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Chenjeh, Kakora, Beyti and Shami are all types of which food dish? | kebab : definition of kebab and synonyms of kebab (English)
Sturgeon kebabs being cooked in Turkmenistan
Kebab (or originally kabab[ citation needed ]) is a wide variety of meat dishes originating in Middle East and later on adopted in the Middle East , Turkey , South Asia and Asia Minor , that are now found worldwide. In English, kebab with no qualification generally refers more specifically to shish kebab served on the skewer . [1] In the Middle East, however, kebab refers to meat that is cooked over or next to flames; large or small cuts of meat, or even ground meat; it may be served on plates, in sandwiches, or in bowls. The traditional meat for kebab is lamb , but depending on local tastes and taboos , it may now be beef , goat , chicken , pork ; fish and seafood ; or even vegetarian foods like falafel or tofu . Like other ethnic foods brought by travellers, the kebab has become part of everyday cuisine in many countries around the globe.
Contents
13 References
History
The origin of kebab may lie in the short supply of cooking fuel in the Near East , which made the cooking of large foods difficult while urban economies made it easy to obtain small cuts of meat at a butcher's shop. [2] The phrase is essentially Persian in origin and Arabic tradition has it that the dish was invented by medieval Persian soldiers who used their swords to grill meat over open-field fires. [3] According to Ibn Battuta , a Moroccan traveller, in India , kebab was served in the royal houses during the Delhi Sultanate period(1206-1526 AD), and even commoners would enjoy it for breakfast with naan . [4] The dish has been native to the Near East [2] and ancient Greece since antiquity; an early variant of kebab ( Ancient Greek : ὀβελίσκος - obeliskos [5] ) is attested in Greece since 8th century BCE ( archaic period ) in Homer 's Iliad [6] and Odyssey [3] and in classical Greece , amongst others in the works of Aristophanes , [7] Xenophon [8] and Aristotle . [9] Excavations held in Akrotiri on the Greek island of Santorini by professor Christos G. Doumas , unearthed stone sets of barbecue for skewers (Ancient Greek: κρατευταί - krateutai [10] ) used before the 17th century BCE. In each pair of the supports, the receptions for the spits are found in absolute equivalence, while the line of small openings in the base constitutes mechanism of supplying the coals with oxygen so that they are maintained light up during its use. [11] [12] [13]
Variants
For a list of kebab variants, see List of kebabs .
Left to right: Chenjeh Kebab, Kebab Koobideh, Jujeh Kebab in an Afghan restaurant.
See also: Shashlik
Shish kebab (Turkish for "skewer,") is a Turkish dish consisting of meat threaded on a skewer and grilled . Any kind of meat may be used; cubes of fruit or vegetables are often threaded on the spit as well. Typical vegetables include tomato , bell pepper , onions , and mushrooms .
In English, the word "kebab" usually refers to shish kebab. [2] [14]
Döner
İskender kebap , the original döner kebab invented in Bursa , Turkey .
Slicing döner kebab off a rotating vertical spit.
Döner kebab, literally "rotating kebab" in Turkish , is sliced lamb, beef or chicken, slowly roasted on a vertical rotating spit . The Middle Eastern shawarma , Mexican tacos al pastor and Greek gyros are all derived from the Turkish döner kebab which was invented in Bursa in the 19th century by a cook named Hacı İskender. [15] Döner kebab is most popularly served in pita bread, as it is best known, with salad, but is also served in a dish with a salad and bread or French fries on the side, or used for Turkish pizzas called pide or "kebabpizza". Take-out döner kebab or shawarma restaurants are common in many parts of Europe. Döner kebab is popular in many European countries, Canada, New Zealand and Australia.
In parts of Europe 'kebab' usually refers to döner kebab in pita. Australian Doner Kebabs are usually served in wraps which are toasted before eating.
In Australia and the UK, kebabs (or döner meat and chips) are most popularly eaten after a night out, representing a large part of nightlife culture. As a result, many kebab shops (and vans) will do their main business in the hours around closing time for local pubs and clubs (usually from 10 pm to 4 am). The same applies for Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada, Scandinavia and Italy. It is therefore not uncommon to find similar late-night kebab vending shops in holiday-clubbing destinations such as Ibiza and Thailand .
Health concerns about döner kebab, including unacceptable salt and fat levels and improper labeling of meat used, are repeatedly reported in UK media. [16] [17] [18] The German-style döner kebab was supposedly invented by a Turkish immigrant in Berlin in the 1970s, and became a popular German take-away food during the 1990s, but is almost exclusively sold by Turks and considered a Turkish specialty in Germany.
Kebab Kenjeh کباب کنجه
Kenjeh is a popular meat dish in the Middle East. It originated in Iran, where it is called 'Chenjeh' and was later adopted in Asia Minor. Kebab Kenjeh is now found worldwide. Lamb is traditionally the meat used in this dish. The ingredients include lamb, olive oil, lemon juice, salt, and pepper. It is usually served with rice, grilled tomato, and raw onion. There are also local variations in the pronunciation of Kenje Kebab کنجه کباب.
Kebab Halabi
Kebab Hindi from Aleppo
A kind of kebab served with a spicy tomato sauce and Aleppo pepper , very common in Syria and Lebanon , named after the city of Aleppo (Halab). Kebab halabi has around 26 variants [19] including:
Kebab karaz for cherry kebab in Arabic - meatballs (lamb) along with cherries and cherry paste, pine nuts, sugar and pomegranate molasses. It is considered one of Aleppo 's main dishes especially among Armenians .
Kebab kashkhash - rolled lamb or beef with chili pepper paste, parsley, garlic and pine nuts.
Kebab hindi - rolled meat with tomato paste, onion, capsicum and pomegranate molasses.
Kebab kamayeh - soft meat with truffle pices, onion and various nuts.
Kebab siniyye for tray kebab in Arabic - lean minced lamb in a tray added with chili pepper, onion and tomato.
Kakori
Kakori kebab is a South Asian kebab attributed to the city of Kakori in Uttar Pradesh , India. There is much folklore about this famous kebab that takes its name from a small hamlet called Kakori on the outskirts of Lucknow.
One such story says that the kakori kebab was created by the Nawab of Kakori, Syed Mohammad Haider Kazmi, who, stung by the remark of a British officer about the coarse texture of the kebabs served at dinner, ordered his rakabdars (gourmet cooks) to evolve a more refined seekh kebab.
After ten days of research, they came up with a kebab so soft and so juicy it won the praise of the very British officer who had scorned the Nawab.
The winning formula his rakabdars came upon included mince obtained from no other part but the raan ki machhli (tendon of the leg of mutton), khoya, white pepper and a mix of powdered spices. [20]
Chapli
Chapli kebab is a patty made from beef mince, [21] and is one of the popular barbecue meals in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The word Chapli comes from the Pashto word Chaprikh which means flat. It is prepared flat and round and served with naan. The dish originates from Mardan Mardan is famous for chapli kabab not only locally but also internationally. Umar Kabab at Mardan City, Daood and Farman Kabab from Takht Bai, Mayar Kabab from Mayar and Shankar Kabab are famous around the country in all seasons. In Mansehra, shinkiari and ichrean are very famous for chapal kabab.
Burrah
Burrah kebab is another kebab from Mughlai Cuisine, fairly popular in South Asia. This is usually made of goat meat, liberally marinated with spices and charcoal grilled.
Kalmi
Kalmi Kebab served with onions and cabbage in Delhi , India.
Kalmi kebab a popular snack in Indian cuisine . The dish is made by marinating chicken drumsticks and placing them in a tandoor . Various kinds of freshly ground Indian spices are added to the yogurt used for the marination of the chicken. When prepared, the drumsticks are usually garnished with mint leaves and served with onions and Indian bread .
Galouti
Galouti Kabab as served in Lucknow , India
One of the more delicate kebabs from South Asia, made of minced goat / buffalo meat. Legend has it that the galawati kebab was created for an aging Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Lucknow who lost his teeth, but not his passion for meat dishes.
‘Galawati’ means “melt in your mouth” and was perfect for the toothless Nawab who continued savouring this until his last days.
Traditionally, green papaya is used to make it tender. After being mixed with a few select herbs and spices (great chefs rarely reveal what they are exactly), the very finely ground meat is shaped into patties and fried in pure ghee until they are browned.
The original recipe that brought many a smile on the Nawab’s face, albeit toothless, and many a sigh of satisfaction, is supposed to have more than 100 aromatic spices.
The Galouti Kebab is part of the " Awadhi Cuisine ". Along with the Lucknowi biryani and Kakori Kebab, this is one of the outstanding highlights of the great food tradition from the Awadh region in Uttar Pradesh, India.
Many leading Indian hotel chains have taken to popularising the Awadhi food tradition, with the Galouti Kebab being a Pièce de résistance.
The home of this kebab is Lucknow. It is most famously had at the almost iconic eatery "Tundey Miyan" at Old Lucknow.
Testi
Testi kebab as served in Goreme , Turkey
A dish from Central Anatolia and the Mid-Western Black Sea region, consisting of a mixture of meat and vegetables cooked in a clay pot or jug over fire(testi means jug in Turkish). The pot is sealed with bread dough or foil and is broken when serving. [22] [23]
Adana
Main article: Adana kebabı
Adana kebabı (or kıyma kebabı) is a long, hand-minced meat kebab mounted on a wide iron skewer and grilled over charcoal.
Chelow
Main article: Chelow kabab
Chelow kebab ( Persian : چلوکباب) is a national dish of Iran . The meal is simple, consisting of steamed, saffroned basmati or Persian rice (chelow) and kabab, of which there are several distinct Persian varieties. This dish is served everywhere throughout Iran today, but traditionally was most closely associated with the northern part of the country.
It is served with the basic Iranian meal accompaniments , in addition to grilled tomatoes on the side of the rice, and butter on top of the rice. It is an old northern tradition (probably originating in Tehran ) that a raw egg yolk should be placed on top of the rice as well, though this is strictly optional, and most restaurants will not serve the rice this way unless it is specifically requested. "Somagh", powdered sumac , is also made available and its use varies based on tastes to a small dash on the rice or a heavy sprinkling on both rice and meat, particularly when used with red (beef/veal/lamb) meat.
In the old bazaar tradition, the rice (which is covered with a tin lid) and accompaniments are served first, immediately followed by the kebabs, which are brought to the table by the waiter, who holds several skewers in his left hand, and a piece of flat bread (typically nan-e lavash) in his right. A skewer is placed directly on the rice and while holding the kebab down on the rice with the bread, the skewer is quickly pulled out. With the two most common kebabs, barg and koobideh , two skewers are always served. In general, bazaar kebab restaurants only serve these two varieties, though there are exceptions.
The traditional beverage of choice to accompany kebab is doogh , a sour yogurt drink with mint and salt.
Kabab Koubideh
Main article: Kabab koobideh
Iranian Kabab Koobideh
Kabab koobideh ( Persian : کباب کوبیده) or kūbide ( Persian : کوبیده) is an Iranian minced meat kabab which is made from ground lamb, beef , or chicken , often mixed with parsley and chopped onions .
Kabab Koobideh contains: ground meat, onion, salt, pepper, turmeric, and seasoning. These ingredients are mixed together until the mixture becomes smooth and sticky. One egg is added to help the mix stick together. The mixture is then pressed around a skewer. Koobideh Kabab is typically 7–8 inches (18–20 cm) long.
Kabab Barg
Main article: Kabab Barg
Kabāb-e Barg ( Persian : کباب برگ) is a Persian style barbecued lamb, chicken or beef kebab dish. The main ingredients of Kabab Barg - a short form of this name — are fillets of beef tenderloin, lamb shank or chicken breast, onions and olive oil.
Marinade is prepared by the mixture of half a cup of olive oil, three onions , garlic , half teaspoon saffron , salt and black pepper. One kilogram of lamb is cut into 1 cm thick and 4–5 cm long pieces. It should be marinated overnight in refrigerator, and the container should be covered. The next day, the lamb is threaded on long, thin metal skewers. It is brushed with marinade and is barbecued for 5–10 minutes on each side. Kabab-e Barg
Sultan's Feast
At Persian restaurants, the combination of one Kabab Barg and one Kabab Koobideh is typically called Soltani, meaning 'Sultan's Feast.'
Joujeh Kabab
Main article: Jujeh kabab
Juje kabab
Jūje-kabāb ( Persian : جوجهکباب) consists of pieces of chicken first marinated in minced onion and lemon juice with saffron then grilled over a fire. It is sometimes served with grilled tomato and pepper. Jujeh kabab is one of the most popular Persian dishes.
Kabab Bakhtiari
Combination of Jujeh Kabab and Kabab Barg in a decussate form.
National varieties of Kebab
In Afghanistan
The main varieties include kabob e chopan, chapli kabob, teka kabob, shaami kabob, and rudi kabob.
In Azerbaijan
Tika kabab and lyula kabab from mutton, as served in Qəçrəş , Quba Rayon , north-eastern Azerbaijan.
The main varieties include tika kabab, lyula kabab (doyma kabab in some places), tas kababy and tava kabab. The meat for tika kabab is sometimes prepared in basdirma (an onion gravy and thyme) and then goes onto the ramrods. When served, it could be adorned with sauce-like pomegranate addon ( narsharab ) and other condiments, and may also be served wrapped in Lavash .
In Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, the word кебап (kebap) refers to meat stews with relatively few or no vegetables. Dishes which are known in English as different kinds of "kebab" are not perceived as a distinct group of dishes. The Döner kebab is wide spread as fast food and is called merely дюнер (döner) thus not relating it to the Bulgarian кебап at all. Шиш кебап (Shish kebap) or Шашлик (Shahlik) is also common and has the same name as in Turkish.
In China
Chuan-style lamb kebab sticks sold by a street vendor.
كاۋاپ (Kawap) in Uyghur or Chuanr 串 called "chuàn" in Mandarin, often referred to as "Chua'r" in Pekingese throughout the North, is a variation of kebab originating from the Uyghurs in the Western province of Xinjiang , and a popular dish in Chinese Islamic cuisine .
It has since spread across the rest of the country and become a popular street food .
Small pieces of meat are skewered and either roasted or deep-fried. Common spices and condiments include Chinese style of cumin called "ziran", pepper , sesame , and sesame oil .
Although the most traditional form of chuanr uses lamb or mutton, other types of meat, such as chicken, beef, pork, and seafood, can be used as well.
During Chinese New Year , it is common to find fruit kebabs candied and covered with a hard candy sugar coating. At the famous Wángfǔjǐng in Beijing , it is very common to find many kinds of fruit kebabs of everything from bananas, strawberries, and seasonal Chinese fruits, as well as scorpions, squids, and various Japanese flavored kebabs all year long.
In India
Shami kebab from Lucknow, India
Kebabs in India are more or less similar to most other kebab preparations along with their distinct taste which can be credited to the spices native to the sub-continent. All the varieties such as Sheekh, Doner (known as Shawarma), Shammi Tikka, and other forms of roasted and grilled meats are savoured in this part of the world. Some popular kababs are:
Kakori Kebab
Kacche gosht ke chapli kabab
Tunda Kabab (prepared with pumpkin)
Sambhali Kabab
Tangdi Kabab (Tangdi meaning leg of the chicken)
Kaleji Kabab
| Kebab |
Which World War II US General was given the nickname ‘Dugout Doug’? | Ally
Ally
From Chaklala to the Kingdom
As the General was departing from Chaklala Airbase heading to meet his much beloved Arab royalty in the Saudi Kingdom, one could not stop paying attention to a top ranked envoy and ministerial team jetting off with him. And the egg has hatched as we find out that the the kingdom is facilitating and hosting a Musharraf & Benazir negotiations event. Since the general never engages in political negotiations with the former exiled premiers, the team has been brought along on the trip to do the work. First stop Abu Dhabi meeting Ms Bhutto, and then get on with the rest of it in Saudi Arabia. How well an articulated event requested by the White house maybe.We shall see the dice rolling now.
But credit to the General, as in the coming few months, we might see the first Pakistani General who compromises on 'power sharing' and cuts a political deal. History has proven otherwise as every educated but vulnerable General has either wanted All or Nothing. This one might be different.
P.S. It has been fun to see geeky looking Miliband getting his pants in a twist after seeing the General and his team all in full military uniform when arriving. Unusual move for Musharraf as he usually puts on his suit when it comes to meeting high level political officials ( call them dignitaries if you wish). I suppose its come to a stage where the president must show strength through what he is best at. Being Commando.
Posted by
A Skinny Boat Party
While at work on an average day sitting on my pc like the rest of the department, a fellow company employee from the 2nd floor distributed a email throughout the whole building. An email which approached about 150 people inviting them all to 'The Skinny Boat Party' as it is labelled. A full day extravaganza in the name of charity ( yet another one with the same excuse to pull people in ). Upon, receiving the email from this individual, I recalled some praising comments that my manager had for this individual with a view that he was a fantastic and talented Disk Jockey. So be it. The guy carries a stylish Aura to him and makes the effort to look sophisticated. And then, I started to read his emailing inviting and promoting the event, which read as follows:
Join us for sun, soul food and some serious Soma beats!
The Skinny throw a good bash. This year's 12-hour, dance-themed Summer extravaganza will be graced with the presence of Soma's new signing, Marco Bernardi, better known as Octogen, playing an exclusive live set. His previous releases on Clone, Frustrated Funk and Emoticon have displayed his inventive approach to techno and electro, while his collaboration with Percy X as The Separatists also gained wide acclaim. Joining him will be The Skinny's favourite DJs from Scotland's best clubs - Bradley C of Chew The Fat! lays down the breaks, Pyz & Etos of Access bring some harder-edged electro sounds, Nick AKA and Richie Meldrum of Clash! / Pushin Buttons mashup some indie bootleg goodness, while during the daytime we have the hip-hop styles of Nasty P (Soulbiscuits), Great Ezcape's Profisee brings the dubstep and grime, while B-Burg of Fat Bird Recordings and Livesciences fame joins long-lost Obscene resident Jonny Faith to add some jazz / funk flavour. It's all hosted by our very own Ian Brandon and Ibrahim, and also features a BBQ, circus performers, and various booze and tune-related freebies. A percentage of profits will go to Maggie's Cancer Care. Join us for sun, soul food and some serious Soma beats!
3pm - 3am (BBQ 4pm - 9pm).
Tickets £7 + BF in advance (inc. BBQ), £5 on the door after 9pm.
Now you have to remember and spare us all - But we don’t understand what is going on there. As they would say, its gone Tits-Up after you've read it. Those not into techno ( 99.99 % population that is )who would have read the above without being judgemental have now totally been put off and are trying to work out what the feck is going on.
Even the few of us who may have been tempted to risk attending a techno event have now been scared with all these much awaited 'talents' that sound something out of 'Mars Attacks'.
So here's a lesson for ya, if your trying to sell something people already find dodgey, then keep it simple and flog it without the detail
Posted by
The Kebab
Kebabs. It is one speciality that always comes up in our normal day conversations. A much adoured food that is cooked in hundreds of different styles in different countries all around the world. I have wondered for a long time, where a Kebab originates from , who can claim it to be their national creation and how many types of kebab actually exist. History and writings would indicate different claims. Food historians generally attribute the origin of kebabs to ancient Middle Eastern cooks. In a land where fuel was scarce, this was a very efficient way to cook meat. Small pieces of meat (smaller the cut, faster they cook) threaded on skewers would have required very little fire. Others claim it originated in Turkey and eventually spread to the Balkans and the Middle East. The name is a shortened form of the Tukish sis kebab, sis meaning skewer and kebab meaning roast meat." It is said that shish bebab was born over the open-field fires of medieval Turkic soldiers, who used their swords to grill meat. Given the obvious simplicity of spit-roasting meat over a fire, . Other accounts sat the Kebab has Persian origins dating back to the 14th century. Kebab originally being a 'fried' meat dish ,evolved through Arabic and then later on Turkish Channels to become a 'grilled' meat dish. Roasting marinated meat on spit while basting with fat is also described in Sanskrit and Tamil literature. So how many kebab types exist? I am sure this would be in the region of hundreds if one was to consider every different type of kebab made around the world. However, I have managed to come across the following types in my attempt to create my 'classified list of official kebabs' from around the globe.
Bihari kabab- Skewered pieces of beef marinated in spice.. Although they may related to the area of Bihar, many Bihari people have also been surprised at the popularity of their normal cuisine.
Chapli kabab - delicacy of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Marinated beef in spices and grilled on skewers.
Chenjeh Kabab- Kabab of Afghanistan. Originated from southeast Afghanistan, marinated in a variety of herbs and spices.
Jujeh Kabab- Kabab of Afghanistan.
Kabab Koobideh- Kabab of Afghanistan.
Lola kabab/Gola Kabab - Afghanistan/Pakistan- rolled meatballs originated in Kandahar and invented by Pashtuns.
Seekh kabab - Afghanistan/India/Pakistan - made of minced meat with spices and grilled on skewers. It is cooked in a tandoor, and is often served with chutneys or mint sauce. It is often included in tandoori sampler platters, which contain a variety of tandoor cooked dishes. A seekh kebab can also be served in a naan bread much like döner kebab.
Seena kabab- Afghanistan- Rotesseried grilled chicken breast and drumsticks.
Shami kabab - Afghanistan/India/Pakistan - it is claimed that it originated in Syria.
Uyghur: Yangrouchuan - The most popular Xinjiang dish in China, being slices of mutton pierced on metal (or wood or bamboo) skewers, grilled on a coal-fired barbecue, and served with cumin and chilli paste.
Berenj Goje Kabab
Chenjeh kabab - Grilled lamb prepared similar to shish kebab, without the vegetables
Chelow kabab - (rice with kebap) is one of the most common forms of serving kebab in Iran which combines a variety of Persian kebabs with saffroned Basmati rice, lavash (a paper-thin bread), grilled tomato, raw onions, bell peppers, mushrooms and sumac. An old Iranian tradition is to break a raw egg yolk over the rice, along with plenty of butter, just before serving, but not many follow this tradition these days anymore.
Jujeh kabab - Grilled chicken on skewers, in Iran and Afghanistan.
Kabab bareh - Grilled lamb, typically marinated in yogurt with parsley.
Kabab Barg - Grilled marinated sirloin.
Kebab Kermanshahi
Kabab Isphahani
Kabab Koobideh - Ground beef or lamb (usually sirloin), often mixed with parsley and chopped onions.
Kabab loghmeh - Minced lamb meatballs first fried and the grilled over charcoal fire, eaten with chopped parsley, chopped onions, and sumac. A summer outing favorite.
Kabab soltani - Combination of kabab koobideh and kabab barg.
Kabab Bakhtiari - Combination of Jujeh kabab and kabab barg.
Kabab Shirazi
Dandeh Kebab
Kabab Torsh - (Gilan - Northern Iran) Also called (tursh-e-kabab) grilled beef marinated in a mixture of pomegranate juice, crushed walnuts, parsley, crushed garlic, and olive oil.
Kabab Vaziri
Kebab Kurdi -ground lamb or beef,onions,garlic,tomatoes
Kebab Shamshiri -it's huge kabab,kabab-barg on side of skewer and kabab-kubideh otherside
Kabab Hosseini -lamb or beef cooked on skewers with onions, tomatoes and green peppers
Maahi Kabab barbecued fish with lime juice, olive oil, saffron, and herbs
Kabab digy Pan Kabab
Kabab-e donbalan Lamb Fries Kabab
Kabab Tursh sour Kabab
Kabab Rashti or * Kabab Shomali - include almond & pistachio & barberry
Lebanon / Syria
Kabab halabi a kind of kebab served with a spicy tomato sauce, very common in Syria and Lebanon, named after the city of Aleppo (Halab).
Adana kebab - Kebab meat with chili, associated with Adana region although very popular all over Turkey.
Alinazik kebabı - Ground meat kebap margarined in a saucepan, added with garlic, yogurt and eggplants.
Bahçıvan kebabı 'gardener's kebab' - Boneless lamb shoulder mixed with chopped onions and tomato paste.
