the structure of the board is occupied by different granites, migmatites, gneisses, schists. Gneisses, schists, quartzites, sandstones, conglomerates, crystalline and dolomitic limestone, and tuffaceous volcanic and sedimentary rocks form a complex Proterozoic. For igneous rocks of the same age are intrusions of gabbro, diabase and gabbro-diabase. In the north-western and north-eastern coasts of Lake Ladoga, there are numerous outlets migmatites, gneisses, schists, granites, rappakivi, Valaam, and a group of islands and Mantsinsari Lunkulansari composed of olivine diabase. Staraya Ladoga, a small village on the left bank of the Volkhov. 12 km. from its mouth, 128 km. from St. Petersburg. It covers 12 centuries of national history. Even now, the village has about 160 monuments of architecture, art and archeology: ancient monasteries, churches, bell towers, houses, barns, ancient burial mounds. They are surrounded by woods, settlements, burial mounds, majestic mounds - hills. The name comes from the Finnish Ladoga Alodejogi - lower river, ie to the bottom of the river rapids. In a broad sense, this could be referred to all the lower Povolhove where no later VII - VIII centuries there was the first time.The Russia. And Ladoga, perhaps the only large settlement in the north of Eastern Europe, has become the center of predgosudarstvennoe education. Located at the intersection of sea and river routes, Ladoga was a place of contact of many cultures, affecting the development of crafts and scope of their market place. From the West were brought here weaponry, jewelery, glass cups, fabric and amber. From the East brought patterned belt, a necklace of rock crystal and carnelian, cowrie shells, gear for riders and horses, brocade and spices, luxuries and silver coins - dirhams. The flow of Arab silver attracted to Ladoga Vikings, making it a gateway for them to distant and fabulously rich countries of the East. That's a Ladoga and was designed to protect against the Vikings came from Scandinavia noble Rurik. Here he came to the princely throne, beginning the Rurik dynasty, which ruled Russia until the end of the XVI century. However, the 1st capital of Russia Staraya Ladoga dubbed enthusiasts headed by Professor AN Kirpichnikov long Staroladozhsky digging the ground. In fact, has not been proved whether the Russian land Rurik. And I certainly never Ladoga was the capital of Russia. Because Russia at that time, in the IX century, did not exist. Well this does not make the charm of Staraya Ladoga. A study of the logs used in construction of the city, 753-year suspended sentence has been called the foundation of Ladoga. A thousand years ago it was a thriving port city, transit point, which straddles northern precious furs, weapons, fabrics, jewelry ... A North shore of Lake Ladoga. To the south of the Baltic Shield are exposed on the surface in the area of Lake Ladoga Early Cambrian deposits of the Russian platform, which, in contrast to the shield, in Paleozoic time repeatedly covered by sea. Cambrian strata represented by two complexes: Valdai, developed over the place and made up of brightly colored sandstone and thin-bedded shale, and the Baltic, stacked sandstones, sands and blue plastic clay, fine-grained and so bold that they are sometimes used instead of soap for washing clothes. The Karelian Isthmus Baltic complex, no, he is only in the south-eastern coast of Lake Ladoga. The thickness of the cover of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments in Ladoga part of the Russian platform in the tens of meters. The surface of the crystalline basement, naked on the Baltic Shield and gradually disappearing to the south and east by Paleozoic sediments of the Russian Platform (in the delta of the Neva River at a depth of 200m, in southern Ladoga - 300-400 m), very rough, and she split cracks and breaks into separate tabs and Depression. In these tectonic depressions, called grabens, and depression are Ladoga and Onega lakes. Protrusions and depressions extend relief within the shield completely straight for miles to the north-west to south-east or north to south. The straightness of the relief formation and drainage alone suggests that these forms are created tectonics, internal forces of the Earth. The longer these formations, the more valid the assumption of tectonic origin of them, as the exogenous factors, because of their large number and variability, to create the straight length of several kilometers can not. The difference in the geological structure of the different parts of the basin of Lake Ladoga is reflected in the structure of the lake basin. Thus, the relief of the northern part of the valley as it repeats the topography adjacent land and consists of deep-sea trenches, alternating with more shallow areas. Dominated by the depth of over 100m. Here, mostly near the coast, concentrated and deep depression. To the west of Balaam is the deepest part of the lake (230m). The depth of depression against Kurkiyokskih archipelago 220m, against Priozersk and Sortavala archipelago 150m, 140m and against Pitka"ranta near Skerries Impilahti 120m. In the southern part of the lake bottom smoother, depth gradually decreasing from 100 m to 10 m in the north and less in the south (in the Gulf Petrokrepost an average depth ranging from 3 to 7 feet). There are many sandy and rocky spits and shoals, and clusters of boulders at the bottom (Davydov, 1968). In the Middle Ages, the lake formed a vital part of the Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks, with the Norse emporium at Staraya Ladoga defending the mouth of the Volkhov since the 8th century. In the course of the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars, the area was disputed between the Novgorod Republic and Sweden. In the early 14th century, the fortresses of Korela (Kexholm) and Oreshek (No"teborg) were established along the banks of the lake. Lake Ladoga (in the Chronicle of Nestor in 1113 - "The Great Lake Nebo") contracts in Novgorod the Great, with the Hanseatic cities called Aldea, Aldag, Aldoga and only record in 1280 for the first time it is called "Ladoga". Even in the VIII. Lake Ladoga was a part of the water trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks," so Novgorod for centuries had on Ladoga not only a trade, but the navy. Apparently, even at this time began the first attempts to study the lake and making navigation descriptions Novgorod "trade in human beings." Geographical information from them in different ways to hit Western European cartographers. The ancient Christian Monastery, Valaam was founded on the island of Valaam, the largest in Lake Ladoga, abandoned between 1611 � 1715, magnificently restored in the 18th century, and evacuated to Finland during the Winter War in 1940. In 1989 the monastic activities in the Valaam were resumed. Other historic cloisters in the vicinity are the Konevets Monastery, which sits on the Konevets island, and the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery, which preserves fine samples of medieval Muscovite architecture. During the Ingrian War, a fraction of the Ladoga coast was occupied by Sweden. In 1617, by the Treaty of Stolbovo, the northern and western coast was ceded by Russia to Sweden. In 1721, after the Great Northern War, it was restituted to Russia by the Treaty of Nystad. Later, in 1812 � 1940 the lake was shared between Finland and Russia. According to the conditions of the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty militarization of the lake was severely restricted. However, both Soviet Russia and Finland had flotillas in Ladoga (see also Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment). After the Winter War (1939�1940) according to the Moscow Peace Treaty, Ladoga, previously shared with Finland, became an internal basin of the Soviet Union. Superior mirage on Lake Ladoga During the Continuation War (1941�1944) not only Finnish and Soviet, but also German and Italian vessels operated there (see also Naval Detachment K and Regia Marina). Under these circumstances, during much of the Siege of Leningrad (1941 � 1944), Lake Ladoga provided the only access to the besieged city because a section of the eastern shore remained in Soviet hands. Supplies were transported into Leningrad with trucks on winter roads over the ice, the "Road of Life", and by boat in the summer. After World War II, Finland lost the Karelia region to the USSR, and all Finnish citizens were evacuated from the ceded territory. Ladoga became an internal Soviet basin once again. The northern shore, Ladoga Karelia with the town of Sortavala, is now part of the Republic of Karelia. The western shore, Karelian Isthmus, became part of Leningrad Oblast. Since 1996 the Lake Ladoga Challenge is an annual competition for 4x4 vehicles and ATVs that travels through over 1200 kilometers of the mud, swamp and bog that surround Lake Ladoga. Lake Ladoga at winter.	Russia
What is the name of the target in a game of curling?	Europe Lakes - 1136 Lakes in Europe 1136 Lakes in Europe Lake Ohrid Macedonia,Albania Lake Ohrid is believed to be the oldest continuously existing lake in Europe, some three to five million years old. It is also on of the deepest lakes on the continent, with a ... Read more Lake Skadar Albania,Montenegro Lake Skadar, also known as Lake Scutari, Shkoder, or Shkodra, is the largest lake on the Balkan Peninsula. The lake lies on the border of Macedoni and Albania, and has one of the ... Read more Lake Tisnaren Sweden Tisnaren is a lake in the Finspångs, Katrineholms and Vingåkers municipalities in Sweden, on the border between Östergötland County and Södermanland ... Read more Lake Ladoga Russia Lake Ladoga, located in the North-Western part of Russia, is the largest lake in Europe, the 15th largest freshwater lake by surface area in the world and the 14th largest by ... Read more Lake Onega Russia Lake Onega, also known as Onego (in Russian: Oniézhskoye Ozero; in Finnish : Ääninen or Äänisjärvi) is a large lake in the northwestern part of ... Read more Kuybyshev Reservoir Russia Kuybyshevskoye or Kuybyshev Reservoir, located in the middle of the Volga and lower Kama region of Russia, is the largest reservoir in Europe, and the third ... Read more Lake Vänern Sweden Lake Vanern is the third largest lake located entirely in Europe after lakes Ladoga and Onega, both located in Russia. It is the largest lake in Sweden and in the European ... Read more Hornindalsvatnet Norway Hornindalsvatnet is located in Norway and is the country’s and Europe’s deepest lake, with a maximum depth of 514 meters. It is also regarded as one of the clearest ... Read more Mjøsa Norway Lake Mjosa is the largest and 4th deepest lake in Norway. It is located in one of the most populated areas in the country, with the cities Hamar, Gjovik and Lillehammer on its ... Read more Lake Como Italy Lake Como is the third largest lake in Italy by surface area, and widely considered one of the most beautiful lakes in Europe. Its depth of 425 meters (1,394 feet), makes it the ... Read more	i don't know
Haphephobia is the irrational fear of having what done to you?	Haphephobia, The Fear of Touch By Lisa Fritscher - Reviewed by a board-certified physician. Updated July 07, 2016 Haphephobia, or the fear of touch, is an uncommon but often devastating phobia . If you suffer from haphephobia, you fear being touched by anyone, although some people are only afraid of being touched by those of the opposite gender. Haphephobia can be extremely difficult for strangers and people close to you to understand. Sadly, the person offering the touch may feel rejected when you shy away. How Did I Get Haphephobia? Sexual assault or another trauma can trigger haphephobia, but more often, it seems to develop without any known cause. Being unable to trace the cause is common in cases of specific phobia, a fear of a specific object or situation. The good news is that it's not necessary to know the cause to successfully treat this anxiety disorder. Most people who cannot trace their haphephobia to a specific event developed the fear in early childhood, but the triggering situation could occur at any time. Symptoms of Haphephobia An irrational fear of someone touching you is highly unusual in that it is not particularly linked to other anxiety-related conditions such as social phobia (social anxiety disorder) or a fear of vulnerability or intimacy. Actually, many haphephobic are, thankfully, able to form warm, tight bonds with others, although they may worry that those bonds are at risk due to their inability to show physical affection. The symptoms of haphephobia vary in severity depending on the level of fear. Some sufferers are: able to tolerate touch that they initiate or give express permission for the other person to initiate able, over a long period of time, to build enough trust to overcome their reactions with one or two specific people uncomfortable with any form of touch at all	Physical intimacy
What is the name of the matron of the workhouse where Oliver is born in the Charles Dickens novel ‘Oliver Twist’?	Learn About Phobias – Deep Irrational Fears Phobia SHARE Learn About Phobias – Deep Irrational Fears There are many things in life that need to cause some fear. Fear is a natural part of life – a healthy warning sign that there are things in the world that represent danger. There's nothing wrong with fear. As the saying goes: The problem isn't fear. The problem is irrational fear. The problem is when your fears cause you to change your lifestyle and run your life in a way that no fear should. When you have something – or many things – that cause you intense, irrational fear, then you have developed a phobia. What is an "Irrational Fear?" The word irrational can be offensive for some people. After all, the fear seems very real – and in some cases, there may be a reason to have that fear. But even a legitimate fear can be irrational depending on the way that it runs your life. For example, let's say you have a fear of snakes – known as Ophidiophobia. Snakes can be dangerous – there are many poisonous snakes – but 99.99% of the time there are no snakes around you, and even if there were, snakes don't bite on a whim. In fact, in the United States, you have a 1 in 48,942,807 chance of being killed by a snake. Read that again: 1 in 48,942,807. You have a better chance of dying in an earthquake (1 in 9,788,561). You have a better chance of being struck by lightning (1 in 576,000). There are reasons that someone may want to fear a poisonous snake, since snakes can be dangerous and possibly cause pain. But if you actually change your life to address that fear, you're likely suffering from a phobia. There are many examples of these type of phobias. Some of them are based on real fears, some of them are not. Examples include: Arachnophobia (fear of spiders) Mysophobia (fear of germs) Ornithophobia (fear of birds). Phobias don't have to be common either. Almost anything can cause a phobia. There is a phobia known as hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia, or "fear of long words" which, if you have that fear probably forced you to run away from your computer. Phobias generally fall into the following categories: Animal Type Phobias: Fear of dogs, cats, snakes, rats, dogs, mice, or other animals. Natural Environment Type: Fear of heights, firestorms, water, aging, or other natural phenomena. Blood-Injection-Injury Type: Fear of contamination, seeing blood, needles and similar phenomena. Situational Type: Fear of closed spaces, of the dark, of going to the dentist or other situations. Other Type: Fear of the number thirteen, fear of clowns or mimes, fear of loud noises and other phenomena. Some types of phobias – such as agoraphobia and social phobia – that are considered a bit different than traditional phobias. It's not just the existence of an intense fear that causes the diagnosis of a phobia. The be diagnosed with a phobia, you need to show one or more of the following: You experience severe anxiety when faced with a stimulus (the thing that causes fear). You experience severe anxiety when anticipating the possibility of facing the stimulus. The fear is uncontrollable, to the point where it can escalate – possibly into an anxiety attack. You alter your life in some way to avoid the stimulus. A little bit of fear may still be considered a phobia in the traditional sense, but probably won't require treatment. If you get a little scared when you see spiders but can still pick them up and throw them outside, it's still a phobia, but it's not one that plays much of a role in your life. But if you're genuinely changing who you are because of your phobias, or you're going out of your way to avoid the fearful stimulus, or you experience severe and uncontrollable anxiety over the idea or the sight of the object that causes you fear, you have a phobia that needs help. Stop What Fears You Take my free 7 minute anxiety test to get started . What Causes These Phobias? As with most anxiety problems, it can be hard to pinpoint an exact cause of the fear. There may be some evolutionary reasons for some of the fears – at one point during evolution, there may have been reasons to fear some of these issues, even though now those fears make less sense. It may also be a misfiring of natural fear. There is reason to have a bit of fear of heights, for example (otherwise you would be jumping off buildings), but it's possible that a phobia is a misfiring of the natural fear system inside you. For others, the fear is learned. Those that have a parent that shows extreme fear at the sight of a spider will often develop their own fear of spiders. Those that have been attacked by a scary dog may develop phobias of dogs. These are all examples of learned fears. Finally, a fear may also be developed out of nothing, but reinforced by fear itself. This is why phobias are somewhat of a catch-22. What happens is the following: You have a fear that you know is a bit unusual. You tell yourself that it shouldn't cause that much fear. You see the object that causes fear and experience severe anxiety. Your fear is now reinforced – your brain tells yourself that it really IS something that you should fear, and you become more likely to fear the object next time. Fear causes more fear, because fear tells yourself that you're right to fear it. Your brain convinces you that you must be afraid of something very real, because otherwise why would you experience that much fear? In the end, every time you encounter your phobia (even if it's just in a dream), your fear of that stimulus becomes even more pronounced. How Common is it to Experience a Phobia? Because there are such a broad range of phobias in the world, nearly half of the country has some type of mild phobia. But as far as those that would be diagnosed with a specific phobia, the numbers are still very high. Some estimates put the number at 11% or higher, with many more that don't report it because they don't encounter the stimulus often enough to seek help. It may also be hard to diagnose specific phobias because the person may be suffering from other anxiety disorders. When other anxiety disorders are present, the "phobia" may really be the result of other anxieties, and if you can reduce those disorders, the hardest parts of living with the phobia should go away with them. Check out the chart below. You'll see a simplified way to get an idea of your anxiety: Of course the easiest way to tell what kind of anxiety you're suffering from is to take my free 7 minute anxiety test , where I look at your symptoms and give you an idea of what best characterizes your anxiety. If you haven't yet, take the test now . What Treatment is There For Specific Phobias? There are numerous treatments for phobias. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the best tools, as it deals with the fear itself rather than the cause, which is less unimportant for controlling phobia fears. One of the most common ways to treat phobias in known as "exposure therapy." Exposure therapy seeks to reduce the way that the phobia impacts you – causing you to face your fear in a way that is gradual and easy, until the phobia treatment has had time to work effectively. The best way to explain exposure therapy is with an example, so we'll take a look at treatment for arachnophobia (fear of spiders) and how a therapist or expert may go about reducing your anxiety: First, spiders need to become less of a mystery. So the therapist may have you simply learn more about them. You'll read how they work – the percentage of them that are poisonous (hint, it is EXTREMELY small), where they live, how often people are hurt by them, and so on. You'll read these until you are more comfortable with the idea of moving forward. If you feel anxiety, you'll go through relaxation strategies until you feel calm again. Next, you'll start imagining spiders. You'll be told to think about encountering them. Even if you feel fear, you'll be told to continue thinking about them until it no longer causes fear. The therapist or counselor will help you if you feel too anxious. You need to keep thinking about them until it almost feels silly – until the idea of a spider annoys you, and isn't something that causes any fear at all. You may also be asked to imagine them on you, etc., until the same result happens. Next you'll move up to start looking at pictures of different spiders. Once again, you'll keep viewing each one until they no longer cause anxiety. If you have a phobia, you'll likely feel much more anxious at the photos. But you'll talk yourself down and use your anxiety reduction strategies until you feel calmer, and once you do you'll move on to the next one. Only when photos don't cause anxiety will you move forward. Next comes the harder step. Your therapist will actually get a spider, and put it in front of you in an enclosed location. It'll be in a cup or a tank so that it can't get on you, but you'll be asked to look at it. You'll likely feel a great amount of fear if your phobia is still very strong. Your therapist will work with you, talking you down, so that you're more comfortable around it. Eventually, being in the spider's presence where you can't avoid it will no longer lead to fear. Finally, in some cases, once you're able to be in the room with one, you'll be asked to go further. You may be asked to touch a spider or place one on your body. Right now, if you're afraid of spiders, the very idea will cause a great deal of anxiety. But through exposure therapy, you'll eventually control that anxiety and be able to have the object of your fear genuinely touching you without causing you to flee or experience severe anxiety attacks. Each type of phobia has a different phobia treatment, so it won't necessarily occur exactly as described above, but exposure therapy uses this type of technique to cure people of their phobias and decrease the amount of fear they experience. Right now, chances are this entire idea causes a great deal of fear, but rest assured that when completed in a controlled environment, this type of system has a high efficacy rate and is a great tool for combatting your specific phobias. You'll also need to control your overall anxiety, since how you feel in your day to day life can also affect the degree to which your phobias affect you. For that, take my 7 minute anxiety test now. I've used it for years to help people just like you overcome their anxieties and their phobias. References Complete List of known phobias: http://www.phobialist.com/reverse.html . Chapman, T. F. (1997). The epidemiology of fears and phobias . In G. C. L. Davey (Ed.), Phobias: A handbook of theory, research and treatment (pp. 415-434). New York: Wiley. Why Anxiety Causes a Fear of Talking The Dangers (and Benefits) of Yohimbe Niacinamide as Treatment for Anxiety Drugs & Medications for Panic Attacks What are Panic Attacks? Sore Muscles May Be Caused By Anxiety The Links Between OCD and Serotonin Deficiency Anxiety As The Cause Of Muscle Tension More... Need help with anxiety? Then take our scientifically based anxiety test - completely free (takes no more than 7 minutes). After completing it, you will find out whether your anxiety is within "normal range," which parts are out of balance and, most importantly, how to proceed with beating your symptoms. It is made specifically for anxiety sufferers, please make use of it.	i don't know
Bump, Double Turn, Potato and Tap Out are all terms used in which sport?	Fist bump \| Uncyclopedia \| Fandom powered by Wikia For those without comedic tastes, the so-called experts at Wikipedia have an article about Fist bump . Fist Props The fist bump (also known as a report or less commonly respect knuckles is a long deceased way of greeting. Evolved from the handshake, it has come from its lengthy sleep in the depths of History to social groups such as Metal / Rock Musicians , Atheltes and just plain cool dudes. It can be expressed as raising ones hand in a fist shape violently in the air (known as an "air" props), or a regular fist to fist punch with one of your buddies (regular "Props"). While the regular fist bump is typically used during a greeting, the report is used anytime to confirm a positive status between two people. It is common for the initiator to say "report" as he initiates the ritual. Contents edit History During the early 1200s in Western Europe , a major problem had arised. If you have a friendship or a certain relation with someone, how can you express this without words? As it seemed by a fluke, this question was answered. During a toe wrestling competition between two men, a dog interfeared and bit off both of their toes. Baffled, they both ran after the speedy canine (short one toe each), but they had much difficulty and soon gave up. they stopped to take a breath and plan their attack. Their plan was for the first to distract the caninewith the rest of his foot while the other would run up to it, trip it and put into a rear naked submission. It worked and soon the dog laid passed out and the two men had their toes. Unfortunately for them the modern science of re-attaching limbs was far from mastered. As the tale goes, these two men made a vow to be friends and settle their difference ,just as they both tripped on a small lizard and, to stop each other from falling, they shoved their hands out in a fist shape towards each other and they connected. As the both prevented each other from falling, they used this "hand pounding" technique as a special way to show their friendship . This quickly caught on in Eastern Europe , then the whole western hemisphere. Unfortunately, this large tradidtion was soon forcefully forgotten when harry Potter defeated Lord Voldemort and banned props forever. edit The Anti-Props Zones Anti-props zones are thin lines that circulate the earth which prohibit the crossing of air props signals. these thin lines are found approximately 5.165 degrees from each latitudial line (every 10 degrees). If you do not know what the lattitudial lines are, either look it up or wait for grade 9 geography. (Which is obviously the grade I the writer am in.) These thin lines consist of an extremely thin ray of light invisible to the naked eye. If you try to props through one of these zones, the light will reflect in such an odd way with the interception of the props signal, that it will look like you are eating small children. [1] edit Props guidlines "Pound It" can be and has been used as a celebratory offering to a member of a party who provides mirth for the others. In order to thank him or her for this often extemporaneous mirth, a pound is offered. Hit me with a pound, Pound it up, Give me some pounds, and I'll give you some for that are also used to commence a pounding. They are widely accepted and admired in most situations. Props must be performed with two fists. If it is not performed like so, it is called a 'Floppy Five" Can be practised by male or female, but must remain in same sex usage (eg. Male to Male props, Female to Female props.) A props can only be performed between 2 buddies , THIS IS NOT A TOOL OF LOVE!!! During a props both knuckles MUST be aligned. The props can be performed at any strength level. Do not complain if your hand is sore after a props. The props can be performed at almost any time . it is prohibited at funerals or sailboat competitions. Ducks CANNOT props. End of story. If your friends refer to you as a "Cool Cat ", you cannot props. If you try, you will suffer the consequences. If you fail to hit your props and your hand misses, you must wait 24 hours before trying again. When air propsing, one must be sure he/she is not trying to surpass the Anti-Props zone. Doing such will result in a failed props, not to mention further issues. MOST IMPORTANT The props should be used in any case where a handshake is used. If your reason for props does not violate rules 1 through 10, your good to go. Remember, props are much more sanitary than a handshake. edit Benefits of The Pound While handshakes are customarily disease-ridden, plague-carrying, and highly infectious, pounds are both sanitary and hygienic, offering a terrific solution to the vile pestilence of their adversary. For this reason, they have become popular in trench warfare, and continue to gain support from vegans , Jains , scientologists , and other health advocates. Since the pound is silent, it can be done clandestinely; thus, it is quite common in secret societies such as the Freemasons or other places where there's a lot of people who don't wash their hands. edit Pound Expiration Time Although there exists no time constraint or expiration period in the art of the pound, there is a proper period of time in which a pound ought to be delivered and accepted. Pounds often need to be distributed promptly lest they lose their gusto. The exact time restrictions are molded by the given situation's particulars (i.e. place, persons present, reason for giving pound, etc), and should be adhered to by pound purists. For example, after a humorous comment is delivered, an average of less than three seconds should elapse before the pound is proferred. edit Acceptable Pound Situations Receiving a pound can be as rewarding as receiving a scholarship to your college of choice. It has been compared to the opening of gifts on Christmas morning. But in order to receive such an offering, you must first arouse laughter by triggering certain aspects of conversation. "The International" or "Across the Seas" pounds are rewarded when making a reference to a foreign country. They are often accompanied by a small phrase or brief sentiment from the respected country or culture. "Sacred" pounds are obtained during conversation about God , the Holy Bible, or any of the twelve Apostles . These pounds are often ubiquitous at Bible study meetings and various Christian youth gatherings . "Hypothetical", "Telepathic", "Brain", "Mental" or simply "Air" pounds are exchanged when pounder and pound receiver are either too far or merely too lethargic to slam fists with one another. This pound is frowned upon for its slothful connotation, however it is preferred to the complete absence of a pound. They can also occur when the two pounding persons are fearful that the "pound expiration time" will pass. The two differ slightly, as "Hypothetical", "Telepathic", and "Brain" pounds require no physical movements in any way, with the exception of an unmandatory slight headbutt motion of sorts. "Air" pounds, however, require a full pound exercise, for the pounds are meant to meet in the air. They are often credited with giving way to the action of blowing kisses. "Animal" pounds are given in comments or situations wherein it is fitting to reference members of the Animalia Kingdom . An excellent example is the turtle pound, which is common at reptile expositions . It is created by the two interactors placing their thumbs between their clenched index and middle fingers in the semblance of a turtle, and then pounding their fists together. Another popular animal pound is the wolf pound. This transaction, a homage to small-town werewolf Wolfgang von Schübert, is usually dispensed alongside a bellowing howl, and requires the pounders to shape their fists into a wolf-like formation. "Zig-Zag" or "Sidewinder" pounds are exchanged during situations in which room is limited, usually in a crowded room or a small space such as a car. As suggested by their name, they are distributed in a serpentine motion. They can also be given when the pound sender is in an exceptionally jubilant mood. The vertical alteration of this pound has been justly dubbed "the Rollercoaster ". This pound is rare to use on a day to day basis, but has become overwhelmingly popular at amusement parks such as Six Flags and Disney World . "Meat and Potato" pounds are extremely hearty and formidable. They are the strongest, purest forms of pounds and only exist between the closest of confederates. Customary eye contact is vital for the proper and fluid execution of these titanic formalities. They are usually exchanged after the poundee and pounder reunite after a long period of separation, but can also be given at funerals, farewell parties, or celebratory feasts. These are not for the faint of fist. "Nascent" pounds are given to new members of a society who were previously unaware of the art of pounding. Often slow and weak, these pounds aim more to teach than to congratulate. "Athletic " pounds are renowned for their emphatic machoness, and are sometimes problematic for novices if not given and/or received properly. They are usually administered before, during, or after a sporting activity in which a player, team, or any sport -related affiliate completes a successful play. Strictly dispensed amongst players, fans, coaches, and mascots, this form of poundage is analogous to a coach-administered slap to the butt. "Paddle" pounds, though not given with a fist but with a paddle, are extremely gleeful and euphorically exhilarating forms of communication between two teammates during a table tennis match. To initiate, the pounder simply raises his/her paddle above their head and bellows "PADDLE POUND!" to call the pound receiver into action. Often given when one or both players have successfully administered a good move during game play, "Paddle" pounds can also be given when one's team has won a match. "Double" pounds are not as simple in their execution as they are in theory. Only attempted by experienced pounders, this form of greeting involves both fists to meet symmetrically in media res of the two pounders' bodies. Missed pounds can have tragic affects - contusions, bruises, torn ligaments, etc. "Rainbow" pounds are administered from one person to a person of lesser stature. It is performed by the pounder simply raising his arm above and slightly behind his head and then subsequently bringing it towards the poundee's fist in a downward arc motion. "Napoleon Bonapound" requires that both the pounder and poundee be wearing jackets or cummerbunds. Following a normal fist pound, the two simply tuck their fist hand into their jacket opening and stare off triumphantly into the distance. The "Breaking the Pound Barrier" pound commences with the two greeters slowly and unsteadily accelerating their fists towards one another. Upon contact, they immediately open their hands and recoil them back. Sound effects are mandatory. This has also been referred to as an "Asteroid" pound. "2001: A Pound" is a type of pound where both pounders slowly elevate their fists towards oneanother, whilst singing, humming, or whistling the theme to 2001: A Space Odyssey (Also Sprach Zarathrustra). The two fists finally gain contact with each other once the singer or singers reach the climax of the theme. Multiple extra bumps during the following timpani solo are optional. "Pound Explode, aka Exploding Pound"is an American classic. Start with a regular fist pound, but upon contact, open your fist and quickly retract your hand. Sound effects appreciated. The "Ticking Pound" starts with a regular pound, and then retract fists slowly. As you retract, each person shakes his or her fist, and then after an appropriate period of shaking, explode as in a Pound Explode. The "Reverb Pound" starts with an Exploding Pound. After hands are open and apart, bring them back together and close into a pound. Retract fists. "Pound Check" - execute a normal pound, but at first contact, say "testing" and tap fists rhythmically while one person says "one...two...three." Repeat as necessary, adjusting volume. edit Locking the Pound In situations that dictate high enthusiasm or jubilee, the pounder may opt to "lock" said pound. In doing so, the pounder would proceed with the pound and upon contact, rotate his/her wrist to simulate the locking of a key. Two variants are included: The "Double Lock" occurs when both the pounder and the poundee go into the act with the predetermined notion that the lock will happen. When the locking happens, both hands turn the opposite way, causing knuckles to grind against one another. This lock ensures maximum security and is more commonly used among friends. The "Tumbler" is similar to the Double Lock, but has both actors rotating their fist to the same direction. This leads to discomfort and awkwardness among the pounders and is often seen in negative light. Little is said afterward and both go about their business. This has high potential to end future pounding between characters. The "Larry". Larry the mail guy will come around and give you a couple pounds a day, but never ask him if he's bizzee. edit In popular culture A fist pound, pound it, respect knuckles, bones, props, dap, or the terrorist fist jab is most often depicted in popular culture as a type of social interaction similar to a hand shake or a high five. It involves one person holding out their fist ( poundee ) and someone else "pounding it" with their fist ( pounder ). A pound also can be known as a symbol of giving of respect in certain sectors of society. Fist pounds can also be followed by various other hand and body gestures to make a unique handshake. This unique handshakes are typical guy/monkey behavior, though.	Wrestling
What is traditionally mixed with wine to make a spritzer?	Fist bump \| Uncyclopedia \| Fandom powered by Wikia For those without comedic tastes, the so-called experts at Wikipedia have an article about Fist bump . Fist Props The fist bump (also known as a report or less commonly respect knuckles is a long deceased way of greeting. Evolved from the handshake, it has come from its lengthy sleep in the depths of History to social groups such as Metal / Rock Musicians , Atheltes and just plain cool dudes. It can be expressed as raising ones hand in a fist shape violently in the air (known as an "air" props), or a regular fist to fist punch with one of your buddies (regular "Props"). While the regular fist bump is typically used during a greeting, the report is used anytime to confirm a positive status between two people. It is common for the initiator to say "report" as he initiates the ritual. Contents edit History During the early 1200s in Western Europe , a major problem had arised. If you have a friendship or a certain relation with someone, how can you express this without words? As it seemed by a fluke, this question was answered. During a toe wrestling competition between two men, a dog interfeared and bit off both of their toes. Baffled, they both ran after the speedy canine (short one toe each), but they had much difficulty and soon gave up. they stopped to take a breath and plan their attack. Their plan was for the first to distract the caninewith the rest of his foot while the other would run up to it, trip it and put into a rear naked submission. It worked and soon the dog laid passed out and the two men had their toes. Unfortunately for them the modern science of re-attaching limbs was far from mastered. As the tale goes, these two men made a vow to be friends and settle their difference ,just as they both tripped on a small lizard and, to stop each other from falling, they shoved their hands out in a fist shape towards each other and they connected. As the both prevented each other from falling, they used this "hand pounding" technique as a special way to show their friendship . This quickly caught on in Eastern Europe , then the whole western hemisphere. Unfortunately, this large tradidtion was soon forcefully forgotten when harry Potter defeated Lord Voldemort and banned props forever. edit The Anti-Props Zones Anti-props zones are thin lines that circulate the earth which prohibit the crossing of air props signals. these thin lines are found approximately 5.165 degrees from each latitudial line (every 10 degrees). If you do not know what the lattitudial lines are, either look it up or wait for grade 9 geography. (Which is obviously the grade I the writer am in.) These thin lines consist of an extremely thin ray of light invisible to the naked eye. If you try to props through one of these zones, the light will reflect in such an odd way with the interception of the props signal, that it will look like you are eating small children. [1] edit Props guidlines "Pound It" can be and has been used as a celebratory offering to a member of a party who provides mirth for the others. In order to thank him or her for this often extemporaneous mirth, a pound is offered. Hit me with a pound, Pound it up, Give me some pounds, and I'll give you some for that are also used to commence a pounding. They are widely accepted and admired in most situations. Props must be performed with two fists. If it is not performed like so, it is called a 'Floppy Five" Can be practised by male or female, but must remain in same sex usage (eg. Male to Male props, Female to Female props.) A props can only be performed between 2 buddies , THIS IS NOT A TOOL OF LOVE!!! During a props both knuckles MUST be aligned. The props can be performed at any strength level. Do not complain if your hand is sore after a props. The props can be performed at almost any time . it is prohibited at funerals or sailboat competitions. Ducks CANNOT props. End of story. If your friends refer to you as a "Cool Cat ", you cannot props. If you try, you will suffer the consequences. If you fail to hit your props and your hand misses, you must wait 24 hours before trying again. When air propsing, one must be sure he/she is not trying to surpass the Anti-Props zone. Doing such will result in a failed props, not to mention further issues. MOST IMPORTANT The props should be used in any case where a handshake is used. If your reason for props does not violate rules 1 through 10, your good to go. Remember, props are much more sanitary than a handshake. edit Benefits of The Pound While handshakes are customarily disease-ridden, plague-carrying, and highly infectious, pounds are both sanitary and hygienic, offering a terrific solution to the vile pestilence of their adversary. For this reason, they have become popular in trench warfare, and continue to gain support from vegans , Jains , scientologists , and other health advocates. Since the pound is silent, it can be done clandestinely; thus, it is quite common in secret societies such as the Freemasons or other places where there's a lot of people who don't wash their hands. edit Pound Expiration Time Although there exists no time constraint or expiration period in the art of the pound, there is a proper period of time in which a pound ought to be delivered and accepted. Pounds often need to be distributed promptly lest they lose their gusto. The exact time restrictions are molded by the given situation's particulars (i.e. place, persons present, reason for giving pound, etc), and should be adhered to by pound purists. For example, after a humorous comment is delivered, an average of less than three seconds should elapse before the pound is proferred. edit Acceptable Pound Situations Receiving a pound can be as rewarding as receiving a scholarship to your college of choice. It has been compared to the opening of gifts on Christmas morning. But in order to receive such an offering, you must first arouse laughter by triggering certain aspects of conversation. "The International" or "Across the Seas" pounds are rewarded when making a reference to a foreign country. They are often accompanied by a small phrase or brief sentiment from the respected country or culture. "Sacred" pounds are obtained during conversation about God , the Holy Bible, or any of the twelve Apostles . These pounds are often ubiquitous at Bible study meetings and various Christian youth gatherings . "Hypothetical", "Telepathic", "Brain", "Mental" or simply "Air" pounds are exchanged when pounder and pound receiver are either too far or merely too lethargic to slam fists with one another. This pound is frowned upon for its slothful connotation, however it is preferred to the complete absence of a pound. They can also occur when the two pounding persons are fearful that the "pound expiration time" will pass. The two differ slightly, as "Hypothetical", "Telepathic", and "Brain" pounds require no physical movements in any way, with the exception of an unmandatory slight headbutt motion of sorts. "Air" pounds, however, require a full pound exercise, for the pounds are meant to meet in the air. They are often credited with giving way to the action of blowing kisses. "Animal" pounds are given in comments or situations wherein it is fitting to reference members of the Animalia Kingdom . An excellent example is the turtle pound, which is common at reptile expositions . It is created by the two interactors placing their thumbs between their clenched index and middle fingers in the semblance of a turtle, and then pounding their fists together. Another popular animal pound is the wolf pound. This transaction, a homage to small-town werewolf Wolfgang von Schübert, is usually dispensed alongside a bellowing howl, and requires the pounders to shape their fists into a wolf-like formation. "Zig-Zag" or "Sidewinder" pounds are exchanged during situations in which room is limited, usually in a crowded room or a small space such as a car. As suggested by their name, they are distributed in a serpentine motion. They can also be given when the pound sender is in an exceptionally jubilant mood. The vertical alteration of this pound has been justly dubbed "the Rollercoaster ". This pound is rare to use on a day to day basis, but has become overwhelmingly popular at amusement parks such as Six Flags and Disney World . "Meat and Potato" pounds are extremely hearty and formidable. They are the strongest, purest forms of pounds and only exist between the closest of confederates. Customary eye contact is vital for the proper and fluid execution of these titanic formalities. They are usually exchanged after the poundee and pounder reunite after a long period of separation, but can also be given at funerals, farewell parties, or celebratory feasts. These are not for the faint of fist. "Nascent" pounds are given to new members of a society who were previously unaware of the art of pounding. Often slow and weak, these pounds aim more to teach than to congratulate. "Athletic " pounds are renowned for their emphatic machoness, and are sometimes problematic for novices if not given and/or received properly. They are usually administered before, during, or after a sporting activity in which a player, team, or any sport -related affiliate completes a successful play. Strictly dispensed amongst players, fans, coaches, and mascots, this form of poundage is analogous to a coach-administered slap to the butt. "Paddle" pounds, though not given with a fist but with a paddle, are extremely gleeful and euphorically exhilarating forms of communication between two teammates during a table tennis match. To initiate, the pounder simply raises his/her paddle above their head and bellows "PADDLE POUND!" to call the pound receiver into action. Often given when one or both players have successfully administered a good move during game play, "Paddle" pounds can also be given when one's team has won a match. "Double" pounds are not as simple in their execution as they are in theory. Only attempted by experienced pounders, this form of greeting involves both fists to meet symmetrically in media res of the two pounders' bodies. Missed pounds can have tragic affects - contusions, bruises, torn ligaments, etc. "Rainbow" pounds are administered from one person to a person of lesser stature. It is performed by the pounder simply raising his arm above and slightly behind his head and then subsequently bringing it towards the poundee's fist in a downward arc motion. "Napoleon Bonapound" requires that both the pounder and poundee be wearing jackets or cummerbunds. Following a normal fist pound, the two simply tuck their fist hand into their jacket opening and stare off triumphantly into the distance. The "Breaking the Pound Barrier" pound commences with the two greeters slowly and unsteadily accelerating their fists towards one another. Upon contact, they immediately open their hands and recoil them back. Sound effects are mandatory. This has also been referred to as an "Asteroid" pound. "2001: A Pound" is a type of pound where both pounders slowly elevate their fists towards oneanother, whilst singing, humming, or whistling the theme to 2001: A Space Odyssey (Also Sprach Zarathrustra). The two fists finally gain contact with each other once the singer or singers reach the climax of the theme. Multiple extra bumps during the following timpani solo are optional. "Pound Explode, aka Exploding Pound"is an American classic. Start with a regular fist pound, but upon contact, open your fist and quickly retract your hand. Sound effects appreciated. The "Ticking Pound" starts with a regular pound, and then retract fists slowly. As you retract, each person shakes his or her fist, and then after an appropriate period of shaking, explode as in a Pound Explode. The "Reverb Pound" starts with an Exploding Pound. After hands are open and apart, bring them back together and close into a pound. Retract fists. "Pound Check" - execute a normal pound, but at first contact, say "testing" and tap fists rhythmically while one person says "one...two...three." Repeat as necessary, adjusting volume. edit Locking the Pound In situations that dictate high enthusiasm or jubilee, the pounder may opt to "lock" said pound. In doing so, the pounder would proceed with the pound and upon contact, rotate his/her wrist to simulate the locking of a key. Two variants are included: The "Double Lock" occurs when both the pounder and the poundee go into the act with the predetermined notion that the lock will happen. When the locking happens, both hands turn the opposite way, causing knuckles to grind against one another. This lock ensures maximum security and is more commonly used among friends. The "Tumbler" is similar to the Double Lock, but has both actors rotating their fist to the same direction. This leads to discomfort and awkwardness among the pounders and is often seen in negative light. Little is said afterward and both go about their business. This has high potential to end future pounding between characters. The "Larry". Larry the mail guy will come around and give you a couple pounds a day, but never ask him if he's bizzee. edit In popular culture A fist pound, pound it, respect knuckles, bones, props, dap, or the terrorist fist jab is most often depicted in popular culture as a type of social interaction similar to a hand shake or a high five. It involves one person holding out their fist ( poundee ) and someone else "pounding it" with their fist ( pounder ). A pound also can be known as a symbol of giving of respect in certain sectors of society. Fist pounds can also be followed by various other hand and body gestures to make a unique handshake. This unique handshakes are typical guy/monkey behavior, though.	i don't know
Launched from Cape Kennedy in March 1972, what was the name of the first man-made satellite to leave the solar system?	Interesting Facts 1972 Interesting Facts 1972 Historical Events, Fun and Interesting Facts of 1972 Japanese solder is discovered in Guam: he had spent 28 years in the jungle. Bloody Sunday: The British Army kills 14 unarmed nationalist civil rights marchers in Derry, Northern Ireland The 1972 Winter Olympics are held in Sapporo, Japan Mariner 9 sends pictures as it orbits Mars U.S. airlines begins mandatory inspection of passengers and baggage Bob Douglas becomes the first African American elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame Volkswagen Beetle sales exceed those of the Ford Model T when the 15,007,034th Beetle is produced U.S. President Richard M Nixon makes an unprecedented 8 day visit to the People’s Republic of China and meets with Mao Zehong North Vietnamese negotiators walk out of the Paris Peace Talks to protest U.S. air raids The Pioneer 10 spacecraft is launched from Cape Kennedy, to be the first man-made satellite to leave the solar system Sculpted figures of Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson are completed at Stone Mountain in the U.S. state of Georgia The 92nd U.S. Congress votes to send the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the states for ratification The Godfather is released in cinemas in the United States The U.S. and the Soviet Union join some 70 nations in signing the Biological Weapons Convention, an agreement to ban biological warfare Apollo 16 is launched, during the mission; the astronauts achieve a lunar rover speed record of 18 km/h. (John Young, Ken Mattingly and Charlie Duke) The first Boston Marathon in which women are officially allowed to compete Sylvia Cook and John Fairfax finish rowing across the Pacific Watergate break-in The U.S. sells grain to the Soviet Union for $750 million The Democratic National Convention meets in Miami Beach. Senator George McGovern, who backs the immediate and complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Vietnam, is nominated for President. He names fellow Senator Thomas Eagleton as his running mate Governor George C. Wallace of Alabama is shot by Arthur Herman Bremer at a Laurel, Maryland political rally Watergate scandal: Five White House operatives are arrested for burglarizing the offices of the Democratic National Committee The 1972 Summer Olympics are held in Munich, West Germany The first episode of The Price is Right is aired on CBS by Bob Barker, Gambit and The Joker’s Wild also premiere Munich Massacre: Eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich are murdered after 8 members of the Arab terrorist group Black September. Bobby Fischer defeats Boris Spassky in a chess match in Riykjavik, Iceland, becoming the first American World Chess Champion The first female FBI agents are hired Following a visit to South Vietnam, U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger suggests that “peace is at hand.” U.S. presidential election, 1972: Republican incumbent Richard Nixon defeats Democratic Senator George McGovern in a landslide (the election had the lowest voter turnout since 1948, with only 55 percent of the electorate voting) Apollo 17 (Gene Cernan, Ronald Evans and Harrison Schmitt), the last manned Moon mission to date, is launched Former United States President Harry S. Truman dies in Kansas City, Missouri Roberto Clemente dies in a plane crash off the coast of Puerto Rico while en route to deliver aid to Nicaraguan earthquake victims World Series Champions: Oakland Athletics Super Bowl VI Champions: Dallas Cowboys NBA Champions: Los Angeles Lakers Stanley Cup Champions: Boston Bruins U.S. Open Golf Champion: Jack Nicklaus U.S. Open Tennis Champions: Ilie Nastase/ Billie Jean King Wimbledon Tennis Champions: Stan Smith/ Billie Jean King NCAA Football Champions: USC NCAA Basketball Champions: UCLA Kentucky Derby: Riva Ridge Sandy Koufax was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, the youngest player ever elected, at the age of 36. The Hotties and Fashion Icons: Raquel Welch, Pam Grier “The Quote”….. “Hey Mikey! He likes it!” - Life cereal ad “The mind is a terrible thing to waste” - United Negro College Fund “I’m going to make him an offer he can’t refuse” – Marlon Brando, in the Godfather “Nothing runs like a Deere” – John Deere Nobody does it like Sara Lee” – Sara Lee Time Magazine’s Men of the Year: Richard Nixon & Henry Kissinger Miss America: Laura Lea Schaefer (Ohio) Miss USA: Tanya Wilson (Hawaii) Best Film Oscar Winner: The Godfather 1972 Most Popular TV Shows: All in the Family, Sanford and Son, Hawaii Five-0, Maude, Bridget Loves Bernie, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Gunsmoke, The Wonderful World of Disney, Ironside and Adam 12 NBA’s Cincinnati Royals announce they are moving to Kansas City Adolph Rupp retires after 42 years of coaching University of Kentucky MASH , premieres on NBC-TV “Waltons” , premieres on CBS Hank Aaron becomes 1st baseball player to sign for $200,000 a year NCAA announces freshman can play on teams starting in fall ‘72 NASA announces development of the space shuttle Godfrey Hounsfield develops the CAT scan 1st flight of the Goodyear blimp Venera 8 launched to Venus COST OF LIVING Gallon of Gas - 36 cents 1st class postage stamp – 8 cents Pay phone – local call 10 cents Color TV Set - $250.00 1972 Billboard Number One Songs: December 25, 1971 - January 14, 1972: Brand New Key - Melanie January 15 - February 11: American Pie - Don McLean February 12 - February 18: Let's Stay Together - Al Green February 19 - March 17: Without You – Nilsson March 18 - March 24: Heart of Gold - Neil Young March 25 - April 14: A Horse with No Name - America The First Time I Ever Saw Your Face - Roberta Flack Oh Girl - Chi-Lites I'll Take You There - The Staple Singers The Candy Man - Sammy Davis, Jr. Song Sung Blue - Neil Diamond Lean on Me - Bill Withers Alone Again (Naturally) - Gilbert O' Sullivan Brandy (You're A Fine Girl) - Looking Glass Alone Again (Naturally) - Gilbert O'Sullivan Black and White - Three Dog Night Baby, Don't Get Hooked On Me - Mac Davis Ben - Michael Jackson I Can See Clearly Now - Johnny Nash Papa Was a Rollin' Stone - The Temptations I Am Woman - Helen Reddy Me and Mrs. Jones - Billy Paul	Pioneer 10
What is the name of the character played by actor Neil Burgess in the television commercial for cleaning product Cillit Bang?	A Brief History of NASA A Brief History of NASA Launching NASA "An Act to provide for research into the problems of flight within and outside the Earth's atmosphere, and for other purposes." With this simple preamble, the Congress and the President of the United States created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on October 1, 1958. NASA's birth was directly related to the pressures of national defense. After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in the Cold War, a broad contest over the ideologies and allegiances of the nonaligned nations. During this period, space exploration emerged as a major area of contest and became known as the space race. During the late 1940s, the Department of Defense pursued research and rocketry and upper atmospheric sciences as a means of assuring American leadership in technology. A major step forward came when President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a plan to orbit a scientific satellite as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) for the period, July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958, a cooperative effort to gather scientific data about the Earth. The Soviet Union quickly followed suit, announcing plans to orbit its own satellite. The Naval Research Laboratory's Project Vanguard was chosen on 9 September 1955 to support the IGY effort, largely because it did not interfere with high-priority ballistic missile development programs. It used the non-military Viking rocket as its basis while an Army proposal to use the Redstone ballistic missile as the launch vehicle waited in the wings. Project Vanguard enjoyed exceptional publicity throughout the second half of 1955, and all of 1956, but the technological demands upon the program were too great and the funding levels too small to ensure success. A full-scale crisis resulted on October 4, 1957 when the Soviets launched Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite as its IGY entry. This had a "Pearl Harbor" effect on American public opinion, creating an illusion of a technological gap and provided the impetus for increased spending for aerospace endeavors, technical and scientific educational programs, and the chartering of new federal agencies to manage air and space research and development. More immediately, the United States launched its first Earth satellite on January 31, 1958, when Explorer 1 documented the existence of radiation zones encircling the Earth. Shaped by the Earth's magnetic field, what came to be called the Van Allen Radiation Belt, these zones partially dictate the electrical charges in the atmosphere and the solar radiation that reaches Earth. The U.S. also began a series of scientific missions to the Moon and planets in the latter 1950s and early 1960s. A direct result of the Sputnik crisis, NASA began operations on October 1, 1958, absorbing into itself the earlier National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics intact: its 8,000 employees, an annual budget of $100 million, three major research laboratories-Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory-and two smaller test facilities. It quickly incorporated other organizations into the new agency, notably the space science group of the Naval Research Laboratory in Maryland, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory managed by the California Institute of Technology for the Army, and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency in Huntsville, Alabama, where Wernher von Braun's team of engineers were engaged in the development of large rockets. Eventually NASA created other Centers and today it has ten located around the country. NASA began to conduct space missions within months of its creation, and during its first twenty years NASA conducted several major programs: Human space flight initiatives-Mercury's single astronaut program (flights during 1961-1963) to ascertain if a human could survive in space; Project Gemini (flights during 1965-1966) with two astronauts to practice space operations, especially rendezvous and docking of spacecraft and extravehicular activity (EVA); and Project Apollo (flights during 1968-1972) to explore the Moon. Robotic missions to the Moon Ranger, Surveyor, and Lunar Orbiter), Venus (Pioneer Venus), Mars (Mariner 4, Viking 1 and 2), and the outer planets (Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2). Aeronautics research to enhance air transport safety, reliability, efficiency, and speed (X-15 hypersonic flight, lifting body flight research, avionics and electronics studies, propulsion technologies, structures research, aerodynamics investigations). Remote-sensing Earth satellites for information gathering (Landsat satellites for environmental monitoring). Applications satellites for communications (Echo 1, TIROS, and Telstra) and weather monitoring. An orbital workshop for astronauts, Skylab. A reusable spacecraft for traveling to and from Earth orbit, the Space Shuttle. Early Spaceflights: Mercury and Gemini NASA's first high-profile program involving human spaceflight was Project Mercury, an effort to learn if humans could survive the rigors of spaceflight. On May 5, 1961, Alan B. Shepard Jr. became the first American to fly into space, when he rode his Mercury capsule on a 15-minute suborbital mission. John H. Glenn Jr. became the first U.S. astronaut to orbit the Earth on February 20, 1962. With six flights, Project Mercury achieved its goal of putting piloted spacecraft into Earth orbit and retrieving the astronauts safely. Project Gemini built on Mercury's achievements and extended NASA's human spaceflight program to spacecraft built for two astronauts. Gemini's 10 flights also provided NASA scientists and engineers with more data on weightlessness, perfected reentry and splashdown procedures, and demonstrated rendezvous and docking in space. One of the highlights of the program occurred during Gemini 4, on June 3, 1965, when Edward H. White, Jr., became the first U.S. astronaut to conduct a spacewalk. 1 Going to the Moon - Project Apollo The singular achievement of NASA during its early years involved the human exploration of the Moon, Project Apollo. Apollo became a NASA priority on May 25 1961, when President John F. Kennedy announced "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth." A direct response to Soviet successes in space, Kennedy used Apollo as a high-profile effort for the U.S. to demonstrate to the world its scientific and technological superiority over its cold war adversary. In response to the Kennedy decision, NASA was consumed with carrying out Project Apollo and spent the next 11 years doing so. This effort required significant expenditures, costing $25.4 billion over the life of the program, to make it a reality. Only the building of the Panama Canal rivaled the size of the Apollo program as the largest nonmilitary technological endeavor ever undertaken by the United States; only the Manhattan Project was comparable in a wartime setting. Although there were major challenges and some failures - notably a January 27, 1967 fire in an Apollo capsule on the ground that took the lives of astronauts Roger B. Chaffee, Virgil "Gus" Grissom, and Edward H. White Jr. Jr. - the program moved forward inexorably. Less than two years later, in October 1968, NASA bounced back with the successful Apollo 7 mission, which orbited the Earth and tested the redesigned Apollo command module. The Apollo 8 mission, which orbited the Moon on December 24-25, 1968, when its crew read from the book of Genesis, was another crucial accomplishment on the way to the Moon. "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Neil A. Armstrong uttered these famous words on July 20, 1969, when the Apollo 11 mission fulfilled Kennedy's challenge by successfully landing Armstrong and Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr. on the Moon. Armstrong dramatically piloted the lunar module to the lunar surface with less than 30 seconds worth of fuel remaining. After taking soil samples, photographs, and doing other tasks on the Moon, Armstrong and Aldrin rendezvoused with their colleague Michael Collins in lunar orbit for a safe voyage back to Earth. Five more successful lunar landing missions followed. The Apollo 13 mission of April 1970 attracted the public's attention when astronauts and ground crews had to improvise to end the mission safely after an oxygen tank burst midway through the journey to the Moon. Although this mission never landed on the Moon, it reinforced the notion that NASA had a remarkable ability to adapt to the unforeseen technical difficulties inherent in human spaceflight. With the Apollo 17 mission of December 1972, NASA completed a successful engineering and scientific program. Fittingly, Harrison H. "Jack" Schmitt, a geologist who participated on this mission, was the first scientist to be selected as an astronaut. NASA learned a good deal about the origins of the Moon, as well as how to support humans in outer space. In total, 12 astronauts walked on the Moon during 6 Apollo lunar landing missions. In 1975, NASA cooperated with the Soviet Union to achieve the first international human spaceflight, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). This project successfully tested joint rendezvous and docking procedures for spacecraft from the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. After being launched separately from their respective countries, the Apollo and Soyuz crews met in space and conducted various experiments for two days. 2 Space Shuttle After a gap of six years, NASA returned to human spaceflight in 1981, with the advent of the Space Shuttle. The Shuttle's first mission, STS-1, took off on April 12, 1981, demonstrating that it could take off vertically and glide to an unpowered airplane-like landing. On STS-6, during April 4-9, 1983, F. Story Musgrave and Donald H. Peterson conducted the first Shuttle EVA, to test new spacesuits and work in the Shuttle's cargo bay. Sally K. Ride became the first American woman to fly in space when STS-7 lifted off on June 18, 1983, another early milestone of the Shuttle program. On January 28, 1986 a leak in the joints of one of two Solid Rocket Boosters attached to the Challenger orbiter caused the main liquid fuel tank to explode 73 seconds after launch, killing all 7 crew members. The Shuttle program was grounded for over two years, while NASA and its contractors worked to redesign the Solid Rocket Boosters and implement management reforms to increase safety. On September 29, 1988, the Shuttle successfully returned to flight and NASA then flew a total of 87 successful missions. Tragedy struck again on February 1, 2003, however. As the Columbia orbiter was returning to Earth on the STS-107 mission, it disintegrated about 15 minutes before it was to have landed. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board was quickly formed and determined that a small piece of foam had come off the External Tank and had struck the Reinforced Carbon Carbon panels on the underside of the left wing during launch on January 16. When the orbiter was returning to Earth, the breach in the RCC panels allowed hot gas to penetrate the orbiter, leading to a catastrophic failure and the loss of seven crewmembers. NASA is poised to return to flight again in summer 2005 with the STS-114 mission. There are three Shuttle orbiters in NASA's fleet: Atlantis, Discovery, and Endeavour. Toward a Permanent Human Presence in Space The core mission of any future space exploration will be humanity's departure from Earth orbit and journeying to the Moon or Mars, this time for extended and perhaps permanent stays. A dream for centuries, active efforts to develop both the technology and the scientific knowledge necessary to carry this off are now well underway. An initial effort in this area was NASA's Skylab program in 1973. After Apollo, NASA used its huge Saturn rockets to launch a relatively small orbital space workshop. There were three human Skylab missions, with the crews staying aboard the orbital workshop for 28, 59, and then 84 days. The first crew manually fixed a broken meteoroid shield, demonstrating that humans could successfully work in space. The Skylab program also served as a successful experiment in long-duration human spaceflight. In 1984, Congress authorized NASA to build a major new space station as a base for further exploration of space. By 1986, the design depicted a complex, large, and multipurpose facility. In 1991, after much debate over the station's purpose and budget, NASA released plans for a restructured facility called Space Station Freedom. Another redesign took place after the Clinton administration took office in 1993 and the facility became known as Space Station Alpha. Then Russia, which had many years of experience in long-duration human spaceflight, such as with its Salyut and Mir space stations, joined with the U.S. and other international partners in 1993 to build a joint facility that became known formally as the International Space Station (ISS). To prepare for building the ISS starting in late 1998, NASA participated in a series of Shuttle missions to Mir and seven American astronauts lived aboard Mir for extended stays. Permanent habitation of the ISS began with the launch of the Expedition One crew on October 31 and the docking on November 2, 2000. On January 14, 2004, President George W. Bush visited NASA Headquarters and announced a new Vision for Space Exploration. This Vision entails sending humans back to the Moon and on to Mars by eventually retiring the Shuttle and developing a new, multipurpose Crew Exploration Vehicle. Robotic scientific exploration and technology development is also folded into this encompassing Vision. 3 The Science of Space In addition to major human spaceflight programs, there have been significant scientific probes that have explored the Moon, the planets, and other areas of our solar system. In particular, the 1970s heralded the advent of a new generation of scientific spacecraft. Two similar spacecraft, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, launched on March 2, 1972 and April 5, 1973, respectively, traveled to Jupiter and Saturn to study the composition of interplanetary space. Voyagers 1 and 2, launched on September 5, 1977 and August 20, 1977, respectively, conducted a "Grand Tour" of our solar system. In 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit around the Earth. Unfortunately, NASA scientists soon discovered that a microscopic spherical aberration in the polishing of the Hubble's mirror significantly limited the instrument's observing power. During a previously scheduled servicing mission in December, 1993, a team of astronauts performed a dramatic series of spacewalks to install a corrective optics package and other hardware. The hardware functioned like a contact lens and the elegant solution worked perfectly to restore Hubble's capabilities. The servicing mission again demonstrated the unique ability of humans to work in space, enabled Hubble to make a number of important astronomical discoveries, and greatly restored public confidence in NASA. Several months before this first HST servicing mission, however, NASA suffered another major disappointment when the Mars Observer spacecraft disappeared on August 21, 1993, just three days before it was to go into orbit around the red planet. In response, NASA began developing a series of "better, faster, cheaper" spacecraft to go to Mars. Mars Global Surveyor was the first of these spacecraft; it was launched on November 7, 1996, and has been in a Martian orbit mapping Mars since 1998. Using some innovative technologies, the Mars Pathfinder spacecraft landed on Mars on July 4, 1997 and explored the surface of the planet with its miniature rover, Sojourner. The Mars Pathfinder mission was a scientific and popular success, with the world following along via the Internet. This success was followed by the landing of the Spirit and Opportunity rovers in January 2004, to much scientific and popular acclaim. Over the years, NASA has continued to look for life beyond our planet. In 1975, NASA launched the two Viking spacecraft to look for basic signs of life on Mars; the spacecraft arrived on Mars in 1976 but did not find any indications of past or present biological activity there. In 1996 a probe from the Galileo spacecraft that was examining Jupiter and its moon, Europa, revealed that Europa may contain ice or even liquid water, thought to be a key component in any life-sustaining environment. NASA also has used radio astronomy to scan the heavens for potential signals from extraterrestrial intelligent life. It continues to investigate whether any Martian meteorites contain microbiological organisms and in the late 1990s, organized an "Origins" program to search for life using powerful new telescopes and biological techniques. More recently scientists have found more and more evidence that water used to be present on Mars. 4 The "First A in NASA:" Aeronautics Research Building on its roots in the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, NASA has continued to conduct many types of cutting-edge aeronautics research on aerodynamics, wind shear, and other important topics using wind tunnels, flight testing, and computer simulations. In the 1960s, NASA's highly successful X-15 program involved a rocket-powered airplane that flew above the atmosphere and then glided back to Earth unpowered. The X-15 pilots helped researchers gain much useful information about supersonic aeronautics and the program also provided data for development of the Space Shuttle. NASA also cooperated with the Air Force in the 1960s on the X-20 Dyna-Soar program, which was designed to fly into orbit. The Dyna-Soar was a precursor to later similar efforts such as the National Aerospace Plane, on which NASA and other Government agencies and private companies did advanced hypersonics research in such areas as structures, materials, propulsion, and aerodynamics. NASA has also done significant research on flight maneuverability on high speed aircraft that is often applicable to lower speed airplanes. NASA scientist Richard Whitcomb invented the "supercritical wing" that was specially shaped to delay and lessen the impact of shock waves on transonic military aircraft and had a significant impact on civil aircraft design. Beginning in 1972, the watershed F-8 digital-fly-by-wire (DFBW) program laid the groundwork for electronic DFBW flight in various later aircraft such as the F/A-18, the Boeing 777, and the Space Shuttle. More sophisticated DFBW systems were used on the X-29 and X-31 aircraft, which would have been uncontrollable otherwise. From 1963 to 1975, NASA conducted a research program on "lifting bodies," aircraft without wings. This valuable research paved the way for the Shuttle to glide to a safe unpowered landing, as well as for the later X-33 project, and for a prototype for a future crew return vehicle from the International Space Station. In 2004, the X-43A airplane used innovative scramjet technology to fly at ten times the speed of sound, setting a world's record for air-breathing aircraft. 5 Applications Satellites NASA did pioneering work in space applications such as communications satellites in the 1960s. The Echo, Telstar, Relay, and Syncom satellites were built by NASA or by the private sector based on significant NASA advances. In the 1970s, NASA's Landsat program literally changed the way we look at our planet Earth. The first three Landsat satellites, launched in 1972, 1975, and 1978, transmitted back to Earth complex data streams that could be converted into colored pictures. Landsat data has been used in a variety of practical commercial applications such as crop management and fault line detection, and to track many kinds of weather such as droughts, forest fires, and ice floes. NASA has been involved in a variety of other Earth science efforts such as the Earth Observation System of spacecraft and data processing that have yielded important scientific results in such areas as tropical deforestation, global warming, and climate change. Conclusion Since its inception in 1958, NASA has accomplished many great scientific and technological feats. NASA technology has been adapted for many non-aerospace uses by the private sector. NASA remains a leading force in scientific research and in stimulating public interest in aerospace exploration, as well as science and technology in general. Perhaps more importantly, our exploration of space has taught us to view the Earth, ourselves, and the universe in a new way. While the tremendous technical and scientific accomplishments of NASA demonstrate vividly that humans can achieve previously inconceivable feats, we also are humbled by the realization that Earth is just a tiny "blue marble" in the cosmos. For further reading: Roger E. Bilstein, Testing Aircraft, Exploring Space: An Illustrated History of NACA and NASA. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins New Series in NASA History, 2003). For a list of the titles in the NASA History Series, many of which are on-line, please see http://history.nasa.gov/series95.html on the Web.	i don't know
Ophthalmitis is the inflammation of which part of the body?	Sympathetic Ophthalmia - Symptoms, Causes & Treatment Dr. Arthur Epstein In very rare cases following a unilateral eye injury , a condition called sympathetic ophthalmia can develop. This condition presents itself as a form of uveitis (eye inflammation), and it occurs when the body’s own immune system attacks first the injured eye and then the healthy one. At the time when sympathetic ophthalmia was first documented and named by 19th-century ophthalmologist William MacKenzie, it was generally treated by the application of leeches to the inflamed eye. As noted above, this condition is indeed rare—no more than three cases occur out of any ten million penetrating eye injuries. To put it another way, sympathetic ophthalmia (or SO) occurs in 0.2 to 0.5 percent of non-surgical eye wounds, and less than .01 percent of surgical wounds. Despite its rarity, sympathetic ophthalmia has claimed the sight of a few notable people, possibly including Louis Braille, inventor of the braille system of writing now used by blind people all over the world. At the age of three, Braille injured his left eye while playing with an awl in his father’s workshop, and the infection that resulted from the wound spread to his right eye in a way that, to modern doctors, is suggestive of SO. What Causes Sympathetic Ophthalmia, and How Does It Progress Over Time? The cause of SO is not well understood, but it is believed that certain types of eye trauma (usually penetrating injury) bring parts of the eye into contact with the bloodstream in a way that excites the immune system. Under normal circumstances, the immune system does not come into contact with these tissues, and so it never “learns” to recognize them as part of the body. Within a few months following the trauma to one eye (or sometimes only a few days, or as long as a few years), the second eye will be attacked by the immune system, which responds to it as though it were foreign tissue, and both eyes will become inflamed. When a patient is attacked by his or her own immune system, it is called an autoimmune response. (Another example of an autoimmune response occurs during some women’s pregnancies—a woman whose blood type is incompatible in a specific way with that of her fetus may suffer from something called Rh disease if her blood mixes with the baby’s blood during childbirth.) The eye that sustains the initial injury is known as the “exciting eye,” and the eye that develops the sympathetic inflammation is called the “sympathetic eye.” The inflammation generally attacks the uveal layer of the eye, causing pain and vision loss. As noted above, the onset of SO can be within as little as a few days of the injury to the exciting eye or it may take years. The onset of SO occurs within three months of the initial injury in 80 percent of cases, however, and within a year in 90 percent of cases. What Are Some Signs and Symptoms I Can Look for When Sympathetic Ophthalmia Develops? There is usually no pain when this condition first sets in, but the individual suffering from SO will begin to experience blurred vision as the eye loses its ability to focus properly. Eventually the symptoms progress to include:	Eye
In 1961, who became the first non- American golfer to win The Masters?	Autoinflammatory Diseases Autoinflammatory Diseases PDF Version Size: 158 KB March 2016 Autoinflammatory diseases are a relatively new category of diseases that are different from autoimmune diseases. However, autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases share common characteristics in that both groups of disorders result from the immune system attacking the body’s own tissues, and they also result in increased inflammation. This overview contains general information on the immune system and provides brief descriptions of some of the more common autoinflammatory diseases. Key Words The Immune System When your body is attacked—perhaps by a virus or other germs—your immune system defends you. It “sees” and kills the germs that might hurt you. But when the system doesn’t work right, this process can cause harm. Immune cells can mistake your body’s own cells as invaders and attack them. This "friendly fire" can affect almost any part of the body. It can sometimes affect many parts of the body at once. This is called “autoimmunity” (meaning “self-immunity”). The part of the immune system that orchestrates all of this develops as a person grows and is known as the acquired immune system. It “remembers” foreign antigens, or proteins, so that it can fight them if they come back. It employs white blood cells called lymphocytes. But the body also has an innate (inborn) immune system that is more primitive. It employs types of white blood cells called granulocytes and monocytes to destroy harmful substances. In autoinflammatory diseases, this innate immune system causes inflammation for unknown reasons. It reacts, even though it has never encountered autoantibodies or antigens in the body. Autoinflammatory disorders are characterized by intense episodes of inflammation that result in such symptoms as fever, rash, or joint swelling. These diseases also carry the risk of amyloidosis, a potentially fatal buildup of a blood protein in vital organs. There are several different types of autoinflammatory diseases. Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) People with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) suffer from recurring bouts of fever, most commonly with severe abdominal pain due to inflammation of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis). Attacks can also include arthritis (painful, swollen joints), chest pain from inflammation of the lung cavity (pleurisy), and skin rashes. FMF usually begins in childhood and occurs most commonly in people of Jewish, Armenian, Arab, and Turkish backgrounds living in the United States and abroad. As many as 1 in 200 to 1,000 people in these populations have the disease. Mutations in the MEFV gene cause FMF. The gene holds the code for making a protein known as pyrin. The pyrin protein, named from the Greek word for fire, bears a strong resemblance to several proteins found in the nucleus of cells. Some of these proteins are known to regulate inflammation. Usually a person must inherit two mutated copies of the gene—one from each parent—to get FMF. However, recent studies have shown that under some circumstances, one copy is enough to cause disease. Colchicine—a medication also approved to treat gout (a form of arthritis)—has been used successfully as a treatment for FMF. Colchicine reduces inflammation throughout the body. Neonatal Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID) Neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), also known as chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous articular (CINCA) syndrome, affects numerous organs and body systems, including the skin, joints, eyes, and central nervous system. For most children, the first sign of the disease is a rash that develops within the first 6 weeks of life. Other problems, including fever, meningitis, joint damage, vision and hearing loss, and mental retardation, can follow. Although the mechanism of NOMID is not completely understood, research has revealed mutations in a gene called NLRP3 (formerly known as CIAS1) in approximately 60 percent of patients with the disease. A person only needs to have one abnormal copy of the gene to get the disease. NLRP3 encodes cryopyrin and belongs to a group of interacting proteins involved in regulating inflammation and programmed cell death, which plays a crucial role in ridding the body of cells that are no longer needed. The mutations, scientists have found, lead to an imbalance of a cytokine, or chemical messenger, called interleukin-1 (IL-1), which is believed to drive the increased inflammation that causes damage in patients with the disease. People with NOMID usually respond well to anakinra, a drug that blocks IL-1 action and is also approved for rheumatoid arthritis. Anakinra results in marked improvement both in symptoms and the inflammation underlying the disease. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS) TRAPS (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome), formerly known as familial Hibernian fever, is characterized by long, dramatic, episodes of high fever; severe pain in the abdomen, chest, or joints; skin rash; and inflammation in or around the eyes. The age of onset varies from early childhood to adulthood, and the disease appears to affect men and women equally. The earliest cases of TRAPS were reported in individuals of Irish-Scottish descent, but the disease has since been found in nearly all ethnic groups. TRAPS is caused by a mutation of the TNFRSF1A gene. A person only needs one abnormal copy of the gene to get the disease. Episodes can be triggered by infection or stress. Although a definitive treatment for TRAPS has yet to be identified, drugs known as TNF inhibitors are sometimes successful in treating the disease. Deficiency of the Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (DIRA) Deficiency of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist (DIRA) is a recently discovered autoinflammatory disease. Children with the disorder display a constellation of serious and potentially fatal symptoms that include swelling of bone tissue; bone pain and deformity; inflammation of the periosteum (a layer of connective tissue around bone); and a rash that can span from small individual pustules to extensive pustulosis that covers most of the patient’s body. Most of the children begin to have symptoms from birth to 2 weeks of age. Children with DIRA have inherited mutations in IL1RN, a gene that encodes a protein known as IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). IL-1Ra binds to the same cell receptors as the inflammatory protein IL-1 and blocks its inflammatory actions. Without IL-1Ra, the children’s bodies cannot control systemic inflammation that can be caused by IL-1. Although mutations that cause DIRA are rare, as many as 2.5 percent of the population of northwest Puerto Rico are carriers. Since DIRA is recessively inherited, these data suggest that it may be present in about 1 in 6,300 births in this population. Mutations may also be more common in individuals of Dutch descent. Most patients with DIRA respond well to anakinra, the same drug previously mentioned for NOMID treatment, a synthetic form of human IL-1Ra. Behçet’s Disease Behçet’s disease causes canker sores or ulcers in the mouth and on the genitals and inflammation in parts of the eye. In some people, the disease also results in arthritis, skin problems, and inflammation of the digestive tract, brain, and spinal cord. Behçet’s disease is common in the Middle East, Asia, and Japan; it is rare in the United States. In Middle Eastern and Asian countries, the disorder affects more men than women. In the United States, the opposite is true. Behçet’s disease tends to develop in people in their twenties or thirties, but people of all ages can develop it. The exact cause of Behçet’s disease is unknown. Most symptoms of the disorder are caused by inflammation of the blood vessels. Doctors think that an autoinflammatory reaction may cause the blood vessels to become inflamed, but they do not know what triggers this reaction. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs are commonly used to treat the disease. Progress and Promise Further research should continue to enhance the understanding of the genetics and causes of autoinflammatory disorders and result in improvements in diagnosing and treating these diseases. For information on autoinflammatory diseases that are supported by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), visit: www.niams.nih.gov/research/Ongoing_Research/Branch_Lab/Clinical_Director . For a listing of federally and privately supported clinical trials for a variety of autoinflammatory disorders, visit www.clinicaltrials.gov . Key Words Acquired immune system. The part of the immune system that develops as a person grows. It employs antibodies to fight harmful substances. Amyloidosis. A potentially fatal buildup of a blood protein in vital organs. Anakinra. An anti-inflammatory medication that is sometimes used for rheumatoid arthritis. Antibody. A special protein produced by the body’s immune system that recognizes and helps fight infectious agents and other foreign substances that invade the body. Antigen. A foreign substance that triggers the production of antibodies when it is introduced into the body. Autoantibody. An antibody that attaches to the body’s own healthy tissues by mistake and signals the body to destroy them. Autoimmune disease. A disease that results when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. Autoinflammatory disease. A disease that results when the innate immune system causes inflammation for unknown reasons. Behçet’s disease. An autoinflammatory disease that causes canker sores or ulcers in the mouth and on the genitals and inflammation in parts of the eye. Colchicine. An anti-inflammatory medication commonly used to treat gout. Cryopyrin. A protein involved in regulating inflammation and programmed cell death. Deficiency of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA). An autoinflammatory disease caused by a deficiency of the protein interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). An autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations in the MEFV gene. Immune system. A complex network of specialized cells and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. Innate immune system. The part of the immune system that is more primitive. It employs types of white blood cells called granulocytes and monocytes to destroy harmful substances. Neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID). An autoinflammatory disease associated with mutations in a gene called NLRP3 (formerly known as CIAS1) in approximately 60 percent of patients with the disease. Pyrin. A protein involved in regulating inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS). An autoinflammatory disorder caused by a mutation of the TNFRSF1A gene. # # # The National Institutes of Health (NIH)—The Nation’s Medical Research Agency—includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is the primary Federal agency for conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and it investigates the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.niams.nih.gov. For Your Information This publication contains information about medications used to treat the health condition discussed here. When this publication was developed, we included the most up-to-date (accurate) information available. Occasionally, new information on medication is released. For updates and for any questions about any medications you are taking, please contact U.S. Food and Drug Administration Toll free: 888-INFO-FDA (888-463-6332) Website: http://www.fda.gov For additional information on specific medications, visit Drugs@FDA at http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda . Drugs@FDA is a searchable catalog of FDA-approved drug products. For updates and questions about statistics, please contact Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics Website: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs This publication is not copyrighted. Readers are encouraged to duplicate and distribute as many copies as needed. Additional copies of this publication are available from: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse	i don't know