Beyti kebabı - Minced lamb roasted with a special spice mix, and a touch of garlic, traced back to the famous kebab house Beyti in İstanbul and particularly popular in Turkey's larger cities.
Buğu kebabı 'steamed kebap' - Cooked in low heat until the meat releases its moisture and reabsorbs it.
Cağ kebabı 'spoke kebab' - Cubes of lamb roasted first on a cağ (a horizontal rotating spit) and then on a skewer, a specialty of Erzurum region with recently rising popularity.
Ciğerli kağıt kebabı 'liver paper kebab' - Lamb liver kebap mixed with meat and marinated with thyme, parsley and dill.
Çardak kebabı 'arbor kebab' - Stuffed lamb meat in a crepe.
Çökertme kebabı - Sirloin veal kebap stuffed with yogurt and potatoes.
Çömlek kebabı 'earthenware bowl kebab' - Meat and vegetable casserole (called as güveç in Turkish) with eggplant, carrots, shallots, beans, tomatoes and green pepper.
Çöp kebabı 'small skewer kebab' - A specialty of Selçuk near Ephesus, pounded boneless meat with tomatoes and garlic marinated with black pepper, thyme and oil on wooden skewers.
Hünkari kebap 'Sultan's kebab' - Sliced lamb meat mixed with hünkar beğendi, basil, thyme, daphne and special garlic sauce.
İskender kebap - Döner kebap served with yoghurt, tomato sauce and butter, originated in Bursa.
İslim kebap 'steam kebab' - Another version of the aubergine kebab without its skin, marinated in sunflower oil.
Kofte kebab or Shish köfte - minced lamb meatballs with herbs, often including parsley and mint, on a stick, grilled.
Kuyu kebabı 'pit kebab' - Prepared from the goat it is special for Aydın region, similar to tandır kebabı.
Kuzu incik kebabı 'lamb shank kebab' - Lamb shanks mixed with peeled eggplants and chopped tomatoes, cream, salt and pepper.
Kuzu şiş - Shish prepared with marinated milk-fed lamb meat.
Manisa kebabı - This Manisa region version of the kebab is smaller and flat size shish meat on the sliced pide bread, flavored with butter, and stuffed with tomato, garlic and green pepper.
Orman kebabı 'forest kebab' - Lamb meat on the bone and cut in large pieces mixed with carrots, potatoes and peas.
Patates kebabı 'potato kebab' - Beef or chicken mixed with potatoes, onions, tomato sauce and bay leaves.
Patlıcan kebabı 'aubergine kebab' - Special kebap meat marinated in spices and served with aubergines, hot pide bread and a yoghurt sauce.
Ramazan kebabı 'Ramadan kebab' - Meat mixed with yogurt, tomato and garlic stuffed with fresh mint or garnish on Pide bread.
Susuz kebap 'waterless kebab' - Drained excess water from the meat rubbed with salt and cinnamon in saucepan.
Şiş kebabı 'shish kebab' - prepared with fish,lamb or chicken meat on thin metal or reed rods, grilled.
Urfa kebabı - From Urfa, similar to Adana Kebab, but not spicy.
Tandır kebabı 'tandoor kebab': Lamb pieces (sometimes a whole lamb) baked in an oven called tandır, which requires a special way of cooking for hours. Served with bread and raw onions.
Talaş kebabı 'sawdust kebab' - Diced lamb, mixed with grated onions, brown meat mixed with flour dough.
Tas kebabı 'bowl kebab' - It is stewed kebabs in a bowl, begins with the cooking of the vegetables in butter in a method called yaga vurmak, "butter-infused," before the meat itself is cooked in the same place.
Tavuk şiş - Shish prepared with marinated chicken.
Testi kebabı 'earthenware jug kebab' - Ingredients are similar to çömlek kebabı, prepared in testi instead of güveç.Generally in Central Anatolia and West-Mid. Black Sea region.
Tokat kebabı - Associated with Tokat region, it is made with the veal marinated with olive oil, aubergine, tomatoes, and special Pide bread
Kebabpizza - Kebabpizza is a standard pizza with tomato sauce and cheese, with the addition of kebab meat. A yogurt based sauce is usually put on top (sometimes with garlic and/or chili or a milder variety). Other ingredients can be fresh tomatoes and/or sallad, mushrooms or almost any other standard pizza toppings.
Kebabrulle - Kebabrulle is a rolled kebab, made of pizza bread, kebab meat, salad, dressing and then rolled. Similar rolls are also served in the rest of Scandinavia and Finland, under the name "rullekebab" (Norway) and "rullakebab" (Finland) respectively.
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The Show Goes On
With all the developments (if you want to call them that) in Pakistani current affairs over the last 1 month, one man in form is surely Imran Khan. With his recent tour to Britain that has scared the pants off the MQM administration, the guy is on a role to reach masses and create awareness of the political turmoil caused in Karachi by the party in question. He has reached out to the media by giving interviews, attended universities giving lectures to intellects/youth and making brave statements to face up to threats that come his way. Imran Khan’s action against the non-resident Karachi Bulldog sure is a challenging one as it will test the independency of the media and justice system within the U.K. We can rest assured that politics and spin may be in action as the current labour government shall show solidarity for the Pakistani govt. that are supportive to the MQM effort to pull out of this quicksand.
With the government in Pakistan running out of resources and stunts as time goes on with the SJC case, it took refuge with PEMRA and found it to its rescue via amendments to the PEMRA Ordinance Act. However, the Pakistani Media proved itself to be bold and courageous and had much to thank international media support. International acquaintances within the business such as the likes of The Guardian and The Times showed support to the profession and outlined the freedom and strength of the media as an increasingly independent global phenomenon. The government had no option but to embarrassingly withdraw its curbs placed on the media (atleast subjectively)
On top, with the U.S. Congress showing concerns over the political situation in Pakistan recently, it puts the Bush administration in a tight spot and holds them questionable. This has recently resulted in a foreign diplomatic visit to Pakistan from the Bush administration who have now adopted a more cautious approach towards our General. They state that they ‘expect’ the General himself to act on his word by giving up his uniform when it comes to the elections yet at the same time, have generously donated $50 million from there reserves to the Pakistani government as a compensation package for the costs accrued over the political turmoil in Karachi. This is diplomacy in action. The Bush administration has started rolling its Dice with the General now.
While the few professional sectors gather and stand up for their freedom and independancy from military rule, others sectors now also see an opportunity and have joined in such as the likes of the Police Services who have raised their own resentments and grievances against the government. Dr. Ayesha Siddiqa's 'Military Inc.' publishment has also picked up interest and triggered some of those neural axons in our brains.
All in all, the controversial Chief Justice suspension stunt pulled by intelligence and military top dogs, is turning out to be a boomerang that was thrown into the air on 9th march which is soon to come back and hit them right in the balls.
And after a long time, it has given opportunity and a bit of excitement to the 2 mice who are already discussing which one of them will rule for 1st and 2nd term as Prime Minister. They seem to have become political philanthropists all of a sudden making morally touching speeches. At the end of the day, they are doing what all politicians do. And that is to socially capitalise from an oppositions weak political situation by reaching out to the masses and offering a vision of an ideal democratic state that only they can now provide. In this case, the game is made easier for them since the ‘opposition’ is already being portrayed as an ‘oppressor’ by the masses. These corruption dipped crumpets just can’t wait to get their hands back on power and get back to business.
So what is to happen? Who knows? All we know for now is that while rulers, oppressors and the accused sit behind closed doors fighting to survive, the rest of us sit and watch the rain pour down and electricity falling short of supply.
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Democratic Progress: As seen by General Durrani
Retired General Mahmud Durrani, a man of the uniform who serves the role of Pakistani Ambassador to the U.S.A., is an absolute tunnelled-vision twat if you were to ever hear him on TV. He carries absolutely no intellectual competence or an ounce of diplomatic wit to serve under one of Pakistan’s most important diplomatic posts. The last time I checked, diplomats came from a groomed and trained background in International Relations giving them expertise in areas such as International Law, Foreign Policy Administration, Bilateral Trade Agreements, and International Manifesto’s along with Negotiation & Mediation Skills. So what is a retired general doing in this position? This is yet another example of the military snooping where they don’t belong.
Mr Durrani in an interview yesterday with USA Today Newspaper, stated that India is a role model in economic development and democracy and Pakistan hopes to match its neighbour on these attributes one day. We all would mutually agree. The ambassador then blamed Pakistani politicians for failing to match India in democracy and economic development. He went on to say that “Our political leadership was not as well developed. India had the good fortune of having a narrow family leadership guiding that country for 30 years. We had nothing,” said Mr Durrani. “If we had that kind of leadership, we would have been the same because we are very similar people,” he said.
Mr Durrani seems to lack understanding that democracy grows and develops with time. It is a refining process. It is about encouraging consensus thinking among people which leads to building strong democratic roots and a rigorous democratic system. But Mr Durrani boils it all down to ‘a good fortune of narrow family leadership’ that guides India to its success today.
When he mentions that Pakistan would have been the same if it had the same kind of leadership as India, then he should learn from India’s example that democracy must be in constant state for progress to occur. He forgets that for more than half of Pakistan’s sixty year history, imposed military dictatorship with its political agendas has not allowed democracy to strengthen or the rule of law to develop. The taxes paid by the people in the last 6 decades under military rule have been heavily dipped into training generals and comforting their ambitions. This has done no favours to the credibility of ordinary armed forces staff, some of who understand their duty and boundaries as individuals in uniform.
Yes we all know that elected politicians in the past have been corrupt (as are in most nations) and that elected governments were dishonest (a realistic condition in most democracies including India). Then how come other democratic countries don’t have their military interfering with politics. There is no denying the fact that imposed Martial Laws in Pakistan have led to failures and halt in progress.
Pakistan is a competent nation and capable just as India or any other country to run a democracy. In which case, it must be the peoples rule. There should be no role for military uniform in politics if the constitution upholds democratic values. The military’s purpose is to protect their countries, not run them.
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The Bilderberg Group - A mystery of our times
As this years Bilderberg group conference is coming up from May 31 - 3rd June in Istambul Turkey, I thought of giving Bilderberg a mention as this event has caught my attention and concerns over the last 5 years. I do not know to what extent people know about it ?
Given its reputation as perhaps the most powerful organisation in the world, the Bilderberg group is one of the most controversial alliances/event of our times. The Bilderberg Group or Bilderberg conference is an annual invitation-only conference of 100 guests who are powerful figures of influence that sit down to discuss global issues. These would be world leaders, political movers, bankers, industrialists, media leaders and strategic thinkers invited from North America and Europe. Issues that are discussed by this elite group are totally off-record. Not a word of what is said at Bilderberg meetings can be breathed outside. Attendees pledge not to divulge what was discussed. While confidential minutes of meetings are taken, names are not noted (unlike other meetings such as UN or WEF summits). To add to the aura and mystique, it is always attempted to keep the venue secret. There is no website available on the organisation or any phone numbers to call. At the event itself, it is not possible to connect to the hotel phone line where the meeting is taking place. The public and press are strictly kept at distance by police force and private security guards.
The meetings are held behind closed doors and participants rarely reveal their attendance. There are no members as such - instead, an invitation list is comprised each year by an unknown steering committee. Contents of the meetings are kept secret and what the group actually does is not clear, although it's known to be an extremely influential lobbying group with a good deal of political power. Bilderberg is said to steer international policy from behind closed doors.
Given this secrecy, many questions are raised by the general public and media . It is also normal that conspiracy theories exist which allege that the fate of the world is largely decided by the Bilderberg group.
A former journalist, Mr Gosling runs a campaign against Bilderberg from his home in Bristol, UK. He says that “the main problem is the secrecy. When so many people with so much power get together in one place, I think we are owed an explanation of what is going on”. “One of the first places I heard about the determination of US forces to attack Iraq was from leaks that came out of the 2002 Bilderberg meeting," claims Mr Gosling. In Yugoslavia, leading Serbs blame Bilderberg for triggering the war which led to the downfall of Slobodan Milosevic.
The Bilderberg group's stated justification for their secrecy is that it enables the individuals to speak freely without the need to carefully consider how every word might be interpreted by the mass media. Denis Healey, an ex-Labour government chancellor, was one of the four founding members of Bilderberg. He says that “there is nothing unusual at all and Bilderberg is simply a place for discussion”. "In my experience the most useful meetings are those when one is free to speak openly and honestly. Shouldn't we expect that the rich and powerful organise things in their own interests. It's called capitalism”
It can easily be argued that the elite and secretive nature of Bilderberg goes against the democratic ideals of public debate. Critics accuse Bilderberg of being sinister –‘if what the delegates are discussing is really for the good of ordinary people, then why can't they publicise it’ ?
I, being an ordinary civilian and a pro-democratic citizen of the world, would surely want to know what the world’s most powerful people sit and discuss as it has an impact on my life and future.
(this article was written with help from and referencing to BBC articles and Wikipedia – links given below as references and for further reading)
The Art of Fugu Cooking
Being the keen cook that I am, I have recently developed interest in the art of Fugu cooking and thought of introducing it here.
Fugu is a fish which contains deadly poison in the organs. Despite the risk, fugu dishes remain as special feasts in Japan. It's reported that about 40 kinds of blow fish are caught and cultured in Japan and that 10000 tons of blow fish are consumed each year.
Since fugu's poison can lead to instantaneous deaths of diners, only licensed cooks are allowed to prepare fugu. Prepared fugu is also often available in grocery stores which must display official documents which license them to distribute fresh fugu. Whole fugu cannot be sold to the general public. Since 1958, only specially licensed chefs can prepare and sell fugu to the public. The fugu apprentice needs a two- or three-year apprenticeship before being allowed to take an official test. The test consists of a written test, a fish identification test, and a practical test of preparing fugu and then eating it. Only 30% of applicants pass the long and complicated procedured test. Due to this rigorous examination process, it is generally safe to eat the sliced fugu sold in restaurants or markets. Some professional chefs prepare the fish so that there is a minute amount of poison in the meat, giving a prickling feeling and numbness on the tongue and the lips
To put it simply, The trick of making safe Fugu lies in the cut of the fish by where, the trained chef must make sure than a precise part of the fishes anatomy is removed from its body using a specific cut with a knife. Get this wrong, and you poison the person eating it. And therefore, it is essential that the fish is prepared in the kitchen, and then pricked and tasted on the tongue by the Chef before it is served to the customer.
Fugu poisoning
Tetrodotoxin is a very potent neurotoxin and shuts down electrical signalling in nerve cell membranes. The tetrodotoxin is not affected by the heat of cooking. It does not cross the blood–brain barrier, leaving the victim fully conscious while paralyzing the remainder of the body. If an ingested dose of the fugu's poison is lethal, as more and more muscles are paralysed, symptoms may include dizziness, exhaustion, headache, nausea or difficulty breathing. For 50% to 80% of the victims, death follows within four to 24 hours. The victim remains fully conscious throughout most of the ordeal, but cannot speak or move due to paralysis, and soon also cannot breathe and subsequently asphyxiates. If the victim survives the first 24 hours, he or she usually recovers completely. Japanese toxicologists in several medical research centres are currently working on developing an antidote to tetrodotoxin.
Some sources claim that about 100 people die each year from fugu poisoning, while others sources say only 10 to 20 per year. According to the Health, Labour and Welfare Ministry, 14 people died of blowfish poisoning between 2002 and 2006. For example in 1958, the first year in which preparation of fugu required a special license in Japan, 176 people died of fugu poisoning. There are some reports of completely paralyzed but fully conscious victims that were believed to be dead, and woke up a few days later or just before being cremated.
Social Aspect
The popularity of fugu in Japan is an interesting phenomenon. Fugu is a very expensive fish, has some potentially lethal side effects, and is by most people considered to have a very weak taste. The combination of these factors would normally give humans a low preference for its consumption. However, it seems one of the attractions of fugu fish is the risk of potential death, regardless of how low that actual likelihood stands in a commercial restaurant. It can be assumed that the fish would be much less popular if it were not so poisonous.
Prices & Availability
Most Japanese cities have one or more fugu restaurants. A famous restaurant specializing in fugu is Takefuku, in the Ginza district in Tokyo. Few restaurants in the United States serve fugu. As of 2003, only 17 restaurants were licensed to do so. The fugu is first cleaned of the most toxic parts in Japan and then is freeze-flown to the USA under licence, in purpose-built, clear, plastic containers. The fugu chefs for U.S. restaurants are trained under the same rigorous specifications as in Japan. Fugu dishes are usually expensive. One meal can cost $100 to $200 per person at a famous restaurant. But there are inexpensive fugu dishes (from $15 to $20) available at some restaurants. It's said that the most poisonous fugu, "Tora-fugu," is the most delicious. Tora-fugu is expensive and can costs over one hundred dollars at a fish market. Fugu prices rise in autumn and peak in winter, which is the best time to eat fugu, as they fatten to survive the cold. The fugu is shipped to the restaurant alive and stored in the restaurant in a large tank, usually prominently displayed.
The Japanese poet Yosa Buson (1716–1783) expressed the following which is still commonly used as a Japanese metaphor
I cannot see her tonight.
I have to give her up.
So I will eat fugu.
IM GONA TRY MY HAND AT MAKING SOME FUGU FISH THIS WEEK. ANYONE CARE TO TRY ?
References:
Product Complaints & Dissatisfaction
The last time I was dissatisfied with a food product I purchased, I was 15 years old. I remember writing to the ice-cream manufacturer that their ice-cream had defrosted and been re-frozen again. It tasted bad and was a potential food poisoning source. With consideration and to my surprise, the company took the matter seriously and compensated me with £30 worth of ice-cream vouchers along with an apology letter. I realised as a teenager that complaining with genuine reason does get you somewhere. Since then, I have always complained when the need has honestly arisen. This month, I took complaining to another level thanks to my work colleague Mr. Christensen who came and shared his sentiments regarding a bag of walkers crisps with me. The reason for my complaint this week was our dissatisfaction with the product rather than anything being wrong with it. Here it is:
DearSir/Madam
I have recently been purchasing your walkers baked cheese and onion crisps. I really enjoy them but I am disgusted with the mere amount of crisps one gets in the packet. In order for me to enjoy a satisfying packet of baked Walkers crisps, I need to feel that I have digested a well made and 'filling' packet of crisps. Currently, I would not recommend these crisps to anyone for the simple reason that one does not get a satisfactory proportion. I feel they are poor value for money. I feel this matter should be addressed reasonably considering the amount of revenue and profitability that Walkers attain in every given financial year. In the financial year of 2006, you topped the profitability list as a commercial foods production business surpassing revenues of brands such as Coca Cola ltd. Therefore, it is your responsibility to address such customer disappointment. I will be sending the empty packets of Walker baked crisps I have consumed for you to notice and take account of my product dissatisfaction and emotional brand protest. I sincerely hope you treat this matter with an urgent response or I will feel the need to display my discontent with the general public. I am a loving and loyal Walkers fan. Don’t let the sun, go down on me.
Thanking You
Ally Raza
3 days after sending this letter of dissatisfaction, Walkers Crisps replied to me with a £5 voucher that entitles me to any Walkers crisps product. Voila.
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Pakistan's leading Pop Singer appears in Court
Ibrarul Haq was summoned to the Supreme Court in Islamabad over his song that contain the words "Parveen you are so salty". Several girls have been offended and feel ‘teased’ by the words of this song as they pass by shops that play the song on tape recorders and radios. And so, a Parveen from Lahore decided to do something about it and took action because the song had insulted her and her family. Parveen wrote to Pakistan's acting Chief Justice Rana Bhagwandas (as if the guy didn’t have bigger concerns at the moment) explaining her emotional distress caused by such lyrics. Mr Bhagwandas being the spiritual man he is, publicly stated in receipt of Ms Parveens appeal that "This matter was very sensitive and such things cannot be allowed in Pakistani society". "Nobody can be allowed to hurt the sentiments of others” he also said.
AS we can see the depth of the matter my friends, our ‘acting’ chief justice has taken this matter of civil disorder that ‘cannot be allowed in Pakistani society’ into his hands quite seriously.
Mr Ibrar Ul Haq in response said the song did not use the name Parveen but Parmeen. "It's a misunderstanding - the general public has misunderstood... it's not my fault” he said. Mr Haq's lawyer justify that copyright had been issued for the song with the word Parmeen and not Parveen. Oh ji, ganay mai PARMEEN hai, PARVEEN nahin. Tusi log samajhtay kyun nai ho?
Oh deary dear. What have you got yourself into Ibrar… you should be wiser than that. Maybe you should have instead used the words ‘Parveen you are so Sweet’in the song and spared yourself the trouble. Its time to ticket katao, lain barhao.
Talk about prioritising appeals that the Supreme Court receives and giving importance to cases of societal disorder. And the amount of administration and time consumed in getting this matter to where it has. Such wise use of the tax payer’s money I must say.
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Making Women Proud: Nilofar Bakhtiar
Great to see that Pakistan’s Tourism Minister Nilofar Bakhtiar did not get scared & intimidated by a bunch of uneducated hard-line extremists who ‘issued a fatwa’ against her on the basis of ‘Morality violation’ after a pilot, a senior citizen, affectionately patted her shoulder after her paragliding flight in France to raise funds for earthquake victims in Kashmir. Credit to her for standing up to the intimidation. She hit the hammer on the head and daringly expressed her sentiments stating that “In fact I am very proud of what I did, and if given the chance would do it again”. A right verbal slap in the face of clerics who are adamant on emphasising their religious values and beliefs upon others and ‘issuing’ fatwa’s when they feel a personal need to do so. They are doing Islam no favour by doing such things. Religion is a personal thing that should be left to individuals to decide for and it is ones right to choose what they follow. Maybe moderate level headed people should start ‘issuing’ fatwa’s also against these idiots for being a pain in the arse. Mind you, the fatwa should instruct the ladies to whip their arses in public.
Well done Nilofar. I might come down to tour your office and give you a hug.
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Marigold plantation: The Environment and Me
My workplace has recently resorted to using a Marigold competition as means of keeping team spirit high and keeping happy at work. We spent a day collecting our pots, loading them with compos and planting a few seeds of marigold. 10 weeks later, our office window sill is lined up with plants labelled with names on it. The heat is on and the marigold judgement day is arriving on June 24th. Criteria for judging the winner is based on the Health, Structure and Number of Blooms the plant has. My plant has reached a height of nearly half a meter.
My initial view of this activity was that it is a lame exercise. But over the last 10 weeks, it has been satisfying to see the seeds grow into a tiny plant, and then into a blooming structure of leaves, branches and yellow marigold flowers. I had not given this living entity much thought in its first 5 weeks. But now, I seem to care for the plant and water it twice a week. Knowing that it’s a living thing that has the potential to grow, one seems to care. I guess the idea of holding such an activity was to raise environmental awareness. And I think it has achieved that. Everyone in the office, who was least interested, now seems to be switched on and in- charge of taking care of their plants to ensure that it prospers.
Doing this made me re-call an early episode of my life. I first planted a plant when I was 4 years old at my nursery school. But I had forgotten about ever doing this as I was so young. Last year, my mother recommended the school to a colleague of hers who was looking to get his kid into a school. All my mother could remember was that I use to attend there and it was a good school and so she advised of it. She decided to go to school the school with her work colleague one afternoon after work. My mother had not visited that school since I left it 20 years ago. Upon arriving at the school, she bumped into my nursery school teacher who after all these years managed to remember my mothers face, name and also one of her all time favourite students -ME. After they chatted and my mother updated her with news of what I do now, Ms Rubina asked my mother to come outside for a few minutes. As they stepped outside, she pointed out to a tree that stood 8 feet tall with all its strength. She told my mother that it was that plant I had planted during my time at the school. My mother felt very astonished .It gave her a sense, feel and appreciation of how 2 decades had passed. What life had given and taken in all these years. The tree stood there representing the time that has gone by. My mother called a few days later and gave me the news. It felt good to hear such a thing and somehow, it let me appreciate the time that has passed. These trees and plants have long been here before us. And will always be around even once we leave. I owe respect to them by being concerned about the environment. I feel we have a responsibility to nature by caring for it in small ways that make a difference. I think I will try to plant more often.
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On leaving Vegas - Back to Houston
On leaving Vegas, we stopped on the way at an Ostrich ranch in Arizona. It was my first time seeing these birds that surprised me with their size. They grow upto 6 feet tall. I also came across Petrified wood for the 1st time in my life and never knew such a thing existed. It was pieces of tree trunk that lay bare on the hot sun bed floor of the Arizona desert that had turned into solid stone due to the immense heat. Trees over hundreds of years in the intense heat have had their massive tree trunks turn into this beautiful stone texture. On the way, we also stopped by the Grand Canyon. What can I say about the great Grand Canyon. It is gods wonder on earth. Words don’t do justice to it and therefore I do not want to say more except that I would recommend everyone to go see it when they can one day. I consider myself blessed to get the chance to see it. We spent the night sleeping in the car at the Grand Canton National Park. Waking up early on that morning, we were to head into 3 days of misery trying to get back to Houston. We broke down on the way in New Mexico desert at night time as there was heavy rain fall and lightening. After pushing the car backwards on the motorway in pitch black darkness, rain and lightening hitting down right in front of you, we managed to get to a petrol station where we spent the night soaked with rain working out our next move. We ended up checking into a motel after getting the car toed the next morning. ON this new day, we managed to get in touch with Johnny. A rough boar who genuinely wanted to help us and he was to try his best in the coming 2 days when he attempted to fix the car. After many tries that Johnny the mechanic had to fix the car as he chewed on his tobacco and spit it out as he talked with his decayed teeth, he could not get it running. There was not much we could do as it was a long weekend holiday and we were sitting on Sunday. It didn’t help that we were broken down in the middle of nowhere where there was nothing to do except watch TV in the motel room. On Tuesday, we ended up in a Nissan Garage after the public holiday had ended. Nissan announced that it would take them a possible few days to get the spare part delivered to fix the car. We had reached a stage where we decided to take the risk and head out back onto the motorway for Houston. I honestly felt we were again asking for trouble but we managed to make it home thanks to Shamsi’s skilful and tactful driving.
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Viva Las Vegas
After having regained consciousness with a nap, we headed out to roam the gambling capital of the world. From here on, the coming week would be a mesmerising experience. The lights, the huge hotels, people in the lap of luxury. The gambling capital never shut down and was a 24 hour machine that consumed the souls of gamblers who gambled their money as if there was no tomorrow. I succeeded avoiding the gambling temptation during my whole stay there (since I was broke). Shamsi on the other hand managed to bet a dollar which earned him 2 dollars which then disappeared in trying to make a million from it. Another thing we learnt about the place was the ‘Enter’ and ‘Exit’ issue. Upon reaching hotel entrances, many ‘Enter’ signs gracefully guided you into hotel entrances. However, after wandering inside them, it was a mission impossible to find ‘Exit’ signs or any time clocks. Oat times it baffled us 2 educated individuals on how to exit hotels. On one occasion, our attempt to make an exit from Caesars Palace landed us onto a fire exit which led us onto a highway. An intended and cunning ergonomic plan by hotels to give clear ‘Enter’ signs but no wall clocks or ‘Exit’ signs ? For sure, one could spend hours upon hours in a hotel floating around, drinking and gambling without any notice of time.
The sheer size, grand designs and themes of different hotels was something to experience. Circus Circus - Bellagio - Caesars Palace - Excalibur - Luxor, - The Mirage - Treasure Island, - New York New York – Paris Paris – The Venetian – The Wynn – MGM Grand - Hilton – and so on. After visiting these hotels or should I say countries over a space of a few days, it felt as if you had captured the essence of cultures/traditions and travelled different parts of the world in the most capitalistic, artificial and entertaining way possible.
The place held extravagant entertainment shows that no other place in the world can hold in one venue. From the likes of Celine Dion to the tricks of David Copperfield and Lance Burton, the wits of Penn & Tiller and so many more. There is an endless possibility of what is available. More importantly, the Vegas culture of entertaining with Show Girls is something held in high-esteem. It is a die-hard and competitive world in which the finest, most glamorous and talented girls have the right to perform at the Vegas stage level. Shows that boast and rely on the talents of these showgirls range from the dances to acting to stunts to a whole range of performing arts. The rare sight of these girls only available through payable show events, creates their demand and high worth. One cannot just see them hanging around Vegas hotels. They are hidden away as one of the Vegas treasures. When they hit the stage, it is a spine tingling experience that makes you want to retire on your seat watching them. Some of the shows we attended included showgirls in the form of swinging cabarets, hot pirates and blood sucking vampires. I shall not elaborate on details but will certainly remember them for years to come. Attending the Worlds Greatest Magic show ( as it was titled) really blew us away. The show boasted some of the best magicians from around the globe that impressed with tricks such as bodies being cut in half and running around the stage to red cloths being turned into Kingfisher parrots. Mind Blowing Stuff.
For me, one of the most prominent features of Las Vegas captured my heart was the Bellagio fountains. The Bellagio fountains are truly a display of artificial beauty that impresses under projected lights and co-ordinated music of Elvis Presley’s Viva Las Vegas. The huge height that the fountains reach is breathtaking as they run across the width of the Bellagio front.
Managing to get hands on H2 and H3 hummers for a track spin was also a joyous moment. The experiences of handling these beasts that consume 4 litres of petrol for every 10 miles is something to be respected. They can pretty much climb and grip everything that comes in their way.
Time in Vegas will be a memory that will surely last until I go again. The enormity and grandeur of the place is unmatched by anything else out there. It is a world of its own that truly earns the title of a gambling and entertainment capital of the world. There is unlimited amount of high quality entertainment available. Money represents Las Vegas just as the colour Green represents the Amazon. You feel like doing your own version of a ‘Oceans Eleven’ while in the place. Mind you, you would not get far as security and surveillance is so tight, that they even know if you fart inside a hotel casino.
But for those rich and edgy people who believe that the world evolves around money, be weary of what your getting sucked into. Fewer fortunes are won than those are lost.
Altogether, Vegas is a glamorous place like no other where SPEND & BE AMAZED is the business. So when your heading out to Las Vegas, make sure it is when your pockets are loaded and your newly wedded wife is with you who knows how to spend.
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U.S.of A.......... I was back.
I had endeavoured to do this much earlier in the year when memories stayed afresh from my trip to Houston, Texas visiting an old time buddy i call Shamsi. It was a pocket constraint yet memorable trip, thanks to the man himself. Landing in the scorthing heat of Texas, i met Shamsi after 4 years. Great to see him after so long, it took my eyes and brains a few hours of adjusting to cruising on the 'wrong' side of the road. It took a while to let the enormity of the place sink in after coming over from edinburgh, a capital of scotland reffered to as the 'athens of north europe' which is so compact, that you could walk from one end of the city to another in about 5 hours. To put it simply, it was good to end up in a place that prides itself in being 'Big' - Big Texas it was this time since my last visit 5 years ago. My previous trip that involved managing a self-run business which included everything from selling, travelling,cycling,walking for hours, going form one state to another, being chased by rotweilers , having a gun placed on my head for knocking a door, ending up in a factory with hundreds of mexicans and trying to get a flight back two days after 9/11 along with other events that make a story for some other time, i was glad to be in the U.S again on more relaxing and life assuring terms.
The first and most important thing that needed to be done ( as planned) was to get to a creamery for some marble slab ice cream. It had been 8 years since i had it last in Portland Oregon with Shamsi during my visit in 1998. Only if they did marble slab ice cream in the U.K., i would not mention of it. The Britishers have not evolved to eating marble slab for a reason i cannot understand.
After having spent some time in Houston browsing around malls, seeing beautiful belly dancers, smoking plenty of sheesha( amazing how this middle eastern originating thing has spread and clinged onto every culture both in the west and east) and meeting new people, it was time to hit the road. We had decided to act on a long waited and much talked idea. The road trip from Houston to Las Vegas in a car that had lost its fortunes during that week after being broken into outside the house which led to an interesting chat session with a state trooper ( PC or a police man you could also call) who gave a extensive tour of his police car and the equipment used for modern crime fighting. Comign back to the road trip, we began the 1,470 mile trip with all enthusiasm that took 27 hours of driving, many episodes of Arrested Development which i watched and Shamsi listened to while driving. Travelling through the Route 10, one got to see the dry and breathtaking views of the New Mexico and Arizona deserts. Endless stretches of bare, flat and straight roads that at times became suicidal. However, besides listening to music& radio and watching arested development episodes, i had found the cure to boredom. I had discovered what i now term 'the honking business'. The honking business involed signalling truck drivers to honk thier truck hornsas you passed them by. To my surprise, on every requested signal, i got a honk. A very satisfying gesture given by american truck drivers who represent a spirit of joy and proudness in doing what they do. This came as an unusual discovery to me as even thinking of doing such a thing in Britain would guarantee weird looks and probably a finger from truck drivers who seem bored out of their tits doing their job. Crossing Hoover damn and reaching into Las Vegas, i can honestly say that i was excited to see the lights and sights of Vegas popping up in the middle of nowhere. And there we were. After all that driving, roasting in the heat and honking business, we had finally arrived and checked-in almost dead.
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Keele University
Keele University. After completing my postgraduate degree and leaving, I feel I owe the place a written memory . Talk about ending up at the right place at the right time. The characters I met living in Keele were so extravagant, that I doubt I will ever meet such a diverse bunch in my life. I dedicate this article to the memory of having spent time with the people I did in Keele and want to sketch out the personalities and a few events that made 2004 to 2005 a very special year in a very special place for me.
On arriving to keele and establishing first impressions, you wonder what you have got yourself into. It is a green and spacious university in the middle of nowhere. On entering the university, the peace, calm and serenity freaks out the typical over excited student who had planned to go wild as soon as he/she landed at university. ON arrival, the poor soul starts wondering … Where the feck are the people. Surely there must be people living in this PLACE in the middle of the jungle. And then you re-call reading an article in the papers that Keele University holds the highest student suicidal rate in the country. But as time goes on, you start meeting people and attending courses and you realise that you will survive. What makes Keele Special (or should I say the only thing) are the people you meet. Being social and staying sane in Keele has only one means, and that is through making friends.
I moved into a residence hall that boasted beautiful scenery from the bedroom windows, you could see nothing but farms and hills as far as your eyes could go. I soon realised that I was in for a treat. The block hosted 2 floors with girls on the top and guys at the bottom who were all postgraduate students. Here it was that I met dazzling personalities that I shall go onto mention.
One of my first encounters was with a cool and relaxed Ghanaian who was also to be my class fellow for the coming year. Afram or Mr. Kwaku as I call him was a free spirited man who had arrived to Keele with a ‘Mission Impossible’. And that was to go mentally and physically crazy for the coming 1 year. His task was to get through a masters by attending lectures, doing coursework and managing a full time job at the same time. And yes he did make it. And with flying colours. He owed it to his intelligence in grasping ideas and having a knack for being able to express his ideas well. I thoroughly cherished attending lectures with the man as we enjoyed engaging in debates and inflicting conflict on lecturers whenever the need arised. As our course was dominated by a Chinese influx of students who were very polite and respectful to their ‘teachers’, they avoided debating or challenging any ideas. And so, the responsibility was usually left to us both along with a few others. One of these few others was the goddesses Coleen Hembe. Coleen being a class & accommodation fellow was a lady with her own class that commanded respect. Throughout my time in Keele, I grew to become very fond of her presence and support that she offered in many different ways. An experienced campaigner in life, she had much wisdom to offer and had a way of making one feel relaxed and realise that it was never the end of the world when it seemed to be. Mind you, her world sure did come to an end every 1 month when it came near to assignment deadlines. I miss spending moments with Coleen. Reason being that she was so wise is the most childish of ways and her genuineness always shined. I always honoured when she would give some of her time to me.
The next ‘subject’ with whom I shared time was an ‘intelligent looking’ Palestinian called Ziad Taha. The first time I met him, I wondered why a professor was hanging around in student accommodation. But he turned out to be a student. As time went on, we all came to realise that this species called ‘Ziad’ was one hell of a thing. He had been in Keele for many years (and still is) and was an experienced campaigner in the Keele world. Everybody and anybody in the university knew the guy. He had become a celebrity because of being there so long. To him, it felt he had been in keele all his life and forgotten what the outside world was like. Keele had become his Guantanamo Bay. And according to his calculated predictions, I think he expected to retire and die in Keele also. Ziad is a solid man who prides himself on the blood in his veins. A hard working GENIUS who was having a hard time doing his PHD in Keele. But despite the difficulties, he holds an extremely bright and prosperous future professionally. He is always the lifeline of a night out. If you wanted guaranteed fun, then you had to take Ziad out with you. I share many moments and circumstances with Ziad and consider him a brother.
Another one of the usual suspects was a cheeky but sweet Hungarian called Adam . Or as I liked to address him by his surname – Mr. Sokoli. A true nature lover who appreciated things around him and had a passion for photography. During the year, I think no one at the university would have used an oven as much as he did for making chips. An event I clearly remember is when he popped out of his room one day to grab his lunch from the kitchen and returned to find that his laptop had been stolen. Someone had entered the room via the window, grabbed his laptop and done a legger. All within 2 minutes of the time Mr Sokoli was in the kitchen. What a bad experience. But an even worse experience was to follow. And that was claiming money from his insurance company for the laptop. It took months for him to get insurance money back. He would update me on the latest administration crap the company came up with and basically, it would have been easier and quicker conquering Iceland as compared to getting an insurance claim.
Talking about laptop being stolen, my Greek class and accommodation fellow Paryis, developed laptop robbery problems. On one occasion, he left his room to go take a heavenly leak in the bathroom. And on returning to his room, saw a guy standing there with his laptop. Under panic, the guy dropped the laptop and ran for his life. History was to repeat itself again with more bad luck. A few months later when Paryis left his room leaving his window open, he came back to see the laptop missing. Immediately gazing out the window, he saw a guy running off with his laptop into the distance. Paryis in partnership with Mr. Kwaku decided to run after him. It was a RUN FOREST RUN situation for the three involved in this fiasco. They managed to reach him, detain him and after having an emotional discussion with the robber, the smarty’s decided to let the him go with a warning. Talk about generosity after the guy made 2 attempts at stealing Paryis’s laptop. The picture of a tall lanky greek and a 6 month pregnant African in Bermuda shorts running after a pale average sized Englishman still makes me laugh when I think about it. How merciful they were to let him go.
Taking about mercy, we cannot forget to mention Hong the butcher. The man was merciless when it came to slaughtering animals in the kitchen with his special carved knives. Pigs, Chickens, Cows, Ducks, you name it. The only regret he had in the year was that he could not manage to trap a pigeon. He could not survive without meat and cooking was his favourite hobby. Nothing pleased him more than cooking a nice barbaric meal and having this with a beer as he sat down to watch another one of his drama episodes he had downloaded through the university server. The university server had been crippled due to this man’s downloading ability. Even though there were limits to how much we could download as students, the man would manage to download umpting amounts of data. He was a great help to me all year around with I.T. difficulties and we both enjoyed chatting, sitting down to eat and having a laugh regularly. Hong has been a good friend to me all along and upto this day. He is there for you whenever you need him. A true sign of a friend. If you want general advice on any products and services in the UK, then Hong the butcher is the guy to go to. As they say - The man ‘knows what he’s talking about’
Living in Taylor house was a great experience and I feel sorry that the place has now become a undergraduate block where drunk undergraduates will get the opportunity to act as tossers without any restrictions since Taylor House is totally secluded from other blocks on the campus.
Being in Keele let me make lifetime friends that I socialised with all year. This all-time desi crew including Saju, Shweta, Almas, Daud, Sangeeta, Ankit, Sonal, Swati, Stashani, Vivek and others who all became good friends. I hold a special place for Saju in my heart as we both got own very well and were very similar in our philosophy of friendship. Even though politics may have infiltrated the place at times, me and him always remained united and on the same wavelength. Shweta also is someone very dear to me and always will be. I have become close to her as a friend over the years. Even though I did not get to chill out as much as they did, I cherish the moments of laughter and hysterics, the dinners, the trips to Birmingham and Manchester I had with them all. Some of these guys were basically on a holiday for the year and had a lot of fun. I still wonder how they managed to get M.B.A’s done ( no offense )
Studying in keele has been a lifetime experience. Being part of the industrial relations department, you can feel the history, its roots and its strong establishment. The lecturers in the department were a privilege to be taught by as they knew their subject inside out. I consider many of them such as the likes of Colin Whitson, Dr Dave Lydden, Dr Carole Thornley, Professor Roger Seifert and a few more, masters in the field of Industrial Relations. Their classical approach of teaching gave us a lot of knowledge and taught us the true essence and purpose of Industrial relations. What importance Trade Unionism, Collective bargaining, government intervention and employee & labour rights have in a wider social context, is something that I thoroughly understood and appreciate thanks to their teachings. Their down to earth approach with students was always appreciated. On our farewell dinner in the summer of 2005 at the lavish and historic Keele Hall, I could not help giving them a goodbye toast and a special thanks on behalf of all us students.
Keele University being in such a secluded location, taught me to appreciate the nature around me and to value people who come and go in one’s life. The calmness of the place and its beautiful sights gave a feeling of peace and tranquillity that I have not found elsewhere. It is a magical place and a typical secluded university you find in a college murder mystery Hollywood production. Nothing compares with Keele. Whenever I go back, all the memories come flashing back as I sit down at the KPA (Keele postgraduate association) Bar and have a drink. No place like the KPA. ALL would agree.
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| i don't know |
What is the name of the concert venue in Glasgow, completed in September 2013, becoming the largest entertainment venue in Scotland? | The SSE Hydro Glasgow : Live entertainment venue on River Clyde
Click an image to enlarge
Location:
Pacific Quay & SECC, SECC
Description:
Created by world-renowned architects Foster and Partners, who also designed the SECC's Clyde Auditorium, Scotland's new national arena will hold 12,000 fully seated and will be the largest entertainments venue in Scotland. Now known as The SSE Hydro, the SECC national arena is the only one of its scale in the UK built specifically for concerts, conferences and events.
The SSE Hydro is the latest landmark on Glasgow's skyline. Modelled on Greek and Roman amphitheatres, the 45m tall building, with its distinctive silver dome, stands higher than the neighbouring Armadillo. Translucent materials used in the facade will cause the building to appear to glow at night.
View more images of The SSE Hydro in our image gallery.
Like the Clyde Auditorium, The SSE Hydro has been designed from the inside out. Visitors can enjoy outstanding viewing angles from each of the 12,000 seats in the fixed, tiered and demountable seating system and the acoustics are of the highest standard. There are a wide range of food and drink outlets as well as a club seating area and VIP boxes, each capable of accommodating 12 people. There will also be restaurants, bars and sponsors lounges.
Scottish Enterprise contributed £25m to the project. The QD2 masterplan is designed to enhance and transform the 64-acre site into a complete exhibition, conference and entertainments complex of significant national scale and make the SECC a world-class venue. The new facilities will enhance Glasgow and Scotland's tourism offer, specifically business tourism, and the arena is now lined up to play an integral role in the 2014 Commonwealth Games as the home for both gymnastics and the netball finals at the games.
The SSE Hydro is one of the first major developments to be undertaken in the SECC's QD2 master plan which has the potential to create 2,449 jobs.
The 12,000-seat arena will be the largest entertainments venue in Scotland and the only one of its scale in the UK built specifically for concerts and events. The Hydro will play host to around 140 events each year, including national and international artists and bands as well as being a venue for major comedy stars and sporting events. The arena has the potential to inject an additional £131 million into the local economy. The current economic impact of the SECC is £347million per annum with 1.5 million visitors a year.
By summer 2014 the arena had achieved 4th place in the Pollstar "Top 100 Worldwide Arena Venues" rankings
Scottish Hydro has committed to invest £1.5 million per year over 10 years. The Scottish company, which is part of SSE plc, has been supplying energy to the nation's homes and businesses since 1947. Scottish Hydro is proud to be investing in Scotland's cultural heritage and will in turn provide a high profile association with live entertainment, bringing real benefits for customers.
Current status:
In September 2010 SECC announced that AEG Facilities had been appointed to create an event programme for the new venue in advance of it opening in 2013.
Lend Lease were appointed to build the auditorium and began work in February 2011.
Construction of the roof elements involved 16 roof segments to be connected to a central "doughnut", which was completed by end summer 2012.
The first precast concrete seating terrace units were installed in January 2012, with the first seats to be installed by the end of the year.
In May 2012 the centre roof section was lowered into place in a massive 5-day engineering operation.
In November, the temporary supporting tower was successfully removed, leaving the huge domed roof self-supporting.
Now the first two ceiling layers are being put in and the house lights are being fitted.
A giant three-tiered steel rig is being constructed in the centre of the arena, from which all the lighting and the speakers will be hung when the Hydro opens.
In November 2012, the temporary supporting tower was successfully removed, leaving the huge domed roof self-supporting.
Early in 2013 the first two ceiling layers are being put in and the house lights fitted.
A giant three-tiered steel rig was constructed in the centre of the arena, from which all the lighting and the speakers will be hung when the Hydro opens.
During summer 2013 the unique "foil pillow" cladding was installed and inflated.