‘It’s what your right arm’s for’ was an advertising slogan for which beer?	Beer Slogans - Brookston Beer Bulletin Brookston Beer Bulletin Advertising slogan: Busch Beer. Head for the mountains. Schlitz Beer Ad slogan: Schlitz. The beer that made Milwaukee famous. Budweiser Beer When you say Budweiser, you’ve said it all. For all you do, this Bud’s for you. The Genuine Article. Where there’s life, there’s Bud. Coors beer Slogans: The Coldest Tasting Beer In The World (for Coors Light ) It won’t slow you down (Light) This is our Beer (Light) Turn it loose! Brewed with Pure Rocky Mountain Spring Water. Note: Coors brewing water in Golden, Colo., begins high in the Rocky Mountains. It flows underground and is naturally filtered over beds of sand and gravel) A&W Root Beer Advertising slogan: That frosty mug sensation. Courage Beer Slogans: It’s what your right arm’s for. Take Courage. Taglines: I’m only here for the beer. A Double Diamond works wonders. Heineken beer Slogans: A better beer deserves a better can. It’s all about the beer. Lager Beer at its Best. How refreshing! How Heineken! Heineken refreshes the parts other beers cannot reach. Greene King IPA beer Advertising slogans: Greene King IPA. A tasty change from the usual. Beer to Dine For. Marketing slogans: It Starts Here. I am Canadian. Advertising slogan: The Beer so Good it’s Bad. Bud Light brand Taglines: Fresh. Smooth. Real. It’s all here. Be yourself and make it a Bud Light. Dreher, Hungarian premium beer brand Motto: It’s what’s inside that truly counts. Dreher. Abbot Ale, Greene King’s flagship brand Slogans: Some things get better given longer. Would you say no to another? Mackeson Beer Slogan: Mackeson Beer. It looks good, it tastes good, and by golly it does you good. Mexican Brewery Advertising slogan: The beer that made Milwaukee jealous … Miller Beer Slogans: It’s Miller time! Good call (Miller Lite) Tastes great, less filling (Lite) Everything you always wanted in a beer. And less. (Lite) If you’ve got the time, we’ve got the beer. Miller Beer. The Champagne of Bottled Beers No matter what what’s-his-name says, I’m the prettiest and Lite’s the greatest. Toohey’s beer Advertising slogan: How do you feel? I feel like a Toohey’s. Old Milwaukee beer Slogans: It Doesn’t Get Any Better Than This! Old Milwaukee. Taste as great as it’s name. Norrlands Guld, Swedish brand of beer Advertising slogan: Norrlands Guld. Be yourself for a while. Bavaria Holland beer Advertising slogan: And now, for a Bavaria. Dos Equis Mexican beer Slogans: Sooner or later you’ll get it. Let your tastes travel. Ad slogan: Carlsberg. Probably the best beer in the world. Kokanee Glacier Beer brand, Canada Taglines: Kokanee. Straight from the Kootenays. Pure Gold. From the heart of the Kootenays (Kokanee Gold) Labatt Blue, the best selling Canadian beer brand Taglines: A whole lot can happen, Out of the Blue. If I wanted water, I would have asked for water. Labatt Brewery, Canada Marketing slogan: Labatt. Good things brewing – corporate St. Pauli Girl brand, Germany Taglines: Germany’s Fun-Loving Beer. St. Pauli Girl. The Original Party Girl. Put her on a pedestal, or a coaster (USA campaign) You never forget your first girl. Smirnoff Ice brand (alternative brewed using a malt base) Advertising slogan: Smirnoff Ice. Intelligent Nightlife. Newcastle Brown Ale brand Slogans: Newcastle Brown Ale. The Other Side of Dark. The One and Only. Slogans: Bass. A little bit of better. Bass. Reach for Greatness. Advertising slogans: Our Hand Has Never Lost Its Skill. Schaefer. America’s Oldest Lager Beer. Castlemaine XXXX Australian brand Ad slogan: Australians wouldn’t give a XXXX for anything else Hemeling Lager brand Slogans: Give him a right good Hemeling tonight Wouldn’t you rather be Hemeling? Amstel brand Advertising slogans: Taste life. Pure Filtered. Amstel. Our beer. Celebrate football (Note: Amstel – sponsor of the UEFA Champions League 1994 – 2004) The beer drinker’s light beer (Amstel light) Michelob Ultra, a low-carbohydrate beer brand Marketing slogan: Lose the carbs. Not the taste. Michelob AmberBock beer Tagline: Michelob AmberBock. Rich and Smooth. Red Stripe Jamaican lager brand Advertising slogan: It’s BEER. Hooray beer! Sagres beer, Portugal brand Ad slogan: Sagres. Spot the difference (for dark beer) Corona, Mexican brand Advertising slogan: Corona. Miles Away From Ordinary Harp Irish Lager brand Marketing slogan: Harp puts out the fire Paulaner, German brand Advertising slogan: Good, better, Paulaner Stella Artois brand Ad slogans: Looks ugly. Tastes great. (Stella Artois in a plastic bottle). Stella Artois. Reassuringly expensive Taglines: He who thinks Australian, drinks Australian Foster’s. Australian for beer Sapporo Beer, Japanese brand Slogans: Sapporo. Drink in the world Senses Never Forget Advertising slogan: Tuborg. BEer YOURSELF (Italian campaign) Asgaard beer, German brand Motto: Asgaard. Cheers to the Vikings! Beck’s, German brand Slogans: Beck’s. Life Beckons (USA campaign) Life Beckons. Choose wisely. (Australian campaign) Unmistakable German Craftsmanship (Great Britain campaign) Carlton Cold, Australian brand Advertising slogan: Nothing’s as fresh as a Coldie Victoria Bitter brand, Australia Tagline: A hard earned thirst needs a big cold beer and the best cold beer is Vic. Victoria Bitter. Cascade Premium Lager, Australia Marketing slogan: Cascade Premium. Pure Beer. Adnams Ale brand Advertising slogan: Adnams Ale. Southwold, by the pint. Boddingtons beer brand Marketing slogan: Boddingtons. It’s a bit gorgeous. Carling beer Advertising slogan: Carling. Spot On. Pilsner Urquell brand Tagline: Pilsner Urquell. The world’s first golden beer. Rolling Rock Premium Beer Advertising slogan: Rolling Rock. Free Flowing. Samuel Adams beer brand End line: Samuel Adams. America’s World Class Beer. Guinness Irish Stout Advertising slogans: Out of the darkness comes light. Guinness refreshes your spirit (USA campaign) Believe (UK campaign) The most natural thing in the world (in Ireland) It’s got to be Guinness (in Singapore) Now enjoy Guinness anywhere (Australian campaign) Good things come to those who wait. Guinnless isn’t good for you. Guinness is Good for You Carlton Midstrength beer Advertising slogan: Stay a little longer. Ballantine’s Beer Motto: When you see the three-ring-sign, ask the man for Ballantine. Staropramen, Czech brand Motto: Staropramen. Get A Taste Of Prague. John Smith’s bitter Advertising slogan: John Smith’s. No Nonsense. Saxbys Stone Ginger Beer Advertising slogan: The big ginger bite! Kronenbourg 1664 lager Taglines: Sit. Savour. 1664. 1664. A Good Year for Beer. Please consider purchasing my latest book, California Breweries North, available from Amazon , or ask for it at your local bookstore. The Sessions	Courage
King Richard, Varna and Otina are varieties of which vegetable?	The 10 Best Beer Slogans - Holytaco Holytaco posted 01/28/2008 by Everyone knows that beer is great. But sometimes the slogans used to sell it are even better. 10. Blatz – How Mother and Baby “Picked Up” This advertisement actually says, “A case of Blatz Beer in your home means much to the young mother, and obviously baby participates in its benefits.” If a baby ever “picked up” a case of Blatz and came over to my house, I would definitiley help him participate in its benefits. 9. Schlitz – The Beer That Made Milwaukee Famous If Milwaukee is famous for the notorious swill that is Schlitz, maybe they should throw a few tax dollars into building a huge cheese statue or an oversized sausge replica–anything to put their name on the map for any other reason. Being famous for Schlitz is up there with being famous for dandruff. 8. Red Stripe – Hooray Beer! Screw the cutesy little slogans, the rhymes and the alliteration. Red Stripe breaks it down to the basest emotion you have for beer. After three or four brewskis the little man in your brain isn’t thinking about problems at work, your mortgage payment or the fact that your wife doesn’t find you attractive anymore. He’s just dancing around in his boxers and yelling, “Hooray Beer!” 7. Mackeson Milk Stout – It looks good, it tastes good, and by golly it does you good. The days before the pesky FDA and FCC got involved with advertising were amazing. You could say anything about any of our vices and get away with it. Cigarettes gave you energy, gambling was educational and hell, beer was good for you. Other ads claimed that Mackeson’s vitamin-rich Milk stout (which contained no milk) was healthy and nutritious enough for nursing mothers and was great for a baby’s skin when they bathed in it. Apparently all you needed to raise a healthy child in the 1950s was a case of Blatz and a few Mackeson Milk Stouts. 6. Carlsberg – Probably the Best Beer in the World. Hey, this beer might be the best one in the world. Or maybe it’s not. It depends on what you like, really. If you like this, then it definitely is. If you like something a bit darker, then you probably won’t like this at all. But whatever. 5. Courage Beer – It’s What Your Right Arm Is For God gave you two arms for a reason. Your right one is for shoveling Courage Beer into your face. And your left one is for everything else. (I’m pretty sure that’s somewhere in the Bible.) 4. Gunther – The Happiest Taste In Beer Today Not only does this Gunther Beer commercial use puppets, but it’s slogan makes it sound more like a new kind of candy than an alcohol. Hey kids, you know what tastes like happy? Chocolates and cakes and ice cream and…hangovers. 3. Pabst Blue Ribbon – This One Has The Touch! I have an uncle who got a case of “the touch” after a case of Pabst. He’s not allowed to come over for Thanksgiving anymore. 2. Colt 45 – It Works Every Time Colt 45 wants to make it very clear. It will get you laid EVERY TIME you drink Colt 45. Not 1/3 of the time. Not 74% of the time. EVERY SINGLE TIME. Just ask Billy Dee Williams. 1. Schaefer – It’s The One Beer To Have When You’re Having More Than One I think this slogan finally gets the message right: When you want to get wasted, drink Schaefers.	i don't know
What is the name of the police car in the children’s television series ‘Roary the Racing Car’?	View Full Screen ADVERTISEMENT Our love of cars started right here. Movie and TV cars are literally the stuff of dreams. We're all let into theaters and plopped in front of the tube long before we're issued driver licenses. Then we all dream of doing reverse 180s like Jim Rockford escaping thugs, or fleeing the po-po in a Shelby Mustang named Eleanor. We all want a best friend like KITT. And every orange Dodge Charger can fly, right? These are the 100 movie and TV cars that built that passion. 100. The Monkees 1966 Pontiac GTO: Dean Jeffries turns a GTO into a massive T-Bucket with a blown engine. The TV show ran two seasons between 1966 and 1968. 99. Cannonball 1970 Pontiac Trans Am: Pure mayhem from the Death Race 2000 director. Based on the Cannonball race, it beat The Gumball Rally into theaters by a month in 1976. 98. Easy Rider Captain America Harley-Davidson: The ultimate biker road trip movie. Made in 1969. Made Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper, Jack Nicholson, and they're Harley's icons. 97. Get Smart's 1965 Sunbeam Tiger: The spy car for the spy who isn't James Bond. Driven for seasons one and two (1965-'67), then replaced by a VW Karmann Ghia. 96. Diamonds Are Forever 1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1: James Bond rips Vegas apart in a great chase from 1971. Goes into an alley up on its right wheels, comes out on its left. So what. 95. The Saint 1962 Volvo P1800: From 1962-'69 Simon Templar (Roger Moore) showed up for no apparent reason in his white, British-built Volvo to help those in distress. 94. Days of Thunder 1990 #46 City Chevrolet Lumina: The movie that launched NASCAR's most successful decade. It was Cole Trickle's (Tom Cruise) Lumina that made good ol' boys cool. 93. Jurassic Park Ford Explorer: Self-driving, panorama glass roofs, high-tech information systems and the most iconic automotive paint job of the last 20 years. 92. Thelma and Louise 1966 Ford Thunderbird: Don't get too attached. The blue convertible meets its iconic end in this 1991 flick. 91. Stripes EM-50 Urban Assault Vehicle: Built off of a 1970's GMC Motorhome, the EM-50 Urban Assault Vehicle is the heavily armed recreational vehicle you need to bash through the Czech border. 90. Scooby-Doo 1969 Mystery Machine Van: Without the Mystery Machine, Fred, Daphne, Velma, Scooby and Shaggy go nowhere. They've been going since 1969. That's 42 years. 89. Speed Racer 1966 Mach 5: The Mach 5 was the first truly awesome Japanese car. The 52 original episodes ran between 1966 and 1968. Over time, they've gotten no better. 88. Hooper 1978 Pontiac Trans Am: Unlike Burt's other Trans Am exploits, this Pontiac is red, rocket-propelled and drives under falling smokestacks. Car is cool, but the rocket car gorge jump is a joke. 87. Green Hornet 1966 Black Beauty Imperial: Dean Jeffries modified two Imperials as the Hornet's ride in this short-lived 1966 TV series. Perfect with Bruce Lee as the driver. Also the one thing the 2011 movie got right. 86. Dumb and Dumber Mutt Cutts Van: Another one for the kids. Harry and Lloyd's van is the birthplace of the most annoying sound in the world. You're making it now, aren't you? 85. Ghostbusters 1959 Cadillac Ecto-1: Who you gonna call in the 1984 film? The Ghostbusters showed up in this modified Miller-Meteor Futura ambulance. 84. The Munsters 1964 Munster Coach: George Barris' shop used three Model T bodies and a 289 Ford V8 to construct this for the TV series that ran from 1964-'66. 83. The Munsters 1965 Drag-U-La: Built at George Barris' shop by Korky Korkes, the coffin-based Drag-U-La first appeared in the 1965 episode "Hot Rod Herman." 82. Family Matters BMW Isetta: Known as the "Urkel Car" BMW's Isetta gets a spot on this list, as it is perfectly cast. The Isetta is also No. 3 on our list of the 100 Worst Cars of All Time . 81. Fireball 500 1966 Plymouth Barracuda: In this 1966 film, Frankie Avalon used this Barris custom to tow Richard Petty's stock car. It was a Popular AMT model kit. 80. Miami Vice 1986 Ferrari Testarossa: Ferrari didn't like the black Daytona replica the 1984-'89 NBC series was using, so it provided two white Testarossas for Season Three. 79. Against All Odds 1984 Porsche 911 SC: This car and a Ferrari 308 GTSi race on L.A.'s Sunset Boulevard in an underrated 1984 film. Stunt coordinator Gary Davis doubled Jeff Bridges. 78. Against All Odds 1984 Ferrari 308 GTSi: In this great race action, the legendary stunt driver Carey Loftin drove the Ferrari. He was 68 years old at the time. 77. The Simpsons Canyonero: Sixty-five tons of American pride, the country-fried truck endorsed by a clown was ruled unsafe for city or highway driving. 76. Death Race 2000 1975 Shala-Vette: Dick Dean's VW-based kit twisted by Dean himself and Dean Jeffries for "Frankenstein." 1975's Death Race 2000 is the best Death Race. 75. Stingray 1965 Chevrolet Corvette: For two seasons (1985-'87) on NBC, if you needed help you called Nick Mancuso as "Ray" and he showed up in a black '65 Corvette Coupe. 74. Vega$ 1957 Ford Thunderbird: In this series Robert Urich played Dan Tanna, a Las Vegas detective who lived at the Desert Inn and drove a classic T-Bird from 1978-'81. 73. McQ 1973 Pontiac Trans Am SD455: One of the few cars John Wayne drove in a film. This green beast tours Seattle and is ultimately crushed in an alley. 72. Bad Boys 1993 Porsche 911 Turbo 3.6: Director Michael Bay used his own car as the lead vehicle in this 1995 movie. Wound up making Will Smith and Martin Lawrence movie stars. 71. Cars Lightning McQueen: Cars, released in 2006, isn't Pixar's best, but it has sold the most toys. Lightning McQueen is a cuddly version of a stock car. 70. Batman Begins 2005 Tumbler: The latest Batmobile is an amazing prop built for this 2005 film. Yes, it really drives even if it doesn't leap across buildings and rivers. 69. Two-Lane Blacktop 1970 Pontiac GTO Judge: This 1971 movie doesn't make much sense if you think about it. So don't think and appreciate the classic Pontiac muscle driven by Warren Oates. 68. Tucker: The Man and His Dream 1948 Tucker Torpedo: Great 1988 Francis Ford Coppola movie all about cars. Fully 21 of the 47 surviving Torpedoes were used in filming. 67. Cobra 1950 Mercury: Eddie Paul reportedly built four '50 Mercs for this 1986 Sylvester Stallone movie. The movie is lousy, but the car is outstanding. 66. American Graffiti 1958 Chevrolet Impala: It's Steve's car, but it's Terry the Toad who gets this ride in George Lucas' 1973 film about one summer night in 1962. 65. Rain Man 1949 Buick Roadmaster: The three stars of this 1988 drama are Dustin Hoffman, Tom Cruise and this big Buick convertible. Ten minutes to Wapner. 64. The Italian Job 2003 Mini Coopers: This movie introduced Americans to the concept of small cars being awesome. Charlize Theron behind the wheel didn't hurt, either. Thanks to an epic chase scene, more Minis have used the L,A. subway than residents. 63. The Italian Job 1968 Mini Coopers: Britain's greatest heist involves stealing gold through a traffic jam under and over Turin, Italy. Michael Caine was at his peak in 1969. 62. Casino Royale 2007 Aston Martin DBS: Few gadgets, but James Bond's DBS (a redressed DB9) performs a spectacular seven barrel rolls meeting its demise in the 2006 film. 61. The Living Daylights 1987 Aston Martin V8 Vantage: "Winterized" by Q into a hardtop, 007's Aston features missiles, skis and a rocket engine in the 1987 film. 60. Planes, Trains and Automobiles 1986 Chrysler Town & Country: The misery of travel exacerbated by renting a K-Car convertible in this 1987 film. It's eventually smashed between two semis and burns. 59. You Only Live Twice 1967 Toyota 2000GT Convertible: Not driven by Bond, but by Aki, a beautiful Japanese spy. Toyota never offered the 2000GT as a drop top. Two were made for the 1967 film. 58. Rebel Without a Cause 1949 Mercury: James Dean's ride in this 1955 drama of teen angst and delinquency. Released a month after Dean's death while driving a Porsche. 57. Miami Vice 1972 Ferrari Daytona Replica: It's a rebodied C3 Corvette. So what. This black car and Phil Collins' "In the Air Tonight" made the show a hit in 1984. 56. Transformers 1976 Chevrolet Camaro "Bumblebee": Sure, Bumblebee became a 2010 Camaro in this 2007 megahit. But really, he was better off as the clapped-out '76 on Cragars. 55. Christine 1958 Plymouth Fury: It's a Mopar, so of course it's evil. John Carpenter's 1983 film is rumored to have destroyed more than 20 '58 Plymouths depicting Christine. 54. Fast & Furious 6: 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona: The movie is a monster hit and the Charger isn't bad either. What's not to love about this hugely modified Dodge Charger and its GM-sourced 430-horsepower 6.2-liter LS3. Read more on it here . 53. Fast Five 1969 Nissan Skyline GT-R: This gorgeous, worn-down car does nothing but drive through Rio and park. And with that alone, it steals the 2011 movie. 52. Iron Man 2008 Audi R8 : Product placement or not, it's the perfect car for genius Tony Stark (Robert Downey) to drive in this huge 2008 superhero hit. 51. Simon & Simon 1979 Dodge Power Wagon: From 1981-'89, this red pickup was detective Rick Simon's intimidating ride. All dull paint and big bumper. 50. 2 Fast 2 Furious 1998 Nissan Skyline GT-R: Forgive the neon lighting; it was 2003. The R34 is the best 2F2F car. The on-screen R34s ran with disconnected front differentials for drifting. 49. Better Off Dead 1967 Camaro: In this 1985 John Cusack film, it was the black Camaro that spoke the international language of love. 48. Le Mans 1970 Porsche 911S: In Steve McQueen's 1971 racing epic, the Porsche his character drives in the film's opening scenes is this 911S. It recently sold for $1.37 million. 47. The Fast and the Furious 1993 Toyota Supra Turbo: It beats a Ferrari on PCH. Then chases a motorcycle. And is given away to Vin Diesel at the end of this 2001 film. 46. Hollywood Knights 1957 Chevrolet: Popular Hot Rodding's then supercharged "Project X" is driven by Tony Danza in this 1980 film. The always yellow '57 was recently rebuilt by GM Performance. 45. Thunder Road 1950 Ford: Robert Mitchum's 1958 moonshine drama features this hot-rodded '50. It runs from the Feds, who have a '57 Chevy that grabs bumpers. 44. Risky Business 1981 Porsche 928: Four 928s were used in filming and two more in post-production. The 1983 movie made Tom Cruise a star. Who's the U-boat commander? 43. The Blues Brothers 1974 Dodge Monaco: The 13 different Dodges that portrayed the "Bluesmobile" in this 1980 film were bought from the California Highway Patrol. Hit it! 42. Route 66 1961 Chevrolet Corvette: GM put Martin Milner and George Maharis (then Glenn Corbett) in a new 'Vette every year for this road adventure series between 1960 and 1964. 41. The Italian Job 1967 Lamborghini Miura: Reportedly, the Miura wrecked here was already destroyed before filming. That doesn't make its fate any less painful to watch. 40. Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry 1969 Dodge Charger: Sometimes a '68 or a '69 in this 1974 movie, the Charger's explosive fame came in the explosive credits for TV's The Fall Guy. 39. 77 Sunset Strip T-Bucket: "Kookie" (Edd Byrnes) drove a wild T-Bucket actually built by Norm Grabowski on this 1959-'64 series. It defined '60s hot-rodding. 38. Bullitt 1968 Dodge Charger: This Dodge chased Steve McQueen's Mustang through San Francisco in this 1968 cop drama. Bad guys have been driving Chargers in movies ever since. 37. Corvette Summer 1973 Corvette: Converted to right-hand drive and drowned in overstyled fiberglass. Mark Hamill spends this 1978 movie getting it back after it's stolen. 36. Gone in 60 Seconds 1973 Mustang Mach 1: Toby Halicki wrote, directed, starred in and was the stunt driver for this 1974 chase film. What everyone remembers is Eleanor the Mustang. 35. The Gumball Rally 1972 Ferrari Daytona Spyder: "The first rule of Italian driving," says Raul Julia as he rips off the real Daytona Spyder's rearview mirror. "What's behind me is not important." 34. The Gumball Rally 1966 Shelby Cobra 427: Two genuine Cobras were used in this 1976 comedy that remains the best movie made about transcontinental street racing. 33. The Godfather 1941 Lincoln Continental: Sonny Corleone dies in a hail of machine gun fire outside his special Lincoln. It's the best car in this all-time-great 1972 movie. 32. Vanishing Point 1970 Dodge Challenger: 440 and a pistol-grip four-speed. The cops chasing Kowalski in this 1971 film don't know his first name. A '67 Camaro doubles the Dodge in the explosive climax. 31. Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 1910 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: Musical about a miraculous car based on an old Grand Prix racer. Has made car guys out of millions of kids since 1968. 30. Back to the Future 1981 DeLorean DMC-12: Doc Brown: "The way I see it, if you're gonna build a time machine into a car, why not do it with some style?" It is 1985's best movie. 29. Back to the Future 1985 Toyota 4x4 Xtra Cab Pickup Truck: The DeLorean may have been the star, but that black Toyota Pickup stole the show. Screw time travel; we want to take that truck up to the lake with Jennifer. 28. American Graffiti 1955 Chevy 210: Bob Falfa's '55 challenges John Milner's self worth. It's the same '55 from Two-Lane Blacktop, painted black and with Harrison Ford driving. 27. Two-Lane Blacktop 1955 Chevy 210: Solid front axle, 454 with tunnel ram, glass nose and deck lid, Plexiglas side windows; it was nasty in 1971 and it's nasty now. 26. The A-Team 1983 GMC Van: Fugitive mercenaries hide in a van with a big red stripe. But on NBC between 1983 and 1987 it made perfect sense. At least it did if you were 12. 25. The Fall Guy 1982 GMC Sierra: Stuntman/bounty hunter Colt Seavers (Lee Majors) always had to jump his big GMC pickup. The ABC TV series destroyed dozens between 1981 and 1986. 24. Batman Tim Burton's Batmobile: Consider this one a generational thing, but Tim Burton's Batmobile, piloted by Michael Keaton, is the armored, jet-turbine-powered stuff of dreams. 23. Take This Job and Shove It 1974 Ford F-250 Bigfoot: The 1981 movie, starring Robert Hays, is forgotten. But Bigfoot's appearance made monster trucks a big deal. 22. The California Kid 1934 Ford Coupe: This 1974 TV movie made the '34 Three-Window built by Pete Chapouris one of the most famous hot rods of all time. It's still beautiful. 21. Magnum, P.I. 1978 Ferrari 308 GTS: Thomas Magnum (Tom Selleck) drove three different red 308 GTSs through eight seasons on this Hawaii-based detective show from 1980-'88. ROBIN1. 20. National Lampoon's Vacation 1983 Wagon Queen Family Truckster: Clark Griswold's indignities start when he doesn't get the Sport Wagon he ordered in this 1983 film. Wally World, here we come. 19. Le Mans 1970 Ferrari 512S: By Ferrari standards, it wasn't a successful racer. But it looked spectacular running alongside Porsche 917s in Steve McQueen's 1971 racing film. 18. Le Mans 1970 Porsche 917K: The greatest Porsche of them all, running full speed down the Mulsanne Straight with McQueen at the wheel. Then he destroys it in a spectacular wreck. 17. The Cannonball Run 1980 Lamborghini LP400S: A black Lambo with Adrienne Barbeau and Tara Buckman aboard? Wicked. The great Brock Yates wrote this 1981 movie. 16. The Fast and the Furious 1970 Dodge Charger: The iconic car from this movie series is so intimidating that Vin Diesel is scared to drive it in the original film. 15. Ronin 1998 Audi S8: In John Frankenheimer's 1998 chase film, it's this big green sedan that does most of the pushing in its best chase. 14. Ferris Bueller's Day Off 1961 Ferrari 250 GT California: Yeah, the Ferrari in the 1986 movie was just a replica. But it's the first Ferrari many of us ever lusted after. You fellas have nothing to worry about. I'm a professional. 13. The Love Bug 1962 Volkswagen Beetle: A very good Disney movie that opened in 1968 and became the highest-grossing film of 1969. Herbie was a star from the start. 12. The Rockford Files 1974 Pontiac Firebird Esprit: P.I. Jim Rockford drove his tan coupe brilliantly between 1974 and 1980. He got a new one every year between 1974 and 1978. Made the reverse spin famous. 11. Starsky & Hutch 1975 Ford Gran Torino: The "striped tomato" may be the world's worst undercover cop car. But for four seasons on ABC from 1975-'79, it was awesome. 10. Batman 1955 Lincoln Futura Batmobile: George Barris' crew reworked and restyled an old Ford concept car into the great Batmobile for the campy 1966-'68 TV series. Turbines to speed. 9. Mad Max 1973 Ford XB Falcon: Australia's greatest export is George Miller's 1979 vision of a dystopian future, which includes the last of the V8 interceptors. Everyone wants a blower that can be turned on and off. 8. Gone in Sixty Seconds 1967 Shelby GT500: Steve Stanford designed this exaggerated GT500 "Eleanor" and it's been copied and copied ever since the 2000 movie hit. 7. Knight Rider 1982 Pontiac Trans Am: The Knight Industries Two Thousand (KITT) was a supercar that talked to David Hasselhoff for four seasons between 1982 and 1986. At least KITT didn't have to listen. 6. Bullitt 1968 Ford Mustang GT 390: Even before the legendary chase begins, it was dented and tough-looking. This Mustang has defined cool for more than 40 years. 5. American Graffiti 1932 Ford Coupe: When this movie appeared in 1973, street-rodding was almost dead. John Milner's yellow '32 five-window made it relevant again. 4. Smokey and the Bandit 1977 Pontiac Trans Am: 1977's second most popular film. But you couldn't buy a Millennium Falcon, and Pontiac dealers had plenty of T/As. Speedy car. 3. The Spy Who Loved Me 1977 Lotus Esprit: In this 1977 film, it's a Lotus that turns into a submarine. That's enough to make it the third greatest movie/TV car of all time. 2. Goldfinger 1963 Aston Martin DB5: The greatest James Bond car is fitted by Q with "modifications" for this 1964 movie. The standard against which all spy, movie and TV cars are judged. Last year it sold at auction for $4.6 million. 1. The Dukes of Hazzard 1969 Dodge Charger: More than 300 Chargers portrayed the General Lee during the series 145 episodes (1979-'86). Today it's the ultimate Hollywood star car. Yeeeeeeeeeeeeehaaaaaaaaaaaaw.	Nick
US outlaws Robert LeRoy Parker and Harry Longabaugh were better known by what names?	Roary the Racing Car Roary the Racing Car (produced by Chapman Entertainment) follows the adventures of a young racing car named Roary. The website is based on the pre-school TV series aired on ABC Kids and Nick Jr. Set in and around Silver Hatch racetrack, the stories explore Roary�s relationships with his amazing group of racing car friends including Big Chris, the karaoke loving mechanic, Cici the French stunt car & Maxi, the Italian F1 racing car. Roary the Racing Car - He�s the No.1 Star! This site requires flash 8 to view it so you may need to upgrade your player. Click here to download the latest version	i don't know
Online social networking website Facebook was founded in 2004 in which US state?	Social Media Timeline StumbleUpon is acquired by eBay. May 24 Facebook starts allowing developers to use the site as a platform for games and widgets, leading to the success of popular games such as Farmville, Bejeweled Blitz, and Mafia Wars. July 29 Apple releases the iPhone in the United States. iPhone users can access social media sites and apps through their phone. 2008 April Facebook becomes the most popular social networking site, surpassing Myspace which had been in first place since June 2006. July Facebook Connect is revealed. Facebook Connect enables users to log onto third-party websites, applications, gaming systems, and mobile devices. July 4 TweetDeck begins. TweetDeck is a desktop application for Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Myspace, and other social networking sites. October 7 2011 January 28 Egypt shuts off all internet access in an effort to contain activists from organizing protests which threaten to end the reign of President Hosni Mubarak. The block is temporary and does not put an end to the protests. February Social networking websites such as Twitter and Facebook help activists organize an uprising in Egypt . The trend of using social networking websites to organize protests and demonstrations continues throughout 2011 in the Middle East and North Africa. Various governments attempt to shut down social media and internet access to crackdown on protest movements throughout 2011 to varying degrees of success. February 22 An Egyptian baby is named Facebook to honor the role that social media played in Egypt's revolution. April WikiLeaks begins publishing files on Guantanamo Bay detainees. August 11 The British Parliament considers turning off social networking sites. Protesters use social networking sites to organize violent riots throughout the country. After exploring whether it is right or even possible to cut off social networking sites in England , the government decides not to do so. August 19 StumbleUpon surpasses Facebook as the site that delivers more than half of all U.S. social media traffic. August 22 A teacher in Missouri sues the state over what has become known as the Facebook law. The new state law prevents teachers from contacting students through non-work related websites. The teacher's lawsuit argues that the new law makes it illegal for her to chat with her own child over Facebook. 2013 April 15 Social media becomes a major source of information about the Boston Marathon bombing . It is the first major terrorist attack in the U.S. during the age of Facebook, Twitter and smartphones. Many Americans receive news of the bombing and search for clues about the suspects on social media. Several anonymous posters name people online who they believe are involved in the bombing. Once the suspects are identified, investigators look at the suspects' Facebook accounts for evidence and clues for motives behind the bombing. April 24 A retired police detective's Facebook post provides authorities with a lead to the driver involved in a 1968 hit-and-run death. Douglas Parkhurst has been identified via Facebook as the driver of the car that did not stop after hitting a four-year-old girl in upstate New York on Halloween night in 1968. Police have been following hundreds of leads, but the break comes when retired police detective Russ Johnson posts information about the case. A former resident of the area in New York where the crime happened sees Johnson's post and comes forward with the information that leads the police to Parkhurst. 2014 January 16 For the first time ever, a trial based on alleged defamation via twitter begins. Attorney Rhonda Holmes is suing her former client, rock musician and actress Courtney Love over a tweet in which Love claimed that Holmes had been “bought off” in a case related to the estate of Kurt Cobain , Nirvana singer and Love’s deceased husband. The case is being referred to as the Twibel trial and could have major legal implications for any Twitter user. The Los Angeles Superior Court has already rejected an argument by Love’s lawyers that language on Twitter should be interpreted differently than if the same words are used in a more formal setting. This is the first trial of its kind, but the second time Love has been sued over her tweets. Three years ago, a fashion designer filed a lawsuit against Love over a series of insulting tweets. However, that case never went to trial because Love settled out of court for $430,000. The following week, the jury votes in favor of Courtney Love. After only three hours of deliberation, the jury rules that Love's 2010 tweet suggesting that her attorney had been "bought off" was not defamatory. April 14 Islamist militant group Boko Haram is accused of kidnapping about 280 girls from a school in northeast Nigeria with the intention of making the girls sex slaves. The mass kidnapping—and the government's inept attempts to rescue them—sparks international outrage and anti-government protests in Nigeria. A social media campaign helps increase news coverage of the kidnappings and puts pressure on President Goodluck Jonathan to take action against Boko Haram. Related Links	Massachusetts
‘Elmo’s World’ was a segment of which children’s television show?	The History and Evolution of Social Media \| Webdesigner Depot The History and Evolution of Social Media By WebdesignerDepot Staff • Posted Oct. 07, 2009 • Reading time: 19 minutes Social media has become an integral part of modern society. There are general social networks with user bases larger than the population of most countries. There are niche sites for virtually every special interest out there. There are sites to share photos, videos, status updates, sites for meeting new people and sites to connect with old friends. It seems there are social solutions to just about every need. In this article, we’ll review the history and evolution of social media from its humble beginnings to the present day. Precursors to Social Media Usernets Usenet systems were first conceived of in 1979 by Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis. Usenets let users post articles or posts (referred to as “news”) to newsgroups. Usenets have no centralized server or dedicated administrator, setting them apart from most BBSs and forums. Usenets are mostly responsible for the development of newsreader clients, which are the precursor to RSS feed readers so commonly used to follow blogs and news sites today. Group sites such as Google Groups and Yahoo! Groups use many of the conventions established by the original usenet systems. BBSs (Bulletin Board Systems) The first BBSs came online in the late 70s. Originally these were primarily hosted on personal computers and users had to dial in through the host computer’s modem. Only one person at a time could gain access to the BBS. While there were legitimate BBSs, most were at least somewhat involved in illicit, illegal, or other shady practices. Adult material, virus code, information and instructions for hacking and phreaking (phone hacking), and materials like The Anarchist’s Cookbook were commonly hosted on BBSs. But BBSs were the first type of sites that allowed users to log on and interact with one another, albeit in a much slower fashion than we currently do. Online Services After BBSs came “online services” like CompuServe and Prodigy. These were the first real “corporate” attempts at accessing the Internet. CompuServe was the first company to incorporate a chat program into their service. Prodigy was responsible for making online service more affordable (CompuServe had been prohibitively expensive for many, with charges of $6/hour plug long-distance fees that often made the service run $30/hour or more). Genie was an early online service created by a General Electric subsidiary (GEIS) in 1985. It ran through 1999 and was one of the earliest services available. It was a text-based service, and considered the first viable commercial competition to CompuServe. The service was created to make use of idle time-sharing mainframes after normal U.S. business hours. GEnie offered games, shopping, mail, and forums (called RoundTables). There was even a print magazine associated with the service at one time. AOL started as an online service too and made great strides at making the Internet more universally accessible in the U.S. IRC, ICQ, and Instant Messaging IRC (Internet Relay Chat) was developed in 1988 and used for file sharing, link sharing and otherwise keeping in touch. It was really the father of instant messaging as we know it today. IRC was mostly UNIX-based though, limiting access to most people. ICQ was developed in the mid-90s and was the first instant messaging program for PCs. It was at least partly responsible for the adoption of avatars, abbreviations (LOL, BRB) and emoticons. Other IM clients soon followed. Early Social Networks Dating Sites Dating sites are sometimes considered the first social networks. The first dating sites started cropping up almost as soon as people started going online. They allowed users to create profiles (usually with photos) and to contact other users. Forums Online forums also played a large part in the evolution of the social web. These were really descendents of the BBSs popular in the 70s and 80s, but usually came with a more user-friendly interface, making them easier for non-technical visitors to use. Various forum platforms, including vBulletin and phpBB , were developed, many of which are still used for forums. Forums remain a popular part of online culture, and many have made strides to add more social networking-type features (like profiles). While many people consider dating sites or sites like Classmates.com to be the first social networks, they don’t really fit the definition. Dating sites rarely allowed you to keep a friends list, neither did Classmates in its early years (and profiles were severely limited). The following sites were the first true social networks. Six Degrees Six Degrees was launched in 1997 and was the first modern social network. It allowed users to create a profile and to become friends with other users. While the site is no longer functional, at one time it was actually quite popular and had around a million members at its peak. In 2000 it was purchased for $125 million and in 2001 it was shut down. AsianAvenue, MiGente, BlackPlanet These sites cropped up in the years following SixDegrees’ launch, between 1997 and 2001. They allowed users to create profiles and add friends (generally without needing approval to add people). Users could create professional, personal and dating profiles on these sites. While they were some of the earliest social networks, there were few innovations among them. LiveJournal LiveJournal started in 1999 and took a different approach to social networking. While Six Degrees allowed users to create a basically-static profile, LiveJournal was a social network built around constantly-updated blogs. LiveJournal encouraged its users to follow one another and to create groups and otherwise interact. It was really the precursor to the live updates we see in social networks currently. World of Warcraft / MMORPGS MMORPGS (Massively multiplayer online role-playing games) have become social networks in their own right. The most famous of these is World of Warcraft , where players interact both in the game world and on related forums and community sites. Social interaction within the games ranges from teams set up specifically for tactical reasons within the game to friendships to romances. MMORPGS became popular in the early 2000s, though there were other online role-playing and other games prior to that. Major Advances in Social Networking The early 2000s brought some huge developments in social networking and social media. Friendster Friendster was really the first modern, general social network. Founded in 2002, Friendster is still a very active social network, with over 90 million registered users and 60+ million unique visitors each month. Most of Friendster’s traffic comes from Asia (90% of it). Friendster operated by allowing people to discover their friends and then friends-of-friends, and so on to expand their networks. Its goal was to be a safer place to meet new people than in real-life, as well as being faster. Friendster was, in part, a new kind of dating site. Instead of matching complete strangers based on shared interests, it operated on the assumption that people with shared friends and acquaintances would have a better chance than those who had no shared connection. Friendster was most popular with three different groups: gay men, attendess of Burning Man and bloggers. Hi5 Hi5 is another major social network, established in 2003 and currently boasting more than 60 million active members according to their own claims. Profile privacy works a bit differently on Hi5, where a user’s network consists of not only their own contacts, but also second (friends of friends) and third (friends of friends of friends) degree contacts. Users can set their profiles to be seen only by their network members or by Hi5 users in general. While Hi5 is not particalarly popular in the U.S., it has a large user base in parts of Asia, Latin America and Central Africa. LinkedIn LinkedIn was founded in 2003 and was one of the first mainstream social networks devoted to business. Originally, LinkedIn allowed users to post a profile (basically a resume) and to interact through private messaging. They also work on the assumption that you should personally know the people you connect with on the site. Gradually, other features have been added, including groups, question and answer forums, and advanced profile features, including real-time updates. MySpace MySpace was founded in 2003 and by 2006 had grown to be the most popular social network in the world. MySpace differentiated itself from competitors by allowing users to completely customize the look of their profiles. Users could also post music from artists on MySpace and embed videos from other sites on their profiles. Originally MySpace allowed communication through private messages, public comments posted to a user’s profile, and bulletins sent out to all of your friends. Blogs are also a big part of MySpace profiles, with each member automatically getting a blog. In 2006 MySpace introduced MySpace IM, an instant messaging client that lets users chat with their friends. Other recent additions to MySpace’s functionality include the addition of real-time status updates and a news feed showing friend activity. Facebook While Facebook started out as a Harvard-only social network back in 2004, it quickly expanded to other schools, then to high schools, businesses and eventually everyone (by 2006). In 2008 Facebook became the most popular social networking site, surpassing MySpace, and continues to grow. Facebook doesn’t allow the same kind of customization that MySpace does. Facebook does, however, allow users to post photos, videos and otherwise customize their profile content, if not the design. Facebook has added a number of features over the past few years, including instant messaging/chat and apps (and their developer platform). Users have a few different methods of communicating with one another. Private messaging is available as well as writing on another user’s wall. Wall posts are visible to that user’s friends, but usually not to the general public. Users can easily change their privacy settings to allow different users to see different parts of their profile, based on any existing relationships (the basic privacy settings are “only friends”, “friends of friends”, and “everyone”). Users can post notes that are visible to all of their friends. Users can also comment on or, more recently, “like” the posts of their friends, and conversations often occur within the comment sections among multiple people. Other Major Social Networks Multiply , a “family-friendly” social network and media sharing site was established in 2004 and puts much more emphasis on security and privacy than many other networks. Multiply users have the option to set security levels on each item they post, making things public, network-only, or invite-only. Orkut , launched in January 2004, is Google’s social network, and while it’s not particularly popular in the U.S., it’s very popular in Brazil and India, with more than 65 million users. Orkut lets users share media, status updates, and communicate through IM. Kontain , which launched in 2008, works a bit differently than many social networks, putting the focus on usability and allowing users to follow each other through photos, videos, and music, rather than just simple status updates. They also actively recruit businesses to sign up, promotin their service as a way to connect with customers. Niche Social Networks As social networking grew, niche sites began cropping up for specific interest groups. There are now social networks for virtually every hobby, passion, interest, industry and group that you could imagine. Ning Ning is a platform for creating niche social networks. Networks are hosted by Ning but can take on their own personality and can even pay to have their own branding instead of the Ning brand. New users can either create social networks for any niche they choose or join any of more than 1.5 million existing networks. Ning was the first widely-used social networking platform. It’s biggest advantage in the market was that it made it incredibly simple for even non-technical users to set up their own social network. While most other social networking platforms required coding and programming knowledge, Ning required neither of those. Company-Sponsored Social Networks A number of niche social networking sites have been developed by corporations in all sorts of industries. Authonomy is one example; it’s a writers’ network hosted by the UK division of Harper Collins that has attracted thousands of hopeful writers from all over the globe, but plenty of other companies have created their own networks. While some of these have active groups, many do not, and end up being shut down due to a lack of activity. Media Sharing Social media isn’t just limited to social networking sites. Sharing photos, videos, and other multimedia content is also a popular social media activity. Photobucket Photobucket was the first major photo sharing site, launched in 2003. Photobucket allows users to share photos publically or in password-protected albums. They allow users 500MB of storage (lowered from 1GB in August of 2009). Pro accounts get 10GB of storage (lowered from 100GB to 25GB in July of ’08 and then to 10GB in August of ’09). Photobucket also hosts video content. In 2007, Photobucket was purchased by Fox Interactive Media (a News Corporation subsidiary). It was rumored to have sold for as much as $250 million, though terms of the sale were never disclosed. Flickr Flickr has become a social network in its own right in recent years. They claim to host more than 3.6 billion images as of June 2009. Flickr also has groups, photo pools, and allows users to create profiles, add friends, and organize images and video into photo sets/albums. One of Flickr’s major advantages is that they allow users to license their photos through Creative Commons, as well as retaining all copyrights. Flickr has also recently launched a collection called “The Commons”, which features archived photos and images from a variety of museums and other institutions under a “no known restrictions” license (basically meaning the photos are believed to be in the public domain). YouTube YouTube was the first major video hosting and sharing site, launched in 2005. Users can upload videos up to 10 minutes long and share them through YouTube or by embedding them on other websites (social networks, blogs, forums, etc.). YouTube now allows users to upload HD videos and recently launched a service to provide TV shows and movies under license from their copyright holders. YouTube’s major social features include ratings, comments, and the option to subscribe to the channels of a user’s favorite video creators. Revver Revver took a slightly different approach to video hosting and sharing. While YouTube, Metacafe, and most other video sharing sites let you post videos for free and didn’t pay content creators for any advertising revenues their videos generated, Revver has been sharing revenue from the start. Revver splits the revenue generated by a video 50/50 with that video’s creator. Some other video sharing and hosting sites are moving in the direction of revenue sharing, but Revver still remains the primary one that does it with all content on the site. Social News and Bookmarking Sharing photos and videos wasn’t isn’t the only kind of information sharing happening with social media. The advent of social news and bookmarking sites in the mid-2000’s brought about a whole new way of see what’s going on in the world and discovering interesting content. News became more widely available thanks to sites like Delicious, Digg, and Reddit, who allowed users to share any news or other content they found interesting with a much wider audience than they might have otherwise had. Delicious Delicious (aka, Del.icio.us) is a social bookmarking site founded in 2003. It allows its users to bookmark any content they find online, tag that content, and then share it with other users. Users can search for bookmarks or browse for them via tags. Delicious also allows users to view the most popular content among other users, as well as up-and-coming content, not unlike most social news sites. Digg Digg was founded in 2004 by Kevin Rose, Ron Gorodetzky, Jay Adelson, and Owen Byrne. Digg users can share links to anything online and other users can vote that content up (“dig”) or down (“bury”). Users can also comment on content posted by others and keep a friends list. Digg has undergone a lot of controversy in its day, including criticism about the power the top 100 Digg users have over what becomes popular on the site. The “Digg Effect”—when content makes it to the front page, thereby sending a huge influx of traffic to that site, often overloading its servers—is also well-known and often frustrating to those unprepared for the sudden popularity. Reddit Reddit is another social news site founded in 2005. Reddit operates in a similar fashion to Digg, allowing users to vote content up or down. Users can view popular items, new items, and “controversial” items (presumably those items that have received a lot of both up and down votes). Reddit, like Digg, also allows users to comment on posted items. Real Time Updates Real-time updates have become the new norm in social media. With the advent of Twitter in 2006, status updates have become the new norm in social networking. Virtually all major social networks now allow real-time updates. Twitter Twitter was founded in 2006 and gained a lot of popularity during the 2007 SxSW (South by Southwest) conference. Tweets trippled during the conference, from 20k per day to 60k. Twitter has developed a cult-like following and has a number of famous users (Ashton Kutcher, Demi Moore, Soleil Moon Frye, MC Hammer, Oprah, Martha Stewart, and many, many more). Twitter has also spawned a number of third-party sites and apps, turning it into more of a platform than a single service. There are Twitter clients for updating and managing followers; services that track Twitter trends; and services for posting photos and videos directly to Twitter. Posterous Posterous is the newest major microblogging application, started by Y Combinator in May 2009. Users post content via email. Emails can include attached photos, MP3s and other file types that are also posted. No initial signup is needed, setting it apart from most other social media services. Tumblr Tumblr is sort of a cross between a lifestreaming application and a microblogging platform. Tumblr was founded in 2007 and had around 75,000 tumblebloggers switch to the service immediately. The site lets users post photos, video, text, audio, links, conversations, and other content on blog-like sites. There are mobile applications available for posting to Tumblr, making it ideal for lifestreaming. Tumblr is also very easy to use, making it well-suited to less technical users. It’s similar to Twitter and other microblogging platforms in the way that it lets you follow other Tumblr users and see their updates in a specialized dashboard feed. Users can also “heart” (favorite) other Tumblr users’ content and reblog posts from other users, keeping the original credit intact. Other Services Adopt Real-Time Updates As mentioned before, virtually every social networking site now allows for status updates. Facebook has incorporated status updates into their interface for years. MySpace adopted the practice more than a year ago. And most recently, LinkedIn has started to allow users to update their status. Real-time updates allow users to stay connected to their friends and family on a constant basis and often improve relationships between people. When you constantly know what’s going on with friends and family, it’s easier to discover shared interests, activities, and other information that might never have come out in real-life conversations. This can lead to stronger relationships offline. The iPhone’s Role in Real-Time Updates The iPhone can be largely credited for the rise in popularity of real-time updates. Prior to the iPhone’s launch, mobile browsers were clunky at best, and virtually unusable at worst. But the iPhone made it easy and even fun to browse the web from a mobile device. Add apps for virtually every social network to the mix and it became possible for users to update anytime, from anywhere. Other phones have followed suit and there are now mutliple devices available that let users easily update their status on the go (including posting photos and video updates). The iPhone has taken such a huge role in social media that there are now social networks only available on the iPhone. iRovr is a social networking app specifically for the iPhone/iPod Touch. It allows users to post photos, updates, links (including to YouTube videos), create polls, subscribe to RSS feeds and more. It was launched in 2007 and is still going strong two years later. Lifestreaming and Lifecasting Real-time updates have led to an increase in the number of people who are now lifecasting or lifestreaming virtually everything they do. While some opt to lifestream by aggregating their online activities in a single place (such as with FriendFeed). Ustream.tv Ustream was founded in the summer of 2006 and has become the streaming video host of choice for celebrities like Ashton Kutcher and Soleil Moon Frye. While most Ustream users only go live occasionally, there are channels that are live around the clock (mostly security cameras, animal cameras, traffic cameras, and other stationary feeds). Ustream allows viewers to post comments and ask questions directly to the feed host during live broadcasts, and this interactivity often engages users to a greater extent than other video sites where videos are posted after they’ve been filmed instead of being streamed live. Justin.tv Justin.tv is a streaming video host founded in October 2006 that lets lifecasters and live show creators to broadcast to hundreds or thousands of Internet users. iJustine is probably Justin.tv’s most public user, lifecasting practically her entire life on the site at one time (she appears to be lifecasting a bit less recently, though she’s still very active on the site). There are more than 400,000 channels on Justin.tv, and they get more than 41 million unique visitors each month. FriendFeed FriendFeed , which launched in 2007 and was recently purchased by Facebook, allows you to integrate most of your online activities in one place (Twitter, RSS feeds, and Flickr, among others). It’s also a social network in its own right, with the ability to create friends lists, post updates, and otherwise communicate. Other Lifestreaming Sites There are a number of other lifestreaming sites out there that people are using. Most can be integrated into your blog or website to show your visitors all of your activities around the web. There are even some dedicated blog plugins for lifestreaming. WP Lifestream is one such plugin, specifically for WordPress. It lets you integrate your profiles from Facebook, Flickr, Last.fm and Wordie right out of the box, and you can add additional modules for integrating more feeds. Profilactic.com is another lifestreaming application that lets you integrate feeds from 190 different websites, including Blippr, Delicious, Digg, deviantART, Dopplr, Facebook, Flickr, Last.fm, LiveJournal, MySpace, Pandora, Revver, StumbleUpon, Twitter, Tumblr, and more. Sweetcron is a similar app, though it’s opensource and you host it on your own servers. Social Everything It seems that nowadays there are social and user-generated sites for just about every activity you can imagine. There are social shopping sites . Social financial planning sites . Sites for getting book, movie, app, and other reviews. Sites to share your goals and meet like-minded people. Sites to plan your travels and share them with others. And sites to help you make decisions on just about anything. Social media has become a huge part of the lives of millions of people worldwide. Whether it’s something as simple as looking up reviews of movies from real, live people (instead of professional movie reviewers) or getting advice on major life decisions, there are social sites out there to provide you with the information you seek. Even on general-purpose social networks and social media sites like Twitter there are thousands of ways to get input on just about anything. Instead of using Google the next time you have a question about something, try asking on Twitter. A lot of the time you get better information from the crowd there in less time than pouring over pages of search results. Social Media Concerns and Criticism As social media has grown in popularity and become mainstream, it has been faced with growing controversy and criticism. The main criticisms seem to fall along a few lines: Social media can be used by stalkers; Social media can be used by child predators; and, Social media sites open up privacy and security concerns. While there is only so much social media sites can do about the first two, there is a growing trend among many sites to bolster the privacy policies and make users feel more secure. Social Media Used by Stalkers Facebook and other social media sites have come under attack for making it easier for stalkers to track their victims or even to find new ones. This kind of accusation is not entirely unfounded. Many social media users don’t take advantage of privacy settings and leave their entire profiles public. While this is often a good idea for professional profiles where you want to make connections with people you don’t necessarily know, personal profiles can benefit from hiding some information from public display. Social networks make these privacy settings available to users to help prevent stalkers and predators from being able to see their updates. But they can’t force users to use them, so in the end much of the responsibility falls to the individual users, not the networks themselves. Social Media Used by Child Predators MySpace is the most publically attacked social networks accused of being a haven for child molesters and pornographers, but the site, and other social networks, have made great strides in protecting the identities and information of minors using their sites. Again, this is one of those situations where much of the problem came from users not making their profiles private. MySpace took a major step to prevent predators from friending underage teens by requiring friend requesters to know the email address or another personal identifier in order to send a friend request to a minor. They also require the profiles of teens under the age of 16 to be private, not allowing non-friend users to view them. Other sites have taken similar steps. Privacy Concerns Facebook recently came under attack for changes to its privacy policy that were worded ambiguously enough to effectively grant rights to Facebook to use any of your content, private or public, for their own purposes (such as advertising) even after you’d delected your profile. While the company maintains that was never their intent and it was simply unfortunate wording, the backlash was severe enough that Facebook changed their privacy policy back to its previous version and then solicited user input for revisions. It was a harsh lesson in how concerned many users are about the information they provide online. When you consider that many people post information about all aspects of their lives online, mostly on social media sites, it’s no wonder many are concerned about what companies can do with that information. Social networks and other sites have to rapidly respond to user concerns over privacy and security. With the information in an average social media profile, it would not be inconceivable for a hacker to illegally gain enough information about a person to steal their identity or otherwise cause problems. Security concerns have also cropped up as average people have found their profiles hacked and embarrassing information posted about them. While this type of thing was once relatively confined to celebrities and well-known people (or people who had a personal vendetta against them), it has become more widespread and it’s not unheard of for regular people to be targeted (such as this woman on Facebook recently). The Role of Social Media in Pop Culture Social media has, in the past year or two, become a mainstream online activity. In 2007, social media activities overtook pornography as the most popular online activity in the U.S. (the two industries continue to battle it out, alternately gaining or losing ground on a monthly basis). Celebrities now use Twitter, Facebook, and other social networks on a regular basis. And it’s not just their publicists—stars are updating their status themselves and interacting with fans on a daily basis. It’s not uncommon to see Twitter-inspired t-shirts, and there has been at least one “fail-whale” tattoo (I’m sure there are more out there). When Twitter and Facebook both suffered a DDOS attack in early August ’09, there was a real sense of loss among many users until the sites were back up. Social media has become an integral part of how people communicate, stay in touch, keep on top of new developments, and otherwise connect with the world around them. The Evolution of Social Media Social media has come a long way since the days of BBSs and IRC chats. And social media continues to evolve on a daily basis. With major social networks and social media sites making changes and improvements on an almost daily basis, it’s sure to keep evolving in coming years. The one thing we can be pretty sure of at this point is that social media is not just a phase, and likely won’t go away any time soon…at least until something better comes along.	i don't know
What is the name of the floating mass of vegetation that often obstructs navigation in tropical rivers?	sudd - definition and meaning sudd from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition n. A floating mass of vegetation that often obstructs navigation in tropical rivers. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License n. A floating mass of plant matter, such as reeds, which obstructs boat passage on the Nile from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English n. A tangled mass of floating vegetal matter obstructing navigation. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia n. An impenetrable mass of floating water-plants interlaced with trunks of trees and decayed vegetable matter, forming floating islands in the White Nile. n. See sadd. from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition Arabic, obstruction, sudd, from sadda, to obstruct; see šdd in Semitic roots. Examples The importance of this event may be measured by the fact that whereas the journey to Gondokoro, with the "sudd" in existence, took twenty months and even two years to perform, it was reduced by its dispersal to twenty-one days.	Sudd
Which planet is closest to Earth?	Glossary of Climate Change Terms \| Climate Change \| US EPA Glossary of Climate Change Terms Glossary of Climate Change Terms Related Links A Abrupt Climate Change Sudden (on the order of decades), large changes in some major component of the climate system, with rapid, widespread effects. Adaptation Adjustment or preparation of natural or human systems to a new or changing environment which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Adaptive Capacity The ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences. Aerosols Small particles or liquid droplets in the atmosphere that can absorb or reflect sunlight depending on their composition. Afforestation Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not contained forests. [1] Albedo The amount of solar radiation reflected from an object or surface, often expressed as a percentage. Alternative Energy Energy derived from nontraditional sources (e.g., compressed natural gas, solar, hydroelectric, wind). [2] Annex I Countries/Parties Group of countries included in Annex I (as amended in 1998) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, including all the developed countries in the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, and economies in transition. By default, the other countries are referred to as Non-Annex I countries. Under Articles 4.2 (a) and 4.2 (b) of the Convention, Annex I countries commit themselves specifically to the aim of returning individually or jointly to their 1990 levels of greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2000. [2] Anthropogenic Made by people or resulting from human activities. Usually used in the context of emissions that are produced as a result of human activities. [3] Atmosphere The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% volume mixing ratio), helium, radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.035% volume mixing ratio), and ozone. In addition the atmosphere contains water vapor, whose amount is highly variable but typically 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols. [1] Atmospheric Lifetime Atmospheric lifetime is the average time that a molecule resides in the atmosphere before it is removed by chemical reaction or deposition. This can also be thought of as the time that it takes after the human-caused emission of a gas for the concentrations of that gas in the atmosphere to return to natural levels. Greenhouse gas lifetimes can range from a few years to a few thousand years. B Biofuels Gas or liquid fuel made from plant material (biomass).? Includes wood, wood waste, wood liquors, peat, railroad ties, wood sludge, spent sulfite liquors, agricultural waste, straw, tires, fish oils, tall oil, sludge waste, waste alcohol, municipal solid waste, landfill gases, other waste, and ethanol blended into motor gasoline. [4] Biogeochemical Cycle Movements through the Earth system of key chemical constituents essential to life, such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. [3] Biomass Materials that are biological in origin, including organic material (both living and dead) from above and below ground, for example, trees, crops, grasses, tree litter, roots, and animals and animal waste. [4] Biosphere The part of the Earth system comprising all ecosystems and living organisms, in the atmosphere, on land (terrestrial biosphere) or in the oceans (marine biosphere), including derived dead organic matter, such as litter, soil organic matter and oceanic detritus. [1] Black Carbon Aerosol Black carbon (BC) is the most strongly light-absorbing component of particulate matter (PM), and is formed by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass. It is emitted directly into the atmosphere in the form of fine particles (PM2.5). Borehole Any exploratory hole drilled into the Earth or ice to gather geophysical data. Climate researchers often take ice core samples, a type of borehole, to predict atmospheric composition in earlier years. See ice core . C Carbon Cycle All parts (reservoirs) and fluxes of carbon. The cycle is usually thought of as four main reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange. The reservoirs are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere (usually includes freshwater systems), oceans, and sediments (includes fossil fuels). The annual movements of carbon, the carbon exchanges between reservoirs, occur because of various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. The ocean contains the largest pool of carbon near the surface of the Earth, but most of that pool is not involved with rapid exchange with the atmosphere. [3] Carbon Dioxide A naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal human caused greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's radiative balance. It is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1. See climate change and global warming . [5] Carbon Dioxide Equivalent A metric measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases based upon their global warming potential (GWP). Carbon dioxide equivalents are commonly expressed as "million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMTCO2Eq)." The carbon dioxide equivalent for a gas is derived by multiplying the tons of the gas by the associated GWP. MMTCO2Eq = (million metric tons of a gas) * (GWP of the gas) See greenhouse gas , global warming potential , metric ton . Carbon Dioxide Fertilization The enhancement of the growth of plants as a result of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. Depending on their mechanism of photosynthesis, certain types of plants are more sensitive to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. [1] Carbon Footprint The total amount of greenhouse gases that are emitted into the atmosphere each year by a person, family, building, organization, or company. A persons carbon footprint includes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel that an individual burns directly, such as by heating a home or riding in a car. It also includes greenhouse gases that come from producing the goods or services that the individual uses, including emissions from power plants that make electricity, factories that make products, and landfills where trash gets sent. Carbon Sequestration Terrestrial, or biologic, carbon sequestration is the process by which trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide, release the oxygen, and store the carbon. Geologic sequestration is one step in the process of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), and involves injecting carbon dioxide deep underground where it stays permanently.? Carbon Capture and Sequestration Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is a set of technologies that can greatly reduce carbon dioxide emissions from new and existing coal- and gas-fired power plants, industrial processes, and other stationary sources of carbon dioxide. It is a three-step process that includes capture of carbon dioxide from power plants or industrial sources; transport of the captured and compressed carbon dioxide (usually in pipelines); and underground injection and geologic sequestration, or permanent storage, of that carbon dioxide in rock formations that contain tiny openings or pores that trap and hold the carbon dioxide. Chlorofluorocarbons Gases covered under the 1987 Montreal Protocol and used for refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, insulation, solvents, or aerosol propellants. Since they are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere, CFCs drift into the upper atmosphere where, given suitable conditions, they break down ozone. These gases are being replaced by other compounds: hydrochlorofluorocarbons, an interim replacement for CFCs that are also covered under the Montreal Protocol, and hydrofluorocarbons, which are covered under the Kyoto Protocol. All these substances are also greenhouse gases. See hydrochlorofluorocarbons , hydrofluorocarbons , perfluorocarbons , ozone depleting substance . [2] Climate Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the "average weather," or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands of years. The classical period is 3 decades, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system. See weather . [1] Climate Change Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other words, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among others, that occur over several decades or longer. Climate Feedback A process that acts to amplify or reduce direct warming or cooling effects. Climate Lag The delay that occurs in climate change as a result of some factor that changes only very slowly. For example, the effects of releasing more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere occur gradually over time because the ocean takes a long time to warm up in response to a change in radiation. See climate , climate change . Climate Model A quantitative way of representing the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and ice. Models can range from relatively simple to quite comprehensive. See General Circulation Model . [3] Climate Sensitivity In Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, equilibrium climate sensitivity refers to the equilibrium change in global mean surface temperature following a doubling of the atmospheric (equivalent) CO2 concentration. More generally, equilibrium climate sensitivity refers to the equilibrium change in surface air temperature following a unit change in radiative forcing (degrees Celsius, per watts per square meter, ?C/Wm-2). One method of evaluating the equilibrium climate sensitivity requires very long simulations with Coupled General Circulation Models (Climate model). The effective climate sensitivity is a related measure that circumvents this requirement. It is evaluated from model output for evolving non-equilibrium conditions. It is a measure of the strengths of the feedbacks at a particular time and may vary with forcing history and climate state. See climate , radiative forcing . [1] Climate System (or Earth System) The five physical components (atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere) that are responsible for the climate and its variations. [3] Coal Mine Methane Coal mine methane is the subset of coalbed methane that is released from the coal seams during the process of coal mining. For more information, visit the Coalbed Methane Outreach program site . Coalbed Methane Coalbed methane is methane contained in coal seams, and is often referred to as virgin coalbed methane, or coal seam gas. For more information, visit the Coalbed Methane Outreach program site . Co-Benefit The benefits of policies that are implemented for various reasons at the same time including climate change mitigation acknowledging that most policies designed to address greenhouse gas mitigation also have other, often at least equally important, rationales (e.g., related to objectives of development, sustainability, and equity). Concentration Amount of a chemical in a particular volume or weight of air, water, soil, or other medium. See parts per billion , parts per million . [4] Conference of the Parties The supreme body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It comprises more than 180 nations that have ratified the Convention. Its first session was held in Berlin, Germany, in 1995 and it is expected to continue meeting on a yearly basis. The COP's role is to promote and review the implementation of the Convention. It will periodically review existing commitments in light of the Convention's objective, new scientific findings, and the effectiveness of national climate change programs. See United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . Coral Bleaching The process in which a coral colony, under environmental stress expels the microscopic algae (zooxanthellae) that live in symbiosis with their host organisms (polyps). The affected coral colony appears whitened. Cryosphere One of the interrelated components of the Earth's system, the cryosphere is frozen water in the form of snow, permanently frozen ground (permafrost), floating ice, and glaciers. Fluctuations in the volume of the cryosphere cause changes in ocean sea level, which directly impact the atmosphere and biosphere. [3] D Deforestation Those practices or processes that result in the conversion of forested lands for non-forest uses.? Deforestation contributes to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations for two reasons: 1) the burning or decomposition of the wood releases carbon dioxide; and 2) trees that once removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis are no longer present. [4] Desertification Land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities. Further, the UNCCD (The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification) defines land degradation as a reduction or loss, in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rain-fed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest, and woodlands resulting from land uses or from a process or combination of processes, including processes arising from human activities and habitation patterns, such as: (i) soil erosion caused by wind and/or water; (ii) deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological or economic properties of soil; and (iii) long-term loss of natural vegetation. Conversion of forest to non-forest. Dryland Farming A technique that uses soil moisture conservation and seed selection to optimize production under dry conditions. The extent to which the Earth's orbit around the Sun departs from a perfect circle. Ecosystem Any natural unit or entity including living and non-living parts that interact to produce a stable system through cyclic exchange of materials. [3] El Ni?o - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) El Ni?o, in its original sense, is a warm water current that periodically flows along the coast of Ecuador and Peru, disrupting the local fishery. This oceanic event is associated with a fluctuation of the intertropical surface pressure pattern and circulation in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, called the Southern Oscillation. This coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon is collectively known as El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation. During an El Ni?o event, the prevailing trade winds weaken and the equatorial countercurrent strengthens, causing warm surface waters in the Indonesian area to flow eastward to overlie the cold waters of the Peru current. This event has great impact on the wind, sea surface temperature, and precipitation patterns in the tropical Pacific. It has climatic effects throughout the Pacific region and in many other parts of the world. The opposite of an El Ni?o event is called La Ni?a. [6] Emissions The release of a substance (usually a gas when referring to the subject of climate change) into the atmosphere. Emissions Factor A unique value for scaling emissions to activity data in terms of a standard rate of emissions per unit of activity (e.g., grams of carbon dioxide emitted per barrel of fossil fuel consumed, or per pound of product produced). [4] Energy Efficiency Using less energy to provide the same service. [7] ENERGY STAR A U.S. Environmental Protection Agency voluntary program that helps businesses and individuals save money and protect our climate through superior energy efficiency. Learn more about ENERGY STAR . Enhanced Greenhouse Effect The concept that the natural greenhouse effect has been enhanced by increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (such as CO2 and methane) emitted as a result of human activities. These added greenhouse gases cause the earth to warm. See greenhouse effect . Enteric Fermentation Livestock, especially cattle, produce methane as part of their digestion. This process is called enteric fermentation, and it represents one third of the emissions from the agriculture sector. Evaporation The process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor. [8] Evapotranspiration The combined process of evaporation from the Earth's surface and transpiration from vegetation. [1] F Feedback Mechanisms Factors which increase or amplify (positive feedback) or decrease (negative feedback) the rate of a process. An example of positive climatic feedback is the ice-albedo feedback. See climate feedback . [3] Fluorinated Gases Powerful synthetic greenhouse gases such as hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and halons) and are often used in coolants, foaming agents, fire extinguishers, solvents, pesticides, and aerosol propellants. These gases are emitted in small quantities compared to carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), or nitrous oxide (N2O), but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases (?High GWP gases). Fluorocarbons Carbon-fluorine compounds that often contain other elements such as hydrogen, chlorine, or bromine. Common fluorocarbons include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). See chlorofluorocarbons , hydrochlorofluorocarbons , hydrofluorocarbons , perfluorocarbons , ozone depleting substance . [3] Forcing Mechanism A process that alters the energy balance of the climate system, i.e. changes the relative balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared radiation from Earth. Such mechanisms include changes in solar irradiance, volcanic eruptions, and enhancement of the natural greenhouse effect by emissions of greenhouse gases. See radiation , infrared radiation , radiative forcing . Fossil Fuel A general term for organic materials formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. [4] Fuel Switching In general, this is substituting one type of fuel for another. In the climate-change discussion it is implicit that the substituted fuel produces lower carbon emissions per unit energy produced than the original fuel, e.g., natural gas for coal. G General Circulation Model (GCM) A global, three-dimensional computer model of the climate system which can be used to simulate human-induced climate change. GCMs are highly complex and they represent the effects of such factors as reflective and absorptive properties of atmospheric water vapor, greenhouse gas concentrations, clouds, annual and daily solar heating, ocean temperatures and ice boundaries. The most recent GCMs include global representations of the atmosphere, oceans, and land surface. See climate modeling . [3] Geosphere The soils, sediments, and rock layers of the Earth's crust, both continental and beneath the ocean floors. Glacier A multi-year surplus accumulation of snowfall in excess of snowmelt on land and resulting in a mass of ice at least 0.1 km2 in area that shows some evidence of movement in response to gravity. A glacier may terminate on land or in water. Glacier ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth, and second only to the oceans as the largest reservoir of total water. Glaciers are found on every continent except Australia. [3] Global Average Temperature An estimate of Earths mean surface air temperature averaged over the entire planet. Global Warming The recent and ongoing global average increase in temperature near the Earths surface. Global Warming Potential A measure of the total energy that a gas absorbs over a particular period of time (usually 100 years), compared to carbon dioxide. Greenhouse Effect Trapping and build-up of heat in the atmosphere (troposphere) near the Earths surface. Some of the heat flowing back toward space from the Earth's surface is absorbed by water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, and several other gases in the atmosphere and then reradiated back toward the Earths surface. If the atmospheric concentrations of these greenhouse gases rise, the average temperature of the lower atmosphere will gradually increase. See greenhouse gas , anthropogenic , climate , global warming . [4] Greenhouse Gas (GHG) H Habitat Fragmentation A process during which larger areas of habitat are broken into a number of smaller patches of smaller total area, isolated from each other by a matrix of habitats unlike the original habitat. ( Fahrig 2003 ) Halocarbons Compounds containing either chlorine, bromine or fluorine and carbon. Such compounds can act as powerful greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The chlorine and bromine containing halocarbons are also involved in the depletion of the ozone layer. [1] Heat Island An urban area characterized by temperatures higher than those of the surrounding non-urban area. As urban areas develop, buildings, roads, and other infrastructure replace open land and vegetation. These surfaces absorb more solar energy, which can create higher temperatures in urban areas. [8] Heat Waves A prolonged period of excessive heat, often combined with excessive humidity. [9] Hydrocarbons Substances containing only hydrogen and carbon. Fossil fuels are made up of hydrocarbons. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Compounds containing hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and carbon atoms. Although ozone depleting substances, they are less potent at destroying stratospheric ozone than chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). They have been introduced as temporary replacements for CFCs and are also greenhouse gases. See ozone depleting substance . Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Compounds containing only hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms. They were introduced as alternatives to ozone depleting substances in serving many industrial, commercial, and personal needs. HFCs are emitted as by-products of industrial processes and are also used in manufacturing. They do not significantly deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, but they are powerful greenhouse gases with global warming potentials ranging from 140 (HFC-152a) to 11,700 (HFC-23). Hydrologic Cycle The process of evaporation, vertical and horizontal transport of vapor, condensation, precipitation, and the flow of water from continents to oceans. It is a major factor in determining climate through its influence on surface vegetation, the clouds, snow and ice, and soil moisture. The hydrologic cycle is responsible for 25 to 30 percent of the mid-latitudes' heat transport from the equatorial to polar regions. [3] Hydrosphere The component of the climate system comprising liquid surface and subterranean water, such as: oceans, seas, rivers, fresh water lakes, underground water etc. [1] I Ice Core A cylindrical section of ice removed from a glacier or an ice sheet in order to study climate patterns of the past. By performing chemical analyses on the air trapped in the ice, scientists can estimate the percentage of carbon dioxide and other trace gases in the atmosphere at a given time. Analysis of the ice itself can give some indication of historic temperatures. Indirect Emissions Indirect emissions from a building, home or business are those emissions of greenhouse gases that occur as a result of the generation of electricity used in that building. These emissions are called "indirect" because the actual emissions occur at the power plant which generates the electricity, not at the building using the electricity. Industrial Revolution A period of rapid industrial growth with far-reaching social and economic consequences, beginning in England during the second half of the 18th century and spreading to Europe and later to other countries including the United States. The industrial revolution marks the beginning of a strong increase in combustion of fossil fuels and related emissions of carbon dioxide. [8] Infrared Radiation Infrared radiation consists of light whose wavelength is longer than the red color in the visible part of the spectrum, but shorter than microwave radiation. Infrared radiation can be perceived as heat. The Earths surface, the atmosphere, and clouds all emit infrared radiation, which is also known as terrestrial or long-wave radiation. In contrast, solar radiation is mainly short-wave radiation because of the temperature of the Sun. See radiation , greenhouse effect , enhanced greenhouse effect , global warming . [1] Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change (IPCC) The IPCC was established jointly by the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organization in 1988. The purpose of the IPCC is to assess information in the scientific and technical literature related to all significant components of the issue of climate change. The IPCC draws upon hundreds of the world's expert scientists as authors and thousands as expert reviewers. Leading experts on climate change and environmental, social, and economic sciences from some 60 nations have helped the IPCC to prepare periodic assessments of the scientific underpinnings for understanding global climate change and its consequences. With its capacity for reporting on climate change, its consequences, and the viability of adaptation and mitigation measures, the IPCC is also looked to as the official advisory body to the world's governments on the state of the science of the climate change issue. For example, the IPCC organized the development of internationally accepted methods for conducting national greenhouse gas emission inventories. Inundation The submergence of land by water, particularly in a coastal setting. [10] L Landfill Land waste disposal site in which waste is generally spread in thin layers, compacted, and covered with a fresh layer of soil each day. [4] Latitude The location north or south in reference to the equator, which is designated at zero (0) degrees. Lines of latitude are parallel to the equator and circle the globe. The North and South poles are at 90 degrees North and South latitude. [11] Least Developed Country A country with low indicators of socioeconomic development and human resources, as well as economic vulnerability, as determined by the United Nations. [12] Longwave Radiation Radiation emitted in the spectral wavelength greater than about 4 micrometers, corresponding to the radiation emitted from the Earth and atmosphere. It is sometimes referred to as 'terrestrial radiation' or 'infrared radiation,' although somewhat imprecisely. See infrared radiation . [3] Cities with populations over 10 million. Methane (CH4) A hydrocarbon that is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential most recently estimated at 25 times that of carbon dioxide (CO2). Methane is produced through anaerobic (without oxygen) decomposition of waste in landfills, animal digestion, decomposition of animal wastes, production and distribution of natural gas and petroleum, coal production, and incomplete fossil fuel combustion. The GWP is from the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). For more information visit EPA's Methane page . Metric Ton Common international measurement for the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions. A metric ton is equal to 2205 lbs or 1.1 short tons. See short ton . [4] Mitigation A human intervention to reduce the human impact on the climate system; it includes strategies to reduce greenhouse gas sources and emissions and enhancing greenhouse gas sinks. [8] Mount Pinatubo A volcano in the Philippine Islands that erupted in 1991. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo ejected enough particulate and sulfate aerosol matter into the atmosphere to block some of the incoming solar radiation from reaching Earth's atmosphere. This effectively cooled the planet from 1992 to 1994, masking the warming that had been occurring for most of the 1980s and 1990s. [3] Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Residential solid waste and some non-hazardous commercial, institutional, and industrial wastes. This material is generally sent to municipal landfills for disposal. See landfill . N Natural Gas Underground deposits of gases consisting of 50 to 90 percent methane (CH4) and small amounts of heavier gaseous hydrocarbon compounds such as propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). Natural Variability Variations in the mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations or statistics of extremes) of the climate on all time and space scales beyond that of individual weather events. Natural variations in climate over time are caused by internal processes of the climate system, such as El Ni?o, as well as changes in external influences, such as volcanic activity and variations in the output of the sun. [8] [13] Nitrogen Cycle The natural circulation of nitrogen among the atmosphere, plants, animals, and microorganisms that live in soil and water. Nitrogen takes on a variety of chemical forms throughout the nitrogen cycle, including nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Gases consisting of one molecule of nitrogen and varying numbers of oxygen molecules. Nitrogen oxides are produced in the emissions of vehicle exhausts and from power stations. In the atmosphere, nitrogen oxides can contribute to formation of photochemical ozone (smog), can impair visibility, and have health consequences; they are thus considered pollutants. [3] Nitrous Oxide (N2O) A powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 298 times that of carbon dioxide (CO2). Major sources of nitrous oxide include soil cultivation practices, especially the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass burning. The GWP is from the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). [3] Natural emissions of N2O are mainly from bacteria breaking down nitrogen in soils and the oceans. Nitrous oxide is mainly removed from the atmosphere through destruction in the stratosphere by ultraviolet radiation and associated chemical reactions, but it can also be consumed by certain types of bacteria in soils. Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs) Organic compounds, other than methane, that participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions. O Ocean Acidification Increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in sea water causing a measurable increase in acidity (i.e., a reduction in ocean pH). This may lead to reduced calcification rates of calcifying organisms such as corals, mollusks, algae and crustaceans. [8] Oxidize To chemically transform a substance by combining it with oxygen. [4] Ozone Ozone, the triatomic form of oxygen (O3), is a gaseous atmospheric constituent. In the troposphere, it is created by photochemical reactions involving gases resulting both from natural sources and from human activities (photochemical smog). In high concentrations, tropospheric ozone can be harmful to a wide range of living organisms. Tropospheric ozone acts as a greenhouse gas. In the stratosphere, ozone is created by the interaction between solar ultraviolet radiation and molecular oxygen (O2). Stratospheric ozone plays a decisive role in the stratospheric radiative balance. Depletion of stratospheric ozone, due to chemical reactions that may be enhanced by climate change, results in an increased ground-level flux of ultraviolet (UV-) B radiation. See atmosphere , ultraviolet radiation . [6] Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS) A family of man-made compounds that includes, but are not limited to, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), bromofluorocarbons (halons), methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). These compounds have been shown to deplete stratospheric ozone, and therefore are typically referred to as ODSs. See ozone . [4] Ozone Layer The layer of ozone that begins approximately 15 km above Earth and thins to an almost negligible amount at about 50 km, shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The highest natural concentration of ozone (approximately 10 parts per million by volume) occurs in the stratosphere at approximately 25 km above Earth. The stratospheric ozone concentration changes throughout the year as stratospheric circulation changes with the seasons. Natural events such as volcanoes and solar flares can produce changes in ozone concentration, but man-made changes are of the greatest concern. See stratosphere , ultraviolet radiation . [3] Ozone Precursors Chemical compounds, such as carbon monoxide, methane, non-methane hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, which in the presence of solar radiation react with other chemical compounds to form ozone, mainly in the troposphere. See troposphere . [4] P Particulate matter(PM) Very small pieces of solid or liquid matter such as particles of soot, dust, fumes, mists or aerosols. The physical characteristics of particles, and how they combine with other particles, are part of the feedback mechanisms of the atmosphere. See aerosol , sulfate aerosols . [3] Parts Per Billion (ppb) Number of parts of a chemical found in one billion parts of a particular gas, liquid, or solid mixture. See concentration . Parts Per Million by Volume (ppmv) Number of parts of a chemical found in one million parts of a particular gas, liquid, or solid. See concentration . Parts Per Trillion (ppt) Number of parts of a chemical found in one trillion parts of a particular gas, liquid or solid. See concentration . Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) A group of chemicals composed of carbon and fluorine only. These chemicals (predominantly CF4 and C2F6) were introduced as alternatives, along with hydrofluorocarbons, to the ozone depleting substances. In addition, PFCs are emitted as by-products of industrial processes and are also used in manufacturing. PFCs do not harm the stratospheric ozone layer, but they are powerful greenhouse gases: CF4 has a global warming potential (GWP) of 7,390 and C2F6 has a GWP of 12,200. The GWP is from the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). These chemicals are predominantly human-made, though there is a small natural source of CF4. See ozone depleting substance . Permafrost Perennially (continually) frozen ground that occurs where the temperature remains below 0?C for several years. [8] Phenology The timing of natural events, such as flower blooms and animal migration, which is influenced by changes in climate. Phenology is the study of such important seasonal events. Phenological events are influenced by a combination of climate factors, including light, temperature, rainfall, and humidity. Photosynthesis The process by which plants take CO2 from the air (or bicarbonate in water) to build carbohydrates, releasing O2 in the process. There are several pathways of photosynthesis with different responses to atmospheric CO2 concentrations. See carbon sequestration , carbon dioxide fertilization . [1] Precession The wobble over thousands of years of the tilt of the Earths axis with respect to the plane of the solar system. [3] R Radiation Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles that release energy when absorbed by an object. See ultraviolet radiation , infrared radiation , solar radiation , longwave radiation . [3] Radiative Forcing A measure of the influence of a particular factor (e.g. greenhouse gas (GHG), aerosol, or land use change) on the net change in the Earths energy balance. Recycling Collecting and reprocessing a resource so it can be used again. An example is collecting aluminum cans, melting them down, and using the aluminum to make new cans or other aluminum products. [4] Reflectivity The ability of a surface material to reflect sunlight including the visible, infrared, and ultraviolet wavelengths. [14] Reforestation Planting of forests on lands that have previously contained forests but that have been converted to some other use. [1] Relative Sea Level Rise The increase in ocean water levels at a specific location, taking into account both global sea level rise and local factors, such as local subsidence and uplift. Relative sea level rise is measured with respect to a specified vertical datum relative to the land, which may also be changing elevation over time. [10] Renewable Energy Energy resources that are naturally replenishing such as biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, ocean thermal, wave action, and tidal action. [5] Residence Time The average time spent in a reservoir by an individual atom or molecule. With respect to greenhouse gases, residence time refers to how long on average a particular molecule remains in the atmosphere. For most gases other than methane and carbon dioxide, the residence time is approximately equal to the atmospheric lifetime . [4] Resilience A capability to anticipate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from significant multi-hazard threats with minimum damage to social well-being, the economy, and the environment. Respiration The process whereby living organisms convert organic matter to CO2, releasing energy and consuming O2. [1] S Salt Water Intrusion Displacement of fresh or ground water by the advance of salt water due to its greater density, usually in coastal and estuarine areas. [10] Scenarios A plausible and often simplified description of how the future may develop based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about driving forces and key relationships. Sea Surface Temperature The temperature in the top several feet of the ocean, measured by ships, buoys and drifters. [13] Sensitivity The degree to which a system is affected, either adversely or beneficially, by climate variability or change. The effect may be direct (e.g., a change in crop yield in response to a change in the mean, range or variability of temperature) or indirect (e.g., damages caused by an increase in the frequency of coastal flooding due to sea level rise). [8] Short Ton Common measurement for a ton in the United States. A short ton is equal to 2,000 lbs or 0.907 metric tons. See metric ton . Sink Any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas, an aerosol or a precursor of a greenhouse gas or aerosol from the atmosphere. [1] Snowpack A seasonal accumulation of slow-melting snow. [8] Soil Carbon A major component of the terrestrial biosphere pool in the carbon cycle. The amount of carbon in the soil is a function of the historical vegetative cover and productivity, which in turn is dependent in part upon climatic variables. [4] Solar Radiation Radiation emitted by the Sun. It is also referred to as short-wave radiation. Solar radiation has a distinctive range of wavelengths (spectrum) determined by the temperature of the Sun. See ultraviolet radiation , infrared radiation , radiation . [1] Storm Surge An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a hurricane or other intense storm, whose height is the difference between the observed level of the sea surface and the level that would have occurred in the absence of the cyclone. [10] Stratosphere Region of the atmosphere between the troposphere and mesosphere, having a lower boundary of approximately 8 km at the poles to 15 km at the equator and an upper boundary of approximately 50 km. Depending upon latitude and season, the temperature in the lower stratosphere can increase, be isothermal, or even decrease with altitude, but the temperature in the upper stratosphere generally increases with height due to absorption of solar radiation by ozone. [3] Stratospheric Ozone See ozone layer . Streamflow The volume of water that moves over a designated point over a fixed period of time. It is often expressed as cubic feet per second (ft3/sec). [6] Subsiding/Subsidence The downward settling of the Earth's crust relative to its surroundings. [10] Sulfate Aerosols Particulate matter that consists of compounds of sulfur formed by the interaction of sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide with other compounds in the atmosphere. Sulfate aerosols are injected into the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels and the eruption of volcanoes like Mt. Pinatubo. Sulfate aerosols can lower the Earth's temperature by reflecting away solar radiation (negative radiative forcing). General Circulation Models which incorporate the effects of sulfate aerosols more accurately predict global temperature variations. See particulate matter , aerosol , General Circulation Models . [3] Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) A colorless gas soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly soluble in water. A very powerful greenhouse gas used primarily in electrical transmission and distribution systems and as a dielectric in electronics. The global warming potential of SF6 is 22,800. This GWP is from the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). See Global Warming Potential . [4] 1 trillion (1012) grams = 1 million (106) metric tons. Thermal Expansion The increase in volume (and decrease in density) that results from warming water. A warming of the ocean leads to an expansion of the ocean volume, which leads to an increase in sea level. [8] Thermohaline Circulation Large-scale density-driven circulation in the ocean, caused by differences in temperature and salinity. In the North Atlantic the thermohaline circulation consists of warm surface water flowing northward and cold deep water flowing southward, resulting in a net poleward transport of heat. The surface water sinks in highly restricted sinking regions located in high latitudes. [1] Trace Gas Any one of the less common gases found in the Earth's atmosphere. Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon make up more than 99 percent of the Earth's atmosphere. Other gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, and ammonia, are considered trace gases. Although relatively unimportant in terms of their absolute volume, they have significant effects on the Earth's weather and climate. [3] Troposphere The lowest part of the atmosphere from the surface to about 10 km in altitude in mid-latitudes (ranging from 9 km in high latitudes to 16 km in the tropics on average) where clouds and "weather" phenomena occur. In the troposphere temperatures generally decrease with height. See ozone precursors , stratosphere , atmosphere . [1] Tropospheric Ozone (O3) See ozone precursors . Tundra A treeless, level, or gently undulating plain characteristic of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions characterized by low temperatures and short growing seasons. [8] U Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) The energy range just beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum. Although ultraviolet radiation constitutes only about 5 percent of the total energy emitted from the sun, it is the major energy source for the stratosphere and mesosphere, playing a dominant role in both energy balance and chemical composition. Most ultraviolet radiation is blocked by Earth's atmosphere, but some solar ultraviolet penetrates and aids in plant photosynthesis and helps produce vitamin D in humans. Too much ultraviolet radiation can burn the skin, cause skin cancer and cataracts, and damage vegetation. [3] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The Convention on Climate Change sets an overall framework for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed by climate change. It recognizes that the climate system is a shared resource whose stability can be affected by industrial and other emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The Convention enjoys near universal membership, with 189 countries having ratified. Under the Convention, governments: gather and share information on greenhouse gas emissions, national policies and best practices launch national strategies for addressing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to expected impacts, including the provision of financial and technological support to developing countries cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change The Convention entered into force on 21 March 1994. [4] V Vulnerability The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed; its sensitivity; and its adaptive capacity. [15] Water that has been used and contains dissolved or suspended waste materials. [4] Water Vapor The most abundant greenhouse gas, it is the water present in the atmosphere in gaseous form. Water vapor is an important part of the natural greenhouse effect. While humans are not significantly increasing its concentration through direct emissions, it contributes to the enhanced greenhouse effect because the warming influence of greenhouse gases leads to a positive water vapor feedback. In addition to its role as a natural greenhouse gas, water vapor also affects the temperature of the planet because clouds form when excess water vapor in the atmosphere condenses to form ice and water droplets and precipitation. See greenhouse gas . [3] Weather Atmospheric condition at any given time or place. It is measured in terms of such things as wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, and precipitation. In most places, weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season. Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the "average weather", or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system. A simple way of remembering the difference is that climate is what you expect (e.g. cold winters) and 'weather' is what you get (e.g. a blizzard). See climate . #	i don't know
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In November 1983, 26 million pounds worth of gold, diamonds and cash were stolen from the Brinks-MAT warehouse at which British airport?	rec.puzzles FAQ, part 1 of 15 - Google Groups rec.puzzles FAQ, part 1 of 15 Showing 1-16 of 16 messages Instructions for Accessing rec.puzzles Frequently Asked Questions List INTRODUCTION Below is a list of puzzles, categorized by subject area. Each puzzle includes a solution, compiled from various sources, which is supposed to be definitive. To request a puzzle, send a letter to uunet!questrel!faql-request containing one or more lines of the form: send <puzzle_name> For example, to request decision/allais.p, send the line: send decision/allais.p The puzzle will be mailed via return email to the address in your request's "From:" line. If you are unsure of this address, and cannot edit this line, then include in your message BEFORE the first "send" line the line: The FAQL has been posted to news.answers. News.answers is archived in the periodic posting archive on pit-manager.mit.edu [18.172.1.27]. Postings are located in the anonymous ftp directory /pub/usenet/news.answers, and are archived by "Archive-name". Other subdirectories of /pub/usenet contain periodic postings that may not appear in news.answers. Other news.answers/FAQ archives (which carry some or all of the FAQs in the pit-manager archive) are: archive.cs.ruu.nl [131.211.80.5] in the anonymous ftp directory /pub/NEWS.ANSWERS (also accessible via mail server requests to [email protected] ) cnam.cnam.fr [192.33.159.6] in the anonymous ftp directory /pub/FAQ ftp.uu.net [137.39.1.9 or 192.48.96.9] in the anonymous ftp directory /usenet ftp.win.tue.nl [131.155.70.100] in the anonymous ftp directory /pub/usenet/news.answers grasp1.univ-lyon1.fr [134.214.100.25] in the anonymous ftp directory /pub/faq (also accessible via mail server requests to [email protected] ), which is best used by EASInet sites and sites in France that do not have better connectivity to cnam.cnam.fr (e.g. Lyon, Grenoble) Note that the periodic posting archives on pit-manager.mit.edu are also accessible via Prospero and WAIS (the database name is "usenet" on port 210). The FAQL is NOT the original work of the editor (just in case you were wondering :^). In keeping with the general net practice on FAQL's, I do not as a rule assign credit for FAQL solutions. There are many reasons for this: 1. The FAQL is about the answers to the questions, not about assigning credit. 2. Many people, in providing free answers to the net, do not have the time to cite their sources. 3. I cut and paste freely from several people's solutions in most cases to come up with as complete an answer as possible. 4. I use sources other than postings. 5. I am neither qualified nor motivated to assign credit. However, I do whenever possible put bibliographies in FAQL entries, and I see the inclusion of the net addresses of interested parties as a logical extension of this practice. In particular, if you wrote a program to solve a problem and posted the source code of the program, you are presumed to be interested in corresponding with others about the problem. So, please let me know the entries you would like to be listed in and I will be happy to oblige. Address corrections or comments to uunet!questrel!faql-comment. INDEX Four bugs are placed at the corners of a square. Each bug walks directly toward the next bug in the clockwise direction. The bugs walk with constant speed always directly toward their clockwise neighbor. Assuming the bugs make at least one full circuit around the center of the square ==> analysis/c.infinity.p <== What function is zero at zero, strictly positive elsewhere, infinitely differentiable at zero and has all zero derivitives at zero? ==> analysis/cache.p <== Cache and Ferry (How far can a truck go in a desert?) A pick-up truck is in the desert beside N 50-gallon gas drums, all full. The truck's gas tank holds 10 gallons and is empty. The truck can carry one drum, whether full or empty, in its bed. It gets 10 miles to the gallon. ==> analysis/cats.and.rats.p <== If 6 cats can kill 6 rats in 6 minutes, how many cats does it take to kill one rat in one minute? ==> analysis/e.and.pi.p <== Which is greater, e^(pi) or (pi)^e ? ==> analysis/functional/distributed.p <== Find all f: R -> R, f not identically zero, such that () f( (x+y)/(x-y) ) = ( f(x)+f(y) )/( f(x)-f(y) ). ==> analysis/functional/linear.p <== Suppose f is non-decreasing with f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) + C for all real x, y. Prove: there is a constant A such that f(x) = Ax - C for all x. (Note: continuity of f is not assumed in advance.) ==> analysis/integral.p <== If f is integrable on (0,inf), and differentiable at 0, and a > 0, show: inf ( f(x) - f(ax) ) What is the least possible integral period of the sum of functions of periods 3 and 6? ==> analysis/rubberband.p <== A bug walks down a rubberband which is attached to a wall at one end and a car moving away from the wall at the other end. The car is moving at 1 m/sec while the bug is only moving at 1 cm/sec. Assuming the rubberband is uniformly and infinitely elastic, will the bug ever reach the car? ==> analysis/series.p <== Show that in the series: x, 2x, 3x, .... (n-1)x (x can be any real number) there is at least one number which is within 1/n of an integer. ==> analysis/snow.p <== Snow starts falling before noon on a cold December day. At noon a snowplow starts plowing a street. It travels 1 mile in the first hour, and 1/2 mile in the second hour. What time did the snow start falling?? ==> analysis/tower.p <== A number is raised to its own power. The same number is then raised to the power of this result. The same number is then raised to the power of this second result. This process is continued forever. What is the maximum number which will yield a finite result from this process? ==> arithmetic/7-11.p <== A customer at a 7-11 store selected four items to buy, and was told that the cost was $7.11. He was curious that the cost was the same as the store name, so he inquired as to how the figure was derived. The clerk said that he had simply multiplied the prices of the four ==> arithmetic/clock/day.of.week.p <== It's restful sitting in Tom's cosy den, talking quietly and sipping a glass of his Madeira. I was there one Sunday and we had the usual business of his clock. ==> arithmetic/clock/thirds.p <== Do the 3 hands on a clock ever divide the face of the clock into 3 equal segments, i.e. 120 degrees between each hand? ==> arithmetic/consecutive.product.p <== Prove that the product of three or more consecutive natural numbers cannot be a perfect square. Find all series of consecutive positive integers whose sum is exactly 10,000. ==> arithmetic/digits/all.ones.p <== Prove that some multiple of any integer ending in 3 contains all 1s. ==> arithmetic/digits/arabian.p <== What is the Arabian Nights factorial, the number x such that x! has 1001 digits? How about the prime x such that x! has exactly 1001 zeroes on the tail end. (Bonus question, what is the 'rightmost' non-zero digit in x!?) ==> arithmetic/digits/circular.p <== What 6 digit number, with 6 different digits, when multiplied by all integers up to 6, circulates its digits through all 6 possible positions, as follows: ABCDEF 1 = ABCDEF Find the least number using 0-9 exactly once that is evenly divisible by each of these digits? In how many ways can "." be replaced with "+", "-", or "" (concatenate) in .1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9=1 to form a correct equation? ==> arithmetic/digits/equations/1992.p <== 1 = -1+9-9+2. Extend this list to 2 - 100 on the left side of the equals sign. ==> arithmetic/digits/equations/383.p <== Make 383 out of 1,2,25,50,75,100 using +,-,,/. ==> arithmetic/digits/extreme.products.p <== What are the extremal products of three three-digit numbers using digits 1-9? ==> arithmetic/digits/googol.p <== What digits does googol! start with? ==> arithmetic/digits/labels.p <== You have an arbitrary number of model kits (which you assemble for fun and profit). Each kit comes with twenty (20) stickers, two of which are labeled "0", two are labeled "1", ..., two are labeled "9". You decide to stick a serial number on each model you assemble starting ==> arithmetic/digits/nine.digits.p <== Form a number using 0-9 once with its first n digits divisible by n. ==> arithmetic/digits/palindrome.p <== Does the series formed by adding a number to its reversal always end in a palindrome? Find all numbers that are multiples of their reversals. ==> arithmetic/digits/power.two.p <== Prove that for any 9-digit number (base 10) there is an integral power of 2 whose first 9 digits are that number. ==> arithmetic/digits/prime/101.p <== How many primes are in the sequence 101, 10101, 1010101, ...? ==> arithmetic/digits/prime/all.prefix.p <== What is the longest prime whose every proper prefix is a prime? ==> arithmetic/digits/prime/change.one.p <== What is the smallest number that cannot be made prime by changing a single digit? Are there infinitely many such numbers? ==> arithmetic/digits/prime/prefix.one.p <== 2 is prime, but 12, 22, ..., 92 are not. Similarly, 5 is prime whereas 15, 25, ..., 95 are not. What is the next prime number which is composite when any digit is prefixed? ==> arithmetic/digits/reverse.p <== Is there an integer that has its digits reversed after dividing it by 2? ==> arithmetic/digits/rotate.p <== Find integers where multiplying them by single digits rotates their digits. ==> arithmetic/digits/sesqui.p <== Find the least number where moving the first digit to the end multiplies by 1.5. ==> arithmetic/digits/squares/leading.7.to.8.p <== What is the smallest square with leading digit 7 which remains a square when leading 7 is replaced by an 8? ==> arithmetic/digits/squares/length.22.p <== Is it possible to form two numbers A and B from 22 digits such that A = B^2? Of course, leading digits must be non-zero. ==> arithmetic/digits/squares/length.9.p <== Is it possible to make a number and its square, using the digits from 1 through 9 exactly once? What squares consist entirely of three digits (e.g., 1, 4, and 9)? ==> arithmetic/digits/squares/twin.p <== Let a twin be a number formed by writing the same number twice, for instance, 81708170 or 132132. What is the smallest square twin? ==> arithmetic/digits/sum.of.digits.p <== Find sod ( sod ( sod (4444 ^ 4444 ) ) ). ==> arithmetic/digits/zeros/factorial.p <== How many zeros are in the decimal expansion of n!? ==> arithmetic/digits/zeros/lsd.factorial.p <== What is the least significant non-zero digit in the decimal expansion of n!? ==> arithmetic/digits/zeros/million.p <== How many zeros occur in the numbers from 1 to 1,000,000? ==> arithmetic/magic.squares.p <== Are there large squares, containing only consecutive integers, all of whose rows, columns and diagonals have the same sum? How about cubes? ==> arithmetic/pell.p <== Find integer solutions to x^2 - 92y^2 = 1. ==> arithmetic/prime/arithmetic.progression.p <== Is there an arithmetic progression of 20 or more primes? ==> arithmetic/prime/consecutive.composites.p <== Are there 10,000 consecutive non-prime numbers? ==> arithmetic/sequence.p <== Prove that all sets of n integers contain a subset whose sum is divisible by n. ==> arithmetic/sum.of.cubes.p <== Find two fractions whose cubes total 6. ==> arithmetic/tests.for.divisibility/eleven.p <== What is the test to see if a number is divisible by eleven? ==> arithmetic/tests.for.divisibility/nine.p <== What is the test to see if a number is divisible by nine? ==> arithmetic/tests.for.divisibility/seven.p <== What is the test to see if a number is divisible by 7? ==> arithmetic/tests.for.divisibility/three.p <== Prove that if a number is divisible by 3, the sum of its digits is likewise. ==> combinatorics/coinage/combinations.p <== How many ways are there to make change for a dollar? Count combinations of coins, not permuations. ==> combinatorics/coinage/dimes.p <== "Dad wants one-cent, two-cent, three-cent, five-cent, and ten-cent stamps. He said to get four each of two sorts and three each of the others, but I've forgotten which. He gave me exactly enough to buy them; just these dimes." How many stamps of each type does Dad want? ==> combinatorics/coinage/impossible.p <== What is the smallest number of coins that you can't make a dollar with? I.e., for what N does there not exist a set of N coins adding up to a dollar? It is possible to make a dollar with 1 current U.S. coin (a Susan B. Anthony), 2 coins (2 fifty cent pieces), 3 coins (2 quarters and a fifty cent piece), ==> combinatorics/color.p <== An urn contains n balls of different colors. Randomly select a pair, repaint the first to match the second, and replace the pair in the urn. What is the expected time until the balls are all the same color? ==> combinatorics/full.p <== Consider a string that contains all substrings of length n. For example, for binary strings with n=2, a shortest string is 00110 -- it contains 00, 01, 10 and 11 as substrings. Find the shortest such strings for all n. ==> combinatorics/gossip.p <== n people each know a different piece of gossip. They can telephone each other and exchange all the information they know (so that after the call they both know anything that either of them knew before the call). What is the smallest number of calls needed so that everyone knows everything? ==> combinatorics/grid.dissection.p <== How many (possibly overlapping) squares are in an mxn grid? ==> combinatorics/subsets.p <== Out of the set of integers 1,...,100 you are given ten different integers. From this set, A, of ten integers you can always find two disjoint subsets, S & T, such that the sum of elements in S equals the sum of elements in T. Note: S union T need not be all ten elements of ==> cryptology/Beale.p <== What are the Beale ciphers? ==> cryptology/Feynman.p <== What are the Feynman ciphers? ==> cryptology/Voynich.p <== What are the Voynich ciphers? ==> cryptology/swiss.colony.p <== What are the 1987 Swiss Colony ciphers? ==> decision/allais.p <== The Allais Paradox involves the choice between two alternatives: A. 89% chance of an unknown amount 10% chance of $1 million ==> decision/division.p <== N-Person Fair Division If two people want to divide a pie but do not trust each other, they can still ensure that each gets a fair share by using the technique that one ==> decision/dowry.p <== A sultan has granted a commoner a chance to marry one of his hundred daughters. The commoner will be presented the daughters one at a time. ==> decision/envelope.p <== Someone has prepared two envelopes containing money. One contains twice as much money as the other. You have decided to pick one envelope, but then the following argument occurs to you: Suppose my chosen envelope contains $X, then the other envelope either contains $X/2 or $2X. Both cases are ==> decision/exchange.p <== At one time, the Mexican and American dollars were devalued by 10 cents on each side of the border (i.e. a Mexican dollar was 90 cents in the US, and a US dollar was worth 90 cents in Mexico). A man walks into a bar on the American side of the border, orders 10 cents worth of beer, and tenders a Mexican dollar ==> decision/newcomb.p <== A being put one thousand dollars in box A and either zero or one million dollars in box B and presents you with two choices: ==> decision/prisoners.p <== Three prisoners on death row are told that one of them has been chosen at random for execution the next day, but the other two are to be freed. One privately begs the warden to at least tell him the name of one other prisoner who will be freed. The warden relents: 'Susie will ==> decision/red.p <== I show you a shuffled deck of standard playing cards, one card at a time. At any point before I run out of cards, you must say "RED!". If the next card I show is red (i.e. diamonds or hearts), you win. We assume I the "dealer" don't have any control over what the order of ==> decision/rotating.table.p <== Four glasses are placed upside down in the four corners of a square rotating table. You wish to turn them all in the same direction, either all up or all down. You may do so by grasping any two glasses and, optionally, turning either over. There are two catches: you are ==> decision/stpetersburg.p <== What should you be willing to pay to play a game in which the payoff is calculated as follows: a coin is flipped until in comes up heads on the nth toss and the payoff is set at 2^n dollars? ==> decision/switch.p <== Switch? (The Monty Hall Problem) Two black marbles and a red marble are in a bag. You choose one marble from the bag without looking at it. Another person chooses a marble from the bag and it ==> decision/truel.p <== A, B, and C are to fight a three-cornered pistol duel. All know that A's chance of hitting his target is 0.3, C's is 0.5, and B never misses. They are to fire at their choice of target in succession in the order A, B, C, cyclically (but a hit man loses further turns and is no longer ==> english/acronym.p <== What acronyms have become common words? ==> english/ambiguous.p <== What word in the English language is the most ambiguous? What is the greatest number of parts of speech that a single word can be used for? What words, when a single letter is added, reverse their meanings? Exclude words that are obtained by adding an "a-" to the beginning. ==> english/behead.p <== Is there a sentence that remains a sentence when all its words are beheaded? ==> english/capital.p <== What words change pronunciation when capitalized (e.g., polish -> Polish)? ==> english/charades.p <== A ....... surgeon was ....... to operate because he had ....... ==> english/contradictory.proverbs.p <== What are some proverbs that contradict one another? ==> english/contranym.p <== What words are their own antonym? ==> english/element.p <== The name of what element ends in "h"? ==> english/equations.p <== Each equation below contains the initials of words that will make the phrase correct. Figure out the missing words. Lower case is used only to help the initials stand out better. What are some examples of idioms that include obsolete words? ==> english/frequency.p <== In the English language, what are the most frequently appearing: 1) letters overall? Find three completely different words ending in "gry." ==> english/homographs.p <== List all homographs (words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently) ==> english/homophones.p <== What words have four or more spellings that sound alike? ==> english/j.ending.p <== What words and names end in j? ==> english/ladder.p <== Find the shortest word ladders stretching between the following pairs: hit - ace Find a word that forms two other words, unrelated in meaning, when "less" and "ness" are added. Define the letters of the alphabet using self-referential common phrases (e.g., "first of all" defines "a"). ==> english/lipograms.p <== What books have been written without specific letters, vowels, etc.? ==> english/multi.lingual.p <== What words in multiple languages are related in interesting ways? ==> english/near.palindrome.p <== What are some long near palindromes, i.e., words that except for one letter would be palindromes? What are some long palindromes? ==> english/pangram.p <== A "pangram" is a sentence containing all 26 letters. What is the shortest pangram (measured by number of letters or words)? What is the shortest word list using all 26 letters in alphabetical order? In reverse alphabetical order? What words in pig latin also are words? ==> english/pleonasm.p <== What are some redundant terms that occur frequently (like "ABM missile")? ==> english/plurals/collision.p <== Two words, spelled and pronounced differently, have plurals spelled the same but pronounced differently. ==> english/plurals/doubtful.number.p <== A little word of doubtful number, a foe to rest and peaceful slumber. If you add an "s" to this, great is the metamorphosis. What plural is formed by DROPPING the terminal "s" in a word? ==> english/plurals/endings.p <== List a plural ending with each letter of the alphabet. ==> english/plurals/french.p <== What English word, when spelled backwards, is its French plural? ==> english/plurals/man.p <== Words ending with "man" make their plurals by adding "s". ==> english/plurals/switch.first.p <== What plural is formed by switching the first two letters? ==> english/portmanteau.p <== What are some words formed by combining together parts of other words? ==> english/potable.color.p <== Find words that are both beverages and colors. ==> english/rare.trigraphs.p <== What trigraphs (three-letter combinations) occur in only one word? ==> english/records/pronunciation/silent.p <== What words have an exceptional number of silent letters? ==> english/records/pronunciation/spelling.p <== What words have exceptional ways to spell sounds? ==> english/records/pronunciation/syllable.p <== What words have an exceptional number of letters per syllable? ==> english/records/spelling/longest.p <== What is the longest word in the English language? ==> english/records/spelling/most.p <== What word has the most variant spellings? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/deletion.p <== What exceptional words turn into other words by deletion of letters? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/insertion.and.deletion.p <== What exceptional words turn into other words by both insertion and deletion of letters? What exceptional words turn into other words by insertion of letters? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/movement.p <== What exceptional words turn into other words by movement of letters? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/substitution.p <== What exceptional words turn into other words by substitution of letters? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/transposition.p <== What exceptional words turn into other words by transposition of letters? ==> english/records/spelling/operations.on.words/words.within.words.p <== What exceptional words contain other words? ==> english/records/spelling/sets.of.words/nots.and.crosses.p <== What is the most number of letters that can be fit into a three by three grid of words, such that no letter is repeated in any row, column or diagonal? ==> english/records/spelling/sets.of.words/squares.p <== What are some exceptional word squares (square crosswords with no blanks)? ==> english/records/spelling/single.words.p <== What words have exceptional lengths, patterns, etc.? ==> english/repeat.p <== What is a sentence containing the most repeated words, without: using quotation marks, using a language other than English, ==> english/repeated.words.p <== What is a sentence with the same word several times repeated? ==> english/rhyme.p <== What English words are hard to rhyme? "Rhyme is the identity in sound of an accented vowel in a word...and of all consonantal and vowel sounds following it; with a difference in ==> english/self.ref.letters.p <== Construct a true sentence of the form: "This sentence contains _ a's, _ b's, _ c's, ...," where the numbers filling in the blanks are spelled out. ==> english/self.ref.numbers.p <== What true sentence has the form: "There are _ 0's, _ 1's, _ 2's, ..., in this sentence"? What sentence describes its own word, syllable and letter count? ==> english/sentence.p <== Find a sentence with words beginning with the letters of the alphabet, in order. ==> english/snowball.p <== Construct the longest coherent sentence you can such that the nth word is n letters long. ==> english/spoonerisms.p <== What long words have all bigrams either a postal state code or its reverse? ==> english/telegrams.p <== Since telegrams cost by the word, phonetically similar messages can be cheaper. See if you can decipher these extreme cases: UTICA CHANSON MIGRATE INVENTION ANNUAL KNOBBY SORRY IN FACTUAL BEEN CLOVER. ==> english/trivial.p <== Consider the free non-abelian group on the twenty-six letters of the alphabet with all relations of the form <word1> = <word2>, where <word1> and <word2> are homophones (i.e. they sound alike but are spelled differently). Show that every letter is trivial. ==> english/weird.p <== Make a sentence containing only words that violate the "i before e" rule. ==> english/word.boundaries.p <== List some sentences that can be radically altered by changing word boundaries and punctuation. What is the longest word all of whose contiguous subsequences are words? ==> games/chess/knight.control.p <== How many knights does it take to attack or control the board? ==> games/chess/mutual.check.p <== What position is a stalemate for both sides and is reachable in a legal game (including the requirement to prevent check)? ==> games/chess/mutual.stalemate.p <== What's the minimal number of pieces in a legal mutual stalemate? ==> games/chess/queens.p <== How many ways can eight queens be placed so that they control the board? ==> games/chess/size.of.game.tree.p <== How many different positions are there in the game tree of chess? ==> games/cigarettes.p <== The game of cigarettes is played as follows: Two players take turns placing a cigarette on a circular table. The cigarettes can be placed upright (on end) or lying flat, but not so that it touches any other cigarette on the table. This continues until one person looses by not ==> games/connect.four.p <== Is there a winning strategy for Connect Four? ==> games/craps.p <== What are the odds in craps? ==> games/crosswords/cryptic/clues.p <== What are some clues (indicators) used in cryptics? ==> games/crosswords/cryptic/double.p <== Each clue has two solutions, one for each diagram; one of the answers to 1ac. determines which solutions are for which diagram. All solutions are in Chamber's and Webster's Third except for one solution ==> games/crosswords/cryptic/intro.p <== What are the rules for cluing cryptic crosswords? ==> games/go-moku.p <== For a game of k in a row on an n x n board, for what values of k and n is there a win? Is (the largest such) k eventually constant or does it increase with n? What is the quickest solution of the game Hi-Q (also called Solitair)? For those of you who aren't sure what the game looks like: ==> games/jeopardy.p <== What are the highest, lowest, and most different scores contestants can achieve during a single game of Jeopardy? ==> games/knight.tour.p <== For what board sizes is a knight's tour possible? ==> games/nim.p <== Place 10 piles of 10 $1 bills in a row. A valid move is to reduce the last i>0 piles by the same amount j>0 for some i and j; a pile reduced to nothing is considered to have been removed. The loser is the player who picks up the last dollar, and they must forfeit ==> games/othello.p <== How good are computers at Othello? ==> games/risk.p <== What are the odds when tossing dice in Risk? ==> games/rubiks.clock.p <== How do you quickly solve Rubik's clock? ==> games/rubiks.cube.p <== What is known about bounds on solving Rubik's cube? ==> games/rubiks.magic.p <== How do you solve Rubik's Magic? ==> games/scrabble.p <== What are some exceptional scrabble games? ==> games/square-1.p <== Does anyone have any hints on how to solve the Square-1 puzzle? ==> games/think.and.jump.p <== THINK & JUMP: FIRST THINK, THEN JUMP UNTIL YOU ARE LEFT WITH ONE PEG! O - O O - O / \ / \ / \ / \ In random tic-tac-toe, what is the probability that the first mover wins? ==> geometry/K3,3.p <== Can three houses be connected to three utilities without the pipes crossing? _______ _______ _______ If a hunter goes out his front door, goes 50 miles south, then goes 50 miles west, shoots a bear, goes 50 miles north and ends up in front of his house. What color was the bear? ==> geometry/bisector.p <== If two angle bisectors of a triangle are equal, then the triangle is isosceles (more specifically, the sides opposite to the two angles being bisected are equal). Build a calendar from two sets of cubes. On the first set, spell the months with a letter on each face of three cubes. Use lowercase three-letter abbreviations for the names of all twelve months (e.g., "jan", "feb", "mar"). On the second set, ==> geometry/circles.and.triangles.p <== Find the radius of the inscribed and circumscribed circles for a triangle. ==> geometry/coloring/cheese.cube.p <== A cube of cheese is divided into 27 subcubes. A mouse starts at one corner and eats through every subcube. Can it finish in the middle? ==> geometry/coloring/dominoes.p <== There is a chess board (of course with 64 squares). You are given 21 dominoes of size 3-by-1 (the size of an individual square on a chess board is 1-by-1). Which square on the chess board can you cut out so that the 21 dominoes exactly cover the remaining ==> geometry/construction/4.triangles.6.lines.p <== Can you construct 4 equilateral triangles with 6 toothpicks? ==> geometry/construction/5.lines.with.4.points.p <== Arrange 10 points so that they form 5 rows of 4 each. ==> geometry/construction/square.with.compass.p <== Construct a square with only a compass and a straight edge. ==> geometry/cover.earth.p <== A thin membrane covers the surface of the earth. One square meter is added to the area of this membrane. How much is added to the radius and volume of this membrane? Can a circle be cut into similar pieces without point symmetry about the midpoint? Can it be done with a finite number of pieces? ==> geometry/dissections/hexagon.p <== 3) 4 indentical trapezoids. ==> geometry/dissections/square.70.p <== Since 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + ... + 24^2 = 70^2, can a 70x70 sqaure be dissected into 24 squares of size 1x1, 2x2, 3x3, etc.? ==> geometry/dissections/square.five.p <== Can you dissect a square into 5 parts of equal area with just a straight edge? ==> geometry/duck.and.fox.p <== A duck is swimming about in a circular pond. A ravenous fox (who cannot swim) is roaming the edges of the pond, waiting for the duck to come close. The fox can run faster than the duck can swim. In order to escape, the duck must swim to the edge of the pond before flying away. Assume that ==> geometry/earth.band.p <== How much will a band around the equator rise above the surface if it is made one meter longer? ==> geometry/ham.sandwich.p <== Consider a ham sandwich, consisting of two pieces of bread and one of ham. Suppose the sandwich was dropped into a machine and spindled, torn and mutiliated. Is it still possible to divide the ham sandwich with a straight knife cut such that both the ham and the bread are ==> geometry/hike.p <== You are hiking in a half-planar woods, exactly 1 mile from the edge, when you suddenly trip and lose your sense of direction. What's the shortest path that's guaranteed to take you out of the woods? Assume that you can navigate perfectly relative to your current location and ==> geometry/hole.in.sphere.p <== Old Boniface he took his cheer, Then he bored a hole through a solid sphere, Clear through the center, straight and strong, And the hole was just six inches long. ==> geometry/ladders.p <== Two ladders form a rough X in an alley. The ladders are 11 and 13 meters long and they cross 4 meters off the ground. How wide is the alley? ==> geometry/lattice/area.p <== Prove that the area of a triangle formed by three lattice points is integer/2. ==> geometry/lattice/equilateral.p <== Can an equlateral triangle have vertices at integer lattice points? ==> geometry/rotation.p <== What is the smallest rotation that returns an object to its original state? ==> geometry/smuggler.p <== Somewhere on the high sees smuggler S is attempting, without much luck, to outspeed coast guard G, whose boat can go faster than S's. G is one mile east of S when a heavy fog descends. It's so heavy that nobody can see or hear anything further than a few feet. Immediately ==> geometry/table.in.corner.p <== Put a round table into a (perpendicular) corner so that the table top touches both walls and the feet are firmly on the ground. If there is a point on the perimeter of the table, in the quarter circle between the two points of contact, which is 10 cm from one wall and 5 cm from ==> geometry/tesseract.p <== If you suspend a cube by one corner and slice it in half with a horizontal plane through its centre of gravity, the section face is a hexagon. Now suspend a tesseract (a four dimensional hypercube) by one corner and slice it in half with a hyper-horizontal hyperplane through ==> geometry/tetrahedron.p <== Suppose you have a sphere of radius R and you have four planes that are all tangent to the sphere such that they form an arbitrary tetrahedron (it can be irregular). What is the ratio of the surface area of the tetrahedron to its volume? A rectangular region R is divided into rectangular areas. Show that if each of the rectangles in the region has at least one side with rational length then the same can be said of R. ==> geometry/tiling/rectangles.with.squares.p <== Given two sorts of squares, (axa) and (bxb), what rectangles can be tiled? ==> geometry/tiling/scaling.p <== A given rectangle can be entirely covered (i.e. concealed) by an appropriate arrangement of 25 disks of unit radius. Can the same rectangle be covered by 100 disks of 1/2 unit radius? ==> geometry/tiling/seven.cubes.p <== Consider 7 cubes of equal size arranged as follows. Place 5 cubes so that they form a Swiss cross or a + (plus). ( 4 cubes on the sides and 1 in the middle). Now place one cube on top of the middle cube and the seventh below the middle cube, to effectively form a 3-dimensional ==> group/group.01.p <== BEJQXYZ DFGHLPRU KSTV CO AIW MN ==> group/group.04.p <== BDO P ACGJLMNQRSUVWZ EFTY HIKX ==> group/group.05.p <== Is there an algorithom for solving the hanoi tower puzzle for any number of towers? Is there an equation for determining the minimum number of moves required to solve it, given a variable number of disks and towers? ==> induction/n-sphere.p <== With what odds do three random points on an n-sphere form an acute triangle? ==> induction/paradox.p <== What simple property holds for the first 10,000 integers, then fails? ==> induction/party.p <== You're at a party. Any two (different) people at the party have exactly one friend in common (the friend is also at the party). Prove that there is at least one person at the party who is a friend of everyone else. Assume that the friendship relation is symmetric and not reflexive. ==> induction/roll.p <== An ordinary die is thrown until the running total of the throws first exceeds 12. What is the most likely final total that will be obtained? ==> induction/takeover.p <== After graduating from college, you have taken an important managing position in the prestigious financial firm of "Mary and Lee". You are responsable for all the decisions concerning take-over bids. Your immediate concern is whether to take over "Financial Data". ==> logic/29.p <== Three people check into a hotel. They pay $30 to the manager and go to their room. The manager finds out that the room rate is $25 and gives $5 to the bellboy to return. On the way to the room the bellboy reasons that $5 would be difficult to share among three people so ==> logic/ages.p <== 1) Ten years from now Tim will be twice as old as Jane was when Mary was nine times as old as Tim. 2) Eight years ago, Mary was half as old as Jane will be when Jane is one year ==> logic/bookworm.p <== A bookworm eats from the first page of an encyclopedia to the last page. The bookworm eats in a straight line. The encyclopedia consists of ten 1000-page volumes. Not counting covers, title pages, etc., how many pages does the bookworm eat through? ==> logic/boxes.p <== Which Box Contains the Gold? Two boxes are labeled "A" and "B". A sign on box A says "The sign on box B is true and the gold is in box A". A sign on box B says ==> logic/calibans.will.p <== \| Caliban's Will by M.H. Newman \| ---------------------------------------------- An Arab sheikh tells his two sons that are to race their camels to a distant city to see who will inherit his fortune. The one whose camel is slower will win. The brothers, after wandering aimlessly for days, ask a wiseman for advise. After hearing the advice they jump on the ==> logic/centrifuge.p <== You are a biochemist, working with a 12-slot centrifuge. This is a gadget that has 12 equally spaced slots around a central axis, in which you can place chemical samples you want centrifuged. When the machine is turned on, the samples whirl around the central axis and do their thing. ==> logic/children.p <== A man walks into a bar, orders a drink, and starts chatting with the bartender. After a while, he learns that the bartender has three children. "How old are your children?" he asks. "Well," replies the bartender, "the product of their ages is 72." The man thinks for a ==> logic/condoms.p <== How can you have mutually safe sex with three women with only two condoms? ==> logic/dell.p <== How can I solve logic puzzles (e.g., as published by Dell) automatically? ==> logic/elimination.p <== 97 baseball teams participate in an annual state tournament. The way the champion is chosen for this tournament is by the same old elimination schedule. That is, the 97 teams are to be divided into pairs, and the two teams of each pair play against each other. ==> logic/family.p <== Suppose that it is equally likely for a pregnancy to deliver a baby boy as it is to deliver a baby girl. Suppose that for a large society of people, every family continues to have children until they have a boy, then they stop having children. ==> logic/flip.p <== How can a toss be called over the phone (without requiring trust)? ==> logic/friends.p <== Any group of 6 or more contains either 3 mutual friends or 3 mutual strangers. Prove it. A sheet of paper has statements numbered from 1 to 100. Statement n says "exactly n of the statements on this sheet are false." Which statements are true and which are false? What if we replace "exactly" by "at least"? ==> logic/inverter.p <== Four bugs are placed at the corners of a square. Each bug walks directly toward the next bug in the clockwise direction. The bugs walk with constant speed always directly toward their clockwise neighbor. Assuming the bugs make at least one full circuit around the center of the square before meeting, how much closer to the center will a bug be at the end of its first full circuit? ==> analysis/bugs.s <== ANSWER: 1 - e^(-2pi) Let O(t) be the angle at time t of bug 1 relative to its starting point and r(O(t)) be its distance from the center of the square. Bug 1's vector trajectory is (using a Cartesian coordinate system with the origin at the center of the square): (1) X1 = [r(O) * cos(O), r(O) * sin(O)] By symmetry, bug 2's trajectory is the same only rotated by pi/2, viz.: (2) X2 = [-r(O) * sin(O), r(O) * cos(O)] Since bug 1 walks directly toward bug 2, the velocity of bug 1 must be proportional to the vector from bug 1 to bug 2: (3) d(X1)/d(t) = k * (X2 - X1) Equating each component of the vector equation (3) yields: (4) (d(r)/d(O) * cos(O) - r * sin(O)) * d(O)/d(t) = k * (-r * cos(O) - r * sin(O)) (5) (d(r)/d(O) * sin(O) + r * cos(O)) * d(O)/d(t) = k * (-r * sin(O) + r * cos(O)) These equations are solved by: (6) k = d(O)/d(t) (9) v^2 = constant = ((d(r)/d(O))^2+r^2)(d(O)/d(t))^2 Substituting (8) into (9) yields (let V = v/sqrt(2)): (10) d(O)/d(t) = V e^O Which is solved (using the boundary condition O(0) = 0) by: (11) O(t) = -ln(1 - V * t) Substituting (11) into (8) yields: (12) r(t) = r(0) - V * t The bug has made a full circle when O(T) = 2pi; using (11): (13) T = 1/V (1 - e^(-2pi)) Substituting T into (12) yields the answer: (14) r(T) - r(0) = 1 - e^(-2pi) ==> analysis/c.infinity.p <== What function is zero at zero, strictly positive elsewhere, infinitely differentiable at zero and has all zero derivitives at zero? ==> analysis/c.infinity.s <== exp(-1/x^2) This tells us why Taylor Series are a more limited device than they might be. We form a Taylor series by looking at the derivatives of a function at a given point; but this example shows us that the derivatives at a point may tell us almost nothing about its behavior away from that point. ==> analysis/cache.p <== Cache and Ferry (How far can a truck go in a desert?) A pick-up truck is in the desert beside N 50-gallon gas drums, all full. The truck's gas tank holds 10 gallons and is empty. The truck can carry one drum, whether full or empty, in its bed. It gets 10 miles to the gallon. How far away from the starting point can you drive the truck? ==> analysis/cache.s <== If the truck can siphon gas out of its tank and leave it in the cache, the answer is: { 1/1 + 1/3 + ... + 1/(2 * N - 1) } x 500 miles. Otherwise, the "Cache and Ferry" problem is the same as the "Desert Fox" problem described, but not solved, by Dewdney, July '87 "Scientific American". Dewdney's Oct. '87 Sci. Am. article gives for N=2, the optimal distance of 733.33 miles. In the Nov. issue, Dewdney lists the optimal distance of 860 miles for N=3, and gives a better, but not optimal, general distance formula. Westbrook, in Vol 74, #467, pp 49-50, March '90 "Mathematical Gazette", gives an even better formula, for which he incorrectly claims optimality: For N = 2,3,4,5,6: Dist = (600/1 + 600/3 + ... + 600/(2N-3)) + (600-100N)/(2N-1) For N > 6: Dist = (600/1 + 600/3 + ... + 600/9) + (500/11 + ... + 500/(2N-3)) The following shows that Westbrook's formula is not optimal for N=8: Ferry 7 drums forward 33.3333 miles (356.6667 gallons remain) Ferry 6 drums forward 51.5151 miles (300.0000 gallons remain) Ferry 5 drums forward 66.6667 miles (240.0000 gallons remain) Ferry 4 drums forward 85.7143 miles (180.0000 gallons remain) Ferry 3 drums forward 120.0000 miles (120.0000 gallons remain) Ferry 2 drums forward 200.0000 miles ( 60.0000 gallons remain) Ferry 1 drums forward 600.0000 miles --------------- ["Ferrying n drums forward x miles" involves (2n-1) trips, each of distance x.] Other attainable values I've found: N Distance --- --------- (Ferry distances for each N are omitted for brevity.) 5 1016.8254 19 1404.1136 (The N <= 19 distances could be optimal.) 31 1541.1550 (I doubt that this N = 31 distance is optimal.) 139 1955.5509 (I'm sure that this N = 139 distance is not optimal.) So...where's MY formula? I haven't found one, and believe me, I've looked. I would be most grateful if someone would end my misery by mailing me a formula, a literature reference, or even an efficient algorithm that computes the optimal distance. If you do come up with the solution, you might want to first check it against the attainable distances listed above, before sending it out. (Not because you might be wrong, but just as a mere formality to check your work.) [Warning: the Mathematician General has determined that this problem is as addicting as Twinkies.] Myron P. Souris \| "If you have anything to tell me of importance, McDonnell Douglas \| for God's sake begin at the end." [email protected] \| Sara Jeanette Duncan The following output comes from some hack programs that I've used to empirically verify some proofs I've been working on. Initial barrels: 12 (600 gallons) Attainable distance= 1274.175211 >From depot 1: 10 63.1579 480.0000 >From depot 2: 8 50.0000 405.0000 >From depot 3: 7 37.5000 356.2500 >From depot 4: 6 51.1364 300.0000 >From depot 5: 5 66.6667 240.0000 >From depot 6: 4 85.7143 180.0000 >From depot 7: 3 120.0000 120.0000 >From depot 8: 2 200.0000 60.0000 >From depot 9: 1 600.0000 0.0000 Initial barrels: 40 (2000 gallons) Attainable distance= 1611.591484 >From depot 1: 40 2.5316 1980.0000 >From depot 2: 33 50.0000 1655.0000 >From depot 3: 28 50.0000 1380.0000 >From depot 4: 23 53.3333 1140.0000 >From depot 5: 19 50.0000 955.0000 >From depot 6: 16 56.4516 780.0000 >From depot 7: 13 50.0000 655.0000 >From depot 8: 11 54.7619 540.0000 >From depot 9: 9 50.0000 455.0000 >From depot 10: 8 32.1429 406.7857 >From depot 11: 7 38.9881 356.1012 >From depot 12: 6 51.0011 300.0000 >From depot 13: 5 66.6667 240.0000 >From depot 14: 4 85.7143 180.0000 >From depot 15: 3 120.0000 120.0000 >From depot 16: 2 200.0000 60.0000 >From depot 17: 1 600.0000 0.0000 ==> analysis/cats.and.rats.p <== If 6 cats can kill 6 rats in 6 minutes, how many cats does it take to kill one rat in one minute? ==> analysis/cats.and.rats.s <== The following piece by Lewis Carroll first appeared in ``The Monthly Packet'' of February 1880 and is reprinted in _The_Magic_of_Lewis_Carroll_, edited by John Fisher, Bramhall House, 1973. /Larry Denenberg Cats and Rats If 6 cats kill 6 rats in 6 minutes, how many will be needed to kill 100 rats in 50 minutes? This is a good example of a phenomenon that often occurs in working problems in double proportion; the answer looks all right at first, but, when we come to test it, we find that, owing to peculiar circumstances in the case, the solution is either impossible or else indefinite, and needing further data. The 'peculiar circumstance' here is that fractional cats or rats are excluded from consideration, and in consequence of this the solution is, as we shall see, indefinite. The solution, by the ordinary rules of Double Proportion, is as follows: 6 rats : 100 rats \ . . ans. = (100)(6)(6)/(50)(6) = 12 But when we come to trace the history of this sanguinary scene through all its horrid details, we find that at the end of 48 minutes 96 rats are dead, and that there remain 4 live rats and 2 minutes to kill them in: the question is, can this be done? Now there are at least four* different ways in which the original feat, of 6 cats killing 6 rats in 6 minutes, may be achieved. For the sake of clearness let us tabulate them: A. All 6 cats are needed to kill a rat; and this they do in one minute, the other rats standing meekly by, waiting for their turn. B. 3 cats are needed to kill a rat, and they do it in 2 minutes. C. 2 cats are needed, and do it in 3 minutes. D. Each cat kills a rat all by itself, and take 6 minutes to do it. In cases A and B it is clear that the 12 cats (who are assumed to come quite fresh from their 48 minutes of slaughter) can finish the affair in the required time; but, in case C, it can only be done by supposing that 2 cats could kill two-thirds of a rat in 2 minutes; and in case D, by supposing that a cat could kill one-third of a rat in two minutes. Neither supposition is warranted by the data; nor could the fractional rats (even if endowed with equal vitality) be fairly assigned to the different cats. For my part, if I were a cat in case D, and did not find my claws in good working order, I should certainly prefer to have my one-third-rat cut off from the tail end. In cases C and D, then, it is clear that we must provide extra cat-power. In case C less than 2 extra cats would be of no use. If 2 were supplied, and if they began killing their 4 rats at the beginning of the time, they would finish them in 12 minutes, and have 36 minutes to spare, during which they might weep, like Alexander, because there were not 12 more rats to kill. In case D, one extra cat would suffice; it would kill its 4 rats in 24 minutes, and have 24 minutes to spare, during which it could have killed another 4. But in neither case could any use be made of the last 2 minutes, except to half-kill rats---a barbarity we need not take into consideration. To sum up our results. If the 6 cats kill the 6 rats by method A or B, the answer is 12; if by method C, 14; if by method D, 13. This, then, is an instance of a solution made `indefinite' by the circumstances of the case. If an instance of the `impossible' be desired, take the following: `If a cat can kill a rat in a minute, how many would be needed to kill it in the thousandth part of a second?' The mathematical answer, of course, is `60,000,' and no doubt less than this would not suffice; but would 60,000 suffice? I doubt it very much. I fancy that at least 50,000 of the cats would never even see the rat, or have any idea of what was going on. Or take this: `If a cat can kill a rat in a minute, how long would it be killing 60,000 rats?' Ah, how long, indeed! My private opinion is that the rats would kill the cat. ==> analysis/e.and.pi.p <== Which is greater, e^(pi) or (pi)^e ? ==> analysis/e.and.pi.s <== Put x = pi/e - 1 in the inequality e^x > 1+x (x>0). ==> analysis/functional/distributed.p <== Find all f: R -> R, f not identically zero, such that () f( (x+y)/(x-y) ) = ( f(x)+f(y) )/( f(x)-f(y) ). ==> analysis/functional/distributed.s <== 1) Assuming f finite everywhere, () ==> x<>y ==> f(x)<>f(y) 2) Exchanging x and y in () we see that f(-x) = -f(x). 3) a <> 0 ==> f((a-a)/(a+a)) = (f(a)-f(a))/(f(a)+f(a)) ==> f(0) = 0. 4) a <> 0 ==> f((a+0)/(a-0)) = f(a)/f(a) ==> f(1) = 1. 5) x<>y, y<>0 ==> f(x/y) = f( ((x+y)/(x-y) + (x-y)/(x-y)) / ((x+y)/(x-y) - (x-y)/(x-y)) = f(x)/f(y) ==> f(xy) = f(x)f(y) by replacing x with xy and by noting that f(x1) = f(x)1 and f(x0) = f(x)f(0). 6) f(xx) = f(x)f(x) ==> f(x) > 0 if x>0. 7) Let a=1+\/2, b=1-\/2; a,b satisfy (x+1)/(x-1) = x ==> f(x) = (f(x)+1)/(f(x)-1) ==> f(a)=a, f(b)=b. f(1/\/2) = f((a+b)/(a-b)) = (a+b)/(a-b) = 1/\/2 ==> f(2) = 2. 8) By induction and the relation f((n+1)/(n-1)) = (f(n)+1)/(f(n)-1) we get that f(n)=n for all integer n. #5 now implies that f fixes the rationals. 9) If x>y>0 () ==> f(x) - f(y) = f(x+y)/f((x+y)/(x-y)) > 0 by #6. Thus f is order-preserving. Since f fixes the rationals and f is order-preserving, f must be the identity function. This was E2176 in _The American Mathematical Monthly_ (the proposer was R. S. Luthar). Suppose f is non-decreasing with f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) + C for all real x, y. Prove: there is a constant A such that f(x) = Ax - C for all x. (Note: continuity of f is not assumed in advance.) ==> analysis/functional/linear.s <== By induction f(mx) = m(f(x)+C)-C. Let x=1/n, m=n and find that f(1/n) = (1/n)(f(1)+C)-C. Now let x=1/n and find that f(m/n) = (m/n)(f(1)+C)-C. f(-x+x) = f(-x) + f(x) + C ==> f(-x) = -2C - f(x) (since f(0) = -C) ==> f(-m/n) = -(m/n)(f(1)+C)-C. Since f is monotonic ==> f(x) = x(f(1)+C)-C for all real x (Squeeze Theorem). ==> analysis/integral.p <== If f is integrable on (0,inf), and differentiable at 0, and a > 0, show: inf ( f(x) - f(ax) ) First, note that if f(0) is 0, then by substituting u=ax in the integral of f(x)/x, our integral is the difference of two equal integrals and so is 0 (the integrals are finite because f is 0 at 0 and differentiable there. Note I make no requirement of continuity). Second, note that if f is the characteristic function of the interval [0, 1]--- i.e. then a little arithmetic reduces our integral to that of 1/x from 1/a to 1 (assuming a>1; if a <= 1 the reasoning is similar), which is ln(a) = f(0)ln(a) as required. Call this function g. Finally, note that the operator which takes the function f to the value of our integral is linear, and that every function meeting the hypotheses (incidentally, I should have said `differentiable from the right', or else replaced the characteristic function of [0,1] above by that of (-infinity, 1]; but it really doesn't matter) is a linear combination of one which is 0 at 0 and g, to wit f(x) = f(0)g(x) + (f(x) - g(x)f(0)). What is the least possible integral period of the sum of functions of periods 3 and 6? ==> analysis/period.s <== Period 2. Clearly, the sum of periodic functions of periods 2 and three is 6. So take the function which is the sum of that function of period six and the negative of the function of period three and you have a function of period 2. ==> analysis/rubberband.p <== A bug walks down a rubberband which is attached to a wall at one end and a car moving away from the wall at the other end. The car is moving at 1 m/sec while the bug is only moving at 1 cm/sec. Assuming the rubberband is uniformly and infinitely elastic, will the bug ever reach the car? ==> analysis/rubberband.s <== Let w = speed of bug and N = ratio of car speed/bug speed = 100. Paint N+1 equally spaced stripes on the rubberband. When the bug is standing on one stripe, the next stripe is moving away from him at a speed slightly < w (relative to him). Since he is walking at w, clearly the bug can reach the next stripe. But once he reaches that stripe, the next one is only receeding at < w. So he walks on down to the car, one stripe at a time. The bug starts gaining on the car when he is at the next to last stripe. ==> analysis/series.p <== Show that in the series: x, 2x, 3x, .... (n-1)x (x can be any real number) there is at least one number which is within 1/n of an integer. ==> analysis/series.s <== Throw 0 into the sequence; there are now n numbers, so some pair must have fractional parts within 1/n of each other; their difference is then within 1/n of an integer. ==> analysis/snow.p <== Snow starts falling before noon on a cold December day. At noon a snowplow starts plowing a street. It travels 1 mile in the first hour, and 1/2 mile in the second hour. What time did the snow start falling?? You may assume that the plow's rate of travel is inversely proportioned to the height of the snow, and that the snow falls at a uniform rate. ==> analysis/snow.s <== 11:22:55.077 am. Method: Let b = the depth of the snow at noon, a = the rate of increase in the depth. Then the depth at time t (where noon is t=0) is at+b, the snowfall started at t_0=-b/a, and the snowplow's rate of progress is ds/dt = k/(at+b). If the snowplow starts at s=0 then s(t) = (k/a) log(1+at/b). Note that s(2 hours) = 1.5 s(1 hour), or log(1+2A/b) = 1.5 log(1+A/b), where A = (1 hour)a. Letting x = A/b we have (1+2x)^2 = (1+x)^3. Solve for x and t_0 = -(1 hour)/x. The exact answer is 11:(90-30 Sqrt[5]). _American Mathematics Monthly_, April 1937, page 245 E 275. Proposed by J. A. Benner, Lafayette College, Easton. Pa. The solution appears, appropriately, in the December 1937 issue, pp. 666-667. Also solved by William Douglas, C. E. Springer, E. P. Starke, W. J. Taylor, and the proposer. See R.P. Agnew, "Differential Equations," 2nd edition, p. 39 ff. ==> analysis/tower.p <== A number is raised to its own power. The same number is then raised to the power of this result. The same number is then raised to the power of this second result. This process is continued forever. What is the maximum number which will yield a finite result from this process? ==> analysis/tower.s <== Let N be the number in question and R the result of the process. Then R can be defined recursively by the equation: (1) R = N^R Taking the logarithm of both sides of (1): (2) ln(R) = R * ln(N) Dividing (2) by R and rearranging: (3) ln(N) = ln(R) / R We wish to find the maximum value of N with respect to R. Find the derivative of N with respect to R and set it equal to zero: (5) d(N)/d(R) = (1 - ln(R)) / R^2 = 0 For finite values of R, (5) is satisfied by R = e. This is a maximum of N if the second derivative of N at R = e is less than zero. (6) d2(N)/d2(R) \| R=e = (2 * ln(R) - 3) / R^3 \| R=e = -1 / e^3 < 0 The solution therefore is (4) at R = e: (7) Nmax = e^(1/e) A customer at a 7-11 store selected four items to buy, and was told that the cost was $7.11. He was curious that the cost was the same as the store name, so he inquired as to how the figure was derived. The clerk said that he had simply multiplied the prices of the four individual items. The customer protested that the four prices should have been ADDED, not MULTIPLIED. The clerk said that that was OK with him, but, the result was still the same: exactly $7.11. What were the prices of the four items? ==> arithmetic/7-11.s <== The prices are: $1.20, $1.25, $1.50, and $3.16 $7.11 is not the only number which works. Here are the first 160 such numbers, preceded by a count of distinct solutions for that price. Note that $7.11 has a single, unique solution. 1 - $6.44 1 - $7.83 2 - $9.20 3 - $10.89 1 - $6.51 1 - $7.86 1 - $9.23 1 - $10.95 1 - $6.60 3 - $7.92 1 - $9.24 2 - $11.00 1 - $6.63 1 - $8.00 1 - $9.27 1 - $11.07 1 - $6.65 1 - $8.01 2 - $9.35 1 - $11.13 1 - $6.72 1 - $8.03 3 - $9.36 1 - $11.16 2 - $6.75 5 - $8.10 1 - $9.38 1 - $11.22 1 - $6.78 1 - $8.12 5 - $9.45 2 - $11.25 1 - $6.80 1 - $8.16 2 - $9.48 2 - $11.27 2 - $6.84 2 - $8.19 1 - $9.54 1 - $11.30 1 - $6.86 1 - $8.22 1 - $9.57 1 - $11.36 1 - $6.89 1 - $8.25 1 - $9.59 1 - $11.40 2 - $6.93 3 - $8.28 2 - $9.60 2 - $11.43 1 - $7.02 3 - $8.33 1 - $9.62 2 - $11.52 1 - $7.05 1 - $8.36 2 - $9.63 2 - $11.55 2 - $7.07 1 - $8.37 1 - $9.66 2 - $11.61 1 - $7.08 2 - $8.40 1 - $9.68 1 - $11.69 1 - $7.11 1 - $8.45 2 - $9.69 1 - $11.70 1 - $7.13 2 - $8.46 1 - $9.78 1 - $11.88 2 - $7.14 1 - $8.52 2 - $9.80 1 - $11.90 3 - $7.20 5 - $8.55 1 - $9.81 1 - $11.99 1 - $7.25 1 - $8.60 1 - $9.87 1 - $12.06 1 - $7.26 4 - $8.64 4 - $9.90 1 - $12.15 2 - $7.28 1 - $8.67 1 - $9.92 1 - $12.18 1 - $7.29 1 - $8.69 2 - $9.99 1 - $12.24 3 - $7.35 1 - $8.73 1 - $10.01 1 - $12.30 1 - $7.37 2 - $8.75 1 - $10.05 1 - $12.32 1 - $7.47 1 - $8.76 2 - $10.08 1 - $12.35 1 - $7.50 1 - $8.78 1 - $10.17 2 - $12.42 1 - $7.52 5 - $8.82 1 - $10.20 1 - $12.51 4 - $7.56 1 - $8.85 2 - $10.26 1 - $12.65 1 - $7.62 1 - $8.88 3 - $10.29 2 - $12.69 4 - $7.65 2 - $8.91 3 - $10.35 1 - $12.75 1 - $7.67 1 - $8.94 2 - $10.44 1 - $12.92 2 - $7.70 1 - $8.96 1 - $10.53 1 - $12.96 3 - $7.74 3 - $9.00 1 - $10.56 1 - $13.23 1 - $7.77 1 - $9.02 1 - $10.64 1 - $13.41 1 - $7.79 2 - $9.03 2 - $10.71 1 - $13.56 2 - $7.80 1 - $9.12 3 - $10.80 1 - $14.49 1 - $7.82 2 - $9.18 1 - $10.85 1 - $15.18 There are plenty of solutions for five summands. Here are a few: $8.28 -- at least two solutions $8.47 -- at least two solutions $8.82 -- at least two solutions -- Mark Johnson [email protected] (408) 734-8100 There may be many approximate solutions, for example: $1.01, $1.15, $2.41, and $2.54. These sum to $7.11 but the product is 7.1100061. ==> arithmetic/clock/day.of.week.p <== It's restful sitting in Tom's cosy den, talking quietly and sipping a glass of his Madeira. I was there one Sunday and we had the usual business of his clock. When the radio gave the time at the hour, the Ormolu antique was exactly 3 minutes slow. "It loses 7 minutes every hour", my old friend told me, as he had done so many times before. "No more and no less, but I've gotten used to it that way." When I spent a second evening with him later that same month, I remarked on the fact that the clock was dead right by radio time at the hour. It was rather late in the evening, but Tom assured me that his treasure had not been adjusted nor fixed since my last visit. What day of the week was the second visit? From "Mathematical Diversions" by Hunter + Madachy ==> arithmetic/clock/day.of.week.s <== The answer is 17 days and 3 hours later, which would have been a Wednesday. This is the only other time in the same month when the two would agree at all. In 17 days the slow clock loses 17247 minutes = 2856 minutes, or 47 hours and 36 minutes. In 3 hours more it loses 21 minutes, so it has lost a total of 47 hours and 57 minutes. Modulo 12 hours, it has gained 3 minutes so as to make up the 3 minutes it was slow on Sunday. It is now (fortnight plus 3 days) exactly accurate. ==> arithmetic/clock/thirds.p <== Do the 3 hands on a clock ever divide the face of the clock into 3 equal segments, i.e. 120 degrees between each hand? ==> arithmetic/clock/thirds.s <== First let us assume that our clock has 60 divisions. We will show that any time the hour hand and the minute hand are 20 divisions (120 degrees) apart, the second hand cannot be an integral number of divisions from the other hands, unless it is straight up (on the minute). Let us use h for hours, m for minutes, and s for seconds. We will use =n to mean congruent mod n, thus 12 =5 7. We know that m =60 12h, that is, the minute hand moves 12 times as fast as the hour hand, and wraps around at 60. We also have s =60 60m. This simplifies to s/60 =1 m, which goes to s/60 = frac(m) (assuming s is in the range 0 <= s < 60), which goes to s = 60 frac(m). Thus, if m is 5.5, s is 30. Now let us assume the minute hand is 20 divisions ahead of the hour hand. So m =60 h + 20, thus 12h =60 h + 20, 11h =60 20, and, finally, h =60/11 20/11 (read 'h is congruent mod 60/11 to 20/11'). So all values of m are k + n/11 for some integral k and integral n, 0 <= n < 11. s is therefore 60n/11. If s is to be an integral number of units from m and h, we must have 60n =11 n. But 60 and 11 are relatively prime, so this holds only for n = 0. But if n = 0, m is integral, so s is 0. Now assume, instead, that the minute hand is 20 divisions behind the hour hand. So m =60 h - 20, 12h =60 h - 20, 11h =60 -20, h =60/11 -20/11. So m is still k + n/11. Thus s must be 0. But if s is 0, h must be 20 or 40. But this translates to 4 o'clock or 8 o'clock, at both of which the minute hand is at 0, along with the second hand. Thus the 3 hands can never be 120 degrees apart, Q.E.D. ==> arithmetic/consecutive.product.p <== Prove that the product of three or more consecutive natural numbers cannot be a perfect square. If a and b are relatively prime, and ab is a square, then a and b are squares. (This is left as an exercise.) Suppose (n - 1)n(n + 1) = k^2, where n > 1. Then n(n^2 - 1) = k^2. But n and (n^2 - 1) are relatively prime. Therefore n^2 - 1 is a perfect square, which is a contradiction. Four consecutive numbers: n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) = (n^2 + 3n + 1)^2 - 1 Five consecutive numbers: Assume the product is a integer square, call it m. The prime factorization of m must have even numbers of each prime factor. For each prime factor, p, of m, p >= 5, p^2k must divide one of the consecutive naturals in the product. (Otherwise, the difference between two of the naturals in the product would be a positive multiple of a prime >= 5. But in this problem, the greatest difference is 4.) So we need only consider the primes 2 and 3. Each of the consecutive naturals is one of: 1) a perfect square 2) 2 times a perfect square 3) 3 times a perfect square 4) 6 times a perfect square. By the shoe box principle, two of the five consecutive numbers must fall into the same category. If there are two perfect squares, then their difference being less than five limits their values to be 1 and 4. (0 is not a natural number, so 0 and 1 and 0 and 4 cannot be the perfect squares.) But 12345=120!=xx where x is an integer. If there are two numbers that are 2 times a perfect square, then their difference being less than five implies that the perfect squares (which are multiplied by 2) are less than 3 apart, and no two natural squares differ by only 1 or 2. A similar argument holds for two numbers which are 3 times a perfect square. We cannot have the case that two of the 5 consecutive numbers are multiples (much less square multiples) of 6, since their difference would be >= 6, and our span of five consecutive numbers is only 4. Therefore the assumption that m is a perfect square does not hold. QED. y^2 = x(x+1)(x+2)...(x+n), n > 3 has only the solution corresponding to y = 0. This is a theorem of Rigge [O. Rigge, ``Uber ein diophantisches Problem'', IX Skan. Math. Kong. Helsingfors (1938)] and Erdos [P. Erdos, ``Note on products of consecutive integers,'' J. London Math. Soc. #14 (1939), pages 194-198]. A proof can be found on page 276 of [L. Mordell, ``Diophantine Equations'', Academic Press 1969]. Find all series of consecutive positive integers whose sum is exactly 10,000. ==> arithmetic/consecutive.sums.s <== Generalize to find X (and I) such that (X + X+1 + X+2 + ... + X+I) = T for any integer T. You are asking for all (X,I) s.t. (2X+I)(I+1) = 2T. The problem is (very) slightly easier if we don't restrict X to being positive, so we'll solve this first. Note that 2X+I and I+1 must have different parities, so the answer to the relaxed question is N = 2(o_1+1)(o_2+1)...