The building has now been completed.
| The SSE Hydro |
Which element has the atomic number 6? | MNS GIGguide by MUSIC NEWS Scotland - issuu
issuu
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guide gig dates from 22 MARCH 2014
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EDINBURGH + Mid - East - West Lothian Send us all your gig dates for Edinburgh and Lothians area. Email them to Carol [email protected] 22 MARCH
thanks to the level of radio exposure it has received. One of those who joined LEAH ABRAMSON in the studio for the recording was RAYNA GELLERT, well-recognised in her own right following a successful career in Uncle Earl. Here, these two friends come together to become an even more potent force (joined on bass and guitar by Petunia & The Vipers' PATRICK METZGER). www.facebook.com/abramsonsingers 27 MARCH
Music photography exhibition by JANNICA HONEY: (Preview on 27 March – exhibition 2 April until 20 May) At Voxbox: Music, 21 Saint Stephen Street. Edinburgh. EH3 5AN. 0131 6296775. Wed-Friday 12-5pm, Sat 10.30am5pm, Sun 12-4pm. Closed Monday - Tuesday. Free entry. BORN TO BE WIDE, has announced an exhibition of Jannica Honey’s music photography, as part of it 10th anniversary celebrations. Taking place at Voxbox, it runs from YEAH DETROIT!, MIND SET A THREAT and SAVE THE RECKLESS @ Studio 24. Edinburgh. April 2 until May 20 and includes a mixture of live and press shots. Titled, Born To Be Honey, it 7pm focuses on of musicians who have played Born To Be Wide’s annual Edinburgh Night – which 23 MARCH features ten acts performing ten-minute sets – Sick Kids Hospital Charity Gig - EMILY AND THE and several bands who have showcased at the Wide Days convention. They include Honeyblood, FEDORAS @ Studio Theatre, The Festival Tuff Love, Stanley Odd, Withered Hand, Roman Theatre, Edinburgh. 8pm Nose, Plum and Law (picture). A special preview sponsored by Barney’s Beer, will take place on 24 MARCH March 27 to mark the launch of the Wide Days print programme and will feature a live CHERRYGROVE: Edinburgh House Concert. Debut album launch tour for ‘No Time Like Now’, performance by Withered Hand. www.facebook.com/JannicaHoneyPhotography with traditional songs, contemporary melodies and original compositions, Cherrygrove are one 28 MARCH of Scotland’s most exciting new folk ensembles. So far, they have enticed audiences internationally with performances at the London COHOLIC / MUTTNIK / DETOURS: Three Originals bands take to the stage at 2012 Olympics as well as Europe’s largest celtic Dreadnoughtrock Bathgate. Free Entry upto music festival, Festival Interceltique in Lorient, 8.30pm then £3 at the door France. ‘No Time Like Now’ was produced and www.dreadnoughtrock.com/whatson.html engineered in Scotland by Angus Lyon (Blazin’ Fiddles, Box Club) and brings together the band’s QUIET AS A MOUSE and COASTS @ Sneaky favourite sets as well as some brand new Pete’s, Edinburgh. 7pm, £7 material. Their sophisticated and thoughtful arrangements showcase the unique blend of 29 MARCH influences the five musicians bring. www.cherrygrovemusic.com MACHINES IN HEAVEN: Bordersbreakdown LP launch. At The Electric Circus, Edinburgh. 25 MARCH "Deserves your attention.. amazing!" Ally McCrae - BBC Radio INDIGO VELVET: At Wee Red Bar, Edinburgh. With the release of their third single 'Small Talk' www.facebook.com/machinesinheaven the band are looking to branch out and take their MAIDEN SCOTLAND: The UK's top tribute to live shows to other cities up and down the Iron Maiden return for a night of classic Maiden. country. With gigs coming up in London and Ticket Event - £7.00 Glasgow this year certainly looks promising. www.dreadnoughtrock.com www.facebook.com/weareindigovelvet WE CAME FROM THE NORTH's E.P Launch with support from WE ATE THEM OFF THE FLOOR and WOZNIAK: We Came From The North are launching their long awaited E.P "From Which All Things Depend" at Edinburgh’s Opium. Doors are at 8:00pm and entry is £5. 18+ A limited number of the E.P will be available for sale on the night. www.facebook.com/WeCameFromTheNorth
26 MARCH
2 APRIL
Brookfield Knights present..... THE ABRAMSON SINGERS: At House Concert, Edinburgh. There is a fair chance you will have heard a track or two from the stunning new album by The Abramson Singers from Vancouver,
Brookfield Knights present..... DUBL HANDI: At House concert, Edinburgh. You won’t encounter a fresher delivery of the Appalachian old-time stringband style than comes from this upbeat trio who first took
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MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide …….. page 3: edinburgh + mid - east - west lothian
Brooklyn by storm. With one foot in the past and one foot in the future of acoustic roots music, many are saying their approach was exactly what was required to bring this ancient music to a younger 21st century audience. www.facebook.com/DublHandi 3 APRIL
RUN / MAYFIELD DRIVE: Three Originals bands take to the stage at Dreadnoughtrock Bathgate. Free Entry upto 8.30pm then £3 at the door www.dreadnoughtrock.com/whatson.html
Dublin's Whelan's hotspot to garnering widespread recognition across the UK. Already named Record of the Day, their new single Digging Holes is out in April and is getting a fantastic radio response. www.facebook.com/Raglans
5 APRIL INDIGO VELVET: At Cabaret Voltaire, Edinburgh. With the release of their third single 'Small Talk' the band are looking to branch out and take their live shows to other cities up and down the country. With gigs coming up in London, Edinburgh and Glasgow this year certainly looks promising. www.facebook.com/weareindigovelvet
9 APRIL
WIDE DAYS: Scotland’s Wide Days music business convention has a new format for its daytime programme, which will take place at Teviot Row House in Edinburgh on April 9-10, 2014. Day one will focus on topics relating to the live sector. John Langford, director of concerts, events and ticketing at The Hydro, is confirmed to take THE SMYTHS with QUIET AS A MOUSE @ part in an interview about the flagship The Liquid Room, Edinburgh. 7pm, £10 Glasgow venue and its impact. The sessions on day two will concentrate on topics THE BRIMSTONE DAYS & POINT JOJO COKE: One of the Best covers bands relating to rights holders - record labels, INAUDIBLE 'Off the Rails Scottish tour'. in West Lothian with a massive variety of publishers, artists and managers – with one Just close your eyes and dream away to the songs to entertain at DreadnoughtRock panel set to feature decision makers from 60 - and 70's rock, listening to an energetic Bathgate. Free Entry up to 8.30pm then £3 radio, retail and digital platforms talking band with a groove you can not stand still at the door about why they get behind a release. to. At Whistlebinkies, Niddry Street www.dreadnoughtrock.com/whatson.html Organisers have frozen the price of both the Edinburgh. Point Inaudible 9.30pmstandard pass [£49] and the premium pass 11.30pm , Brimstone Days 12.30pm8 APRIL [£125], which helps raise funds to host the 2.30am. Free Entry event and support the concession rates £38 RAGLANS: At Electric Circus in Edinburgh. students and £34 Musicians’ Union https://thebrimstonedays.bandcamp.com Irish indie-folk four-piece Raglans have members. Delegates registering before undergone a meteoric rise in popularity 4 APRIL January 16, when further details of the since their inception in 2010, going from a programme will be announced, benefit from STONEHOUSE VIOLETS / HEART O' THE crowd pleasing, gig-opening favourite at a special early bird rate of £33 [standard] ADAM ANT plus THE GOOD THE MAD & THE LOVELY POSSE: At The Liquid Room, Victoria Street, Edinburgh. Doors open at 7 p.m. and the show starts at 7.30 p.m. Advance tickets are £23.50 from 0131 226 7010 or 0131 220 3234 or go online at www.gigbox.co.uk/buy_tickets www.adam-ant.net www.liquidroom.com
www.musicplus.org.uk
event page: www.facebook.com/events/373645949433723/ tickets: www.ticketweb.co.uk
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MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide …….. page 5: edinburgh + mid - east - west lothian
Born To Be Wide music photography exhibition by JANNICA HONEY: (Preview on 27 March – exhibition 2 April until 20 May) At Voxbox: Music, 21 Saint Stephen Street. Edinburgh. EH3 5AN. 0131 6296775. Wed-Friday 12-5pm, Sat 10.30am-5pm, Sun 12-4pm. Closed Monday - Tuesday. Free entry. Photograph: Bartowl by www.facebook.com/JannicaHoneyPhotography
and £100 [premium]. Wide Days 2014 convention passes can be purchased from: www.widedays.com/tickets 10 APRIL WIDE DAYS: Scotland’s Wide Days music business convention has a new format for its daytime programme, which will take place at Teviot Row House in Edinburgh on April 9-10, 2014. Day one will focus on topics relating to the live sector. John Langford, director of concerts, events and ticketing at The Hydro, is confirmed to take part in an interview about the flagship Glasgow venue and its impact. The sessions on day two will concentrate on topics relating to rights holders - record labels, publishers, artists and managers – with one panel set to feature decision makers from radio, retail and digital platforms talking about why they get behind a release. Organisers have frozen the price of both the standard pass [£49] and the premium pass [£125], which helps raise funds to host the event and support the concession rates [£38 students and £34 Musicians’ Union members]. Delegates registering before January 16, when further details of the programme will be announced, benefit from a special early bird rate of £33 [standard] and £100 [premium]. Wide Days 2014 convention passes can be purchased from: www.widedays.com/tickets
some surprises and very special guests as they celebrate the release of the first single from the record. In a right regal affair DreadnoughtRock Bathgate will be transformed into King Lot Castle on King Street with a royal guard on the door, King Lot flags flying, a red carpet welcoming VIP guests and hostesses keeping everyone's goblet's filled throughout. Ticket Event £5.00 www.dreadnoughtrock.com/whatson.html 12 APRIL Dreadnought's Acoustic Night: More local and original acoustic acts descend on the Dreadnought in Bathgate. Free Entry upto 8.30pm then £3 at the door www.dreadnoughtrock.com/whatson.html 14 APRIL MIKE WATT + THE MISSINGMEN: Third opera Europe tour at Edinburgh's Sneaky Pete's. www.facebook.com/MikeWattTheMissingmenThirdOpera
18 APRIL
KING EIDER: With support from THE DIRTY BEGGARS and THE BRAXTON HICKS. Edinburgh folk-blues quintet launch their debut album 'The Deeper The Water' live at The Caves, Edinburgh. 7pm until late - King Eider on-stage 9.45pm. (NB after-party also at The Caves - details TBC), 11 APRIL 8-12 Niddry St South, Edinburgh. EH1 1NS. THE KING LOT: Single Release Party. West 0131 557 8989 Tickets: £6 (advance) / £7 (on the door). Lothian based rock band The King Lot will Available from Tickets Scotland, Ripping play their forthcoming album in full plus Records, Bandcamp and Earthy (Canonmills
branch) www.thecavesedinburgh.com www.facebook.com/kingeidermusic DROPKICK: Support from THE GALIPAYGOS. Sneaky Pete's, Edinburgh. 7pm. On tour promoting their new album “Homeward”. This is Dropkick’s most varied and accomplished collection of songs to date, demonstrating a growing maturity in their song writing and arrangements. But it is their ear for melody and harmony that are their finest assets, helping Dropkick’s music appeal to a growing band of fans. www.facebook.com/thegalipaygos www.facebook.com/dropkickmusic ALMA FIERA: Back for their first gig of 2014 and a great night of Rock Covers at DreadnoughtRock Bathgate. Free Entry upto 8.30pm then £3 at the door www.dreadnoughtrock.com/whatson.html 19 APRIL The Pathhead Music Collective present: Join TOM BANCROFT, SATOKO FUJI and UNA MCGLONE for an evening of improvised musical mayhem at Pathhead Village Hall. http://pathheadmusiccollective.org.uk/ GALLUS COOPER: The Uk's top Alice Cooper tribute returns to the DreadnoughtRock Bathgate with one hell of a show. Ticket Event - £5.00 www.dreadnoughtrock.com/whatson.html or http://skdl.it/1iqhwpH 20 APRIL
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MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide …….. page 7: edinburgh + lothians / glasgow + mid west coast - argyll
Easter Special with THE SEX PISTOLS EXPERIENCE & LIZZIE AND THE BANSHEES. TWO of the uk's top exponents on the same billing at the only place in the Lothian's to see them live at DreadnoughtRock Bathgate. Ticket Event £10.00 www.dreadnoughtrock.com/whatson.html or www.lizzie-and-the-banshees.com/tickets
diverse, energetic and highly entertaining! Coining the Genre "Electro Pop & B their music is rich and full; realistic and diverse, energetic and highly entertaining! www.facebook.com/OfficialBLISS 4 MAY
BLISS with support from BLEEKER: At Opal Lounge, Edinburgh. Bliss originally formed in Virginia with Alexis Branch "Lex" 26 APRIL at the tender age of 8 years old. They now THE UNDERGROUND YOUTH, FRANTIC reside in Atlanta, Georgia. Their music is CHANT, LIFE MODEL: At Sneaky Petes,73 rich and full; realistic and diverse, energetic Cowgate, Edinburgh. 7pm-10pm. £5 and highly entertaining! Coining the Genre Advance from Ticket Scotland, or £7 on the "Electro Pop & B their music is rich and full; Door. Part of two special Scottish dates for realistic and diverse, energetic and highly The Underground Youth. In Edinburgh not entertaining! Edinburgh’s Bleeker are Harris only do we have amazing visuals to Canning and Lauren Alari. Bleeker was accompany the bands provided by the formed in 2002 and over the years have minds eye psycadelic light show, we also teamed up with many different musicians have a Merch stall from fuzz club records, they like to call the "Bleeker Collective", an art stall and The Gift dj's playing they have supported EL Presidente, Eddie inbetween bands. The Manchester based Reader and The Levellers. band blend the sounds of shoegaze, postwww.facebook.com/OfficialBLISS www.facebook.com/pages/BLEEKER/197246887993 punk and psychedelic rock to create a raw and haunting wall of sound. The creative 5 MAY project of Craig Dyer boasts a number of digital and physical releases since it began BLISS with support from BLEEKER: At in 2008, the most recent of which have been released by the bands label Fuzz Club Madogs, Edinburgh. Bliss originally formed in Virginia with Alexis Branch "Lex" at the Records. As a live band The Underground Youth have spent the last two years touring tender age of 8 years old. They now reside in Atlanta, Georgia. Their music is rich and through Europe playing extensively. full; realistic and diverse, energetic and highly entertaining! Coining the Genre 29 APRIL "Electro Pop & B their music is rich and full; realistic and diverse, energetic and highly Brookfield Knights present..... entertaining! Edinburgh’s Bleeker are Harris THE DARDANELLES: At Edinburgh Folk Canning and Lauren Alari. Bleeker was Club (Edinburgh TradFest event - venue formed in 2002 and over the years have tbc). Indisputably one of the most exciting ‘live’ bands on the world roots music circuit, teamed up with many different musicians they like to call the "Bleeker Collective", The Dardanelles possess all the explosive they have supported EL Presidente, Eddie power of a steam engine that’s about to Reader and The Levellers. blow its top. www.facebook.com/OfficialBLISS www.facebook.com/thedardanelles www.facebook.com/pages/BLEEKER/197246887993
3 MAY
7 MAY
BLISS: At Electric Circus, Edinburgh. Bliss originally formed in Virginia with Alexis Branch "Lex" at the tender age of 8 years old. They now reside in Atlanta, Georgia. Their music is rich and full; realistic and
BLISS with support from BLEEKER: At Liquid Room, Edinburgh. Bliss originally formed in Virginia with Alexis Branch "Lex" at the tender age of 8 years old. They now reside in Atlanta, Georgia. Their music is
rich and full; realistic and diverse, energetic and highly entertaining! Coining the Genre "Electro Pop & B their music is rich and full; realistic and diverse, energetic and highly entertaining! Edinburgh’s Bleeker are Harris Canning and Lauren Alari. Bleeker was formed in 2002 and over the years have teamed up with many different musicians they like to call the "Bleeker Collective", they have supported EL Presidente, Eddie Reader and The Levellers. www.facebook.com/OfficialBLISS www.facebook.com/pages/BLEEKER/197246887993
24 MAY A BAND CALLED QUINN: At Summerhall, Edinburgh. If you missed ABCQ performing Biding Time (remix) at last year's Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the band were blown away by the reaction to the show and are looking forward to touring it this year; hopefully to a venue near you! www.bidingtimeremix.com www.facebook.com/abandcalledquinn 14 JUNE The Pathhead Music Collective present: Share a summer evening with INDIA ALBA and the CORRINA HEWAT BAND at Pathhead Village Hall. http://pathheadmusiccollective.org.uk/
GLASGOW AREA
+ Mid West Coast / Argyll Send us all your gig dates for Glasgow and West Coast area Email them to Carol [email protected] 25 MARCH Brookfield Knights present..... THE ABRAMSON SINGERS: At The Old Library, Kilbarchan. There is a fair chance you will have heard a track or two from the stunning new album by The Abramson Singers from Vancouver, thanks to the level of radio exposure it has received. One of those who joined LEAH ABRAMSON in the
click: www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1jb_y3PjF8#t=21
weblink: www.widedays.com tickets: www.widedays.com/tickets
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MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide …….. page 8: glasgow + mid west coast - argyll
studio for the recording was RAYNA GELLERT, well-recognised in her own right following a successful career in Uncle Earl. Here, these two friends come together to become an even more potent force (joined on bass and guitar by Petunia & The Vipers' PATRICK METZGER). www.facebook.com/abramsonsingers The Fallen Angels Club presents: THE ONCE: At The Admiral Bar, The Hold, 72 a Waterloo Street, Glasgow, G2 7DA. Doors 7.30pm Show 8pm Tickets £11 adv. Tel 0141 204 5151 www.ticketweb.co.uk The Canadian folk trio are back for a Spring tour having recently been in Australia where they were invited to sing on their friend Mike Rosenberg’s (aka Passenger!) new album. As a trio, the band has kept it uncomplicated, depending on the power of their voices and acoustic instruments. Lead singer Geraldine Hollett, has an instrument of rare power; she is a singer who can still a noisy room, so expressive she can tell a novel-length story with a few words. Accompanied by Phil Churchill and Andrew Dale on guitar, mandolin, fiddle and bouzouki, they create a perfect blend of voice and melody. Sometimes melancholy, sometimes funny, always poignant,The Once sound like nothing else that has ever come from Newfoundland. www.fallenangelsclub.com www.theonce.ca 27 MARCH The Fallen Angels Club presents: STEVE FORBERT. Nashville-based singersongwriter, Steve Forbert heads back to Glasgow’s St Andrews in the Square, the scene of his sell-out show at the Glasgow Americana Festival in 2012. Live, the Grammy nominee is one of the few artistes who can mesmerise a crowd with nothing but a distinctive voice, an acoustic guitar and his trusty harmonica slung around his neck. More than 35 years after the release of his first album, he’s a highly respected performer who writes and records and still plays about 100 gigs a year all over the United States and Europe, to rave reviews. On stage 8pm, tickets £15. Tickets 0141 204 5151 or online @ www.ticketweb.co.uk www.facebook.com/events/457263001041080/
www.fallenangelsclub.com 5 APRIL
Brookfield Knights present..... DUBL HANDI: At The Corn Exchange, Biggar. You won’t encounter a fresher delivery of the Appalachian old-time stringband style than comes from this upbeat trio who first took Brooklyn by storm. With one foot in the past and one foot in the future of acoustic roots music, many are saying their approach was exactly what was required to bring this ancient music to a younger 21st century audience. www.facebook.com/DublHandi SCOTTISH OPERA celebrates 20 years of Opera Highlights in style with an 18-date tour of Scotland: At Village Theatre, East
Kilbride. 7.30pm. Perfect for opera fans and novices alike, Opera Highlights features music from some of the world’s most popular operas, as well as lesser known gems mined from the operatic archives. The programme is brought to life by four talented young singers and a pianist, packed into a trusty transit van full of props and costumes – proving great things do come in small packages! www.scottishopera.org.uk 6 APRIL THE BRIMSTONE DAYS & POINT INAUDIBLE 'Off the Rails Scottish tour'. Just close your eyes and dream away to the 60 - and 70's rock, listening to an energetic band with a groove you can not stand still to. At 13th Note,King Street, Glasgow. 811.30. £5 on Door. https://thebrimstonedays.bandcamp.com 9 APRIL RAGLANS: At Nice n’ Sleazy in Gla\sgow. Irish indie-folk four-piece Raglans have undergone a meteoric rise in popularity since their inception in 2010, going from a crowd pleasing, gig-opening favourite at Dublin's Whelan's hotspot to garnering widespread recognition across the UK. Already named Record of the Day, their new single Digging Holes is out in April and is getting a fantastic radio response. www.facebook.com/Raglans 11 APRIL
MIKE WATT + THE MISSINGMEN: Third opera Europe tour at Glasgow's, Broadcast. www.facebook.com/MikeWattTheMissingmenThirdOpera
18 APRIL PATSY REID & friends: Star Folk Club, 1 St Andrews Square, Glasgow. Time 7.30pm/9.00pm. Tickets £9, tickets on the door. www.patsyreid.com 25 APRIL STG Presents: MARTIN METCALFE & THE FORNICATORS plus Special guests PARALLAX FACTION At Nice N Sleazys, Glasgow. Doors 7:30 pm - Over 18's www.facebook.com/StgPromotions 26 APRIL Brookfield Knights present..... THE DARDANELLES: At Brookfield Village Hall, Renfrewshire. Indisputably one of the most exciting ‘live’ bands on the world roots music circuit, The Dardanelles possess all the explosive power of a steam engine that’s about to blow its top. www.facebook.com/thedardanelles Indievous Presents ….. KILL CITY RADIO + FROM THE STORM + DEAD MAN FALL + SAINT SECAIRE + NORTHERN NIGHTLIGHTS: At Pivo Pivo, 15 Waterloo Street, Glasgow. 7.30pm £5/£4 on door. www.facebook.com/indievous
The Fallen Angels Club presents ..... 27 APRIL SUZY BOGGUSS. At St Andrew’s in the Square, Glasgow. Tickets 0141 204 5151 or THE UNDERGROUND YOUTH & LIFE online @ www.ticketweb.co.uk MODEL: At 13th Note King Street, Glasgow. www.fallenangelsclub.com 8pm-11.30. £4 from Tickets Scotland, £6 on the door. Second Part of two special 13 APRIL Scottish dates for The Underground youth. Joined by Glasgow based Life Model And The Fallen Angels Club presents ..... some special guests to be announced closer MALCOLM HOLCOMBE plus support: At to the time. The Manchester based band The Admiral Bar Glasgow G2 7DA. Highlyblend the sounds of shoegaze, post-punk rated, gravel-voiced North Carolina, singer/ and psychedelic rock to create a raw and songwriter, Malcolm Holcombe is lined up haunting wall of sound. The creative project for a show. His ninth studio album, “Down of Craig Dyer boasts a number of digital and By The River” enhanced his reputation for physical releases since it began in 2008, the rugged blues and roots and country songs most recent of which have been released by while featuring duets with none other than the bands label Fuzz Club Records. As a live Emmylou Harris and Steve Earle. His live band The Underground Youth have spent performances are rarely less than riveting the last two years touring through Europe so a great night is guaranteed for all. playing extensively. Tickets £12 from Tickets Scotland on 0141 204 5151. 30 APRIL www.fallenangelsclub.com The Fallen Angels Club presents: KRISTA DETOR + support @ Admiral Bar, Glasgow. 7.30 p.m. £12.00 www.ticketweb. INDIGO VELVET: At Pivo Pivo, Glasgow. co.uk Krista’s solo albums have consistently With the release of their third single 'Small won national and international prominence, Talk' the band are looking to branch out and including number one on the Eurotake their live shows to other cities up and Americana Chart and placement within the down the country. With gigs coming up in top 10 of the U.S. Folk and Independent London and Glasgow this year certainly Music charts. looks promising. www.fallenangelsclub.com www.facebook.com/weareindigovelvet 14 APRIL
15 APRIL
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www.riversiderock.co.uk web www.riversiderock.co.uk facebook www.facebook.com/pages/Riverside-Rock/707018062649643 twitter https://twitter.com/_RiverSideRock tickets www.ticketsource.co.uk/date/96418
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tickets: www.patsyreid.com fiddle workshops: www.workshopsontour.eventbrite.co.uk
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MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide …….. page 11: glasgow + mid west coast - argyll / dundee / fife / perth / stirling / falkirk
The Fallen Angels Club in association with Live @ The Star presents ..... THE ONCE plus JOHN ALEXANDER & PAUL TASKER : After a sell out show at Celtic Connections Newfoundland trio 'The Once' are heading to Glasgow with their mix of traditional and contemporary folk songs. GIGnotes: Tuesday 25 March @ The Admiral Bar Waterloo Street Glasgow G2 7DA. Tickets £11 from Tickets Scotland 0141 204 5151 The Once - http://theonce.ca : photo by Renita Fillatre
The Fallen Angels Club presents: DAN STUART + KATHLEEN HASKARD @Glad Cafe, Shawlands. Doors 7.30pm. £12.00. www.ticketweb.co.uk www.fallenangelsclub.com 6 MAY BLISS: At Classic Grand, Glasgow. Bliss originally formed in Virginia with Alexis Branch "Lex" at the tender age of 8 years old. They now reside in Atlanta, Georgia. Their music is rich and full; realistic and diverse, energetic and highly entertaining! Coining the Genre "Electro Pop & B their music is rich and full; realistic and diverse, energetic and highly entertaining! www.facebook.com/OfficialBLISS 7 MAY St Andrews in the Square presents – RANT. 7.30pm / £12 (£10 conc). RANT is the meeting of 4 of Scotland’s finest fiddle players, two from the Shetland Islands and two from the Highlands. Bethany Reid, Jenna Reid, Sarah-Jane Summers and Lauren MacColl join forces to create a sound rich and vibrant, evocative of the exciting scene they create music in. They made their debut performance in July 2012, storming onto the scene and immediately earning high praise, “delightful … a quartet which should enrich both the traditional and classical music scenes in future” (Northings. com, live review). Using just their fiddles, they weave a tapestry of melodies, textures, layers and sounds. Known for their
work as soloists and with various bands, this is a celebration of the instrument they all have a passion for. 4 fiddles: one beautiful sound! Get tickets at: www.musicglue.com
Greenock. If you missed ABCQ performing Biding Time (remix) at last year's Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the band were blown away by the reaction to the show and are looking forward to touring it this year; hopefully to a venue near you! A BAND CALLED QUINN: At CCA Glasgow. www.bidingtimeremix.com If you missed ABCQ performing Biding Time www.facebook.com/abandcalledquinn (remix) at last year's Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the band were blown away by the 22 MAY reaction to the show and are looking forward to touring it this year; hopefully to The Fallen Angels Club presents: An Evening with ELIZA GILKYSON @ St a venue near you! Andrew's In The Square, Glasgow. Doors www.bidingtimeremix.com 7.30pm. £13.00 www.facebook.com/abandcalledquinn www.ticketweb.co.uk www.fallenangelsclub.com 8 MAY A BAND CALLED QUINN: At CCA Glasgow. If you missed ABCQ performing Biding Time (remix) at last year's Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the band were blown away by the reaction to the show and are looking forward to touring it this year; hopefully to a venue near you! www.bidingtimeremix.com www.facebook.com/abandcalledquinn 20 MAY The Fallen Angels Club presents: NELS ANDREWS plus support @ Admiral Bar, Glasgow. Doors 7.30pm. £12.00. www. ticketweb.co.uk www.fallenangelsclub.com 21 MAY A BAND CALLED QUINN: At The Beacon,
30 MAY The Fallen Angels Club presents: AOIFE O'DONOVAN plus Rachel Ries @ Pleasance Cabaret Bar, Edinburgh. Doors 7.30pm/ Start 8. £13.00 www.ticketweb.co.uk www.fallenangelsclub.com STG Presents: The Stripped Sessions KIT CLARK plus Special Guests, The Old Hairdressers, Glasgow. Doors 7:30 pm Over 18's www.facebook.com/StgPromotions 7 JUNE The Fallen Angels Club presents: An Evening With SAM BAKER @ Pleasance Cabaret Bar, Edinburgh. Doors 7.30pm.