(o_n+1), where 2T = 2^o_03^o_1...p_n^o_n (the prime factorization); this is easily seen to be the number of ways we can break 2T up into two positive factors of differing parity (with order). In particular, 20000 = 2^55^4, hence there are 2(4+1) = 10 solutions for T = 10000. These are (2X+I,I+1): (321,5^4) (325,5^3) (325^2,5^2) (325^3,5) (325^4,1) (5^4,321) (5^3,325) (5^2,325^2) (5,325^3) (1,325^4) And they give rise to the solutions (X,I): (-296,624) (28,124) (388,24) (1998,4) (10000,0) (297,31) (-27,179) (-387,799) (-1997,3999) (-9999,19999) If you require that X>0 note that this is true iff 2X+I > I+1 and hence the number of solutions to this problem is N/2 (due to the symmetry of the above ordered pairs). ==> arithmetic/digits/all.ones.p <== Prove that some multiple of any integer ending in 3 contains all 1s. ==> arithmetic/digits/all.ones.s <== Let n be our integer; one such desired multiple is then ( 10^(phi(n))-1 )/9. All we need is that (n,10) = 1, and if the last digit is 3 this must be the case. A different proof using the pigeonhole principle is to consider the sequence 1, 11, 111, ..., (10^n - 1)/9. By previous reasoning we must have at some point that either some member of our sequence = 0 (mod n) or else some value (mod n) is duplicated. Assume the latter, with x_a and x_b, x_b>x_a, possesing the duplicated remainders. We then have that x_b - x-a = 0 (mod n). Let m be the highest power of 10 dividing x_b - x_a. Now since (10,n) = 1, we can divide by 10^m and get that (x_b - x_a)/10^m = 0 (n). But (x_b - x_a)/10^m is a number containing only the digit 1. Q.E.D. What is the Arabian Nights factorial, the number x such that x! has 1001 digits? How about the prime x such that x! has exactly 1001 zeroes on the tail end. (Bonus question, what is the 'rightmost' non-zero digit in x!?) ==> arithmetic/digits/arabian.s <== The first answer is 450!. Determining the number of zeroes at the end of x! is relatively easy once you realize that each such zero comes from a factor of 10 in the product 1 * 2 * 3 * ... * x Each factor of 10, in turn, comes from a factor of 5 and a factor of 2. Since there are many more factors of 2 than factors of 5, the number of 5s determines the number of zeroes at the end of the factorial. The number of 5s in the set of numbers 1 .. x (and therefore the number of zeroes at the end of x!) is: z(x) = int(x/5) + int(x/25) + int(x/125) + int(x/625) + ... This series terminates when the powers of 5 exceed x. I know of no simple way to invert the above formula (i.e., to find x for a given z(x)), but I can approximate it by noting that, except for the "int" function, The given problem asked, "For what prime x is z(x)=1001". By the above forumla, this is approximately 41001=4004. However, 4004! has only 800 + 160 + 32 + 6 + 1 = 999 zeroes at the end of it. The numbers 4005! through 4009! all have 1000 zeroes at their end and the numbers 4010! through 4014! all have 1001 zeroes at their end. Since the problem asked for a prime x, and 4011 = 37191, the only solution is x=4013. The problem of determining the rightmost nonzero digit in x! is somewhat more difficult. If we took the numbers 1, 2, ... , x and removed all factors of 5 (and an equal number of factors of 2), the remaining numbers multiplied together modulo 10 would be the answer. Note that since there are still many factors of 2 left, the rightmost nonzero digit must be 2, 4, 6, or 8 (x > 1). Letting r(x) be the rightmost nonzero digit in x!, an expression for r(x) is: r(x) = (r(int(x/5)) w * r(x mod 10)) mod 10, x >= 10. where w is 4 if int(x/10) is odd and 6 if it is even. The values of r(x) for 0 <= x <= 9 are 1, 1, 2, 6, 4, 2, 2, 4, 2, and 8. The way to see this is true is to take the numbers 1, 2, ..., x in groups of 10. In each group, remove 2 factors of 10. For example, from the set 1, 2, ..., 10, choose a factor of 2 from 2 and 6 and a factor of 5 from 5 and 10. This leaves 1, 1, 3, 4, 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 2. Next, separate all the factors that came from multiples of 5. The rightmost nonzero digit of x! can now (hopefully) be seen to be: r(x) = (r(int(x/5)) * w * r(x mod 10)) mod 10 where w is the rightmost digit in the number formed by multiplying the numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., 10int(x/10) after the factors of 10 and the factors left over by the multiples of 5 have been removed. In the example with x = 10, this would be (1 1 * 3 * 4 * 3 * 7 * 8 * 9) mod 10 = 4. The "r(x mod 10)" term takes care of the numbers from 10int(x/10)+1 up to x. The "w" term can be seen to be 4 or 6 depending on whether int(x/10) is odd or even since, after removing 10n+5 and 10n+10 and a factor of 2 each from 10n+2 and 10n+6 from the group of numbers 10n+1 through 10n+10, the remaining factors (mod 10) always equals 4 and 4^t mod 10 = 4 if t is odd and 6 when t is even (t != 0). So, finally, the rightmost nonzero digit in 4013! is found as follows: r(4013) = (r(802) 4 * 6) mod 10 r(802) = (r(160) * 6 * 2) mod 10 r(160) = (r(32) * 6 * 1) mod 10 r(32) = (r(6) * 4 * 2) mod 10 Using a table of r(x) for 0 <= x <= 9, r(6) = 2. Then, r(32) = (2 * 4 * 2) mod 10 = 6 r(160) = (6 * 6 * 1) mod 10 = 6 r(802) = (6 * 6 * 2) mod 10 = 2 r(4013) = (2 * 4 * 6) mod 10 = 8 Thus, the rightmost nonzero digit in 4013! is 8. ==> arithmetic/digits/circular.p <== What 6 digit number, with 6 different digits, when multiplied by all integers up to 6, circulates its digits through all 6 possible positions, as follows: ABCDEF * 1 = ABCDEF ABCDEF=142857 (the digits of the expansion of 1/7). ==> arithmetic/digits/divisible.p <== Find the least number using 0-9 exactly once that is evenly divisible by each of these digits? ==> arithmetic/digits/divisible.s <== Since the sum of the digits is 45, any permutation of the digits gives a multiple of 9. To get a multiple of both 2 and 5, the last digit must be 0, and thus to get a multiple of 8 (and 4), the tens digit must be even, and the hundreds digit must be odd if the tens digit is 2 or 6, and even otherwise. The number will also be divisible by 6, since it is divisible by 2 and 3, so 7 is all we need to check. First, we will look for a number whose first five digits are 12345; now, 1234500000 has a remainder of 6 when divided by 7, so we have to arrange the remaining digits to get a remainder of 1. The possible arrangements, in increasing order, are That didn't work, so try numbers starting with 12346; this is impossible because the tens digit must be 8, and the hundreds digit cannot be even. Now try 12347, and 1234700000 has remainder 2. The last five digits can be 59680, remainder 5, so this works, and the number is 1234759680. In how many ways can "." be replaced with "+", "-", or "" (concatenate) in .1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9=1 to form a correct equation? ==> arithmetic/digits/equations/123456789.s <== 1-2 3+4 5+6 7-8 9 = 1 +1-2 3+4 5+6 7-8 9 = 1 1+2 3+4-5+6 7-8 9 = 1 +1+2 3+4-5+6 7-8 9 = 1 -1+2 3-4+5+6 7-8 9 = 1 1+2 3-4 5-6 7+8 9 = 1 +1+2 3-4 5-6 7+8 9 = 1 1-2 3-4+5-6 7+8 9 = 1 +1-2 3-4+5-6 7+8 9 = 1 1-2-3-4 5+6 7-8-9 = 1 +1-2-3-4 5+6 7-8-9 = 1 1+2-3 4+5 6-7-8-9 = 1 +1+2-3 4+5 6-7-8-9 = 1 -1+2 3+4+5-6-7-8-9 = 1 -1 2+3 4-5-6+7-8-9 = 1 1+2+3+4-5+6+7-8-9 = 1 +1+2+3+4-5+6+7-8-9 = 1 -1+2+3-4+5+6+7-8-9 = 1 1-2-3+4+5+6+7-8-9 = 1 +1-2-3+4+5+6+7-8-9 = 1 1+2 3+4 5-6 7+8-9 = 1 +1+2 3+4 5-6 7+8-9 = 1 1+2 3-4-5-6-7+8-9 = 1 +1+2 3-4-5-6-7+8-9 = 1 1+2+3+4+5-6-7+8-9 = 1 +1+2+3+4+5-6-7+8-9 = 1 -1+2+3+4-5+6-7+8-9 = 1 1-2+3-4+5+6-7+8-9 = 1 +1-2+3-4+5+6-7+8-9 = 1 -1-2-3+4+5+6-7+8-9 = 1 1-2+3+4-5-6+7+8-9 = 1 +1-2+3+4-5-6+7+8-9 = 1 1+2-3-4+5-6+7+8-9 = 1 +1+2-3-4+5-6+7+8-9 = 1 -1-2+3-4+5-6+7+8-9 = 1 -1+2-3-4-5+6+7+8-9 = 1 -1+2 3+4 5-6 7-8+9 = 1 1-2 3-4 5+6 7-8+9 = 1 +1-2 3-4 5+6 7-8+9 = 1 -1+2 3-4-5-6-7-8+9 = 1 -1+2+3+4+5-6-7-8+9 = 1 1-2+3+4-5+6-7-8+9 = 1 +1-2+3+4-5+6-7-8+9 = 1 1+2-3-4+5+6-7-8+9 = 1 +1+2-3-4+5+6-7-8+9 = 1 -1-2+3-4+5+6-7-8+9 = 1 1+2-3+4-5-6+7-8+9 = 1 +1+2-3+4-5-6+7-8+9 = 1 -1-2+3+4-5-6+7-8+9 = 1 -1+2-3-4+5-6+7-8+9 = 1 1-2-3-4-5+6+7-8+9 = 1 +1-2-3-4-5+6+7-8+9 = 1 1-2 3+4+5+6+7-8+9 = 1 +1-2 3+4+5+6+7-8+9 = 1 1+2+3+4 5-6 7+8+9 = 1 +1+2+3+4 5-6 7+8+9 = 1 1 2+3 4+5-6 7+8+9 = 1 +1 2+3 4+5-6 7+8+9 = 1 1+2+3-4-5-6-7+8+9 = 1 +1+2+3-4-5-6-7+8+9 = 1 -1+2-3+4-5-6-7+8+9 = 1 1-2-3-4+5-6-7+8+9 = 1 +1-2-3-4+5-6-7+8+9 = 1 -1-2-3-4-5+6-7+8+9 = 1 -1-2 3+4+5+6-7+8+9 = 1 1-2+3 4-5 6+7+8+9 = 1 +1-2+3 4-5 6+7+8+9 = 1 1 2-3 4+5-6+7+8+9 = 1 +1 2-3 4+5-6+7+8+9 = 1 Total solutions = 69 for those who care (it's not very elegant but it did the trick): #include <stdio.h> int sresult, result, operator[10],thisop; char buf[256],ops[3]; int i,j,tot=0,temp; for (i=1; i<10; i++) operator[i] = 0; for (j=0; j < 19683; j++) { result = 0; for (i=1; i<10; i++) { switch (operator[i]) { printf("%c%d",ops[operator[i]],i); printf(" = %d\n",result); if (operator[i] > 2) { operator[i] = 0; temp = 1;} else temp = 0; printf("Total solutions = %d\n" , tot); } [email protected] (Christopher Wren) ==> arithmetic/digits/equations/1992.p <== 1 = -1+9-9+2. Extend this list to 2 - 100 on the left side of the equals sign. ==> arithmetic/digits/equations/1992.s <== 6 = 1^9+sqrt(9)+2 7 = -1+sqrt(9)+sqrt(9)+2 8 = 19-9-2 16= -1+9+sqrt(9)!+2 17= 1+9+9-2 18= 1+9+sqrt(9)!+2 19= -1+9+9+2 20= (19-9)2 21= 1+9+9+2 22= (-1+sqrt(9))(9-2) 27= 19+92 28= 1+9+92 29= 19sqrt(9)+2 30= 19+9+2 34= (-1+9+9)2 35= -1+(9+9)2 36= 1^9sqrt(9)!^2 37= 19+92 38= 1sqrt(9)!sqrt(9)!+2 39= 1+sqrt(9)!sqrt(9)!+2 40= (1+sqrt(9)!)sqrt(9)!-2 42= (1+sqrt(9))!+92 43= 1+sqrt(9)!(9-2) 44= -1+9(sqrt(9)+2) 45= 19(sqrt(9)+2) 46= 1+9(sqrt(9)+2) 47= (-1+sqrt(9)!)9+2 48= 1sqrt(9)!(sqrt(9)!+2) 50= (-1+9)sqrt(9)!+2 51= -1+9sqrt(9)!-2 53= -1+9sqrt(9)2 54= 19sqrt(9)2 55= 1+9sqrt(9)2 56= 19sqrt(9)!+2 57= 1+9sqrt(9)!+2 58= (1+9)sqrt(9)!-2 60= (1+9)sqrt(9)2 61= (1+sqrt(9)!)9-2 65= (1+sqrt(9)!)9+2 66= 1sqrt(9)!(9+2) 72= (1+sqrt(9))92 73= -19+92 74= (-1+9)9+2 75= -1sqrt(9)!+9^2 76= 1-sqrt(9)!+9^2 81= 19sqrt(9)^2 82= -1+99+2 83= 199+2 84= 1+99+2 85= -1-sqrt(9)!+92 92= (1+9)9+2 93= 1^9+92 99= 19(9+2) 100= -1+99+2 Make 383 out of 1,2,25,50,75,100 using +,-,,/. ==> arithmetic/digits/equations/383.s <== You can get 383 with ((2+50)/25+1)100+75. Of course, if you expect / as in C, the above expression is just 375. But then you can get 383 with (2550-100)/(1+2). Pity there's no way to use the 75. If we had a language that rounded instead of truncating, we could use ((1+75+100)50)/(25-2) or (275(25+100))/(50-1). I imagine your problem lies in not dividing things that aren't divisible. What are the extremal products of three three-digit numbers using digits 1-9? ==> arithmetic/digits/extreme.products.s <== There is a simple procedure which applies to these types of problems (and which can be proven with help from the arithmetic-geometric inequality). For the first part we use the "first large then equal" procedure. This means that are three numbers will be 7, 8, and 9*. Now the digits 4,5,6 get distributed so as to make our three number as close to each other as possible, i.e. 76, 85, 94. The same goes for the remaining three digits, and we get 763, 852, 941. For the second part we use the "first small then different" procedure. Our three numbers will be of the form 1, 2, 3*. We now place the three digits so as to make our three numbers as unequal as possible; this gives 14, 25, 36. Finishing, we get 147, 258, 369. Now, prove that these procedures work for generalizations of this problem. What digits does googol! start with? ==> arithmetic/digits/googol.s <== I'm not sure how to calculate the first googol of digits of log10(e), but here's th... Let's represent this number as a10^n+b, where 1<=a<=9 and b < 10^n. Then the condition to be satisfied is: 3/2(a10^n+b) = 10b+a 3(a10^n+b) = 20b+2a 3a10^n+3b = 20b+2a (310^n-2)a = 17b b = a(310^n-2)/17 So we must have 310^n-2 = 0 (mod 17) (since a is less than 10, it cannot contribute the needed prime 17 to the factorization of 17b). (Also, assuming large n, we must have a at most 5 so that b < 10^n will be satisfied, but note that we can choose a=1). Now, 310^n-2 = 0 (mod 17) 310^n = 2 (mod 17) 10^n = 12 (mod 17) A quick check shows that the smallest n which satisfies this is 15 (the fact that one exists was assured to us because 17 is prime). So, setting n=15 and a=1 (obviously) gives us b=176470588235294, so the number we are looking for is 1176470588235294 and, by the way, we can set a=2 to give us the second smallest such number, Other things we can infer about these numbers is that there are 5 of them less than 10^16, 5 more less than 10^33, etc. ==> arithmetic/digits/squares/leading.7.to.8.p <== What is the smallest square with leading digit 7 which remains a square when leading 7 is replaced by an 8? ==> arithmetic/digits/squares/leading.7.to.8.s <== Is it possible to form two numbers A and B from 22 digits such that A = B^2? Of course, leading digits must be non-zero. ==> arithmetic/digits/squares/length.22.s <== No, the number of digits of A^2 must be of the form 3n or 3n-1. ==> arithmetic/digits/squares/length.9.p <== Is it possible to make a number and its square, using the digits from 1 through 9 exactly once? What squares consist entirely of three digits (e.g., 1, 4, and 9)? ==> arithmetic/digits/squares/three.digits.s <== The full set of solutions up to 1012 is 1 -> 1 3 87288 -> 14 99919 94944 956 10729 -> 9 14141 14499 11441 4466 53271 -> 199 49914 44949 99441 31487 17107 -> 9914 41941 99144 49449 2 10810 79479 -> 4 44411 91199 99149 11441 If the algorithm is used in the form I presented it before, generating the whole set P_n before starting on P_{n+1}, the store requirements begin to become embarassing. For n>8 I switched to a depth-first strategy, generating all the elements in P_i (i=9..12) congruent to a particular x in P_8 for each x in turn. This means the solutions don't come out in any particular order, of course. CPU time was 16.2 seconds (IBM 3084). Stadnicki suggests alternate triples of digits, in particular {1,4,6} (with many solutions) and {2,4,8} (with few). I ran my program on these as well, up to 1012 again: 1 -> 1 3 33858 -> 11 14611 64164 2040 00408 -> 41 61616 64641 66464 6681 64962 -> 446 44441 64444 61444 8131 18358 -> 661 16146 41166 16164 40182 85038 -> 16146 61464 66146 61444 (Steven's last soln.) 1 20068 50738 -> 1 44164 46464 46111 44644 1 26941 38988 -> 1 61141 16464 66616 64144 1 27069 43631 -> 1 61466 41644 14114 64161 4 01822 24262 -> 16 14611 14664 16614 44644 4 05784 63021 -> 16 46611 66114 66644 46441 78 51539 12392 -> 6164 66666 14446 44111 61664 and 2878 -> 82 82884 (Steven's last soln.) 2109 12978 -> 44 48428 42888 28484 (so the answer to Steven's "Are there any more at all?" is "Yes".) The CPU times were 42.9 seconds for {1,4,6}, 18.7 for {2,4,8}. This corresponds to an interesting point: the abundance of solutions for {1,4,6} is associated with abnormally large sets P_n (\|P_8\| = 16088 for {1,4,6} compared to \|P_8\| = 5904 for {1,4,9}) but the deficiency of solutions for {2,4,8} is not associated with small P_n's (\|P_8\| = 6816 for {2,4,8}). Can anyone wave a hand convincingly to explain why the solutions for {2,4,8} are so sparse? I suspect we are now getting to the point where an improved algorithm is called for. The time to determine all the n-digit solutions (i.e. 2n-digit squares) using this last-significant-digit-first is essentially constant * 3*n. Dean Hickerson in <[email protected]>, and Ilan Vardi in < [email protected] >, suggest using a most-significant-digit-first strategy, based on the fact that the first n digits of the square determine the (integral) square root; this also has a running time constant 3*n. Can one attack both ends at once and do better? This was found by David Applegate and myself (about 5 minutes on a DEC 3100, program in C). This is the largest square less than 10^42 with the 149-property; checking took a bit more than an hour of CPU time. As somebody suggested, we used a combined most-significant/least-significant digits attack. First we make a table of p-digit prefixes (most significant p digits) that could begin a root whose square has the 149 property in its first p digits. We organize this table into buckets by the least significant q digits of the prefixes. Then we enumerate the s digit suffixes whose squares have the 149 property in their last s digits. For each such suffix, we look in the table for those prefixes whose last q digits match the first q of the suffix. For each match, we consider the p + s - q digit number formed by overlapping the prefix and the suffix by q digits. The squares of these overlap numbers must contain all the squares with the 149 property. The time expended is O(3^p) to generate the prefix table, O(3^s) to enumerate the suffixes, and O(3^(p+s) / 10^q) to check the overlaps (being very rough and ignoring the polynomial factors) By judiciously chosing p, q, and s, we can fix things so that each bucket of the table has around O(1) entries: set q = p log10(3). Setting p = s, we end up looking for squares whose roots have n = 2 - log10(3) digits, with an algorithm that takes time O( 3 ^ [n / (2 - log10(3)]) ), roughly time O(3^[.66n]). Compared to the O(3^n) performance of either single-ended algorithm, this lets us check 50% more digits in the same amount of time (ignoring polynomial factors). Of course, the space cost of the combined-ends method is high. -- Guy and Dave Guy Jacobson School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon arpanet : [email protected] Pittsburgh, PA 15213 csnet : Guy.Jacobson%a.cs.cmu.edu@csnet-relay (412) 268-3056 uucp : ...!{seismo, ucbvax, harvard}! cs.cmu.edu !guy Here is an algorithm which takes O(sqrt(n)log(n)) steps to find all perfect squares < n whose only digits are 1, 4 and 9. This doesn't sound too great but* it doesn't use a lot of memory and only requires addition and <. Also, the actual run time will depend on where the first non-{1,4,9} digit appears in each square. set n = 1 if(all digits of n are in {1,4,9}) { This works because (X+1)^2 - x^2 = 2x+1. That is, if you start with 0 and add successive odd numbers to it you get 0+1=1, 1+3=4, 4+5=9, 9+7=16 etc. I've started the algorithm at 1 for convenience. The "O" value comes from looking at at most all digits (log(n)) of all perfect squares < n (sqrt(n) of them) at most a constant number of times. I didn't save the articles with algorithms claiming to be O(3^log(n)) so I don't know if their calculations needed to (or did) account for multiplication or sqrt() of large numbers. O(3^log(n)) sounds reasonable so I'm going to assume they did unless I hear otherwise. Any comments? Please email if you just want to refresh my memory on the other algorithms. Let a twin be a number formed by writing the same number twice, for instance, 81708170 or 132132. What is the smallest square twin? ==> arithmetic/digits/squares/twin.s <== The key to solving this puzzle is looking at the basic form of these "twin" numbers, which is some number k = 1 + 10^n multiplied by some number a < 10^n. If ak is a perfect square, k must have some repeated factor, since a<k. Searching the possible values of k for one with a repeated factor eventually turns up the number 1 + 10^11 = 11^2 * 826446281. So, we set a=826446281 and ak = 9090909091^2 = 82644628100826446281, but this needs leading zeros to fit the pattern. So, we multiply by a suitable small square (in this case 16) to get the above answer. ==> arithmetic/digits/sum.of.digits.p <== Find sod ( sod ( sod (4444 ^ 4444 ) ) ). ==> arithmetic/digits/sum.of.digits.s <== sod(X) <= 9 * (# of digits) < 145900 sod(sod(X)) <= sod(99999) = 45 but sod(sod(sod(X))) = 7 (mod 9) thus sod(sod(sod(X))) = 7 How many zeros are in the decimal expansion of n!? ==> arithmetic/digits/zeros/factorial.s <== The general answer to the question "what power of p divides x!" where p is prime is (x-d)/(p-1) where d is the sum of the digits of (x written in base p). So where p=5, 10 is written as 20 and is divisible by 5^2 (2 = (10-2)/4); x to base 10: 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 x to base 5: 400 13000 310000 11200000 224000000 d : 4 4 4 4 8 trailing 0s in x! 24 249 2499 24999 249998 ==> arithmetic/digits/zeros/lsd.factorial.p <== What is the least significant non-zero digit in the decimal expansion of n!? ==> arithmetic/digits/zeros/lsd.factorial.s <== Reduce mod 10 the numbers 2..n and then cancel out the required factors of 10. The final step then involves computing 2^i3^j7^k mod 10 for suitable i,j and k. A small program that performs this calculation is appended. Like the other solutions, it takes O(log n) arithmetic operations. -kym /2/ 2, 4, 8, 6, /3/ 3, 9, 7, 1, /4/ 4, 6, 4, 6, /5/ 5, 5, 5, 5, /6/ 6, 6, 6, 6, /7/ 7, 9, 3, 1, }; for(i=0;i<=9;i++)a[i]=alpha(i,n); n5=0; /* NOTE: order is important in following / l5:; while(tmp=a[5]){ / cancel factors of 5 / n5+=tmp; a[0]=0; / cancel all factors of 10 / for(i=0;i<=9;i++)a[i]+=alpha(i,tmp); } / n5 == number of 5's cancelled; must now cancel same number of factors of 2 / i=ipow(2,a[2]+2a[4]+a[6]+3a[8]-n5) ipow(3,a[3]+a[6]+2a[9]) ipow(7,a[7]); assert(i%10); /* must not be zero / return i%10; / number of decimal numbers in [1,n] ending in digit d / int tmp; return p[x-2][(y-1)%4]; } How many zeros occur in the numbers from 1 to 1,000,000? ==> arithmetic/digits/zeros/million.s <== In the numbers from 10^(n-1) through 10^n - 1, there are 9 10^(n-1) numbers of n digits each, so 9(n-1)10^(n-1) non-leading digits, of which one tenth, or 9(n-1)10^(n-2), are zeroes. When we change the range to 10^(n-1) + 1 through 10^n, we remove 10^(n-1) and put in 10^n, gaining one zero, so p(n) = p(n-1) + 9(n-1)10^(n-2) + 1 with p(1)=1. Solving the recurrence yields the closed form p(n) = n(10^(n-1)+1) - (10^n-1)/9. For n=6, there are 488,895 zeroes, 600,001 ones, and 600,000 of all other digits. Are there large squares, containing only consecutive integers, all of whose rows, columns and diagonals have the same sum? How about cubes? ==> arithmetic/magic.squares.s <== Here is an 8x8 example: 01 56 48 25 33 24 16 57 63 10 18 39 31 42 50 07 62 11 19 38 30 43 51 06 04 53 45 28 36 21 13 60 05 52 44 29 37 20 12 61 59 14 22 35 27 46 54 03 58 15 23 34 26 47 55 02 08 49 41 32 40 17 09 64 References: The Open Court Publishing Co. Chicago, 1908 Find integer solutions to x^2 - 92y^2 = 1. ==> arithmetic/pell.s <== Each successive solution is about 2300 times the previous solution; they are every 8th partial fraction (x=numerator, y=denominator) of the continued fraction for sqrt(92) = [9, 1,1,2,4,2,1,1,18, 1,1,2,4,2,1,1,18, 1,1,2,4,2,1,1,18, ...] Once you have the smallest positive solution (x1,y1) you don't need to "search" for the rest. You can obtain the nth positive solution (xn,yn) by the formula (x1 + y1 sqrt(92))^n = xn + yn sqrt(92). See Niven & Zuckerman's An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. Look in the index under Pell's equation. ==> arithmetic/prime/arithmetic.progression.p <== Is there an arithmetic progression of 20 or more primes? ==> arithmetic/prime/arithmetic.progression.s <== There is an arithmetic progression of 21 primes: 142072321123 + 1419763024680 i, 0 <= i < 21. It was discovered on 30 November 1990, by programs running in the background on a network of Sun 3 workstations in the Department of Computer Science, University of Queensland, Australia. See: Andrew Moran and Paul Pritchard, The design of a background job on a local area network, Procs. 14th Australian Computer Science Conference, 1991, to appear. Are there 10,000 consecutive non-prime numbers? ==> arithmetic/prime/consecutive.composites.s <== 9973!+2 through 9973!+10006 are composite. ==> arithmetic/sequence.p <== Prove that all sets of n integers contain a subset whose sum is divisible by n. ==> arithmetic/sequence.s <== Consider the set of remainders of the partial sums a(1) + ... + a(i). Since there are n such sums, either one has remainder zero (and we're thru) or 2 coincide, say the i'th and j'th. In this case, a(i+1) + ... + a(j) is divisible by n. (note this is a stronger result since the subsequence constructed is of adjacent terms.) Consider a(1) (mod n), a(1)+a(2) (mod n), ..., a(1)+...+a(n) (mod n). Either at some point we have a(1)+...+a(m) = 0 (mod n) or else by the pigeonhole principle some value (mod n) will have been duplicated. We win either way. Find two fractions whose cubes total 6. ==> arithmetic/sum.of.cubes.s <== Find X, Y, minimum Z (all positive integers) where (X/Z)^3 + (Y/Z)^3 = 6 Again, a generalized solution would be nice. You are asking for the smallest z s.t. x^3 + y^3 = 6z^3 and x,y,z in Z+. In general, questions like these are extremely difficult; if you're interested take a look at books covering Diophantine equations (especially Baker's work on effective methods of computing solutions). Dudeney mentions this problem in connection with #20 in _The Canterbury Puzzles_; the smallest answer is (17/21)^3 + (37/21)^3 = 6. For the interest of the readers of this group I'll quote: "Given a known case for the expression of a number as the sum or difference of two cubes, we can, by formula, derive from it an infinite number of other cases alternately positive and negative. Thus Fermat, starting from the known case 1^3 + 2^3 = 9 (which we will call a fundamental case), first obtained a negative solution in bigger figures, and from this his positive solution in bigger figures still. But there is an infinite number of fundamentals, and I found by trial a negative fundamental solution in smaller figures than his derived negative solution, from which I obtained the result shown above. That is the simple explanation." In the above paragraph Dudeney is explaining how he derived (by hand) that (415280564497/348671682660)^3 + (676702467503/348671682660)^3 = 9. He continues: "We can say of any number up to 100 whether it is possible or not to express it as the sum of two cubes, except 66. Students should read the Introduction to Lucas's _Theorie des Nombres_, p. xxx." "Some years ago I published a solution for the case 6 = (17/21)^3 + (37/21)^3, of which Legendre gave at some length a 'proof' of impossibility; but I have since found that Lucas anticipated me in a communication to Sylvester." What is the test to see if a number is divisible by eleven? ==> arithmetic/tests.for.divisibility/eleven.s <== If the alternating sum of the digits is divisible by eleven, so is the number. For example, 1639 leads to 9 - 3 + 6 - 1 = 11, so 1639 is divisible by 11. Proof: Every integer n can be expressed as n = a1(10^k) + a2(10^k-1)+ .....+ a_k+1 where a1, a2, a3, ...a_k+1 are integers between 0 and 9. 10 is congruent to -1 mod(11). Thus if (-1^k)a1 + (-1^k-1)a2 + ...+ (a_k+1) is congruent to 0mod(11) then n is divisible by 11. ==> arithmetic/tests.for.divisibility/nine.p <== What is the test to see if a number is divisible by nine? ==> arithmetic/tests.for.divisibility/nine.s <== If the sum of the digits is divisible by nine, so is the number. Proof: Every integer n can be expressed as n = a1(10^k) + a2(10^k-1)+ .....+ a_k+1 where a1, a2, a3, ...a_k+1 are integers between 0 and 9. Note that 10 is congruent to 1 (mod 9). Thus 10^k is congruent to 1 (mod 9) for every k >= 0. Thus n is congruent to (a1+a2+a3+....+a_k+1) mod(9). Hence (a1+a2+...+a_k+1) is divisible by 9 iff n is divisible by 9. ==> arithmetic/tests.for.divisibility/seven.p <== What is the test to see if a number is divisible by 7? ==> arithmetic/tests.for.divisibility/seven.s <== Take the last digit (n mod 10) and double it. Take the rest of the digits (n div 10) and subtract the doubled last digit from it. The resulting number is divisible by 7 iff the original number is divisible by 7. Subtract (2009 mod 10) 2 from (2009 div 10) - 9 * 2 + 200 Subtract (182 mod 10) * 2 from (182 div 10) - 2 * 2 + 18 so 2009 is divisible by 7. ==> arithmetic/tests.for.divisibility/three.p <== Prove that if a number is divisible by 3, the sum of its digits is likewise. ==> arithmetic/tests.for.divisibility/three.s <== First, prove 10^N = 1 mod 3 for all integers N >= 0. 1 = 1 mod 3. 10 = 1 mod 3. 10^N = 10^(N-1) * 10 = 10^(N-1) mod 3. QED by induction. Now let D[0] be the units digit of N, D[1] the tens digit, etc. Now N = Summation From k=0 to k=inf of D[k]10^k. Therefore N mod 3 = Summation from k=0 to k=inf of D[k] mod 3. QED ==> combinatorics/coinage/combinations.p <== How many ways are there to make change for a dollar? Count combinations of coins, not permuations. ==> combinatorics/coinage/combinations.s <== Assuming that you had coins of one cent, five cents, ten cents, 25 cents, 50 cents, and 100 cents, there are 293 ways to make change for a dollar. This can be calculated by determining the number of ways to make change using only a penny and then a penny and nickel, then penny, nickel, and dime, etc. The table is shown below: Amount 00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Coins .01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .05 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 .10 1 2 4 6 9 12 16 20 25 30 36 42 49 56 64 72 81 90 100 110 121 .25 1 2 4 6 9 13 18 24 31 39 49 60 73 87 103 121 141 163 187 214 242 .50 1 2 4 6 9 13 18 24 31 39 49 62 77 93 112 134 159 187 218 253 292 1.0 1 2 4 6 9 13 18 24 31 39 49 62 77 93 112 134 159 187 218 253 293 The meaning of each entry is as follows: If you wish to make change for 50 cents using only pennies, nickels and dimes, go to the .10 row and the 50 column to obtain 36 ways to do this. To calculate each entry, you start with the pennies. There is exactly one way to make change for every amount. Then calculate the .05 row by adding the number of ways to make change for the amount using pennies plus the number of ways to make change for five cents less using nickels and pennies. This continues on for all denominations of coins. An example, to get change for 75 cents using all coins up to a .50, add the number of ways to make change using only .25 and down (121) and the number of ways to make change for 25 cents using coins up to .50 (13). This yields the answer of 134. "Dad wants one-cent, two-cent, three-cent, five-cent, and ten-cent stamps. He said to get four each of two sorts and three each of the others, but I've forgotten which. He gave me exactly enough to buy them; just these dimes." How many stamps of each type does Dad want? [J.A.H. Hunter] The easy way to solve this is to sell her three each, for 3x(1+2+3+5+10) = 63 cents. Two more stamps must be bought, and they must make seven cents (since 17 is too much), so the fourth stamps are a two and a five. ==> combinatorics/coinage/impossible.p <== What is the smallest number of coins that you can't make a dollar with? I.e., for what N does there not exist a set of N coins adding up to a dollar? It is possible to make a dollar with 1 current U.S. coin (a Susan B. Anthony), 2 coins (2 fifty cent pieces), 3 coins (2 quarters and a fifty cent piece), etc. It is not possible to make exactly a dollar with 101 coins. ==> combinatorics/coinage/impossible.s <== a) 5c = 1 or 5; b) 10c = 1 or 2 a's (1,2,6,10) c) 25c = 1 or 2 b's + 1 a d) 50c = 1 or 2 c's e) $1 = 1 or 2 d's total penny nickle dime quarter half 5 1 2 1 1 6 3 1 1 1 7 5 1 1 ==> combinatorics/color.p <== An urn contains n balls of different colors. Randomly select a pair, repaint the first to match the second, and replace the pair in the urn. What is the expected time until the balls are all the same color? ==> combinatorics/color.s <== If the color classes have sizes k1, k2, ..., km, then the expected number of steps from here is (dropping the subscript on k): 2 k(k-1) (j-1) (k-j) classes, 2 1<j<k (n-j) class.size=k The verification goes roughly as follows. Defining phi(k) as (k(k-1)/2 + sum[j]...), we first show that phi(k+1) + phi(k-1) - 2phi(k) = (n-1)/(n-k) except when k=n; the k(k-1)/2 contributes 1, the term j=k contributes (j-1)/(n-j)=(k-1)/(n-k), and the other summands j<k contribute nothing. Then we say that the expected change in phi(k) on a given color class is k(n-k)/(n(n-1)) times (phi(k+1) + phi(k-1) - 2phi(k)), since with probability k(n-k)/(n(n-1)) the class goes to size k+1 and with the same probability it goes to size k-1. This expected change comes out to k/n. Summing over the color classes (and remembering the minus sign), the expected change in the "cost from here" on one step is -1, except when we're already monochromatic, where the handy exception k=n kicks in. One can rewrite the contribution from k as (n-1) SUM (k-j)/(n-j) which incorporates both the k(k-1)/2 and the previous sum over j. That makes the proof a little cleaner. ==> combinatorics/full.p <== Consider a string that contains all substrings of length n. For example, for binary strings with n=2, a shortest string is 00110 -- it contains 00, 01, 10 and 11 as substrings. Find the shortest such strings for all n. ==> combinatorics/full.s <== Knuth, Volume 2 Seminumerical Algorithms, section 3.2.2 discusses this problem. He cites the following results: Shortest length: m^n + n - 1, where m = number of symbols in the language. Algorithms: [Exercise 7, W. Mantel, 1897] The binary sequence is the LSB of X computed by the MIX program: LDA X STA X [Exercise 10, M. H. Martin, 1934] Set x[1] = x[2] = ... = x[n] = 0. Set x[i+1] = largest value < n such that substring of n digits ending at x[i+1] does not occur earlier in string. Terminate when this is not possible. If we instead consider the strings as circular, we have a well known problem whose solution is given by any hamiltonian cycle in the de Bruijn (or Good) graph of dimension K. (Or equivalently an eulerian circuit in the de Bruijn graph of dimension K-1) As a string of length 2^K is produced, it must be optimal, and any shortest sequence must be an eulerian circuit in a dB graph. The de Bruijn graph Tn has as its vertex set the binary n-strings. Directed edges join n-strings that may be derived by deleting the left most digit and appending a 0 or 1 to the right end. de Bruijn + van Ardenne-Ehrenfest (in 1951) counted the number of eulerian circuits in Tn. There are 2^(2^(n-1)-n) of them. Some examples: The solution to the above problem (non-circular strings) can be found by duplicating the first K-1 digits of the solution string at the end of the string. These are not the only solutions, but they are of minimum length: 2^K + K-1. We can obtain a lower bound for the optimal sequence for the general case as follows: Consider first the simpler case of breaking into an answer machine which accepts d+1 digits, values 0 to n-1. We wish to find the minimal universal code that will allow us access to any such answering machine. Let us construct a digraph G = (V,E), where the n^d vertices are labelled with a d sequence of digits. Notation: let [v_{i,1},v_{i,2},...,v_{i,d}] denote the labelling on node v_i. An edge e = (v_i, v_j) is in E iff for k in 1, ..., d-1: v_{i,k+1} = v_{j,k}, i.e., the last d-1 digits in the labelling of the initial vertex of e is identical with the first d-1 digits in the labelling of the terminal vertex of e. We associate with each edge a value, t(e) = v_{j,d}, the last digit in the labelling of the terminal vertex. The intuition goes as follows: we are going to perform a Euler circuit of the digraph, where the label on the current vertex gives the last d digits in the output sequence so far. If we make a transition on edge e, we output the tone/digit t(e) as the next output value, thus preserving the invariant on the labelling. How do we know that a Euler circuit exists? Simple: a connected digraph has an Euler circuit iff for all vertices v: indegree(v) = outdegree(v). This property is trivially true for this digraph. So, in order to generate a universal code for the AM, we simply output 0^d (to satisfy the precondition for being in vertex [0,...,0]), and perform an Euler circuit starting at node [0,...,0]. Now, the total length of the universal sequence is just the number of edges traversed in the Euler circuit plus the initial precondition sequence, or n^d n + d (number of vertices times the out-degree) or n^{d+1} + d. That this is a minimal sequence is obvious. Next, let us consider the machine AM' where the security code is of the form [0...n-1]^d [0...m-1], i.e., d digits ranging from 0 to n-1, followed by a terminal digit ranging from 0 to m-1, m < n. We build a digraph G = (V, E) similar to the construction above, except for the following: an edge e is in E iff t(e) in 0 to m-1. This digraph is clearly non-Eulerian. In particular, there are two classes of vertices: (1) v is of the form [0...n-1]^{d-1} [0...m-1] (``fat'' vertices) and (2) v is of the form [0...n-1]^{d-1} [m...n-1] (``thin'' vertices) Observations: there are (n^{d-1} * m) fat vertices, and (n^{d-1} * (n-m)) thin vertices. All vertices have out-degree of m. Fat vertices have in-degrees of n, and thin vertices have in-degrees of 0. Color all the edges blue. The question now becomes: can we put a bound on how many new (red) edges must we add to G in order to make a blue edge covering path possible? (Instead of thinking of edges being traversed multiple times in the blue edge covering path, we allow multiple edges between vertices and allow each edge to be traversed once.) Note that, in this procedure, we add edges only if it is allowed (the vertex labelling constraint). We will first obtain a lower bound on the length of a blue covering circuit, and then transform it into a bound for arbitrary blue covering paths. Clearly, we must add at least (n-m)(n^{d-1}m) edges incident from the fat vertices. [ We need (n-m) new out-going edges for each of (n^{d-1}m) vertices to bring the out-degree up to the in-degree. ] Let us partition our vertices into sets. Denote the range [0..m-1] by S, the range [m..n-1] by L, and the range [0..n-1] by X. Let S_0 = { v: v = [X^{d-1}S] }. S_0 is just the set of fat vertices. Define in(S_0) = number of edges from vertices not in S to vertices in S. Define out(S_0) in the corresponding fashion, and let excess(S_0) = in(S_0)-out(S_0). Clearly, excess(S_0) = n^{d-1}m(n-m) from the argument above. Generalizing the requirement for Eulerian digraphs, we see that we must add excess(S_0) edges from S_0 if the blue edges connected to/within S_0 are to be covered by some circuit (edges may not be travered multiple times -- we add parallel edges to handle that case). In particular, edges from S_0 will be incident on vertices of the form [X^{d-2}SX]. Furthermore, they can not be [X^{d-2}SS] since that is a subset of S_0 and adding those edges will not help excess(S_0). [Now, these edges may be needed if we are to have a circuit, but we do not consider them since they do not help excess(S_0).] So, we are forced to add excess(S_0) edges from S_0 to S_1 = { v: v = [X^{d-2}SL] }. Color these newly added edges red. Let us define in(S_1), out(S_1) and excess(S_1) as above for the modified digraph, i.e., including the red excess(S_0) edges that we just added. Clearly, in(S_1) = out(S_0) = n^{d-1}m(n-m), and out(S_1) = m\|S_1\| = mn^{d-2}m(n-m), so excess(S_1) = n^{d-2}m(n-m)^2. Consider S_0 union S_1. We must add excess(S_1) edges to S_0 union S_1 to make it possible for the digraph to be covered by a circuit, and these edges must go from {S_0 union S_1} to S_2 = { v: v = [X^{d-3}SL^2] } by a similar argument as before. Repeating this partitioning process, eventually we get to S_{d-1} = { v: v = [SL^{d-1}] }, where union of S_0 to S_{d-1} will need edges to S_d = { v: v = [L^d] }, where this process terminates. Note that at this time, excess(union of S_0 to S_{d-1}) = m(n-m)^d, but in(S_d) = 0 and out(S_d) = m(n-m)^d, and the process terminates. What have we shown? Adding up blue edges and the red edges gives us a lower bound on the total number of edges in a blue-edges covering circuit (not necessarily Eulerian) in the complete digraph. This comes out to be n^{d+1}-(n-m)^{d+1} edges. Next, we note that if we had an optimal path covering all the blue edges, we can transform it into a circuit by adding d edges. So, a minimal path can be no more than d edges shorter than the minimal circuit covering all blue edges. [Otherwise, we add d extra edges to make it into a shorter circuit.] So the shortest blue covering path through the digraph is at least n^{d+1}-{n-m}^{d+1}-d. With an initial pre-condition sequence of length d (to establish the transition invariant), the shortest universal answering machine sequence is of length at least n^{d+1}-(n-m)^{d+1}. While this has not been that constructive, it is easy to see that we can achieve this bound. If we looked at the vertices in each of the S_i's, we just add exactly the edges to S_{i+1} and no more. The resultant digraph would be Eulerian, and to find the minimal path we need only start at the vertex labelled [{n-1}^d], find the Euler circuit, and omit the last d edges from the tour. n people each know a different piece of gossip. They can telephone each other and exchange all the information they know (so that after the call they both know anything that either of them knew before the call). What is the smallest number of calls needed so that everyone knows everything? ==> combinatorics/gossip.s <== This can be achieved as follows: choose four professors (A, B, C, and D) as the "core group". Each professor outside the core group phones a member of the core group (it doesn't matter which); this takes n-4 calls. Now the core group makes 4 calls: A-B, C-D, A-C, and B-D. At this point, each member of the core group knows everything. Now, each person outside the core group calls anybody who knows everything; this again requires n-4 calls, for a total of 2n-4. The solution to the "gossip problem" has been published several times: 1. R. Tidjeman, "On a telephone problem", Nieuw Arch. Wisk. 3 (1971), 188-192. 2. B. Baker and R. Shostak, "Gossips and telephones", Discrete Math. 2 (1972), 191-193. 3. A. Hajnal, E. C. Milner, and E. Szemeredi, "A cure for the telephone disease", Canad Math. Bull 15 (1976), 447-450. 4. Kleitman and Shearer, Disc. Math. 30 (1980), 151-156. 5. R. T. Bumby, "A problem with telephones", Siam J. Disc. Meth. 2 (1981), 13-18. How many (possibly overlapping) squares are in an mxn grid? ==> combinatorics/grid.dissection.s <== Given an nm grid with n > m. Orient the grid so n is its width. Divide the grid into two portions, an mm square on the left and an (n-m)m rectangle on the right. Count the squares that have their upper right-hand corners in the mm square. There are m^2 of size 11, (m-1)^2 of size 22, ... up to 1^2 of size mm. Now look at the n-m columns of lattice points in the rectangle on the right, in which we find upper right-hand corners of squares not yet counted. For each column we count m new 11 squares, m-1 new 22 squares, ... up to 1 new mm square. Combining all these counts in summations: m m total = sum i^2 + (n - m) sum i i=1 i=1 (2m + 1)(m + 1)m (n - m)(m + 1)m = ---------------- + --------------- Out of the set of integers 1,...,100 you are given ten different integers. From this set, A, of ten integers you can always find two disjoint subsets, S & T, such that the sum of elements in S equals the sum of elements in T. Note: S union T need not be all ten elements of A. Prove this. First, a couple of points: (1) All empty subsets of the 10 integers are disjoint and have the same sum. This doesn't make for a very interesting problem. Thus, we impose the additional restriction that S and T be non-empty. (2) The 10 integers must be pairwise distinct. Consider, e.g., the 10 integers 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, and 1. There are no non-empty disjoint subsets with equal sums. Proof of puzzle: There are 2^10 = 1,024 subsets of the 10 integers, but there can be only 901 possible sums, the number of integers between the minimum and maximum sums. With more subsets than possible sums, there must exist at least one sum that corresponds to at least two subsets. Call two subsets with equal sums A and B. Let C = A intersect B; define S = A - C, T = B - C. Then S is disjoint from T, and sum(S) = sum(A-C) = sum(A) - sub(C) = sum(B) - sum(C) = sum(B-C) = sum(T). QED What are the Beale ciphers? ==> cryptology/Beale.s <== The Beale ciphers are one of the greatest unsolved puzzles of all time. About 100 years ago, a fellow by the name of Beale supposedly buried two wagons-full of silver-coin filled pots in Bedford County, near Roanoke. There are local rumors about the treasure being buried near Bedford Lake. He wrote three encoded letters telling what was buried, where it was buried, and who it belonged to. He entrusted these three letters to a friend and went west. He was never heard from again. Several years later, someone examined the letters and was able to break the code used in the second letter. The code used either the text from the Declaration of Independence. A number in the letter indicated which word in the document was to be used. The first letter of that word replaced the number. For example, if the first three words of the document were "We hold these truths", the number 3 in the letter would represent the letter t. One of the remaining letters supposedly contains directions on how to find the treasure. To date, no one has solved the code. It is believed that both of the remaining letters are encoded using either the same document in a different way, or another very public document. For those interested, write to: The Beale Cypher Association Item #904 is the 1885 pamphlet version ($5.00). #152 is the Cryptologia article by Gillogly that argues the hoax side ($2.00). A year's membership is $25, and includes 4 newsletters. TEXT for part 1 The Locality of the Vault. 71,194,38,1701,89,76,11,83,1629,48,94,63,132,16,111,95,84,341 (no title exists for this part) 115,73,24,807,37,52,49,17,31,62,647,22,7,15,140,47,29,107,79,84 The Voynich Manuscript is a manuscript that first surfaced in the court of Rudolf II (Holy Roman Emperor), who bought it for some large number of gold pieces (600?). Rudolf was interested in the occult, and the strange characters and bizarre illustrations suggested that it had some deep mystical/magical significance. After Rudolf's court broke up, the manuscript was sent to (if memory serves) Athanasius Kircher, with nobody on the list having been able to read it. It ended up in a chest of other manuscripts in the Villa Mondragone [?] in Italy, and was discovered there by Wilfred Voynich, a collector, in about 1910 or so. He took it to a linguist who wasn't a cryptanalyst, who identified it as a work by the 12th century monk Roger Bacon and produced extended bogus decryptions based on shorthand characters he saw in it. A great deal of effort by the best cryptanalysts in the country hasn't resulted in any breakthrough. William F. Friedman (arguably the best) thought it was written in an artificial language. I believe the manuscript is currently in the Beinecke Rare Book Collection at [Harvard?]. Mary D'Imperio's paper is scholarly and detailed, and provides an excellent starting point for anyone who is interested in the subject. David Kahn's "The Codebreakers" has enough detail to tell you if you're interested; it also has one or more plates showing the script and some illustrations. I believe D'Imperio's monograph has been reprinted by Aegean Park Press. A number of people have published their own ideas about it, including Brumbaugh, without anybody agreeing. A recent publication from Aegean Park Press offers another decryption; I haven't seen that one. If you want my* guess, it's a hoax made up by Edmund Kelley and an unnamed co-conspirator and sold to Rudolf through the reputation of John Dee (Queen Elizabeth I's astrologer). -- I read "Labyrinths of Reason" by William Poundstone recently. I'm posting this to so many newsgroups in part to recommend this book, which, while of a popular nature, gives a good analysis of a wide variety of paradoxes and philosophical quandaries, and is a great read. Anyway, it mentions something called the Voynich manuscript, which is now at Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. It's a real pity that I didn't know about this manuscript and go see it when I was at Yale. The Voynich manuscript is apparently very old. It is a 232-page illuminated manuscript written in a cipher that has never been cracked. (That's what Poundstone says - but see my hypothesis below.) If I may quote Poundstone's charming description, "Its author, subject matter, and meaning are unfathomed mysteries. No one even knows what language the text would be in if you deciphered it. Fanciful picutres of nude women, peculiar inventions, and nonexistent flora and fauna tantalize the would-be decipherer. Color sketches in the exacting style of a medieval herbal depict blossoms and spices that never spring from earth and constellations found in no sky. Plans for weird, otherworldly plumbing show nymphets frolicking in sitz baths connected with elbow-macaroni pipes. The manuscript has the eerie quality of a perfectly sensible book from an alternate universe." There is a picture of one page in Poundstone's book. It's written in a flowing script using "approximately 21 curlicued symbols," some of which are close to the Roman alphabet, but others of which supposedly resemble Cyrillic, Glagolitic, and Ethiopian. There is one tiny note in Middle High German, not necessarily by the original author, talking about the Herbal of Matthiolaus. Some astrology charts in the manuscript have the months labeled in Spanish. "What appears to be a cipher table on the first page has long faded into illegibility," and on the other hand, some scholars have guessed that a barely legible inscription on the last page is a key! It is said to have "languished for a long time at the Jesuit College of Mondragone in Frascati, Italy. Then in 1912 it was purchased by Wilfred M. Voynich, a Polish-born scientist and bibliophile... Voynich was the son-in-law of George Boole, the logician..." A letter written in 1666 claims that Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II of Bohemia (1552-1612) bought the manuscript for 600 gold ducats. He may have bought it from Dr. John Dee, the famous astrologer. Rudolf thought the manuscript was written by Roger Bacon! [Wouldn't it more likely have been written by Dee, out to make a fast ducat?] "Many of the most talented military code breakers of this century have tried to decipher it as a show of prowess. Herbert Yardley, the American code expert who solved the German cipher in WW1 and who cracked a Japanese diplomatic cipher without knowing the Japanese language, failed with the Voynich manuscript. So did John Manly, who unscrambled the Waberski cipher, and William Friedman, who defeated the Japanese "purple code" of the 1940's. Computers have been drafted into the effort in recent years, to no avail." Poundstone goes on to describe a kook, Newbold, who was apparently driven batty in his attempt to crack the manuscript. He then mentions that one Leo Levitov also claimed in 1987 to crack the cipher, saying that it was the text of a 12th-century cult of Isis worshipers, and that it describes a method of euthanasia by opening a vein in a warm bathtub, among other morbid matters. According to Levitov's translation the text begins: "ones treat the dying each the man lying deathly ill the one person who aches Isis each that dies treats the person" Poundstone rejects this translation. According to Poundstone, a William Bennett (see below) has analysed the text with a computer and finds that its entropy is less than any known European language, and closer to those of Polynesian languages. My wild hypothesis, on the basis solely of the evidence above, is this. Perhaps the text was meant to be RANDOM. Of course humans are lousy at generating random sequences. So I'm wondering how attempted random sequences (written in a weird alphabet) would compare statistically with the Voynich manuscript. Anyway, the only source Poundstone seems to cite, other than the manuscript itself, is Leo Levitov's "Solution of the Voynich Manuscript, A Liturgical Manual for the Endura Rite of the Cathari Heresy, the Cult of Isis," Laguna Hills, Calif., Aegean Park Press, 1987, and William Ralph Bennett Jr.'s "Scientific and Engineering Problem-Solving with the Computer," Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall 1976. I will check the Bennett book; the other sounds hard to get ahold of! I would LOVE any further information about this bizarre puzzle. If anyone knows Bennett and can get samples of the Voynich manuscript in electronic form, I would LOVE to get my hands on it. Also, I would appreciate any information on: Voynich The Jesuit College of Mondragone Rudolf II The letter by Rudolf II (where is it? what does it say?) The attempts of Yardley, Friedman and Manly The Herbal of Matthiolaus and, just for the heck of it, the "Waberski cipher" and the "purple code"! This whole business sounds like a quagmire into which angels would fear to tread, but a fool like me finds it fascinating. -- sender's name lost (!?) To counter a few hypotheses that were suggested here: The Voynich Manuscript is certainly not strictly a polyalphabetic cipher like Vigenere or Beaufort or (the one usually called) Porta, because of the frequent repetitions of "words" at intervals that couldn't be multiples of any key length. I suppose one could imagine that it's an interrupted key Vig or something, but common elements appearing at places other than the beginnings of words would seem to rule that out. The I.C. is too high for a digraphic system like (an anachronistic) Playfair in any European language. One of the most interesting Voynich discoveries was made by Prescott Currier, who discovered that the two different "hands" (visually distinct handwriting) used different "dialects": that is, the frequencies for pages written in one hand are different from those written in the other. I confirmed this observation by running some correlation coefficients on the digraph matrices for the two kinds of pages. W. F. Friedman ("The Man Who Broke Purple") thought the Voynich was written in some artificial language. If it's not a hoax, I don't see any evidence to suggest he's wrong. My personal theory (yeah, I've offered too many of those lately) is that it was constructed by Edward Kelley, John Dee's scryer, with somebody else's help (to explain the second handwriting) -- perhaps Dee himself, although he's always struck me as a credulous dupe of Kelley rather than a co-conspirator (cf the Angelic language stuff). The best source I know for the Voynich is Mary D'Imperio's monograph "The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma", which is available from Aegean Park Press. Here's an update on the Voynich manuscript. This will concentrate on sources for information on the Voynich; later I will write a survey of what I have found out so far. I begin with some references to the case, kindly sent to me by Karl Kluge (the first three) and Micheal Roe TITLE Thirty-five manuscripts : including the St. Blasien psalter, the Llangattock hours, the Gotha missal, the Roger Bacon (Voynich) cipher ms. CITATION New York, N.Y. : H.P. Kraus, [1962] 86 p., lxvii p. of plates, [1] leaf of plates : ill. (some col.), facsims. ; 36 cm. NOTES "30 years, 1932-1962" ([28] p.) in pocket. Includes indexes. SUBJECT Manuscripts Catalogs. Illumination of books and manuscripts Catalogs. AUTHOR Brumbaugh, Robert Sherrick, 1918- TITLE The most mysterious manuscript : the Voynich "Roger Bacon" cipher manuscript / edited by Robert S. Brumbaugh. CITATION Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press, c1978. xii, 175 p. : ill. ; 22 cm. TITLE The Voynich manuscript : an elegant enigma / M. E. D'Imperio. CITATION Fort George E. Mead, Md. : National Security Agency/Central Security Service, 1978. ix, 140 p. : ill. ; 27 cm. NOTES Includes index. Bibliography: p. 124-131. SUBJECT Voynich manuscript. [NOTE: see alternate publisher below!] @book{Bennett76, title = "Scientific and Engineering Problem Solving with the Computer", address = "Englewood Cliffs, NJ", title = "The Voynich manuscript: An Elegant Enigma", publisher= "Aegean Park Press", title = "``The Most Mysterious Manuscript'' Still Mysterious", booktitle = "Washington Post", title = "Roger Bacon and the Voynich MS", boooktitle = "Speculum VI", title = "Botanical Remarks on the Voynich MS", journal = "Speculum XIX", title = "William Friedman and the Voynich Manuscript", journal = "Philological Quarterly", author = "Guy, J. B. M.", title = "Statistical Properties of Two Folios of the Voynich Manuscript", journal = "Cryptologia", author = "Guy, J. B. M.", title = "Letter to the Editor Re Voynich Manuscript", journal = "Cryptologia", This is by no means a complete list. It doesn't include Newbold's (largely discredited) work, nor work by Feely and Stong. In addition, there is the proposed decryption by Leo Levitov (also largely discredited): "Solution of the Voynich Manuscript: A Liturgical Manual for the Endura Rite of the Cathari Heresy, the Cult of Isis_, available from Aegean Park Press, P. O. Box 2837, Laguna Hills CA 92654-0837." According to Earl Boebert, this book is reviewed in Cryptologia XII, 1 (January 1988). I should add that Brumbaugh's book above gives a third, also largely discredited, decryption of the Voynich. According to [email protected] , Aegean Park Press does mail-order business and can be reached at the above address or at 714-586-8811 (an answering machine). Micheal Roe has explained how one get microfilms of the whole manuscript: "The Beinecke Rare Book Library, Yale University sells a microfilm of the manuscript. Their catalog number for the original is MS 408, ``The Voynich `Roger Bacon' Cipher MS''. You should write to them. The British Library [sic - should be Museum] has a photocopy of the MS donated to them by John Manly circa 1931. They apparently lost it until 12 March 1947, when it was entered in the catalogue (without cross-references under Voynich, Manly, Roger Bacon or any other useful keywords...) It appears as ``MS Facs 461: Positive rotographs of a Cipher MS (folios 1-56) acquired in 1912 by Wilfred M. Voynich in Southern Europe.' Correspondance between Newbold, Manly and various British Museum experts appears under ``MS Facs 439: Leaves of the Voynich MS, alleged to be in Roger Bacon's cypher, with correspondence and other pertinent material'' See John Manly's 1931 article in Speculum and Newbold's book for what the correspondance was about! There are also a number of press cuttings. Both of these in are in the manuscript collection, for which special permission is needed in addition to a normal British Library reader's pass." Also, Jim Gillogly has been extremely kind in making available part of the manuscript that was transcribed and keyed in by Mary D'Imperio (see above), using Prescott Currier's notation. It appears to consist of 166 of the total 232 pages. I hope to do some statistical studies on this, and I encourage others to do the same and let me know what they find! As Jim notes, the file is pub/jim/voynich.tar.Z and is available by anonymous ftp at rand.org . I've had a little trouble with this file at page 165, where I read "1650voynich 664" etc., with page 166 missing. If anyone else notes this let Jim or I know. Jim says he has confirmed by correlations between digraph matrices the discovery by Prescott Crurrier that the manuscript is written in two visibly distinct hands. These are marked "A" and "B" in the file voynich.tar.Z. Because of the possibility that the Voynich is nonsense, it would be interesting to compare the Voynich to the Codex Seraphinianus, which Kevin McCarty kindly reminded me of. He writes: "This is very odd. I know nothing of the Voynich manuscript, but I know of something which sounds very much like it and was created by an Italian artist, who it now seems was probably influenced by this work. It a book titled "Codex Seraphinianus", written in a very strange script. The title page contains only the book's title and the publisher's name: Abbeville Press, New York. The only clues in English (in any recognizable language) are some blurbs on the dust jacket that identify it as a modern work of art, and the copyright notice, in fine print, which reads "Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Serafini, Luigi. 1. Imaginary Languages. 2. Imaginary societies. 3. Encyclopedias and Dictionaries-- Miscellanea. I. Title. Copyright (c) 1981 by Franco Maria Ricci. All rights reserved by Abbeville Press. No part of this book may be reproduced... without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries should be addressed to Abbeville Press, Inc., 505 Park Avenue, New York 10022. Printed and bound in Italy." The book is remarkable and bizarre. It looks like an encyclopedia for an imaginary world. Page after page of beautiful pictures of imaginary flora and fauna, with annotations and captions in a completely strange script. Machines, architecture, umm, 'situations', arcane diagrams, implements, an archeologist pointing at a Rosetta stone (with phony hieroglyphics), an article on penmanship (with unorthodox pens), and much more, finally ending with a brief index. The script in this work looks vaguely similar to the Voynich orthography shown in Poundstone's book (I just compared them); the alphabets look quite similar, but the Codex script is more cursive and less bookish than Voynich. It runs to about 200 pages, and probably ought to provide someone two things: - a possible explanation of what the Voynich manuscript is (a highly imaginative work of art) - a textual work which looks like it was inspired by it and might provide an interesting comparison for statistical study." I suppose it would be too much to hope that someone has already transcribed parts of the Codex, but nonetheless, if anyone has any in electronic form, I would love to have a copy for comparative statistics. Jacques Guy kindly summarized his analysis (in Cryptologia, see above) of the Voynich as follows: "I transcribed the two folios in Bennett's book and submitted them to letter-frequency counts, distinguishing word-initial, word-medial, word-final, isolated, line-initial, and line-final positions. I also submitted that transcription to Sukhotin's algorithm which, given a text written in an alphabetical system, identifies which symbols are vowels and which are consonants. The letter transcribed CT in Bennett's system came out as a consonant, the one transcribed CC as vowel. Now it so happens that CT is exactly the shape of the letter "t" in the Beneventan script (used in medieval Spain and Northern Italy), and CC is exactly the shape of "a" in that same script. I concluded that the author had a knowledge of that script, and that the values of CT and CC probably were "t" and "a". There's a lot more, but more shaky." By popular demand I've put a machine-readable copy of the Voynich Manuscript up for anonymous ftp: File: pub/jim/voynich.tar.Z It uses Prescott Currier's notation, and was transcribed by Mary D'Imperio. If you use it in any analysis, be sure to give credit to D'Imperio, who put in a lot of effort to get it right. -- This post is essentially a summary of the fruit of a short research quest at the local library. Brief description of the Voynich manuscript: The Voynich manuscript was bought (in about 1586) by the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. He believed it to be the work of Roger Bacon an english 13th century philosopher. The manuscript consisted of about 200 pages with many illustrations. It is believed that the manuscript contains some secret scientific or magical knowledge since it is entirely written in secret writing (presumably in cipher). The Voynich Manuscript is often abbreviated "Voynich MS" in all of the books I have read on Voynich. This is done without explanation. I suppose it is just a convention started by the founding analysts of the manuscript to call it that. William R. Newbold, one of the original analysts of the Voynich MS after Voynich, claims to have arrived at a partial decipherment of the entire manuscript. His book The Cipher of Roger Bacon [2] contains a history of the unravelment of the cipher and keys to the cipher itself. As well as translations of several pages of the manuscript. Newbold derives his decipherment rules through a study of the medeival mind (which he is a leading scholar in) as well as the other writings of Roger Bacon. Says Newbold, ciphers in Roger Bacon's writings are not new, as Bacon discusses in other works the need for monks to use encipherment to protect their knowlege. Newbold includes many partial decipherments from the Voynich MS but most of them are presented in Latin only. Newbolds deciphering rules (from The Cipher of Roger Bacon [1]) --------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Syllabification: [double all but the first and last letters of each word, and divide the product into biliteral groups or symbols.] 2. Translation: [translate these symbols into the alphabetic values] 3. Reversion: [change the alphabetic values to the phonetic values, by use of the reversion alphabet] 4. Recomposition: [ rearrange the letters in order, and thus recompose the true text]. The text I copied this from failed to note step 0 which was: 0. Ignore. [ignore the actual shape of every symbol and analyze only the (random?) properties of the direction of swirl and crosshatch patterns of the characters when viewed under a microscope. 14 distinct contruction patterns can be identified among the (much larger) set of symbols] John M. Manly in The Most Mysterious Manuscript [3], suggests that Newbold's method of decipherment is totally invalid. Manly goes on to show that it is not difficult to obtain ANY DESIRABLE message from the Voynich MS using Newbold's rules. He shows that after fifteen minutes deciphering a short sequence of letters he arrives at the plaintext message "Paris is lured into loving vestals..." and quips that he will furnish a continuation of the translation upon request! The reason I have spent so much time explaining Newbold's method is that Newbold presents the most convincing argument for how he arrived at his conclusions. Notwithstanding the fact that he invented the oija board of deciphering systems. Joseph Martin Feely, in his book on the Voynich MS [2] , claims to have found the key to deciphering at least one page of the Voynich MS. His entire book on the topic of the Voynich manuscript is devoted to the deciphering of the single page 78. Feely presents full tables of translation of the page 78 from its written form into latin (and english). It seems that Feely was using the exhaustive analysis method to determine the key. Feely suggests the following translation of (the first fiew lines of) page 78 of the Voynich MS: "the combined stream when well humidified, ramifies; afterward it is broken down smaller; afterward, at a distance, into the fore-bladder it comes [1]. Then vesselled, it is after-a-while ruminated: well humidified it is clothed with veinlets [2]. Thence after-a-bit they move down; tiny teats they provide (or live upon) in the outpimpling of the veinlets. They are impermiated; are thrown down below; they are ruminated; they are feminized with the tiny teats. .... " ... and so on for three more pages of "english plaintext". The descriptions by Feely say that this text is accompanied in the Voynich MS by an illustration that (he says) is unmistakably the internal female reproductive organs (I saw the plate myself and they DO look like fallopian tubes AFTER I read the explanation). The most informative work that I found (I feel) was "The Most Mysterious Manuscript". Of the five books on Voynich that I found, this was the only one that didn't claim to have found the key but was, rather, a collection of essays on the history of the Voynich MS and criticisms of various attempts by earlier scientists. It was also the latest book that I was able to consult, being published in 1978. My impression from the black and white plates of the Voynich MS I've seen, are that the illustrations are very weird when compared to other 'illuminated' manuscripts of this time. Particularly I would say that there is emphasis on the female nude that is unusual for the art of this period. I can't say that I myself believe the images to have ANYTHING to do with the text. My own conjecture is that the manuscript is a one-way encipherment. A cipher so clever that the inventor didn't even think of how it could be deciphered. Sorta like an /etc/passwd file. Bibliography 1. William R. Newbold. _The Cipher of Roger Bacon_Roland G Kent, ed. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1928. 2. Joseph Martin Feely. _Roger Bacon's Cipher: The Right Key Found_ Rochester N.Y.:Joseph Martin Feely, pub., 1943. 3. _The Most Mysterious Manuscript_ Robert S. Brumbaugh, ed. Southern Illinois Press, 1978 Unix filters are so wonderful. Massaging the machine readable file, we find: 4182 "words", of which 1284 are used more than once, 308 used 8+ times, 184 used 15+ times, 23 used 100+ times. Does this tell us anything about the language (if any) the text is written in? For those who may be interested, here are the 23 words used 100+ times: 121 2 Could someone email the Voynich Ms. ref list that appeared here not very long ago? Thanks in advance... Also... I came across the following ref that is fun(?): The Voynich manuscript: an elegant enigma / M. E. D'Imperio Fort George E. Mead, Md. : National Security Agency(!) Central Security Service(?), 1978. ix, 140 p. : ill. ; 27 cm. The (?!) are mine... Sorry if this was already on the list, but the mention of the NSA (and what's the CSS?) made it jump out at me... -- Ron Carter \| [email protected] rcarter GEnie 70707.3047 CIS Director \| Center for the Study of Creative Intelligence Denver, CO \| Knowledge is power. Knowledge to the people. Just say know. Distribution: na Organization: Wetware Diversions, San Francisco Keywords: >Date: 16 Nov 91 00:49:08 GMT > > It seems like the person who would be most likely to solve >this Voynich manuscript cipher would have >(a) knowledge of the modern techniques for solving more complex > ciphers such as Playfairs and Vigineres; and >(b) knowledge of the possible contemporary and archaic languages > in which the plaintext could have been written. An extended discussion of the Voynich Manuscript may be found in the tape of the same name by Terence McKenna. I'm not sure who is currently publishing this particular McKenna tape but probably one of: Dolphin Tapes, POB 71, Big Sur, CA 93920 Sounds True, 1825 Pearl St., Boulder, CO 80302 Sound Photosynthesis, POB 2111, Mill Valley, CA 94942 The Spring 1988 issue of Gnosis magazine contained an article by McKenna giving some background of the Voynich Manuscipt and attempts to decipher it, and reviewing Leo Levitov's "Solution of the Voynich Manuscript" (published in 1987 by Aegean Park Press, POB 2837 Laguna Hills, CA 92654). Levitov's thesis is that the manuscript is the only surviving primary document of the Cathar faith (exterminated on the orders of the Pope in the Albigensian Crusade in the 1230s) and that it is in fact not encrypted material but rather is a highly polyglot form of Medieval Flemish with a large number of Old French and Old High German loan words, written in a special script. As far as I know Levitov's there has been no challenge to Levitov's claims so far. Michael Barlow, who had reviewed Levitov's book in Cryptologia, had sent me photocopies of the pages where much of the language was described (pp.21-31). I have just found them, and am looking at them now as I am typing this. Incidentally, I do not believe this has anything to do with cryptology proper, but the decipherment of texts in unknown languages. So if you are into cryptography proper, skip this. Looking at the "Voynich alphabet" pp.25-27, I made a list of the letters of the Voynich language as Levitov interprets them, and I added phonetic descriptions of the sounds I think Levitov meant to describe. Here it is: Letter# Phonetic Phonetic descriptions (IPA) in linguists' jargon: in plain English: 1 a low open, central unrounded a as in father e mid close, front, unrounded ay as in May O mid open, back, rounded aw as in law or o as in got (British 2 s unvoiced dental fricative s as in so 3 d voiced dental stop d 4 E mid, front, unrounded e as in wet 5 f unvoiced labiodental fricative f 6 i short, high open, front, i as in dim unrounded 7 i: long, high, front, unrounded ea as in weak 8 i:E (?) I can't make head nor tail of Levitov's explanations. Probably like "ei" in "weird" dragging along the "e": "weeeird"! (British pronunciation, with a silent "r") 9 C unvoiced palatal fricative ch in German ich 10 k unvoived velar stop k 11 l lateral, can't be more precise from description, probably like l in "loony" 12 m voiced bilabial nasal m 13 n voiced dental nasal n 14 r (?) cannot tell precisely from Scottish r? description Dutch r? 15 t no description; dental stop? t 16 t another form for #15 t 17 T (?) no description th as in this? th as in thick? 18 TE (?) again, no description or ET (?) 19 v voiced labiodental fricative v as in rave 20 v ditto, same as #19 ditto (By now, you will have guessed what my conclusion about Levitov's decipherment was) In the column headed "Phonetic (IPA)" I have used capital letters for lack of the special international phonetic symbols: E for the Greek letter "epsilon" O for the letter that looks like a mirror-image of "c" C for c-cedilla T for the Greek letter "theta" The colon (:) means that the sound represented by the preceding letter is long, e.g. "i:" is a long "i". The rest, #21 to 25, are not "letters" proper, but represent groups of two or more letters, just like #18 does. They are: 21 av 24 kET 25 sET That gives us a language with 6 vowels: a (#1), e (#1 again), O (#1 again), E (#4), i (#6), and i: (#7). Letter #8 is not a vowel, but a combination of two vowels: i: (#7) and probably E (#4). Levitov writes that the language is derived from Dutch. If so, it has lost the "oo" sound (English spelling; "oe" in Dutch spelling), and the three front rounded vowels of Dutch: u as in U ("you", polite), eu as in deur ("door"), u as in vlug ("quick"). Note that out of six vowels, three are confused under the same letter (#1), even though they sound very different from one another: a, e, O. Just imagine that you had no way of distinguishing between "last", "lest" and "lost" when writing in English, and you'll have a fair idea of the consequences. Let us look at the consonants now. I will put them in a matrix, with the points of articulation in one dimension, and the manner of articulation in the other (it's all standard procedure when analyzing a language). Brackets around a letter will mean that I could not tell where to place it exactly, and just took a guess. labial dental palatal velar unvoiced fricative f s C lateral l Note that there are only twelve consonant sounds. That is unheard of for a European language. No European language has so few consonant sounds. Spanish, which has very few sounds (only five vowels), has seventeen distinct consonants sounds, plus two semi-consonants. Dutch has from 18 to 20 consonants (depending on speakers, and how you analyze the sounds. Warning: I just counted them on the back of an envelope; I might have missed one or two). What is also extraordinary in Levitov's language is that it lacks a "g", and BOTH "b" and "p". I cannot think of one single language in the world that lacks both "b" and "p". Levitov also says that "m" occurs only word-finally, never at the beginning, nor in the middle of a word. That's true: the letter he says is an "m" is always word-final in the reproductions I have seen of the Voynich MS. But no language I know of behaves like that. All have an "m" (except one American Indian language, which is very famous for that, and the name of which escapes me right now), but, if there is a position where "m" never appears in some languages, that position is word-finally. Exactly the reverse of Levitov's language. What does Levitov say about the origin of the language? "The language was very much standardized. It was an application of a polyglot oral tongue into a literary language which would be understandable to people who did not understand Latin and to whom this language could be read." At first reading, I would dismiss it all as nonsense: "polyglot oral tongue" means nothing in linguistics terms. But Levitov is a medical doctor, so allowances must be made. The best meaning I can read into "polyglot oral tongue" is "a language that had never been written before and which had taken words from many different languages". That is perfectly reasonable: English for one, has done that. Half its vocabulary is Norman French, and some of the commonest words have non-Anglo-Saxon origins. "Sky", for instance, is a Danish word. So far, so good. Levitov continues: "The Voynich is actually a simple language because it follows set rules and has a very limited vocabulary.... There is a deliberate duality and plurality of words in the Voynich and much use of apostrophism". By "duality and plurality of words" Levitov means that the words are highly ambiguous, most words having two or more different meanings. I can only guess at what he means by apostrophism: running words together, leaving bits out, as we do in English: can not --> cannot --> can't, is not --> ain't. Time for a tutorial in the Voynich language as I could piece it together from Levitov's description. Because, according to Levitov, letter #1 represent 3 vowels sounds, I will represent it by just "a", but remember: it can be pronounced a, e, or o. But I will distinguish, as does Levitov, between the two letters which he says were both pronounced "v", using "v" for letter #20 and "w" for letter #21. Some vocabulary now. Some verbs first, which Levitov gives in the infinitive. In the Voynich language the infinitive of verbs ends in -en, just like in Dutch and in German. I have removed that grammatical ending in the list which follows, and given probable etymologies in parentheses (Levitov gives doesn't give any): ad = to aid, help ("aid") ak = to ache, pain ("ache") al = to ail ("ail") and = to undergo the "Endura" rite ("End[ura]", probably) d = to die ("d[ie]") fad = to be for help (from f= for and ad=aid) fal = to fail ("fail") fil = to be for illness (from: f=for and il=ill) il = to be ill ("ill") k = to understand ("ken", Dutch and German "kennen" meaning "to know") l = to lie deathly ill, in extremis ("lie", "lay") s = to see ("see", Dutch "zien") t = to do, treat (German "tun" = to do) v = to will ("will" or Latin "volo" perhaps) vid = to be with death (from vi=with and d=die) vil = to want, wish, desire (German "willen") vis = to know ("wit", German "wissen", Dutch "weten") vit = to know (ditto) viT = to use (no idea, Latin "uti" perhaps?) vi = to be the way (Latin "via") eC = to be each ("each") ai:a = to eye, look at ("eye", "oog" in Dutch) en = to do (no idea) Example given by Levitov: enden "to do to death" made up of "en" (to do), "d" (to die) and "en" (infinitive ending). Well, to me, that's doing it the hard way. What's wrong with just "enden" = to end (German "enden", too!) em = he or they (masculine) ("him") er = her or they (feminine) ("her") eT = it or they ("it" or perhaps "they" or Dutch "het") an = one ("one", Dutch "een") "There are no declensions of nouns or conjugation of verbs. Only the present tense is used" says Levitov. Examples: den = to die (infinitive) (d = die, -en = infinitive) deT = it/they die (d = die, eT = it/they) diteT = it does die (d = die, t = do, eT = it/they, with an "i" added to make it easier to pronounce, which is quite common and natural in languages) But Levitov contradicts himself immediately, giving another tense (known as present progressive in English grammar): dieT = it is dying But I may be unfair there, perhaps it is a compound: d = die, i = is ...-ing, eT = it/they. Plurals are formed by suffixing "s" in one part of the MS, "eT" in another: "ans" or "aneT" = ones. wians = we ones (wi = we, wie in Dutch, an = one, s = plural) vian = one way (vi = way, an = one) wia = one who (wi = who, a = one) va = one will (v = will, a = one) wa = who wieT = who, it (wi = who, eT = it) witeT = who does it (wi = who, t = do, eT = it/they) weT = who it is (wi = who, eT = it, then loss of "i", giving "weT") ker = she understands (k = understand, er =she) At this stage I would like to comment that we are here in the presence of a Germanic language which behaves very, very strangely in the way of the meanings of its compound words. For instance, "viden" (to be with death) is made up of the words for "with", "die" and the infinitive suffix. I am sure that Levitov here was thinking of a construction like German "mitkommen" which means "to come along" (to "withcome"). I suppose I could say "Bitte, sterben Sie mit" on the same model as "Bitte, kommen Sie mit" ("Come with me/us, please), thereby making up a verb "mitsterben", but that would mean "to die together with someone else", not "to be with death". Let us see how Levitov translates a whole sentence. Since he does not explain how he breaks up those compound words I have tried to do it using the vocabulary and grammar he provides in those pages. My tentative explanations are in parenthesis. TanvieT faditeT wan aTviteT anTviteT atwiteT aneT TanvieT = the one way (T = the (?), an = one, vi =way, eT = it) faditeT = doing for help (f = for, ad = aid, i = -ing, t = do, eT = it) wan = person (wi/wa = who, an = one) aTviteT = one that one knows (a = one, T = that, vit = know, eT = it. Here, Levitov adds one extra letter which is not in the text, getting "aTaviteT", which provide the second "one" of his translation) anTviteT = one that knows (an =one, T = that, vit = know, eT = it) atwiteT = one treats one who does it (a = one, t = do, wi = who, t = do, eT = it. Literally: "one does [one] who does it". The first "do" is translated as "treat", the second "one" is added in by Levitov: he added one letter, which gives him "atawiteT") aneT = ones (an = one, -eT = the plural ending) Levitov's translation of the above in better English: "the one way for helping a person who needs it, is to know one of the ones who do treat one". Need I say more? Does anyone still believe that Levitov's translations are worth anything? As an exercise, here is the last sentence on p.31, with its word-for-word translation by Levitov. I leave you to work it out, and to figure out what it might possibly mean. Good luck! tvieT nwn anvit fadan van aleC tvieT = do the ways nwn = not who does (but Levitov adds a letter to make it "nwen") anvit = one knows What are the 1987 Swiss Colony ciphers? ==> cryptology/swiss.colony.s <== Did anyone solve the 1987 'Crypto-gift' contest that was run by Swiss Colony? My friend and I worked on it for 4 months, but didn't get anywhere. My friend solved t... Using every unabridged dictionary available, the best yet found are: hit ait act ace pig peg seg sey sty four foud fond find fine five play blay bray bras baas bams gams game green grees greys grays grass wheat theat treat tread bread order older elder eider cider cides codes coles colls coals chals chaos order ormer armer ammer amper imper impel sixth sixty silty silly sally sably sabby nabby nubby hubby speedy speeds steeds steers sheers shyers sayers payers papers papery popery popely pomely comely comedy griming priming prising poising toising toiling coiling colling collins collies dollies doilies dailies bailies bailees bailers failers fablers gablers gabbers gibbers gibbets gobbets goblets chasing ceasing cessing messing massing masting marting martins martens martels cartels carpels carpers campers cambers combers cobbers combers robbers vainest fainest fairest sairest saidest saddest maddest middest mildest wildest wiliest winiest waniest caniest cantest contest confest confess confers conners canners fanners fawners pawners pawnees pawnces paunces jaunces jaunced jaunted saunted stunted stented stenned steined stained spained splined splines salines savines savings pavings parings earings enrings endings ondings ondines undines unlines unlives unwives unwires unwares unbares unbared unpared unpaged uncaged incaged incased incised incises incites indites indices indicts inducts indults insults insulas insulae infulae This is not another travelling salesman - it is merely finding the diameter of connected components of that graph. The simple algorithm for this is to do one depth first search from each word, resulting in an O(nm) worst case algorithm (where n is the number of words, and m is the number of arcs). In practice, it is actually somewhat better, since the graph breaks down into many connected components. However, the diameters (and solutions) depend on what dictionary is used. Here are the results from various dictionaries: From /usr/dict/words (restricted to words all lower case alphabetical) (19,694 words): sixth - hubby (46 steps) From the official scrabble players dictionary (94,276 words): effaces - cabaret (57 steps) From the british official scrabble words (134,051 words): vainest - infulae (73 steps) From webster's ninth new collegiate dictionary (abridged) (78, 167 words): griming - goblets (56 steps) From all of the above, merged (180,676 words): vainest - injects (58 steps) To see the effect the dictionary has on paths, here are the lengths of the shortest paths these pairs, and for the ones mentioned in previous posts, for each dictionary (a - means that there is no path using only words from that dictionary): UDW OSPD OSW W9 ALL hit - ace 5 3 3 5 3 pig - sty - 5 4 5 4 four - five 6 6 5 7 5 play - game 8 7 7 8 7 green - grass 13 4 4 7 4 wheat - bread 6 6 6 6 6 sixth - hubby 46 9 9 - 9 effaces - cabaret - 57 - - 33 griming - goblets - 22 19 56 15 vainest - injects - - 72 - 58 Find a word that forms two other words, unrelated in meaning, when "less" and "ness" are added. Define the letters of the alphabet using self-referential common phrases (e.g., "first of all" defines "a"). ==> english/letter.rebus.s <== A first of all, midday B fifth of bourbon, starting block C fifth of scotch D end of the world, back of my hand E end of the line, beginning of the end F starting friction, front G middle of the night, starting gate H end of the earth, top of the heap, middle of nowhere I next of kin K bottom of the deck, two of a kind L bottom of the barrel, starting line M top of my head N center of attention, final countdown, end run O second in command P bottom of the heap, the first of painters, starting point Q at the front of the queue, top quality R middle of the road, center of inertia S _Last of the Mohicans_, start of something big T top o' the morning, one's wit's end, bottom of my heart, last, central U second guess W end of the rainbow, top of the world X wax finish, climax Y top of your head, center of the cyclone, early years, final extremity Z led zeppelin What books have been written without specific letters, vowels, etc.? ==> english/lipograms.s <== Such a book is called a lipogram. A novel-length example in English (omitting e) exists, titled _Gadsby_. Georges Perec wrote a French novel titled _La Disparition_ which does not contain the letter 'e', except in a few bits of text that the publisher had to include in or on the book somewhere -- such as the author's name :-). But these were all printed in red, making them somehow ``not count''. Perec also wrote another novel in which `e' was the only vowel. In _La Disparition_, unlike _Gadsby_, the lipogrammatic technique is reflected in the story. Objects disappear or become invisible. We know, however, more or less why the characters can't find things like eggs or even remember their names -- because the words for them can't be used. Amazingly, it's been ``translated'' into English (by Harry Mathews, I think). Another work which manages to [almost] adhere to restrictive alphabetic rules while also remaining readable as well as providing amusement and literary satisfaction (though you have to like disjointed fiction) is _Alphabetical Africa_ by Walter Abish. The rules (which of course he doesn't explain, you can't help noticing most of them) have to do with initial letters of words. There are 52 chapters. In the first, all words begin with `a'; in the second, all words begin with either `a' or `b'; etc, until all words are allowed in chapter 26. Then in the second half, the letters are taken away one by one. It's remarkable when, for instance, you finally get `the' and realize how much or little you missed it; earlier, when `I' comes in, you feel something like the difference between third- and first-person narration. As one of the blurbs more or less says (I don't have it here to quote), reading this is like slowly taking a deep breath and letting it out again. ---- What words in multiple languages are related in interesting ways? ==> english/multi.lingual.s <== Dutch: nier (kidney), French: rein French: etats, English: state What are some long near palindromes, i.e., words that except for one letter would be palindromes? Here are the longest near palindromes in Webster's Ninth Collegiate: catalatic footstool red pepper What are some long palindromes? ==> english/palindromes.s <== The first words spoken were a palindrome: Madam, I'm Adam. Madam in Eden, I'm Adam. The response, of course, must have been: Eve Able was I ere I saw Elba. Has been improved with: Unremarkable was I ere I saw Elba, Kramer, nu? A fish is a: Other palindromes in ascending length (drum roll please): Dennis sinned. Ma is a nun, as I am. He harasses Sarah, eh? He lived as a devil, eh? Nurse, I spy gupsies, run! Sit on a potato pan, Otis! Slap a ham on Omaha, pals! A slut nixes sex in Tulsa. Rats live on no evil star. Ten animals I slam in a net. Go deliver a dare, vile dog. Was it a car or a cat I saw? Was it Eliot's toilet I saw? Al lets Della call Ed Stella. Draw, O Caeser, erase a coward. Did Eve salt an atlas? Eve did. No pinot noir on Orion to nip on. Naomi, sex at noon taxes! I moan. Evil I did dwell; lewd did I live. Yo, bad anaconda had no Canada boy . Egad! A base tone denotes a bad age. Satan, oscillate my metallic sonatas. Red dude kill lion. No ill-liked udder. I roamed under it as a tired, nude Maori. To Peru, named llama mall 'De Manure Pot'. Straw? No, too stupid a fad. I put soot on warts. Now, Ned, I am a maiden nun; Ned, I am a maiden won. Here we no got conical ill lilac in octogon ewer, eh? Salamander a ton now. Raw war won not, a Red Nam, alas. Fool! A dog lives sad a boxer, Rex. O bad ass evil god aloof! 'Tenor Octopus Night' netted a cadet tenth ginsu pot, coronet. Won total, I am a pro. Bali radar I labor. Pa, mail a tot now! Yo, boy! Trap gnus, nude. 'Kangaroo Rag' naked unsung party, O boy! Did I strap red nude, red rump, also slap murdered underparts? I did! Doc, note: I dissent. A fast never prevents a fatness. I diet on cod. So regards Rat's Lib: regrets no more hero monster gerbil stars' drag Eros. Degas, are we not drawn onward, we freer few, drawn onward to new eras aged? Garret, I ogle. Enemy democrats party; trap star comedy men, eel goiter rag. Sagas emit taxes, rat snot, or pastrami. I'm Arts, a proton star - sex at times a gas. Dr. Ana, Cataracts. Uranium enema smarts if fist rams, Amen! Emu in a rust car at a canard. T. Eliot, top bard, notes putrid tang emanating, is sad; I'd assign it a name: gnat dirt upset on drab pot toilet. Those wonderful proper names: Dennis, Nell, Edna, Leon, Nedra, Anita, Rolf, Nora, Alice, Carol, Leo, Jane, Reed, Dena, Dale, Basil, Rae, Penny, Lana, Dave, Denny, Lena, Ida, Bernadette, Ben, Ray, Lila, Nina, Jo, Ira, Mara, Sara, Mario, Jan, Ina, Lily, Arne, Bette, Dan, Reba, Diane, Lynn, Ed, Eva, Dana, Lynne, Pearl, Isabel, Ada, Ned, Dee, Rena, Joel, Lora, Cecil, Aaron, Flora, Tina, Arden, Noel, and Ellen sinned. A poem: Melt till ever sere, hide it. Drown a more vile note; (Tar of rennet.) Ah, trowel, baton, eras ago. The reward? A "nisi." Two nag. Otary tastes putrid, yam was green. Odes up and on; stare we. Rats nod. Nap used one-erg saw. (May dirt upset satyr?) A toga now; 'tis in a drawer, eh? Togas are notable. (Worth a tenner for Ate`.) Tone liver. O Man, word-tied I. Here's revel! Little merit, Ned? Lose, Nap? Repaid now is all apedom's doom. -- Hubert Phillips: Headmaster's Palindromic List on his Memo Pad: Test on Erasmus Dr of Law Deliver soap Stop dynamo (OTC) Royal: phone no.? Tel: Law re Kate Race Ref. Football. Caps on for prep Is sofa sitable on? Pots- no tops XI--Staff over Knit up ties ('U') Sub-edit Nurse's order Ned (re paper) Canning is on test (snub slip-up) Eve's simple hot dish (crib) Birch (Sid) to help Miss Eve Pupil's buns Reaper den T-set: no sign in a/c Use it Red roses Put inkspot on stopper Run Tide Bus? Prof.--no space Rev off at six Caretaker (wall, etc.) Noel Bat is a fossil Too mand d** pots Lab to offer one 'Noh' play-- Wal for duo? (I'd name Dr. O) or 'Pals Reviled'? See few owe fees (or demand IOU?) Sums are not set. -- Joyce Johnson (_New_Statesman_ competition in 1967. 