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MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide
the mns collection ….
page 13: glasgow / dundee / fife / perth / stirling £14.00 www.ticketweb.co.uk www.fallenangelsclub.com 8 JUNE STG Presents: The Stripped Sessions DAVID FORD plus Special Guests, At Cottiers Theatre, Kelvin Bridge 7:30 pm Over 18's www.facebook.com/StgPromotions 12 JUNE The Fallen Angels Club presents: THEA GILMORE + support @ St Andrew's In The Square, Glasgow 7.30pm £14.00 www.ticketweb.co.uk www.fallenangelsclub.com 21 JUNE STG Presents: The Stripped Sessions CAROL LAULA plus Guests At The Old Hairdressers, Glasgow. Doors 7:30 pm Over 18's www.facebook.com/StgPromotions 27 JUNE STG Presents: The Stripped Sessions MARIA DOYLE KENNEDY Plus Guests, At Cottiers Theatre, Kelvin Bridge 7:30 pm - Over 18's www.facebook.com/StgPromotions
DUNDEE, / PERTH, / FIFE, STIRLING / FALKIRK Send us all your gig dates for Tayside, Perthsdhire, Fife and Central areas . Email them to Carol [email protected] 22 MARCH Brookfield Knights present..... THE REVELERS: At The Tolbooth Theatre, Stirling. Undisputed Cajun kings, The Revelers make their first ever trip to these shores. Rightly described by renowned BBC World Music radio presenter Lopa Kothari as “a Louisiana supergroup” they happily look back to better times, recapturing some of the feel-good essence of the past. www.facebook.com/RevelersBand LIFE: At Cellar 35, Aberdeen.Life's name really does encapsulate their music and style, which is perhaps akin to early Strokes / Ramones but with a contemporary northern England twist. Former Kaiser Chief Nick Hodgson is on production of this rambunctious little ditty entitled ‘Money’, hope you like it: http://youtu.be/WPymEmIdNxM www.lifeband.co.uk
28 JUNE
SCOTTISH OPERA celebrates 20 years STG Presents: The Stripped Sessions A of Opera Highlights in style with an 18date tour of Scotland: At Montrose Town BAND CALLED QUINN plus Special Guest JOHN RUSH At Cottiers Theatre, Hall. 7.30pm. Perfect for opera fans and novices alike, Opera Highlights features Kelvin Bridge 7:30 pm Over 18's music from some of the world’s most www.facebook.com/StgPromotions popular operas, as well as lesser known gems mined from the operatic archives. 8 AUGUST The programme is brought to life by four talented young singers and a pianist, The Fallen Angels Club presents: packed into a trusty transit van full of ROBBIE FULKS @ Admiral Bar, props and costumes – proving great Glasgow. 7.30 p.m. £13.00 things do come in small packages! www.ticketweb.co.uk www.scottishopera.org.uk www.fallenangelsclub.com 11 SEPTEMBER
23 MARCH
Fife Jazz Club presents: RICHARD MICHAEL. At The Woodside Hotel, Aberdour from 2pm. Tickets £8. Richard Michael at the piano. As a pianist and organist, Richard gives recitals on The Art of Improvisation, and can improvise in any key, in any style at the merest 23 OCTOBER hint of a theme! He is Radio Scotland’s ‘Jazz Jargonbuster’ and has The Fallen Angels Club presents: RED MOLLY @ CCA, Glasgow. 7.30 p.m. demonstrated many styles of Jazz in ‘The Jazz House’ £13.00 www.facebook.com/groups/fifejazzclub www.ticketweb.co.uk www.fallenangelsclub.com BEN POOLE: Award winning young blues/rock artist Ben Poole and his band 31 OCTOBER at Fifestock Festival, Backstage at The The Fallen Angels Club presents: ZOE Green Hotel, Kinross. 8pm Doors, Tickets MUTH & THE LOST HIGH ROLLERS + £12 Tel 01577 863467 www. support @ CCA, Glasgow 7.30 p. £13.00 mundellmusic.com www.facebook.com/benpooleofficial www.ticketweb.co.uk www.fallenangelsclub.com 25 MARCH The Fallen Angels Club presents: THE STRAY BIRDS @ CCA, Glasgow. 7.30 p. m. £13.00 www.ticketweb.co.uk www.fallenangelsclub.com
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cafe: www.facebook.com/pages/Kazmiranda-Vintage-Local-Art-Boutique/478898812161209 music gallery shop: www.facebook.com/pages/The-Music-Gallery/324208144334613
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weblink: www.officialbliss.co.uk support act: www.facebook.com/pages/BLEEKER/197246887993
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MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide …….. page 15: dundee / fife / perth / stirling / falkirk SCOTTISH OPERA celebrates 20 years of Opera Highlights in style with an 18-date tour of Scotland: At Corn Exchange, Cupar. 7.30pm. Perfect for opera fans and novices alike, Opera Highlights features music from some of the world’s most popular operas, as well as lesser known gems mined from the operatic archives. The programme is brought to life by four talented young singers and a pianist, packed into a trusty transit van full of props and costumes – proving great things do come in small packages! www.scottishopera.org.uk
Stones. DJ Junior Lazarou will be keeping everyone entertained when the bands aren't on stage with some top 2 Tone, Ska & Reggae tunes! Tickets £15 from Windsor or www.ticketweb.co.uk www.facebook.com/events/373645949433723/ www.facebook.com/RubberStampPromotions
Sydney, Kuala Lumpur, and New York, gigging in various jazz clubs, top hotels and cocktail bars performing the material by Nat King Cole, Johnny Hartman and Billy Eckstine, thereby firmly establishing his reputation as a top international singer. This visit to Fife Jazz Club is part of a Scottish tour with guitarist Lachlan McColl www.facebook.com/groups/fifejazzclub
SOUTHERN TENANT FOLK UNION: At Birnam Arts Centre – Birnam. Edinburgh based six piece roots and folk collective tour 7 APRIL all across UK behind the acclaimed chart topping fifth album MARIT FALT & RONA WILKIE: Stirling www.birnamarts.com Folk Club, Stirling (with Kirsty Law, Scots Singer) Their debut album “TURAS” is www.facebook.com/ released on 24 January on Watercolour 27 MARCH southerntenantfolkunion Music. It melds tunes and songs from their Brookfield Knights present..... separate geographical backgrounds to 3 APRIL THE ABRAMSON SINGERS: At Acoustic create a new music that’s uplifting, daring Music Club, Kirkcaldy. There is a fair chance and harmonious. The duo fell into playing Brookfield Knights present..... you will have heard a track or two from the together when they were studying in DUBL HANDI: At Acoustic Music Club, stunning new album by The Abramson Newcastle. In 2012 they won the coveted Kirkcaldy. You won’t encounter a fresher Singers from Vancouver, thanks to the level Danny Kyle Award at Glasgow’s Celtic delivery of the Appalachian old-time of radio exposure it has received. One of Connections Festival and Rona was named stringband style than comes from this those who joined LEAH ABRAMSON in the BBC Scotland Young Traditional Musician of upbeat trio who first took Brooklyn by studio for the recording was RAYNA the Year. Marit was also part of the highly storm. With one foot in the past and one GELLERT, well-recognised in her own right acclaimed VAMM. foot in the future of acoustic roots music, following a successful career in Uncle Earl. www.maritandrona.com many are saying their approach was exactly Here, these two friends come together to what was required to bring this ancient become an even more potent force (joined 8 APRIL music to a younger 21st century audience. on bass and guitar by Petunia & The Vipers' www.facebook.com/DublHandi PATSY REID & friends. Perth Concert PATRICK METZGER). Hall, Mill Street, Perth. Time www.facebook.com/abramsonsingers EMILY SMITH: At Stirling, Tolbooth 01786 7.30pm/8.00pm. Tickets £13/£11. Tel; 27 4000. Emily Smith tours in support of 01738 621031 28 MARCH her eagerly awaited new album ECHOES, Rubber Stamp Promotions presents ….. having celebrated a decade as one of 11 APRIL Scottish music’s most distinctively sublime WOLFMONKEY + THE MONA LISA'S + voices. DROPKICK: Support from THE FORBES + THE BLIND LIGHTS + www.tolbooth-stirling.gov.uk GALIPAYGOS. Twa Tams, Perth. 8.30pm. VERTEBRAE + THE MANIFEST: At www.emilysmith.org On tour promoting their new album Windsor, Kirkcaldy. £5 on door. 7.30pm. “Homeward”. This is Dropkick’s most varied WolfMonkey have quickly built up their fan and accomplished collection of songs to base via YouTube and performed their first 4 APRIL date, demonstrating a growing maturity in gig to a sell out crowd in Wee Jimmies Rubber Stamp Promotions presents ….. their song writing and arrangements. But it Cowdenbeath only 3 weeks after forming SIMPLE MINDED: Rubber Stamp is their ear for melody and harmony that when they supported Chris Helme ex The Promotions & Weekend Revolution have are their finest assets, helping Dropkick’s Seahorses. They played that gig as a 2 booked excellent Simple Minds tribute band music appeal to a helping Dropkick’s music piece (Shaun Sneddon & Lee Hynd), but Simple Minded to play their first gig at PJ appeal to a growing band of fans. have since added 3 additional members. Molloys Dunfermline! www.facebook.com/thegalipaygos WolfMonkey have a diverse ranging sound www.facebook.com/events/150397605107187 www.facebook.com/dropkickmusic featuring, country, rap, rock, indie & folk. www.facebook.com/events/275840262582153 www.facebook.com/RubberStampPromotions
29 MARCH
5 APRIL
13 APRIL
Fife Jazz Club presents: NOVA SCOTIA JAZZ BAND. At The Woodside Hotel, Rubber Stamp Promotions presents ….. Aberdour from 2pm. Tickets £10. Nova THE SELECTER + TALISMAN + DJ Scotia Jazz Band. One of the most popular JUNIOR LAZAROU - At Windsor Hotel, and swinging dixieland bands in Scotland. Kirkcaldy. “Too Much Pressure” released by Clarinettist and saxophonist, John Burgess, the important and influential platinum steeped in the music of Alex Welsh and selling band The Selector in Feb 1980 Eddie Condon, is the energetic leader of a remains a classic touchstone for a band that plays hot jazz Chicago style, with generation of Ska lovers. Mixing punk, ska real drive and passion. All tickets can be and reggae, ‘Too Much Pressure’ reserved by calling 01592 750625 or 01592 6 APRIL successfully reflected the social and political 263687 issues of the early Thatcher years in Britain Fife Jazz Club presents: FREDDIE KING. www.facebook.com/groups/fifejazzclub and gave a voice to disaffected youth across At The Woodside Hotel, Aberdour from 2pm. the racial divide. Talisman are one of the 17 APRIL Tickets £8. Freddie King with Lachlan UK’s top British Roots Reggae bands from McColl. Freddie King is the hippest singer in the late 70’s and early 80’s.The band’s DROPKICK: Support from THE town singing bebop ballads and blues all prowess back in the day earned them spun afresh in a net of warmth and pleasure GALIPAYGOS. Clark's, Dundee. 8pm. On support slots with acts as diverse as tour promoting their new album with a distinctive voice all his own. During Burning Spear, The Clash and The Rolling “Homeward”. This is Dropkick’s most varied the last two years Freddie has travelled to THE BRIMSTONE DAYS & POINT INAUDIBLE 'Off the Rails Scottish tour'. Just close your eyes and dream away to the 60 - and 70's rock, listening to an energetic band with a groove you can not stand still to. At Non-Zero's,Castle Street, Dundee. 8pm-12. £4 Advance from Groucho's, £6 on the door. https://thebrimstonedays.bandcamp.com
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MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide …….. page 16: dundee / fife / perth / stirling / falkirk / / aberdeen + north east and accomplished collection of songs to date, demonstrating a growing maturity in their song writing and arrangements. But it is their ear for melody and harmony that are their finest assets, helping Dropkick’s music appeal to a helping Dropkick’s music appeal to a growing band of fans. www.facebook.com/thegalipaygos www.facebook.com/dropkickmusic 18 APRIL HEIDI TALBOT touring with JOHN McCUSKER and IAN CARR: At Carnegie Hall, East Port, Dunfermline, KY12 7JA. 7.30pm Tickets £14/£12 conc. Tel 01383 602302
2 MAY Mundell Music presents: THE MOVE - The Move have rock band credentials that speak for themselves. They can boast being the first band to be played on Radio 1, and have toured alongside The Who and Jimi Hendrix. Without doubt, The Move are one of Britain's most respected bands, having had numerous hit records over the last 30 years including classics such as Flowers In The Rain and Blackberry Way. Minus Roy Wood, but still featuring original members Trevor Burton and Bev Bevan. www.mundellmusic.com 22 MAY
19 APRIL JONNY JACK: At Dunfermline PJ Molloys, 8pm, £5, 01383 729790. Tickets on the door. ‘The most instantly recognizable and unforgettable soulful voices in a long time’ NME. Jonny Jack releases debut EP Skin To The Bone, and takes it to audiences with a Scottish tour. www.facebook.com/JonnyJackMusic 24 APRIL
A BAND CALLED QUINN: At Adam Smith, Kirkcaldy. If you missed ABCQ performing Biding Time (remix) at last year's Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the band were blown away by the reaction to the show and are looking forward to touring it this year; hopefully to a venue near you! www.bidingtimeremix.com www.facebook.com/abandcalledquinn 29 MAY
PLANTEC: At Marryat Hall, Dundee. 7.30pm. Breton based Plantec is at the very leading edge of Celtic music. Their latest release Awen has received rave reviews for its avant-garde approach to traditional melodies. Longtime musical innovators Plantec find the right mix of past, present and future . A mélange of traditional instruments (bombarde, acoustic guitars) 25 APRIL and modern technologies (synths, rhythms) conspire to create a colourful cornucopia of Brookfield Knights present..... finely-crafted and contemporary Celtic THE DARDANELLES: At Birnam Arts compositions. £10, Concessions - £8, Centre, Perthshire. Indisputably one of the most exciting ‘live’ bands on the world roots Accompanied Schoolchildren - £5 www.dundeebox.co.uk music circuit, The Dardanelles possess all the explosive power of a steam engine that’s about to blow its top. www.facebook.com/thedardanelles
ABERDEEN + NORTH EAST
GLEADHRAICH: EP launch for 'Pipe Dreams' with support from RAIREN and SOME NIGHTS. At the Starlight Showroom, Dundee, 7.30pm. Tickets from Grouchos or through any of the band members. Scottish celtic rock band Gleadhraich have set themselves the task of transforming Scottish traditional music, they are a celtic rock band from Angus/ Dundee who have grown in stature since their formation in 2010. The EP is released at the end of March but they will be playing this special show where the physical release will be available for the first time.
SOUTHERN TENANT FOLK UNION: At Woodend Barn – Banchory. Edinburgh based six piece roots and folk collective tour all across UK behind the acclaimed chart topping fifth album www.woodendbarn.com www.facebook.com/southerntenantfolkunion 29 MARCH Fat Hippy Battle of the Bands: THE FINAL - Now down to the last 4 bands! Some really great bands now battling for the £5000 recording prize. At Downstairs, 82 Holburn Street, Aberdeen. www.facebook.com/events/211147575745794
Brookfield Knights present..... THE DARDANELLES: At Acoustic Music Club, Kirkcaldy. Indisputably one of the most exciting ‘live’ bands on the world roots music circuit, The Dardanelles possess all the explosive power of a steam engine that’s about to blow its top. www.facebook.com/thedardanelles
26 APRIL
Village Hall, Aberdeenshire. There is a fair chance you will have heard a track or two from the stunning new album by The Abramson Singers from Vancouver, thanks to the level of radio exposure it has received. One of those who joined LEAH ABRAMSON in the studio for the recording was RAYNA GELLERT, well-recognised in her own right following a successful career in Uncle Earl. Here, these two friends come together to become an even more potent force (joined on bass and guitar by Petunia & The Vipers' PATRICK METZGER). www.facebook.com/abramsonsingers
Send us all your gig dates for the Highlands Email them to Carol [email protected] 22 MARCH Fat Hippy Battle of the Bands SEMI FINAL: Now down to the last 8 bands! Some really great bands now battling for a place in the Final on 29 March. At Downstairs, 82 Holburn Street, Aberdeen.