126 words, 467 letters) Some word (not letter) palindromes: So patient a doctor to doctor a patient so. Girl, bathing on Bikini, eyeing boy, finds boy eyeing bikini on bathing girl. In German: Ein Neger mit Gazelle zagt im Regen nie. In Serbo-Croat: Imena Amen nema, a me mi. U pero soli i los o repu. Ako jad moli silom daj oka. Odano mati pita: a ti pitam, o nado? Evo sam iza padam mada pazim asove. v v v v A krt u razu mi laze no one zalim u zaru trka. Palindromes in other languages that are palindromes in English: Hebrew: aba or abba, English: dad German: tat, English: deed A man, a plan, a canal; Panama? Has been improved by: A dog, a plan, a canal: pagoda! -- anonymous A man, a plan, a cat, a canal; Panama? -- Jim Saxe, plan file @ CMU, 9 October 1983 A man, a plan, a cat, a ham, a yak, a yam, a hat, a canal--Panama! -- Guy Jacobson, plan file @ CMU late 1983 A man, a plan, a caret, a ban, a myriad, a sum, a lac, a liar, a hoop, a pint, a catalpa, a gas, an oil, a bird, a yell, a vat, a caw, a pax, a wag, a tax, a nay, a ram, a cap, a yam, a gay, a tsar, a wall, a car, a luger, a ward, a bin, a woman, a vassal, a wolf, a tuna, a nit, a pall, a fret, a watt, a bay, a daub, a tan, a cab, a datum, a gall, a hat, a fag, a zap, a say, a jaw, a lay, a wet, a gallop, a tug, a trot, a trap, a tram, a torr, a caper, a top, a tonk, a toll, a ball, a fair, a sax, a minim, a tenor, a bass, a passer, a capital, a rut, an amen, a ted, a cabal, a tang, a sun, an ass, a maw, a sag, a jam, a dam, a sub, a salt, an axon, a sail, an ad, a wadi, a radian, a room, a rood, a rip, a tad, a pariah, a revel, a reel, a reed, a pool, a plug, a pin, a peek, a parabola, a dog, a pat, a cud, a nu, a fan, a pal, a rum, a nod, an eta, a lag, an eel, a batik, a mug, a mot, a nap, a maxim, a mood, a leek, a grub, a gob, a gel, a drab, a citadel, a total, a cedar, a tap, a gag, a rat, a manor, a bar, a gal, a cola, a pap, a yaw, a tab, a raj, a gab, a nag, a pagan, a bag, a jar, a bat, a way, a papa, a local, a gar, a baron, a mat, a rag, a gap, a tar, a decal, a tot, a led, a tic, a bard, a leg, a bog, a burg, a keel, a doom, a mix, a map, an atom, a gum, a kit, a baleen, a gala, a ten, a don, a mural, a pan, a faun, a ducat, a pagoda, a lob, a rap, a keep, a nip, a gulp, a loop, a deer, a leer, a lever, a hair, a pad, a tapir, a door, a moor, an aid, a raid, a wad, an alias, an ox, an atlas, a bus, a madam, a jag, a saw, a mass, an anus, a gnat, a lab, a cadet, an em, a natural, a tip, a caress, a pass, a baronet, a minimax, a sari, a fall, a ballot, a knot, a pot, a rep, a carrot, a mart, a part, a tort, a gut, a poll, a gateway, a law, a jay, a sap, a zag, a fat, a hall, a gamut, a dab, a can, a tabu, a day, a batt, a waterfall, a patina, a nut, a flow, a lass, a van, a mow, a nib, a draw, a regular, a call, a war, a stay, a gam, a yap, a cam, a ray, an ax, a tag, a wax, a paw, a cat, a valley, a drib, a lion, a saga, a plat, a catnip, a pooh, a rail, a calamus, a dairyman, a bater, a canal--Panama. --Dan Hoey, 'discovered' in 1984. Dan goes on to say "...a little work on the search algorithm could make it several times as long." The entire book _Satire: Veritas_ is a palindrome, it starts "Sir, I stra..." and ends "... Art, sir, is Satire: Veritas." References: The Oxford Guide to Word Games, chapter 11, titled "Palindromes" Tony Augarde A "pangram" is a sentence containing all 26 letters. What is the shortest pangram (measured by number of letters or words)? What is the shortest word list using all 26 letters in alphabetical order? In reverse alphabetical order? The single-letter words that have meanings unrelated to their letter shapes or sounds, position in the alphabet, etc. are: a - indefinite article; on; in; at; to; he; him; she; her; they; them; it; I; have; of; all c - 100; cocaine; programming language d - 500 e - base of natural logs; eccentricity; enlarging g - acceleration of gravity; general ability; $1000; general audience i - one; unit vector in x direction; personal pronoun; in; aye j - one; unit vector in y direction k - 1000; 1024; strikeout; unit vector in z direction l - 50; ell; elevated railroad m - 1000; em; pica; an antigen of human blood n - an indefinite number; en; an antigen of human blood o - oh q - quality of oscillatory circuit R - one of the three Rs; restricted audience t - t-shirt x - unknown quantity; atmospherics; adults only y - unknown quantity; YMCA z - unknown quantity; buzzing sound; z particle It is therefore advisable to exclude single-letter words, with the possible exception of 'a'. As always, word acceptability varies with the dictionaries used. We use these: 9C - Merriam-Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1986 NI3 - Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary, 1961 NI2 - Merriam-Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Edition, 1935 OED - Oxford English Dictionary with Supplements, 1933 - 85 '+' indicates obsolete, dialectical, slang, or otherwise substandard word. Some exceptional pangrams: Using only words in 9C: Sympathizing would fix Quaker objectives. (5 words, 36 letters) Quick brown fox, jump over the lazy dogs. (8 words, 32 letters) Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs. (8 words, 32 letters) Jackdaws love my big sphinx of quartz. (7 words, 31 letters) The five boxing wizards jump quickly. (6 words, 31 letters) How quickly daft jumping zebras vex. (6 words, 30 letters) Quartz glyph job vex'd cwm finks. (6 words?, 26 letters) Cwm, fjord-bank glyphs vext quiz. (6 words, 26 letters, Dmitri Borgmann) Using words in 9C and NI3: Veldt jynx grimps waqf zho buck. (6 words, 26 letters, Michael Jones) Using words in 9C, NI3 and NI3+: Squdgy fez, blank jimp crwth vox. (6 words, 26 letters, Claude Shannon) Using words in 9C, NI3, NI2 and NI2+: Phlegms fyrd wuz qvint jackbox. (5 words, 26 letters, Dmitri Borgmann) Some exceptional panalphabetic word lists: jackbox viewfinder phlegmy quartz (4 words, 31 letters, Mary Hazard) benzoxycamphors quick-flowing juventude (3 words, 36 letters, Darryl Francis) Some exceptional nearly panalphabetic isogrammatic word lists: blacksmith gunpowdery (2 words, 20 letters) humpbacks frowzy tingled (3 words, 22 letters) Some exceptional panalphabetic word lists with letters in alphabetical order: Using only words in 9C: a BCD ef ghi jack limn op querist ulva wax oyez (11 words, 37 letters) ABC defog hijack limn op querist ulva wax oyez (9 words, 38 letters) Using words in 9C and NI3: a BCD ef ghi jak limn op qres to uva wax oyez (12 words, 34 letters) ABC defy ghi jak limn op qres to uva wax oyez (11 words, 35 letters) ABC defy ghi jak limn opaquers turves wax oyez (9 words, 38 letters) scabicide afghani jokul manrope querist purview oxygenize (7 words, 51 letters) Using words in 9C, NI3 and NI3+: a BCD ef ghi jak limn op QRS to uva wax yez (12 words, 32 letters) ABC defy ghi jak limn op QRS to uva wax yez (11 words, 33 letters) ab cad ef ghi jak limn op qre stun vow ox yez (12 words, 34 letters) ABC defy ghi jak limn op querist uva wax yez (10 words, 35 letters) Using words in 9C, NI3, NI3+, NI2 and NI2+: ABC def ghi jak limn op qre struv wax yez (10 words, 32 letters) ABC def ghi jak limn opaquer struv wax yez (9 words, 34 letters) Using words in 9C, NI3, NI3+, NI2, NI2+ and the OED: ABC defog hij klam nop QRS tu vow XYZ (9 words, 29 letters, Jeff Grant) ABC def ghi jak limn op qres tu vow XYZ (10 words, 30 letters) ABC defog hij klam nop querist uvrow XYZ (8 words, 33 letters, Jeff Grant) ABC defyghe bij sklim nop querist uvrow XYZ (8 words, 36 letters) ABC defog hijack limnophil querist uvrow XYZ (7 words, 38 letters, Jeff Grant) Some exceptional panalphabetic word lists with letters in reverse alpha order: Using words from 9C: lazy ox ow vug tsar quip on milk jib hag fed cab a (13 words, 38 letters) lazy ox wave uts reequip on milk jihad gifted cabal (10 words, 42 letters) Using words from 9C and NI3: lazy ox ow vug tsar quip on milk jib hag fed caba (12 words, 38 letters) lazy ox wave uts roque pon milk jihad gifted caba (10 words, 40 letters) Using words from 9C, NI3 and NI2: zo yex wu vug tsar quip on milk jib hag fed caba (12 words, 37 letters) zo yex wave uts roque pon milk jihad gifted caba (10 words, 39 letters) All words are main entries in 9C except the following: 9C: ghi (at 'ghee') NI3: caba, fyrd, jak, opaquers, pon, qre(s), squdgy, uva NI3+: jimp, QRS (at 'QRS complex'), sklim, vox (at 'vox populi'), yez NI2: benzoxycamphors, jackbox, limnophil, quick-flowing, yex, zo NI2+: def, juventude, klam, quar, qvint, struv, tu, wuz OED: defyghe (at 'defy'), bij (at 'buy'), hij, nop, uvrow (at 'yuffrouw'), XYZ (at 'X') The first time I saw this pangram was in Gyles Brandeth's _The Joy of Lex_. It appeared there as: Waltz, nymph, for quick jigs vex Bud. (7 words, 28 letters, proper noun.) I always wondered why they didn't try modifying it as: Waltz, nymph, for quick jigs vex buds. (7 words, 29 letters, no proper noun.) However, why fast dances would irritate incipient flowers is beyond me, so I tried again: Waltz, dumb nymph, for quick jigs vex. (7 words, 29 letters, no proper noun, makes more sense.) However, sounds kind of sexist, and we can maybe chop off a letter and eliminate the sexism, although suffering some loss of sense: Waltz, bud nymph, for quick jigs vex. (7 words, 28 letters, no proper noun, makes less sense.) There are river nymphs and tree nymphs and mountain nymphs, so there can be nymphs of the aforementioned incipent flowers, right? Sense is a matter of opinion, so you can move the bud around or turn it into another imperative verb rather than a noun-as-adjective: Waltz, nymph, bud, for quick jigs vex. (7 words, 28 letters, no proper noun, sense is dubious.) [We've all heard of budding youth, right?] Waltz, nymph, for quick bud jigs vex. (7 words, 28 letters, no proper noun, sense is dubious.) [Yeah, we've all learned to dance a merry jig that looks like one of those infamous incipient flowers.] Dub waltz, nymph, for quick jigs vex. (7 words, 28 letters, no proper noun, came up with this on the spot and actually it looks pretty good!) [The idea being that a nymph, being in control of the soundtrack for a TV sitcom, has to change the music to which a grandmother is listening, from something from Ireland to something from Strauss.] -- Stephen Joseph Smith < [email protected] > It is fairly straightforward, if time-consuming, to search for minimal pangrams given a suitable lexicon, and the enclosed program does this. The run time is of the order of 20 MIPS-days if fed `Official Scrabble Words', a document nominally listing all sufficiently short words playable in tournament Scrabble in Britain. I also enclose a lexicon which will reproduce the OSW results much more quickly. The results are dominated by onomatopoeic interjections (`pst', `sh', etc.), and words borrowed from Welsh (`cwm', `crwth') and Arabic (`qat', `suq'). Other lexicons will contain a very different leavening of such words, and yield a very different set of pangrams. Readers are invited to form sentences (or, less challenging, newspaper headlines) from these pangrams. Few are amenable to this sort of thing. -- Steve Thomas long a = ap->mask, b = bp->mask; for (p = letters; p; p++) { long m = 1L << (p - 'a'); if ((a & m) != (b & m)) if ((a & m) != 0) fprintf (stderr, "Out of memory\n"); exit (1); char p = newmem ((void )NULL, strlen (s) + 1); strcpy (p, s); while ((m = getword (stdin)) != 0) { w = newmem (w, wsize * sizeof (struct word)); } w[wp].list = newmem ((void )NULL, sizeof (struct list)); w[wp].list->word = dupstr (wordbuf); w[wp].list->next = (struct list )NULL; wp++; qsort (w, wp, sizeof (struct word), cmp); for (i = 1, j = 1; j < wp; j++) { if (w[j].mask == w[i - 1].mask) { w[j].list->next = w[i - 1].list; w[i - 1].list = w[j].list; } else if ((sofar & (1 << (lets - 'a'))) == 0) break; for (i = min; i < wp; i++) { if (w[i].mask & sofar) continue; if ((w[i].mask & must) == 0) continue; pangram (w[i].mask \| sofar, i + 1, lets); --lp; while (fgets (wordbuf, sizeof (wordbuf), fp) != NULL) { p = wordbuf; for (i = 0; i < lp; i++) { struct word p = &w[list[i]]; struct list l; if (p->list->next == NULL) printf ("%s", p->list->word); else { for (l = p->list; l; l = l->next) { printf ("%s", l->word); FUNEX? (Have you any eggs?) SVFX. (Yes, we have eggs.) FUNEM? (Have you any ham?) SVFM. (Yes, we have ham.) FUMNX? (Have you ham and eggs?) S,S:VFM,VFX,VFMNX! (Yes, yes: we have ham, we have eggs, we have ham and eggs!) CD ED BD DUCKS? (See the itty bitty ducks?) MR NOT DUCKS! (Them are not ducks!) OSAR, CDEDBD WINGS? (Oh yes they are, see the itty bitty wings?) LILB MR DUCKS! (Well I'll be, them are ducks!) In Spanish: SOCKS. (Eso si que es.) ==> english/piglatin.p <== What words in pig latin also are words? ==> english/piglatin.s <== What are some redundant terms that occur frequently (like "ABM missile")? ==> english/pleonasm.s <== Los Altos Hills (The Hills Hills) MIDI Interface Ruidoso River (Noisy River River) SALT talks floccinoccinihlipilification (from 4 latin words meaning "nothing") hoi polloi (a genuine bilingual redundancy) hot water heater Two words, spelled and pronounced differently, have plurals spelled the same but pronounced differently. ==> english/plurals/collision.s <== A little word of doubtful number, a foe to rest and peaceful slumber. If you add an "s" to this, great is the metamorphosis. Plural is plural now no more, and sweet what bitter was before. What am I? What plural is formed by DROPPING the terminal "s" in a word? ==> english/plurals/drop.s.s <== List a plural ending with each letter of the alphabet. ==> english/plurals/endings.s <== 0 = plural formed (basically) by adding letter 1 = plural spelled differently from singular 2 = ditto, plural contains punctuation 3 = plural spelled the same as singular All entries are from Merriam-Webster's Ninth Collegiate Dictionary, except those marked "(NI3)", which are from the Third International. Entries in brackets are probable dictionary artifacts. A 0 VAS VASA B 1 SLUBBI SLEYB (NI3) C 0 CALPULLI CALPULLEC (NI3) D 2 GRANT-IN-AID GRANTS-IN-AID F 1 SHARIF ASHRAF (NI3) G 0 AIRE AIRIG (NI3) H 0 LIRA LIROTH J 1 KHARIJITE KHAWARIJ (NI3) K 0 PULI PULIK O 2 DERRING-DO DERRINGS-DO (NI3) [1 MEO MIAO/MIXTECA MIXTECO/PAPIOPIO PAPIO/SUMU SUMO (NI3)] P 2 AIDE-DE-CAMP AIDES-DE-CAMP Q 3 QARAQALPAQ QARAQALPAQ (NI3) R 0 KRONE KRONER V 3 TIV TIV (NI3) W 2 SON-IN-LAW SONS-IN-LAW [1 KWAPA QUAPAW (NI3)] X 0 EAU EAUX What English word, when spelled backwards, is its French plural? ==> english/plurals/french.s <== Words ending with "man" make their plurals by adding "s". ==> english/plurals/man.s <== What plural is formed by switching the first two letters? ==> english/plurals/switch.first.s <== falaj -> aflaj (Chambers English Dictionary) ==> english/portmanteau.p <== What are some words formed by combining together parts of other words? ==> english/portmanteau.s <== Such words are called "Portmanteau" words. Here is a very incomplete list: beefalo beef, buffalo Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/potable.color.p <== Find words that are both beverages and colors. ==> english/potable.color.s <== midori (Japanese for green. Does Japanese count?) rose What trigraphs (three-letter combinations) occur in only one word? ==> english/rare.trigraphs.s <== Here is a list of all the trigraphs which occur exactly once in the union of _Official Scrabble Words_ (First Edition), the _Official Scrabble Players Dictionary_ and _Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (Second Edition)_, together with the words in which they occur. The definition of "word" is a problematic. For example, lots of words starting deoxy- contain the trigraph `eox', but no others do. Should `eox' be on the list? Common words are marked with a . aae baaed gnpsignpost signposted signposting signposts gnt sovereignty gzazigzag zigzagged zigzagging zigzaggy zigzags hds camanachds hyx asphyxia asphyxias asphyxiate asphyxies asphyxy itv mitvoth kyjskyjack skyjacked skyjacker skyjackers skyjacking skyjackings skyjacks llj killjoy killjoys muo muon muonic muonium muoniums muons nhs sinhs tuxtux tuxedo tuxedoes tuxedos tuxes tvy outvying vkh sovkhoz sovkhozes sovkhozy sovkhos vly vly wdusawdust sawdusted sawdusting sawdusts sawdusty wfr bowfront What words have an exceptional number of silent letters? ==> english/records/pronunciation/silent.s <== longest sequence BROUGHAM (4, UGHA) for each letter AISLE, COMB, INDICT, HANDSOME, TWITCHED, HALFPENNY, GNOME, MYRRH, BUSINESS, MARIJUANA, KNOCK, TALK, MNEMONIC, AUTUMN, PEOPLE, PSYCHE, CINQCENTS, FORECASTLE, VISCOUNT, HAUTBOY, PLAQUE, FIVEPENCE, WRITE, TABLEAUX, PRAYER, RENDEZVOUS homophones, for each letter O(A)R, LAM(B), S(C)ENT, LE(D)GER, DO(E), WAF(F), REI(G)N, (H)OUR, WA(I)VE, HAJ(J)I, (K)NOT, HA(L)VE, PRIM(M)ER, DAM(N), J(O)UST, (P)SALTER, ?, CAR(R)IES, (S)CENT, TARO(T), B(U)Y, ?, T(W)O, ?, RE(Y), BIZ(Z) Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/records/pronunciation/spelling.p <== What words have exceptional ways to spell sounds? ==> english/records/pronunciation/spelling.s <== same spelling, different sound -OUGH (7) BOUGH, COUGH, DOUGH, HICCOUGH, LOUGH, ROUGH, THROUGH different spelling, same sound AIR (9) AIR, AIRE, ARE, AYR, AYER, E'ER, ERE, ERR, HEIR *** Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/records/pronunciation/syllable.p <== What words have an exceptional number of letters per syllable? ==> english/records/pronunciation/syllable.s <== longest for each number of syllables one SCRAUNCHED [SQUIRRELLED (11)] two SCRATCHBRUSHED (14) one, for each letter ARCHED, BROUGHAMS, CRAUNCHED, DRAUGHTS, EARTHED, FLINCHED, GROUCHED, HAUNCHED, ITCHED, JOUNCED, KNIGHTS, LAUNCHED, MOOCHED, NAUGHTS, OINKED, PREACHED, QUETCHED, REACHED, SCRAUNCHED, THOUGHTS, UMPHS, VOUCHED, WREATHED, XYSTS, YEARNED, ZOUAVES two, for each letter ARCHFIENDS, BREAKTHROUGHS, CLOTHESHORSE, DRAUGHTBOARDS, EARTHTONGUES, FLAMEPROOFED, GREATHEART, HAIRSBREADTHS, INTHRALLED, JUNETEENTHS, KNICKKNACKS, LIGHTWEIGHTS, MOOSETONGUES, NIGHTCLOTHES, OUTSTRETCHED, PLOUGHWRIGHTS, QUICKTHORNS, ROUGHSTRINGS, SCRATCHBRUSHED, THROATSTRAPS, UNSTRETCHED, VERSESMITHS, WHERETHROUGH, XANTHINES, YOURSELVES, ZEITGEISTS shortest for each number of syllables two AA three AREA (4) [O'IO (3)] four IEIE (4) five OXYOPIA (7) six ONIOMANIA [AMIOIDEI (8)] seven EPIDEMIOLOGY (12) [OMOHYOIDEI (10)] eight EPIZOOTIOLOGY nine EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL (16) ten EPIZOOTIOLOGICALLY twelve HUMUHUMUNUKUNUKUAPUAA (21) Unless noted otherwise, all words occur in Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA, 1961. ==> english/records/spelling/longest.p <== What is the longest word in the English language? ==> english/records/spelling/longest.s <== The longest word to occur in both English and American "authoritative" unabridged dictionaries is "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis." The following is a brief citation history of this "word." New York Herald Tribune, February 23, 1935, p. 3 "Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis succeeded electrophotomicrographically as the longest word in the English language recognized by the National Puzzlers' League at the opening session of the organization's 103d semi-annual meeting held yesterday at the Hotel New Yorker. The puzzlers explained that the forty-five-letter word is the name of a special form of silicosis caused by ultra-microscopic particles of siliceous volcanic dust." Everett M. Smith (b. 1/1/1894), President of NPL and Radio News Editor of the Christian Science Monitor, cited the word at the convention. Smith was also President of the Yankee Puzzlers of Boston. It is not known whether Smith coined the word. "Bedside Manna. The Third Fun in Bed Book.", edited by Frank Scully, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1936, p. 87 "There's been a revival in interest in spelling, but Greg Hartswick, the cross word king and world's champion speller, is still in control of the situation. He'd never get any competition from us, that's sure, though pronouncing, let alone spelling, a 44 letter word like: Pneumonoultramicrosopicsilicovolkanakoniosis, a disease caused by ultra-microscopic particles of sandy volcanic dust might give even him laryngitis." It is likely that Scully, who resided in New York in February 1935, read the Herald Tribune article and slightly misremembered the word. Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary, 1936 Both "-coniosis" and "-koniosis" are cited. "a factitious word alleged t... Word Records from Webster's Third Spelling longest beginning with a palindrome adinida (7,1) longest beginning with b palindrome boob (4,1) longest beginning with c palindrome carac civic (5,2) longest beginning with d palindrome deified devoved (7,2) longest beginning with e palindrome ecce esse (4,2) longest beginning with f palindrome f (1,1) longest beginning with g palindrome goog (4,1) longest beginning with h palindrome hagigah halalah (7,2) longest beginning with i palindrome igigi imami (5,2) longest beginning with j palindrome j (1,1) longest beginning with k palindrome kinnikinnik (11,1) longest beginning with l palindrome lemel level lysyl (5,3) longest beginning with m palindrome malayalam (9,1) longest beginning with n palindrome nauruan (7,1) longest beginning with o palindrome oppo otto (4,2) longest beginning with p palindrome peeweep (7,1) longest beginning with q palindrome qazaq (5,1) longest beginning with r palindrome reviver rotator (7,2) longest beginning with s palindrome sawbwas seesees seities sememes (7,4) longest beginning with t palindrome terret tibbit tippit (6,3) longest beginning with u palindrome uku ulu utu (3,3) longest beginning with v palindrome vav (3,1) longest beginning with w palindrome waw wow (3,2) longest beginning with x palindrome x (1,1) longest beginning with y palindrome yaray (5,1) longest beginning with z palindrome z (1,1) longest with middle a palindrome halalah rotator (7,2) longest with middle b palindrome sawbwas (7,1) longest with middle c palindrome soccos succus (6,2) longest with middle d palindrome murdrum (7,1) longest with middle e palindrome sememes (7,1) longest with middle f palindrome deified (7,1) longest with middle g palindrome degged (6,1) longest with middle h palindrome aha ihi oho (3,3) longest with middle i palindrome hagigah reviver (7,2) longest with middle j palindrome kajak (5,1) longest with middle k palindrome kinnikinnik (11,1) longest with middle l palindrome hallah selles (6,2) longest with middle m palindrome sammas (6,1) longest with middle n palindrome adinida (7,1) longest with middle o palindrome devoved (7,1) longest with middle p palindrome tippit (6,1) longest with middle q palindrome q (1,1) longest with middle r palindrome nauruan (7,1) longest with middle s palindrome seesees (7,1) longest with middle t palindrome seities (7,1) longest with middle u palindrome alula arura (5,2) longest with middle v palindrome civic level rever tevet (5,4) longest with middle w palindrome peeweep (7,1) longest with middle x palindrome sexes (5,1) longest with middle y palindrome malayalam (9,1) longest with middle z palindrome kazak qazaq (5,2) longest tautonym tangantangan (12,1) longest beginning with a tautonym akeake atlatl (6,2) longest beginning with b tautonym bellabella (10,1) longest beginning with c tautonym caracara chowchow couscous (8,3) longest beginning with d tautonym dugdug dumdum (6,2) longest beginning with e tautonym ee (2,1) longest beginning with f tautonym froufrou (8,1) longest beginning with g tautonym ganggang greegree guitguit (8,3) longest beginning with h tautonym hotshots (8,0) ? longest beginning with i tautonym ipilipil (8,1) longest beginning with j tautonym juju (4,1) longest beginning with k tautonym kavakava kawakawa khuskhus kohekohe kouskous kukukuku (8,6) longest beginning with l tautonym lapulapu lavalava lomilomi (8,3) longest beginning with m tautonym mahimahi makomako matamata murumuru (8,4) longest beginning with n tautonym nagnag (6,1) longest beginning with o tautonym oo (2,1) longest beginning with p tautonym palapala pioupiou piripiri poroporo (8,4) longest beginning with q tautonym quiaquia (8,1) longest beginning with r tautonym riroriro (8,1) longest beginning with s tautonym sweeswee (8,1) longest beginning with t tautonym tangantangan (12,1) longest beginning with u tautonym ulaula (6,1) longest beginning with v tautonym valval verver (6,2) longest beginning with w tautonym wallawalla (10,1) longest beginning with x tautonym ? (0,0) ? longest beginning with y tautonym yariyari (8,1) longest beginning with z tautonym zoozoo (6,1) longest head 'n' tail einsteins muckamuck okeydokey overcover pungapung tarantara trinitrin (9,7) longest with middle a head 'n' tail muckamuck pungapung (9,2) longest with middle b head 'n' tail aba (3,1) longest with middle c head 'n' tail overcover (9,1) longest with middle d head 'n' tail okeydokey (9,1) longest with middle e head 'n' tail arear caeca (5,2) longest with middle f head 'n' tail efe ofo (3,2) longest with middle g head 'n' tail aggag algal edged magma (5,4) longest with middle h head 'n' tail outshouts (9,0) ? longest with middle i head 'n' tail trinitrin (9,1) longest with middle j head 'n' tail anjan (5,1) longest with middle k head 'n' tail arkar kokko (5,2) longest with middle l head 'n' tail ingling khalkha (7,2) longest with middle m head 'n' tail bamba bombo mamma pampa (5,4) longest with middle n head 'n' tail tarantara (9,1) longest with middle o head 'n' tail ingoing mesomes (7,2) longest with middle p head 'n' tail apa (3,1) longest with middle q head 'n' tail q (1,1) longest with middle r head 'n' tail adrad kurku ugrug verve (5,4) longest with middle s head 'n' tail hotshot (7,1) longest with middle t head 'n' tail einsteins (9,1) longest with middle u head 'n' tail mauma shush siusi veuve (5,4) longest with middle v head 'n' tail ava eve (3,2) longest with middle w head 'n' tail abwab (5,1) longest with middle x head 'n' tail manxman (7,1) longest with middle y head 'n' tail calycal (7,1) longest with middle z head 'n' tail z (1,1) Subset of Word longest internal palindrome kinnikinniks sensuousness sensuousnesses (11,3) longest internal tautonym anhydrohydroxyprogesterone anhydrohydroxyprogesterones kinnikinnick kinnikinnicks kinnikinnics kinnikinniks magnetophotophoresis methylethylpyridine micromicrofarad neuroneuronal trimethylethylene (10,11) longest repeated prefix kinnikinnick kinnikinnicks kinnikinnics kinnikinniks micromicrofarad neuroneuronal (10,6) most consecutive doubled letters bookkeeper bookkeeping (3,2) most doubled letters possessionlessness possessionlessnesses successlessness successlessnesses (4,4) longest two cadence humuhumunukunukuapuaa humuhumunukunukuapuaas (8,2) longest three cadence effervescence effervescences extendednesses neglectednesses pervertednesses redheadednesses reflectednesses unexpectednesses vallabhacharya vallabhacharyas (5,10) longest four cadence alveolopalatal coproporphyrinuria coproporphyrinurias distributivities gastroschisises humuhumunukunukuapuaa humuhumunukunukuapuaas inevitabilities roentgenometries somesthesises stresslessness stresslessnesses (4,12) longest five cadence indecipherablenesses recollectivenesses (4,2) Letter Counts longest letters from first half hamamelidaceae (14,1) longest letters from second half nonsupports (11,0) ? longest without ab hydroxydesoxycorticosterone (27,1) longest without abcd philoprogenitivenesses (22,1) longest without a to h supposititiously (16,1) longest without a to k monotonously synonymously tumultuously voluptuously (12,4) longest without a to n prototropy zoosporous (10,2) longest without a to q susurrus (8,1) longest without a to s tutty (5,1) longest without e humuhumunukunukuapuaas macracanthorhynchiasis phonocardiographically prorhipidoglossomorpha supradiaphragmatically (22,5) longest without et humuhumunukunukuapuaas phonocardiographically prorhipidoglossomorpha (22,3) longest without eta coccidioidomycosis (18,1) longest without etai phyllospondylous (16,1) longest without etain chlorophyllous chromosomology chrysochlorous phyllomorphous polymorphously scolopophorous (14,6) longest without etains promorphology (13,1) Letter Choices longest all vowels aiee ieie (4,2) longest each vowel once entwicklungsroman (17,1) longest each vowel & y once cylindrocellular phosphuranylites ventriculography (16,3) shortest each vowel once eulogia eutocia eutopia isourea sequoia (7,5) shortest each vowel & y once oxyuridae (9,1) shortest vowels in order caesious (8,1) shortest vowels & y in order facetiously (11,1) longest vowels in order abstentious (11,1) longest vowels & y in order abstemiously (12,1) shortest vowels in reverse order muroidea (8,1) shortest vowels & y in reverse order ? (80,0) ? longest vowels in reverse order subcontinental (14,1) longest vowels & y in reverse order ? (0,0) ? longest one vowel strengths (9,1) longest two vowels schwartzbrots (13,1) longest containing a univocalic tathagatagarbhas (16,1) longest containing e univocalic strengthlessnesses (18,1) longest containing i univocalic instinctivistic (15,1) longest containing o univocalic loxolophodonts (14,1) longest containing u univocalic struldbrugs (11,1) longest containing y univocalic glycyls gypsyfy khlysts khlysty phytyls pyrryls qyrghyz rhythms styryls thymyls tyddyns (7,11) longest alternating vowel-consonant hypovitaminosises (17,1) longest alternating vowel-consonant excluding y aluminosilicates diketopiperazine epicoracohumeral (16,3) Consonants longest consonant string bergschrund bergschrunds catchphrase eschscholtzia eschscholtzias festschrift festschriften festschrifts goldschmidtine goldschmidtines goldschmidtite goldschmidtites lachsschinken lachsschinkens latchstring mischsprache mischsprachen nachschlag nachschlage nachschlags promptscript veldtschoen weltschmerz weltschmerzes (6,24) longest one consonant assessees coccaceae (9,2) longest two consonant nauseousnesses sensuousnesses (14,2) Isograms longest pair isogram scintillescent (14,1) longest trio isogram deeded (6,1) longest tetrad isogram kukukuku (8,1) longest polygram unprosperousnesses (18,0) ? longest pyramid chachalaca deadheaded disseisees evennesses keennesses kinnikinic rememberer sassanians sereneness sleeveless susurruses (10,11) most repeated letters dihydroxycholecalciferol hydroxydesoxycorticosterone hysterosalpingographies methyldihydromorphinone microspectrophotometrically octamethylpyrophosphoramide phosphatidylethanolamine pseudohermaphroditism tetrabromophenolphthalein tetraiodophenolphthalein trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (9,11) highest containing a repeated palaeacanthocephala tathagatagarbha tathagatagarbhas (6,3) highest containing b repeated bubbybush flibbertigibbet flibbertigibbets flibbertigibbety (4,4) highest containing c repeated chroococcaceae chroococcaceous circumcrescence circumcrescences echinococcic micrococcaceae (5,6) highest containing d repeated condiddled dadded deadheaded dendrodendritic diddered diddled diddledees didodecahedron disbudded dodded doddered doddled driddled dunderheaded dunderheadedness dunderheadednesses dyakisdodecahedral dyakisdodecahedron dyakisdodecahedrons fiddledeedee fiddleheaded granddaddy lepidodendrid lepidodendrids lepidodendroid muddleheaded muddleheadedness muddleheadednesses muddyheaded puddingheaded skedaddled woodshedded (4,32) highest containing e repeated ethylenediaminetetraacetate (7,1) highest containing f repeated chiffchaff chiffchaffs giffgaff giffgaffed giffgaffing giffgaffs riffraff (4,7) highest containing g repeated aggregating aggreging chugalugging gagging gaggling ganggang ganggangs gigging giggling gigglingly glugging goggling grigging grogging guggling lallygagging lollygagging zigzagging (4,18) highest containing h repeated ichthyophthiriasis ichthyophthirius ichthyophthiriuses rhamphorhynchid rhamphorhynchids rhamphorhynchoid rhamphorhynchus (4,7) highest containing i repeated dirigibilities discriminabilities distinguishabilities divisibilities ignitibilities indiscernibilities indiscerptibilities indistinguishability indivisibility infinitesimalities intelligibilities invincibilities (6,12) highest containing j repeated ajonjoli ajonjolis avijja avijjas djokjakarta gastrojejunal gastrojejunostomy hajj hajjes hajji hajjis jajman jajmani jajmans jajoba jejuna jejunal jejune jejunely jejuneness jejunenesses jejunities jejunity jejunostomies jejunostomy jejunum jeremejevite jeremejevites jimberjawed jimjams jinglejangle jinglejangles jinjili jinjilis jipijapa jipijapas jirajara jirajaras jiujitsu jiujitsus jiujutsu jiujutsus jogjakarta jojoba jujitsu jujitsus juju jujube jujubes jujus jujutsu juj highest containing k repeated kakkak kakkaks knickknack knickknackatories knickknackatory knickknackeries knickknackery knickknacky kukukuku kukukukus (4,10) highest containing l repeated allochlorophyll allochlorophylls alloplastically intellectualistically lillypillies lillypilly polysyllabically (5,7) highest containing m repeated dynamometamorphism hamamelidanthemum immunocompromised mammatocumulus mammectomies mammectomy mammiform mammilliform mammogram mammonism mammonisms mesembryanthemum mesembryanthemums meshummadim mohammedanism mohammedanisms muhammadanism muhammadanisms mummiform tetramethylammonium thermometamorphism zamzummim zamzummims (4,23) highest containing n repeated inconvenientness inconvenientnesses nannoplankton nannoplanktonic nondenominational nondenominationalism nonentanglement nonintervention noninterventionist syngenesiotransplantation unconvincingness unconvincingnesses (5,12) highest containing o repeated monogonoporous pseudomonocotyledonous (6,2) highest containing p repeated aplopappus haplopappus hyperleptoprosopic hyperleptoprosopy snippersnapper whippersnapper (4,6) highest containing q repeated qaraqalpaq qaraqalpaqs (3,2) highest containing r repeated ferriprotoporphyrin ferroprotoporphyrin (5,2) highest containing s repeated possessionlessnesses (9,1) highest containing t repeated ethylenediaminetetraacetate tetrasubstituted throttlebottom totipotentiality yttrotantalite (5,5) highest containing u repeated humuhumunukunukuapuaa humuhumunukunukuapuaas (9,2) highest containing v repeated overconservative ovoviviparity ovoviviparous ovoviviparously ovoviviparousness vulvovaginitis (3,6) highest containing w repeated bowwow bowwows powwow powwowed powwowing powwows swallowwort whillywhaw whillywhaws whitlowwort williwaw williwaws willowware willowweed willowworm willywaw willywaws (3,17) highest containing x repeated dextropropoxyphene executrix executrixes exlex exlexes exonarthex exotoxic exotoxin hexachlorocyclohexane hexahydroxy hexaxon hexoxide hydroxydeoxycorticosterone hydroxydesoxycorticosterone maxixe maxixes myxoxanthin oxyhexactine oxyhexaster paxwax paxwaxes paxywaxies paxywaxy saxifrax saxifraxes saxitoxin sextuplex xanthotoxin xanthoxenite xanthoxenites xanthoxylaceae xanthoxyletin xanthoxyletins xanthoxylin xanthoxylins xanthoxylum xanthoxylums (2,37) highest containing y repeated acetylphenylhydrazine acetylphenylhydrazines anhydrohydroxyprogesterone anhydrohydroxyprogesterones brachydactyly chylophylly cryptozygy cystopyelography cytophysiologically cytophysiology dacryocystorhinostomy dactylosymphysis dihydroxyphenylalanine dyssynergy glycolytically gypsyfy gypsyfying hydrodynamically hydronymy hydroxydeoxycorticosterone hydroxydesoxycorticosterone hydroxyethyl hydroxyethylation hydroxyethylations hydroxylysine hydroxymethyl hydroxymethylation hydrox highest containing z repeated pizzazz pizzazzes razzmatazz razzmatazzes (4,4) most different letters blepharoconjunctivitis pseudolamellibranchiata pseudolamellibranchiate psychogalvanometric (16,4) highest ratio length/letters kukukuku (400,1) highest ratio length/letters (no tautonyms) senselessnesses (375,1) lowest length 16 ratio length/letters ventriculography (106,1) lowest length 17 ratio length/letters entwicklungsroman hydrobasaluminite pterygomandibular (113,3) lowest length 18 ratio length/letters carboxyhemoglobins entwicklungsromane hyperglobulinemias psychogalvanometer ventriculographies (120,5) lowest length 19 ratio length/letters psychogalvanometric (118,1) lowest length 20 ratio length/letters brachycephalizations dimethyltubocurarine encephalomyocarditis magnetofluiddynamics moschellandsbergites (133,5) lowest length 21 ratio length/letters diphenylthiocarbazone pseudolamellibranchia sphygmomanometrically (140,3) lowest length 22 ratio length/letters blepharoconjunctivitis (137,1) lowest length 23 ratio length/letters pseudolamellibranchiata pseudolamellibranchiate (143,2) lowest length 24 ratio length/letters diphenylaminechlorarsine laryngotracheobronchitis meningoencephalomyelitis (171,3) lowest length 25 ratio length/letters spectroheliokinematograph (166,1) Letter Appearance longest narrow letters (ACEMNORSUVWXZ) erroneousnesses verrucosenesses (15,2) longest tall letters (BDFGHIJKLPQTY) lighttight lillypilly (10,2) longest vertical-symmetry letters (AHIMOTUVWXY) homotaxia thymomata (9,2) longest horizontal-symmetry letters (BCDEHIKOX) checkbook checkhook chookchie (9,3) highest ratio of dotted letters (IJ) jinjili (71,1) Typewriter longest top row proprietory proterotype rupturewort (11,3) longest middle row shakalshas (10,1) longest in order wettish (7,1) longest in reverse order bourree chapote chappie chappow gouttee (7,5) longest left hand tesseradecades (14,0) ? longest right hand hypolimnion kinnikinnik (11,2) longest alternating hands leucocytozoans (14,1) longest one finger deeded humhum hummum muhuhu muumuu (6,5) longest adjacent keys assessees redresser redresses seeresses sweeswees (9,5) Puzzle longest formed with chemical symbols nonrepresentationalism (22,1) longest formed with US postal codes convallarias (12,1) longest formed with compass points newnesses sweeswees (9,2) longest formed with piano notes cabbaged fabaceae fagaceae (8,3) Letter Order longest letters in order aegilops (8,1) longest letters in order with repeats aegilops (8,1) longest letters in reverse order sponged wronged (7,2) longest letters in reverse order with repeats trollied (8,1) longest roller-coaster decriminalizations provincializations (18,2) longest no letters in place trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (29,1) most letters in place abudefduf agammaglobulinemias archencephalon archetypical archetypically syngenesiotransplantation (5,6) most letters in place shifted cooperatively daughterlinesses definitivenesses gymnoplast gymnoplasts inoperative inoperativeness inopportunely intraoperatively neighborlinesses operatively postoperatively preoperatively undefendablenesses unoperative unspiritually (6,16) most consecutive letters in order consecutively bierstube bierstuben bierstubes gymnopaedia gymnopaedias gymnopaedic gymnopedia gymnopedias gymnophiona gymnoplast gymnoplasts klavierstuck limnopithecus limnoplankton limnoplanktonic overstudy overstuff overstuffed semnopithecus semnopitheque semnopitheques thamnophile thamnophiles thamnophiline thamnophilus thamnophis understudy (4,27) most consecutive letters in order aborticide aborticides abscinded absconded abscondence abscondences alimentotherapy aluminographies aluminography aluminotype aluminotypes ambuscade ambuscaded ambuscades helminthosporia helminthosporin helminthosporins helminthosporium helminthosporiums helminthosporoid laminograph laminographic laminographies laminography laminosioptes limnograph limnopithecus limnoplankton limnoplanktonic luminophor luminophors luminoscope opaquers reconstructive reconstructively redist most consecutive letters appropinquates appropinquations appropinquities equiponderates equiponderations perquisition perquisitions preconquest propinquities quadruplications sesquiterpenoid sesquiterpenoids (8,12) highest ratio of consecutive letters to length klompen (85,1) ==> english/repeat.p <== What is a sentence containing the most repeated words, without: using quotation marks, using a language other than English, anything else distasteful. Five "had"s in a row: The parents were unable to conceive, so they hired someone else to be a surrogate. The parents had had a surrogate have their child. The parents had had had their child. The child had had no breakfast. The child whose parents had had had had had no breakfast. ==> english/repeated.words.p <== What is a sentence with the same word several times repeated? ==> english/repeated.words.s <== It is true for all that, that that that that that that signifies, is not the one to which I refer. Here are some steps to understanding the entire sentence: That is not the one to which I refer. That (that that that signifies) is not the one to which I refer. That that that that that that signifies, is not the one to which I refer. In Annamite: (Three ladies gave a box on the ear to the favorite of the Prince.) ==> english/rhyme.p <== What English words are hard to rhyme? "Rhyme is the identity in sound of an accented vowel in a word...and of all consonantal and vowel sounds following it; with a difference in the sound of the consonant immediately preceding the accented vowel." (From The Complete Rhyming Dictionary by Clement Wood). Appropriately Wood says a couple of pages later, "If a poet commences, 'October is the wildest month' he has estopped himself from any rhyme; since "month" has no rhyme in English." ==> english/rhyme.s <== NI3 = Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary NI2 = Merriam-Webster's New International Dictionary, Second Edition RHD = Random House Unabridged Dictionary + means slang, foreign, obsolete, dialectical, etc. Word Rhyme Assonance aitch brache (NI2+), taich (NI2+) naish angry unangry (NI2+) aggry filched hilched (NI3+), milched (NI2) zilch filth spilth, tilth fluxed luxed (NI3+), muxed (NI3+) ducked glimpsed rinsed purple curple (NI3+), hirple (NI3+) puss schuss scalds balds, caulds (NI3+), faulds (NI3+) scarce clairce (NI2), hairse (NI2+) cares sculpts gulps Construct a true sentence of the form: "This sentence contains _ a's, _ b's, _ c's, ...," where the numbers filling in the blanks are spelled out. ==> english/self.ref.letters.s <== A little history of the problem, culled from the pages of _Metamagical Themas_, Hofstadter's collection of his _Scientific American_ columns. First mention of it is in the Jan. '82 column, a followup to one on self- referential sentences. Lee Sallows opened the field with a sentence that began "Only the fool would take trouble to verify that his sentence was composed of ten a's ...." etc. Then in the addendum to the Jan.'83 column on viral sentences, Hofstadter quotes Sallows describing his Pangram Machine, "a clock-driven cascade of sixteen Johnson-counters," to tackle the problem. An early success was: "This pangram tallies five a's, one b, one c, two d's, twenty- eight e's, eight f's, six g's, eight h's, thirteen i's, one j, one k, three l's, two m's, eighteen n's, fifteen o's, two p's, one q, seven r's, twenty-five s's, twenty-two t's, four u's, four v's, nine w's, two x's, four y's, and one z." Sallows wagered ten guilders that no-one could create a perfect self- documenting sentence beginning, "This computer-generated pangram contains ...." within ten years. It was solved very quickly, after Sallows' challenge appeared in Dewdny's Oct. '84 SA column. Larry Tesler solved it by a method Hofstadter calls "Robinsonizing," which involves starting with an arbitrary set of values for each letter, getting the true values when the sentence is made, and plugging the new values back in, making a feedback loop. Eventually, you can zero in on a set of values that work. Tesler's sentence: This computer-generated pangram contains six a's, one b, three c's, three d's, thirty-seven e's, six f's, three g's, nine h's, twelve i's, one j, one k, two l's, three m's, twenty-two n's, thirteen o's, three p's, one q, fourteen r's, twenty-nine s's, twenty-four t's, five u's, six v's, seven w's, four x's, five y's, and one z. The method of solution (called "Robinsonizing," after the logician Raphael Robinson) is as follows: 1) Fix the count of a's. 2) Fix the count of b's. 3) Fix the count of c's. ... 26) Fix the count of z's. Then, if the sentence is still wrong, go back to step 1. Most attempts will fall into long loops (what Hofstadter calls attractive orbits), but with a good computer program, it's not too hard to find a Robinsonizing sequence that zeros in on a fixed set of values. The February and May 1992 _Word Ways_ have articles on this subject, titled "In Quest of a Pangram, (Part 1)" by Lee Sallows. It tells of his search for a self-referential pangram of the form, "This pangram contains _ a's, ..., and one z." (He built special hardware to search for them.) Two such pangrams given in the article are: This pangram lists four a's, one b, one c, two d's, twenty-nine e's, eight f's, three g's, five h's, eleven i's, one j, one k, three l's, two m's twenty-two n's, fifteen o's, two p's, one q, seven r's, twenty-six s's, nineteen t's, four u's, five v's, nine w's, two x's, four y's, and one z. This pangram contains four a's, one b, two c's, one d, thirty e's, six f's, five g's, seven h's, eleven i's, one j, one k, two l's, two m's eighteen n's, fifteen o's, two p's, one q, five r's, twenty-seven s's, eighteen t's, two u's, seven v's, eight w's, two x's, three y's, & one z. It also contains one in Dutch by Rudy Kousbroek: Dit pangram bevat vijf a's, twee b's, twee c's, drie d's, zesenveertig e's, vijf f's, vier g's, twee h's, vijftien i's, vier j's, een k, twee l's, twee m's, zeventien n's, een o, twee p's, een q, zeven r's, vierentwintig s's, zestien t's, een u, elf v's, acht w's, een x, een y, and zes z's. References: Dewdney, A.K. Scientific American, Oct. 1984, pp 18-22. Sallows, L.C.F. Abacus, Vol.2, No.3, Spring 1985, pp 22-40. Sallows, L.C.F. Word Ways, Feb. & May 1992 Hofstadter, D. Scientific American, Jan. 1982, pp 12-17. ==> english/self.ref.numbers.p <== What true sentence has the form: "There are _ 0's, _ 1's, _ 2's, ..., in this sentence"? ==> english/self.ref.numbers.s <== There are 1 0's, 7 1's, 3 2's, 2 3's, 1 4's, 1 5's, 1 6's, 2 7's, 1 8's, and 1 9's in this sentence. There are 1 0's, 11 1's, 2 2's, 1 3's, 1 4's, 1 5's, 1 6's, 1 7's, 1 8's and 1 9's in this sentence. ==> english/self.ref.words.p <== What sentence describes its own word, syllable and letter count? ==> english/self.ref.words.s <== This sentence contains ten words, eighteen syllables, and sixty-four letters. ==> english/sentence.p <== Find a sentence with words beginning with the letters of the alphabet, in order. ==> english/sentence.s <== After boxes containing dynamite exploded furiously generating hellish inferno jet killing laboring miners, novice operator, paralyzed, quickly refuses surgical treatment until veteran workers x-ray youth zealously. A big cuddly dog emitted fierce growls happily ignoring joyful kids licking minute nuts on pretty queer rotten smelly toadstalls underneath vampires who x-rayed young zombies. Construct the longest coherent sentence you can such that the nth word is n letters long. ==> english/snowball.s <== I am afraid you have tasted the whole worm, and must therefore take the next town drain. Some years ago in the Parliament, a certain member known for his quick and rapier wit, cut across a certain other member who was trying to make some bad joke. He called him a "Shining Wit" then apologized for making a Spoonerism. Another famous broadcast fluff was on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, which an announcer identified as the "Canadian Broadcorping Castration." Oh yes, another radio announcer one that has sort of crept into common English usage is "one swell foop". A friend of mine had just eaten dinner in the school cafeteria, and he didn't look very happy. Another of my friends said, "John, what's wrong?" Knowing exactly what he was saying, he said, "It's the bound grief I had for dinner!" A radio announcer, talking about a royal visit (or some such) said the visitor would be greeted with a "twenty one sun galoot". There are several fractured fables based on spoonerisms, such as: A king on a desert island was so beloved by his people, they decided to give him a very special gift for the anniversary of his coronation. So after much thought, they decided to make him a throne out of seashells, which were plentiful on the island. And when it was finished, they presented it to the king, who loved it. But he soon discovered it was very uncomfortable to sit on. So he told his subjects it was too special to use everyday (so as not to hurt their feelings) and put it in the attic of his palace (which was, of course, a hut like all the other dwellings on the island), planning to use it just for special occasions. But that night, it fell through the ceiling of his bedroom and landed on top of him, killing him instantly. And the moral of the story is: Those who live in grass houses shouldn't stow thrones! ==> english/states.p <== What long words have all bigrams either a postal state code or its reverse? ==> english/states.s <== Disallowing reversals of state codes the longest common ones are: 8 malarial Since telegrams cost by the word, phonetically similar messages can be cheaper. See if you can decipher these extreme cases: UTICA CHANSON MIGRATE INVENTION ANNUAL KNOBBY SORRY IN FACTUAL BEEN CLOVER. WEED LICHEN ICE CHEST FOREARM OTHER DISGUISE DELIMIT. CANCEL MYOCARDIA ITS INFORMAL FUNCTION. YEARN AFFIX, LOST UKASE, UGANDA JAIL, CONSERVE TENURES YACHT APPEAL. EYELET SHEILA INDIA HOUSE SHEILAS TURKEY. BOB STILT SEA, CANTANKEROUS BOAT, HUMUS GOAD IMMORTAL DECOS GUARD. MARY SINBAD SHEER TOURNEY AUGUSTA WIND NOCTURNE TOOTHBRUSH. WHINE YOSEMITE NAMES SOY CAN PHILATELIST. ALBEIT DETRACT UNIVERSE EDIFY MUSTAFA TICKET TICKET IN. ==> english/telegrams.s <== These are from an old "Games" magazine: UTICA CHANSON MIGRATE INVENTION ANNUAL KNOBBY SORRY IN FACTUAL BEEN CLOVER. You take a chance on my great invention and you'll not be sorry. In fact, you'll be in clover. WEED LICHEN ICE CHEST FOREARM OTHER DISGUISE DELIMIT. We'd like a nice chest for our mother; the sky's the limit. CANCEL MYOCARDIA ITS INFORMAL FUNCTION. Can't sell my ol' car dear; it's in for malfunction. YEARN AFFIX, LOST UKASE, UGANDA JAIL, CONSERVE TENURES YACHT APPEAL. You're in a fix. Lost your case. You goin' to jail. Can serve ten years. You ought to appeal. EYELET SHEILA INDIA HOUSE SHEILAS TURKEY. I let Sheila in their house; she lost her key. BOB STILT SEA, CANTANKEROUS BOAT, HUMUS GOAD IMMORTAL DECOS GUARD. Bob's still at sea; can't anchor his boat. You must go to him or tell the coast guard. MARY SINBAD SHEER TOURNEY AUGUSTA WIND NOCTURNE TOOTHBRUSH. Mary's in bed; she hurt her knee. A gust of wind knocked her into the brush. WHINE YOSEMITE NAMES SOY CAN PHILATELIST. Why don't you (why'n'ya) send me the names, so I can fill out a list. ALBEIT DETRACT UNIVERSE EDIFY MUSTAFA TICKET TICKET IN. I'll be at the track and I have a receipt if I must have a ticket to get in. Consider the free non-abelian group on the twenty-six letters of the alphabet with all relations of the form <word1> = <word2>, where <word1> and <word2> are homophones (i.e. they sound alike but are spelled differently). Show that every letter is trivial. For example, be = bee, so e is trivial. ==> english/trivial.s <== be = bee ==> e is trivial; ail = ale ==> i is trivial; week = weak ==> a is trivial; lie = lye ==> y is trivial; to = too ==> o is trivial; two = to ==> w is trivial; hour = our ==> h is trivial; faggot = fagot ==> g is trivial; bowl = boll ==> l is trivial; gell = jel ==> j is trivial; you = ewe ==> u is trivial; damn = dam ==> n is trivial; limb = limn ==> b is trivial; bass = base ==> s is trivial; cede = seed ==> c is trivial; knead = need ==> k is trivial; add = ad ==> d is trivial; awful = offal ==> f is trivial; gram = gramme ==> m is trivial; grip = grippe ==> p is trivial; cue = queue ==> q is trivial; carrel = carol ==> r is trivial; butt = but ==> t is trivial; lox = locks ==> x is trivial; tsar = czar ==> z is trivial; vlei = flay ==> v is trivial. For a related problem, see _The Jimmy's Book_ (_The American Mathematical Monthly_, Vol. 93, Num. 8 (Oct. 1986), p. 637): Consider the free group on twenty-six letters A, ..., Z. Mod out by the relation that defines two words to be equivalent if (a) one is a permutation of the other and (b) each appears as a legitimate English word in the dictionary. Identify the center of this group. Make a sentence containing only words that violate the "i before e" rule. ==> english/weird.s <== From the May, 1990 _Word Ways_: That is IE - Or, Is That EI? by Paul Leopold "Seeing wherein neither weirdly-veiled sovereign deigned agreeing, their feisty heirs, leisurely eyeing eight heinous deity-freightened reindeer sleighs, counterfeited spontaneity, freeing rein (reveille, neighing!); forfeited obeisance, fleeing neighborhood. Kaleidoscopically-veined foreign heights being seized, either reigned, sleight surfeited, therein; reinvented skein-dyeing; reiteratedly inveighed, feigning weighty seismological reinforcement." The above passage appears in a book on the ecological conservation measures of the enlightened plutocracies of antiquity, Ancient Financier Aristocracies' Conscientious Scientific Species Policies, by Creighton Leigh Peirce and Keith Leiceister Reid. . . . Any beings decreeing such ogreish, albeit nonpareil, homogeneity must be nucleic protein-deficient from sauteing pharmacopoeial caffeine and codeine! From an 'fgrep cie /usr/dict/words', with similiar words removed. ancient coefficient concierge conscience conscientious deficient efficient financier glacier hacienda Muncie omniscient proficient science Societe(?) society species sufficient A search through Webster's on-line dictionary produced the following exceptions: Word: cie 1. -facient 2. abortifacient 3. ancien regime 4. ancient 5. ancientry 6. boccie 7. cenospecies 8. christian science 9. coefficient 10. concierge 11. conscience 12. conscience money 13. conscientious 14. conscientious objector15. deficiency 16. deficiency disease 17. deficient 18. domestic science 19. earth science 20. ecospecies 21. efficiency 22. efficiency engineer 23. efficient 24. facies 25. fancier 26. financier 27. genospecies 28. geoscience 29. glacier 30. glacier theory 31. habeas corpus ad subjiciendum32. hacienda 33. inconscient 34. inefficiency 35. inefficient 36. insufficience 37. insufficiency 38. insufficient 39. international scientific vocabulary 40. library science 41. liquefacient 42. mental deficiency 43. mutafacient 44. natural science 45. nescience 46. omniscience 47. omniscient 48. physical science 49. political science 50. precieux 51. prescience 52. prescientific 53. prima facie 54. proficiency 55. proficient 56. pseudoscience 57. rubefacient 58. science 59. science fiction 60. scient 61. sciential 62. scientific 63. scientific method 64. scientism 65. scientist 66. scientistic 67. secret society 68. self-sufficiency 69. self-sufficient 70. social science 71. social scientist 72. societal 73. society 74. society verse 75. somnifacient 76. specie 77. species 78. stupefacient 79. sub specie aeternitatis80. subspecies 81. sufficiency 82. sufficient 83. sufficient condition 84. superficies 85. type species 86. unscientific 87. valenciennes 88. vers de societe List some sentences that can be radically altered by changing word boundaries and punctuation. Issues topping our mail: manslaughter. Is Sue stopping our mailman's laughter? The real ways I saw it. There always is a wit. You read evil tomes, Tim, at Ed's issue. "You're a devil, Tom!" estimated sis Sue. ==> english/word.torture.p <== What is the longest word all of whose contiguous subsequences are words? ==> english/word.torture.s <== This problem was discussed in _Word Ways_ in 1974-5. In August 1974, Ralph Beaman, in an article titled "Word Torture", offered the word SHADES, from which one obtains HADES, SHADE; ADES, HADE, SHAD; DES, ADE, HAD, SHA; ES, DE, AD, HA, SH; S, E, D, A, H. All of these are words given in Webster's Third. Since that time, a serious search has been launched for a seven-letter word. The near misses so far are: Date Person Word Missing Aug 74 Ralph Beaman GAMINES INES, GAMI, NES, INE Nov 74 Dmitri Borgmann ABASHED INE, NES, ABASHE, BASHE, ASHE (all in OED) May 75 David Robinson GUNITES GU, GUNIT (using Webster's Second) May 75 David Robinson ETAMINE ETAMI, TAMI (using Webster's Second) May 75 Ralph Beaman MORALES RAL (using Webster's Second) Aug 75 Tom Pulliam SHEAVES EAV (using Webster's Second) Webster's Second has been used for most of the attempts since it contains so many more words than Webster's Third. The seven-letter plateau remains to be achieved. ==> games/chess/knight.control.p <== How many knights does it take to attack or control the board? ==> games/chess/knight.control.s <== Fourteen knights are required to attack every square: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ g \| \| \| N \| N \| N \| N \| \| \| --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- e \| \| N \| N \| \| \| N \| N \| \| --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- c \| \| N \| N \| N \| N \| N \| N \| \| --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Three knights are needed to attack h1, g2, and a8; two more for b1, a2, and b3, and another two for h7, g8, and f7. The only alternative pattern is: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ f \| \| \| N \| N \| N \| N \| \| \| --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- d \| \| \| N \| N \| N \| N \| \| \| --- --- ---... The following list is derived from indicators used in a variety of crosswords: the letters in the left column are the letters being indicated; the right hand column is how these letters might be indicated in a clue. Caveat emptor: many of the entries in this list would be considered unsound in some puzzles (some of these unsound indicators are marked with a +). Entries marked * are used mostly in advanced cryptics. I would welcome corrections and additions to the list. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ad in the modern age ad in the year of our Lord ad modern times ala after the style of ala in the style of ala to the (Fr.) ant if it (old word) ant six-footer di five hundred and one di princess e two hundred and fifty e two hundred and fifty thousand e universal set eta estimated time of arrival eta illegal army fare China area (Far East) fast firm i square root of -1 i straight line ib in the same place ib same place ibid in the same place ic I see j square root of -1 ja Jamaica k two hundred and fifty k vitamin loti first item in sale lower cow md one thousand five hundred me first person sd without a day fixed sdp nationalists 1. There are 29 different shapes for a side, counting reflections: 1 with 6 corners, 0 edges 3 with 5 corners, 2 edges 10 with 4 corners, 4 edges 10 with 3 corners, 6 edges 5 with 2 corners, 8 edges 2. Naturally, a surplus of corners on one side must be compensated by a deficit of corners on the other side. Thus there are 15 + 310 + C(10,2) = 5 + 30 + 55 = 90 distinct combinations of shapes, not counting the middle layer. 3. You can reach two squares from any other shape in at most 7 transforms, where a transform consists of (1) optionally twisting the top, (2) optionally twisting the bottom, and (3) flipping. 4. Each transform toggles the middle layer between Square and Kite, so you may need 8 transforms to reach a perfect cube. 5. The shapes with 4 corners and 4 edges on each side fall into four mutually separated classes. Side shapes can be assigned values: 0: Square, Mushroom, and Shield; 1: Left Fist and Left Paw; 2: Scallop, Kite, and Barrel; 3. Right Fist and Right Paw. The top and bottom's sum or difference, depending on how you look at them, is a constant. Notice that the side shapes with bilateral symmetry are those with even values. 6. To change this constant, and in particular to make it zero, you must attain a position that does not have 4 corners and 4 edges on each side. Almost any such position will do, but returning to 4 corners and 4 edges with the right constant is left to your ingenuity. 7. If the top and bottom are Squares but the middle is a Kite, just flip with the top and bottom 30deg out of phase and you will get a cube. COLORS 1. I do not know the most efficient way to restore the colors. What follows is my own suboptimal method. All flips keep the yellow stripe steady and flip the blue stripe. 2. You can permute the corners without changing the edges, so first get the edges right, then the corners. 3. This transformation sends the right top edge to the bottom and the left bottom edge to the top, leaving the other edges on the same side as they started: Twist top 30deg cl, flip, twist top 30deg ccl, twist bottom 150deg cl, flip, twist bottom 30deg cl, twist top 120deg cl, flip, twist top 30deg ccl, twist bottom 150deg cl, flip, twist bottom 30deg cl. Cl and ccl are defined looking directly at the face. With this transformation you can eventually get all the white edges on top. 4. Check the parity of the edge sequence on each side. If either is wrong, you need to fix it. Sorry -- I don't know how! (See any standard reference on combinatorics for an explanation of parity.) 5. The following transformation cyclically permutes ccl all the top edges but the right one and cl all the bottom edges but the left one. Apply the transformation in 3., and turn the whole cube 180deg. Repeat. This is a useful transformation, though not a cure-all. 6. Varying the transformation in 3. with other twists will produce other results. 7. The following transformation changes a cube into a Comet and Star: Flip to get Kite and Kite. Twist top and bottom cl 90deg and flip to get Barrel and Barrel. Twist top cl 30 and bottom cl 60 and flip to get Scallop and Scallop. Twist top cl 60 and bottom cl 120 and flip to get Comet and Star. The virtue of the Star is that it contains only corners, so that you can permute the corners without altering the edges. 8. To reach a Lemon and Star instead, replace the final bottom cl 120 with a bottom cl 60. In both these transformation the Star is on the bottom. 9. The following transformation cyclically permutes all but the bottom left rear. It sends the top left front to the bottom, and the bottom left front to the top. Go to Comet and Star. Twist star cl 60. Go to Lemon and Star -- you need not return all the way to the cube, but do it if you're unsure of yourself by following 7 backwards. Twist star cl 60. Return to cube by following 8 backwards. With this transformation you should be able to get all the white corners on top. 10. Check the parity of the corner sequences on both sides. If the bottom parity is wrong, here's how to fix it: Go to Lemon and Star. The colors on the Star will run WWGWWG. Twist it 180 and return to cube. 11. If the top parity is wrong, do the same thing, except that when you go from Scallop and Scallop to Lemon and Star, twist the top and bottom ccl instead of cl. The colors on the Star should now run GGWGGW. 12. Once the parity is right on both sides, the basic method is to go to Comet and Star, twist the star 120 cl (it will be WGWGWG), return to cube, twist one or both sides, go to Comet and Star, undo the star twist, return to cube, undo the side twists. With no side twists, this does nothing. If you twist the top, you will permute the top corners. If you twist the bottom, you will permute the bottom corners. Eventually you will get both the top and the bottom right. Don't forget to undo the side twists -- you need to have the edges in the right places. Happy twisting.... THINK & JUMP: FIRST THINK, THEN JUMP UNTIL YOU ARE LEFT WITH ONE PEG! O - O O - O / \ / \ / \ / \ BOARD DESCRIPTION: To the right is a model of \ / \ / \ / \ / the Think & Jump board. The O---O---O---O---O---O O's represent holes which / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ DIRECTIONS: To play this brain teaser, you begin / \ / \ / \ / \ by removing the center peg. Then, O---O---O---O---O moving any direction in the grid, \ / \ / \ / \ / jump over one peg at a time, O - O O - O removing the jumped peg - until only one peg is left. It's harder then it looks. But it's more fun than you can imagine. SKILL CHART: 10 pegs left - getting better 5 pegs left - true talent 1 peg left - you're a genius Manufactured by Pressman Toy Corporation, NY, NY. ==> games/think.and.jump.s <== Three-color the board in the obvious way. The initial configuration has 12 of each color, and each jump changes the parity of all three colors. Thus, it is impossible to achieve any position where the colors do not have the same parity; in particular, (1,0,0). If you remove the requirement that the initially-empty cell must be at the center, the game becomes solvable. The demonstration is left as an exercise. Karl Heuer rutgers!harvard!ima!haddock!karl [email protected] Here is one way of reducing Think & Jump to two pegs. Long simplifies Balsley's scintillating snowflake solution: 1 U-S A - B C - D 2 H-U / \ / \ / \ / \ 13 h-Y h - i j - k 14 k-Z The board should now be in the snowflake pattern, i.e. look like o - * * - o \ / \ / \ / \ / o - * * - o where o is empty and * is a peg. The top and bottom can now be reduced to single pegs individually. For example, we could continue 15 g-T which finishes the bottom. The top can be done in a similar manner. -- In random tic-tac-toe, what is the probability that the first mover wins? ==> games/tictactoe.s <== First assume that the game goes on even after a win. (Later figure out who won if each player gets a row of three.) Then there are 9!/5!4! possible final boards, of which 86!/2!4! - 264!/0!4! - 334!/0!4! - 1 = 98 have a row of three Xs. The first term is 8 rows times (6 choose 2) ways to put down the remaining 2 Xs. The second term is the number of ways X can have a diagonal row plus a horizontal or vertical row. The third term is the number of ways X can have a vertical and a horizontal row, and the 4th term is the number of ways X can have two diagonal rows. All the two-row configurations must be subtracted to avoid double-counting. There are 86!/1!5! = 48 ways O can get a row. There is no double- counting problem since only 4 Os are on the final board. There are 623!/2!1! = 36 ways that both players can have a row. (6 possible rows for X, each leaving 2 possible rows for O and (3 choose 2) ways to arrange the remaining row.) These cases need further consideration. There are 98 - 36 = 62 ways X can have a row but not O. There are 48 - 36 = 12 ways O can have a row but not X. There are 126 - 36 - 62 - 12 = 16 ways the game can be a tie. Now consider the 36 configurations in which each player has a row. Each such can be achieved in 5!4! = 2880 orders. There are 34!4! = 1728 ways that X's last move completes his row. In these cases O wins. There are 233!3! = 216 ways that Xs fourth move completes his row and Os row is already done in three moves. In these cases O also wins. Altogether, O wins 1728 + 216 = 1944 out of 2880 times in each of these 36 configurations. X wins the other 936 out of 2880. Altogether, the probability of X winning is ( 62 + 36(936/2880) ) / 126. win: 737 / 1260 ( 0.5849206... ) 1000000 games: won 584865, lost 288240, tied 126895 Instead, how about just methodically having the program play every possible game, tallying up who wins? Wonderful idea, especially since there are only 9! ~ 1/3 million possible games. Of course some are identical because they end in fewer than 8 moves. It is clear that these should be counted multiple times since they are more probable than games that go longer. 362880 games: won 212256, lost 104544, tied 46080 #include <stdio.h> int N, move, won, lost, tied; int perm[9] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }; int rows[8][3] = { { 0, 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 }, { 6, 7, 8 }, { 0, 3, 6 }, { 1, 4, 7 }, { 2, 5, 8 }, { 0, 4, 8 }, { 2, 4, 6 } }; for ( move=0; move<9; move++ ) { board[perm[move]] = (move&1) ? 4 : 1; if ( move >= 4 && over() ) tied++; #ifdef DEBUG printf("%1d%1d%1d\n%1d%1d%1d w %d, l %d, t %d\n%1d%1d%1d\n\n", board[0], board[1], board[2], board[3], board[4], board[5], won, lost, tied, board[6], board[7], board[8]); #endif printf("%d games: won %d, lost %d, tied %d\n", N, won, lost, tied); exit(0); for ( row=rows[0]; row<rows[8]; row+=3 ) { s = board[row[0]] + board[row[1]] + board[row[2]]; if ( s == 3 ) int i = n-2, j=n-1, t; while ( i >= 0 && c[i] >= c[i+1] ) i--; while ( c[j] <= c[i] ) j--; t = c[i]; c[i] = c[j]; c[j] = t; i++; j = n-1; t = c[i]; c[i] = c[j]; c[j] = t; i++; j--; Can three houses be connected to three utilities without the pipes crossing? _______ _______ _______ ==> geometry/K3,3.s <== The problem you describe is to draw a bipartite graph of 3 nodes connected in all ways to 3 nodes, all embedded in the plane. The graph is called K3,3. A famous theorem of Kuratowsky says that all graphs can be embedded in the plane, EXCEPT those containing K3,3 or K5 (the complete graph on 5 vertices, i.e., the graph with 5 nodes and 10 edges) as a subgraph. So your problem is a minimal example of a graph that cannot be embedded in the plane. The proofs that K5 and K3,3 are non-planar are really quite easy, and only depend on Euler's Theorem that F-E+V=2 for a planar graph. For K3,3 V is 6 and E is 9, so F would have to be 5. But each face has at least 4 edges, so E >= (F4)/2 = 10, contradiction. For K5 V is 5 and E is 10, so F = 7. In this case each face has at least 3 edges, so E >= (F3)/2 = 10.5, contradiction. The difficult part of Kuratowsky is the proof in the other direction! A quick, informal proof by contradiction without assuming Euler's Theorem: Using a map in which the houses are 1, 2, and 3 and the utilities are A, B, and C, there must be continuous lines that connect the buildings and divide the area into three sections bounded by the loops A-1-B-2-A, A-1-B-3-A, and A-2-B-3-A. (One of the areas is the infinite plane around whichever loop is the outer edge of the network.) C must be in one of these three areas; whichever area it is in, either 1, or 2, or 3, is not part of the loop that rings its area and hence is inaccessible to C. The usual quibble is to solve the puzzle by running one of the pipes underneath one of houses on its way to another house; the puzzle's instructions forbid crossing other pipes, but not crossing other houses. ==> geometry/bear.p <== If a hunter goes out his front door, goes 50 miles south, then goes 50 miles west, shoots a bear, goes 50 miles north and ends up in front of his house. What color was the bear? ==> geometry/bear.s <== The hunter's door is in one of two locations. One is a foot or so from the North Pole, facing north, such that his position in front of the door is precisely upon the North Pole. Since that's a ridiculous place to build a house and since bears do not roam within fifty miles of the pole, the bear is either imaginary or imported, and there is no telling what color it is. There is another place (actually a whole set) on earth from which one can go fifty miles south, fifty miles west, and fifty miles north and end up where one started. Consider the parallel of latitude close enough to the South Pole that the circumference of the earth at that latitude is 50/n miles, for some integer n. Take any point on that parallel of latitude and pick the point fifty miles north of it. Situate the hunter's front porch there. The hunter goes fifty miles south from his porch and is at a point we'll call A. He travels fifty miles west, going n times around the earth, and is at A again, where he shoots the bear. Fifty miles north from A he is back home. Since bears are not indigenous to the Antarctic, again the bear is either imaginary or imported and there is no telling what color it might be. ==> geometry/bisector.p <== If two angle bisectors of a triangle are equal, then the triangle is isosceles (more specifically, the sides opposite to the two angles being bisected are equal). The following proof is probably from Altshiller-Court's College Geometry, since that's where I first saw the problem. Let the triangle be ABC, with angle bisectors BE and CD. Let F be such that BEFD is a parallelagram. Let x = measure of angle CBE = angle DBE, y = measure of angle BCD = angle DCE, x' = measure of angle EFC, y' = measure of angle ECF. (You will probably want to draw a picture.) Suppose x > y. Consider the triangles EBC and DCB. Since BC = BC and BE = CD, we must have CE > BD. Now, since BD = EF, we have that CE > EF, so that x' > y'. Thus x+x' > y+y'. But, triangle FDC is isosceles, since DF = BE = DC, so x+x' = y+y', a contradiction. Similarly, we cannot have x < y. Therefore the base angles of ABC are equal, making ABC an isosceles triangle. QED ==> geometry/calendar.p <== Build a calendar from two sets of cubes. On the first set, spell the months with a letter on each face of three cubes. Use lowercase three-letter abbreviations for the names of all twelve months (e.g., "jan", "feb", "mar"). On the second set, number the days with a digit on each face of two cubes (e.g., "01", "02", etc.). First note that there are nineteen different letters in the month abbreviations (abcdef gjlmno prstuv y) so to get them all on the eighteen faces of 3 cubes, you know right away you're going to have to resort to trickery. So I wrote them all down and looked at which ones could be reversed to make another letter in the set. The only pair that jumped out at me was the d/p pair. Now I knew that it was at least feasible, as long as it wasn't necessary to duplicate any letters. Then I scanned the abbreviations to find ones that had a lot of common letters. The jan-jun-jul series looked like a good place to start: was a good beginning but I realized right away that I had no room for duplicate letters and the second cube had both a and u so aug was going to be impossible. In fact I almost posted that answer. Then I realized that if Martin Gardner wrote about it, it must have a solution. :-) So I went back to the letter list. I don't put tails on my u's so it didn't strike me the first time through that n and u could be combined. Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3 j a n/u would let me get away with putting the g on the first cube to get aug, so I did. j a n/u Now came the fun part. The a was placed so I had to work around it for the other months that had an a in them (mar, apr, may). m a r d/p y (2) Now the d/p was placed so I had to work around that for sep and dec. This one was easy since they shared an e as well. d/p e s Now the e was placed so feb had to be worked in. f e b (4) The two months left (oct, nov) were far more complex. Not only did they have two "set" letters (c, n/u), there were two possible n/u's to be set with. That's why I left them for last. o t c So now I had five pieces to fit together, so that no set would have more than six letters in it. Trial and error provided: j a n/u a b e g n/u l or, c d/p g r s m alphabetically: f l j y c d/p n/u m o e v t s n/u r o f b v t y Without some gimmick the days cannot be done. Because of the dates 11 and 22, there must be a 1 and a 2 on each cube. Thus there are 8 remaining spaces for the 8 remaining numbers, and because of 30, we put 3 and 0 on different cubes. I don't think the way you allocate the others matter. Now 6 numbers on each cube can produce at most 36 distinct pairs, and we need 31 distinct pairs to represent all possible dates. But since 3 each of {4,5,6,7,8,9} are on each cube, there are at least 9 representable numbers which can't be dates. Therefore there are at most 27 distinct numbers which are dates on the two cubes, and it can't be done. In particular, not all of {04,05,06,07,08,09} can be represented. The gimmick solution would be to represent the numbers in a stylised format (like say, on a digital clock or on a computer screen) such that the 6 can be turned upside down to be a 9. Then you can have 012 on both cubes, and three each of {3,4,5,6,7,8} on the other faces. Done. Find the radius of the inscribed and circumscribed circles for a triangle. ==> geometry/circles.and.triangles.s <== Let a, b, and c be the sides of the triangle. Let s be the semiperimeter, i.e. s = (a + b + c) / 2. Let A be the area of the triangle, and let x be the radius of the incircle. Divide the triangle into three smaller triangles by drawing a line segment from each vertex to the incenter. The areas of the smaller triangles are ax/2, bx/2, and cx/2. Thus, A = ax/2 + bx/2 + cx/2, or A = sx. We use Heron's formula, which is A = sqrt(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)). This gives us x = sqrt((s-a)(s-b)(s-c)/s). The radius of the circumscribed circle is given by R = abc/4A. ==> geometry/coloring/cheese.cube.p <== A cube of cheese is divided into 27 subcubes. A mouse starts at one corner and eats through every subcube. Can it finish in the middle? ==> geometry/coloring/cheese.cube.s <== Give the subcubes a checkerboard-like coloring so that no two adjacent subcubes have the same color. If the corner subcubes are black, the cube will have 14 black subcubes and 13 white ones. The mouse always alternates colors and so must end in a black subcube. But the center subcube is white, so the mouse can't end there. ==> geometry/coloring/dominoes.p <== There is a chess board (of course with 64 squares). You are given 21 dominoes of size 3-by-1 (the size of an individual square on a chess board is 1-by-1). Which square on the chess board can you cut out so that the 21 dominoes exactly cover the remaining 63 squares? Or is it impossible? ==> geometry/coloring/dominoes.s <== There is only one way to remove a square, aside from rotations and reflections. To see that there is at most one way, do this: Label all the squares of the chessboard with A, B or C in sequence by rows starting from the top: Every trimino must cover one A, one B and one C. There is one extra A square, so an A must be removed. Now label the board again by rows starting from the bottom: CABCABCA The square removed must still be an A. The only squares that got marked with A both times are these: ........ Can you construct 4 equilateral triangles with 6 toothpicks? ==> geometry/construction/4.triangles.6.lines.s <== Use the toothpicks as the edges of a tetrahedron. ==> geometry/construction/5.lines.with.4.points.p <== Arrange 10 points so that they form 5 rows of 4 each. ==> geometry/construction/5.lines.with.4.points.s <== Draw a 5 pointed star, put a point where any two lines meet. ==> geometry/construction/square.with.compass.p <== Construct a square with only a compass and a straight edge. ==> geometry/construction/square.with.compass.s <== Draw a circle (C1 at P1). Now draw a diameter D1 (intersects at P2 and P3). Set the compass larger than before. From points P2 and P3 draw another larger circle (C2 and C3). Where these two circles cross, draw a line (D2). This line should go the center of circle C1 at a rt angle to the original diameter line. This line should cross circle C1 at P4 and P5 Reset the compass to its original size. From P2 and P4 draw a circle (C4 and C5). These circles intersect at P6 and P1. Connect P6, P2, P1, P4 for a square. ==> geometry/cover.earth.p <== A thin membrane covers the surface of the earth. One square meter is added to the area of this membrane. How much is added to the radius and volume of this membrane? ==> geometry/cover.earth.s <== We know that V = (4/3)pir^3 and A = 4pir^2. We need to find out how much V increases if A increases by 1 m^2. dV / dr = 4 * pi * r^2 dA / dr = 8 * pi * r dV / dA = (dV / dr) / (dA / dr) = (4 * pi * r^2) / (8 * pi * r) = r/2 If the area of the cover is increased by 1 square meter, then the volume it contains is increased by about 3.25 million cubic meters. We seem to be getting a lot of mileage out of such a small square of cotton. However, the new cover would not be very high above the surface of the planet -- about 6 nanometers (calculate dr/dA). ==> geometry/dissections/circle.p <== Can a circle be cut into similar pieces without point symmetry about the midpoint? Can it be done with a finite number of pieces? ==> geometry/dissections/circle.s <== Yes. Draw a circle inside the original circle, sharing a common point on the right. Now draw another circle inside the second, sharing a point at the left. Now draw another inside the third, sharing a point at the right. Continue in this way, coloring in every other region thus generated. Now, all the colored regions touch, so count this as one piece and the uncolored regions as a second piece. So the circle has been divided into two similar pieces and there is no point symmetry about the midpoint. Maybe it is cheating to call these single pieces, though. 4) 8 indentcal shapes (any shape). 5) 12 identical shapes (any shape). ==> geometry/dissections/hexagon.s <== What is considered 'identical' for these questions? If mirror-image shapes are allowed, these are all pretty trivial. If not, the problems are rather more difficult... 1. Connect the center to every second vertex. 2. Connect the center to the midpoint of each side. 3. This is the hard one. If you allow mirror images, it's trivial: bisect the hexagon from vertex to vertex, then bisect with a perpendicular to that, from midpoint of side to midpoint of side. 4. This one's neat. Let the side length of the hexagon be 2 (WLOG). We can easily partition the hexagon into equilateral triangles with side 2 (6 of them), which can in turn be quartered into equilateral triangles with side 1. Thus, our original hexagon is partitioned into 24 unit equilateral triangles. Take the trapezoid formed by 3 of these little triangles. Place one such trapezoid on the inside of each face of the original hexagon, so that the long side of the trapezoid coincides with the side of the hexagon. This uses 6 trapezoids, and leaves a unit hexagon in the center as yet uncovered. Cover this little hexagon with two of the trapezoids. Voila. An 8-identical-trapezoid partition. 5. Easy. Do the rhombus partition in #1. Quarter each rhombus by connecting midpoints of opposite sides. This produces 12 small rhombi, each of which is equivalent to two adjacent small triangles as in #4. Except for #3, all of these partitions can be achieved by breaking up the hexagon into unit equilateral triangles, and then building these into the shapes desired. For #3, though, this would require (since there are 24 small triangles) trapezoids formed from 6 triangles each. The only trapezoid that can be built from 6 identical triangles is a parallelogram; I assume that the poster wouldn't have asked for a trapezoid if you could do it with a special case of trapezoid. At any rate, that parallelogram doesn't work. ==> geometry/dissections/square.70.p <== Since 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2 + ... + 24^2 = 70^2, can a 70x70 sqaure be dissected into 24 squares of size 1x1, 2x2, 3x3, etc.? ==> geometry/dissections/square.70.s <== Martin Gardner asked this in his Mathematical Games column in the September 1966 issue of Scientific American. William Cutler was the first of 24 readers who reduced the uncovered area to 49, using all but the 7x7 square. All the patterns were the same except for interchanging the squares of orders 17 and 18 and rearranging the squares of orders 1, ..., 6, 8, 9, and 10. Nobody proved that the solution is minimal. +----------------+-------------+----------------------+---------------------+ +--------------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+ ==> geometry/dissections/square.five.p <== Can you dissect a square into 5 parts of equal area with just a straight edge? ==> geometry/dissections/square.five.s <== 1. Prove you can reflect points which lie on the sides of the square about the diagonals. 2. Construct two different rectangles whose vertices lie on the square and whose sides are parallel to the diagonals. 3. Construct points A, A', B, B' on one (extended) side of the square such that A/A' and B/B' are mirror image pairs with respect to another side of the square. 4. Construct the mirror image of the center of the square in one of the sides. 5. Divide the original square into 4 equal squares whose sides are parallel to the sides of the original square. 6. Divide one side of the square into 8 equal segments. 7. Construct a trapezoid in which one base is a square side and one base is 5/8 of the opposite square side. 8. Divide one side of the square into 5 equal segments. 9. Divide the square into 5 equal rectangles. ==> geometry/duck.and.fox.p <== A duck is swimming about in a circular pond. A ravenous fox (who cannot swim) is roaming the edges of the pond, waiting for the duck to come close. The fox can run faster than the duck can swim. In order to escape, the duck must swim to the edge of the pond before flying away. Assume that the duck can't fly until it has reached the edge of the pond. How much faster must the fox run that the duck swims in order to be always able to catch the duck? ==> geometry/duck.and.fox.s <== Assume the ratio of the fox's speed to the duck's is a, and the radius of the pond is r. The duck's best strategy is: 1. Swim around a circle of radius (r/a - delta) concentric with the pond until you are diametrically opposite the fox (you, the fox, and the center of the pond are colinear). 2. Swim a distance delta along a radial line toward the bank opposite the fox. 3. Observe which way the fox has started to run around the circle. Turn at a RIGHT ANGLE in the opposite direction (i.e. if you started swimming due south in step 2 and the fox started running to the east, i.e. clockwise around the pond, then start swimming due west). (Note: If at the beginning of step 3 the fox is still in the same location as at the start of step 2, i.e. directly opposite you, repeat step 2 instead of turning.) 4. While on your new course, keep track of the fox. If the fox slows down or reverses direction, so that you again become diametrically opposite the fox, go back to step 2. Otherwise continue in a straight line until you reach the bank. 5. Fly away. The duck should make delta as small as necessary in order to be able to escape the fox. The key to this strategy is that the duck initially follows a radial path away from the fox until the fox commits to running either clockwise or counterclockwise around the pond. The duck then turns onto a new course that intersects the circle at a point MORE than halfway around the circle from the fox's starting position. In fact, the duck swims along a tangent of the circle of radius r/a. Let theta = arc cos (1/a) then the duck swims a path of length r sin theta + delta but the fox has to run a path of length r(pi + theta) - adelta around the circle. In the limit as delta goes to 0, the duck will escape as long as r(pi + theta) < ar sin theta that is, pi + arc cos (1/a) - a * sqrt(a^2 - 1) < 0 Maximize a in the above: a = 4.6033388487517003525565820291030165130674... The fox can catch the duck as long as he can run about 4.6 times as fast as the duck can swim. "But wait," I hear you cry, "When the duck heads off to that spot 'more than halfway' around the circle, why doesn't the fox just double back? That way he'll reach that spot much quicker." That is why the duck's strategy has instructions to repeat step 2 under certain circumstances. Note that at the end of step 2, if the fox has started to run to head off the duck, say in a clockwise direction, he and the duck are now on the same side of some diameter of the circle. This continues to be true as long as both travel along their chosen paths at full speed. But if the fox were now to try to reach the duck's destination in a counterclockwise direction, then at some instant he and the duck must be on a diameter of the pond. At that instant, they have exactly returned to the situation that existed at the end of step 1, except that the duck is a little closer to the edge than she was before. That's why the duck always repeats step 2 if the fox is ever diametrically opposite her. Then the fox must commit again to go one way or the other. Every time the fox fails to commit, or reverses his commitment, the duck gets a distance delta closer to the edge. This is a losing strategy for the fox. The limiting ratio of velocities that this strategy works against cannot be improved by any other strategy, i.e., if the ratio of the duck's speed to the fox's speed is less than a then the duck cannot escape given the best fox strategy. Given a ratio R of speeds less than the above a, the fox is sure to catch the duck (or keep it in water indefinitely) by pursuing the following strategy: Do nothing so long as the duck is in a radius of R around the centre. As soon as it emerges from this circle, run at top speed around the circumference. If the duck is foolish enough not to position itself across from the center when it comes out of this circle, run "the short way around", otherwise run in either direction. To see this it is enough to verify that at the circumference of the circle of radius R, all straight lines connecting the duck to points on the circumference (in the smaller segment of the circle cut out by the tangent to the smaller circle) bear a ratio greater than R with the corresponding arc the fox must follow. That this is enough follows from the observation that the shortest curve from a point on a circle to a point on a larger concentric circle (shortest among all curves that don't intersect the interior of the smaller circle) is either a straight line or an arc of the smaller circle followed by a tangential straight line. How much will a band around the equator rise above the surface if it is made one meter longer? ==> geometry/earth.band.s <== The formula for the circumference of a circle is 2 * pi * radius. Therefore, if you increase the circumference by 1 meter, you increase the radius by 1/(2 * pi) meters, or about 0.16 meters. ==> geometry/ham.sandwich.p <== Consider a ham sandwich, consisting of two pieces of bread and one of ham. Suppose the sandwich was dropped into a machine and spindled, torn and mutiliated. Is it still possible to divide the ham sandwich with a straight knife cut such that both the ham and the bread are divided in two parts of equal volume? ==> geometry/ham.sandwich.s <== Yes. There is a theorem in topology called the Ham Sandwich Theorem, which says: Given 3 (finite) volumes (each may be of any shape, and in several pieces), there is a plane that cuts each volume in half. One would learn about it typically in a first course in algebraic topology, or maybe in a course on introductory topology (if you studied the fundamental group). You are hiking in a half-planar woods, exactly 1 mile from the edge, when you suddenly trip and lose your sense of direction. What's the shortest path that's guaranteed to take you out of the woods? Assume that you can navigate perfectly relative to your current location and (unknown) heading. Go 2/sqrt(3) away from the starting point, turn 120 degrees and head 1/sqrt(3) along a tangent to the unit circle, then traverse an arc of length 7pi/6 along this circle, then head off on a tangent 1 mile. This gives a minimum of sqrt(3) + 7pi/6 + 1 = 6.397... It remains to prove this is the optimal answer. ==> geometry/hole.in.sphere.p <== Old Boniface he took his cheer, Then he bored a hole through a solid sphere, Clear through the center, straight and strong, And the hole was just six inches long. Now tell me, when the end was gained, What volume in the sphere remained? Sounds like I haven't told enough, But I have, and the answer isn't tough! ==> geometry/hole.in.sphere.s <== The volume of the leftover material is equal to the volume of a 6" sphere. First, lets look at the 2 dimensional equivalent of this problem. Two concentric circles where the chord of the outer circle that is tangent to the inner circle has length D. What is the area of the "doughnut" area between the circles? It is pi * (D/2)^2. The same area as a circle with that diameter. Proof: big circle radius is R little circle radius is r area of donut = pi * R - pi * r 2 2 Draw a right triangle and apply the Pythagorean Theorem to see that 2 2 2 Start with a sphere of radius R (where R > 6"), drill out the 6" high hole. We will now place this large "ring" on a plane. Next to it place a 6" high sphere. By Archemedes' theorem, it suffices to show that for any plane parallel to the base plane, the cross- sectional area of these two solids is the same. Take a general plane at height h above (or below) the center of the solids. The radius of the circle of intersection on the sphere is radius = srqt(3^2 - h^2) so the area is pi * ( 3^2 - h^2 ) For the ring, once again we are looking at the area between two concentric circles. The outer circle has radius sqrt(R^2 - h^2), The area of the outer circle is therefore pi (R^2 - h^2) The inner circle has radius sqrt(R^2 - 3^2). So the area of the inner circle is pi * ( R^2 - 3^2 ) the area of the doughnut is therefore pi(R^2 - h^2) - pi( R^2 - 3^2 ) = pi (R^2 - h^2 - R^2 + 3^2) = pi (3^2 - h^2) Therefore the areas are the same for every plane intersecting the solids. Therefore their volumes are the same. QED ==> geometry/ladders.p <== Two ladders form a rough X in an alley. The ladders are 11 and 13 meters long and they cross 4 meters off the ground. How wide is the alley? ==> geometry/ladders.s <== Ladders 1 and 2, denoted L1 and L2, respectively, will rest along two walls (taken to be perpendicular to the ground), and they will intersect at a point O = (a,s), a height s from the ground. Find the largest s such that this is possible. Then find the width of the alley, w = a+b, in terms of L1, L2, and s. This diagram is not to scale. \| \ O / \| s = height of intersection x\| \ / \|y A = (0,0) (0,0) = A a E b C ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Without loss of generality, let L2 >= L1. Observe that triangles AOB and DOC are similar. Let r be the ratio of similitude, so that x=ry. Consider right triangles CAB and ACD. By the Pythagorean theorem, L1^2 - x^2 = L2^2 - y^2. Substituting x=ry, this becomes y^2(1-r^2) = L2^2 - L1^2. Letting L= L2^2 -L1^2 (L>=0), and factoring, this becomes () y^2 (1+r)(1-r) = L Now, because parallel lines cut L1 (a transversal) in proportion, r = x/y ... Is there an algorithom for solving the hanoi tower puzzle for any number of towers? Is there an equation for determining the minimum number of moves required to solve it, given a variable number of disks and towers? ==> induction/hanoi.s <== The best way of thinking of the Towers of Hanoi problem is inductively. To move n disks from post 1 to post 2, first move (n-1) disks from post 1 to post 3, then move disk n from post 1 to post 2, then move (n-1) disks from post 3 to post 2 (same procedure as moving (n-1) disks from post 1 to post 3). In order to figure out how to move (n-1) disks from post 1 to post 3, first move (n-2) disks . . . . As far as an algorithm which straightens out any legal position is concerned, the algorithm would go something like this: 1. Find the smallest disk. Call the post that it's on post 1. 