www.facebook.com/FatHippyBOTB
Brookfield Knights present..... THE ABRAMSON SINGERS: At The Salmon Bothy, Portsoy. There is a fair chance you will have heard a track or two from the stunning new album by The Abramson Singers from Vancouver, thanks to the level of radio exposure it has received. One of those who joined LEAH ABRAMSON in the studio for the recording was RAYNA GELLERT, well-recognised in her own right following a successful career in Uncle Earl. Here, these two friends come together to become an even more potent force (joined on bass and guitar by Petunia & The Vipers' PATRICK METZGER). www.facebook.com/abramsonsingers 2 APRIL Almost Blue Promotions presents ….. THAD BECKMAN: At The Blue Lamp, Aberdeen. 8pm/£10. Thad Beckman plays an engaging blend of folk, singer-songwriter and blues music. Not everyone can pull off such a combination, but Beckman has chops, writing talent, a big personality and a bag full of true stories which all dovetail for a cool show. www.thadbeckman.com www.almostbluepromotions.com www.facebook.com/AlmostBluePromotions 4 APRIL
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Almost Blue Promotions presents ….. DEAN OWENS: At The Blue Lamp, A ‘Day of Blues’ in Arbroath. 3pm to 12am. Aberdeen. 8pm / £10. We are proud to bring 28 MARCH Two venues with Paddy McGuire’s Blues back to Aberdeen, Dean Owens a Singer/ Band, Cry Baby & The Hoochie Coochie Boys songwriter with a crystalline voice and a Brookfield Knights present..... and The Yahs - and it’s Free! More info at sound that meshes country rock with THE ABRAMSON SINGERS: At Glenbuchat acoustic ballads combining elements of www.smokieblues.com www.facebook.com/pages/Gleadhraich/273235032696158
www.facebook.com/FatHippyBOTB
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MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide …….. page 18: aberdeen + north east / highlands Woody Guthrie and Townes Van Zandt. www.almostbluepromotions.com www.facebook.com/AlmostBluePromotions 17 APRIL NORDOFF ROBBINS SCOTLAND: Music student Rebekah Smith is holding a rock night in aid of Nordoff Robbins Scotland at Downstairs in Aberdeen. Entry is only £3. www.facebook.com/nordoffrobbinsscotland 23 APRIL Brookfield Knights present..... THE DARDANELLES: At Glenbuchat Village Hall, Aberdeenshire. Indisputably one of the most exciting ‘live’ bands on the world roots music circuit, The Dardanelles possess all the explosive power of a steam engine that’s about to blow its top. www.facebook.com/thedardanelles 29 APRIL Almost Blue Promotions presents ….. MADISON VIOLET + DANNI NICHOLLS. At The Blue Lamp, Aberdeen. 8pm/£12. Madison Violet are a Canadian folk music duo composed of singer-songwriters Brenley MacEachern and Lisa MacIsaac. The group has been notable for various folk and pop award nominations and wins. Their distinct take on iconic Americana-inspired up-tempo melodies beautifully contrasts with their breathtakingly sweeping and personal lyrics, creating songs that blend nods to Lucinda Williams and Gillian Welch with radiofriendly flecks of The Court-Yard Hounds. Danni Nicholls has been playing live continuously for the past 10 years. She is a vibrant and confident performer who has supported many artists such as Todd Snider, Kim Richey, Jim Lauderdale, Angus and Julia Stone, Bobby Bare Jr, Otis Gibbs, Mark Olsen, Nell Bryden, Tift Merrit and Diana Jones. Danni’s performances are guaranteed to melt your heart and the soles of your cowboy boots. Her passionate delivery, powerful, velvet voice and charmingly engaging between-song banter compel you to fall under her spell. www.almostbluepromotions.com www.facebook.com/AlmostBluePromotions 17 MAY A BAND CALLED QUINN: At Woodend Barn, Banchory. If you missed ABCQ performing Biding Time (remix) at last year's Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the band were blown away by the reaction to the show and are looking forward to touring it this year; hopefully to a venue near you! www.bidingtimeremix.com www.facebook.com/abandcalledquinn
HIGHLANDS Send us all your gig dates for all the Highlands Email them to Carol [email protected]
some brand new material. Their sophisticated and thoughtful arrangements showcase the unique blend of influences the five musicians bring. www.cherrygrovemusic.com 25 MARCH
SOUTHERN TENANT FOLK UNION: At Eden Court Theatre, Inverness. Edinburgh 22 MARCH based six piece roots and folk collective tour all across UK behind the acclaimed chart CHERRYGROVE: Community Centre, Spean topping fifth album Bridge. Debut album launch tour for ‘No www.eden-court.co.uk Time Like Now’, with traditional songs, www.facebook.com/southerntenantfolkunion contemporary melodies and original compositions, Cherrygrove are one of 5 APRIL Scotland’s most exciting new folk ensembles. So far, they have enticed Caithness Gigs presents: NEON WALTZ audiences internationally with performances @ Blackstairs Lounge, 20 Breadalbane at the London 2012 Olympics as well as Terrace, Wick, Caithness, Highlands, KW1 Europe’s largest celtic music festival, 5AQ. £6.00 / Over 18s Only Festival Interceltique in Lorient, France. ‘No www.caithnessgigs.com Time Like Now’ was produced and engineered in Scotland by Angus Lyon 6 APRIL (Blazin’ Fiddles, Box Club) and brings together the band’s favourite sets as well as Caithness Gigs presents: NEON WALTZ some brand new material. Their @ Y-Not Bar & Grill, Grove Lane, Thurso, sophisticated and thoughtful arrangements Caithness, Highlands, KW14 8AE. £6.00 / showcase the unique blend of influences the Over 18s Only five musicians bring. www.caithnessgigs.com www.cherrygrovemusic.com 19 APRIL MARIT FALT & RONA WILKIE: Benderloch Village Hall, Benderloch, Argyll. DROPKICK: 1pm accoustic gig @ Their debut album “TURAS” is released on Greenhouse Music, Dingwall. On tour 24 January on Watercolour Music. It melds promoting their new album “Homeward”. tunes and songs from their separate This is Dropkick’s most varied and geographical backgrounds to create a new accomplished collection of songs to date, music that’s uplifting, daring and demonstrating a growing maturity in their harmonious. The duo fell into playing song writing and arrangements. But it is together when they were studying in their ear for melody and harmony that are Newcastle. In 2012 they won the coveted their finest assets, helping Dropkick’s music Danny Kyle Award at Glasgow’s Celtic appeal to a grow Connections Festival and Rona was named www.facebook.com/dropkickmusic BBC Scotland Young Traditional Musician of the Year. Marit was also part of the highly DROPKICK: Madhatters at Hootananny, acclaimed VAMM. Inverness. 9.30pm. On tour promoting their www.maritandrona.com new album “Homeward”. This is Dropkick’s most varied and accomplished collection of MACHINES IN HEAVEN: songs to date, demonstrating a growing Bordersbreakdown LP launch. At The Bothy/ maturity in their song writing and Hootananny Inverness. "Deserves your arrangements. But it is their ear for melody attention.. amazing!" Ally McCrae - BBC and harmony that are their finest assets, Radio helping Dropkick’s music appeal to a grow www.facebook.com/machinesinheaven www.facebook.com/dropkickmusic 23 MARCH
25 APRIL
CHERRYGROVE: The Old Bridge Inn, Aviemore. Debut album launch tour for ‘No Time Like Now’, with traditional songs, contemporary melodies and original compositions, Cherrygrove are one of Scotland’s most exciting new folk ensembles. So far, they have enticed audiences internationally with performances at the London 2012 Olympics as well as Europe’s largest celtic music festival, Festival Interceltique in Lorient, France. ‘No Time Like Now’ was produced and engineered in Scotland by Angus Lyon (Blazin’ Fiddles, Box Club) and brings together the band’s favourite sets as well as
Strathpeffer Pavilion presents: TREACHEROUS ORCHESTRA with THE ELEPHANT SESSIONS. 7.30pm. Scotland's foremost group of anarchic tunesmiths emerged from the vibrant Glasgow folk scene. Treacherous Orchestra take Scottish dance music into a thrilling new dimension. Having grown up under the influence of pioneering fusion acts such as Shooglenifty, Martyn Bennett, Salsa Celtica and Croft No. 5, they draw simultaneously on deep traditional roots and contemporary influences. Featuring bagpipes, whistles, flutes, fiddles, accordion, banjo, guitars, bass, drums and percussion, they combine
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goNORTH is FREE! Register @ http://gonorthfestival.co.uk/register/ Scotland's Leading Creative Industries Festival - Inverness : 4-5 June
www.gonorthfestival.co.uk
Acts showcased by goNORTH in 2013 PRIDES : THREE BLIND WOLVES : CASUAL SEX : FAT GOTH : THE BOY WHO TRAPPED THE SUN : ROMAN NOSE : FAKE MAJOR : BLOOD RELATIVES : CLEAVERS : MIKE NISBET : WILLIE CAMPBELL : HECTOR BIZERK : RED RONSON : THE DEADLINE SHAKES : DONALD MACDONALD & THE ISLANDS : VASQUEZ : PRONTO MAMA : PLASTIC ANIMALS : MINIATURE DINOSAURS : ALARM BELLS : SHAMBLES MILLER : LIONEL : SAINT MAX AND THE FANATICS : BOOK GROUP : FORREST FIRES : BE LIKE PABLO : ATLAS:EMPIRE : SO MANY ANIMAL CALLS : THE VELVETEEN SAINTS : THE OXIDES : THE OK SOCIAL CLUB : GALOSHINS : BEAR ARMS : CARNIVORES : JEMMA TWEEDIE : LITTLE FIRE : THE RECOVERY : WOODENBOX : LIDH : KOBI : EUGENE TWIST : PLUM : THE YAWNS : FRIENDS IN AMERICA : GARDEN OF ELKS : THE SEA ATLAS : BEHOLD THE OLD BEAR : ARCHES : THE MOUSE THAT ATE THE CAT : DUNCAN OVERMEER : BIRDHEAD : PINACT : BLACK INTERNATIONAL : ALGERNON DOLL : POOR THINGS : DAVEY HORNE : HOMEWORK : THE BROKEN RAVENS : CALL TO MIND : CAMPFIRES IN WINTER : DYLAN TIERNEY : JO MANGO
Follow the build-up to goNORTH on 4-5 June @ www.facebook.com/gonorthinverness https://twitter.com/goNORTHFEST www.gonorthfestival.co.uk
MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide …….. page 20: highlands / islands / ayrshire / dumfries / south west ferocious energy and sophisticated musical arrangements, with explosive results. Support by The Elephant Sessions, who played a great set at the Pavilion during the amaSing festival. Tickets £15 now online (and selling fast!) from WeGotTickets.com and Ticketweb.co.uk – on sale elsewhere very soon www.treacherousorchestra.com http://elephantsessions.com www.StrathpefferPavilion.org 4 MAY
SCOTTISH ISLANDS Send us all your gig dates for all of the Scottish islands Email them to Carol [email protected] 22 MARCH
Caithness Gigs presents: JOHN POWER (Cast / The La’s) Acoustic Show @ Blackstairs Lounge, 20 Breadalbane Terrace, Wick, Caithness, Highlands, KW1 5AQ. £17.00 / Over 18s Only www.caithnessgigs.com 9 MAY
Transclyde Music presents: The return of the fantastic ALAN MURPHY plus local group RISE (tbc). Transclyde Music promote live music on the Isle of Bute. https://twitter.com/transclydemusic http://transclydemusic.co.uk/ 27 MARCH
A BAND CALLED QUINN: At Eden Court, Inverness. If you missed ABCQ performing Biding Time (remix) at last year's Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the band were blown away by the reaction to the show and are looking forward to touring it this year; hopefully to a venue near you! www.bidingtimeremix.com www.facebook.com/abandcalledquinn
SOUTHERN TENANT FOLK UNION: At Aros Arts Centre , Viewfield Road, Portree,, Isle Of Skye. Edinburgh based six piece roots and folk collective tour all across UK behind the acclaimed chart topping fifth album www.aros.co.uk www.facebook.com/southerntenantfolkunion
16 MAY
1 APRIL
Strathpeffer Pavilion presents: TOPLOADER. 7.30pmtop pop rock band, which has sold over two million albums with a string of top 20 chart hits at home and abroad and is famous for the hugely popular single Dancing in the Moonlight. Toploader’s latest single This is the Night is currently the most played song on BBC Radio 2. Support to be announced. Tickets £15 are already selling online with WeGotTickets and Ticketweb UK – also via Ticketweb 24-hr hotline 08444 771000 – on sale elsewhere very soon. www.StrathpefferPavilion.org
SCOTTISH OPERA celebrates 20 years of Opera Highlights in style with an 18-date tour of Scotland: At Whiting Bay Village Hall, Arran. 7.30pm. Perfect for opera fans and novices alike, Opera Highlights features music from some of the world’s most popular operas, as well as lesser known gems mined from the operatic archives. The programme is brought to life by four talented young singers and a pianist, packed into a trusty transit van full of props and costumes – proving great things do come in small packages! www.scottishopera.org.uk
24 MAY
5 APRIL
Transclyde Music promote live music on the Isle of Bute. https://twitter.com/transclydemusic http://transclydemusic.co.uk/ 1-4 MAY Brookfield Knights present..... THE DARDANELLES: At Shetland Folk Festival. Indisputably one of the most exciting ‘live’ bands on the world roots music circuit, The Dardanelles possess all the explosive power of a steam engine that’s about to blow its top. www.facebook.com/thedardanelles 25 MAY Transclyde Music presents: We have folk royalty in the guise of multi award winner MARTIN SIMPSON, who will play at the Marble Hall in Mount Stuart. Transclyde Music promote live music on the Isle of Bute. https://twitter.com/transclydemusic http://transclydemusic.co.uk/
AYRSHIRE / DUMFRIES SOUTH WEST Carlisle + just over the border
Send us all your gig dates for Dumfriesshire, South West and Cumbria areas Email them to Carol [email protected] 23 MARCH Brookfield Knights present..... THE REVELERS: At Harbour Arts Centre, Irvine. Undisputed Cajun kings, The Revelers make their first ever trip to these shores. Rightly described by renowned BBC World Music radio presenter Lopa Kothari as “a Louisiana supergroup” they happily look back to better times, recapturing some of the feel-good essence of the past. www.facebook.com/RevelersBand
Transclyde Music presents: GARY HALL at Musicker Cafe. Transclyde Music promote live music on the Isle of Bute. 27 MARCH https://twitter.com/transclydemusic http://transclydemusic.co.uk/ SCOTTISH OPERA celebrates 20 years of Opera Highlights in style with an 18-date 11 APRIL tour of Scotland: At Dalbeattie Town Hall. 7.30pm. Perfect for opera fans and novices www.facebook.com/events/501813536604761/ PATSY REID & friends: An Tobar, Argyll alike, Opera Highlights features music from Terrace, Tobermory, Isle of Mull. Time www.facebook.com/InverieVillageHall some of the world’s most popular operas, as 8pm/8.30pm. Tickets £10/£8. Tel 01688 well as lesser known gems mined from the 302211 30 MAY operatic archives. The programme is www.patsyreid.com brought to life by four talented young Caithness Gigs presents: DONNIE singers and a pianist, packed into a trusty 19 APRIL MUNRO @ Assembly Rooms, Sinclair transit van full of props and costumes – Terrace, Wick, KW1 5AB. £16.00 / Over 18s proving great things do come in small Transclyde Music presents: A departure Only packages! from our traditional singer/songwriter line www.caithnessgigs.com www.scottishopera.org.uk up with a four piece band called BLUE SWAMP. One of the artists played with the 3 APRIL Animals and another in the Dylan Band – so it should prove to be an interesting event. SCOTTISH OPERA celebrates 20 years of JAMES HICKMAN & DAN CASSIDY: At Inverie Village Hall (8pm), Inverie, Knoydart, PH41 4PL. Here's a link to James and Dan playing last year: http://bit. ly/1kP2IFl Tickets for this event are on the door reserve tickets through this Facebook page (below)
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MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide …….. page 21: ayrshire / dumfries / south west and 'just over the border' Opera Highlights in style with an 18-date tour of Scotland: At Maybole Town Hall. 7.30pm. Perfect for opera fans and novices alike, Opera Highlights features music from some of the world’s most popular operas, as well as lesser known gems mined from the operatic archives. The programme is brought to life by four talented young singers and a pianist, packed into a trusty transit van full of props and costumes – proving great things do come in small packages! www.scottishopera.org.uk
EMILY SMITH: At Langholm, Buccleuch Centre 013873 81196. Emily Smith tours in support of her eagerly awaited new album ECHOES, having celebrated a decade as one of Scottish music’s most distinctively sublime voices. www.buccleuchcentre.com www.emilysmith.org
9pm, free admission. www.facebook.com/eagle.prestwick
WILDCARD: At Eagle Tavern, Prestwick. 9pm, free admission. www.facebook.com/eagle.prestwick
BIG LICKS: At Eagle Tavern, Prestwick. 9pm, free admission. www.facebook.com/eagle.prestwick
6 APRIL
THE PEAS: At The Alton Inn, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. 9pm, free admission.
4 APRIL
Brookfield Knights present..... EMILY SMITH: At Castle Douglas, The DUBL HANDI: At Harbour Arts Centre, Fullarton 01556 504506. Emily Smith tours Irvine. You won’t encounter a fresher in support of her eagerly awaited new delivery of the Appalachian old-time album ECHOES, having celebrated a decade stringband style than comes from this as one of Scottish music’s most distinctively upbeat trio who first took Brooklyn by sublime voices. storm. With one foot in the past and one www.thefullarton.co.uk foot in the future of acoustic roots music, www.emilysmith.org many are saying their approach was exactly what was required to bring this ancient 5 APRIL music to a younger 21st century audience. www.facebook.com/DublHandi 4PLAY: At The Alton Inn, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. 9pm, free admission. 12 APRIL
THE 585's: At The Alton Inn, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. 9pm, free admission. www.facebook.com/pages/The-Alton-Inn/130778983635951
19 APRIL
www.facebook.com/pages/The-Alton-Inn/130778983635951
26 APRIL BLACKLEAF 40: At Eagle Tavern, Prestwick. 9pm, free admission. www.facebook.com/eagle.prestwick NO DOGZ ALLOWED: At The Alton Inn, Kilwinning, Ayrshire. 9pm, free admission. www.facebook.com/pages/The-Alton-Inn/130778983635951
www.facebook.com/pages/The-Alton-Inn/130778983635951
THE PEAS: At Eagle Tavern, Prestwick.
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weblink: www.facebook.com/RubberStampPromotions event page: www.facebook.com/events/150397605107187
www.brokenrecordsband.com
weblink: www.brokenrecordsband.com King Tuts tickets: www.ticketmaster.co.uk/artist/41058?tm_link=artist_artistvenue_module
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MUSIC NEWS Scotland GIGguide …….. page 22: scottish borders and 'just over the border'
SCOTTISH BORDERS
Berwick + just over the border Send us all your gig dates for Scottish Borders and Northumberland areas Email them to Carol [email protected] 25 MARCH Kazmiranda Music Cafe presents: Hazels Acoustic Freestyle Session from 7pm-11pm, usual coffee, soft drinks, snacks, cakes, and £3 corkage if you want to bring your own. The last one was great fun, so if you want to play your party piece, this is the one. All ages welcome. www.facebook.com/pages/Kazmiranda-Vintage-Local-Art-Boutique/478898812161209
www.facebook.com/TheMusicGalleryUk 28 MARCH
St Boswells Live! - Bread & Jam: It’s that time of the month when musicians in the Borders start looking at song sheets, dusting off instruments and loosening up their voices. Don’t worry, we’re all very nice and appreciate your efforts; so on Friday 28 March, from 8pm, get yourself down to St Boswells Cricket Club and set those notes free! As usual, all types of musician are welcome, whether you want to sing a ballad, hammer a power chord, join together with a group, or just harmonise while others play. Other options are available – last month saw the first appearance of a saxophone quartet, plus a couple of remarkable and unrehearsed jams. As usual, there will be a small amp and mixer if you need them, so please don’t bring your own – it gets a bit crowded. There will also be some food (requests taken in advance) to go with the drink from the lovely Cricket Club bar. www.stboswellslive.com 29 MARCH Kazmiranda Music Cafe presents: Open Mic. www.facebook.com/pages/Kazmiranda-Vintage-Local-Art-Boutique/478898812161209
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SCOTTISH OPERA celebrates 20 years of Opera Highlights in style with an 18-date tour of Scotland: At Victoria Hall, Selkirk. 7.30pm. Perfect for opera fans and novices alike, Opera Highlights features music from some of the world’s most popular operas, as well as lesser known gems mined from the operatic archives. The programme is brought to life by four talented young singers and a pianist, packed into a trusty transit van full of props and costumes – proving great things do come in small packages! www.scottishopera.org.uk 4 APRIL
Brookfield Knights present..... DUBL HANDI: At The Border Club, Hawick. You won’t encounter a fresher delivery of the Appalachian old-time stringband style than comes from this upbeat trio who first took Brooklyn by storm. With one foot in the past and one foot in the future of acoustic roots music, many are saying their approach was exactly what was required to bring this ancient music to a younger 21st century audience. www.facebook.com/DublHandi 5 APRIL
Scotland's most creative singer/songwriter talent. www.facebook.com/StringJamClub 16 APRIL MARIT FALT & RONA WILKIE: Candlelit Concert, Peebles. Their debut album “TURAS” is released on 24 January on Watercolour Music. It melds tunes and songs from their separate geographical backgrounds to create a new music that’s uplifting, daring and harmonious. The duo fell into playing together when they were studying in Newcastle. In 2012 they won the coveted Danny Kyle Award at Glasgow’s Celtic Connections Festival and Rona was named BBC Scotland Young Traditional Musician of the Year. Marit was also part of the highly acclaimed VAMM. www.maritandrona.com
Kazmiranda Music Cafe presents: The lunchtime session is an album launch featuring DANCING WITH GHOSTS, with Karl Robbins and crew its not to be missed. This show will lead into the evening slot, an evening with ORDINARY SON and guests, a promotional run up to their European tour, 17 APRIL more to follow on this one. www.facebook.com/pages/Kazmiranda-Vintage-Local-Art-Boutique/478898812161209 HEIDI TALBOT touring with JOHN www.facebook.com/TheMusicGalleryUk McCUSKER and IAN CARR: At Eastgate Theatre & Arts Centre, Eastgate, Peebles, CALUM STEWART & HEIKKI EH45 8AD. 7.30pm Tickets £15/£13 conc. BOURGAULT: The Sage, St Mary's Square, £5 child Tel 01721 725777 Gateshead Quays, Gateshead, www.eastgatearts.com 10 APRIL
Brookfield Knights present..... DUBL HANDI: At Jumpin Hot Club, The PATSY REID & friends: Eastgate Theatre, Cluny, Newcastle upon Tyne. You won’t Peebles. Tel 01721 725 777 encounter a fresher delivery of the www.patsyreid.com Appalachian old-time stringband style than comes from this upbeat trio who first took 12 APRIL Brooklyn by storm. With one foot in the past and one foot in the future of acoustic roots Songwriters In The Round ….. featuring music, many are saying their approach was TOM CLELLAND, GEORGIA GORDON, exactly what was required to bring this JOHN HINSHELWOOD and PETER ancient music to a younger 21st century NARDINI: At The County Hotel, 1-5 High audience. Street, Selkirk, Scottish Borders TD7 4BZ. www.facebook.com/DublHandi Tel: 01750-721233. Doors 7.30 pm. Starts 8.00 pm. Tickets £10, available in advance 19 APRIL from the venue or on the door. Credit card bookings, phone 01750-721233. And now Fab at the Abb presents ..... AARON for something completely different......String WRIGHT and CRAIG JEFFREY. A new Jam Club's intimate stage is the perfect regular music night at The Abbotsford Arms setting for this special 'Songwriters in the Hotel, Galashiels with 2 of Scotlands best Round' concert. Led by Lanarkshire young singer/songwriters. songwriter Tom Clelland, it brings together www.facebook.com/pages/JMP3-Jeffrey-Music-Promotions/745042952180452 four excellent Scottish songwriters on stage at the same time, sharing their stories and songs, and revealing the influences and inspirations that lie behind their music. With a vibrant mix of blues, folk, country and indie styles, the concert will offer a fascinating and entertaining insight into the creative process of four contrasting artists. 'Songwriters in the Round' is like being invited into the living room of some of
www.stboswellslive.com weblink: www.stboswellslive.com blog: http://stboswellslive.wordpress.com/
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Festivals! Scotland's Music
the weekly Scottish music festival supplement from MUSIC NEWS Scotland
t n e m e l p p u s ! S L A / s l V a I v i T t S E fes / F m t o s c e s. t s e a r l p d r u or w o . d d n a otl rea c s s w ne @
ic s u m / http:/
Gria won last year's Hebridean Celtic Festival's search for new young talent - see page 3 to enter this year's competition! www.hebceltfest.com
INSIDE: HebCelt : Wickerman : Northern Streams : TradFest : 'Alba' : Eden : Big Beach Ball ..... plus our 2014 Scottish music festival listings! www.gonorth.biz
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SCOTTISH MUSIC FESTIVALS Read our full FESTIVALS! supplement @ http://musicnewsscotland.wordpress.com/festivals/
MARCH
Knoydart 2015
Bring It All Home
The Annual Fifestock Music Festival takes place "Backstage” at The Green Hotel, Kinross. Latest updates on the website. FIFESTOCK comes but once a year and here it is for 2014! A wide range of genres and artists for you all to experience. Don't leave it too late to book on 01577 863467
Knoydart Festival is a weekend-long outdoor music festival for the whole family, centred around Scottish traditional music. It has been held every two years since 2009 and the next one is in 2015.
www.fifestock.com
Niel Gow Scottish Fiddle Festival
www.facebook.com/knoydartmusicfestival
Edinburgh 2015
www.glenfargfolkclub.com
Paisley 11-19 April The cream of Scotland’s songwriting talent is teaming up for a series of unique concerts to celebrate the memory of the late Gerry Rafferty in his hometown of Paisley. Bring it all Home will bring together some of the finest Scottish artists of the past few decades for a star-studded tribute to Gerry and his life’s work. The festival – a key part of the Homecoming Scotland celebrations – coincides with a two-month exhibition of the singer’s memorabilia at Paisley Museum, featuring artwork from his friend and another of Paisley’s best-known sons, John Byrne.
Dunkeld & Birnam 21-23 March
There will be no Haddow Fest this year but it will www.bringitallhome.co.uk return in 2015.
The 2014 Niel Gow Festival will be held in the beautiful Perthshire village of Dunkeld & Birnam, home of Niel Gow. The annual festival was established in 2004 to celebrate the life and music of Perthshire's fiddle legend. It is envisaged that through time the festival and other activities will gather enough funds to erect a fitting memorial to Niel Gow in Dunkeld & Birnam. Niel Gow (not Neil Gow) was born in Strathbraan on 22nd March 1727 and grew up in the village of Inver, by Dunkeld.
www.facebook.com/haddowfest
Hawick Reivers Festival Hawick 23-25 March
Glasgow 4-6 April
Go-Rock is a mini multi-venue festival aiming to showcase some of the great unsigned/ Counterflows Glasgow based festival of contem- independent acts in Scotland. Just a short train porary experimental music featuring artists from ride from Glasgow, the pretty coastal town of Gourock with its intimate venues and stunning across the world. The festival is held in April views is the perfect location for our small festiwith occasional concerts throughout the year. val. Raising funds for Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy charity. Tickets available from (17 Feb) www.facebook.com/Counterflows www.tickets-scotland.com and www.eventbrite.co.uk
Edinburgh International Harp Festival Edinburgh 4-9 April
As always music is at the heart of Hawick Reivers Festival and Session A9 and Scocha will provide the focus for this. There are a number of new innovations this year and plans are being finalised for an exciting weekend. As the town hall is unavailable the main concert venue switches to the Old Baths where Scocha will kick off the festival in their own inimitable way. www.hawickreivers.com
North Of The Wall Glasgow 29 March
The Clarsach Society & Edinburgh International Harp Festival is an annual celebration and gathering of musical talents. Find out more about us at www.clarsachsociety.co.uk The Clarsach Society (Comunn na Clarsaich) encourages interest in the instrument, especially amongst young players, who enjoy its adaptability to solo work, accompaniment or ensemble playing. The Society also presents the Edinburgh International Harp Festival - an annual celebration and gathering of musical talents. Every Spring we bring harpists from across the globe together to rub shoulders with you, the audience.
www.harpfestival.co.uk MORGUL - Glasgow Metal and Rock Society presents North of the Wall a one-day metal festival Wikeed Day Out which returns for a second year of madness big- Glasgow ger and better! The festival's venue is Glasgow's 5 April The Classic Grand. www.facebook.com/thenorthofthewall
MV Festival Aviemore
Returning 13-15 March 2015 The next MV Festival will take place in 2015 It’s a weekend of comedy, music and snowsport thrills on the hills in and around Aviemore. 2015 tickets will soon be available from www. ukgigsonline.com Proceeds from the festival go to the Children's Hospice Association Scotland (CHAS) and Disability Snowsport UK. www.mvfestival.com
Wikeed Day Out is a brand new festival coming to Glasgow and being held at Nice N Sleazys. The event will see 7 acts in one day come together from across Scotland in one venue. https://twitter.com/WikeedDayOut www.facebook.com/WikeedDayOut
Glenfarg Folk Feast Glenfarg 11-13 April
www.go-rock-fest.com
Northern Nashville Country Music Festival Caithness 18-20 April In 2004 we took a gamble and ran our first ever Northern Nashville Caithness Country Music Festival (NNCCMF), which thankfully was a great success. Over the years it has gone from strength to strength, with country music fans converging on Caithness over Easter Weekend to be part of this 3-day 5-show extravaganza of live country music. This is truly an international event featuring top class acts from the USA, Canada, Europe, Ireland and the U.K. alongside our wealth of local talent and youth bands. www.nncmc.co.uk
Northern Streams Edinburgh 25-26 April Prepare to sail the seas with music, song and dance courtesy of Edinburgh’s Northern Streams 2014 Festival programme. Guests include Norway’s dynamic ‘rock and roll’ Storm Weather Shanty Choir, award-winning Kevin Lees, Dave Wood & Noa Shamir (Denmark/Britain); Shetland’s premier duo Maggie Adamson & Brian Nicholson and innovative Swedish musicians Kristin Borgehed & Nathan Bissette.
www.northernstreams.org Ran by Glenfarg Village Folk Club the festival may be small but its stature and longevity are TradFest Edinburgh huge to say the least. We pride ourselves on Dùn Èideann running a friendly event with workshops and competitions to suit all tastes, and the World fa- Edinburgh mous Puff-a -Box competition just has to be 29 April - 11 May
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SCOTTISH MUSIC FESTIVALS Read our full FESTIVALS! supplement @ http://musicnewsscotland.wordpress.com/festivals/ TradFest Edinburgh · Dùn Èideann is a vibrant festival of folk arts celebrating music, song, storytelling, dance, folk drama, arts and crafts, literature, architecture, film and multi-media in the capital city. The core programming theme for 2014 is ‘Revival and Renaissance’ which will explore the cyclical way in which Scotland’s folk arts burst into life and influence every other aspect of culture. Over 70 events were showcased between 24 April and 6 May 2013 in Scotland’s Capital with locals and visitors both discovering a feast of culture in the Festival City! www.tracscotland.org/festivals/tradfest
MAY
The Highlands and Islands Music and Dance Festival has developed into one of Scotland’s major cultural festivals, and takes place annually in Oban, Scotland. The event has developed to include new special events and competitions, and the festival now offers over 1100 participants 125 competition classes in eleven disciplines including piping, accordion, fiddle, clarsach, piano, recorder, woodwind & brass, singing, highland dancing and choreography. This is the festival's 31st year and 2014 is going to be their biggest yet with new venues and over 1100 participants, 125 competition classes in eleven disiplines. www.obanfestival.org
Isle of Bute Jazz Festival
34th Shetland Folk Festival
Isle of Bute 2-5 May
Shetland 1-4 May
The Isle of Bute Jazz Festival has grown spectacularly from its small beginnings to become one of Britain's most popular jazz weekends. The Festival as the UK's most northerly folk fes- Top-class UK and international names feature in tival is regarded a prestigious event for perform- a programme of traditional jazz music in one of ers, locals and visitors alike. Organised by a vol- Scotland's prettiest and friendliest seaside reuntary committee (and run by an even bigger sorts. pool of volunteers) the Festival prides itself in reaching out to even the most far flung areas of www.butejazz.com Shetland. Concerts are organised throughout the isles, consisting of some of the best InternaDarvel Music Festival tional, British and Shetland music that the world Darvel has to offer. In fact, visiting artistes are regu3 May larly dumbfounded by the quantity and quality of local musicians that our remote isles have to ofFirst in the 2014 Concert Series is Eric Bibb and fer. Band, with support from Michael Jerome Browne on 3rd May. Early bird special of £22.50 until www.shetlandfolkfestival.com March 31st when price reverts to £25. Please support us by buying tickets early and if you can Thornhill Music Festival help us by making a donation and becoming a Dumfriesshire Festival Patron, you can do so by following the 2-4 May link below to the Festival Shop. We are hoping that further sponsorship and funding will be in 20 plus band cross-genre Music Festival in Dum- place later in the year that will enable us to profriesshire, early May Bank Holiday, Run by Lewis duce further concerts in October/November. If Hamilton Music. The village is an attractive and any businesses are interested in sponsoring the vibrant community of some 2,000 people, and Festival then please get in touch. Dumfries and Galloway is a well-known music destination, hosting such successful events as www.darvelmusicfestival.org the Wickerman, Moniaive Folk and Bluegrass Festivals. Thornhill lies at the junction of the A76 Brew at the Bog Dumfries to Kilmarnock and A702 New Galloway Inverness to Edinburgh roads in the mid-section of the 3 May beautiful Nith Valley in Dumfriesshire. “The best new music festival in Scotland.” Vic Galloway, BBC Radio Scotland. Brew at the Bog is BrewDog and Bogbain Farm’s gift to the world: Girvan Folk Festival a festival full of new music and new beer. BrewGirvan Dog are the leaders of the craft beer revolution 2-4 May and they are about breaking rules, taking risks, upsetting trends, unsettling institutions but first 2014 marks the 40th Girvan Folk Festival. The and foremost, great tasting beers. As one newsFestival started in 1975, a time when folk music paper put it, BrewDog is the new black. Bogbain in Scotland was increasingly exploring its own Farm is based just outside Inverness and was roots. Concert venues, competitions, ceilidh crowned the “Best Unusual Venue” at the 2012 dance childrens events, sessions for tunes and Scottish Event Awards. Brew at the Bog is just songs, Open Stage, workshops,secure campsite. the latest in festivals Bogbain is hosting and the So please tell all of your friends and help to fabulous surroundings of this old farm will enmake this the biggest Girven Festival ever! sure Brew at the Bog 2014 will go down in hisThere will be plenty of room and plenty of music tory. for all to enjoy. www.facebook.com/pages/Thornhill-Music-Festival/487819717906138
www.girvanfolkfestival.co.uk
Highlands and Islands Music and Dance Festival Oban 2-4 May
www.brewatthebog.com
Sound Galashiels 3 May Come to the beautiful Scottish Borders and celebrate a fun packed day this May Bank Holiday Weekend. Professional touring 'tribute' bands promise a great family evening of entertainment. Coldplay tribute band "Coldplayer"; KOL Tribute 'The Kings Lyon'; 'Simple Minded'; Steve Cass himself and Justin Wilson aka 'No Strings Attached' and Madeleine Dow joins the line up performing an acoustic set. www.facebook.com/ soundfestivalgalashiels
Riverside Festival Glasgow 3-4 May Scotland's premier electronic music festival Electric Frog returns this May Bank Holiday weekend with Electric Frog & Pressure Riverside Festival. Organisers have today revealed plans to add a second day and return to the spectacular Riverside Museum site for the second consecutive year for the 2014 instalment, with what’s set to be their biggest event yet. Organisers have reconfigured the site to feature two stages aiming to maximise the space and enhance the festival experience for the thousands of electronic music fans expected to descend on the event over both days. The party will continue late into the night at various venues in the city. Line-up and ticket details will be announced soon. www.theelectricfrog.co.uk
The Big Beach Ball Aberdeen 4 May The Big Beach Ball, Aberdeen’s boutique, oneday music festival returns, the event will bring a host of international DJs and artists as well as homegrown talents to the iconic Beach Ballroom. Building on the success of last year, the third Big Beach Ball will once again utilise both the indoor and outdoor facilities at the venue creating a one-day festival spectacular. The event will showcase Breakneck Comedy, food stalls, beach bar and arts and crafts, all perfectly complimented by five stages of quality music, with fans of all genres catered to. www.thebigbeachball.co.uk
Moniave Folk Festival Moniaive, Dumfriesshire, 9-11 May The Moniave Folk Festival has something for everyone, Great music, Piping competitions, Open stages, children’s events and concerts. Workshops. Come along for a wonderful family weekend. www.moniaivefolkfestival.co.uk
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Chlorophobia is the irrational fear of which colour? | Chromophobia- Fear of colors | Phobia Source
Home » Phobia List
Chromophobia- Fear of colors
Chromophobia, also known as chromatophobia is a persistent, irrational fear of colors. A severe form of this phobia can hinder daily activities and can make life self-limiting. People with chromophobia may correlate a distressing past event with a color.
It can develop following a negative or traumatic event involving either a single or multiple colors. Some people become sensitive to particular shades or tones. Others may prefer surroundings to be, as much as possible, free of colors. They might have experienced a traumatic event that occurred in a room of a particular color and thus they associate that particular color with fear.
People who are color-blind could experience chromophobia as they have limited work opportunities as a result of their condition. People who are color-blind may have variable red and green color blindness and thus they are not allowed to fly a plane or other jobs that involve identifying the color red and green.
Symptoms vary and may include any of the symptoms of anxiety like palpitations, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, tremors. In some, chromophobia causes extreme symptoms where the phobic person starts to think that death is imminent.
Effective treatment for phobia involves methods and techniques that include systematic desensitization & exposure therapy. Exposure therapy is a chromophobia treatment that permits the patient to get comfortably accustomed, step-by-step to his or her object of fear, in a controlled environment.
| Green |
What was the middle name of former British Prime Minister William Gladstone? | Chromatophobia- Fear of Color is Curable
Chromatophobia- Fear of Color is Curable
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Chromatophobia - the fear of colors can be cured with therapy and counseling, say experts.
According to S.K. Love of Vedicure Wellness Clinic, an estimated 5 to 10 percent people suffer from chromatophobia.
Chromatophobia- Fear of Color is Curable
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"Heredity, genetics and brain chemistry, combined with past experiences, play a major role in the development of phobias. Intense negative experience from the past can cause chromatophobia," Love told IANS.
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There are specific phobias for specific colors.
The phobia of the color white is leukophobia, while for black it is called melanophobia.
The fear of purple is called porphyrophobia, fear of yellow is xanthophobia, fear of red is erythrophobia, fear of green is called chlorophobia and fear of blue is known as cyanophobia.
Chromatophobia can surface for a variety of reasons -- even due to something as simple as the use of names of colors in popular phrases.
" 'Scarlet Woman' denotes an adulterous or promiscuous female. 'Blackguard' is used to describe a rogue or criminal, 'Feeling blue' is a way of expressing melancholy and sadness. For some, the mental and emotional connections between colors and emotions make them averse to certain colors," explained Anil Patil of Vedicure Wellness Clinic.
People suffering from color blindness are also likely to develop phobia for colors.
"Many people with color blindness develop chromatophobia. They will be unsure about what colors they are seeing, and things may seem off-kilter.
"Any life problems created by color blindness, such as bad memories or career problems, will be potent triggers for chromatophobia," said Patil.
Chromatophobic reactions can be mental, emotional and physical.
The anxiety and fear can go from mild feelings of apprehension to a full-blown panic attack. People suffering from this phobia can often complain of headaches, nausea and dizziness.
"People with this affliction will react negatively when faced with the color they hate. They will feel ill at ease, and panic will rise if they cannot get away from the source of their distress.
"Nausea, headaches, dizziness and intense anxiety are the primary symptoms of panic attacks," said Love.
The mental symptoms include obsessive thoughts, difficulty in thinking about anything other than the fear, and fear of losing control.
Its emotional symptoms include anticipatory anxiety, which is persistent worrying about upcoming events that involve color, desire to flee from the situation, anger, sadness, hurt and guilt.
However, this phobia of colors is curable.
The treatments for chromatophobia are several, including psychotherapy, counseling and hypnotherapy.
"Treating the fear of colors will require a little insight into why the phobia is occurring," said Patil.
"If the phobia is based on a medical issue related to color blindness, or sensitivity to light, good medical care and education should be combined with panic treatment or psychotherapy," he added.
Alternatively, color therapy can also be used - either independently or alongside any other therapy.
"Some therapists use virtual reality to de-sensitise patients to the feared things. Other forms of therapy that may be of benefit to phobics are graduated exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
"Graduated Exposure and CBT both work towards the goal of de-sensitising the sufferer, and changing the thought patterns that contribute to their panic.
"Gradual de-sensitisation treatment and CBT are often extremely successful, provided the phobic is willing to endure some discomfort. Anti-anxiety medication can also be of assistance in some cases," said Patil.
The process to successful cure of chromatophobia includes specific steps to gain confidence, calm and happiness, as well as proven procedures for overcoming anger, sadness, fear, hurt, guilt and anxiety.
Source: IANS
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Which French airport is also known as Roissy Airport? | Charles De Gaulle Airport CDG - Maplets
Charles De Gaulle Airport CDG
Maplet Details
Maplets
Location Paris, France Address 2 Rue Ferdinand de Lesseps, 95197 Goussainville, France Lat, Long 49.021127, 2.464792 GPS No GPS Website Description Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (IATA: CDG, ICAO: LFPG) (French: Aéroport Paris-Charles de Gaulle), also known as Roissy Airport (or just Roissy in French), in the Paris area, is one of the world's principal aviation centres, as well as France's main airport. It is named after Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), leader of the Free French Forces and founder of the French Fifth Republic. It is located within portions of several communes, 25 km (16 mi) to the north-east of Paris. The airport serves as the principal hub for Air France and is a European hub for Delta Air Lines. In 2010, the airport handled 58,164,612 passengers[4] and 525,314 aircraft movements, making it the world's sixth busiest airport and Europe's second busiest airport (after London Heathrow) in passengers served. It also is the world's seventh busiest and Europe's busiest airport in aircraft movements. In cargo traffic, the airport is the fifth busiest in the world and the busiest in Europe, having handled 2,054,515 metric tonnes of cargo. Keywords Paris Aéroport, Goussainville Updated on 2014-05-28 Created on 2011-02-11
| Charles de Gaulle Airport |
House, Hogline, Hacks and Button are all terms used in which sport? | Charles De Gaulle Airport Information - Car Rental Charles De Gaulle Airport - Car Rental Charles De Gaulle Airport
Charles De Gaulle Airport Charles De Gaulle Airport Information Airport Arrivals Airport Departures Airport Map About
Charles De Gaulle Airport Information
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (IATA: CDG), also known as Roissy Airport (or just Roissy in French), in the Paris area, is one of the world's principal aviation centres, as well as France's largest airport. It is named after Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), leader of the Free French Forces and founder of the French Fifth Republic. It is located within portions of several communes, 25 km (16 mi) to the northeast of Paris. The airport serves as the principal hub for Air France and is a European hub for Delta Air Lines.
In 2010, the airport handled 58,164,612 passengers and 525,314 aircraft movements, making it the world's seventh busiest airport and Europe's second busiest airport (after London Heathrow) in passengers served. It also is the world's tenth busiest and Europe's busiest airport in aircraft movements. In cargo traffic, the airport is the fifth busiest in the world and the busiest in Europe, having handled 2,054,515 metric tonnes of cargo.
Here are some of the major Airlines that service Charles De Gaulle Airport:
Adria Airways
Lufthansa Regional operated by Augsburg Airways
Lufthansa Regional
Lufthansa Regional operated by Lufthansa CityLine
Luxair
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Which British singer released an eight CD box set in 2008 entitled ‘And They Said It Wouldn’t Last (My 50 Years in Music)’? | Pandora: Sir Cliff caused controversy with 'Honky Tonk Angels' | The Independent
Pandora: Sir Cliff caused controversy with 'Honky Tonk Angels'
Monday 1 September 2008 23:00 BST
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The Independent Online
Sir Cliff Richard's squeaky clean image as the Peter Pan of British pop grows ever more tarnished by the day.
Two years ago, the usually mild-mannered crooner managed to shock his middle-of-the-road fans when he appeared on Gordon Ramsay's Channel 4 programme, The F-Word, where he told the potty-mouthed chef to "fuck off".
Now, I'm told that he will break further taboos with the forthcoming release of an eight-CD commemorative box-set entitled And They Said It Wouldn't Last: My 50 Years In Music.
Among the songs included in the track listing is an alternative version of Sir Cliff's controversial cover of "Honky Tonk Angels", a country song about prostitutes.
It is a surprising inclusion since, not long after the song was released in 1973, Sir Cliff himself backed calls for the BBC to ban it from the airwaves. For some bizarre reason, he was originally led to believe the song was about the Salvation Army. It was only when he was told it was actually about prostitution that he decided to disown it.
When I call to find out whether the track's inclusion was the result of a careless record company employee, a spokesman informs me it was all Sir Cliff's doing. Apparently, his attitude towards the record has softened over the years.
"He knows the song is on there and he is more than happy about it," I am told. "It was released many years ago and his mind has changed since then. He is older and wiser now.
"I'm sure, if anyone asked him to, he would be happy to perform it these days."
Now rain stops play for Josh
Josh Hartnett's much anticipated West End debut has been delayed. The Hollywood actor was to begin performances of Rain Man at London's Apollo Theatre next Tuesday, but this has been put back until the following week after the director, Terry Johnson, deemed the play unready. He joined the crew late when the original director, David Grindley, stepped down for family reasons.
A spokesman says: "It is a new play so everyone wants it to be perfect. Terry wants to get to grips with everything before we open."
RAF pilots flown home courtesy of Iron Maiden
Bruce Dickinson, the singer with heavy metal outfit Iron Maiden, has in the past performed for British troops in Iraq. On Sunday, he did his bit for our boys in Afghanistan.
Dickinson, a qualified pilot for British airline Astraeus, was behind the controls of a Boeing 747 that the Ministry of Defence had chartered to transport a group of RAF pilots back home.
"A lot of them recognised him because they are Maiden fans, but he was there in his professional capacity as a pilot," says an RAF spokesman. "He gave out lots of signatures to the guys."
Andy's rock'n'roll years
Although Tony Blair liked to flaunt his guitar-playing skills, there was suspicion among his colleagues that the former PM was a mere "three chorder".
His youthful protégé Andy Burnham is a more accomplished player. The Culture Secretary tells this month's Q magazine that he spent his formative years "sitting in my bedroom picking out [Billy Bragg's] 'Between the Wars' ... sad, really."
This is not the first insight we've had into Burnham's wayward youth. In 1984, a mulleted Burnham invaded the pitch at Highbury after Everton had reached the FA Cup Final.
Fry's 'virtual' panto
There was a time when serious actors would turn their noses up at pantomime, but thanks to the likes of Sir Ian McKellen and Simon Callow, a spot of hanky Twanky is nowadays practically de rigueur among the theatrical community.
The latest to sign up is Stephen Fry, who has agreed to a cameo at Norwich Theatre Royal's production of Snow White in the New Year.
The polymath will appear in a "virtual role", with his performance beamed on a big screen.
Fry's only stipulation to the producers is that he will not sing, as he has what he describes as a "Van Gogh's ear for music".
Phelps isn't feeling in the swim
Amphibious golden boy Michael Phelps donned his famous packet bashers once again last week for a photoshoot at the men's pond on Hampstead Heath.
But it wasn't just London's notoriously inclement weather which was giving him gyp. Before the shoot began, Phelps spent most of his time in the lifeguard's bathroom dealing with an upset stomach.
"He wasn't very well at all. He was throwing up in the loo quite a lot beforehand," reports one witness. "I think that's why he seemed a bit quiet. He certainly wasn't his normal gregarious self."
For breakfast, Phelps likes to scoff down porridge, fried egg sandwiches, French toast and pancakes. No wonder he was feeling queasy.
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| Cliff Richard |
Which spirit is traditionally used to make a Bronx Cocktail? | Cliff Richard Song Database - Cliff Richard - Bachelor Boy song analysis
Cliff Richard and The Shadows - Bachelor Boy
An in-depth song analysis
Record Date: November 16, 1962
Record Location: Abbey Road, London
Written By: Cliff Richard & Bruce Welch
Produced By: Norrie Paramor
Engineered By: Malcolm Addey
Performed By: Cliff Richard (vocals), Hank Marvin (guitar, piano, backing vocals), Bruce Welch (guitar, backing vocals), Brian Locking (bass), Brian Bennett (drums)
Initially Released On: The Next Time/Bachelor Boy 7" single (1962 December � UK � Columbia 45-DB 4950)
Comments and Observations
The song Bachelor Boy was recorded on November 16, 1962 beginning at 7:00PM at Abbey Road Studios in London. The Shadows provided backing vocals and played all instruments, with Hank Marvin on piano. The producer was Norrie Paramor and the engineer for both the mono and stereo recordings was Malcolm Addey. Recording was completed on November 16, however the final mono and stereo single/album mixes were completed a few days later on November 19. An alternate mix for the USA market, from the original recording sessions was done on March 25, 1963
The song required at least 11 recording takes to complete, 9 with the full band and two additional vocals takes. Subsequent take numbers were given to new mixes of those recordings. The final single/album release was an edit of vocals takes 10 and 11 with backing from Take 9, and the alternate USA mix was Take 12 (although it was derived from the original Take 9). There has been quite a bit of confusion over the years about the releases and takes used for the song, with varying takes being released. Given information provided by Peter Lewry & Nigel Goodall in several of their Cliff related books, as well as audible evidence from the vinyl releases, it is thought that this is finally sorted out. Here is a chart that displays the sequence of events that created the released versions of Bachelor Boy.
Seq.
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The harbour wall known as ‘The Cobb’ features in which novel by John Fowles? | Lyme Regis | East Devon Journal
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Lyme Regis
Although not strictly East Devon, Lyme Regis is a charming, historic coastal town in West Dorset, just across the Devon-Dorset border. The town is an unspoiled seaside resort and fishing port, noted for the fossils found in the cliffs and beaches. The harbour wall, known as ‘The Cobb’, features in Jane Austen’s novel ‘Persuasion’, and in John Fowles’ ‘The French Lieutenant’s Woman’. There is plenty to do in the town which has an array of shops, galleries, museum and aquarium as well as good restaurants, cafés and pubs.
| The French Lieutenant's Woman |
Former US President Ronald Regan’s ‘Strategic Defence Initiative’, to use ground-based and space-based systems to protect the USA from attack by nuclear missiles, was known in the media by what nickname? | Lyme Regis | Town | Lyme Regis|Dorset
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Lyme Regis is a coastal town in West Dorset, England, situated in Lyme Bay, on the English Channel coast at the Dorset-Devon border. It is nicknamed 'The Pearl of Dorset'. The town is noted for the fossils found in the cliffs and beaches, which are part of the Heritage Coast (known as the Jurassic Coast); a World Heritage Site.
The harbour wall, known as 'The Cobb', features in Jane Austen's novel Persuasion, and in The French Lieutenant's Woman, a novel by the author John Fowles, as well as the 1981 film of the same name, which was partly filmed in Lyme Regis.
The town was home to Admiral Sir George Somers, its one-time mayor and parliamentarian. He founded the English colonial settlement of the Somers Isles, better known as Bermuda. Lyme Regis is twinned with St. George's, Bermuda.
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St Helier is the capital of which Channel Island? | Saint Helier | Jersey, Channel Islands | Britannica.com
Jersey, Channel Islands
Glasgow
Saint Helier, chief town, resort, parish, and the capital of Jersey , in the Channel Islands . The town lies along St. Aubin’s Bay opposite a tidal island known as L’Islet (accessible by causeway at low tide), on the south side of Jersey Island. The town is named for St. Helier, a Frankish missionary who was reputedly martyred there in 555. The saint’s memory is preserved in the Hermitage, a small 12th-century oratory on L’Islet, as well as in the Abbey (later Priory) of St. Helier, founded in the mid-12th century by Robert FitzHamon, of Gloucester.
Saint Helier viewed across St. Aubin’s Bay.
Man vyi
Hermitage of Saint Helier on L’Islet, Jersey, Channel Islands.
Man vyi
The town originated as a fishing village that grew up beside the parish church, where from the 13th century the king’s courts usually met and where markets were held. St. Helier became the seat of island government after Elizabeth Castle was built (1551–90) on L’Islet. This castle was the refuge (1646–48) of Lord Clarendon, who there began his History of the Rebellion, and of the fugitive Charles II in 1646 and 1649. Harbour works were begun in 1700, and the modern harbour dates from 1841. The marketplace (now Royal Square) was the scene of the French defeat at the Battle of Jersey (1781). The marketplace is dominated by the Court House, La Salle des Etats (States House), and the Public Library (founded 1736) and is overlooked (south) by Fort Regent (1806). Victoria College dates from 1852. About one-third of Jersey’s population lives in St. Helier, which is the focus of island transport, commerce, government, and cultural activity. Pop. (2001) 28,310.
Learn More in these related articles:
Jersey (island, Channel Islands, English Channel)
British crown dependency and island, the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands, lying south of England ’s coast and 12 miles (19 km) west of the Cotentin peninsula of France. Its capital, St. Helier, is 100 miles (160 km) south of Weymouth, England. Jersey is about 10 miles (16 km)...