2. Find the smallest disk which is not on post 1. This disk is, say, size k. (I am calling the smallest disk size 1 here.) Call the post that disk k is on post 2. Disks 1 through (k-1) are then all stacked up correctly on post 1 disk k is on top of post 2. This follow from the fact that the disks are in a legal postition. 3. Move disks 1 through (k-1) from post 1 to post 2, ignoring the other disks. This is just the standard Tower of Hanoi problem for (k-1) disks. 4. If the disks are not yet correctly arranged, repeat from step 1. In fact, this gives the straightening with the fewest number of moves. With 3 towers, for N number of disks, the formula for the minimum number of moves to complete the puzzle correctly is: (2^N) - 1 This bit of ancient folklore was invented by De Parville in 1884. ``In the great temple at Benares, says he, beneath the dome which marks the centre of the world, rests a brass plate in which are fixed three diamond needles, each a cubit high and as thick as the body of a bee. On one of these needles, at the creation, God placed sixty-four discs of pure gold, the largest disc resting on the brass plate, and the others getting smaller and smaller up to the top one. This is the Tower of Bramah. Day and night unceasingly the priests transfer the discs from one diamond needle to another according to the fixed and immutable laws of Bramah, which require that the priest on duty must not move more than one disc at a time and that he must place this disc on a needle so that there is no smaller disc below it. When the sixty-four discs shall have been thus transferred from the needle on which at the creation God placed them to one of the other needles, tower, temple, and Brahmins alike will crumble into dust, and with a thunderclap the world will vanish.'' (W W R Ball, MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS AND ESSAYS, p. 304) This has been discussed by several authors, e.g. Er, Info Sci 42 (1987) 137-141. Graham, Knuth and Patashnik, _Concrete_Mathematics_. There are many papers claiming to solve this, and they are probably all correct but they rely on the unproven "Frame's conjecture". In particular, for the 4 peg case the conjecture states that an optimal solution begins by forming a substack of the k smallest discs, then moving the rest, and then moving those k again; k to be determined. Here is a extensible bc program that does the same work. The output format is not that great. We get 300 numbers as output. The first hundred represent N, the next 100 represent f(N) and the last hundred represent i, which is the number of discs to move to tmp1 using f(N). For convenience, I have here some values for N <= 48. Enjoy. Sharma N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 f(N) 1 3 5 9 13 17 25 33 41 49 65 81 97 113 129 161 193 225 257 i 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 12 13 N 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 f(N) 289 321 385 449 513 577 641 705 769 897 1025 1153 1281 1409 1537 1665 i 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 N 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 f(N) 1793 2049 2305 2561 2817 3073 3329 3585 3841 4097 4609 5121 5633 i 28 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 36 37 38 / This is the bc program that gives f(N) for 4 peg case / w = 101; / This represents the number of disks / m[0] = 0; / f(n) is the function that gives the min # of moves for 4 peg case / define f(n) { / g(n) is the function that fives the min # of moves for 3 peg case / define g(n) { / x(n) is the Optimization Routine / define x(n) { for(i = 2; i < n; i++) { r = f(i) + g(n-i); if(r < j) { j = r; d = i; } } for(q = 4; q < w; q++) { t = x(q-1); m[q] = 2 t + 1; d[q] = d; /This for loop prints the number of discs from 1 <= n <= w/ for(q = 1; q < w; q++) { q; /This for loop prints f(n) for 1 <= n <= w / for(q = 1; q < w; q++) { m[q]; /This for loop prints i for 1 <= n <= w i represents the number of disks to be moved to tmp location using f(n) N-i-1 will be moved using g(n) / for(q = 1; q < w; q++) { d[q]; With what odds do three random points on an n-sphere form an acute triangle? ==> induction/n-sphere.s <== Select three points a, b, and c, randomly with respect to the surface of an n-sphere. These three points determine a fourth, x, which is the intersection of the sphere with the axis perpendicular to the abc plane. (Choose the pole nearest the plane.) I could have, just as easily, selected x, a distance d from x, and three points d units away from x. The distribution of d is not uniform, but that's ok. For every x and d, the three points abc form an acute triangle with probability p[n-1]. By induction, p[n] = 1/4. ==> induction/paradox.p <== What simple property holds for the first 10,000 integers, then fails? ==> induction/paradox.s <== Consider the sequences defined by: s(1) = a; s(2) = b; s(n) = least integer such that s(n)/s(n-1) > s(n-1)/s(n-2). In other words, s(n) = 1+floor(s(n-1)^2/s(n-2)) for n >= 3. These sequences are similar in some ways to the classically-studied Pisot sequences. For example, if a = 1, b = 2, then we get the odd-indexed Fibonacci numbers. D. Boyd of UBC, an expert in Pisot sequences, pointed out the following. If we let a = 8, b = 55 in the definition above, then the resulting sequence s(n) appears to satisfy the following linear recurrence of order 4: s(n) = 6s(n-1) + 7s(n-2) - 5s(n-3) - 6s(n-4) Indeed, it does satisfy this linear recurrence for the first 11,056 terms. However, it fails at the 11,057th term! And s(11057) is a 9270 digit number. (The reason for this coincidence depends on a remarkable fact about the absolute values of the roots of the polynomial x^4 - 6x^3 - 7x^2 + 5x + 6.) ==> induction/party.p <== You're at a party. Any two (different) people at the party have exactly one friend in common (the friend is also at the party). Prove that there is at least one person at the party who is a friend of everyone else. Assume that the friendship relation is symmetric and not reflexive. ==> induction/party.s <== Here is an easy solution by induction. Let P be the set of people in the party, and n the size of P. If n=2 or 3, the result is trivial. Suppose now that n>3 and that the result is true for n-1. For any two distinct x,y in P, write x & y to mean that `x is a friend of y', and x ~& y to mean that `x is not a friend of y'. Take q in P. The hypothesis on the relation & is still satisfied on P-{q}; by induction, the result is thus true for P-{q}, and there is some p in P-{q} such that p & x for any x in P-{p,q}. We have two cases: a) p & q. Then the result holds for P with p. b) p ~& q. By hypothesis, there is a unique r in P-{p,q} such that p & r & q. For any x in P-{p,q}, if x & q, then p & x & q, and so x=r. Thus r is the unique friend of q. Now for any s in P-{q,r} there exists some x such that s & x & q, and so x=r. This means that r & s for any s in P-{q,r}, and as r & q, the results holds in P with r. The problem can also be solved by applying the spectral theory of graphs (see for instance Bollobas' excellent book, _Extremal Graph Theory_). The problem's condition is vacuous if there is only N=1 person at the "party", impossible if N=2 (If you aren't your own friend, nor I mine, somebody else must be our mutual friend), and trivial if N=3 (everybody must be everyone else's friend). Henceforth assume N>3. Let A,B be two friends, and C their mutual friend. Let a be the number of A's friends other than B and C, and likewise b,c. Each of A's friends is also friendly with exactly one other of A's friends, and with none of B and C's other friends (if A1,B1 are friends of A,B resp. and of each other then A1 and B have more than one mutual friend); likewise for B and C. Let M=N-(a+b+c+3) be the number of people not friendly with any of A,B,C. Each of them is friendly with exactly one of A's and one of B's friends; and each pair of a friend of A and a friend of B must have exactly one of them as a mutual friend. Thus M=ab; likewise M=ab=ac=bc. Thus either M and two of a,b,c vanish, or a=b=c=k (say), M=k^2, and N=k^3+3k+3. In the first case, say b=c=0; necessarily a is even, and A is a friend of everybody else at the party, each of whom is friendly with exactly one other person; clearly any such configuration (a graph of k/2+1 triangles with a common vertex) satisfies the problem's conditions). It remains to show that the second case is impossible. Since N=k^2+3k+3 does not depend on A,B,C, neither does k, and it quickly follows that the party's friendship graph is regular with reduced matrix [ 0 k+2 0 ] and eigenvalues k+2 and +-sqrt(k+1) and multiplicities 1,m1,m2 for some integers m1 and m2 such that (m1-m2)sqrt(k+1)=-(k+2) (because the graph's matrix has trace zero). Thus sqrt(k+1) divides k+2 and k+1 divides (k+2)^2=(k+1)(k+3)+1 which is only possible if k=0, Q.E.D. ==> induction/roll.p <== An ordinary die is thrown until the running total of the throws first exceeds 12. What is the most likely final total that will be obtained? ==> induction/roll.s <== Claim: If you throw a die until the running total exceeds n>=5, a final outcome of n+1 is more likely than any other. Assume we throw an m for a total n+k>n+1, and assume m-k>=0. Now, it is just as likely to throw an m as an m-k+1, which means that the sum n+1 is just as likely as any other. Now consider the series of throws consisting of n-5 1's followed by a 6 and note that we cannot achieve more than an n+1 by changing the last die roll. Hence, a total of n+1 is more likely than any other. ==> induction/takeover.p <== After graduating from college, you have taken an important managing position in the prestigious financial firm of "Mary and Lee". You are responsable for all the decisions concerning take-over bids. Your immediate concern is whether to take over "Financial Data". There is no doubt that you will be successful if you are the first to bid and that this will be profitable for the firm and you in the long run. However, you know that there exist another n financial firms, similar to "Mary and Lee", that are also considering the possibility. Although you are likely to be the first one to move, you know that just after a take-over there is a lot of adjustment that needs to be done. In fact, for a period of time following any take-over the successful firm becomes a prime candidate for a take-over which will cost the job of whoever is responsable for take-overs. Among all financial firms it is common knowledge that the managers responsable for take-overs are rational and intelligent. What is your best response? ==> induction/takeover.s <== Assume the takeover is wise for n. The takeover is then unwise for n+1, as the other companies now find themselves in the same situation as you for n. If the decision is unwise for n, by similar reasoning it is wise to takeover FD for n+1. Now note that for n=1 the takeover decision is clearly unwise, hence by induction you should takeover FD iff n is even. ==> logic/29.p <== Three people check into a hotel. They pay $30 to the manager and go to their room. The manager finds out that the room rate is $25 and gives $5 to the bellboy to return. On the way to the room the bellboy reasons that $5 would be difficult to share among three people so he pockets $2 and gives $1 to each person. Now each person paid $10 and got back $1. So they paid $9 each, totalling $27. The bellboy has $2, totalling $29. Where is the remaining dollar? ==> logic/29.s <== Each person paid $9, totalling $27. The manager has $25 and the bellboy $2. The bellboy's $2 should be added to the manager's $25 or subtracted from the tenants' $27, not added to the tenants' $27. ==> logic/ages.p <== 1) Ten years from now Tim will be twice as old as Jane was when Mary was nine times as old as Tim. 2) Eight years ago, Mary was half as old as Jane will be when Jane is one year older than Tim will be at the time when Mary will be five times as old as Tim will be two years from now. 3) When Tim was one year old, Mary was three years older than Tim will be when Jane is three times as old as Mary was six years before the time when Jane was half as old as Tim will be when Mary will be ten years older than Mary was when Jane was one-third as old as Tim will be when Mary will be three times as old as she was when Jane was born. HOW OLD ARE THEY NOW? ==> logic/ages.s <== The solution: Tim is 3, Jane is 8, and Mary is 15. A little grumbling is in order here, as clue number 1 leads to the situation a year and a half ago, when Tim was 1 1/2, Jane was 6 1/2, and Mary was 13 1/2. This sort of problem is easy if you write down a set of equations. Let t be the year that Tim was born, j be the year that Jane was born, m be the year that Mary was born, and y be the current year. As indefinite years come up, let y1, y2, ... be the indefinite years. Then the equations are y + 10 - t = 2 (y1 - j) y1 - m = 9 (y1 - t) y - 8 - m = 1/2 (y2 - j) y2 - j = 1 + y3 - t y3 - m = 5 (y + 2 - t) t + 1 - m = 3 + y4 - t y4 - j = 3 (y5 - 6 - m) y5 - j = 1/2 (y6 - t) y6 - m = 10 + y7 - m y7 - j = 1/3 (y8 - t) y8 - m = 3 (j - m) t = y - 3 A bookworm eats from the first page of an encyclopedia to the last page. The bookworm eats in a straight line. The encyclopedia consists of ten 1000-page volumes. Not counting covers, title pages, etc., how many pages does the bookworm eat through? ==> logic/bookworm.s <== On a book shelf the first page of the first volume is on the "inside" __ __ ---------------------------------- so the bookworm eats only through the cover of the first volume, then 8 times 1000 pages of Volumes 2 - 9, then through the cover to the 1st page of Vol 10. He eats 8,000 pages. Which Box Contains the Gold? Two boxes are labeled "A" and "B". A sign on box A says "The sign on box B is true and the gold is in box A". A sign on box B says "The sign on box A is false and the gold is in box A". Assuming there is gold in one of the boxes, which box contains the gold? ==> logic/boxes.s <== The problem cannot be solved with the information given. The sign on box A says "The sign on box B is true and the gold is in box A". The sign on box B says "The sign on box A is false and the gold is in box A". The following argument can be made: If the statement on box A is true, then the statement on box B is true, since that is what the statement on box A says. But the statement on box B states that the statement on box A is false, which contradicts the original assumption. Therefore, the statement on box A must be false. This implies that either the statement on box B is false or that the gold is in box B. If the statement on box B is false, then either the statement on box A is true (which it cannot be) or the gold is in box B. Either way, the gold is in box B. However, there is a hidden assumption in this argument: namely, that each statement must be either true or false. This assumption leads to paradoxes, for example, consider the statement: "This statement is false." If it is true, it is false; if it is false, it is true. The only way out of the paradox is to deny that the statement is either true or false and label it meaningless instead. Both of the statements on the boxes are therefore meaningless and nothing can be concluded from them. In general, statements about the truth of other statements lead to contradictions. Tarski invented metalanguages to avoid this problem. To avoid paradox, a statement about the truth of a statement in a language must be made in the metalanguage of the language. Common sense dictates that this problem cannot be solved with the information given. After all, how can we deduce which box contains the gold simply by reading statements written on the outside of the box? Suppose we deduce that the gold is in box B by whatever line of reasoning we choose. What is to stop us from simply putting the gold in box A, regardless of what we deduced? (cf. Smullyan, "What Is the Name of This Book?", Prentice-Hall, 1978, #70) ==> logic/calibans.will.p <== \| Caliban's Will by M.H. Newman \| ---------------------------------------------- When Caliban's will was opened it was found to contain the following clause: "I leave ten of my books to each of Low, Y.Y., and 'Critic,' who are to choose in a certain order. No person who has seen me in a green tie is to choose before Low. If Y.Y. was not in Oxford in 1920 the first chooser never lent me an umbrella. If Y.Y. or 'Critic' has second choice, 'Critic' comes before the one who first fell in love." Unfortunately Low, Y.Y., and 'Critic' could not remember any of the relevant facts; but the family solicitor pointed out that, assuming the problem to be properly constructed (i.e. assuming it to contain no statement superfluous to its solution) the relevant data and order could be inferred. What was the prescribed order of choosing; and who lent Caliban an umbrella? Let T be "person who saw Caliban in a green tie." Let U be "person who lent Caliban an umbrella." Then the data are: (1) No T chooses before Low. (2) Either Y.Y. was in Oxford in March 1920 or the first chooser is not a U. (3) Either Low is second or Critic is not last. Consider first (3) If it could be shown that Low is first, then from (3), Critic is not last and therefore is second; i.e. the order is Low, Critic, Y.Y. Next (1) If both Critic and Y.Y. were T's would require Low first and (3) then gives the order Low-Critic-Y.Y., ie. (2) would be superfluous. Hence Critic and Y.Y. are not both T's. If neither Critic nor Y.Y. were a T, (1) would be trivially true for any ordering and therefore would give no information, i.e. would be superfluous. Hence just one of Y.Y. and Critic is a T. It follows that the only possible order in which Low is not first is: Not T, Low, T First if Y.Y was in Oxford in March 1920, nothing follows from (2) about the order and (2) is superfluous. Hence Y.Y. was not in Oxford. If Low were a U he would not, by (2) come first, and so by (1) the order would be: i.e. (1) and (2) alone would fix an order, and (3) would be superfluous. Hence Low is not a U. It now follows, by the arguments just given for T's under (1) that just one of Y.Y. and Critic is a U. If the same one is the T and the U (2) follows from (1) (since Low is not a U); i.e (2) is superfluous. The situation is therefore: T's: just one of Y.Y. and Critic; not Low U's: the other one of Y.Y; not Low It now follows that "not T, Low, T" is impossible, for the "not T" is the "U" and therefore, by (2), is not first. Hence Low is first, and (3) gives the order: Low, Critic, Y.Y. Finally, Y.Y. is a T, and Critic is a U. For if Critic is a T, then by (1) Low precedes Critic and hence (3) allows only "Low, Critic, Y.Y"; (2) is superfluous. I.e. Critic (only) lent Caliban an umbrella. The problem is from _Problems Omnibus_ by Hubert Phillips, Arco Publications, London, 1960. Hubert Phillips was a noted puzzelist who contributed under his own name and the pseudonyms of "Caliban", "T.O. Hare", and "The Doc". ==> logic/camel.p <== An Arab sheikh tells his two sons that are to race their camels to a distant city to see who will inherit his fortune. The one whose camel is slower will win. The brothers, after wandering aimlessly for days, ask a wiseman for advise. After hearing the advice they jump on the camels and race as fast as they can to the city. What did the wiseman say? The wiseman tells them to switch camels. ==> logic/centrifuge.p <== You are a biochemist, working with a 12-slot centrifuge. This is a gadget that has 12 equally spaced slots around a central axis, in which you can place chemical samples you want centrifuged. When the machine is turned on, the samples whirl around the central axis and do their thing. To ensure that the samples are evenly mixed, they must be distributed in the 12 slots such that the centrifuge is balanced evenly. For example, if you wanted to mix 4 samples, you could place them in slots 12, 3, 6 and 9 (assuming the slots are numbered from 1 to 12 like a clock). Problem: Can you use the centrifuge to mix 5 samples? ==> logic/centrifuge.s <== The superposition of any two solutions is yet another solution, so given that the factors > 1 of 12 (2, 3, 4, 6, 12) are all solutions, the only thing to check about, for example, the proposed solution 2+3 is that not all ways of combining 2 & 3 would have centrifuge tubes from one subsolution occupying the slot for one of the tubes in another solution. For the case 2+3, there is no problem: Place 3 tubes, one in every 4th position, then place the 4th and 5th diametrically opposed (each will end up in a slot adjacent to one of the first 3 tubes). The obvious generalization is, what are the numbers of tubes that cannot be balanced? Observing that there are solutions for 2,3,4,5,6 tubes and that if X has a solution, 12-X has also one (obtained by swapping tubes and holes), it is obvious that 1 and 11 are the only cases without solutions. Here is how this problem is often solved in practice: A dummy tube is added to produce a total number of tubes that is easy to balance. For example, if you had to centrifuge just one sample, you'd add a second tube opposite it for balance. ==> logic/children.p <== A man walks into a bar, orders a drink, and starts chatting with the bartender. After a while, he learns that the bartender has three children. "How old are your children?" he asks. "Well," replies the bartender, "the product of their ages is 72." The man thinks for a moment and then says, "that's not enough information." "All right," continues the bartender, "if you go outside and look at the building number posted over the door to the bar, you'll see the sum of the ages." The man steps outside, and after a few moments he reenters and declares, "Still not enough!" The bartender smiles and says, "My youngest just loves strawberry ice cream." How old are the children? A variant of the problem is for the sum of the ages to be 13 and the product of the ages to be the number posted over the door. In this case, it is the oldest that loves ice cream. Then how old are they? ==> logic/children.s <== First, determine all the ways that three ages can multiply together to get 72: 72 1 1 (quite a feat for the bartender) 36 2 1 6 4 3 As the man says, that's not enough information; there are many possibilities. So the bartender tells him where to find the sum of the ages--the man now knows the sum even though we don't. Yet he still insists that there isn't enough info. This must mean that there are two permutations with the same sum; otherwise the man could have easily deduced the ages. The only pair of permutations with the same sum are 8 3 3 and 6 6 2, which both add up to 14 (the bar's address). Now the bartender mentions his "youngest"--telling us that there is one child who is younger than the other two. This is impossible with 8 3 3--there are two 3 year olds. Therefore the ages of the children are 6, 6, and 2. Pedants have objected that the problem is insoluble because there could be a youngest between two three year olds (even twins are not born exactly at the same time). However, the word "age" is frequently used to denote the number of years since birth. For example, I am the same age as my wife, even though technically she is a few months older than I am. And using the word "youngest" to mean "of lesser age" is also in keeping with common parlance. So I think the solution is fine as stated. In the sum-13 variant, the possibilities are: 11 1 1 6 5 2 6 4 3 The two that remain are 9 2 2 and 6 6 1 (both products equal 36). The final bit of info (oldest child) indicates that there is only one child with the highest age. This cancels out the 6 6 1 combination, leaving the childern with ages of 9, 2, and 2. ==> logic/condoms.p <== How can you have mutually safe sex with three women with only two condoms? ==> logic/condoms.s <== Use both condoms on the first woman. Take off the outer condom (turning it inside-out in the process) and set it aside. Use the inner condom alone on the second woman. Put the outer condom back on. Use it on the third woman. ==> logic/dell.p <== How can I solve logic puzzles (e.g., as published by Dell) automatically? ==> logic/dell.s <== #define EITHER if (S[1] = S[0], ! setjmp((S++)->jb)) { #define OR } else EITHER #define REJECT longjmp((--S)->jb, 1) #define END_EITHER } else REJECT; #define Val(t1,t2) (S->tmat[t1][t2]) #define CLASS(x) \ (x = 0; x < TOT_TOKEN; x++) #define EVERY_ITEM(x, class) \ (x = CLASS(class); x < CLASS(class) + NUM_ITEM; x++) #define BEGIN \ / Here is the problem-specific data / #define NUM_ITEM 5 "HOUSE_0", "HOUSE_1", "HOUSE_2", "HOUSE_3", "HOUSE_4", "ENGLISH", "SPANISH", "NORWEG", "UKRAIN", "JAPAN", "GREEN", "RED", "IVORY", "YELLOW", "BLUE", "COFFEE", "TEA", "MILK", "OJUICE", "WATER", "DOG", "SNAIL", "FOX", "HORSE", "ZEBRA", "OGOLD", "PLAYER", "CHESTER", "LSTRIKE", "PARLIA", }; else if (Val(a1, a2) == T_UNK) { Val(a1, a2) = T_NO; else if (token == CLASS(a1) + NUM_ITEM) yes(non1, a2); else if (Val(a1, a2) == T_UNK) { Val(a1, a2) = T_YES; else if (Val(token, a1) == T_NO) no(a2, token); for (tok2 = token; tok2 < TOT_TOKEN; tok2++) if (Val(token, tok2) == T_UNK) { for (tok2 = NUM_ITEM; tok2 < TOT_TOKEN; tok2++) if (Val(token, tok2) == T_YES) printf("\t%s %s\n",names[token],names[tok2]); printf("\n"); 97 baseball teams participate in an annual state tournament. The way the champion is chosen for this tournament is by the same old elimination schedule. That is, the 97 teams are to be divided into pairs, and the two teams of each pair play against each other. After a team is eliminated from each pair, the winners would be again divided into pairs, etc. How many games must be played to determine a champion? In order to determine a winner all but one team must lose. Therefore there must be at least 96 games. ==> logic/family.p <== Suppose that it is equally likely for a pregnancy to deliver a baby boy as it is to deliver a baby girl. Suppose that for a large society of people, every family continues to have children until they have a boy, then they stop having children. After 1,000 generations of families, what is the ratio of males to females? The ratio will be 50-50 in both cases. We are not killing off any fetuses or babies, and half of all conceptions will be male, half female. When a family decides to stop does not affect this fact. ==> logic/flip.p <== How can a toss be called over the phone (without requiring trust)? ==> logic/flip.s <== A flips a coin. If the result is heads, A multiplies 2 90-digit prime numbers; if the result is tails, A multiplies 3 60-digit prime numbers. A tells B the result of the multiplication. B now calls either heads or tails and tells A. A then supplies B with the original numbers to verify the flip. ==> logic/friends.p <== Any group of 6 or more contains either 3 mutual friends or 3 mutual strangers. Prove it. ==> logic/friends.s <== Take a person X. Of the five other people, there must either be at least three acquaintances of X or at least three strangers of X. Assume wlog that X has three strangers A,B,C. Unless A,B,C is the required triad of acquaintances, they must include a pair of strangers, wlog A,B. Then X,A,B is the required triad of strangers, QED. A sheet of paper has statements numbered from 1 to 100. Statement n says "exactly n of the statements on this sheet are false." Which statements are true and which are false? What if we replace "exactly" by "at least"? ==> logic/hundred.s <== It is tempting to argue as follows: Since only one statement can be true (they are mutually contradictory), therefore 99 are false. So, all are false except for statement 99. If replaced by "at least", and the "real" number of false statements is x, then statements x+1 to 100 will be false (since they falsely claim that there are more false statements than there actually are). So, 100-x are false, ie. x=100-x, so x=50. The first 50 statements are true, and statements 51 to 100 are false. However, there is a hidden and incorrect assumption in this argument. To see this, suppose that there is one statement on the sheet and it says "One statement is false" or "At least one statement is false," either way it implies "this statement is false," which is a familiar paradoxical statement. We have learned that this paradox arises because of the false assumption that all statements are either true or false. This is the hidden assumption in the above reasoning. If it is acknowledged that some of the statements on the page may be neither true nor false (i.e., meaningless), then nothing whatsoever can be concluded about which statements are true or false. This problem has been carefully contrived to appear to be solvable (like the vacuous statement "this statement is true"). By changing the numbers in some statements and changing "true" to "false," various circular forms of the liar's paradox can be constructed. From _Litton's Problematical Recreations_ Can a digital logic circuit with two inverters invert N independent inputs? The circuit may contain any number of AND or OR gates. ==> logic/inverter.s <== It can be shown that N inverters can invert 2N-1 independent inputs, given an unlimited supply of AND and OR gates. The classic version of this puzzle is to invert 3 independent inputs using AND gates, OR gates, and only 2 inverters. So, start with N inverters. Replace 3 of them with 2. Keep doing that until you're down to 2 inverters. I was skeptical at first, because such a design requires so much feedback that I was sure the system would oscillate when switching between two particular states. But after writing a program to test every possible state change (32^2), it appears that this system settles after a maximum of 3 feedback logic iterations. I did not include gate delays in the simulation, however, which could increase the number of iterations before the system settles. In any case, it appears that the world needs only 2 inverters! :-) ==> logic/josephine.p <== The recent expedition to the lost city of Atlantis discovered scrolls attributted to the great poet, scholar, philosopher Josephine. They number eight in all, and here is the first. THE KINGDOM OF MAMAJORCA, WAS RULED BY QUEEN HENRIETTA I. IN MAMAJORCA WOMEN HAVE TO PASS AN EXTENSIVE LOGIC EXAM BEFORE THEY ARE ALLOWED TO GET MARRIED. QUEENS DO NOT HAVE TO TAKE THIS EXAM. ALL THE WOMEN IN MAMAJORCA ARE LOYAL TO THEIR QUEEN AND DO WHATEVER SHE TELLS THEM TO. THE QUEENS OF MAMAJORCA ARE TRUTHFUL. ALL SHOTS FIRED IN MAMAJORCA CAN BE HEARD IN EVERY HOUSE. ALL ABOVE FACTS ARE KNOWN TO BE COMMON KNOWLEDGE. HENRIETTA WAS WORRIED ABOUT THE INFIDELITY OF THE MARRIED MEN IN MAMAJORCA. SHE SUMMONED ALL THE WIVES TO THE TOWN SQUARE, AND MADE THE FOLLOWING ANNOUNCEMENT. "THERE IS AT LEAST ONE UNFAITHFUL HUSBAND IN MAMAJORCA. ALL WIVES KNOW WHICH HUSBANDS ARE UNFAITHFUL, BUT HAVE NO KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE FIDELITY OF THEIR OWN HUSBAND. YOU ARE FORBIDDEN TO DISCUSS YOUR HUSBAND'S FAITHFULNESS WITH ANY OTHER WOMAN. IF YOU DISCOVER THAT YOUR HUSBAND IS UNFAITHFUL, YOU MUST SHOOT HIM AT PRECISELY MIDNIGHT OF THE DAY YOU FIND THAT OUT." THIRTY-NINE SILENT NIGHTS FOLLOWED THE QUEEN'S ANNOUNCEMENT. ON THE FORTIETH NIGHT, SHOTS WERE HEARD. QUEEN HENRIETTA I IS REVERED IN MAMAJORCAN HISTORY. As with all philosophers Josephine doesn't provide the question, but leaves it implicit in his document. So figure out the questions - there are two - and answer them. Here is Josephine's second scroll. QUEEN HENRIETTA I WAS SUCCEEDED BY DAUGHTER QUEEN HENRIETTA II. AFTER A WHILE HENRIETTA LIKE HER FAMOUS MOTHER BECAME WORRIED ABOUT THE INFIDELITY PROBLEM. SHE DECIDED TO ACT, AND SENT A LETTER TO HER SUBJECTS (WIVES) THAT CONTAINED THE EXACT WORDS OF HENRIETTA I'S FAMOUS SPEECH. SHE ADDED THAT THE LETTERS WERE GUARENTEED TO REACH ALL WIVES EVENTUALLY. QUEEN HENRIETTA II IS REMEMBERED AS A FOOLISH AND UNJUST QUEEN. What is the question and answer implied by this scroll? ==> logic/josephine.s <== The two questions for scroll #1 were: 1. How many husbands were shot on that fateful night? 2. Why is Queen Henrietta I revered in Mamajorca? The answers are: If there are n unfaithful husbands (UHs), every wife of an UH knows of n-1 UH's while every wife of a faithful husband knows of n UHs. [this because everyone has perfect information about everything except the fidelity of their own husband]. Now we do a simple induction: Assume that there is only one UH. Then all the wives but one know that there is just one UH, but the wife of the UH thinks that everyone is faithful. Upon hearing that "there is at least one UH", the wife realizes that the only husband it can be is her own, and so shoots him. Now, imagine that there are just two UH's. Each wife of an UH assumes that the situation is "only one UH in town" and so waits to hear the other wife (she knows who it is, of course) shoot her husband on the first night. When no one is shot, that can only be because her OWN husband was a second UH. The wife of the second UH makes the same deduction when no shot is fired the first night (she was waiting, and expecting the other to shoot, too). So they both figure it out after the first night, and shoot their husbands the second night. It is easy to tidy up the induction to show that the n UHs will all be shot just on the n'th midnight. The question for scroll #2 is: 3. Why is Queen Henrietta II not? The answer is: The problem now is that QHII didn't realize that it is critical* that all of the wives, of faithful and UH's alike, to BEGINATTHESAMEMOMENT. The uncertainty of having a particular wife's notice come a day or two late makes the whole logic path fall apart. That's why she's foolish. She is unjust, because some wives, honed and crack logicians all, remember, will incorrectly shoot faithful husbands. Let us imagine the situation with just a SINGLE UH in the whole country. And, wouldn't you know it, the notice to the wife of the UH just happens to be held up a day, whereas everyone else's arrived the first day. Now, all of the wives that got the notice the first day know that there is just one UH in the country. And they know that the wife of that UH will think that everyone is faithful, and so they'll expect her to figure it out and shoot her husband the first night. BUT SHE DIDN"T GET TH... Answers to Jed's List of Situation Puzzles This is the list of answers to the puzzles in my situation puzzles list. See that list for more details. This document also contains variant setups and answers for some of the puzzles. Section 1: "Realistic" situation puzzles. 1.1. A bunch of people are on an ocean voyage in a yacht. One afternoon, they all decide to go swimming, so they put on swimsuits and dive off the side into the water. Unfortunately, they forget to set up a ladder on the side of the boat, so there's no way for them to climb back in, and they drown. 1.1a. Variant answer: The same situation, except that they set out a ladder which is just barely long enough. When they all dive into the water, the boat, without their weight, rises in the water until the ladder is just barely out of reach. (also from Steve Jacquot) 1.2. The room is the ballroom of an ocean liner which sank some time ago. The man ran out of air while diving in the wreck. 1.2a. Variant which puts this in section 2: same statement, ending with "a large window through which rays are coming." Answer: the rays are manta rays (this version tends to make people assume vampires are involved, unless they notice the awkwardness of the phrase involving rays). 1.3. The husband killed himself a while ago; it's his ashes in an urn on the mantelpiece that the wife looks at. It's debatable whether this belongs in section 2 for double meanings. 1.4. A poor peasant from somewhere in Europe wants desperately to get to the U.S. Not having money for airfare, he stows away in the landing gear compartment of a jet. He dies of hypothermia in mid-flight, and falls out when the landing gear compartment opens as the plane makes its final approach. 1.4a. Variant: A man is lying drowned in a dead forest. Answer: He's scuba diving when a firefighting plane lands nearby and fills its tanks with water, sucking him in with the water. He runs out of air while the plane is in flight; the plane then dumps its load of water, with him in it, onto a burning forest. (from Jim Moskowitz) 1.5. The man is a midget. He can't reach the upper elevator buttons, but he can ask people to push them for him. He can also push them with his umbrella. I've usually heard this stated with more details: "Every morning he wakes up, gets dressed, eats, goes to the elevator..." Ron Carter suggests a nice red herring: the man lives on the 13th floor of the building. 1.6. The sisters are Siamese twins. 1.6a. Variant: A man and his brother are in a bar drinking. They begin to argue (as always) and the brother won't get out of the man's face, shouting and cursing. The man, finally fed up, pulls out a pistol and blows his brother's brains out. He sits down to die. Answer: They are Siamese twins. In the original story, the argument started when one complained about the other's bad hygiene and bad breath. The shooter bled to death (from his brother's wounds) by the time the police arrived. (from Randy Whitaker, based on a 1987 _Weekly World News_ story) 1.7. The man has hiccups; the bartender scares them away by pulling a gun. 1.8. The man used to be blind; he's now returning from an eye operation which restored his sight. He's spent all his money on the operation, so when the train (which has no internal lighting) goes through a tunnel he at first thinks he's gone blind again and almost decides to kill himself. Fortunately, the light of the cigarettes people are smoking convinces him that he can still see. 1.8a. Variant: A man dies on a train he does not ordinarily catch. Answer: The man (a successful artist) has had an accident in which he injured his eyes. His head is bandaged and he has been warned not to remove the bandages under any circumstances lest the condition be irreversibly aggravated. He catches the train home from the hospital and cannot resist peeking. Seeing nothing at all (the same train-in-tunnel situation as above obtains, but without the glowing cigarettes this time), he assumes he is blinded and kills himself in grief. I like this version a lot, except that it makes much less sense that he'd be traveling alone. (from Bernd Wechner) 1.9. The man was in a ship that was wrecked on a desert island. When there was no food left, another passenger brought what he said was abalone but was really part of the man's wife (who had died in the wreck). The man suspects something fishy, so when they finally return to civilization, he orders abalone, realizes that what he ate before was his wife, and kills himself. 1.9a. Variant: same problem statement but with albatross instead of abalone. Answer: In this version, the man was in a lifeboat, with his wife, who died. He hallucinated an albatross landing in the boat which he caught and killed and ate; he thought that his wife had been washed overboard. When he actually eats albatross, he discovers that he had actually eaten his wife. 1.9b. Variant answer to 1.9a, with a slightly different problem statement: the man already knew that he had been eating human flesh. He asks the waiter in the restaurant what kind of soup is available, and the waiter responds, "Albatross soup." Thinking that "albatross soup" means "human soup," and sickened by the thought of such a society (place in a foreign country if necessary), he kills himself. (from Mike Neergaard) 1.10. He stood on a block of ice to hang himself. The fact that there's no furniture in the room can be added to the statement, but if it's mentioned in conjunction with the puddle of water the answer tends to be guessed more easily. 1.11. He stabbed himself with an icicle. 1.12. He jumped out of an airplane, but his parachute failed to open. Minor variant wording (from Joe Kincaid): he's on a mountain trail instead of in a desert. Minor variant wording (from Mike Reymond): he's got a ring in his hand (it came off of the ripcord). 1.12a. Silly variant: same problem statement, with the addition that one of the man's shoelaces is untied. Answer: He pulled his shoelace instead of the ripcord. 1.12b. Variant answer: The man was let loose in the desert with a pack full of poisoned food. He knows it's poisoned, and doesn't eat it -- he dies of hunger. (from Mike Neergaard) 1.13. He was with several others in a hot air balloon crossing the desert. The balloon was punctured and they began to lose altitude. They tossed all their non-essentials overboard, then their clothing and food, but were still going to crash in the middle of the desert. Finally, they drew matches to see who would jump over the side and save the others; this man lost. Minor variant wording: add that the man is nude. 1.14. The radio program is one of the call-up-somebody-and-ask-them-a- question contest shows; the announcer gives the phone number of the man's bedroom phone as the number he's calling, and a male voice answers. It's been suggested that such shows don't usually give the phone number being called; so instead the wife's name could be given as who's being called, and there could be appropriate background sounds when the other man answers the phone. 1.15. He worked as a DJ at a radio station. He decided to kill his wife, and so he put on a long record and quickly drove home and killed her, figuring he had a perfect alibi: he'd been at work. On the way back he turns on his show, only to discover that the record is skipping. 1.15a. Variant: The music stops and the man dies. Answer: The same, except it's a tape breaking instead of a record skipping. (from Michael Killianey) (See also #1.16, #1.19e, and #1.34a.) 1.16. The woman is a tightrope walker in a circus. Her act consists of walking the rope blindfolded, accompanied by music, without a net. The musician (organist, or calliopist, or pianist, or whatever) is supposed to stop playing when she reaches the end of the rope, telling her that it's safe to step off onto the platform. For unknown reasons (but with murderous intent), he stops the music early, and she steps off the rope to her death. 1.16a. Variant answer: The woman is a character in an opera, who "dies" at the end of her song. 1.16b. Variant answer: The "woman" is the dancing figure atop a music box, who "dies" when the box runs down. (Both of the above variants would probably require placing this puzzle in section 2 of the list.) 1.16c. Variant: Charlie died when the music stopped. Answer: Charlie was an insect sitting on a chair; the music playing was for the game Musical Chairs. (from Bob Philhower) (See also #1.15a, #1.19e, and #1.34a.) 1.17. The man is a blind midget, the shortest one in the circus. Another midget, jealous because he's not as short, has been sawing small pieces off of the first one's cane every night, so that every day he thinks he's taller. Since his only income is from being a circus midget, he decides to kill himself when he gets too tall. 1.17a. Slightly variant answer: Instead of sawing pieces off of the midget's cane, someone has sawed the legs off of his bed. He wakes up, stands up, and thinks he's grown during the night. 1.17b. Variant: A pile of sawdust, no net, a man dies. Answer: A midget is jealous of the clown who walks on stilts. He saws partway through the stilts; the clown walks along and falls and dies when they break. (from Peter R. Olpe) 1.17c. Rough sketch of variant: There were a mirror and a bottle on the table, and sawdust on the floor. He came in and dropped dead. Answer: He was a midget, but he wasn't aware of it, because the table used to be too high for him to see his reflection in the mirror, until someone shortened its legs. He was horrified by the discovery, and the shock killed him. (vaguely remembered by Ivan A Derzhanski, who adds that this would be best used as raw material for some elaboration. I agree; it's pretty implausible as is) 1.18. The man is a lion-tamer, posing for a photo with his lions. The lions react badly to the flash of the camera, and the man can't see properly, so he gets mauled. 1.18a. Variant: He couldn't find a chair, so he died. Answer: He was a lion-tamer. This one is kind of silly, but I like it, and it sounds possible to me (though I'm told a whip is more important than a chair to a lion-tamer). (from "Reaper Man," with Karl Heuer wording) 1.19. A blind man enjoys walking near a cliff, and uses the sound of a buoy to gauge his distance from the edge. One day the buoy's anchor rope breaks, allowing the buoy to drift away from the shore, and the man walks over the edge of the cliff. 1.19a. Variant: A bell rings. A man dies. A bell rings. Answer: A blind swimmer sets an alarm clock to tell him when and what direction to go to shore. The first bell is a buoy, which he mistakenly swims to, getting tired and drowning. Then the alarm clock goes off. In other variations, the first bell is a ship's bell, and/or the second bell is a hand-bell rung by a friend on shore at a pre-arranged time. 1.19b. Variant answer to 1.19a: The man falls off a belltower, pulling the bell-cord (perhaps he was climbing a steeple while hanging onto the rope), and dies. The second bell is one rung at his funeral. Could also be a variant on 1.19 (as suggested by Mike Neergaard): the bell-cord breaks when he falls (and there's no second bell involved). 1.19c. Variant answer to 1.19a: The man is a boxer. The first bell signals the start of a round; the second is either the end of the round or a funeral bell after he dies during the match. Could also be a variant on 1.19 (as suggested by Mike Neergaard): a boxing match in which the top rope breaks, tumbling a boxer to the floor (and he dies of a concussion). 1.19d. Variant: The wind stopped blowing and the man died. Answer: The sole survivor of a shipwreck reached a desert isle. Unfortunately, he was blind. Luckily, there was a freshwater spring on the island, and he rigged the ship's bell (which had drifted to the island also) at the spring's location. The bell rang in the wind, directing him to water. When he was becalmed for a week, he could not find water again, and so he died of thirst. (from Peter R. Olpe) 1.19e. Variant: The music stopped and the man died. Answer: Same as 1.19a, but the blind swimmer kept a portable transistor radio on the beach instead of a bell. When the batteries gave out, he got lost and drowned. (from Joe Kincaid) (See also #1.15a, #1.16, and #1.34a.) 1.20. The woman is the assistant to a (circus or sideshow) knife thrower. The new shoes have higher heels than she normally wears, so that the thrower misjudges his aim and one of his knives kills her during the show. 1.21. Several men were shipwrecked together. They agreed to survive by eating each other a piece at a time. Each of them in turn gave up an arm, but before they got to the last man, they were rescued. They all demanded that the last man live up to his end of the deal. Instead, he killed a bum and sent the bum's arm to the others in a box to "prove" that he had fulfilled the bargain. Later, one of them sees him on the subway, holding onto an overhead ring with the arm he supposedly cut off; the other realizes that the last man cheated, and kills him. 1.21a. Variant wording: A man sends a package to someone in Europe and gets a note back saying "Thank you. I received it." Answer: This is just a simpler version; the shipwreck situation is the same, and the man actually did send his own arm. 1.21b. Variant wording: Two men throw a box off of a cliff. Answer: Exactly the same situation as in 1.21a (one slight variation has a hand in the box instead of a whole arm), with the two men being two of the fellow passengers who had already lost their arms. 1.21c. Variant wording: A man in a Sherlock Holmes-style cape walks into a room, places a box on the table and leaves. Answer: In this one he's wearing the cape either to disguise the fact that he hasn't really cut off his arm/hand as required, or else simply in order to hide his now-missing limb. (from Joe Kincaid) 1.22. Both women are white; the one whose house this takes place in is single. A black friend of the other woman, the one who goes into the bathroom, was recently killed, reportedly by the KKK. The woman who goes into the bathroom discovers a bloodstained KKK robe in the other's laundry hamper, picks up a nail file from the medicine cabinet (or some other impromptu weapon), and goes out and kills the other. 1.22a. Variant: A man goes to hang his coat and realises he will die that day. Answer: The man (who is black) has car trouble and is in need of a telephone. He asks at the nearest house and on being invited in goes to hang his coat, whereupon he notices the white robes of the Ku Klux Klan in the closet. (from Bernd Wechner) 1.23. He is in a hotel, and is unable to sleep because the man in the adjacent room is snoring. He calls the room next door (from his own room number he can easily figure out his neighbor's, and from the room number, the telephone number). The snorer wakes up, answers the phone. The first man hangs up without saying anything and goes to sleep before the snorer gets back to sleep and starts snoring again. 1.23a. Slightly variant answer: It's a next-door neighbor in an apartment building who's snoring, rather than in a hotel. The caller thus knows his neighbor and the phone number. 1.24. It's the man's fiftieth birthday, and in celebration of this he plans to kill his wife, then take the money he's embezzled and move on to a new life in another state. His wife takes him out to dinner; afterward, on their front step, he kills her. He opens the door, dragging her body in with him, and all the lights suddenly turn on and a group of his friends shout "Surprise!" He kills himself. (Note that the whole first part, including the motive, isn't really necessary; it was just part of the original story.) 1.25. Abel is a prince of the island nation that he landed on. A cruel and warlike prince, he waged many land and naval battles along with his father the king. In one naval encounter, their ship sank, the king died, and the prince swam to a deserted island where he spent several months building a raft or small boat. In the meantime, a regent was appointed to the island nation, and he brought peace and prosperity. When Prince Abel returned to his kingdom, Cain (a native fisherman) realized that the peace of the land would only be maintained if Abel did not reascend to his throne, and killed the prince (with a piece of driftwood or some other impromptu weapon). 1.26. The drinks contain poisoned ice cubes; one man drinks slowly, giving them time to melt, while the other drinks quickly and thus doesn't get much of the poison. The fact that they drink at different speeds could be added to the statement, possibly along with red herrings such as saying that one of the men is big and burly and the other short and thin. 1.27. Joe is a kid who goes trick-or-treating for Halloween. 1.28. He's a smuggler. On the first cruise, someone brings the contraband to his cabin, and he hides it in an air conditioning duct. Returning to the U.S., he leaves without the contraband, and so passes through customs with no trouble. On the second trip, he has the same cabin on the same ship. Because it doesn't stop anywhere, he doesn't have to go through customs when he returns, so he gets the contraband off safely. 1.29. Hans and Fritz do everything right up until they're filling out a personal-information form and have to write down their birthdays. Fritz' birthday is, say, July 7, so he writes down 7/7/15. Hans, however, was born on, say, June 20, so he writes down 20/6/18 instead of what an American would write, 6/20/18. Note that this is only a problem because they claim to be returning Americans; as has been pointed out to me, there are lots of other nations which use the same date ordering. 1.30. Another WWII story. Greg is a German spy. His "friend" Tim is suspicious, so he plays a word-association game with him. When Tim says "The land of the free," Greg responds with "The home of the brave." Then Tim says "The terror of flight," and Greg says "The gloom of the grave." Any U.S. citizen knows the first verse of the national anthem, but only a spy would have memorized the third verse. (Why Tim knew the third verse is left as an exercise to the reader.) 1.31. The dead man was the driver in a hit-and-run acccident which paralyzed its victim. The victim did manage to get the license plate number of the car; now in a wheelchair, he eventually tracked down the driver and shot and killed him. 1.32. His home is a houseboat and he has run out of water while on an extended cruise. 1.32a. Variant wording: A man dies of thirst in his own home. This version goes more quickly because it gives more information; but it may be less likely to annoy people who think the original statement is too vague. 1.33. I'm told this is a true story. Windows in Paris at that time were apparently imperfectly flat; they could act as lenses. One particularly hot day, the sun shining in through such a window caused a woman's lingerie (which she was wearing at the time, awaiting her husband's return) to catch fire, and eventually the entire house caught and burned. 1.34. He's leaving a hospital after visiting his wife, who's on heavy life-support. When the power goes out, he knows she can't live without the life-support systems (he assumes that if the emergency backup generator were working, the elevator wouldn't lose power; this aspect isn't entirely satisfactory, so in a variant, the scene is at home rather than in a hospital). 1.34a. Variant: The music stops and a woman dies. Answer: The woman is confined in an iron lung, and the music is playing on her radio or stereo. The power goes out. (from Randy Whitaker) (See also #1.15a, #1.16, and #1.19e.) 1.35. A large man comes home to the penthouse apartment he shares with his beautiful young wife, taking the elevator up from the ground floor. He sees signs of lovemaking in the bedroom, and assumes that his wife is having an affair; her beau has presumably escaped down the stairs. The husband looks out the French windows and sees a good-looking man just leaving the main entrance of the building. The husband pushes the refrigerator out through the window onto the young man below. The husband dies of a heart attack from overexertion; the young man below dies from having a refrigerator fall on him; and the wife's boyfriend, who was hiding inside the refrigerator, also dies from the fall. 1.36. Let's say "she" is named Suzy, and "they" are named Harry and Jane. Harry is an elderly archaeologist who has found a very old skeleton, which he's dubbed "Jane" (a la "Lucy"). Suzy is a buyer for a museum; she's supposed to make some sort of purchase from Harry, so she invites him to have a business dinner with her (at a restaurant). When she calls to invite him, he keeps talking about "Jane," so Suzy assumes that Jane is his wife and says to bring her along. Harry, offended, calls Suzy's boss and complains; since Suzy should've known who Jane was, she gets fired. 1.37. The man is delivering a pardon, and the flicker of the lights indicates that the person to be pardoned has just been electrocuted. 1.38. The murderer sets the car on a slope above the hot dog stand where the victim works. He then wedges an ice block in the car to keep the brake pedal down, and puts the car in neutral, after which he flies to another city to avoid suspicion. It's a warm day; when the ice melts, the car rolls down the hill and strikes the hot dog man at his roadside stand, killing him. 1.39. There's a car wash on that corner. On rainy days, the rain reduces traction. On sunny days, water from the car wash has the same effect. If rain is threatening, though, the car wash gets little business and thus doesn't make the road wet, so I can take the corner faster. 1.40. The object she throws is a boomerang. It flies out, loops around, and comes back and hits her in the head, killing her. Boomerangs do not often return so close to the point from which they were thrown, but I believe it's possible for this to happen. 1.40a. Silly variant answer: She's in a submarine or spacecraft and throws a heavy object at the window, which breaks. 1.41. He is a passenger in an airplane and sees the bird get sucked into an engine at 20,000 feet. 1.42. They're the remains of a melted snowman. 1.43. One of the brothers (A) confesses to the murder. At his trial, his brother (B) is called as the only defense witness; B immediately confesses, in graphic detail, to having committed the crime. The defense lawyer refuses to have the trial stopped, and A is acquitted under the "reasonable doubt" clause. Immediately afterward, B goes on trial for the murder; A is called as the only defense witness and HE confesses. B is declared innocent; and though everyone knows that ONE of them did it, how can they tell who? Further, neither can be convicted of perjury until it's decided which of them did it... I don't know if that would actually work under our legal system, but someone else who heard the story said that his father was on the jury for a VERY similar case in New York some years ago. Mark Brader points out that the brothers might be convicted of conspiracy to commit perjury or to obstruct justice, or something of that kind. 1.44. He is a mail courier who delivers packages to the different foreign embassies in the United States. The land of an embassy belongs to the country of the embassy, not to the United States. 1.45. A man was shot during a robbery in his store one night. He staggered into the back room, where the telephone was, and called home, dialing by feel since he hadn't turned on the light. Once the call went through he gasped, "I'm at the store. I've been shot. Help!" or words to that effect. He set the phone down to await help, but none came; he'd treated the telephone pushbuttons like cash register numbers, when the arrangements of the numbers are upside down reflections of each other. The stranger he'd dialed had no way to know where "the store" was. 1.46. The dead man was playing Santa Claus, for whatever reason; he slipped while coming down the chimney and broke his neck. 1.46a. Variant answer: The dead man WAS Santa Claus. This moves the puzzle to section 2. 1.47. The man was struck by an object thrown from the roof of the Empire State Building. Originally I had the object being a penny, but several people suggested that a penny probably wouldn't be enough to penetrate someone's skull. Something aerodynamic and heavier, like a dart, was suggested, but I don't know how much mass would be required. 1.47a. Variant: A man is found dead outside a large marble building with three holes in him. Answer: The man was a paleontologist working with the Archaeological Research Institute. He was reviving a triceratops frozen in the ice age when it came to life and killed him. This couldn't possibly happen because triceratops didn't exist during the ice age. (from Peter R. Olpe) 1.48. The man died from eating a poisoned popsicle. 1.49. The man was a sword swallower in a carnival side-show. While he was practicing, someone tickled his throat with the feather, causing him to gag. 1.50. A mosquito bit me, and I swatted it when it later landed on my ceiling (so the blood is my own as well as the mosquito's). 1.51. The man is a lighthouse keeper. He turns off the light in the lighthouse and during the night a ship crashes on the rocks. Seeing this the next morning, the man realizes what he's done and commits suicide. 1.51a. Variant, similar to #1.15: The light goes out and a man dies. Answer: The lighthouse keeper uses his job as an alibi while he's elsewhere committing a crime, but the light goes out and a ship crashes, thereby disproving the alibi. The lighthouse keeper kills himself when he realizes his alibi is no good. (From Eric Wang) 1.51b. Variant answer to 1.51a: Someone else's alibi is disproven. (A man commits a heinous crime, claiming as his alibi that he was onboard a certain ship. When he learns that it was wrecked without reaching port safely, he realizes that his alibi is disproven and commits suicide to avoid being sent to prison.) (From Eric Wang) 1.52. They were skydiving. He broke his arm as he jumped from the plane by hitting it on the plane door; he couldn't reach his ripcord with his other arm. She pulled the ripcord for him. 1.52a. Sketch of variant answer: The ring was attached to the pin of a grenade that he was holding. Develop a situation from there. 1.53. The man is a travel agent. He had sold someone two tickets for an ocean voyage, one round-trip and one one-way. The last name of the man who bought the tickets is the same as the last name of the woman who "fell" overboard and drowned on the same voyage, which is the subject of the article he's reading. 1.54. The man is a beekeeper, and the bees attack en masse because they don't recognize his fragrance. Randy adds that this is based on something that actually happened to his grandfather, a beekeeper who was severely attacked by his bees when he used a new aftershave for the first time in 10 or 20 years. 1.55. He is a guard / attendant in a leper colony. The letter (to him) tells him that he has contracted the disease. The key is the cigarette burning down between his fingers -- leprosy is fairly unique in killing off sensory nerves without destroying motor ability. (Randy was told this by Gary Haas and Chris Englehard) 1.56. The man was a famous artist. A woman who collected autographs saw him dining; after he left the restaurant, she purchased the check that he used to pay for the meal from the restaurant manager. The check was therefore never cashed, so the artist never paid for the meal. 1.57. The movie is at a drive-in theatre. Section 2: Double meanings, fictional settings, and miscellaneous others. 2.1. The man is a heroin addict, and has contracted AIDS by using an infected needle. In despair, he shoots himself up with an overdose, thereby committing suicide. 2.2. The man walks into a casino and goes to the craps table. He bets all the money he owns, and shoots craps. Since he is now broke, he becomes despondent and commits suicide. 2.3. Kids getting their pictures taken with Santa. I see #2.1, #2.2, and #2.3 as different enough from each other to merit separate numbers, although they all rely on the same basic gimmick of alternate meanings of the word "shoot." 2.4. It's the cabin of an airplane that crashed there because of the snowstorm. 2.4a. Variant wording: A cabin, on the side of a mountain, locked from the inside, is opened, and 30 people are found dead inside. They had plenty of food and water. (from Ron Carter) 2.5. He's a priest; he is marrying them to other people, not to himself. 2.6. The "island" is a traffic island. 2.7. A baseball game is going on. The base-runner sees the catcher waiting at home plate with the ball, and so decides to stay at third base to avoid being tagged out. 2.7a. Variant: Two men are in a field. One is wearing a mask. The other man is running towards him to avoid him. Answer: the same, but the catcher isn't right at home plate; the runner is trying to get home before the catcher can. (from Hal Lowery, by way of Chris Riley) This phrasing would allow the puzzle to migrate to section 1, but I don't like it as much. 2.8. The man is an astronaut out on a space walk. 2.9. The man was an amateur mechanic, the book is a Volkswagen service manual, the beetle is a car, and the pile of bricks is what the car fell off of. 2.10. The Eagle landed in the Sea of Tranquility and will likely remain there for the foreseeable future. 2.11. It's a wolf pack; they've killed and eaten (most of) the man. 2.12. The dead man is Superman; the rock is Green Kryptonite. Invent a reasonable scenario from there. 2.13. This is a post-holocaust scenario of some kind; for whatever reason, the man believes himself to be the last human on earth. He doesn't want to live by himself, so he jumps, just before the telephone rings... (of course, it could be a computer calling, but he has no way of knowing). 2.14. The one who looks around sees his own reflection in the window (it's dark outside), but not his companion's. Thus, he realizes the other is a vampire, and that he's going to be killed by him. 2.15. The "bicycles" are Bicycle playing cards; the man was cheating at cards, and when the extra card was found, he was killed by the other players. 2.15a. Variant: There are 53 bees instead of 53 bicycles. Answer: The same (Bee is another brand of playing cards). 2.15b. Variant: There are 51 instead of 53. Answer: Someone saw the guy conceal a card, and proved the deck was defective by turning it up and pointing out the missing ace. Or, the game was bridge, and the others noticed the cheating when the deal didn't come out even. The man had palmed an ace during the shuffle and meant to put it in his own hand during the deal, but muffed it. (both answers from Mark Brader) 2.16. A chess game; knight takes pawn. 2.16a. Variant: It's the year 860 A.D., at Camelot. Two priests are sitting in the castle's chapel. The queen attacks the king. The two priests rise, shake hands, and leave the room. Answer: The two priests are playing chess; one of them just mated by moving his queen. (from Ellen M. Sentovich) 2.16b. Variant: A black leader dies in Africa. Answer: The black leader is a chess king, and the game was played in Africa. (from Erick Brethenoux) 2.17. It's a model train set. 2.17a. Variant: The Orient Express is derailed and a kitten plays nearby. Answer: The Orient Express is a model train which has been left running unattended. The kitten has playfully derailed it. (from Bernd Wechner) 2.18. It's a game of Monopoly. 2.19. The sun is shining; there's no rain. 2.20. It's daytime; the sun is out. 2.21. Alice is a goldfish; Ted is a cat. 2.21a. A very common variant uses the names Romeo and Juliet instead, to further mislead audiences. For example: Romeo is looking down on Juliet's dead body, which is on the floor surrounded by water and broken glass. (from Adam Carlson) 2.21b. Minor variant: Tom and Jean lay dead in a puddle of water with broken pieces of glass and a baseball nearby. Answer: Tom and Jean are both fish; it was a baseball, rather than a cat, that broke their tank. (from Mike Reymond) 2.22. Friday is a horse. 2.22a. Variant with the same basic gimmick: A woman comes home, sees Spaghetti on the wall and kills her husband. Answer: Spaghetti was the name of her pet dog. Her husband had it stuffed and mounted after it made a mess on his rug. (Simon Travaglia original) 2.23. Bruce is a horse. 2.24. Should be done orally; the envelope is an evelope of dye, and she's dying some cloth, but it sounds like "opens an envelope and dies" if said out loud. 2.25. The native chief asked him, "What is the third baseman's name in the Abbot and Costello routine 'Who's on First'?" The man, who had no idea, said "I don't know," the correct answer. However, he was a major smartass, so if he had known the answer he would have pointed out that What was the SECOND baseman's name. The chief, being quite humorless, would have executed him on the spot. This is fairly silly, but I like it too much to remove it from the list. 2.26. The men have gone spelunking and have taken an Igloo cooler with them so they can have a picnic down in the caves. They cleverly used dry ice to keep their beer cold, not realizing that as the dry ice sublimed (went from solid state to vapor state) it would push the lighter oxygen out of the cave and they would suffocate. ==> logic/smullyan/black.hat.p <== Three logicians, A, B, and C, are wearing hats, which they know are either black or white but not all white. A can see the hats of B and C; B can see the hats of A and C; C is blind. Each is asked in turn if they know the color of their own hat. The answers are: A: "No." What color is C's hat and how does she know? ==> logic/smullyan/black.hat.s <== A must see at least one black hat, or she would know that her hat is black since they are not all white. B also must see at least one black hat, and further, that hat had to be on C, otherwise she would know that her hat was black (since she knows A saw at least one black hat). So C knows that her hat is black, without even seeing the others' hats. ==> logic/smullyan/fork.three.men.p <== Three men stand at a fork in the road. One fork leads to Someplaceorother; the other fork leads to Nowheresville. One of these people always answers the truth to any yes/no question which is asked of him. The other always lies when asked any yes/no question. The third person randomly lies and tells the truth. Each man is known to the others, but not to you. What is the least number of yes/no questions you can ask of these men and pick the road to Someplaceorother? ==> logic/smullyan/fork.three.men.s <== It is clear that you must ask at least two questions, since you might be asking the first one of the randomizer and there is nothing you can tell from his answers. Start by asking A "Is B more likely to tell the truth than C?" If he answers "yes", then: If A is truthteller, B is randomizer, C is liar. If A is liar, B is randomizer, C is truthteller. If A is randomizer, C is truthteller or liar. If he answers "no", then: If A is truthteller, B is liar, C is randomizer. If A is liar, B is truthteller, C is randomizer. If A is randomizer, B is truthteller or liar. In either case, we now know somebody (C or B, respectively) who is either a truthteller or liar. Now, use the technique for finding information from a truthteller/liar, viz.: You ask him the following question: "If I were to ask a person of the opposite type to yourself if the left fork leads to Someplacerother, would he say yes?" If the person asked is a truthteller, he will tell you what a liar would say, which would be the wrong information. If the person asked is a liar, he will either tell you what a liar would say, or he will lie about what a truthteller would say. In either case, he will report the wrong information. If the answer is yes, take the right fork, if no take the left fork. ==> logic/smullyan/fork.two.men.p <== Two men stand at a fork in the road. One fork leads to Someplaceorother; the other fork leads to Nowheresville. One of these people always answers the truth to any yes/no question which is asked of him. The other always lies when asked any yes/no question. By asking one yes/no question, can you determine the road to Someplaceorother? ==> logic/smullyan/fork.two.men.s <== The question to ask is: "Will the other person say the right fork leads to Someplaceorother?" If the person asked says yes, then take the left fork, else take the right fork. If the person asked is the truthteller, then he correctly reports that the liar will misinform you about the right fork. If he is the liar, then he lies about what the truthteller will say. Either way, you should go the opposite direction from the way that the person asked says the other person will answer. The fact that there are two is a red herring - you only need one of either type. You ask him the following question: "If I were to ask a person of the opposite type to yourself if the left fork leads to Someplacerother, would he say yes?" If the person asked is a truthteller, he will tell you what a liar would say, which would be the wrong information. If the person asked is a liar, he will either tell you what a liar would say, or he will lie about what a truthteller would say. In either case, he will report the wrong information. If the answer is yes, take the right fork, if no take the left fork. This solution also removes the problem that the men may not know the other's identity. It is possible, of course, that the liars are malicious, and they will tell the truth if they figure out that you are trying to trick them. ==> logic/smullyan/integers.p <== Two logicians place cards on their foreheads so that what is written on the card is visible only to the other logician. Consecutive positive integers have been written on the cards. The following conversation ensues: A: "I don't know my number." B: "I don't know my number." A: "I don't know my number." B: "I don't know my number." ... n statements of ignorance later ... A or B: "I know my number." What is on the card and how does the logician know it? ==> logic/smullyan/integers.s <== If A saw 1, she would know that she had 2, and would say so. Therefore, A did not see 1. A says "I don't know my number." If B saw 2, she would know that she had 3, since she knows that A did not see 1, so B did not see 1 or 2. B says "I don't know my number." If A saw 3, she would know that she had 4, since she knows that B did not see 1 or 2, so A did not see 1, 2 or 3. A says "I don't know my number." If B saw 4, she would know that she had 5, since she knows that A did not see 1, 2 or 3, so B did not see 1, 2, 3 or 4. B says "I don't know my number." ... n statements of ignorance later ... If X saw n, she would know that she had n + 1, since she knows that ~X did not see 1 ... n - 1, so X did see n. X says "I know my number." And the number in n + 1. ==> logic/smullyan/liars.et.al.p <== Of a group of n men, some always lie, some never lie, and the rest sometimes lie. They each know which is which. You must determine the ident... The problem is well known under the name of "COUPON COLLECTOR PROBLEM". The answer for n equally likely coupons is (1) C(n)=nH(n) with H(n)=1+1/2+1/3+...+1/n. In the unequal probabilities case, with p_i the probability of coupon i, it becomes (2) C(n)=int_0^infty [1-prod_{i=1}^n (1-exp(-p_it))] dt which reduces to (1) when p_i=1/n (An easy exercise). In the equal probabilities case C(n)~n log(n). For a Zipf law, from (2), we have C(n)~n log^2(n). A related problem is the "BIRTHDAY PARADOX" familiar to people interested in hashing algorithms: With a party of 24 persons, you are likely (i.e. with probability >50%) to find two with the same birthday. The non equiprobable case was solved by: M. Klamkin and D. Newman, Extensions of the birthday surprise, J. Comb. Th. 3 (1967), 279-282. ==> probability/darts.p <== Peter throws two darts at a dartboard, aiming for the center. The second dart lands farther from the center than the first. If Peter now throws another dart at the board, aiming for the center, what is the probability that this third throw is also worse (i.e., farther from the center) than his first? Assume Peter's skilfulness is constant. ==> probability/darts.s <== Since the three darts are thrown independently, they each have a 1/3 chance of being the best throw. As long as the third dart is not the best throw, it will be worse than the first dart. Therefore the answer is 2/3. Ranking the three darts' results from A (best) to C (worst), there are, a priori, six equiprobable outcomes. possibility # 1 2 3 4 5 6 1st throw A A B B C C 2nd throw B C A C A B 3rd throw C B C A B A The information from the first two throws shows us that the first throw will not be the worst, nor the second throw the best. Thus possibilities 3, 5 and 6 are eliminated, leaving three equiprobable cases, 1, 2 and 4. Of these, 1 and 2 have the third throw worse than the first; 4 does not. Again the answer is 2/3. ==> probability/flips.p <== Consider a run of coin tosses: HHTHTTHTTTHTTTTHHHTHHHHHTHTTHT Define a success as a run of one H or T (as in THT or HTH). Use two different methods of sampling. The first method would consist of sampling the above data by taking 7 groups of three. This translates into the following sequences HHT, HTT, HTT, THT, TTT, HHH, and THH. In this sample there was one success, THT. The second method of sampling could be gotten by taking the groups in a serial sequence. Another way of explaining the method would be to take the tosses 1, 2, and 3 as the first set then tosses 2, 3, and 4 as the second set and so on to produce seven samples. The samples would be HHT, HTH, THT, HTT TTH, THT, and HTT, thus giving two success, HTH and THT. With these two methods what would be the expected value and the standard deviation for both methods? Let us start with a simple case: Define success as T and consider sequences of length 1. In this case, the two sampling techniques are equivalent. Assuming that we are examining a truly random sequence of T and H. Thus if n groups of single sequences are considered or a sequence of length n is considered we will have the following statistics on the number of successes: Mean = n/2, and standard deviation (sd) = square_root(n)/2 Case 2: Define success as HT or TH: Here the two sampling techniques need to be distinguished: Sampling 1: Take "n" groups of two: Here probability of getting success in any group is 1/2 (TH and HT out of 4 possible cases). So the mean and the standard deviation is same as described in case 1. Sampling 2: Generate a sequence of length "n". It is easy to show that (n-1) samples are generated. The number of successes in this sequence is same as the number of T to H and H to T transitions. This problem is solved in John P. Robinson, Transition Count and Syndrome are Uncorrelated, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Jan 1988. I will just state the results: mean = (n-1)/2 and standard deviation = square_root(n-1)/2. In fact, if you want "n" samples in this case you need to generate length (n+1) sequence. Then the new mean and standard deviation are the same as described in Sampling 1. (replace n by n+1). The advantage in this sampling (i.e., sampling 2) is that you need only generate a sequence length of (n+1) to obtain n sample points as opposed to 2n (n groups of 2) in Sampling 1. OBSERVATION: The statistics has not changed. Case 3: Define success as THT and HTH. Sampling 1: This is a simple situation. Let us assume "n" samples need to be generated. Therefore, "n" groups of three are generated. The probability of a group being successful is 1/4 (THT and HTH out of 8 cases). Therefore mean and standard deviation are: mean= n/4 and sd= square_root(7n)/4 Sampling 2: This is not a simple situation. Let us generate a random sequence of length "n". There will be (n-2) samples in this case. Use an approach similar to that followed in the Jan 88 IEEE paper. I will just state the results. First we define a function or enumerator P(n,k) as the number of length "n" sequences that generate "k" successes. For example, P(4,1)= 4 (HHTH, HTHH, TTHT, and THTT are 4 possible length 4 sequences). I derived two generating functions g(x) and h(x) in order to enumerate P(n,k), they are compactly represented by the following matrix polynomial. \| g(x) \| \| 1 1 \| (n-3) \| 4 \| \| \| = \| \| \| \| \| h(x) \| \| 1 x \| \|2+2x \| \|_ _\| \|_ _\| \|_ _\| The above is expressed as matrix generating function. It can be shown that P(n,k) is the coefficient of the x^k in the polynomial (g(x)+h(x)). For example, if n=4 we get (g(x)+h(x)) from the matrix generating function as (10+4x+2x^2). Clearly, P(4,1) (coefficient of x) is 4 and P(4,2)=2 ( There are two such sequences THTH, and HTHT). We can show that mean(k) = (n-2)/4 and sd= square_root(5n-12)/4 If we want to compare Sampling 1 with Sampling 2 then in Sampling 2 we need to generate "n" samples. This can be done by using sequences of length (n+2). Then our new statistics would be mean = n/4 (same as that in sampling 1) sd = square_root(5n-2)/4 (not the same as in sampling 1) sd in sampling 2 < sd in sampling 1. This difference can be explained by the fact that in serial sampling there is dependence on the past state. For example, if the past sample was TTT then we know that the next sample can't be a success. This was not the case in Case 1 or Case 2 (transition count). For example, in case 2 success was independent of previous sample. That is if my past sample was TT then my next sample can be TT or TH. The probability of success in Case 1 and Case 2 is not influenced by past history). Similar approach can be followed for higher dimensional cases. Here's a C program I had lying around that is relevant to the current discussion of coin-flipping. The algorithm is N^3 (for N flips) but it could certainly be improved. Compile with cc -o flip flip.c -lm -- Guy compute -- if f2 is non-null, compute the probability that flip sequence f1 will occur before f2. With null f2, compute the expected waiting time until f1 is flipped technique: Build a DFA to recognize (H+T)f1 [or (H+T)(f1+f2) when f2 is non-null]. Randomly flipping coins is a Markov process on the graph of this DFA. We can solve for the probability that f1 precedes f2 or the expected waiting time for f1 by setting up a linear system of equations relating the values of these unknowns starting from each state of the DFA. Solve this linear system by Gaussian Elimination. / char s; /* pointer to substring string matched / int len; / length of substring matched / int backup; / number of one of the two next states / } state; double compute (f1, f2) char f1, f2; { int i, j, n1, n; state dfa; n += strlen (f2); /* n + 1 states in the DFA / dfa = (state ) malloc ((unsigned) ((n + 1) * sizeof (state))); if (!dfa) { printf ("Ouch, out of memory!\n"); exit (1); /* set up the backbone of the DFA / for (i = 0; i <= n; i++) { dfa[i].s = (i <= n1) ? f1 : f2; dfa[i].len = (i <= n1) ? i : i - n1; } / for i not a final state, one next state of i is simply i+1 (this corresponds to another matching character of dfs[i].s The other next state (the backup state) is now computed. It is the state whose substring matches the longest suffix with the last character changed / for (i = 0; i <= n; i++) { dfa[i].backup = 0; for (j = 1; j <= n; j++) if ((dfa[j].len > dfa[dfa[i].backup].len) && dfa[i].s[dfa[i].len] == NOT (dfa[j].s[dfa[j].len - 1]) && strncmp (dfa[j].s, dfa[i].s + dfa[i].len - dfa[j].len + 1, dfa[j].len - 1) == 0) dfa[i].backup = j; / our dfa has n + 1 states, so build a system n + 1 equations in n + 1 unknowns / for (i = 0; i < n; i++) if (i == n1) equation (1.0, n1, 0.0, 0, 0.0, 0, -1.0); else equation (1.0, i, -0.5, i + 1, -0.5, dfa[i].backup, f2 ? 0.0 : -1.0); equation (1.0, n, 0.0, 0, 0.0, 0, 0.0); free (dfa); Guy Jacobson (201) 582-6558 AT&T Bell Laboratories uucp: {att,ucbvax}!ulysses!guy 600 Mountain Avenue internet: [email protected] Murray Hill NJ, 07974 ==> probability/flush.p <== Which set contains more flushes than the set of all possible hands? (1) Hands whose first card is an ace (2) Hands whose first card is the ace of spades (3) Hands with at least one ace (4) Hands with the ace of spades ==> probability/flush.s <== An arbitrary hand can have two aces but a flush hand can't. The average number of aces that appear in flush hands is the same as the average number of aces in arbitrary hands, but the aces are spread out more evenly for the flush hands, so set #3 contains a higher fraction of flushs. Aces of spades, on the other hand, are spread out the same way over possible hands as they are over flush hands, since there is only one of them in the deck. Whether or not a hand is flush is based solely on a comparison between different cards in the hand, so looking at just one card is necessarily uninformative. So the other sets contain the same fraction of flushes as the set of all possible hands. ==> probability/hospital.p <== A town has two hospitals, one big and one small. Every day the big hospital delivers 1000 babies and the small hospital delivers 100 babies. There's a 50/50 chance of male or female on each birth. Which hospital has a better chance of having the same number of boys as girls? If there are 2N babies born, then the probability of an even split is (2N choose N) / (2 * 2N) , where (2N choose N) = (2N)! / (N! * N!) . This is a DECREASING function. Think about it. If there are two babies born, then the probability of a split is 1/2 (just have the second baby be different from the first). With 2N babies, If there is a N,N-1 split in the first 2N-1, then there is a 1/2 chance of the last baby making it an even split. Otherwise there can be no even split. Therefore the probability is less than 1/2 overall for an even split. As N goes to infinity the probability of an even split approaches zero (although it is still the most likely event). ==> probability/icos.p <== The "house" rolls two 20-sided dice and the "player" rolls one 20-sided die. If the player rolls a number on his die between the two numbers the house rolled, then the player wins. Otherwise, the house wins (including ties). What are the probabilities of the player winning? It is easily seen that if any two of the three dice agree that the house wins. The probability that this does not happen is 1918/(2020). If the three numbers are different, the probability of winning is 1/3. So the chance of winning is 1918/(20203) = 319/200 = 57/200. ==> probability/intervals.p <== Given two random points x and y on the interval 0..1, what is the average size of the smallest of the three resulting intervals? ==> probability/intervals.s <== You could make a graph of the size of the smallest interval versus x and y. We know that the height of the graph is 0 along all the edges of the unit square where it is defined and on the line x=y. It achieves its maximum of 1/3 at (1/3,2/3) and (2/3,1/3). Assuming the graph has no curves or bizzare jags, the volume under the graph must be 1/9 and so the average height must also be 1/9. Waldo and Basil are exactly m blocks west and n blocks north from Central Park, and always go with the green light until they run out of options. Assuming that the probability of the light being green is 1/2 in each direction and that if the light is green in one direction it is red in the other, find the expected number of red lights that Waldo and Basil will encounter. ==> probability/lights.s <== Let E(m,n) be this number, and let (x)C(y) = x!/(y! (x-y)!). A model for this problem is the following nxm grid: ^ B---+---+---+ ... +---+---+---+ (m,0) where each + represents a traffic light. We can consider each traffic light to be a direction pointer, with an equal chance of pointing either east or south. IMHO, the best way to approach this problem is to ask: what is the probability that edge-light (x,y) will be the first red edge-light that the pedestrian encounters? This is easy to answer; since the only way to reach (x,y) is by going south x times and east y times, in any order, we see that there are (x+y)C(x) possible paths from (0,0) to (x,y). Since each of these has probability (1/2)^(x+y+1) of occuring, we see that the the probability we are looking for is (1/2)^(x+y+1)(x+y)C(x). Multiplying this by the expected number of red lights that will be encountered from that point, (n-k+1)/2, we see that - (1/2)^n (m+n-1)C(m) * (n-1) = (m+1)/2 * (g(m,n) - (1/2)^(n-1)(m+n-1)C(m)) - (1/2)^n(m+n-1)C(m)(n-1) therefore f(m,n) = (m+1) g(m,n) - (n+m) * (1/2)^(n-1) * (m+n-1)C(m) . Now, E(m,n) = (n+1) * (1/2)^(m+2) * g(m,n) - (1/2)^(m+2) * f(m,n) + (m+1) * (1/2)^(n+2) * g(n,m) - (1/2)^(n+2) * f(n,m) = (m+n) * (1/2)^(n+m+1) * (m+n)C(m) + (m-n) * (1/2)^(n+2) * g(n,m) + (n-m) * (1/2)^(m+2) * g(m,n) . Setting m=n in this formula, we see that E(n,n) = n * (1/2)^(2n) * (2n)C(n), and applying Stirling's theorem we get the beautiful asymptotic formula E(n,n) ~ sqrt(n/pi). There n tickets in the lottery, k winners and m allowing you to pick another ticket. The problem is to determine the probability of winning the lottery when you start by picking 1 (one) ticket. A lottery has N balls in all, and you as a player can choose m numbers on each card, and the lottery authorities then choose n balls, define L(N,n,m,k) as the minimum number of cards you must purchase to ensure that at least one of your cards will have at least k numbers in common with the balls chosen in the lottery. ==> probability/lottery.s <== This relates to the problem of rolling a random number from 1 to 17 given a 20 sided die. You simply mark the numbers 18, 19, and 20 as "roll again". The probability of winning is, of course, k/(n-m) as for every k cases in which you get x "draw again"'s before winning, you get n-m-k similar cases where you get x "draw again"'s before losing. The example using dice makes it obvious, however. L(N,k,n,k) >= Ceiling((N-choose-k)/(n-choose-k)* The correct way to see this is as follows: Suppose you have an (N,k,n,k) system of cards. Look at all of the cards that contain the number 1. They cover all ball sets that contain 1, and therefore these cards become an (N-1,k-1,n-1,k-1) covering upon deletion of the number 1. Therefore the number 1 must appear at least L(N-1,k-1,n-1,k-1). The same is true of all of the other numbers. There are N of them but n appear on each card. Thus we obtain the bound. ==> probability/particle.in.box.p <== A particle is bouncing randomly in a two-dimensional box. How far does it travel between bounces, on avergae? Suppose the particle is initially at some random position in the box and is traveling in a straight line in a random direction and rebounds normally at the edges. Let theta be the angle of the point's initial vector. After traveling a distance r, the point has moved rcos(theta) horizontally and rsin(theta) vertically, and thus has struck r(sin(theta)+cos(theta))+O(1) walls. Hence the average distance between walls will be 1/(sin(theta)+cos(theta)). We now average this over all angles theta: 2/pi intg from theta=0 to pi/2 (1/(sin(theta)+cos(theta))) dtheta which (in a computation which is left as an exercise) reduces to 2sqrt(2)ln(1+sqrt(2))/pi = 0.793515. ==> probability/pi.p <== Are the digits of pi random (i.e., can you make money betting on them)? ==> probability/pi.s <== No, the digits of pi are not truly random, therefore you can win money playing against a supercomputer that can calculate the digits of pi far beyond what we are currently capable of doing. This computer selects a position in the decimal expansion of pi -- say, at 10^100. Your job is to guess what the next digit or digit sequence is. Specifically, you have one dollar to bet. A bet on the next digit, if correct, returns 10 times the amount bet; a bet on the next two digits returns 100 times the amount bet, and so on. (The dollar may be divided in any fashion, so we could bet 1/3 or 1/10000 of a dollar.) You may place bets in any combination. The computer will tell you the position number, let you examine the digits up to that point, and calculate statistics for you. It is easy to set up strategies that might win, if the supercomputer doesn't know your strategy. For example, "Always bet on 7" might win, if you are lucky. Also, it is easy to set up bets that will always return a dollar. For example, if you bet a penny on every two-digit sequence, you are sure to win back your dollar. Also, there are strategies that might be winning, but we can't prove it. For example, it may be that a certain sequence of digits never occurs in pi, but we have no way of proving this. The problem is to find a strategy that you can prove will always win back more than a dollar. The assumption that the position is beyond the reach of calculation means that we must rely on general facts we know about the sequence of digits of pi, which is practically nil. But it is not completely nil, and the challenge is to find a strategy that will always win money. A theorem of Mahler (1953) states that for all integers p, q > 1, -42 This says that pi cannot have a rational approximation that is extremely tight. Now suppose that the computer picks position N. I know that the next 41 * N digits cannot be all zero. For if they were, then the first N digits, treated as a fraction with denominator 10^N, satisfies: \|pi - p / 10^N\| < 10^(-42 N) which contradicts Mahler's theorem. So, I split my dollar into 10^(41N) - 1 equal parts, and bet on each of the sequences of 41N digits, except the one with all zeroes. One of the bets is sure to win, so my total profit is about 10(^-41N) of a dollar! This strategy can be improved a number of ways, such as looking for other repeating patterns, or improvements to the bound of 42 -- but the earnings are so pathetic, it hardly seems worth the effort. Are there other winning strategies, not based on Mahler's theorem? I believe there are algorithms that generate 2N binary digits of pi, where the computations are separate for each block of N digits. Maybe from something like this, we can find a simple subsequence of the binary digits of pi which is always zero, or which has some simple pattern. Waldo has lost his car keys! He's not using a very efficient search; in fact, he's doing a random walk. He starts at 0, and moves 1 unit to the left or right, with equal probability. On the next step, he moves 2 units to the left or right, again with equal probability. For subsequent turns he follows the pattern 1, 2, 1, etc. His keys, in truth, were right under his nose at point 0. Assuming that he'll spot them the next time he sees them, what is the probability that poor Waldo will eventually return to 0? ==> probability/random.walk.s <== I can show the probability that Waldo returns to 0 is 1. Waldo's wanderings map to an integer grid in the plane as follows. Let (X_t,Y_t) be the cumulative sums of the length 1 and length 2 steps respectively taken by Waldo through time t. By looking only at even t, we get the ordinary random walk in the plane, which returns to the origin (0,0) with probability 1. In fact, landing at (2n, n) for any n will land Waldo on top of his keys too. There's no need to look at odd t. Similar considerations apply for step sizes of arbitrary (fixed) size. ==> probability/reactor.p <== There is a reactor in which a reaction is to take place. This reaction stops if an electron is present in the reactor. The reaction is started with 18 positrons; the idea being that one of these positrons would combine with any incoming electron (thus destroying both). Every second, exactly one particle enters the reactor. The probablity that this particle is an electron is 0.49 and that it is a positron is 0.51. What is the probablity that the reaction would go on for ever?? Note: Once the reaction stops, it cannot restart. ==> probability/reactor.s <== Let P(n) be the probability that, starting with n positrons, the reaction goes on forever. Clearly P'(n+1)=P'(0)P'(n), where the ' indicates probabilistic complementation; also note that P'(n) = .51P'(n+1) + .49P'(n-1). Hence we have that P(1)=(P'(0))^2 and that P'(0) = .51P'(1) ==> P'(0) equals 1 or 49/51. We thus get that either P'(18) = 1 or (49/51)^19 ==> P(18) = 0 or 1 - (49/51)^19. The answer is indeed the latter. A standard result in random walks (which can be easily derived using Markov chains) yields that if p>1/2 then the probability of reaching the absorbing state at +infinity as opposed to the absorbing state at -1 is 1-r^(-i), where r=p/(1-p) (p is the probability of moving from state n to state n-1, in our case .49) and i equals the starting location + 1. Therefore we have that P(18) = 1-(.49/.51)^19. You are in a game of Russian roulette, but this time the gun (a 6 shooter revolver) has three bullets _in_a_row_ in three of the chambers. The barrel is spun only once. Each player then points the gun at his (her) head and pulls the trigger. If he (she) is still alive, the gun is passed to the other player who then points it at his (her) own head and pulls the trigger. The game stops when one player dies. Now to the point: would you rather be first or second to shoot? ==> probability/roulette.s <== All you need to consider are the six possible bullet configurations B B B E E E -> player 1 dies E B B B E E -> player 2 dies E E B B B E -> player 1 dies E E E B B B -> player 2 dies B E E E B B -> player 1 dies B B E E E B -> player 1 dies One therefore has a 2/3 probability of winning (and a 1/3 probability of dying) by shooting second. I for one would prefer this option. ==> probability/unfair.p <== Generate even odds from an unfair coin. For example, if you thought a coin was biased toward heads, how could you get the equivalent of a fair coin with several tosses of the unfair coin? ==> probability/unfair.s <== Toss twice. If both tosses give the same result, repeat this process (throw out the two tosses and start again). Otherwise, take the first of the two results. M, N, B, D, P ? ==> series/series.01.s <== T. If you say the sounds these letters make out loud, you will see that the next letter is T. ==> series/series.02.p <== H, H, L, B, B, C, N, O, F ? ==> series/series.02.s <== Answer 1: N, N, M, A The symbols for the elements. Answer 2: N, S, M, A The names of the elements. ==> series/series.03.p <== W, A, J, M, M, A, J? ==> series/series.03.s <== J, V, H, T, P, T, F, P, B, L. Presidents. ==> series/series.03a.p <== G, J, T, J, J, J, A, M, W, J, J, Z, M, F, J, ? ==> series/series.03a.s <== G, J, T, J, J, J, A, M, W, J, J, Z, M, F, J, A. Presidents' first names. ==> series/series.03b.p <== A, J, B, C, G, T, C, V, J, T, D, F, K, B, H, ? ==> series/series.03b.s <== A, J, B, C, G, T, C, V, J, T, D, F, K, B, H, J. Vice Presidents. ==> series/series.03c.p <== M, A, M, D, E, L, R, H, ? ==> series/series.03c.s <== M, A, M, D, E, L, R, H, A. Presidents' wives' first names. ==> series/series.04.p <== A, E, H, I, K, L, ? ==> series/series.04.s <== M, N, O, P, U, W. Letters in the Hawaiian alphabet. ==> series/series.05.p <== A B C D E F G H? ==> series/series.05.s <== M. The names of the cross-streets travelling west on (say) Commonwealth Avenue from Boston Garden: Arlington, Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester, Hereford, Massachusetts Ave. ==> series/series.06.p <== Z, O, T, T, F, F, S, S, E, N? ==> series/series.06.s <== T. The name of the integers starting with zero. ==> series/series.06a.p <== F, S, T, F, F, S, ? ==> series/series.06a.s <== The words "first", "second", "third", etc. The same as the previous from this point on. 1, 1 1, 2 1, 1 2 1 1, ... What is the pattern and asymptotics of this series? ==> series/series.07.s <== Each line is derived from the last by the transformation (for example) ... z z z x x y y y ... -> ... 3 z 2 x 3 y ... John Horton Conway analyzed this in "The Weird and Wonderful Chemistry of Audioactive Decay" (T M Cover & B Gopinath (eds) OPEN PROBLEMS IN COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTATION, Springer-Verlag (1987)). You can also find his most complete FRACTRAN paper in this collection. First, he points out that under this sequence, you frequently get adjacent subsequences XY which cannot influence each other in any future derivation of the sequence rule. The smallest such are called "atoms" or "elements". As Conway claims to have proved, there are 92 atoms which show up eventually in every sequence, no matter what the starting value (besides <> and <22>), and always in the same non-zero limiting proportions. Conway named them after some other list of 92 atoms. As a puzzle, see if you can recreate the list from the following, in decreasing atomic number: U Pa Th Ac Ra Fr Rn Ho.AT Po Bi Pm.PB Tl Hg Au Pt Ir Os Re Ge.Ca.W Ta HF.Pa.H.Ca.W Lu Yb Tm ER.Ca.Co HO.Pm Dy Tb Ho.GD EU.Ca.Co Sm PM.Ca.Zn Nd Pr Ce LA.H.Ca.Co Ba Cs Xe I Ho.TE Eu.Ca.SB Pm.SN In Cd Ag Pd Rh Ho.RU Eu.Ca.TC Mo Nb Er.ZR Y.H.Ca.Tc SR.U Rb Kr Br Se As GE.Na Ho.GA Eu.Ca.Ac.H.Ca.ZN Cu Ni Zn.CO Fe Mn CR.Si V Ti Sc Ho.Pa.H.CA.Co K Ar Cl S P Ho.SI Al Mg Pm.NA Ne F O N C B Be Ge.Ca.LI He Hf.Pa.H.Ca.Li Uranium is 3, Protactinium is 13, etc. Rn => Ho.AT means the following: Radon forms a string that consists of two atoms, Holmium on the left, and Astatine on the right. I capitalize the symbol for At to remind you that Astatine, and not Holmium, is one less than Radon in atomic number. As a check, against you or me making a mistake, Hf is 111xx, Nd is 111xxx, In and Ni are 111xxxxx, K is 111x, and H is 22. Next see if you can at least prove that any atom other than Hydrogen, eventually (and always thereafter) forms strings containing all 92 atoms. The grand Conway theorem here is that every string eventually forms (within a universal time limit) strings containing all the 92 atoms in certain specific non-zero limiting proportions, and that digits N greater than 3 are eventually restricted to one of two atomic patterns (ie, abc...N and def...N for some {1,2,3} sequences abc... and def...), which Conway calls isotopes of Np and Pu. (For N=2, these are He and Li), and that these transuranic atoms have a zero limiting proportion. The longest lived exotic element is Methuselum (2233322211N) which takes about 25 applications to reduce to the periodic table. -Matthew P Wiener ( [email protected] ) Conway gives many results on the ultimate behavior of strings under this transformation: for example, taking the sequence derived from 1 (or any other string except 2 2), the limit of the ratio of length of the (n+1)th term to the length of the nth term as n->infinity is a fixed constant, namely This number is from Ilan Vardi, "Computational Recreations in Mathematica", Addison Wesley 1991, page 13. Another sequence that is related but not nearly as interesting is: 1, 11, 21, 1112, 3112, 211213, 312213, 212223, 114213, 31121314, 41122314, 31221324, 21322314, and 21322314 generates itself, so we have a cycle. ==> series/series.08a.p <== G, L, M, B, C, L, M, C, F, S, ? ==> series/series.08a.s <== A, T, G, C, L, ? ==> series/series.12.s <== V, L, S, S, C, A, P. Zodiacal signs. ==> series/series.13.p <== M, V, E, M, J, S, ? ==> series/series.13.s <== U, N, P. Names of the Planets. ==> series/series.14.p <== A, B, D, O, P, ? ==> series/series.14.s <== Q, R. Only letters with an inside as printed. ==> series/series.14a.p <== A, B, D, E, G, O, P, ? ==> series/series.14a.s <== Q. Letters with cursive insides. ==> series/series.15.p <== A, E, F, H, I, ? ==> series/series.15.s <== L, M, N, O, S, U. Letters whose English names start with vowels. ==> series/series.16.p <== A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y? ==> series/series.16.s <== Z. Letters whose English names have one syllable. ==> series/series.17.p <== T, P, O, F, O, F, N, T, S, F, T, F, E, N, S, N? ==> series/series.17.s <== T, T, T, E, T, E. Digits of Pi. ==> series/series.18.p <== 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, ___ , 100, 121, 10000 ==> series/series.18.s <== 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24, 31 , 100, 121, 10000 Sixteen in base n for n=16, 15, ..., 2. ==> series/series.19.p <== 1 01 01011 0101101011011 0101101011011010110101101101011011 etc. Each string is formed from the previous string by substituting '01' for '1' and '011' for '0' simultaneously at each occurance. Notice that each string is an initial substring of the previous string so that we may consider them all as initial substrings of an infinite string. The puzzle then is, given n, determine if the nth digit is 0 or 1 without having to construct all the previous digits. That is, give a non-recursive formula for the nth digit. ==> series/series.19.s <== Let G equal the limit string generated by the above process and define the string F by F[n] = "1" if n = floor(phim) for some positive integer m, F[n] = "0" if n = floor(phi^2m) for some positive integer m, where floor(x) is the greatest integer =< x and phi = (1 + \/5)/2; I claim that F = G. I will try to motivate my solution. Let g[0]="0" and define g[n+1] to be the string that results from replacing "0" in g[n] with "01" and "1" with "011"; furthermore, let s(n) and t(n) be the number of "0"'s and "1"'s in g[n], respectively. Note that we have the following recursive formulas : s(n+1) = s(n) + t(n) and t(n+1) = s(n) + 2t(n). I claim that s(n) = Fib(2n-1) and t(n) = Fib(2n), where Fib(m) is the mth Fibonacci number (defined by Fib(-1) = 1, Fib(0) = 0, Fib(n+1) = Fib(n) + Fib(n-1) for n>=0); this is easily established by induction. Now noting that Fib(2n)/Fib(2n-1) -> phi as n -> infinity, we see that if the density of the "0"'s and "1"'s exists, they must be be 1/phi^2 and 1/phi, respectively. What is the simplest generating sequence which has this property? Answer: the one given above. Beatty's Theorem: if a and b are positive irrational numbers such that 1/a + 1/b = 1, then every positive integer has a representation of the form floor(am) or floor(bm) (m a positive integer), and this representation is unique. This shows that F is well-defined. I now claim that Lemma: If S(n) and T(n) (yes, two more functions; apparently today's the day that functions have their picnic) represent the number of "0"'s and "1"'s in the initial string of F of length n, then S(n) = ceil(n/phi^2) and T(n) = floor(n/phi) (ceil(x) is the smallest integer >= x). Proof of lemma: using the identity phi^2 = phi + 1 we see that S(n) + T(n) = n, hence for a given n either S(n) = S(n-1) + 1 or T(n) = T(n-1) + 1. Now note that if F[n-1]="1" ==> n-1 = floor(phim) for some positive integer m and since phim-1 < floor(phim) < phim ==> m-1/phi < (n-1)/phi < m ==> T(n) = T(n-1) + 1. To finish, note that if F[n-1]="0" ==> n-1 = floor(phi^2m) for some positive integer m and since phi^2m-1 < floor(phi^2m) < phi^2m ==> m-1/phi^2 < (n-1)/phi^2 < m ==> S(n) = S(n-1) + 1. Q.E.D. I will now show that F is invariant under the operation of replacing "0" with "01" and "1" with "011"; it will then follow that F=G. Note that this is equivalent to showing that F[2S(n) + 3T(n)] = "0", F[2S(n) + 3T(n) + 1] = "1", and that if n = [phim] for some positive integer m, then F[2S(n) + 3T(n) + 2] = "1". One could waste hours trying to prove some fiendish identities; watch how I sidestep this trap. For the first part, note that by the above lemma F[2S(n) + 3T(n)] = F[2ceil(n/phi^2) + 3floor(n/phi)] = F[2n + floor(n/phi)] = F[2n + floor(nphi-n)] = F[floor(phin+n)] = F[floor(phi^2n)] ==> F[2S(n) + 3T(n)] = "0". For the second, it is easy to see that since phi^2>2, if F[m]="0" ==> F[m]="1" hence the first part implies the second part. Finally, note that if n = [phim] for some positive integer m, then F[2S(n) + 3T(n) + 3] = F[2S(n+1) + 3T(n+1)] = "0", hence by the same reasoning as above F[2S(n) + 3T(n) + 2] = "1". Q.E.D. 3 1 1 0 3 7 5 5 2 ? ==> series/series.22.s <== The digits of pi expressed in base eight. ==> series/series.23.p <== 22 22 30 13 13 16 16 28 28 11 ? ==> series/series.23.s <== The birthdays of the Presidents of the United States. ==> series/series.24.p <== What is the next letter in the sequence: W, I, T, N, L, I, T? ==> series/series.24.s <== S. First letters of words in question. ==> series/series.25.p <== 1 3 4 9 10 12 13 27 28 30 31 36 37 39 40 ? ==> series/series.25.s <== 1 3 4 9 10 12 13 27 28 30 31 36 37 39 40 ... i in binary, treated as a base 3 number and converted to decimal. ==> series/series.26.p <== 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 12 13 15 14 10 11 9 8 24 25 27 26 ? ==> series/series.26.s <== 1 3 2 6 7 5 4 12 13 15 14 10 11 9 8 24 25 27 26 ... Take i in binary, for each 1 bit (in i, not changed) flip the next bit. This can also be phrased in reversing sequences of numbers. More simply, just the integers in reflective-Gray-code order. ==> series/series.27.p <== 0 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 1 2 2 4 1 3 1 3 2 2 1 4 2... 1. What can have distinctive looking heads spaced about more prominently right. (7) 6. Vermin that can overrun fish and t'English tor perhaps. (5) 8. Old testament reversal - Adam's conclusion, start of sin. Felines initially with everything there. (4) 9. Black initiated cut, oozed out naturally. (4) 10. For instance, 11 with spleen dropping I count? (5) 11. Provoked explosion of grenade. (7) Dn. 1. Some of club taking part in theatrical function, for the equivalent of a fraction of a pound. (6) 2. Close-in light meter in one formation originally treated as limestone. (6) 3. Xingu River hombres having symmetrical shape. (5) 4. About sex-appeal measure - what waitresses should be? (6) 5. Old penny, least damaged, was preserved. (6) 7. IRA to harm ruling Englishman; extremes could be belonging to group. (5) ==> games/crosswords/cryptic/double.s <== \|r e d c a p s\|d e x t r a l\| + + +-+-+ + + + + +-+-+ + + + \|o t t e r\|o\|a\|r o a c h\|s\|a\| + + + +-+ + + + + + +-+ + + + \|u\|a\|h\|f a l l\|a\|z\|m\|t o m s\| + + + +-+ + + + + + +-+ + + + \|b l e d\|r\|i\|t\|c o o n\|m\|i\|t\| + + + +-+ + + + + + +-+ + + + \|l\|o\|i r a t e\|m\|o\|n o b l e\| + + + +-+-+ + + + + +-+-+ + + \|e n r a g e d\|a n g e r e d\| +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Left grid: Ac. 1. R + spaced (anag). 6. T'E tor (anag). 8. F-all. 9. B-led. 10. I-rate. Dn. 1. Ro-ub-le. 2. T.A.L. in one (anag). 4. it in pole. 5. anag of D+least. 7. anag of initial letters. Right grid: Ac. 1. D-extra-L. 6. 3 mngs. 8. OT (rev) + m-s. 9. initial letters. 10. No.-b(i)le. Dn. Dra-c-ma. 2. Zoo(m) in one (anag). 3. hidden. 4. SA (rev) + mile. 5. anag of D+least. 7. anag of final letters. -------------------------------------------------------------------- How I built it: it was hard! Basically, I started with a couple of word pairs which were easy to clue (e.g. enraged/angered - same meaning and anagrams of each other) and built a grid around them, trying to ensure corresponding words had something in common, either in meaning (their, among) or structure, (EtalON, EOzooN) and making sure that there was at least one word which could be used to distinguish the two grids (dextral). The clues were built in one of two ways: either the words had a common definition, and so a subsidiary indication which could refer to either was needed; or it was necessary to define each word in such a way that it was a subsidiary definition for all or part of the corresponding word, and deal with any remaining parts as before. I think the single hardest part was finding a definition of "interferometer" which could also be interpreted as "zoo" or "ozo". Roy The characteristic common to all cryptic crossword puzzles is the format of the clues. Each clue is a miniature word puzzle consisting of a straight definition of the answer and a cryptic definition of the answer. For example, Axle is poorly splined (7) yields SPINDLE. Axle is the straight definition. The cryptic definition (poorly splined) indicates an anagram of "splined". The number in parentheses is the number of letters in the answer. Punctuation and capitalization may be ignored in interpreting the clues. There are only eight categories of clues, as follows: 1. Anagram An anagram is a word formed by mixing up the letters of another word. An anagram clue is indicated by some word that means "mixed up", for example, out, crazy, bizarre, insane, etc. One or more words may contribute to the anagram. For example: Tim goes insane from selfishness (7) for EGOTISM (anagram of "Tim goes") 2. Double Definition A double definition is simply two definitions of the word. Most two-word clues are double definitions. For example: Release without charge (4) A container clue indicates that something is to be put in (or wrapped around) something else. A container is indicated by phrases such as eaten by, contains, in, gobbles, etc. For example: In Missouri, consumed by fear (7) for AMONGST (MO = Missouri in ANGST = fear) 4. Hidden Word A hidden word is a word embedded in another word or words. It is indicated by phrases such as spot in, hides, at the heart of, covers, etc. For example: Worn spot in paper at typo (5) for RATTY (find ratty in "paper at typo") 5. Reversal A reversal is a definition of a word with the letters reversed. It is indicated by words such as back, reversed, up (for down clues), leftward (for across clues), etc. For example: Egad! Ray entirely reversed the lot of cloth (7) for YARDAGE ("Egad! Ray" reversed) 6. Homophone A homophone definition is a definition of a word that sounds the same as the answer, but is spelled differently. A homophone is indicated by words such as in audience, I hear, mouthed, verbally, etc. For example: Regrets prank, I hear (4) for RUES (the homophone is RUSE = prank) 7. Charade In a charade, the pieces of the word are "spelled" out in order. There are no auxiliary words that indicate a charade. For example: Excite a jerk extremist (7) for FANATIC (FAN = excite, A, TIC = jerk) 8. Deletion A deletion is a clue where you are instructed to remove a part of some word to make another word. For example, Times with poor wages (4) for AGES (with-poor WAGES, where with is abbreviated by W) Often the clue types are combined. Some common examples are 1) hidden word reversals where the answer is found backwards embedded in other words, and 2) containers or charades where the parts are anagrams. For example: Car shops have broken gear immersed in gasoline. (7) for GARAGES (RAGE = gear anagram in GAS = gasoline) All manner of common abbreviations, acronyms, and other symbology such as roman numerals are allowed. For example: c one hundred, cup, or centigrade vi six Two punctuation marks at the end of the clue have been reserved for special meaning. A question mark (?) indicates that the straight clue is not entirely straight (usually a pun). For example: I tie down mascara holder soundly? (7) for EYELASH (homophone of "I lash", mascara holder is a punning definition of EYELASH) An exclamation point (!) indicates that some part (usually all) of the clue overlaps. For example, the straight definition may also be the anagram indicator. Here is an example that entirely overlaps: A moped also has these! (6) for PEDALS (hidden word) Here, the entire clue indicates the hidden word, but the entire clue is also a straight definition of the answer. Give it a try! Cryptic crossword puzzles are a lot of fun. -- Steve Koehler [email protected] ==> games/go-moku.p <== For a game of k in a row on an n x n board, for what values of k and n is there a win? Is (the largest such) k eventually constant or does it increase with n? ==> games/go-moku.s <== Berlekamp, Conway, and Guy's _Winning_Ways_ reports proof that the maximum k is between 4 and 7 inclusive, and it appears to be 5 or 6. They report: . 4-in-a-row is a draw on a 5x5 board (C. Y. Lee), but not on a 4x30 board (C. Lustenberger). . N-in-a-row is shown to be a draw on a NxN board for N>4, using a general pairing technique devised by A. W. Hales and R. I. Jewett. . 9-in-a-row is a draw even on an infinite board, a 1954 result of H. O. Pollak and C. E. Shannon. . More recently, the pseudonymous group T. G. L. Zetters showed that 8-in-a-row is a draw on an infinite board, and have made some progress on showing infinite 7-in-a-row to be a draw. Go-moku is 5-in-a-row played on a 19x19 go board. It is apparently a win for the first player, and so the Japanese have introduced several 'handicaps' for the first player (e.g., he must win with _exactly_ five: 6-in-a-row doesn't count), but apparently the game is still a win for the first player. None of these apparent results have been proven. What is the quickest solution of the game Hi-Q (also called Solitair)? For those of you who aren't sure what the game looks like: 32 movable pegs ("+") are arranged on the following board such that only the middle position is empty ("-"). Just to be complete: the board consists of only these 33 positions. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 + + + What are the highest, lowest, and most different scores contestants can achieve during a single game of Jeopardy? ==> games/jeopardy.s <== highest: $283,200.00, lowest: -$29,000.00, biggest difference: $309,700.00 (1) Our theoretical contestant has an itchy trigger finger, and rings in with an answer before either of his/her opponents. (2) The daily doubles (1 in the Jeopardy! round, 2 in the Double Jeopardy! round) all appear under an answer in the $100 or $200 rows. (3) All answers given by our contestant are (will be?) correct. Therefore: Round 1 (Jeopardy!): Max. score per category: $1500. For 6 categories - $100 for the DD, that's $8900. Our hero bets the farm and wins - score: $17,800. Round 2 (Double Jeopardy!): Max. score per category: $3000. Assume that the DDs are found last, in order. For 6 categories - $400 for both DDs, that's $17,600. Added to his/her winnings in Round 1, that's $35,400. After the 1st DD, where the whole thing is wagered, the contestant's score is $70,800. Then the whole amount is wagered again, yielding a total of $141,600. Round 3 (Final Jeopardy!): Our (very greedy! :) hero now bets the whole thing, to see just how much s/he can actually win. Assuming that his/her answer is right, the final amount would be $283,200. But the contestant can only take home $100,000; the rest is donated to charity. To calculate the lowest possible socre: -1500 x 6 = -9000 + 100 = -8900. On the Daily Double that appears in the 100 slot, you bet the maximum allowed, 500, and lose. So after the first round, you are at -9400. -3000 x 6 = -18000 + 400 = -17600 On the two Daily Doubles in the 200 slots, bet the maximum allowed, 1000. So after the second round you are at -9400 + -19600 = -29000. This is the lowest score you can achieve in Jeopardy before the Final Jeopardy round. The caveat here is that you must* be the person sitting in the left-most seat (either a returning champion or the luckier of the three people who come in after a five-time champion "retires") at the beginning of the game, because otherwise you will not have control of the board when the first Daily Double comes along. For what board sizes is a knight's tour possible? ==> games/knight.tour.s <== A tour exists for boards of size 1x1, 3x4, 3xN with N >= 7, 4xN with N >= 5, and MxN with N >= M >= 5. In other words, for all rectangles except 1xN (excluding the trivial 1x1), 2xN, 3x3, 3x5, 3x6, 4x4. With the exception of 3x8 and 4xN, any even-sized board which allows a tour will also allow a closed (reentrant) tour. On an odd-sided board, there is one more square of one color than of the other. Every time a knight moves, it moves to a square of the other color than the one it is on. Therefore, on an odd-sided board, it must end the last move but one of the complete, reentrant tour on a square of the same color as that on which it started. It is then impossible to make the last move, for that move would end on a square of the same color as it begins on. Here is a solution for the 7x7 board (which is not reentrant). ------------------------------------ \| 17 \| 6 \| 33 \| 42 \| 15 \| 4 \| 25 \| ------------------------------------ \| 32 \| 47 \| 16 \| 5 \| 26 \| 35 \| 14 \| ------------------------------------ \| 7 \| 18 \| 43 \| 34 \| 41 \| 24 \| 3 \| ------------------------------------ \| 46 \| 31 \| 48 \| 27 \| 44 \| 13 \| 36 \| ------------------------------------ \| 19 \| 8 \| 45 \| 40 \| 49 \| 2 \| 23 \| ------------------------------------ \| 30 \| 39 \| 10 \| 21 \| 28 \| 37 \| 12 \| ------------------------------------ \| 9 \| 20 \| 29 \| 38 \| 11 \| 22 \| 1 \| ------------------------------------ Here is a solution for the 5x5 board (which is not reentrant). -------------------------- \| 5 \| 10 \| 15 \| 20 \| 3 \| -------------------------- \| 16 \| 21 \| 4 \| 9 \| 14 \| -------------------------- \| 11 \| 6 \| 25 \| 2 \| 19 \| -------------------------- \| 22 \| 17 \| 8 \| 13 \| 24 \| -------------------------- \| 7 \| 12 \| 23 \| 18 \| 1 \| -------------------------- For the particular game described we only need to consider positions for which the following condition holds for each pile: (number of bills in pile k) + k >= (number of piles) + 1 A GOOD position is defined as one in which this condition holds, with equality applying only to one pile P, and all piles following P having the same number of bills as P. ( So the initial position is GOOD, the special pile being the first. ) I now claim that if I leave you a GOOD position, and you make any move, I can move back to a GOOD position. Suppose there are n piles and the special pile is numbered (n-p+1) (so that the last p piles each contain p bills). (1) You take p bills from p or more piles; (a) If p = n, you have just taken the last bill and lost. (b) Otherwise I reduce pile (n-p) (which is now the last) to 1 bill. (2) You take p bills from r(<p) piles; I take r bills from (p-r) piles. (3) You take q(<p) bills from p or more piles; I take (p-q) bills from q piles. (4) You take q(<p) bills from r(<p) piles; (a) q+r>p; I take (p-q) bills from (q+r-p) piles (b) q+r<=p; I take (p-q) bills from (q+r) piles Verifying that each of the resulting positions is GOOD is tedious but straightforward. It is left as an exercise for the reader. -- RobH How good are computers at Othello? ==> games/othello.s <== The interesting game in which computers are undoubted masters of all they survey is Othello, where Kai-Fu Lee's (CMU) program "Bill" is so good it can only play itself to learn to get better. Bill has a fantastically correct and efficient evaluation function, that recently has been further improved by learning coefficients for additional terms made up of the pair-wise combination of the four old terms. This improved the quality of the play approximately as much as searching an extra two ply. Bill is so good it can beat lots of players with no search at all. Its 6 or 7 ply search sweeps aside all opposition (though Kai-Fu says that some very good players are now coming along in Japan, and he is not sure whether Bill would beat them). One interesting question remaining in Othello is the game theoretic value of the starting position. Bill's results seem to indicate that the first player has an advantage. It appears that, since Kai-Fu has published all his evaluation material, someone could build an Othello machine, and produce a constructive proof (as was done for Cubic) that it is a win for the first player. ==> games/risk.p <== What are the odds when tossing dice in Risk? ==> games/risk.s <== Attacker using 3 dice, Defender using 2: Probability that Attacker wins 2 = 2323 / 7776 Probability that Attacker wins 1 = 3724 / 7776 Probability that Attacker wins 0 = 1729 / 7776 Attacker using 3 dice, Defender using 1: Probability that Attacker wins 1 = 855 / 1296 Probability that Attacker wins 0 = 441 / 1296 Attacker using 2 dice, Defender using 2: Probability that Attacker wins 2 = 225 / 1296 Probability that Attacker wins 1 = 630 / 1296 Probability that Attacker wins 0 = 441 / 1296 Attacker using 2 dice, Defender using 1: Probability that Attacker wins 1 = 125 / 216 Probability that Attacker wins 0 = 91 / 216 Attacker using 1 dice, Defender using 2: Probability that Attacker wins 1 = 90 / 216 Probability that Attacker wins 0 = 126 / 216 Attacker using 1 dice, Defender using 1: Probability that Attacker wins 1 = 15 / 36 Probability that Attacker wins 0 = 21 / 36 ==> games/rubiks.clock.p <== How do you quickly solve Rubik's clock? ==> games/rubiks.clock.s <== The solution to Rubik's Clock is very simple and the clock can be "worked" in 10-20 seconds once the solution is known. In this description of how to solve the clock I will describe the different clocks as if they were on a map (e.g. N,NE,E,SE,S,SW,W,NW); this leaves the middle clock which I will just call M. To work the Rubik's clock choose one side to start from; it does not matter from which side you start. Your initial goal will be to align the N,S,E,W and M clocks. Use the following algorithm to do this: [1] Start with all buttons in the OUT position. [2] Choose a N,S,E,W clock that does not already have the same time as M (i.e. not aligned with M). [3] Push in the closest two buttons to the clock you chose in [2]. [4] Using the knobs that are farest away from the clock you chose in [2] rotate the knob until M and the clock you chose are aligned. The time on the clocks at this point does not matter. [5] Go back to [1] until N,S,E,W and M are in alignment. [6] At this point N,S,E,W and M should all have the same time. Make sure all buttons are out and rotate any knob until N,S,E,W and M are pointing to 12 oclock. Now turn the puzzle over and repeat steps [1]-[6] for this side. DO NOT turn any knobs other than the ones described in [1]-[6]. If you have done this correctly then on both sides of the puzzle N,S,E,W and M will all be pointing to 12. Now to align NE,SE,SW,NW. To finish the puzzle you only need to work from one side. Choose a side and use the following algorithm to align the corners: [1] Start with all buttons OUT on the side you're working from. [2] Choose a corner that is not aligned. [3] Press the button closest to that corner in. [4] Using any knob except for that corner's knob rotate all the clocks until they are in line with the corner clock. (Here "all the clocks" means N,S,E,W,M and any other clock that you have already aligned) There is no need at this point to return the clocks to 12 although if it is less confusing you can. Remember to return all buttons to their up position before you do so. [5] Return to [1] until all clocks are aligned. [6] With all buttons up rotate all the clocks to 12. ==> games/rubiks.cube.p <== What is known about bounds on solving Rubik's cube? ==> games/rubiks.cube.s <== The "official" world record was set by Minh Thai at the 1982 World Championships in Budapest Hungary, with a time of 22.95 seconds. Keep in mind mathematicians provided standardized dislocation patterns for the cubes to be randomized as much as possible. The fastest cube solvers from 19 different countries had 3 attempts each to solve the cube as quickly as possible. Minh and several others have unofficially solved the cube in times between 16 and 19 seconds. However, Minh averages around 25 to 26 seconds after 10 trials, and by best average of ten trials is about 27 seconds (although it is usually higher). Consider that in the World Championships 19 of the world's fastest cube solvers each solved the cube 3 times and no one solved the cube in less than 20 seconds... God's algorithm is the name given to an as yet (as far as I know) undiscovered method to solve the rubik's cube in the least number of moves; as apposed to using 'canned' moves. The known lower bound is 18 moves. This is established by looking at things backwards: suppose we can solve a position in N moves. Then by running the solution backwards, we can also go from the solved position to the position we started with in N moves. Now we count how many sequences of N moves there are from the starting position, making certain that we don't turn the same face twice in a row: N=0: 1 (empty) sequence; N=1: 18 sequences (6 faces can be turned, each in 3 different ways) N=2: 1815 sequences (take any sequence of length 1, then turn any of the five faces which is not the last face turned, in any of 3 different ways); N=3: 181515 sequences (take any sequence of length 2, then turn any of the five faces which is not the last face turned, in any of 3 different ways); : N=i: 1815^(i-1) sequences. So there are only 1 + 18 + 1815 + 1815^2 + ... + 1815^(n-1) sequences of moves of length n or less. This sequence sums to (18/14)(15^n - 1) + 1. Trying particular values of n, we find that there are about 8.4 * 10^18 sequences of length 16 or less, and about 1.3 times 10^20 sequences of length 17 or less. Since there are 2^10 * 3^7 * 8! * 12!, or about 4.3 * 10^19, possible positions of the cube, we see that there simply aren't enough sequences of length 16 or less to reach every position from the starting position. So not every position can be solved in 16 or less moves - i.e. some positions require at least 17 moves. This can be improved to 18 moves by being a bit more careful about counting sequences which produce the same position. To do this, note that if you turn one face and then turn the opposite face, you get exactly the same result as if you'd done the two moves in the opposite order. When counting the number of essentially different sequences of N moves, therefore, we can split into two cases: (a) Last two moves were not of opposite faces. All such sequences can be obtained by taking a sequence of length N-1, choosing one of the 4 faces which is neither the face which was last turned nor the face opposite it, and choosing one of 3 possible ways to turn it. (If N=1, so that the sequence of length N-1 is empty and doesn't have a last move, we can choose any of the 6 faces.) (b) Last two moves were of opposite faces. All such sequences can be obtained by taking a sequence of length N-2, choosing one of the 2 opposite face pairs that doesn't include the last face turned, and turning each of the two faces in this pair (33 possibilities for how it was turned). (If N=2, so that the sequence of length N-2 is empty and doesn't have a last move, we can choose any of the 3 opposite face pairs.) This gives us a recurrence relation for the number X_N of sequences of length N: N=0: X_0 = 1 (the empty sequence) N=1: X_1 = 18 X_0 = 18 N=2: X_2 = 12 * X_1 + 27 * X_0 = 243 N=3: X_3 = 12 * X_2 + 18 * X_1 = 3240 : N=i: X_i = 12 * X_(i-1) + 18 * X_(i-2) If you do the calculations, you find that X_0 + X_1 + X_2 + ... + X_17 is about 2.0 * 10^19. So there are fewer essentially different sequences of moves of length 17 or less than there are positions of the cube, and so some positions require at least 18 moves. The upper bound of 50 moves is I believe due to Morwen Thistlethwaite, who developed a technique to solve the cube in a maximum of 50 moves. It involved a descent through a chain of subgroups of the full cube group, starting with the full cube group and ending with the trivial subgroup (i.e. the one containing the solved position only). Each stage involves a careful examination of the cube, essentially to work out which coset of the target subgroup it is in, followed by a table look-up to find a sequence to put it into that subgroup. Needless to say, it was not a fast technique! But it was fascinating to watch, because for the first three quarters or so of the solution, you couldn't really see anything happening - i.e. the position continued to appear random! If I remember correctly, one of the final subgroups in the chain was the subgroup generated by all the double twists of the faces - so near the end of the solution, you would suddenly notice that each face only had two colours on it. A few moves more and the solution was complete. Completely different from most cube solutions, in which you gradually see order return to chaos: with Morwen's solution, the order only re-appeared in the last 10-15 moves. With God's algorithm, of course, I would expect this effect to be even more pronounced: someone solving the cube with God's algorithm would probably look very much like a film of someone scrambling the cube, run in reverse! Finally, something I'd be curious to know in this context: consider the position in which every cubelet is in the right position, all the corner cubelets are in the correct orientation, and all the edge cubelets are "flipped" (i.e. the only change from the solved position is that every edge is flipped). What is the shortest sequence of moves known to get the cube into this position, or equivalently to solve it from this position? (I know of several sequences of 24 moves that do the trick.) The reason I'm interested in this particular position: it is the unique element of the centre of the cube group. As a consequence, I vaguely suspect (I'd hardly like to call it a conjecture :-) it may lie "opposite" the solved position in the cube graph - i.e. the graph with a vertex for each position of the cube and edges connecting positions that can be transformed into each other with a single move. If this is the case, then it is a good candidate to require the maximum possible number of moves in God's algorithm. To my knowledge, no one has ever demonstrated a specific cube position that takes 15 moves to solve. Furthermore, the lower bound is known to be greater than 15, due to a simple proof. The way we know the lower bound is by working backwards counting how many positions we can reach in a small number of moves from the solved position. If this is less than 43,252,003,274,489,856,000 (the total number of positions of Rubik's cube) then you need more than that number of moves to reach the other positions of the cube. Therefore, those positions will require more moves to solve. The answer depends on what we consider a move. There are three common definitions. The most restrictive is the QF metric, in which only a quarter-turn of a face is allowed as a single move. More common is the HF metric, in which a half-turn of a face is also counted as a single move. The most generous is the HS metric, in which a quarter- turn or half-turn of a central slice is also counted as a single move. These metrics are sometimes called the 12-generator, 18-generator, and 27-generator metrics, respectively, for the number of primitive moves. The definition does not affect which positions you can get to, or even how you get there, only how many moves we count for it. The answer is that even in the HS metric, the lower bound is 16, because at most 17,508,850,688,971,332,784 positions can be reached within 15 HS moves. In the HF metric, the lower bound is 18, because at most 19,973,266,111,335,481,264 positions can be reached within 17 HF moves. And in the QT metric, the lower bound is 21, because at most 39,812,499,178,877,773,072 positions can be reached within 20 QT moves. Lately in this conference I've noted several messages related to Rubik's Cube and Square 1. I've been an avid cube fanatic since 1981 and I've been gathering cube information since. Around Feb. 1990 I started to produce the Domain of the Cube Newsletter, which focuses on Rubik's Cube and all the cube variants produced to date. I include notes on unproduced prototype cubes which don't even exist, patent information, cube history (and prehistory), computer simulations of puzzles, etc. I'm up to the 4th issue. Anyways, if you're interested in other puzzles of the scramble by rotation type you may be interested in DOTC. It's available free to anyone interested. I am especially interested in contributing articles for the newsletter, e.g. ideas for new variants, God's Algorithm. Anyone ever write a Magic Dodecahedron simulation for a computer? Anyone understand Morwen Thistlethwaite's 50 move solution to Rubik's Cube? I'd love to hear from you. Drop me a SASE (say empire size) if you're interested in DOTC or if you would like to exchange notes on Rubik's Cube, Square 1 etc. I'm also interested in exchanging puzzle simulations, e.g. Rubik's Cube, Twisty Torus, NxNxN Simulations, etc, for Amiga and IBM computers. I've written several Rubik's Cube solving programs, and I'm trying to make the definitive puzzle solving engine. I'm also interested in AI programs for Rubik's Cube and the like. Ideal Toy put out the Rubik's Cube Newsletter, starting with issue #1 on May 1982. There were 4 issues in all, and I'm missing #3. I have: #1, May 1982 #2, Aug 1982 I am willing to trade photocopies with anyone to obtain #3. There was another sort of magazine, published in several languages called Rubik's Logic and Fantasy in space. I believe there were 8 issues in all. Unfortunately I don't have any of these! I'm willing to buy these off anyone interesting in selling. I would like to get the originals if at all possible... I'm also interested in buying any books on the cube or related puzzles. In particular I am _very_ interested in obtaining the following: Cube Games Don Taylor, Leanne Rylands Official Solution to Alexander's Star Adam Alexander The Amazing Pyraminx Dr. Ronald Turner-Smith The Winning Solution Minh Thai The Winning Solution to Rubik's Revenge Minh Thai Simple Solutions to Cubic Puzzles James G. Nourse I'm also interested in buying puzzles of the mechanical type. I'm still missing the Pyraminx Star (basically a Pyraminx with more tips on it), the Puck, and Hungarian Rings. If anyone out here is a fellow collector I'd like to hear from you. If you have a cube variant which you think is rare, or an idea for a cube variant we could swap notes. I'm in the middle of compiling an exhaustive library for computer simulations of puzzles. This includes simulations of all Uwe Meffert's puzzles which he prototyped but _never_ produced. In fact, I'm in the middle of working on a Pyraminx Hexagon solver. What? Never heard of it? Meffert did a lot of other puzzles which never were made. I invented some new "scramble by rotation" puzzles myself. My favourite creation is the Twisty Torus. It is a torus puzzle with segments (which slide around 360 degrees) with multiple rings around the circumference. The computer puzzle simulation library I'm forming will be described in depth in DOTC #4 (The Domain of the Cube Newsletter). So if you have any interesting computer puzzle programs please email me and tell me all about them! Also to the people interested in obtaining a subscription to DOTC, who are outside of Canada (which it seems is just about all of you!) please don't send U.S. or non-Canadian stamps (yeah, I know I said Self-Addressed Stamped Envelope before). Instead send me an international money order in Canadian funds for $6. I'll send you the first 4 issues (issue #4 is almost finished). Mark Longridge The puzzler tried to take the test; Intriguing rhymes he wished to best. But "Fifty and ten dozens twenty" made his headache pound aplenty. When he finally found some leisure, He took to task this witty treasure. "The product of the age must be Twenty-Four Hundred Fifty!" Knowing that, he took its primes, permuted them as many times as needed, til he found amounts equal to, by all accounts, twice the Verger's age, so that He would have that next day's spat. The reason for the lad's confusion was due to multiple solution! Hence he needed one more clue to give the answer back to you! Since only one could fit the bill, and then confirm the priest's age still, the eldest age of each solution by one could differ, with no coercion. <=(Sorry) Else, that last clue's revelation would not have brought information! With two, two, five, seven, and seven, construct three ages, another set of seven. Two sets of three yield sixty-four, Examine them, yet one time more. The eldest age of each would be forty-nine, and then, fifty! With lack of proper rhyme and meter, I've tried to be the first completor of this poem and a puzzle; my poetry, you'd try to muzzle! And lest you think my wit is thrifty, The answer, of course, must be fifty! If dispute, you wish to tender, note my addresss, as the sender! -- You are given N balls and a balance scale and told that one ball is slightly heavier or lighter than the other identical ones. The scale lets you put the same number of balls on each side and observe which side (if either) is heavier. 1. What's the minimum # of weighings X (and way of doing them) that will always find the unique ball and whether it's heavy or light? 2. If you are told the unique ball is, in fact, heavier than the others, what's the minimum # of weighings Y to find it? ==> logic/weighing/balance.s <== Martin Gardner gave a neat solution to this problem. Assume that you are allowed N weighings. Write down the 3^N possible length N strings of the symbols '0', '1', and '2'. Eliminate the three such strings that consist of only one symbol repeated N times. For each string, find the first symbol that is different from the symbol preceeding it. Consider that pair of symbols. If that pair is not 01, 12, or 20, cross out that string. In other words, we only allow strings of the forms 001., 112., or 220. ( using ed(1) regular expressions ). You will have (3^N-3)/2 strings left. This is how many balls you can handle in N weighings. Perform N weighings as follows: For weighing I, take all the balls that have a 0 in string position I, and weigh them against all the balls that have a 2 in string position I. If the side with the 0's in position I goes down, write down a 0. If the other side goes down, write down a 2. Otherwise, write down a 1. After the N weighings, you have written down an N symbol string. If your string matches the string on one of the balls, then that is the odd ball, and it is heavy. If none of them match, than change every 2 to a 0 in your string, and every 0 to a 2. You will then have a string that matches one of the balls, and that ball is lighter than the others. Note that if you only have to identify the odd ball, but don't have to determine if it is heavy or light, you can handle (3^N-3)/2+1 balls. Label the extra ball with a string of all 1's, and use the above method. Note also that you can handle (3^N-3)/2+1 balls if you do have to determine whether it is heavy or light, provided you have a single reference ball available, which you know has the correct weight. You do this by labelling the extra ball with a string of all 2s. This results in it being placed on the same side of the scales each time, and in that side of the scales having one more ball than the other each time. So you put the reference ball on the other side of the scales to the "all 2s" ball on each weighing. Proving that this works is straightforward, once you notice that the method of string construction makes sure that in each position, 1/3 of the strings have 0, 1/3 have 1, and 1/3 have 2, and that if a string occurs, then the string obtained by replacing each 0 with a 2 and each 2 with a 0 does not occur. ==> logic/weighing/box.p <== You have ten boxes; each contains nine balls. The balls in one box weigh 0.9 kg; the rest weigh 1.0 kg. You have one weighing on a scale to find the box containing the light balls. How do you do it? ==> logic/weighing/box.s <== Number the boxes 0-9. Take 0 balls from box 0, 1 ball from box 1, 2 balls from box 2, etc. Now weight all those balls and follow this table: If odd box is Weight is 0 45 kg ==> logic/weighing/gummy.bears.p <== Real gummy drop bears have a mass of 10 grams, while imitation gummy drop bears have a mass of 9 grams. Spike has 7 cartons of gummy drop bears, 4 of which contain real gummy drop bears, the others imitation. Using a scale only once and the minimum number of gummy drop bears, how can Spike determine which cartons contain real gummy drop bears? ==> logic/weighing/gummy.bears.s <== Spike used 51 gummy drop bears: from the 7 boxes he took respectively 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 13, and 24 bears. The notion is that each box of imitation bears will subtract its number of bears from the total "ideal" weight of 510 grams (1 gram of missing weight per bear), so Spike weighs the bears, subtracts the result from 510 to obtain a number N, and finds the unique combination of 3 numbers from the above list (since there are 3 "imitation" boxes) that sum to N. The trick is for the sums of all triples selected from the set S of numbers of bears to be unique. To accomplish this, I put numbers into S one at a time in ascending order, starting with the obvious choice, 0. (Why is this obvious? If I'd started with k > 0, then I could have improved on the resulting solution by subtracting k from each number) Each new number obviously had to be greater than any previous, because otherwise sums are not unique, but also the sums it made when paired with any previous number had to be distinct from all previous pairs (otherwise when this pair is combined with a third number you can't distinguish it from the other pair)--except for the last box, where we can ignore this point. And most obviously all the new triples had to be distinct from any old triples; it was easy to find what the new triples were by adding the newest number to each old sum of pairs. Now, in case you're curious, the possible weight deficits and their unique decompositions are: Some of the supervisors of Scandalvania's n mints are producing bogus coins. It would be easy to determine which mints are producing bogus coins but, alas, the only scale in the known world is located in Nastyville, which isn't on very friendly terms with Scandalville. In fact, Nastyville's king will only let you use the scale twice. Your job? You must determine which of the n mints are producing the bogus coins using only two weighings and the minimum number of coins (your king is rather parsimonious, to put it nicely). This is a true scale, i.e. it will tell you the weight of whatever you put on it. Good coins are known to have a weight of 1 ounce and it is also known that all the bogus mints (if any) produce coins that are light or heavy by the same amount. Some examples: if n=1 then we only need 1 coin, if n=2 then clearly 2 coins suffice, one from each mint. What are the solutions for n=3,4,5? What can be said for general n? ==> logic/weighing/weighings.s <== Oh gracious and wise king, I have solved this problem by first simplifying and then expanding. That is, consider the problem of being allowed only a single weighing. Stop reading right now if you want to think about it further. There are three possible outcomes for each mint (light, OK, heavy) which may be represented as (-1, 0, +1). Now, let each mint represent one place in base 3. Thus, the first mint is the ones place, the second the threes place, the third is the nines place and so on. The number of coins from each mint must equal the place. That is, we'll have 1 coin from mint 1, 3 from mint 2, 9 from mint 3, and, in general, 3^(n-1) from mint n. By weighing all coins at once, we will get a value between 1 + 3 + 9 + ... and -1 + -3 + -9 + ... In fact, we notice that that value will be unique for any mint outcomes. Thus, for the one weighing problem, we need sum for i=1 to n (3^(i-1)) which evaluates to (3^n - 1)/2 I'm fairly satisfied that this is a minimum for a single weighing. What does a second weighing give us? Well, we can divide the coins into two groups and use the same method. That is, if we have 5 mints, one weighing will be: 1 coin from mint 1 + 3 coins from mint 2 + 9 coins from mint 3 while the other weighing will be: 1 coin from mint 4 + 3 coins from mint 5 It's pretty plain that this gives us a total coinage of: 3^(n/2) - 1 for even n and, after some arithmetic agitation: 2 * 3^((n-1)/2) - 1 for odd n I think the flaw in this solution is that we don't know ahead of time the amount by which the coins are off weight. So if you weigh 1 coin from mint 1 together with 3 coins from mint 2 and the result is heavy by 3x units, you still don't know whether the bogus coins are from mint 3 (heavy by x units) or from mint 1 (heavy by 3x units). Note that we're not given the error amount, only the fact that is is equal for all bogus coins. Here is my partial solution: After considering the above, it would seem that on each of the two weighings we must include coins from all of the mints (except for the special cases of small n). So let ai (a sub i) be the number of coins from mint i on weighing 1 and bi be the number of coins from mint i on weighing 2. Let the error in the bogus coins have a value x, and let ci be a the counterfeit function: ci is 0 if mint i is good, 1 otherwise. Sum ai ci x = delta1 error on weighing 1 Sum bi ci x = delta2 error on weighing 2 Now the ratio of delta1 to delta2 will be rational regardless of the value of x, since x will factor out; let's call this ratio p over q (p and q relatively prime). We would like to choose { ai } and { bi } such that for any set of mints J, which will be a subset of { 1 , 2 , ... , n }, that Sum aj ( = Sum ai ci ) is relatively prime to Sum bj. If this is true then we can determine the error x; it will simply be delta1/p, which is equal to delta2/q. If the { ai } have been carefully chosen, we should be able to figure out the bogus mints from one of the weighings, provided that all subsets ( { { aj } over all J } ) have unique sums. This was the strategy proposed above, where is was suggested that ai = 3 ** (i-1) ; note that you can use base 2 instead of base 3 since all the errors have the same sign. Well, for the time being I'm stumped. This agrees with the analysis I've been fighting with. I actually came up with a pair of functions that "almost" works. So that the rest of you can save some time (in case you think the way I did): Weighing 1: 1 coin from each mint Weighing 2: 2^(k-1) coins from mint k, for 1...k...n (total 2^n - 1 coins) Consider the n mints to be one-bit-each -- bit set -> mint makes bogus coins. Then we can just state that we're trying to discover "K", where K is a number whose bit pattern _just_ describes the bogosity of each mint. OK - now, assuming we know 'x', and we only consider the difference of the weighing from what it should be, for weighing 1, the devaiation is just the Hamming weight of K -- that is the number of 1-bits in it -- that is, the number of bogosifying mints. For weighing 2, the deviation is just K! When the nth bit of K is set, then that mint contributes just 2^n to the deviation, and so the total deviation will just be K. So that set me in search of a lemma: given H(x) is the hamming weight of x, is f(x) = x / H(x) a 1-1 map integers into rationals? That is, if x/H(x) = y/H(y) can we conclude that x = y? The answer (weep) is NO. The lowest pair I could find are 402/603 (both give the ratio 100.5). Boy it sure looked like a good conjecture for a while! Sigh. There are two parts to the problem. First let us try to come up with a solution to finding the answer in 2 weighings - then worry about using the min. number of coins. Solutions are for GENERAL n. Let N = set of all mints, 1 to n. Card(N) = n. Let P = set of all bogus mints. Let Card(P) = p. Weighing I: Weigh n coins, 1 from each mint. Since each "good" coins weighs one ounce, let delta1 be the error in weighing. Since all bogus coins are identical, let delta1 be abs(error). If x is the weight by which one bogus coin differs from a good coin, delta1 = p * x. Weighing II: The coins to be weighed are composed thusly. Let a1 be the number of coins from mint 1, a2 # from mint2 .. and an from mint n. All ai's are distinct integers. Let A = Set of all ai's. Let delta2 = (abs.) error in weighing 2 = x * k where k is the number of coins that are bogus in weighing two. Or more formally k = sigma(ai) (over all i in P) Assuming p is not zero (from Weighing I - in that case go back and get beheaded for giving the king BAAAAAD advice), Let ratio = delta1/delta2 = p/k. Let IR = delta2/delta1 = k/p = inverse-ratio (for later proof). Let S(i) be the bag of all numbers generated by summing i distinct elements from A. Clearly there will be nCi (that n comb. i) elements in S(i). [A bag is a set that can have the same element occur more than once.] So S(1) = A and S(n) will have one element that is the sum of all the elements of A. Let R(i) = {x : For-all y in S(i), x = i/y} expressed as p/q (no common factors). (R is a bag too). Let R-A = Bag-Union(R(i) for 1>= i >=n). (can include same element twice) Choose A, such that all elements of R-A are DISTINCT, i.e. Bag(R-A) = Set(R-A). Let the sequence a1, a2, .. an, be an L-sequence if the above property is true. Or more simply, A is in L. ******************************************************************** CONJECTURE: The bogus mint problem is solved in two weighings if A is in L. Sketchy proof: R(1) = all possible ratios (= delta1/delta2) when p=1. R(i) = all possible ratio's when p=i. Since all possible combinations of bogus mints are reflected in R, just match the actual ratio with the generated table for n. ******************************************************************** A brief example. Say n=3. Skip to next line if you want. Let A=(2,3,7). p=1 possible ratios = 1/2 1/3 1/7 p=2 possible ratios = 2/5 2/9 1/5(2/10) p=3 possible ratios = 1/4(3/12) (lots of blood in Scandalvania). As all outcomes are distinct, and the actual ratio MUST be one of these, match it to the answer, and start sharpening the axe. Note that the minimum for n=3 is A=(0,1,3) possible ratios are p=1 infinity (delta2=0),1,1/3 p=2 2/1,2/3,1/2 p=3 3/4 ********************************************************************** All those with the determination to get this far are saying OK, OK how do we get A. I propose a solution that will generate A, to give you the answer in two weighings, but will not give you the optimal number of coins. Let a1=0 ai = i(a1 + a2 + ... + ai-1) + 1 **************************************** * ai = i* [Sigma(aj)] + 1 * **Generator function G*** * j=1 * If A is L, all RATIO's are unique. Also all inverse-ratio's (1/ratio) are unique. I will prove that all inverse-ratio's (or IR's) are unique. Let A(k), be the series generated by the first k elements from eqn. G.(above) ************************************************************************ A(1) = {0} is in L. A(2) = {0,1} is in L. ASSUME A(k) = {0,1, ..., ak} is in L. T.P.T. A(k+1) = {0,1, ..., ak, D) is in L where D is generated from G. We know that all IR's(inverse ratio's) from A(k) are distinct. Let K = set of all IR's of A(k). Since A(k+1) contains A(k), all IR's of A(k) will also be IR's of A(K+1). So for all P, such that (k+1) is not in P, we get a distinct IR. So consider cases when (k+1) is in P. p=1 (i.e. (k+1) = only bogus mint), IR = D ______________________________________________________________________ CONJECTURE: Highest IR for A(k) = max(K) = ak Proof: Since max[A(k)] = ak, for p'= 1, max IR = ak/1 = ak for p'= 2, max IR (max sum of 2 ai's)/2 = (ak + ak-1)/2 < ak (as ak>ak-1). for p'= i max IR sum of largest i elements of A(k) -------------------------------- CONJECTURE : For a given p, all newly generated IR's are distinct. Proof by contradiction: Assume this is not so. Implies (D + (p-1) elements of A(k))/p = (D + some other (p-1) elements of A(k))/p Implies SUM[(p-1) elements of A(k)] = SUM[ some other (p-1) elements of A(k)] Implies SUM[(p-1) elements of A(k)]/(p-1) = SUM[some other (p-1) elements]/(p-1) Implies A(k) is NOT in L. Contra. ______________________________________________________________________ CONJECTURE: A(k+1) is in L. Since all newly generated IR's are distinct from each other, and all newly generated IR's are greater than previous IR's, A(k+1) is in L. ==> logic/zoo.p <== I took some nephews and nieces to the Zoo, and we halted at a cage marked Tovus Slithius, male and female. Beregovus Mimsius, male and female. Rathus Momus, male and female. Jabberwockius Vulgaris, male and female. The eight animals were asleep in a row, and the children began to guess which was which. "That one at the end is Mr Tove." "No, no! It's Mrs Jabberwock," and so on. I suggested that they should each write down the names in order from left to right, and offered a prize to the one who got most names right. As the four species were easily distinguished, no mistake would arise in pairing the animals; naturally a child who identified one animal as Mr Tove identified the other animal of the same species as Mrs Tove. The keeper, who consented to judge the lists, scrutinised them carefully. "Here's a queer thing. I take two of the lists, say, John's and Mary's. The animal which John supposes to be the animal which Mary supposes to be Mr Tove is the animal which Mary supposes to be the animal which John supposes to be Mrs Tove. It is just the same for every pair of lists, and for all four species. "Curiouser and curiouser! Each boy supposes Mr Tove to be the animal which he supposes to be Mr Tove; but each girl supposes Mr Tove to be the animal which she supposes to be Mrs Tove. And similarly for the oth- er animals. I mean, for instance, that the animal Mary calls Mr Tove is really Mrs Rathe, but the animal she calls Mrs Rathe is really Mrs Tove." "It seems a little involved," I said, "but I suppose it is a remarkable coincidence." "Very remarkable," replied Mr Dodgson (whom I had supposed to be the keeper) "and it could not have happened if you had brought any more children." How many nephews and nieces were there? Was the winner a boy or a girl? And how many names did the winner get right? [by Sir Arthur Eddington] ==> logic/zoo.s <== Given that there is at least one boy and one girl (John and Mary are mentioned) then the answer is that there were 3 nephews and 2 nieces, the winner was a boy who got 4 right. Number the animals 1 through 8, such that the females are even and the males are odd, with members of the same species consecutive; i.e. 1 is Mr. Tove, 2 Mrs. Tove, etc. Then each childs guesses can be represented by a permutation. I use the standard notation of a permutation as a set of orbits. For example: (1 3 5)(6 8) means 1 -> 3, 3 -> 5, 5 -> 1, 6 -> 8, 8 -> 6 and 2,4,7 are unchanged. [1] Let P be any childs guesses. Then P(mate(i)) = mate(P(i)). [2] If Q is another childs guesses, then [P,Q] = T, where [P,Q] is the commutator of P and Q (P composed with Q composed with P inverse composed with Q inverse) and T is the special permutation (1 2) (3 4) (5 6) (7 8) that just swaps each animal with its spouse. [3] If P represents a boy, then PP = I (I use for composition, and I for [4] If P represents a girl, then PP = T. [1] and [4] together mean that all girl's guesses must be of the form: (A B C D) (E F G H) where A and C are mates, as are B & D, E & F G & H. So without loss of generality let Mary = (1 3 2 4) (5 7 6 8) Without to much effort we see that the only possibilities for other girls "compatible" with Mary (I use compatible to mean the relation expressed in [2]) are: g1: (1 5 2 6) (3 8 4 7) g2: (1 6 2 5) (3 7 4 8) g3: (1 7 2 8) (3 5 4 6) g4: (1 8 2 7) (3 6 4 5) Note that g1 is incompatible with g2 and g3 is incompatible with g4. Thus no 4 of Mary and g1-4 are mutually compatible. Thus there are at most three girls: Mary, g1 and g3 (without loss of generality) By [1] and [3], each boy must be represented as a product of transpostions and/or singletons: e.g. (1 3) (2 4) (5) (6) (7) (8) or (1) (2) (3 4) (5 8) (6 7). Let J represent John's guesses and consider J(1). If J(1) = 1, then J(2) = 2 (by [1]) using [2] and Mary J(3) = 4, J(4) = 3, and g1 & J => J(5) = 6, J(6) = 5, & g3 & J => J(8) = 7 J(7) = 8 i.e. J = (1)(2)(3 4)(5 6)(7 8). But the [J,Mary] <> T. In fact, we can see that J must have no fixed points, J(i) <> i for all i, since there is nothing special about i = 1. If J(1) = 2, then we get from Mary that J(3) = 3. contradiction. If J(1) = 3, then J(2) = 4, J(3) = 1, J(4) = 2 (from Mary) => J(5) = 7, J(6) = 8, J(7) = 5, J(8) = 6 => J = (1 3)(2 4)(5 7)(6 8) (from g1) But then J is incompatible with g3. A similar analysis shows that J(1) cannot be 4,5,6,7 or 8; i.e. no J can be compatible with all three girls. So without loss of generality, throw away g3. We have Mary = (1 3 2 4) (5 7 6 8) g1 = (1 5 2 6) (3 8 4 7) The following are the only possible boy guesses which are compatible with B3: (1 3)(2 4)(5 7)(6 8) B4: (1 4)(2 3)(5 8)(6 7) B5: (1 5)(2 6)(3 8)(4 7) B6: (1 6)(2 5)(3 7)(4 8) Note that B1 & B2 are incombatible, as are B3 & B4, B5 & B6, so at most three of them are mutually compatible. In fact, Mary, g1, B1, B3 and B5 are all mutually compatible (as are all the other possibilities you can get by choosing either B1 or B2, B3 or B4, B5 or B6. So if there are 2 girls there can be 3 boys, but no more, and we have already eliminated the case of 3 girls and The only other possibility to consider is whether there can be 4 or more boys and 1 girl. Suppose there are Mary and 4 boys. Each boy must map 1 to a different digit or they would not be mutually compatible. For example if b1 and b2 both map 1 to 3, then they both map 3 to 1 (since a boy's map consists of transpositions), so both b1b2 and b2b1 map 1 to 1. Furthermore, b1 and b2 cannot map 1 onto spouses. For example, if b1(1) = a and b is the spouse of a, then b1(2) = b. If b2(1) = b, then b2(2) = a. Then b1b2(1) = b1(b) = 2 and b2b1(1) = b2(a) = 2 (again using the fact that boys are all transpostions). Thus the four boys must be: B1: (1)(2)... or (1 2).... B2: (1 3)... or (1 4) ... B3: (1 5) ... or (1 6) ... B4: (1 7) ... or (1 8) ... Consider B4. The only permutation of the form (1 7)... which is compatible with Mary ( (1 3 2 4) (5 7 6 8) ) is: (1 7)(2 8)(3 5)(4 6) The only (1 8)... possibility is: (1 8)(2 7)(3 6)(4 5) Suppose B4 = (1 7)(2 8)(3 5)(4 6) If B3 starts (1 5), it must be (1 5)(2 6)(3 8)(4 7) to be compatible with B4. This is compatible with Mary also. Assuming this and B2 starts with (1 3) we get B2 = (1 3)(2 4)(5 8)(6 7) in order to be compatible with B4. But then B2B3 and B3B2 moth map 1 to 8. I.e. no B2 is mutually compatible with B3 & B4. Similarly if B2 starts with (1 4) it must be (1 4)(2 3)(5 7)(6 8) to work with B4, but this doesn't work with B3. Likewise B3 starting with (1 6) leads to no possible B2 and the identical reasoning eliminates B4 = (1 8)... So no B4 is possible! I.e at most 3 boys are mutually compatiblw with Mary, so 2 girls & 3 boys is optimal. Mary = (1 3 2 4) (5 7 6 8) Sue = (1 5 2 6) (3 8 4 7) John = (1)(2)(3 4)(5 6)(7)(8) Bob = (1 3)(2 4)(5 7)(6 8) Jim = (1 5)(2 6)(3 8)(4 7) is one optimal solution, with the winner being John (4 right: 1 2 7 & 8) ==> physics/balloon.p <== A helium-filled balloon is tied to the floor of a car that makes a sharp right turn. Does the balloon tilt while the turn is made? If so, which way? The windows are closed so there is no connection with the outside air. Because of buoyancy, the helium balloon on the string will want to move in the direction opposite the effective gravitational field existing in the car. Thus, when the car turns the corner, the balloon will deflect towards the inside of the turn. ==> physics/bicycle.p <== A boy, a girl and a dog go for a 10 mile walk. The boy and girl can walk 2 mph and the dog can trot at 4 mph. They also have bicycle which only one of them can use at a time. When riding, the boy and girl can travel at 12 mph while the dog can peddle at 16 mph. What is the shortest time in which all three can complete the trip? ==> physics/bicycle.s <== First note that there's no apparent way to benefit from letting either the boy or girl ride the bike longer than the other. Any solution which gets the boy there faster, must involve him using the bike (forward) more; similarly for the girl. Thus the bike must go backwards more for it to remain within the 10-mile route. Thus the dog won't make it there in time. So the solution assumes they ride the bike for the same amount of time. Also note that there's no apparent way to benefit from letting any of the three arrive at the finish ahead of the others. If they do, they can probably take time out to help the others. So the solution assumes they all finish at the same time. The boy starts off on the bike, and travels 5.4 miles. At this point, he drops the bike and completes the rest of the trip on foot. The dog eventually reaches the bike, and takes it backward* .8 miles (so the girl gets to it sooner) and then returns to trotting. Finally, the girl makes it to the bike and rides it to the end. The answer is 2.75 hours. The puzzle is in Vasek Chvatal, Linear Programming, W. H. Freeman & Co. The generalized problem (n people, 1 bike, different walking and riding speeds) is known as "The Bicycle Problem". A couple references are Masuda, S. (1970). "The bicycle problem," University of California, Berkeley: Operations Research Center Technical Report ORC 70-35. Chvatal, V. (1983). "On the bicycle problem," Discrete Applied Mathematics 5: pp. 165 - 173. As for the linear program which gives the lower bound of 2.75 hours, let t[person, mode, direction] by the amount of time "person" (boy, girl or dog) is travelling by "mode" (walk or bike) in "direction" (forward or backwards). Define Time[person] to be the total time spent by person doing each of these four activities. The objective is to minimize the maximum of T[person], for person = boy, girl, dog, e.g. minimize T subject to T >= T[boy], T >= T[girl], T >= T[dog]. Now just think of all the other linear constraints on the variables t[x,y,z], such as everyone has to travel 10 miles, etc. In all, there are 8 contraints in 18 variables (including slack variables). Solving this program yields the lower bound. A boy, a girl and a dog are standing together on a long, straight road. Simulataneously, they all start walking in the same direction: The boy at 4 mph, the girl at 3 mph, and the dog trots back and forth between them at 10 mph. Assume all reversals of direction instantaneous. In one hour, where is the dog and in which direction is he facing? ==> physics/boy.girl.dog.s <== The dog's position and direction are indeterminate, other than that the dog must be between the boy and girl (endpoints included). To see this, simply time reverse the problem. No matter where the dog starts out, the three of them wind up together in one hour. This argument is not quite adequate. It is possible to construct problems where the orientation changes an infinite number of times initially, but for which there can be a definite result. This would be the case if the positions at time t are uniformly continuous in the positions at time s, s small. But suppose that at time a the dog is with the girl. Then the boy is at 4a, and the time it takes the dog to reach the boy is a/6, because the relative speed is 6 mph. So the time b at which the dog reaches the boy is proportional to a. A similar argument shows that the time the dog next reaches the girl is b + b/13, and is hence proportional to b. This makes the position of the dog at time (t > a) a periodic function of the logarithm of a, and thus does not approach a limit as a -> 0. ==> physics/brick.p <== What is the maximum overhang you can create with an infinite supply of bricks? ==> physics/brick.s <== You can create an infinite overhang. Let us reverse the problem: how far can brick 1 be from brick 0? Let us assume that the brick is of length 1. To determine the place of the center of mass a(n): a(1)=1/2 a(n)=1/n[(n-1)a(n-1)+[a(n-1)+1/2]]=a(n-1)+1/(2n) Thus a(n)=Sum -- = 1/2 Sum - = 1/2 H(n) m=1 2m m=1 m Needless to say the limit for n->oo of half the Harmonic series is oo. ==> physics/cannonball.p <== A person in a boat drops a cannonball overboard; does the water level change? ==> physics/cannonball.s <== The cannonball in the boat displaces an amount of water equal to the MASS of the cannonball. The cannonball in the water displaces an amount of water equal to the VOLUME of the cannonball. Water is unable to support the level of salinity it would take to make it as dense as a cannonball, so the first amount is definitely more than the second amount, and the water level drops. A body of soldiers form a 50m-by-50m square ABCD on the parade ground. In a unit of time, they march forward 50m in formation to take up the position DCEF. The army's mascot, a small dog, is standing next to its handler at location A. When the B----C----E soldiers start marching, the dog \| \| \| forward--> begins to run around the moving A----D----F body in a clockwise direction, keeping as close to it as possible. When one unit of time has elapsed, the dog has made one complete circuit and has got back to its handler, who is now at location D. (We can assume the dog runs at a constant speed and does not delay when turning the corners.) How far does the dog travel? ==> physics/dog.s <== Let L be the side of the square, 50m, and let D be the distance the dog travels. Let v1 be the soldiers' marching speed and v2 be the speed of the dog. Then v1 = L / (1 time unit) and v2 = v1D/L. Let t1, t2, t3, t4 be the time the dog takes to traverse each side of the square, in order. Find t1 through t4 in terms of L and D and solve t1+t2+t3+t4 = 1 time unit. While the dog runs along the back edge of the square in time t1, the soldiers advance a distance d=t1v1, so the dog has to cover a distance sqrt(L^2 + (t1v1)^2), which takes a time t1=sqrt(L^2 + (t1v1)^2)/v2. Solving for t1 gives t1=L/sqrt(v2^2 - v1^2). The rest of the times are t2 = L/(v2-v1), t3 = t1, and t4 = L/(v2+v1). In t1+t2+t3+t4, eliminate v2 by using v2=v1D/L and eliminate v1 by using v1=L/(1 time unit), obtaining 2 L (D + sqrt(D^2-L^2)) / (D^2 - L^2) = 1 which can be turned into D^4 - 4LD^3 - 2L^2D^2 + 4L^3D + 5L^4 = 0 which has a root D = 4.18113L = 209.056m. ==> physics/magnets.p <== You have two bars of iron. One is magnetic, the other is not. Without using any other instrument (thread, filings, other magnets, etc.), find out which is which. ==> physics/magnets.s <== Take the two bars, and put them together like a T, so that one bisects the other. \| \| \|_\| If they stick together, then bar B is the magnet. If they don't, bar A is the magnet. (reasoning follows) Bar magnets are "dead" in their centers (ie there is no magnetic force, since the two poles cance out). So, if bar A is the magnet, then bar B won't stick to its center. However, bar magnets are quite "alive" at their edges (ie the magnetic force is concentrated). So, if bar B is the magnet, then bar A will stick nicely to its end. ==> physics/milk.and.coffee.p <== You are just served a hot cup of coffee and want it to be as hot as possible when you drink it some number of minutes later. Do you add milk when you get the cup or just before you drink it? ==> physics/milk.and.coffee.s <== Normalize your temperature scale so that 0 degrees = room temperature. Assume that the coffee cools at a rate proportional to the difference in temperature, and that the amount of milk is sufficiently small that the constant of proportinality is not changed when you add the milk. An early calculus homework problem is to compute that the temperature of the coffee decays exponentially with time, T(t) = exp(-ct) T0, where T0 = temperature at t=0. Let l = exp(-ct), where t is the duration of the experiment. Assume that the difference in specific heats of coffee and milk are negligible, so that if you add milk at temperature M to coffee at temperature C, you get a mix of temperature aM+bC, where a and b are constants between 0 and 1, with a+b=1. (Namely, a = the fraction of final volume that is milk, and b = fraction that is coffee.) If we let C denote the original coffee temperature and M the milk temperature, we see that Add milk later: aM + blC Add milk now: l(aM+bC) = laM+blC The difference is d=(1-l)aM. Since l<1 and a>0, we need to worry about whether M is positive or not. M>0: Warm milk. So d>0, and adding milk later is better. M=0: Room temp. So d=0, and it doesn't matter. M<0: Cold milk. So d<0, and adding milk now is better. Of course, if you wanted to be intuitive, the answer is obvious if you assume the coffee is already at room temperature and the milk is either scalding hot or subfreezing cold. Moral of the story: Always think of extreme cases when doing these puzzles. They are usually the key. Oh, by the way, if we are allowed to let the milk stand at room temperature, then let r = the corresponding exponential decay constant for your milk container. Add acclimated milk later: arM + blC We now have lots of cases, depending on whether r<l: The milk pot is larger than your coffee cup. (E.g, it really is a pot.) r>l: The milk pot is smaller than your coffee cup. (E.g., it's one of those tiny single-serving things.) M>0: The milk is warm. M<0: The milk is cold. Leaving out the analysis, I compute that you should... Add warm milk in large pots LATER. Add warm milk in small pots NOW. Add cold milk in large pots NOW. Add cold milk in small pots LATER. Of course, observe that the above summary holds for the case where the milk pot is allowed to acclimate; just treat the pot as of infinite size. Why does a mirror appear to invert the left-right directions, but not up-down? ==> physics/mirror.s <== Mirrors invert front to back, not left to right. The popular misconception of the inversion is caused by the fact that a person when looking at another person expects him/her to face her/him, so with the left-hand side to the right. When facing oneself (in the mirror) one sees an 'uninverted' person. See Martin Gardner, ``Hexaflexagons and other mathematical diversions,'' University of Chicago Press 1988, Chapter 16. A letter by R.D. Tschigi and J.L. Taylor published in this book states that the fundamental reason is: ``Human beings are superficially and grossly bilaterally symmetrical, but subjectively and behaviorally they are relatively asymmetrical. The very fact that we can distinguish our right from our left side implies an asymettry of the perceiving system, as noted by Ernst Mach in 1900. We are thus, to a certain extent, an asymmetrical mind dwelling in a bilaterally symmetrical body, at least with respect to a casual visual inspection of our external form.'' Martin Gardner has also written the book ``The Amidextrous Universe.'' ==> physics/monkey.p <== Hanging over a pulley, there is a rope, with a weight at one end. At the other end hangs a monkey of equal weight. The rope weighs 4 ounces per foot. The combined ages of the monkey and it's mother is 4 years. The weight of the monkey is as many pounds as the mother is years old. The mother is twice as old as the monkey was when the mother was half as old as the monkey will be when the monkey is 3 times as old as the mother was when she was 3 times as old as the monkey. The weight of the rope and the weight is one-half as much again as the difference between the weight of the weight and the weight of the weight plus the weight of the monkey. How long is the rope? ==> physics/monkey.s <== The most difficult thing about this puzzle, as you probably expected, is translating all the convoluted problem statements into equations... the solution is pretty trivial after that. So... Let: M represent mother of monkey w represent weight r represent rope W[x] = present weight of x (x is m, M, w, or r) A[x,t] = age of x at time t (x is M or M, t is one of T1 thru T4) T1 = time at which mother is 3 times as old as monkey T2 = time at which monkey is 3 times as old as mother at T1 T3 = time at which mother is half as old as monkey at T2 T4 = present time For the ages, we have: A[M,T1] = 3A[m,T1] A[m,T2] = 3A[M,T1] = 9A[m,T1] A[M,T3] = A[m,T2]/2 = 9A[m,T1]/2 A[m,T3] = A[m,T1] + (T3-T1) = A[m,T1] + (A[M,T3]-A[M,T1]) = A[m,T1] + (9A[M,T1]/2 - 3A[m,T1]) = 5A[m,T1]/2 A[M,T4] = 2A[m,T3] = 5A[m,T1] A[m,T4] = A[m,T1] + (T4-T1) = A[m,T1] + (A[M,T4]-A[M,T1]) = A[m,T1] + (5A[m,T1] - 3A[m,T1]) = 3A[m,T1] The present ages of monkey and mother sum to 4, so we have A[m,T4] + A[M,T4] = 4 3A[m,T1] + 5A[m,T1] = 4 8*A[m,T1] = 4 In article < [email protected] > uunet!questrel!faql-comment writes: >==> geometry/hole.in.sphere.p <== >Old Boniface he took his cheer, >Then he bored a hole through a solid sphere, >Clear through the center, straight and strong, >And the hole was just six inches long. > >Now tell me, when the end was gained, >What volume in the sphere remained? >Sounds like I haven't told enough, >But I have, and the answer isn't tough! >==> geometry/hole.in.sphere.s <== >The volume of the leftover material is equal to the volume of a 6" sphere. While this answer is certainly correct, the solution omits the "expected" answer. The answer you're supposed to give is this: "We are not told what the original sphere size is, or how wide the hole is. However, we are told that the problem has a solution. Therefore, the solution does not depend on the size of the sphere/hole, so we can choose any value we want. Therefore, we can choose a hole width of 0. This automatically produces the answer that the volume is equivalent to that of a 6" sphere." -- "the bogosity in a field equals the bogosity imported from related areas, plus the bogosity generated internally, minus the bogosity expelled or otherwise disposed of." -- K. Eric Drexler Ken Arromdee (UUCP: ....!jhunix!arromdee; BITNET: arromdee@jhuvm; In article < [email protected] > uunet!questrel!faql-comment writes: >==> induction/hanoi.p <== >Is there an algorithom for solving the hanoi tower puzzle for any number >of towers? Is there an equation for determining the minimum number of >moves required to solve it, given a variable number of disks and towers? >==> induction/hanoi.s <== >The best way of thinking of the Towers of Hanoi problem is inductively. There is a solution to the Tower of Hanoi problem which does not require recursion. On odd-numbered moves, move the smallest sized disk clockwise. On even-numbered moves, make the single other move which is possible. -- "the bogosity in a field equals the bogosity imported from related areas, plus the bogosity generated internally, minus the bogosity expelled or otherwise disposed of." -- K. Eric Drexler Ken Arromdee (UUCP: ....!jhunix!arromdee; BITNET: arromdee@jhuvm; In article < [email protected] > uunet!questrel!faql-comment writes: >1.30. Another WWII story. Greg is a German spy. His "friend" Tim is >suspicious, so he plays a word-association game with him. When Tim says >"The land of the free," Greg responds with "The home of the brave." Then >Tim says "The terror of flight," and Greg says "The gloom of the grave." >Any U.S. citizen knows the first verse of the national anthem, but only a >spy would have memorized the third verse. (Why Tim knew the third verse >is left as an exercise to the reader.) This one is from an Isaac Asimov story. -- "the bogosity in a field equals the bogosity imported from related areas, plus the bogosity generated internally, minus the bogosity expelled or otherwise disposed of." -- K. Eric Drexler Ken Arromdee (UUCP: ....!jhunix!arromdee; BITNET: arromdee@jhuvm;	i don't know
Which English snooker player is nicknamed ‘The Whirlwind’?	Jimmy White \| Snooker Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Images Stub This article is a stub , an article too short to provide more than rudimentary information about a subject. You can help The Snooker Wikia by expanding it . Player Cleanup To meet The Snooker Wiki's quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. Please help by improving the article. Jimmy White 2 May 1962 (1962-05-02) (age 54) Birthplace	Jimmy White
What is the name of the tiger in the 2001 novel ‘Life of Pi’?	Jimmy White \| Celebrity Net Worth Celebrity Net Worth Submit a suggestion & help us add it! James Warren "Jimmy" White MBE is an English professional snooker player. Nicknamed "The Whirlwind" due to his fluid, attacking style of play and popularly referred to as the "People's Champion", White is a multiple World Championship finalist renowned for losing each of the six finals for which he ... Jimmy White Stats	i don't know
In botany, the calyx form which part of a plant?	Calyx (botany) - definition of Calyx (botany) by The Free Dictionary Calyx (botany) - definition of Calyx (botany) by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Calyx+(botany) (sē′pəl) n. One of the usually green leaflike structures composing the outermost part of a flower. Sepals often enclose and protect the bud and may remain after the fruit forms. [New Latin sepalum, perhaps blend of Greek skepē, covering and Latin petalum, petal; see petal.] sep′a·line (sĕp′ə-lĭn), sep′a·lous (-ləs) adj. sepal n (Botany) any of the separate parts of the calyx of a flower [C19: from New Latin sepalum: sep-, from Greek skepē a covering + -alum, from New Latin petalum petal] ˈsepalled, sepalous adj one of the individual leaves or parts of the calyx of a flower. [< New Latin sepalum (1790)] se′paled, se′palled, adj. se·pal (sē′pəl) One of the separate, usually green parts extending from the base of a flower. Sepals look like small leaves, though in some plants they are colored like petals. As a group, they form the calyx, which surrounds and protects the flower bud. In some flowers, such as the poppies, the sepals fall off after the flower bud opens. See more at flower . ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:	Flower
Painter and engraver Sir Edwin Henry Landseer was a favourite artist of which British monarch?	AZ Master Gardener Manual: Plant Parts and Functions STEMS Stems are structures which support buds and leaves and serve as conduits for carrying water, minerals, and sugars. The three major internal parts of a stem are the xylem, phloem, and cambium. The xylem and phloem are the major components of a plants vascular system. The vascular system transports food, water, and minerals and offers support for the plant. Xylem vessels conduct water and minerals, while phloem tubes conduct food. The vascular systems of monocots and dicots differ. While both contain xylem and phloem, they are arranged differently. In the stem of a monocot, the xylem and phloem are paired into bundles; these bundles are dispersed throughout the stem. But in the stem of a dicot, the vascular system forms rings inside the stem. The ring of phloem is near the bark or external cover of the stem and is a component of the bark in mature stems. The xylem forms the inner ring; it is the sapwood and heartwood in woody plants. The difference in the vascular system of the two groups is of practical interest to the horticulturist because certain herbicides are specific to either monocots or dicots. An example is 2, 4, -D, which only kills dicots. The cambium is a meristem, which is a site of cell division and active growth. It is located between the xylem and phloem inside the bark of a stem and is the tissue responsible for a stems increase in girth, as it produces both the xylem and phloem tissues. Stems may be long, with great distances between leaves and buds (branches of trees, runners on strawberries), or compressed, with short distances between buds or leaves (fruit spurs, crowns of strawberry plants, dandelions). Stems can be above the ground like most stems with which we are familiar, or below the ground (potatoes, tulip bulbs). All stems must have buds or leaves present to be classified as stem tissue. An area of the stem where leaves are located is called a node. Nodes are areas of great cellular activity and growth, where auxiliary buds develop into leaves or flowers. The area between nodes is called the internode. Parts of a Stem The length of an internode may depend on many factors. Decreasing fertility will decrease internode length. Internode length varies with the season. Too little light will result in a long internode causing a spindly stem. This situation is known as stretch or etiolation. Growth produced early in the season has the greatest internode length. Internode length decreases as the growing season nears its end. Vigorously growing plants tend to have greater internode lengths than less vigorous plants. Internode length will vary with competition from surrounding stems or developing fruit. If the energy for a stem has to be divided between three or four stems, or if the energy is diverted into fruit growth, internode length will be shortened. Modified Stems Although typical stems are above-ground trunks and branches, there are modified stems which can be found above ground and below ground. The above-ground modified stems are crowns, stolons, and spurs, and the below-ground stems are bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers. A crown is a region of compressed stem tissue from which new shoots are produced, generally found near the surface of the soil. Crowns (strawberries, dandelions, African violets) are compressed stems having leaves and flowers on short internodes. A spur is a compressed fruiting branch. Spurs are short, stubby, side stems that arise from the main stem and are common on such fruit trees as pears, apples, and cherries, where they may bear fruit. If severe pruning is done close to fruit-bearing spurs, the spurs can revert to a long, nonfruiting stem. A stolon is a horizontal stem that is fleshy or semi-woody and lies along the top of the ground. A runner is a type of stolon. It is a specialized stem that grows on the soil surface and forms a new plant at one or more of its nodes. Strawberry runners are examples of stolons. Remember, all stems have nodes and buds or leaves. The leaves on strawberry runners are small but are located at the nodes which are easy to see. The spider plant also has stolons. A tuber is an enlarged portion of an underground stem like potato tubers, tulip bulbs, and iris rhizomes are underground stems that store food for the plant. The tuber, like any other stem, has nodes that produce buds. The eyes of a potato are actually the nodes on the stem. Each eye contains a cluster of buds. A rhizome is a specialized stem which grows horizontally at or just below the soil surface. They act as a storage organ and means of propagation in some plants and are similar to stolons. Some rhizomes are compressed and fleshy such as those of iris; they can also be slender with elongated internodes such as bentgrass. Johnsongrass is a hated weed principally because of the spreading capability of its rhizomes. Tulips, lilies, daffodils, and onions are plants that produce bulbs--shortened, compressed, underground stems surrounded by fleshy scales (leaves) that envelop a central bud located at the tip of the stem. If you cut through the center of a tulip or daffodil bulb in November, you can see all the flower parts in miniature within the bulb. Many bulbs require a period of low-temperature exposure before they begin to send up the new plant. Both the temperature and length of this treatment are of critical importance to commercial growers who force bulbs for holidays. Corms are not the same as bulbs. They have shapes similar to bulbs, but do not contain fleshy scales. A corm is a solid, swollen stem whose scales have been reduced to a dry, leaflike covering. Some plants produce a modified stem that is referred to as a tuberous stem. Examples are tuberous begonia and cyclamen. The stem is shortened, flattened, enlarged, and underground. Buds and shoots arise from the crown and fibrous roots are found on the bottom of the tuberous stem. In addition, some plants such as the dahlia and the sweet potato produce an underground storage organ called a tuberous root, which is often confused with bulbs and tubers. However, these are roots, not stems, and have neither nodes nor internodes. It may sometimes be difficult to distinguish between roots and stems, but one sure way is to look for the presence of nodes. Stems have nodes; roots do not. Stems are commonly used for plant propagation. Above-ground stems can be divided into sections that contain internodes and nodes. They are utilized as cuttings and will produce stems that are good propagative tissues. Rhizomes can be divided into pieces. Bulbs form small bulblets at the base of the parent bulb. Cormels are miniature corms that form under the parent corm. Tubers can be cut into pieces containing eyes and nodes. All of these will produce new plants. Types of Stems A shoot is a young stem with leaves present. A twig is a stem which is less than one year old and has no leaves since it is still in the winter-dormant stage. A branch is a stem which is more than one year old and typically has lateral stems. A trunk is a main stem of a woody plant. Most trees have a single trunk. Trees are perennial woody plants, usually have one main trunk, and are usually more than 12 feet tall at maturity. Shrubs are perennial woody plants that may have one or several main stems, and are usually less than 12 feet tall at maturity. A vine is a plant which develops long, trailing stems that grow along the ground unless they are supported by another plant or structure. Some twining vines circle their support clockwise while others circle counter clockwise. Climbing vines are supported by aerial roots, slender tendrils which encircle the supporting object, or tendrils with adhesive tips. Texture and Growth of Stems Woody stems contain relatively large amounts of hardened xylem tissue in its core, and are typical of most tree fruits and ornamental trees and shrubs. A cane is a stem which has a relatively large pith and usually lives only one or two years. Examples of plants with canes include rose, grape, and blackberry. Herbaceous or succulent stems contain only small amounts of xylem tissue and usually live for only one growing season. If the plant is perennial, it will develop new shoots from the root. Life Cycles of Plants Plants are classified by the number of growing seasons required to complete a life cycle. Annuals pass through their entire life cycle from seed germination to seed production in one growing season and then die. Biennials are plants which start from seeds and produce vegetative structures and food storage organs the first season. During the first winter a hardy evergreen rosette of basal leaves persists. During the second season flowers, fruit, and seeds develop to complete the life cycle. The plant then dies. Carrots, beets, cabbage, celery, and onions are biennial plants. Hollyhock, Canterbury Bells, and Sweet William are biennials which are commonly grown for their attractive flowers. Plants which typically develop as biennials may, in some cases, complete the cycle of growth from seed germination to seed production in only one growing season. This situation occurs when drought, variations in temperature or other climatic conditions are experienced. These cause the plant to physiologically pass through the equivalent of two growing seasons, in a single growing season. This phenomenon is referred to as bolting. Perennial plants live for many years, and after reaching maturity, typically produce flowers and seeds each year. Perennials are classified as herbaceous if the top dies back to the ground each winter and new stems grow from the roots each spring. They are classified as woody if the top persists, as in shrubs or trees. Stems as Food The edible portion of cultivated plants such as asparagus and kohlrabi is an enlarged succulent stem. The edible parts of broccoli are composed of stem tissue, flower buds, and a few small leaves. The edible part of potato is a fleshy underground stem called a tuber. Although the name suggests otherwise, the edible part of the cauliflower is proliferated stem tissue. Next	i don't know
A picture of which British singer was on the front cover of the first edition of teen magazine ‘Jackie’ in January 1964?	How to date like it's 1964... the first issue of teen magazine Jackie's quaint fashion tips \| Daily Mail Online How to date like it's 1964... the first issue of teen magazine Jackie's quaint fashion tips Girls, if you sometimes despair of ever meeting Mr Right, then look no further. All you need to do is get a haircut, douse yourself in perfume – and find some boys. At least, that was the advice provided by the first ever issue of Jackie magazine in 1964, when the dating game seemed rather more straightforward. The strikingly innocent tips have come to light after a copy of the launch issue was discovered at a charity shop. Rare find: The first-ever Jackie cover features a youthful Cliff Richard as its star The way to a man's heart... is via a liberal dose of scent, according to Jackie's perfume tips The edition, which features a youthful Cliff Richard on the front cover, is believed to be one of the last copies left in the world. Featuring pin-up posters of Elvis and The Beatles, it also boasts a charming array of features aimed at the teenage girl of yesteryear. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share And to all those struggling to find a boyfriend, it cheerily recommends: ‘Get with a swish hairdo and a snazzy dress, slosh on lots of perfume and go where the boys are.’ The amazing discovery of the relic - once a staple for every teenage girl – brings into focus the mindset of the post-war adolescent. Its pages are packed with useful advice on everything from kissing to perfume - some of which could have been plucked from today’s teenage magazines. On sale for just 6d (about 2p) and emblazoned with a the youthful face of Cliff Richard, the magazine’s masthead reads: ‘Jackie: for go-ahead teens’. And to celebrate its launch, on January 11 of that year, the magazine gave away a free ‘nifty-neat’ heart-shaped ring to every reader with the advice: ‘If you’re still looking for the guy, the ring might just lead to an introduction.’ Sound advice: The magazine features tips that are rather quaint by modern standards The magazine featured posters of The Beatles, pictured, and Elvis Presley to adorn their walls Inside readers find ‘dreamy picture love stories’ as well as a double-page spread on the latest rainbow-coloured macintoshes. The relic was discovered by charity worker Martin Cook, 53, when he was sorting through a box of old magazines donated to Treetops Hospice in Risley, in Derbyshire. Its near mint condition suggests it has barely been touched since the day it was bought – and it is doubtful the previous owner even knew it was there. Mr Cook said: ‘We didn’t see who brought it in and I wasn’t even aware it was special until I realised it was the first ever issue. ‘Then I started to get excited. My wife is a Cliff Richard fan so I’ve been to lots of his concerts. Seeing him in this magazine was like a trip down memory lane. ‘I haven’t read the whole magazine as it’s not my kind of thing but I’m hoping it will make lots of money for the hospice.’ Cliff features heavily in the magazine, with a regular feature called The Cliff Alphabet – beginning, bizarrely, with ‘E for Extravagance’. And for the unlucky in love, there are plenty of tips on hand – especially in the kissing department, where girls are advised not to wear sharp jewellery or eat onions beforehand. The writer warns: ‘If you don’t want to kiss, just say no – don’t duck.’ Mr Cook, who works as the hospice warehouse assistant lives with his wife Karen, 49, in nearby Stapleford, believes it could be one of the only copies of the first issue left. Discovery: The magazine was found by charity worker Martin Cook of Treetops Hospice, Risley, Derbyshire Mr Cook, pictured with Antiques Roadshow presenter Fiona Bruce, will appear on the show in the autumn He took it to show experts from the Antiques Roadshow when crews were filming in the area last month, who valued it at between £200-£300. Jackie became Britain’s best-selling weekly magazine for girls in the ten years after it launched, with the best-selling issue in 1972 featuring American singer David Cassidy. Its name arose simply by choosing from handful of girls’ names – although it was almost dropped because of its association with Jackie Kennedy after her husband’s assassination. But by the 1990s, its wholesome content was being beaten by the racier magazines and it was closed in 1993 amid dwindling circulation. The publisher, DC Thomson, later resurrected it in the form of the historic Jackie annual. The episode of Antiques Roadshow featuring the magazine is due to be broadcast on BBC One this autumn and the hospice hope to sell it later this year.	Cliff Richard
Which was the first national football team to beat England after they won the 1966 World Cup?	How to date like it's 1964... the first issue of teen magazine Jackie's quaint fashion tips \| Daily Mail Online How to date like it's 1964... the first issue of teen magazine Jackie's quaint fashion tips Girls, if you sometimes despair of ever meeting Mr Right, then look no further. All you need to do is get a haircut, douse yourself in perfume – and find some boys. At least, that was the advice provided by the first ever issue of Jackie magazine in 1964, when the dating game seemed rather more straightforward. The strikingly innocent tips have come to light after a copy of the launch issue was discovered at a charity shop. Rare find: The first-ever Jackie cover features a youthful Cliff Richard as its star The way to a man's heart... is via a liberal dose of scent, according to Jackie's perfume tips The edition, which features a youthful Cliff Richard on the front cover, is believed to be one of the last copies left in the world. Featuring pin-up posters of Elvis and The Beatles, it also boasts a charming array of features aimed at the teenage girl of yesteryear. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share And to all those struggling to find a boyfriend, it cheerily recommends: ‘Get with a swish hairdo and a snazzy dress, slosh on lots of perfume and go where the boys are.’ The amazing discovery of the relic - once a staple for every teenage girl – brings into focus the mindset of the post-war adolescent. Its pages are packed with useful advice on everything from kissing to perfume - some of which could have been plucked from today’s teenage magazines. On sale for just 6d (about 2p) and emblazoned with a the youthful face of Cliff Richard, the magazine’s masthead reads: ‘Jackie: for go-ahead teens’. And to celebrate its launch, on January 11 of that year, the magazine gave away a free ‘nifty-neat’ heart-shaped ring to every reader with the advice: ‘If you’re still looking for the guy, the ring might just lead to an introduction.’ Sound advice: The magazine features tips that are rather quaint by modern standards The magazine featured posters of The Beatles, pictured, and Elvis Presley to adorn their walls Inside readers find ‘dreamy picture love stories’ as well as a double-page spread on the latest rainbow-coloured macintoshes. The relic was discovered by charity worker Martin Cook, 53, when he was sorting through a box of old magazines donated to Treetops Hospice in Risley, in Derbyshire. Its near mint condition suggests it has barely been touched since the day it was bought – and it is doubtful the previous owner even knew it was there. Mr Cook said: ‘We didn’t see who brought it in and I wasn’t even aware it was special until I realised it was the first ever issue. ‘Then I started to get excited. My wife is a Cliff Richard fan so I’ve been to lots of his concerts. Seeing him in this magazine was like a trip down memory lane. ‘I haven’t read the whole magazine as it’s not my kind of thing but I’m hoping it will make lots of money for the hospice.’ Cliff features heavily in the magazine, with a regular feature called The Cliff Alphabet – beginning, bizarrely, with ‘E for Extravagance’. And for the unlucky in love, there are plenty of tips on hand – especially in the kissing department, where girls are advised not to wear sharp jewellery or eat onions beforehand. The writer warns: ‘If you don’t want to kiss, just say no – don’t duck.’ Mr Cook, who works as the hospice warehouse assistant lives with his wife Karen, 49, in nearby Stapleford, believes it could be one of the only copies of the first issue left. Discovery: The magazine was found by charity worker Martin Cook of Treetops Hospice, Risley, Derbyshire Mr Cook, pictured with Antiques Roadshow presenter Fiona Bruce, will appear on the show in the autumn He took it to show experts from the Antiques Roadshow when crews were filming in the area last month, who valued it at between £200-£300. Jackie became Britain’s best-selling weekly magazine for girls in the ten years after it launched, with the best-selling issue in 1972 featuring American singer David Cassidy. Its name arose simply by choosing from handful of girls’ names – although it was almost dropped because of its association with Jackie Kennedy after her husband’s assassination. But by the 1990s, its wholesome content was being beaten by the racier magazines and it was closed in 1993 amid dwindling circulation. The publisher, DC Thomson, later resurrected it in the form of the historic Jackie annual. The episode of Antiques Roadshow featuring the magazine is due to be broadcast on BBC One this autumn and the hospice hope to sell it later this year.	i don't know
Double Dutch, Double Unders and Dipsy Doodles are all term used in which activity?	Physical Education/Sport \| Page 2 Physical Education/Sport 3 Replies Thank you to all the parents who have offered to assist us with the House Athletic Sports Day. Ive sent home a roster to all the parents that will be helping on the day. If you haven’t received one at this stage, it means we have enough helpers-thanks all the same. I will need some assistance with putting hurdles up and down during the day and recording times during the track events (particularly the finals). I might call on you at some stage! Otherwise I’m hoping to see you all there. Regards, Long Rope skipping-Jumping in and out Long Rope skipping-Jumping in and out Long Rope skipping-Jumping in and out Long Rope skipping-Jumping in and out Individual skipping Partner skippingTravelling, The wheel, Around The World etc Partner skippingTravelling, The wheel, Around The World etc Partner skippingTravelling, The wheel, Around The World etc Partner skippingTravelling, The wheel, Around The World etc Partner skippingTravelling, The wheel, Around The World etc Long Rope skipping Long Rope skipping-Egg Beater, Double Dutch, Triangle/using equipment Long Rope skipping-Egg Beater, Double Dutch, Triangle/using equipment Long Rope skipping-Egg Beater, Double Dutch, Triangle/using equipment Long Rope skipping-Egg Beater, Double Dutch, Triangle/using equipment Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Bell, Skier Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Bell, Skier Trick Skipping-Backwards, Cross Over, Bell, Skier, Pretzel Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Pretzel, Dipsy Doodle, Bell, Skier etc Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Pretzel, Dipsy Doodle, Bell, Skier etc Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Pretzel, Dipsy Doodle, Bell, Skier etc Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Pretzel, Dipsy Doodle, Bell, Skier etc Jumping Activities-Elastic band, Hurdles & Hoops Jumping Activities-Elastic band, Hurdles & Hoops Jumping Activities-Elastic band, Hurdles & Hoops Make up a quick routine. Make up a quick routine. In pairs make up your own routine. Individual & partner skipping only. In pairs make up your own routine. Individual & partner skipping only. 6 Replies Congratulations to all the students who have raised money for this worthy cause. For those who haven’t, there’s still plenty of time. Below is the link to the website. All you need to do is register, then go to the email sponsors link and type the email addresses in, hopefully they will do the rest. Feel free to leave a comment. Good luck! Leave a reply Yesterday a group of our students participated in the Division Finals in Bendigo. Over 3000 students represented a number of schools across the Bendigo, Macedon Ranges, Echuca and Swan Hill Regions. Congratulations to all of our students who represented our school and district with distinction. The results for each individual runner are as followed; Georgia 3B ran 14th in her age group, Nathaniel 4B (8th), Jack O 5B (12th), Callum Gundy was injured during the run, however still managed to finish the race 102nd, Jessica 5B (25th), Nathan 6A (9th), Patrick 6A (8th) and Livi 6B (79th). It’s extremely pleasing to announce that Nathaniel, Nathan and Patrick have all made it through to the next level for finishing in the first ten places for their age group. Congratulations on your amazing efforts and good luck at the next stage. Well done to all of the students who represented the school at the District Cross Country yesterday. The students ran extremely well in what could only be described as perfect running weather. Making this team was an achievement of its own, particularly with all the incredible runners we have in our school. We had 12 runners who placed in the top ten positions across the age groups. Congratulations to Nathan, Livi, Callum, Nathaniel, Jack, Jessica and Georgia for placing in the top six positions for their age groups and as a result will represent our school at the Division Championships on Wednesday, 23rd of May in Bendigo. Thank you to Anne, Trent and Mrs Miller who were fantastic help on the day. I also appreciate all the parents who came out to support our team. A very big thank you to Sue Corbell (again) who offered to wash all of the cross country singlets-thanks Sue! You may have (or may not have) noticed a brand new addition to the school’s oval this week….new goal posts! Thanks to the hard working Parents Association and the generosity of our school community we were able to purchase brand new goal posts for our school. Hopefully the students will get many years of great use of this new piece of equipment. Some of the grade 5/6 students have begun the process of trying out for the Football and Netball teams. This includes a couple of weeks of trial matches that will determine the make-up of all our teams. Part of the football trial process will include full match practice. If the boys and girls want to bring their mouthguards to school (particularly on Mondays) they are more than welcome to. It is not compulsory. Good luck to all involved! Congratulations to the New Gisborne Primary School community for their outstanding contribution to the Heart Foundation. At Friday’s assembly we were presented with a certificate of recognition and appreciation from the Heart Foundation for being the highest fundraising school in the Loddon Mallee region. This includes 56 schools, some of which have a much larger student population than our own. It’s also worth mentioning that we were the 8th highest fundraising school out of a total of 487 schools that participated in the program in Victoria last year. All credit needs to go to the students and parents who supported the program, particularly those who made a contribution through their fundraising efforts. A special mention needs to go to Charlotte Watson who was also presented with a certificate of appreciation for being the highest fundraiser for our school-Well done Charlotte! We’ve set a high standard for next term, however considering under half of our students raised the total amount last year I think we’re a good chance of beating our record and contributing even more to a great cause. Premier’s Active Families Challenge Here’s a great opportunity for the family to get involved in a bit of fitness leading up to and on the holidays (especially after we eat a few too many Easter eggs). The Premier’s Active Family challenge is a Government initiative aimed at getting as many Victorian school students (and their families) involved in physical activity to promote and encourage a healthy lifestyle. The Challenge encourages Victorians to do 30 minutes of physical activity for 30 days from 19 March to 30 April 2012. It’s free, it’s fun and it’s easy. All you need to do is register at www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/challenge by following a few simple prompts (it doesn’t take long at all). By simply registering you’ll receive: an email confirming your registration details and what you need to do You can register anytime from 20 February through to 1 April. Just remember, the Challenge starts on the 19 March, so the earlier you register the more time you’ll have to do your 30 minutes of activity. There are also exclusive prizes and offers up for grabs, so register now at www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/challenge. The earlier you register the more chances you’ll have to win. After the Challenge has been completed, you’ll be asked to complete a short survey. If you completed 30 minutes of physical activity in 30 days, you’ll receive a certificate in the mail. Good luck! 4 Replies Finally……..a post. The District Swimming Event went swimmingly today….. I promise that will be the last lame joke……for now. On a serious note the New Gisborne students are to be commended for their efforts today. Although gold was a little too elusive today for the team, there were a number of students who placed either second or third. Beyond that the rest of our team can be extremely proud of the way they performed, their sportsmanship and incredible attitude. As I’ve mentioned to them on a number of occasions their achievements started when they had the courage to try out for the team and then eventually making the team, anything after that was a bonus. Well done kids I couldn’t be any prouder of you. A special mention to Simon Matthews, Joanne De Ruiter, Karah Grieve, Selga Cirulis and Jenny Need who assisted me with marshalling and place giving duties. Thanks also to the other parents who supported or offered to help out on the day. A big thank you to Steve Nicol who was the official starter for the entire day. As I mentioned today Steve, you did such a good job that it’s yours for life. Last but not least thank you Mr Bell for assisting me with facilitating the trial days and your work today. Tennis is only a couple of weeks away and our House Cross Country event is on Friday the 23rd of March (keep that day free if you can). Mr G Leave a reply Most Grade 3-6 students participated in the House Athletic Sports Day on August the 24th. It was an opportunity for some students to run on a ‘real’ athletics track for the very first time. Once again thank you to all the staff and parents who helped out on the day. It was a House event and therefore students were given points for participating in each event. Bonus points were allocated to the first four place getters of each event, good behaviour and excellent sportsmanship. Congratulations to Devlin for being the overall champion House on the day. Here’s the final point totals for each house. DEVLIN-1,421	Skipping
Anthony Stark is the real name of which fictional superhero?	Physical Education/Sport \| Page 2 Physical Education/Sport 3 Replies Thank you to all the parents who have offered to assist us with the House Athletic Sports Day. Ive sent home a roster to all the parents that will be helping on the day. If you haven’t received one at this stage, it means we have enough helpers-thanks all the same. I will need some assistance with putting hurdles up and down during the day and recording times during the track events (particularly the finals). I might call on you at some stage! Otherwise I’m hoping to see you all there. Regards, Long Rope skipping-Jumping in and out Long Rope skipping-Jumping in and out Long Rope skipping-Jumping in and out Long Rope skipping-Jumping in and out Individual skipping Partner skippingTravelling, The wheel, Around The World etc Partner skippingTravelling, The wheel, Around The World etc Partner skippingTravelling, The wheel, Around The World etc Partner skippingTravelling, The wheel, Around The World etc Partner skippingTravelling, The wheel, Around The World etc Long Rope skipping Long Rope skipping-Egg Beater, Double Dutch, Triangle/using equipment Long Rope skipping-Egg Beater, Double Dutch, Triangle/using equipment Long Rope skipping-Egg Beater, Double Dutch, Triangle/using equipment Long Rope skipping-Egg Beater, Double Dutch, Triangle/using equipment Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Bell, Skier Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Bell, Skier Trick Skipping-Backwards, Cross Over, Bell, Skier, Pretzel Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Pretzel, Dipsy Doodle, Bell, Skier etc Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Pretzel, Dipsy Doodle, Bell, Skier etc Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Pretzel, Dipsy Doodle, Bell, Skier etc Trick Skipping-Backwards, running, Pretzel, Dipsy Doodle, Bell, Skier etc Jumping Activities-Elastic band, Hurdles & Hoops Jumping Activities-Elastic band, Hurdles & Hoops Jumping Activities-Elastic band, Hurdles & Hoops Make up a quick routine. Make up a quick routine. In pairs make up your own routine. Individual & partner skipping only. In pairs make up your own routine. Individual & partner skipping only. 6 Replies Congratulations to all the students who have raised money for this worthy cause. For those who haven’t, there’s still plenty of time. Below is the link to the website. All you need to do is register, then go to the email sponsors link and type the email addresses in, hopefully they will do the rest. Feel free to leave a comment. Good luck! Leave a reply Yesterday a group of our students participated in the Division Finals in Bendigo. Over 3000 students represented a number of schools across the Bendigo, Macedon Ranges, Echuca and Swan Hill Regions. Congratulations to all of our students who represented our school and district with distinction. The results for each individual runner are as followed; Georgia 3B ran 14th in her age group, Nathaniel 4B (8th), Jack O 5B (12th), Callum Gundy was injured during the run, however still managed to finish the race 102nd, Jessica 5B (25th), Nathan 6A (9th), Patrick 6A (8th) and Livi 6B (79th). It’s extremely pleasing to announce that Nathaniel, Nathan and Patrick have all made it through to the next level for finishing in the first ten places for their age group. Congratulations on your amazing efforts and good luck at the next stage. Well done to all of the students who represented the school at the District Cross Country yesterday. The students ran extremely well in what could only be described as perfect running weather. Making this team was an achievement of its own, particularly with all the incredible runners we have in our school. We had 12 runners who placed in the top ten positions across the age groups. Congratulations to Nathan, Livi, Callum, Nathaniel, Jack, Jessica and Georgia for placing in the top six positions for their age groups and as a result will represent our school at the Division Championships on Wednesday, 23rd of May in Bendigo. Thank you to Anne, Trent and Mrs Miller who were fantastic help on the day. I also appreciate all the parents who came out to support our team. A very big thank you to Sue Corbell (again) who offered to wash all of the cross country singlets-thanks Sue! You may have (or may not have) noticed a brand new addition to the school’s oval this week….new goal posts! Thanks to the hard working Parents Association and the generosity of our school community we were able to purchase brand new goal posts for our school. Hopefully the students will get many years of great use of this new piece of equipment. Some of the grade 5/6 students have begun the process of trying out for the Football and Netball teams. This includes a couple of weeks of trial matches that will determine the make-up of all our teams. Part of the football trial process will include full match practice. If the boys and girls want to bring their mouthguards to school (particularly on Mondays) they are more than welcome to. It is not compulsory. Good luck to all involved! Congratulations to the New Gisborne Primary School community for their outstanding contribution to the Heart Foundation. At Friday’s assembly we were presented with a certificate of recognition and appreciation from the Heart Foundation for being the highest fundraising school in the Loddon Mallee region. This includes 56 schools, some of which have a much larger student population than our own. It’s also worth mentioning that we were the 8th highest fundraising school out of a total of 487 schools that participated in the program in Victoria last year. All credit needs to go to the students and parents who supported the program, particularly those who made a contribution through their fundraising efforts. A special mention needs to go to Charlotte Watson who was also presented with a certificate of appreciation for being the highest fundraiser for our school-Well done Charlotte! We’ve set a high standard for next term, however considering under half of our students raised the total amount last year I think we’re a good chance of beating our record and contributing even more to a great cause. Premier’s Active Families Challenge Here’s a great opportunity for the family to get involved in a bit of fitness leading up to and on the holidays (especially after we eat a few too many Easter eggs). The Premier’s Active Family challenge is a Government initiative aimed at getting as many Victorian school students (and their families) involved in physical activity to promote and encourage a healthy lifestyle. The Challenge encourages Victorians to do 30 minutes of physical activity for 30 days from 19 March to 30 April 2012. It’s free, it’s fun and it’s easy. All you need to do is register at www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/challenge by following a few simple prompts (it doesn’t take long at all). By simply registering you’ll receive: an email confirming your registration details and what you need to do You can register anytime from 20 February through to 1 April. Just remember, the Challenge starts on the 19 March, so the earlier you register the more time you’ll have to do your 30 minutes of activity. There are also exclusive prizes and offers up for grabs, so register now at www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/challenge. The earlier you register the more chances you’ll have to win. After the Challenge has been completed, you’ll be asked to complete a short survey. If you completed 30 minutes of physical activity in 30 days, you’ll receive a certificate in the mail. Good luck! 4 Replies Finally……..a post. The District Swimming Event went swimmingly today….. I promise that will be the last lame joke……for now. On a serious note the New Gisborne students are to be commended for their efforts today. Although gold was a little too elusive today for the team, there were a number of students who placed either second or third. Beyond that the rest of our team can be extremely proud of the way they performed, their sportsmanship and incredible attitude. As I’ve mentioned to them on a number of occasions their achievements started when they had the courage to try out for the team and then eventually making the team, anything after that was a bonus. Well done kids I couldn’t be any prouder of you. A special mention to Simon Matthews, Joanne De Ruiter, Karah Grieve, Selga Cirulis and Jenny Need who assisted me with marshalling and place giving duties. Thanks also to the other parents who supported or offered to help out on the day. A big thank you to Steve Nicol who was the official starter for the entire day. As I mentioned today Steve, you did such a good job that it’s yours for life. Last but not least thank you Mr Bell for assisting me with facilitating the trial days and your work today. Tennis is only a couple of weeks away and our House Cross Country event is on Friday the 23rd of March (keep that day free if you can). Mr G Leave a reply Most Grade 3-6 students participated in the House Athletic Sports Day on August the 24th. It was an opportunity for some students to run on a ‘real’ athletics track for the very first time. Once again thank you to all the staff and parents who helped out on the day. It was a House event and therefore students were given points for participating in each event. Bonus points were allocated to the first four place getters of each event, good behaviour and excellent sportsmanship. Congratulations to Devlin for being the overall champion House on the day. Here’s the final point totals for each house. DEVLIN-1,421	i don't know
Hester Prynnne is the main character in which novel by US author Nathaniel Hawthorne?	SparkNotes: The Scarlet Letter: Character List The Scarlet Letter Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Hester Prynne - Hester is the book’s protagonist and the wearer of the scarlet letter that gives the book its title. The letter, a patch of fabric in the shape of an “A,” signifies that Hester is an “adulterer.” As a young woman, Hester married an elderly scholar, Chillingworth, who sent her ahead to America to live but never followed her. While waiting for him, she had an affair with a Puritan minister named Dimmesdale, after which she gave birth to Pearl. Hester is passionate but also strong—she endures years of shame and scorn. She equals both her husband and her lover in her intelligence and thoughtfulness. Her alienation puts her in the position to make acute observations about her community, particularly about its treatment of women. Read an in-depth analysis of Hester Prynne. Pearl - Hester’s illegitimate daughter Pearl is a young girl with a moody, mischievous spirit and an ability to perceive things that others do not. For example, she quickly discerns the truth about her mother and Dimmesdale. The townspeople say that she barely seems human and spread rumors that her unknown father is actually the Devil. She is wise far beyond her years, frequently engaging in ironic play having to do with her mother’s scarlet letter. Read an in-depth analysis of Pearl. Roger Chillingworth - “Roger Chillingworth” is actually Hester’s husband in disguise. He is much older than she is and had sent her to America while he settled his affairs in Europe. Because he is captured by Native Americans, he arrives in Boston belatedly and finds Hester and her illegitimate child being displayed on the scaffold. He lusts for revenge, and thus decides to stay in Boston despite his wife’s betrayal and disgrace. He is a scholar and uses his knowledge to disguise himself as a doctor, intent on discovering and tormenting Hester’s anonymous lover. Chillingworth is self-absorbed and both physically and psychologically monstrous. His single-minded pursuit of retribution reveals him to be the most malevolent character in the novel. Read an in-depth analysis of Roger Chillingworth. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale - Dimmesdale is a young man who achieved fame in England as a theologian and then emigrated to America. In a moment of weakness, he and Hester became lovers. Although he will not confess it publicly, he is the father of her child. He deals with his guilt by tormenting himself physically and psychologically, developing a heart condition as a result. Dimmesdale is an intelligent and emotional man, and his sermons are thus masterpieces of eloquence and persuasiveness. His commitments to his congregation are in constant conflict with his feelings of sinfulness and need to confess. Governor Bellingham - Governor Bellingham is a wealthy, elderly gentleman who spends much of his time consulting with the other town fathers. Despite his role as governor of a fledgling American society, he very much resembles a traditional English aristocrat. Bellingham tends to strictly adhere to the rules, but he is easily swayed by Dimmesdale’s eloquence. He remains blind to the misbehaviors taking place in his own house: his sister, Mistress Hibbins, is a witch. Mistress Hibbins - Mistress Hibbins is a widow who lives with her brother, Governor Bellingham, in a luxurious mansion. She is commonly known to be a witch who ventures into the forest at night to ride with the “Black Man.” Her appearances at public occasions remind the reader of the hypocrisy and hidden evil in Puritan society. Reverend Mr. John Wilson - Boston’s elder clergyman, Reverend Wilson is scholarly yet grandfatherly. He is a stereotypical Puritan father, a literary version of the stiff, starkly painted portraits of American patriarchs. Like Governor Bellingham, Wilson follows the community’s rules strictly but can be swayed by Dimmesdale’s eloquence. Unlike Dimmesdale, his junior colleague, Wilson preaches hellfire and damnation and advocates harsh punishment of sinners. Narrator - The unnamed narrator works as the surveyor of the Salem Custom-House some two hundred years after the novel’s events take place. He discovers an old manuscript in the building’s attic that tells the story of Hester Prynne; when he loses his job, he decides to write a fictional treatment of the narrative. The narrator is a rather high-strung man, whose Puritan ancestry makes him feel guilty about his writing career. He writes because he is interested in American history and because he believes that America needs to better understand its religious and moral heritage.	The Scarlet Letter
James Monroe became President of which country in March 1817?	Research Paper on Literature: Nathaniel Hawthorne. Essays, Term Papers on Scarlet Letter And Evil Problem Essay, Research Paper: Scarlet Letter And Evil Problem Literature: Nathaniel Hawthorne Free Literature: Nathaniel Hawthorne research papers were donated by our members/visitors and are presented free of charge for informational use only. The essay or term paper you are seeing on this page was not produced by our company and should not be considered a sample of our research/writing service. We are neither affiliated with the author of this essay nor responsible for its content. If you need high quality, fresh and competent research / writing done on the subject of Literature: Nathaniel Hawthorne, use the professional writing service offered by our company. The virtue of truth and the evil of secret sin are clearly illustrated in the novel, The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The three main characters in this novel display their own honesty and sins. Hester Prynne exhibits the essence of truth and pride when she bravely faces the humiliation of the scaffold. In chapter 17, when Hester apologizes to Dimmesdale about concealing Chillingworth’s identity, she says, “In all things else, I have striven to be true! Truth was the one virtue which I might have held, and did hold fast, through all extremity...A lie is never good, even though death threaten on the other side (pg. 202)!” It is Hester’s pride, which sustains her from the beginning of the novel to the end, when she dies, still sporting the scarlet A on her bosom. Hester’s sin is the sin which gives the book its title and around which the action of the book resolves. Adultery, which was prohibited by the Seventh Amendment, was usually punished by death. A woman in the crowd stated, “At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forhead...She may cover it (the scarlet letter) with a brooch, or such like heathenish adornment, and so walk the streets as brave as ever (pg. 53)!” Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale shows truth by his occupation. People living in Boston, Massachusetts looked up to and respected Dimmesdale because he was a minister. One of his sins was his inability to publicly acknowledge that he committed adultery with Hester and that he is the father of Pearl, Hester’s daughter. However, adultery was not his biggest sin. His biggest sin is hypocrisy. In chapter ten, he speaks of the concealment of his sins, he says, “It may be that they are kept silent by the very constistution of their nature. Or-can we not suppose it-guilty as they may be, retaining, nevertheless, a zeal for God’s glory and man’s welfare...no evil of the past be redeemed by better service (pg. 137).” While trying to conceal his sins, they take over his conscience and literally confess themselves during his acts of madness. The third main character, Roger Chillingworth, is a pretty innocent man in the beginning of this book. He comes to America to be reunited with his wife, Hester, but soon comes to find out that she has committed adultery. Chillingworth has however committed two sins also. One of them being against nature. He says, “A man already in decay, having given my best years to feed the hungry dream of knowledge, -what had I to do with youth and beauty like thine own (pg. 77)!” Sin, in actuality, begins to take possession of Chillingworth when he noticed Hester on the scaffold. Chillingworth eventually destroys himself. As he is talking to Hester in chapter fourteen when he has realized what has happened between Hester and Dimmesdale, he says, “Dost thou remember me? Was I not, though you might deem me cold, nevertheless a man thoughtful for others, craving little for himself, -kind, true, just, and of constant, if not warm affections? Was I not all this (pg. 180)?” As shown in the novel, each individual character displayed both senses of truth and evil. Some were less severe than others, but still sins. Overall, a lesson of purity is developed throughout the book. 0 1 Good or bad? How would you rate this essay? Help other users to find the good and worthy free term papers and trash the bad ones. Like this term paper? Vote & Promote so that others can find it Get a Custom Paper on Literature: Nathaniel Hawthorne: Free papers will not meet the guidelines of your specific project. If you need a custom essay on Literature: Nathaniel Hawthorne: , we can write you a high quality authentic essay. While free essays can be traced by Turnitin (plagiarism detection program), our custom written papers will pass any plagiarism test, guaranteed. Our writing service will save you time and grade. Related essays:	i don't know
Which British singer released a 2011 album entitled ’21’?	Adele Reveals Release Date, Tracklist for '25' Album \| Billboard Adele Reveals Release Date, Tracklist for '25' Album Adele New single 'Hello' coming this Friday! After waiting four years, we will finally have a new Adele album this year. 25, the follow-up to the British singer's blockbuster 2011 album 21, will drop on Nov. 20. Thankfully, we won't have to wait that long to sample it. Adele's first single from 25, "Hello," will be available for purchase and streaming on Friday, Oct. 23, with the music video dropping that same day. According to the press release, the video "was shot in the countryside surrounding Montreal and is directed by the celebrated young Canadian director Xavier Dolan. Adele's reps also shared the tracklist for 25, which you can see right here: 1. Hello 2. Send My Love (To Your New Lover) 3. I Miss You 4. When We Were Young 5. Remedy 6. Water Under The Bridge 7. River Lea 8. Love In The Dark 9. Million Years Ago 10. All I Ask 11. Sweetest Devotion A deluxe version of 25, available exclusively at Target, will include three bonus tracks: "Can’t Let Go," "Lay Me Down" and "Why Do You Love Me." We first got wind of 25 in late 2014 when Adele tweeted, "Bye bye 25…see you again later in the year," just before turning 26. That tweet got a lot of people excited that Adele's follow-up to 19 and 21 would drop before the end of that calendar year or before the end of her 26th year. Neither happened, and on Oct. 21, 2015, Adele revealed why . "I'm sorry it took so long, but you know, life happened," she wrote in a Twitter letter. Hard to argue with that. Adele and her longtime boyfriend welcomed son Angelo into the world in 2012, and she delivered the Oscar winning James Bond song "Skyfall" that same year -- so it's not like she's been lazy. Adele's '21' Surpasses 11 Million U.S. Sales Adele also explained how 25 would differ from her Grammy-winning 21 in the online letter. "My last record was a break-up record and if I had to label this one I would call it a make-up record. I'm making up with myself. I'm making up for lost time." Speaking of her breakup record, 21 spent 24 weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 chart -- the most weeks atop the list for any album by a woman. The album has been on the chart every week of its release: 243 weeks and counting (through the Oct. 31-dated chart). 21 has sold 11.2 million copies in the U.S., according to Nielsen Music, which makes it the tenth-largest selling album since Nielsen began tracking sales in 1991. The album generated five hit singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, including three consecutive No. 1s: "Rolling In the Deep" (No. 1 for seven weeks), "Someone Like You" (No. 1 for five weeks) and "Set Fire to the Rain" (No. 1 for two weeks). Additional reporting by Keith Caulfield.	Adele
Paul Ford played Colonel John T Hall in which 1950’s US television series?	21 - Adele \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic AllMusic google+ AllMusic Review by Matt Collar Adele 's 2009 debut album, 19 , was a Grammy-winning smash hit that revealed the British singer/songwriter's knack for bittersweet soul and folk-infused love songs that brought to mind an infectious mix of Dusty Springfield and Terry Callier . The album earned her a ton of fans, and interest was high for the inevitable follow-up. In many ways, her sophomore album, the similarly age-appropriate-titled 21 , is a continuation of the sounds and themes Adele was working with on 19 . She is still the bluesy pop diva with a singer/songwriter's soul and seemingly bottomless capacity for heartbreak. If the tastefully organic production and overabundance of well-known co-writers come off a bit too on-the-nose in terms of delivering to fan expectations, then the best thing the album does is to showcase Adele 's titanic vocal ability, which -- more than a few times on 21 -- is simply spine-tingling. Last time around we got the gauzy, Callier-esque folk-soul ballad "Daydreamer" to slowly draw us into the album; here, Adele immediately injects us with the propulsive gospel fever-blues anthem "Rolling in the Deep." While the track certainly owes a heavy debt to the punk-blues of Beth Ditto and the Gossip , it is also ridiculously sexy and one of the best singles of any decade -- and, unfortunately, completely sets the bar way too high for everything else on 21 . Which isn't to say that 21 is bad; on the contrary, tracks like the similarly blues-inflected Ryan Tedder co-write "Rumour Has It" and the old-school-style soul cut "He Won't Go" are terrifically catchy, booty-shaking numbers, and exactly the kind of songs you want and expect from Adele . That said, if Adele 's voice goes on forever here, so apparently does her appetite for bad relationship mojo. An inordinate amount of the material on 21 is about yearning for lost love. In fact, the centerpiece of the album, the mega-ballad showstopper "Take It All" -- co-written by her "Chasing Pavements" partner Francis White -- begins with Adele proclaiming "Didn't I give it all?" Delivered starkly at first with Adele set against simple piano accompaniment and later backed by a gospel choir, it's an instant-classic sort of song in the tradition of "The Rose," "And I Am Telling You I Am Not Going," and "All by Myself" that could stand over the years as a career landmark for the singer and a cathartic moment for fans who identify with their idol's Pyrrhic lovelorn persona. For others, over the course of the album, that persona and the insistence of track after track of heartbreak can get a bit alienating. Ultimately, however, Adele does give us her all on 21 , and for now that is enough. Track Listing	i don't know
What is the title of the Band Aid charity single, released in December 1984?	Do They Know It's Christmas? by Band Aid Songfacts Songfacts This is a charity single organized by Bob Geldof, who was the lead singer of The Boomtown Rats. He got the idea after watching a BBC documentary on famine in Ethiopia. Geldof wrote the lyrics and Midge Ure from the band Ultravox wrote the music and produced the track, which was no easy task since so many voices were involved. In England, and much of the Northern Hemisphere, snow and numerous displays leave no doubt that Christmas is near. In most of Africa, however, it's quite warm on December 25, since it's summer there. This song asks us to think of those who are living in poverty and hunger in Africa during the Christmas season, reminding us that they might not even know it's Christmas. While the sentiment and melody are full of good tidings, the lyrics are quite bleak: "The Christmas bells that ring there are the clanging chimes of doom." Most of this song was recorded and mixed over a 24-hour period on Sunday, November 25, 1984. Sting and Simon LeBon had recorded their parts ahead of time, but everyone else came that day. None of the vocalists heard the song before they arrived, so they learned their parts by listening to a guide vocal producer Midge Ure created, then recorded them. With such a tight schedule, there was no time to quibble. In the Songfacts interview with Ure , he said that this time constraint helped the effort. "Sometimes, that kind of pressure gets you to create something magical, gets you to eliminate the liberations that you end up having in the studio," he said. "We just had to nail it and get on with it. Get the vocal track from everyone that was acceptable. As it turns out, a lot of the vocal tracks were exceptional." The performers who sang verses were, in order: Paul Young, Boy George, George Michael, Simon Le Bon, and Bono. The chorus included David Bowie, Phil Collins, Paul McCartney, Geldof, Ure and many other artists who weren't given a verse but sang the "Feed The World" part and lent their images to the effort by appearing in the promotional photo. Check out the Band Aid photo with list of performers . The artists were not all friends, but they set aside their differences and were at least cordial to each other during the recording - with one exception. In the book I Want My MTV, George Michael said: "The only person who didn't succumb to the charitable nature of the day was Paul Weller, who decided to have a go at me in front of everybody. I said, 'Don't be a wanker all your life. Have a day off.'" In the UK, this became the best-selling single ever. Elton John's " Candle In The Wind '97 " currently holds that record. Not everyone in the UK was a fan, however. Morrissey told Time Out in 1985 that the project was "diabolical," adding: "It was the most self-righteous platform ever in the history of popular music." This was the first of the big group charity efforts among musicians. A year later, US artists released " We Are The World ," and Geldof helped organize Live Aid. Other charity singles that followed include " Sun City " and " That's What Friends Are For ." The single raised $14 million for famine relief in Africa. Geldof is Irish, so he cannot be knighted, but he did receive a KBE, which is equivalent and is popularly known as Sir or Saint Bob. >> Suggestion credit: Flo - London, England The video was directed by Nigel Dick, who had done some videos for The Boomtown Rats. He got the request to make the video on short notice, and had no idea what the song was going to be. He didn't have a budget either, so he simply set up two cameras - one outside and one inside - to capture the action. As the artists trickled in to record their parts, Dick filmed them entering the building and then recording. This footage was used not just for the music video, but also for a 30-minute behind-the-scenes piece documenting the making of the single. This video was also sold, with proceeds going to the relief effort. In our 2015 talk with Midge Ure, he said: "It's never been a great song. It's kind of grown into a better song than it ever was. But as a recording, as a production, I'm immensely proud of it. So is Bob. Because it did its job phenomenally. As a record, you hear it now on the radio and the opening clang, the opening atmospherics, my multi-tracked vocal thing, all of that stuff, it still sends shivers up your spine. So as a record, as a production, it did a brilliant job despite the fact that the song was OK." Who gave the most inspired vocal performance on this song? To Midge Ure's ears, it was Bono. He told us: "When Bono took that line of the song - 'Tonight thank God it's them instead of you' - I had originally sung it on the guide vocal an octave lower, and he just decided to let it rip, and it was phenomenal. Electric. It was just sensational." Boy George was nearly a no-show, asleep in New York the day of recording. His band Culture Club was huge at the time and Bob Geldof was counting on him for a key vocal, so Geldof called him, woke him up, and told him to get on a Concorde. George flew to London, got behind the microphone and delivered the vocal they were looking for. Trevor Horn, who was a member of the Buggles and Yes, donated the use of his studio (Sarm Studios in London) to record the song. He also pieced together the B-side of the single, which is an instrumental version with the artists delivering messages over the music. It is called "Feed The World" on the single. Bob Geldof wrote the original pre-chorus line as "There won't be snow in Ethiopia this Christmas." Midge Ure convinced him to swap "Ethiopia" for "Africa." "No matter how you try, you cannot scan 'Ethiopia,'" Ure told us. "That just does not work." John Taylor from Duran Duran played bass; Phil Collins played drums. The rest of the instrumentation was done by Midge Ure, who handed the programming and keyboards. Two versions of the single were released. The 7-inch, which is what radio stations usually play, runs 3:55. The 12-inch runs 6:18 and features spoken messages from some of the performers. The 7-inch single was re-released the next year, raising more money for famine relief in Africa. Downloading didn't exist in 1984, so obtaining the rights needed to sell downloads of this song proved very difficult, and for many years it wasn't available on iTunes or Amazon except in knockoff versions. When Geldof wrote the basic part of this song, he envisioned it as a Boomtown Rats song, but when he played it for his bandmates they turned it down. The cover of the single was designed by Peter Blake, who is famous for shooting the cover of The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Bob Geldof explained in the book I Want My MTV: "To me, the '80s were characterized by overwhelming generosity and kindness. Prior to Live Aid, People had been participating in this phenomenon for months. 'Do They Know It's Christmas?' was sold in butcher shops all during Christmas. For whatever reason, this song - not a particularly good song - tapped into a groundswell of compassion. We never said we'd eliminate world hunger, but we could draw attention to a monstrous human crime, a moral and intellectual absurdity. It worked." In 1989, a group of artists including Kylie Minogue, Jason Donovan, and Bros (Featuring Luke Goss on drums) re-recorded this as Band Aid II. The only artists left over from the original Band Aid were Bananarama. This effort was produced by the team of Stock, Aitken And Waterman and once again raised money for African famine relief. In 2004, a new version recorded by a group of artists including Bono, Paul McCartney, Chris Martin and Dido was released as a single in the UK, with proceeds going to help victims of political and humanitarian crisis in Sudan. "Band Aid 20," as this collective was known, was produced by Nigel Godrich. Bono is the only artist on this version who was also on the original. In 2014, a fourth permutation of Band Aid was assembled to once again record this song. Known as "Band Aid 30," this rendition was produced by Paul Epworth with proceeds going to Ebola relief. Singers included One Direction, Sam Smith, and once again... Bono. Bob "Humbug" Geldof told Australia's The Daily Telegraph in a 2010 interview: "I am responsible for two of the worst songs in history. One is 'Do They Know It's Christmas?', the other one is 'We Are The World.' Any day soon, I will go to the supermarket, head to the meat counter and it will be playing. Every f---ing Christmas." Geldof added that he gets irritated when carol singers perform the charity hit in front of his home during the holidays. "They think 'Do They Know It's Christmas?' is as old as ' Silent Night .' Sometimes I think that's wild because I wrote it. Or else I am thinking how much I want them to stop because they are doing it really badly." After this song generated about £10 million for famine relief, Bob Geldof traveled to Ethiopia to oversee distribution of the aid. He took a very hands-on approach, meeting with relief agencies to determine where the money could do the most good. To acknowledge the artists and the folks who bought the album, he made sure that "Love from Band Aid" was emblazoned on many of the supplies, including vehicles. Geldof never glorified the relief effort. Asked if he was proud of his work to end hunger in a 1985 Radio Times interview, Geldof replied: "Not at all, It's exhausting and a total bore if you want to know truth. It's not fulfilling at all. I'm endlessly frustrated." Spin magazine later reported that the money Geldof brought to Ethiopia was used by the war-torn country's dictator to arm his forces and crush his enemies. According to the report, the Ethiopian famine was mostly caused by its government, which poisoned farms of its opponents. A high-profile absence from the Band Aid project was Queen, who weren't invited because they had played South Africa earlier that year, violating a boycott against the apartheid-torn country. Bob Geldof would later forgive them and invite Queen to perform at Live Aid, where their invigorating set was a highlight of the concerts. George Michael released " Last Christmas " around the same time. He gave all proceeds from the song to Geldof's relief effort. In 2003, Deftones lead singer Chino Moreno recorded a rock version of this song with the band Far for the A Santa Cause (It's A Punk Rock Christmas) compilation. The song spread thanks to peer-to-peer networks.	Do They Know It's Christmas%3F
The 1908 Summer Olympic Games were hosted by which European city?	Band Aid \| Duran Duran Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Bob Geldof, after watching a BBC television news report by Michael Buerk from famine-stricken Ethiopia, was so moved by the plight of starving children that he decided to try and raise money using his contacts in pop music. The recording studio gave Band Aid no more than 24 free hours to record and mix the record.On 25 November 1984 the recording took place between 11am and 7pm, and was filmed by director Nigel Dick to be released as the pop video though some basic tracks had been recorded the day before at Midge Ure's home studio. The record was released on 3 December and went straight to No. 1 in the UK singles chart, outselling all the other records in the chart put together. It became the fastest-selling single of all time in the UK, selling a million copies in the first week alone. It stayed at No. 1 for five weeks, selling over three million copies and becoming easily the biggest-selling single of all time in the UK, as of 1984. After Live Aid , "Do They Know It's Christmas?" was re-released in late 1985 in a set that included a special-edition 'picture disc' version, modeled after the Live Aid logo with 'Band' in place of 'Live'. Participants The sleeve artist, Peter Blake , was also credited on the sleeve. Band Aid II Edit This version, released in 1989, was produced by British songwriting and production team Stock Aitken Waterman. It stayed at number one for three weeks in the UK charts. Sara Dallin and Keren Woodward of Bananarama were the only artists from the original Band Aid that were featured again on this version. Band Aid 20 Edit The Band Aid 20 released on 29 November, 2004, with all money raised going toward famine relief in the Darfur region of Sudan. Bono, Paul McCartney and George Michael were the only artists from the original Band Aid who had been asked back to lend their voices to Band Aid 20.	i don't know
Which American soccer team is known as the ‘Quakes’?	San Jose Earthquakes San Jose Earthquakes 2 months 3 weeks ago Featured 11 months 3 weeks ago Partners © 2016 MLS. All Major League Soccer trademarks and copyrights used by permission. All rights reserved. Privacy Policy \| Terms of Service Powered by MLS Digital IMPORTANT NOTE: We have updated our Terms of Use. It affects your rights about how to resolve any dispute between you and MLS. Read here .	San Jose Earthquakes
Who was the only US President not to live at the Whitehouse?	The Earthquakes: Rebranding a Club with 40 Years of Heritage \| Chris Creamer's SportsLogos.Net News and Blog : New Logos and New Uniforms news, photos, and rumours The Earthquakes: Rebranding a Club with 40 Years of Heritage Written By: Scott Petersen • Friday, February 28, 2014 San Jose has a rich history as a soccer city, with the Earthquakes of the North American Soccer League starting in 1974 and the Clash of Major League Soccer in 1996 , with the club adopting its original name of the Earthquakes in 2000 . That club would go on to win two MLS Championships, in 2001 and 2003, and a Supporters Shield in 2005. The owners of that club then moved the team to Houston and became known as the Houston Dynamo . For three long years San Jose had no MLS team, until Lew Wolff revived the franchise in 2008 along with Bay Area’s fans’ love and passion for soccer. The new club won its second Supporters Shield in 2012, and in 2014 celebrates its 40th Anniversary. Along with that celebration came the unveiling last month, of a completely new identity for the team. The project, spearheaded by the Portland-based design agency Fiction , entailed more than creating a new logo. Successfully positioning the team as champions within a sports universe that includes both a young (U.S.) and long-standing (global) heritage would require a full examination of who the Earthquakes really are. We would need to translate that reality into the designs, words and concepts that embody the team’s history, its passions and its dreams for the future. And so it began.. The Process One of the first steps we took to understanding the task at hand was to conduct a comprehensive survey of national and international soccer logos and sports team logos in general. We knew going in that the new identity system, once completed, would need to live in amongst, and stand out above, the existing landscape of competing identities. Whenever we engage in a project where we’re tasked to deliver a unique and authentic identity, we make sure to know first what will be required to be successful and truly unique and authentic to the client while at the same time what will be essential to work as part of an existing ecosystem. It’s somewhat akin to building a house in an established neighbourhood; the older the neighbourhood, the less you want to disrupt its overall aesthetic by building a modern monstrosity. Such a house might certainly stand out, but would anger the neighbours and be a target of ridicule Once we had a clear picture of the national and international landscape we knew what we wanted in general terms: we knew we wanted a classic soccer logo, flat and undimensionalized, that acknowledged San Jose’s rich history and that somehow expressed the idea and energy of an earthquake. That was enough to give us a rough target to shoot for as we began the next phase, our deep-dive anthropological study of the club and its history. We studied the club’s rich past, from what we could find of its days as part of the NASL to the Western Soccer Alliance (WSA), to its first Major League Soccer incarnation as the Clash, until finally the club adopted its original name of the Earthquakes in 2000. We poured over virtually every newspaper article the club had saved over its existence, including video and DVDs of its championship runs, but what was most instrumental in aiding our research of the earlier days was a scrapbook kept and maintained by a single fan that had nearly the entire NASL Earthquakes history captured within its faded pages. This unknown fan had kept everything in chronological order inside an artist’s sketchbook, and it would never have been seen by us or the club had not the descendants of the fan bothered to gift the notebook to the current club as a token of curiosity and interest. We had a solid understanding of where we wanted to go, and now we had a solid understanding of where the club came from. The next step was connecting the two and building a new, connected identity that would honour both. The Quakes Code Who are the San Jose Earthquakes? The quick and easy answer is, they’re San Jose’s MLS franchise, but like any living, breathing entity that is tied to a living, breathing community, the complete answer is much more complex. The club represents Bay Area soccer at its highest, most competitive level, but it’s also deeply ingrained within an extremely diverse community. The Bay Area is San Jose, San Francisco and Oakland; taken together, they are the most culturally and ethnically diverse community in the country, among the most highly educated and employed, and thanks to Silicon Valley have the highest per capita income in the country and is often considered the most innovative and forward thinking. With such a deep understanding of the club and a broad understanding of the Bay Area to account for, we felt what was needed was a Quakes Code that codified and acknowledged the complexities of the community and the club’s relationship to it. The final version of this code is made up of three main pillars: Unity, Devotion and Heritage. Unity expresses the close connection between the club and the community; Devotion expresses their shared love of the game and the club’s devotion to its fans; and Heritage honours the club’s rich history, which began in 1974, and expresses today’s pride in being part of this continuum. Armed with the pillars of what makes the San Jose Earthquakes tick, we proceeded to build a document that would tell the complete story of the Quakes up to and including the new identity. The club’s motto – Forward As One – expresses the unity of the players, fans and community moving together toward a shared vision for the future. The Quakes Brand Constitution The more we researched, the more we uncovered a rich history vital to the identity of today’s San Jose Earthquakes. We soon realized that, just like our country’s own constitution helps ground this nation and guide us into the future, the Quakes as an organization would greatly benefit from its own brand constitution. So the Quakes Brand Constitution began as a repository of information we found pertinent to the Earthquakes history and identity over the years. It would eventually house a timeline of the club’s history from 1974 to the present. It would also include the Quakes Code, the new Quakes motto, and several voices from the club’s past, including first owner Milan Mandaric, first GM Peter Bridgwater, long-time Quakes superfan Krazy George, players like George Best, John Doyle, Eric Wynalda, Landon Donovan, Jeff Agoos, manager Frank Yallop, and current superstar Chris Wondolowski and club president Dave Kaval. The Constitution also shows the club’s logo evolution through the years, with a section reserved for the new logo, identity system, uniforms, and club motto, along with a glossary of meaningful Quakes terms. As a comprehensive compendium of everything anyone would want or need to know of the club’s identity and place in the community, the Constitution would prove to be a very useful tool as we moved closer to the date of the big reveal on January 30th of 2014, in San Jose The Design Process To tackle the challenge of designing the new logo, we unleashed the full creative horsepower of our studio of over a dozen designers to concept a broad range of compositional possibilities. One of the earliest challenges was how to visually communicate the idea of an earthquake. Unlike other team mascots that tend to be animals or even simple nouns like objects or forces of nature, an earthquake is the moving of tectonic plates against one another beneath the earth’s surface. We took that abstract idea and created a pattern, which we call the “impact pattern.” This pattern was created to visually encapsulate the idea of energy and movement. It would prove invaluable as part of the team’s overall identity and could be used almost anywhere to evoke images of the team. It became incorporated into the final logo as part of the field in which the ball rests. Through an iterative process of sharing our early explorations with the client and incorporating feedback on desired directions, we concepted literally thousands of logos and compositional possibilities to critique as a group throughout the design process. Over several months of explorations and refinement of our strongest directions, we finally landed on three executions the client and we agreed were the strongest potentials. These were submitted to Major League Soccer and adidas, their title and uniform sponsor, for approval. By then it became a matter of choosing which version would be our final. But in the end, we got to have our cake and eat it, too, by incorporating some of the strongest elements between the three finalists into a fourth, and ultimately winning, design. And we’re glad we took this last additional and unanticipated step, because the resultant logo is, we believe, far superior to any one of the three finalists. It accomplishes everything we sought out to achieve from the beginning; it captures the club’s rich heritage, embraces its devotion to the game and to its fans, and expresses a unity of club and community as it looks forward to the next 40 years. Soccer Ball: For 40 years, the Earthquakes primary badge has featured a soccer ball and our new identity also embraces this symbol of our devotion to the game. We are a soccer club and we are proud to express that through our logo. We are Devotion. Axis: The white and blue lines holding the ball connect us to our original logo from 1974 with the ball representing a globe. The ball is spinning in its axis and pushing us forward into a limitless future. Shield: The shield shape honours soccer tradition and heritage from around the world. We wanted a logo that showed our club’s strong connection to the world’s game. The three sides of the shield represent the three largest communities of the Bay Area: San Jose, San Francisco and Oakland. San Jose 1974: The San Jose Earthquakes were founded in 1974 and we fully embrace the club’s complete history, not just the MLS years. The Quakes of the North American Soccer League wore red jerseys and we pay homage to that era with our use of red for the 1974. We are San Jose’s first professional sports team. We are Heritage. Quakes: The use of the name Quakes in the primary logo demonstrates the strength of our soccer community. If you are part of the Earthquakes community, you often refer to the team as the Quakes. We are Unity. Pattern: The blue and black impact pattern is a representation of the shifting of the Earth’s tectonic plates and the energy created within our club on and off the pitch. The impact pattern also represents our community’s forward thinking and belief in creating positive change through innovation. Visual Center In addition to designing the new logo, we developed a comprehensive Visual Center that houses every element of the identity as a usable toolkit, from the unifying shield and wordmark to the impact pattern and every conceivable variation of element lockups, with ball, player, pattern and wordmarks. Everything that would ever require a version of the logo was anticipated, designed and included into the VC, so that the club would be ready to fulfill any conceivable requirement that called for their identity. We also concepted and delivered multiple campaigns for community engagement and advertising, from grassroots guerilla campaigns at soccer camps across central California to full-blown TV advertising and out-of-home executions. And we designed and executed a whole host of club marketing requirements and deliverables, from VIP and partner packages to season ticket promos to postcards, all the way down to club letterhead and business cards. We even flexed our motion graphics muscles and created an animated sell-in video for the club to pitch the stadium’s title sponsorship. Currently, we are developing design elements and assets for the new stadium set to open in 2015. The Launch Fiction joined the San Jose Earthquakes players and management to unveil the new identity to the general public in a grand unveiling ceremony celebrating 40 years of Earthquakes soccer On the evening of January 30th, thousands of Quake fans gathered in Silicon Valley’s San Pedro Square to hear club president Dave Kaval introduce the moment of truth with a 5-minute video we created highlighting forty years of Quakes heritage, the club’s devotion to the game and to its fans, and to the club and community united in its love of soccer — all to a raucous beat written by the Bay Area band Old Firm Casuals, especially for the Quakes. At that moment, Quakes players Sam Cronin, Alan Gordon, Steven Lenhart and Victor Bernardez appeared on stage wearing the club’s new uniforms, including the new “throwback” kit highlighting the original red of the NASL Earthquakes and the subject of much Internet forum speculation. The crowd went wild. The event culminated a very long journey of discovery, exploration, surprises and epiphanies that resulted in some of the best work Fiction has ever done. We look forward to continuing our relationship with the Quakes as we draw nearer to the opening of their new stadium. Article Categories:	i don't know
What was the first name of 19th Century British explorer Stanley, who searched for David Livingstone in Africa?	Henry Morton Stanley - Explorer Said Dr. Livingstone I Presume Henry Morton Stanley Explorer Who Found Livingstone in Africa Henry Morton Stanley. London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images By Robert McNamara Updated September 28, 2015. Henry Morton Stanley was a classic example of a 19th century explorer, and he is best remembered today for his brilliantly casual greeting to a man he had spent months searching for in the wilds of Africa: “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” The reality of Stanley’s unusual life is at times startling. He was born to a very poor family in Wales, made his way to America, changed his name, and somehow managed to fight on both sides of the Civil War . He found his first calling as a newspaper reporter before becoming known for his African expeditions. Early Life Stanley was born in 1841 as John Rowlands, to an impoverished family in Wales. At the age of five he was sent to a workhouse, a notorious orphanage of the Victorian era . In his teens, Stanley emerged from his difficult childhood with a reasonably good practical education, strong religious feelings, and a fanatical desire to prove himself. To get to America, he took a job as a cabin boy on a ship bound for New Orleans. continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States After landing in the city at the mouth of the Mississippi River, he found a job working for a cotton trader, and took the man’s last name, Stanley. Early Journalism Career When the American Civil War broke out, Stanley fought on the Confederate side before being captured and eventually joining the Union cause. He wound up serving aboard a U.S. Navy ship and wrote accounts of battles that were published, thus beginning his journalism career. After the war, Stanley got a position writing for the New York Herald, a newspaper founded by James Gordon Bennett. He was dispatched to cover a British military expedition to Abyssinia (present day Ethiopia), and successfully sent back dispatches detailing the conflict. Questions About David Livingstone Fascinated the Public The public held a fascination for a Scottish missionary and explorer named David Livingstone. For many years Livingstone had been leading expeditions into Africa, bringing back information to Britain. In 1866 Livingstone had returned to Africa, intent on finding the source of the Nile, Africa’s longest river. After several years passed with no word from Livingstone, the public began to fear that he had perished. The New York Herald's editor and publisher James Gordon Bennett realized it would be a publishing coup to find Livingstone, and gave the assignment to the intrepid Stanley. Stanley Searched for Livingstone In 1869 Henry Morton Stanley was given the assignment to find Livingstone. He eventually arrived on the east coast of Africa in early 1871, and organized an expedition to head inland. Having no practical experience, he had to rely on the advice and apparent assistance of Arab slave traders. Stanley pushed the men with him brutally, at times whipping the black porters. After enduring illnesses and harrowing conditions, Stanley finally encountered Livingstone at Ujiji, in present day Tanzania, on November 10, 1871. Dr. Livingstone, I Presume? The famous greeting Stanley gave Livingstone, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” may have been fabricated after the famous meeting. But it was published in New York City newspapers within a year of the event, and it has gone down in history as a famous quotation. Stanley and Livingstone remained together for a few months in Africa, exploring around the northern banks of Lake Tanganyika. Stanley's Controversial Reputation Stanley succeeded in his assignment of finding Livingstone, yet newspapers in London roundly mocked him when he arrived in England. Some observers ridiculed the idea that Livingstone had been lost and had to be found by a newspaper reporter. Livingstone, despite the criticism, was invited to have lunch with Queen Victoria . And whether or not Livingstone had been lost, Stanley became famous, and remains so to this day, as the man who "found Livingstone." Stanley's reputation was tarnished by accounts of punishment and brutal treatment meted out to men on his later expeditions. Stanley's Later Explorations After Livingstone's death in 1873, Stanley vowed to continue explorations of Africa. He mounted an expedition in 1874 that charted Lake Victoria, and from 1874 to 1877 he traced the course of the Congo River. In the late 1880s he returned to Africa, embarking on a very controversial expedition to rescue the Emin Pasha, a European who had become a ruler of part of Africa. Suffering from recurring illnesses picked up in Africa, Stanley died at the age of 63 in 1904. Legacy of Henry Morton Stanley There is no doubt that Henry Morton Stanley contributed greatly to the western world's knowledge of African geography and culture. And while he was controversial in his own time, his fame, and the books he published, brought attention to Africa and made the exploration of the continent a fascinating subject to the 19th century public.	Henry
Doris Day plays which 1920’s and 30’s singer and actress in the 1955 film ‘Love Me or Leave Me’?	Stanley Finds Livingstone, 1871 Stanley Finds Livingstone, 1871 Printer Friendly Version >>> Henry Morton Stanley, 1872 David Livingstone arrived in Africa in 1840 with two goals: to explore the continent and to end the slave trade (see Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 ). In England, his writings and lectures ignited the public's imagination regarding the "Dark Continent" and elevated Livingstone to the status of a national hero. In 1864 Livingstone returned to Africa and mounted an expedition through the central portion of the continent with the objective of discovering the source of the Nile River. As months stretched into years, little was heard from the explorer. Rumors spread that Livingstone was being held captive or was lost or dead. Newspapers headlined the question "Where is Livingstone?" while the public clamored for information on the whereabouts of their national hero. By 1871, the ruckus had crossed to the shores of America and inspired George Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald, to commission newspaper reporter Henry Stanley to find Livingstone. Henry Stanley was a remarkable man. Orphaned at an early age he spent his formative years in a workhouse in Wales, crossed the Atlantic at age 15 as a crewman of a merchant ship and jumped ship in New Orleans. Befriended by a local merchant, he took the man's name - Henry Stanley - as his own and went on to fight in the Civil War before working his way into a career in journalism. (see The Battle of Shiloh, 1862 ) Leading an expedition of approximately 200 men, Stanley headed into the interior from the eastern shore of Africa on March 21, 1871. After nearly eight months he found Livingstone in Ujiji, a small village on the shore of Lake Tanganyika on November 10, 1871. "Doctor Livingstone, I presume?" Stanley and his expedition approach the village of Ujiji on the shore of Lake Tanganyika. He describes the scene: ADVERTISMENT "We push on rapidly. We halt at a little brook, then ascend the long slope of a naked ridge, the very last of the myriads we have crossed. We arrive at the summit, travel across, and arrive at its western rim, and Ujiji is below us, embowered in the palms, only five hundred yards from us! At this grand moment we do not think of the hundreds of miles we have marched, of the hundreds of hills that we have ascended and descended, of the many forests we have traversed, of the jungles and thickets that annoyed us, of the fervid salt plains that blistered our feet, of the hot suns that scorched us, nor the dangers and difficulties now happily surmounted. Our hearts and our feelings are with our eyes, as we peer into the palms and try to make out in which hut or house lives the white man with the gray beard we heard about on the Malagarazi. We are now about three hundred yards from the village of Ujiji, and the crowds are dense about me. Suddenly I hear a voice on my right say, 'Good morning, sir!' Startled at hearing this greeting in the midst of such a crowd of black people, I turn sharply around in search of the man, and see him at my side, with the blackest of faces, but animated and joyous, - a man dressed in a long white shirt, with a turban of American sheeting around his woolly head, and I ask, 'Who the mischief are you?' 'I am Susi, the servant of Dr. Livingstone,' said he, smiling, and showing a gleaming row of teeth. 'What! Is Dr. Livingstone here?' 'Yes, Sir.' Stanley's Route 'Are you sure?' 'Sure, sure, Sir. Why, I leave him just now.' In the meantime the head of the expedition had halted, and Selim said to me: 'I see the Doctor, Sir. Oh, what an old man! He has got a white beard.' My heart beats fast, but I must not let my face betray my emotions, lest it shall detract from the dignity of a white man appearing under such extraordinary circumstances. So I did that which I thought was most dignified. I pushed back the crowds, and, passing from the rear, walked down a living avenue of people until I came in front of the semicircle of Arabs, in the front of which stood the white man with the gray beard. As I advanced slowly toward him I noticed he was pale, looked wearied, had a gray beard, wore a bluish cap with a faded gold band round it, had on a red-sleeved waistcoat and a pair of gray tweed trousers. I would have run to him, only I was a coward in the presence of such a mob, - would have embraced him, only, he being an Englishman, I did not know how he would receive me; so I did what cowardice and false pride suggested was the best thing, - walked deliberately to him, took off my hat, and said, 'Dr. Livingstone, I presume?' 'Yes,' said he, with a kind smile, lifting his cap slightly. I replace my hat on my head and he puts on his cap, and we both grasp hands, and I then say aloud, 'I thank God, Doctor, I have been permitted to see you.' He answered, 'I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you.' Then, oblivious of the crowds, oblivious of the men who shared with me my dangers, we - Livingstone and I - turn our faces towards his tembe. He points to the veranda or, rather, mud platform, under the broad overhanging eaves; he points to his own particular seat, which I see his age and experience in Africa has suggested, namely, a straw mat, with a goatskin over it, and another skin nailed against the wall to protect his back from contact with the cold mud. I protest against taking this seat, which so much more befits him than me, but the Doctor will not yield: I must take it. . . . Conversation began. What about? I declare I have forgotten. Oh! we mutually asked questions of one another, such as: 'How did you come here?' and 'Where have you been all this long time? - the world has believed you to be dead.' Yes, that was the way it began; but whatever the Doctor informed me, and that which I communicated to him, I cannot correctly report, for I found myself gazing at him, conning the wonderful man at whose side I now sat in Central Africa. Every hair of his head and beard, every wrinkle of his face, the wanness of his features, and the slightly wearied look he wore, were all imparting intelligence to me, - the knowledge I craved for so much ever since I heard the words, 'Take what you want, but find Livingstone.' A contemporary illustration of the meeting I called 'Kaif-Halek,' or 'How-do-ye-do,' and introduced him to Dr. Livingstone, that he might deliver in person to his master the letter bag he had been intrusted with. This was that famous letter bag marked 'November 1, 1870,' which was now delivered into the Doctor's hand 365 days after it left Zanzibar! How long, I wonder, had it remained at Unyanyembe had I not been dispatched into Central Africa in search of the great traveler? The Doctor kept the letter bag on his knees, then presently opened it, looked at the letters contained there, and read one or two of his children's letters, his face in the meantime lighting up. He asked me to tell him the news. 'No, Doctor,' said I, 'read your letters first, which I am sure you must be impatient to read.' 'Ah,' said he, 'I have waited years for letters, and I have been taught patience. I can surely afford to wait a few hours longer. No, tell me the general news. How is the world getting along?' " References: Farwell, Byron, The Man Who Presumed; a Biography of Henry M. Stanley (1957); Stanley, Henry, How I Found Livingstone (1872). How To Cite This Article: "Stanley Finds Livingstone, 1871", EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2004). Stanley's expedition had suffered through over 6 1/2 months of drought, famine, floods, dysentery and starvation before it reached Ujiji. Two-thirds of the original number of porters had deserted or died. David Livingstone died a few months after his encounter with Stanley on April 30, 1872.	i don't know

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