Channel Islands (islands, English Channel)
archipelago in the English Channel, west of the Cotentin peninsula of France, at the entrance to the Gulf of Saint-Malo, 80 miles (130 km) south of the English coast. The islands are dependencies of the British crown (and not strictly part of the United Kingdom), having been so attached since the...
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Date Published: January 21, 2009
URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Saint-Helier
Access Date: January 18, 2017
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‘The Rhubarb Triangle’, famous for producing early forced rhubarb, is in which English county? | Channel Island Saints - Ensign Dec. 1988 - ensign
Channel Island Saints
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“Hearken, O ye people of my church, saith the voice of him who dwells on high, and whose eyes are upon all men; yea, verily I say: Hearken ye people from afar; and ye that are upon the islands of the sea, listen together.” ( D&C 1:1 .)
This verse has special significance for Latter-day Saints living on the Channel Islands just off the coast of France. In spite of problems peculiar to these isolated islands, the people there are not only listening to the gospel message, but many are accepting and living it.
The Channel Islands consist of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Herm, plus two very small islands—Brecqhou and Jethou. Jersey is the largest—approximately ten miles long by six wide. Although they are a long way from England, the islands belong to the British Crown.
Everyone on the islands speaks English, but on both Jersey and Guernsey a patois, or dialect, is spoken that scholars identify as very similar to early Norman French. Efforts are being made to prevent the patois from dying out, and evening classes are held to teach the language.
Latter-day Saints currently meet on only two of the islands—Jersey and Guernsey. There is a ward in St. Helier on Jersey and a branch on Guernsey. Jersey has a population of around eighty thousand; its capital is St. Helier. Guernsey’s capital is St. Peter Port; the island’s population is fifty-five thousand.
Although the Church in the British Isles celebrated its 150th anniversary last year, missionary work didn’t start in the Channel Islands until 1848. One of the first missionaries on Jersey, Elder William C. Dunbar, wrote to the Millennial Star on 24 April 1849: “I came to this island December 6th, 1848 and found about 44 faithful Saints. I labour under many difficulties here in St. Helier’s. I have baptised sixty old and young. The Saints rejoice, the people wonder and cry delusion. I believe this to be an important place, and that much is to be done.”
There were then five branches of the Church in Jersey, two in Guernsey, and one in Alderney. Convert migration caused membership to dwindle, however, as many families emigrated. By 1883 there were only seven members left in Jersey.
Little work was done from 1900 until 1965, when Brother Thomas W. Wills, who had been converted to the Church in New Zealand, returned to Jersey with his wife, Judy. Finding no branch of the Church on the island, Brother Wills contacted the Southwest British Mission. In response, two missionaries were sent.
In the meantime, Brother Alexander Mackenzie, along with his wife and family , moved to Jersey from Hyde in Cheshire, England, where they had been baptized in 1961.
Since then, the Church has grown in Jersey until the St. Helier Ward was organized a few years ago. Among the members of the ward are Bishop Peter Searle and his family, who live in the village of St. Aubin. He and John Fuller, along with their wives, used to fly to the dependent branch on Guernsey in a borrowed airplane piloted by Brother Fuller. There, the two did their home teaching while their wives did their visiting teaching. For two years, Bishop Searle also went to Guernsey every Sunday to conduct meetings there.
Among the earliest converts in this century on Jersey were Eileen Bundy and her son, Norman. They were baptized in November 1965.
Norman, a fireman for the States of Jersey Fire Service, is now first counselor in the St. Helier Ward bishopric. He and his wife, Sue, whom he met at a Church function, have five children. Sue is the Relief Society president and is also a youth leader at the St. Ouen’s Youth Club.
A radio broadcast led another Jersey family to the Church. When Stanley and Phyliss Barnard heard a program about the Church on the radio, Phyliss commented, “That sounds right to me.” Stanley agreed. Four weeks later two young missionaries knocked on their door, and shortly afterward the Barnards were baptized. They have been stalwart members now for more than twenty years.
Alex Mackenzie and his family have been members of the Church even longer—perhaps longer than anyone else on the island. Brother Mackenzie’s wife died in 1969, and since then he has done his best to keep his three sons and three daughters as close to the Church as possible.
“To me the Church is like a big family,” he says. “So long as we stay close and love one another, we can’t go wrong.”
Jersey attracts many people of different nationalities to its shores. Two of these immigrants stayed to make their marks on the Church community. The first, Seigfried Rudolph Schenk, was born in Germany. His wife, Bonna, is English. They have six children.
Brother Schenk has served as a branch president and as a bishop. He brings the same meticulous attention to his Church callings as he does to his job as head chef at a local luxury hotel.
Another immigrant, Leon Rodziewicz, was recently sealed to his wife, the former Ann Howlett, in the London Temple. The couple met last year at a Church function celebrating the 150th anniversary of the Church in the British Isles.
Leon feels that Jersey’s isolated position is a challenge for the Latter-day Saints there. “Jersey is far from the stake center, and it is expensive and time-consuming to fly or take a boat to the mainland.” This means that members rarely join in any stake activities. “We have to be very self-supporting,” he says.
The St. Helier Ward has grown tremendously in recent years. There is a feeling among the members that the Lord has prepared people on the island to hear the gospel and that it is up to the members and the missionaries to find them.
This was the case with Ted and Vanessa Harris, who were living the Word of Wisdom even before they learned of the Church. Ted met a Latter-day Saint when he was lecturing at Highlands College, and they began to talk about the Church. The Harrises were baptized a few months later.
“We felt as if we had always been part of the Church,” Brother Harris says. “We had been searching for years for something of a spiritual nature. A lot of it was instant recognition.”
Every week in Jersey there are new people at the chapel. Some are investigators, some are new members, and some are visiting on holiday. The St. Helier Ward welcomes them all.
The ward youth are always glad for an opportunity to mix with others of their own age. Because of their isolation, they have little chance to join in extended Church programs, to attend dances and stage shows, or even to date other Latter-day Saints.
Perhaps because of the isolation, there is a strong sense of community among Jersey Latter-day Saints. They also feel strong ties to their neighbors, and the Church is gaining more and more acceptance in the community.
Guernsey’s Saints are even more isolated. Only eighteen members meet each week in Guernsey, three of whom are priesthood holders. They are in the same situation as were Jersey members twenty years ago.
In both Jersey and Guernsey, the faith and prayers of the Saints and the care and concern that Heavenly Father has for them will ensure that the Church in the Channel Islands will continue to grow.
Correspondent: Yvonne Ashton is institute teacher and Relief Society Spiritual Living teacher in the St. Helier Jersey Ward, Southampton stake.
[photos] Photography by John Olley and John Watkins
[photos] Modern fishing boats and a medieval castle come together on Guernsey’s coast (backdrop). Jersey members Eileen Bundy (left) and Pauline Mauro.
[photos] High Street in St. Peter Port, Guernsey’s capital (top). Jersey’s St. Helier Ward meets in this chapel (center). The Peter D‘Orleans family (bottom) are among Jersey’s Latter-day Saints.
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Jack Worthing is the main character in which Oscar Wilde play? | SparkNotes: The Importance of Being Earnest: Character List
The Importance of Being Earnest
Oscar Wilde
Plot Overview
Analysis of Major Characters
John (Jack/Ernest) Worthing, J.P. - The play’s protagonist. Jack Worthing is a seemingly responsible and respectable young man who leads a double life. In Hertfordshire, where he has a country estate, Jack is known as Jack. In London he is known as Ernest. As a baby, Jack was discovered in a handbag in the cloakroom of Victoria Station by an old man who adopted him and subsequently made Jack guardian to his granddaughter, Cecily Cardew. Jack is in love with his friend Algernon’s cousin, Gwendolen Fairfax. The initials after his name indicate that he is a Justice of the Peace.
Algernon Moncrieff - The play’s secondary hero. Algernon is a charming, idle, decorative bachelor, nephew of Lady Bracknell, cousin of Gwendolen Fairfax, and best friend of Jack Worthing, whom he has known for years as Ernest. Algernon is brilliant, witty, selfish, amoral, and given to making delightful paradoxical and epigrammatic pronouncements. He has invented a fictional friend, “Bunbury,” an invalid whose frequent sudden relapses allow Algernon to wriggle out of unpleasant or dull social obligations.
Read an in-depth analysis of Algernon Moncrieff.
Gwendolen Fairfax - Algernon’s cousin and Lady Bracknell’s daughter. Gwendolen is in love with Jack, whom she knows as Ernest. A model and arbiter of high fashion and society, Gwendolen speaks with unassailable authority on matters of taste and morality. She is sophisticated, intellectual, cosmopolitan, and utterly pretentious. Gwendolen is fixated on the name Ernest and says she will not marry a man without that name.
Read an in-depth analysis of Gwendolen Fairfax.
Cecily Cardew - Jack’s ward, the granddaughter of the old gentlemen who found and adopted Jack when Jack was a baby. Cecily is probably the most realistically drawn character in the play. Like Gwendolen, she is obsessed with the name Ernest, but she is even more intrigued by the idea of wickedness. This idea, rather than the virtuous-sounding name, has prompted her to fall in love with Jack’s brother Ernest in her imagination and to invent an elaborate romance and courtship between them.
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The Importance of Being Earnest
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Promotional image for an amateur production of The Importance of Being Earnest.
The Importance of Being Earnest (the full title of which is The Importance of Being Earnest: A Trivial Comedy for Serious People) is a comic play in three acts by the Irish writer Oscar Wilde . It was first performed at St. James's Theatre, London on February 14, 1895.
The two main characters in the play, gentlemen of leisure from wealthy backgrounds named Jack Worthing and Algernon Moncrief, both adopt the alias of Ernest Worthing at different times. It is revealed that, for some time, Jack Worthing has been leading a double life, going by the name of Jack in the country and pretending to be his non-existent brother Ernest in London. When his friend Algernon, who has been telling similar lies himself for a considerable time, finds out about this, he decides to pretend to be Ernest in order to see Jack's eighteen-year old ward Cecily. Algernon becomes engaged to Cecily under the name of Ernest. Jack has already become engaged to Algernon's cousin Gwendolen under the name of Ernest also. When the two women meet, they naturally believe that they are both engaged to the same man.
The title is a pun on the name "Ernest", both Gwendolen and Cecily agreeing that they could only love a man by that name, and the word " earnest ", meaning "serious".
The Importance of Being Earnest can be enjoyed as a simple farce, although it has also been interpreted as a satire on the upper classes of Victorian Britain and the values of that society.
There have been numerous adaptations of the play for television and radio and as an audiobook. Movie versions of The Importance of Being Earnest were released in 1952, 1992, 2002 and 2011. Operas based on the play were performed in 1963 and 2013.
Contents
Plot
Act I
Commemorative photo from the first performance of The Importance of Being Earnest on February 14, 1895. Jack (played by Sir George Alexander, on the right) tries to take back his cigarette case from Algernon (played by Alan Aynesworth, on the left).
The play opens in the London home of Algernon Moncrief. Algernon is waiting for his aunt and his cousin, Lady Augusta Bracknell and her daughter Gwendolen Fairfax, to come over for tea. The butler Lane announces that Algernon's friend, a man whom he knows as Ernest Worthing, has arrived. Algernon's friend is happy to hear that Gwendolen will be coming over because he wishes to propose to her. Algernon asks his friend if Cecily could get in the way of the engagement. He reveals that he has his friend's lost cigarette case, with the inscription "from your little Cecily". However, when he looks at the cigarette case again, Algernon concludes that it does not belong to his friend because it is inscribed "To Uncle Jack".
Algernon's friend has to admit the truth. His real name is John Worthing and he prefers to be called Jack. Cecily Cardew is the granddaughter of Thomas Cardew, the man who raised him. After Mr. Cardew died, Jack was made Cecily's legal guardian. Jack finds himself obliged to always set a good moral example when he is at his Hertfordshire home with Cecily. He invented his fictitious wicked younger brother Ernest to give him an excuse to go to London at any time, always claiming that his younger brother was in trouble and that he had to help him. Algernon is not too surprised to hear this news because he has been telling similar lies for some time. He pretends to have a sick friend called Mr. Bunbury who lives in the country. Whenever Algernon wants to get out of any obligation, he simply says that Bunbury is ill again and that he has to visit him.
Hilary Wiernik as Lady Bracknell in a 1980s London School of Economics student production.
Lady Bracknell and Gwendolen arrive. Algernon finds an excuse to take Lady Bracknell out of the room so that Jack and Gwendolen can be alone. Jack proposes to Gwendolen. She happily accepts because, as she reveals, she had always wanted to love someone named Ernest. She says that she could never love anyone named Jack or John. Jack decides that he will have to get baptized under the name of Ernest.
Having returned and found Jack on his knees, Lady Bracknell sends Gwendolen away and interviews him to determine if he will make a suitable husband for her daughter. She is largely happy with what Jack tells her about himself, until the question of his family comes up. Jack reveals that he does not know who he is by birth. He was raised by Thomas Cardew who found him in a handbag when he was a baby. The bag was given to Mr. Cardew by mistake at the cloak room in Victoria Station. Mr. Cardew gave the baby the surname Worthing because he had a ticket to the Sussex seaside resort town of Worthing in his pocket when he was given the bag. Lady Bracknell refuses to allow her daughter to marry somebody who does not know who his parents were.
Algernon asks Jack if he told Gwendolen the truth about his brother Ernest. Jack says that he did not but that he intends to kill Ernest off, saying that he died abroad to avoid having to have a funeral. Algernon asks again about Jack's eighteen-year old ward Cecily. Jack does not like the interest that Algernon is taking in her.
Cecily returns. She tells Jack that her mother has forbidden her from marrying him but that she will always love him anyway. She asks Jack to give her his address in Hertfordshire. Algernon overhears and writes the address on his shirt cuff.
Act II
Dr. Chasuble (David Palmer Brown), Cecily (Patrina Caruana) and Miss Prism (Karen Eterovich) in a 2014 New York City production.
The second act opens in the garden of Jack Worthing's Hertfordshire home. His ward Cecily is supposed to be having a German lesson from her tutor Miss Prism, although she is more interested in writing in her diary. Miss Prism does not approve of diaries, preferring to rely on memory. For her part, Cecily thinks that memories are usually false and must be "responsible for nearly all the three-volume novels ". Miss Prism says that she once wrote a three-volume novel but lost the manuscript.
The clergyman Dr. Chasuble arrives. Knowing that Miss Prism and Dr. Chasuble are fond of each other, Cecily says that Miss Prism has a headache and should take a stroll with Dr. Chasuble to recover.
The butler Merriman announces that Ernest Worthing has arrived. Cecily is excited at the prospect of meeting her guardian's wicked younger brother for the first time. Algernon, who is pretending to be Ernest, appears. He says that, unfortunately, he will have to leave before his brother Jack comes on Monday. Cecily finds him fascinating. She is disappointed when he denies being wicked but nevertheless pleased when he promises to change his ways for the better.
Jack returns unexpectedly early, wearing mourning clothes. He tells Miss Prism and Dr. Chasuble that his brother Ernest died in Paris and will be buried there. He also asks Dr. Chasuble about the possibility of being baptized later that day.
Cecily returns, surprised to see her guardian dressed in black. She announces the good news that Ernest Worthing has arrived. Dr. Chasuble and Miss Prism are happy to hear that Jack's brother is not dead after all. Jack grudgingly shakes hands with Algernon. He is not happy to hear that Algernon intends to stay for a week or that he has been telling Cecily about his friend Mr. Bunbury. He arranges for a carriage to take Algernon to the train station as soon as possible.
Algernon and Cecily sadly say good-bye to each other. The conversation between them quickly turns romantic, so much so that Algernon orders the carriage away and the two become engaged. Cecily tells Algernon that she had been fascinated by him from the moment she first heard about him, having always wanted to love a man named Ernest. She tells Algernon that, in her imagination, they had already been engaged for five months. She shows him her diary entries about the engagement, the engagement ring and other presents that she bought herself and the love letters which she wrote herself. Algernon asks if she could marry a man with another name, such as Algernon. Cecily says that she could not. Algernon concludes that he will have to get baptized again to take the name of Ernest. He goes to make arrangements for his christening.
Gwendolen (Amber Bogderwiecz), Merriman (Bob Wasinger) and Cecily (Patrina Caruna) in a 2014 New York City production.
Merriman announces the arrival of Gwendolen, whom Cecily rightly guesses is an acquaintance of Jack's from London. The two women try to behave in a friendly manner, although they clearly dislike each other from the start. Gwendolen is unhappy to hear that the pretty young Cecily is Mr. Worthing's ward. Her relief at hearing that Cecily is the ward of Jack Worthing, not Ernest Worthing, is short lived when she hears that Cecily and Ernest have become engaged. Both women claim to be the rightful fiancée of Ernest, showing each other their respective diary entries to prove it.
When Jack and Algernon both return, the truth is revealed. Cecily and Gwendolen both want Jack to say where his brother Ernest is, since they are both engaged to him. Jack has to confess that he does not have a brother and Ernest was simply his own invention. The two women go into the house together to console each other.
The two men tell each other that their respective lives of deception have come to an end. They also both announce their plans to shortly get baptized and take on the name of Ernest.
Act III
Gwendolen, Jack, Lady Bracknell, Algernon and Cecily in a 1980s London School of Economics student production.
Cecily and Gwendolen make up their minds to forgive Algernon and Jack. Cecily asks Algernon why he pretended to be Ernest. She is pleased with his answer that he did so in order to go to Hertfordshire and meet her. Gwendolen asks Jack why he pretended to be his brother Ernest, suggesting that it was in order to have an excuse to go to London and see her. Jack agrees. The two women continue to say that the men's names are a problem, although both men say that they are going to change their names to Ernest when they get baptized that afternoon.
Lady Bracknell arrives to bring Gwendolen home. She insists that Gwendolen and Jack are not engaged and will never see each other again. However, she is pleased when she finds out that her nephew Algernon is engaged to Cecily, a young lady with an annual income of one hundred and thirty thousand pounds. The upcoming wedding of Algernon and Cecily appears to be a certainty, until Jack reminds Lady Bracknell that he is Cecily's legal guardian. Cecily cannot marry without her guardian's consent until she comes of age and, according to Thomas Cardew's will, Cecily will not come of age until she is thirty-five. Jack says that he will only allow Cecily to marry Algernon if Lady Bracknell allows him to marry Gwendolen. Lady Bracknell still refuses.
Dr. Chasuble arrives, only to be told that the two baptisms he expected to perform will not now take place. He says that Miss Prism is waiting for him at the church. Lady Bracknell recognizes the name. When Miss Prism arrives, Lady Bracknell sees that she is indeed the same woman whom she knew twenty-eight years earlier. She demands that Miss Prism tell her what happened to the baby that she lost. Miss Prism says that she mistakenly put the manuscript of her three-volume novel in the baby carriage and put the baby in her handbag, which she left at Victoria Station.
Jack, Gwendolen, Lady Bracknell, Algernon and Cecily in a scene from Act III.
Jack fetches the handbag in which he was found. Miss Prism confirms that it is hers. It is revealed that, since he was the baby who Miss Prism lost, Jack is the son of Lady Bracknell's sister and Algernon's older brother. Lady Bracknell is now happy to agree to the marriage of Gwendolen and Jack, although Gwendolen insists that she still could not marry someone who is not called Ernest.
It is revealed that Jack was baptized as a baby and given the same name as his father. Unfortunately, Algernon does not know the name of the father who died when he was less than a year old. Lady Bracknell does not know his name either, saying that even his wife, her sister, only ever referred to him as the General. Fortunately, Jack has a book which lists all officers in the British Army for the last forty years. He discovers that General Moncrief's name was Ernest. Consequently, it is his name too.
Jack and Gwendolen, Algernon and Cecily and Dr. Chasuble and Miss Prism all embrace. Lady Bracknell accuses Jack of being frivolous, to which he replies, "On the contrary, Aunt Augusta. I've now realized for the first time in my life the vital importance of being earnest."
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Which species of fish is a sterlet? | sterlet | fish | Britannica.com
Sterlet
THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic.
Alternative Title: Acipenser ruthenus
Learn about this topic in these articles:
in caviar
...the largest, is black or gray; the smaller osetrova grayish, gray-green, or brown; sevruga, the smallest, is greenish black. The rarest caviar, made from the golden eggs of the sterlet, was formerly reserved for the table of the tsar; more recently it found its way to the tables of Soviet dignitaries and that of the shah of Iran. Lesser grades of caviar, made from broken or...
in sturgeon
...of Russia and occurs eastward to Lake Baikal. It is about the same size as the common sturgeon and is found particularly in the rivers feeding the Black and Caspian seas. A smaller species, the sterlet ( A. ruthenus), inhabits the Black and Caspian seas and is a valuable food fish about 0.9 metre (3 feet) long. A. stellatus occurs in the rivers of the Black and Caspian seas and...
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Who was the first British sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace? | Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) - Pondife
Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus)
Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) photo by Karelj
The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is a common Eurasian species of sturgeon, one of the smaller species of sturgeon. It is a common domestic species in the UK and Europe and an angling species all over the world. It can also be grown for eating or for its caviar or isinglass.
Location
This sturgeon inhabits rivers that flow into the following seas: Caspian, Black, Azov, Baltic, White, Barents, Kara, and inhabits both the Black and Caspian seas, and ascends rivers to a greater distance from the sea than any of the other sturgeons; thus, for instance, it is not uncommon in the Danube at Vienna, but specimens have been caught as high up as Regensburg and Ulm. It is more abundant in the rivers of Russia. As early as the 18th century attempts were made to introduce this valuable fish into Sweden and the Province of Prussia, but without success.
Physical Appearance
The sterlet may reach 16kg in weight and 100 to 125cm in length, rarely exceeding a length of 3 ft. It is quite variable in coloration, but usually has a yellowish ventral side. It is distinguishable between other European species of sturgeons by the presence of a great number of whitish lateral scrutes, fringed barbels, and an elongated and narrow snout, highly variable in length.
Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) photo by Karelj
Feeding Habits
The sterlet's main source of food is benthic organisms; they commonly feed on crustaceans, worms, and insect larvae.
Life Span
The sterlet commonly reaches the age of 22 to 25 years.
Sexual Maturity
Males: 3-7 years, females: 5-12 years
Fecundity
Females may lay from 15,000-44,000 eggs.
Spawning Period
Middle of April - End of May -- Beginning of June.
Spawning Requirements
Sexually mature adults. Water temperature preferably 12-17°C.
Albino Sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus)
As Pond Fish
Sterlets are found in aquarist stores. They prefer medium sized and large ponds, require good water conditions, and may get entangled in plants or blanketweed or other algae. They are very friendly fish; when they are older, they will happily poke their noses out of the water for you to touch. In the wild their natural food includes crustaceans and molluscs, in captivity they need specialist food such as Orchard Fisheries Sturgeon / Sterlet food pellets to ensure they get all the necessary nutrients to keep them healthy.
Wild Sterlet habits
Wild Sterlets are thought to be even tastier than normal sterlet flesh, probably from the wide range in their diet. Wild Sterlets are opportunistic carnivores, eating shrimps, crabs, worms and small fish and sometimes supplementing it with algae when they are desperate. They often sit at the bottom of lakes and rivers gliding around in the mud for food. They also can go into caves. They also feed on newborn and young sterlets. Sterlets will rarely go for prey larger than 10 centimetres.
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Kosciuszko is the highest mountain in which Southern Hemisphere country? | Mount Kosciuszko | mountain, New South Wales, Australia | Britannica.com
mountain, New South Wales, Australia
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Mount Bogong
Mount Kosciuszko, also spelled Mount Kosciusko, Australia ’s highest peak, rising to an elevation of 7,310 feet (2,228 metres) in the Snowy Mountains of the Australian Alps , southeastern New South Wales . Located 240 miles (390 km) southwest of Sydney , the mountain is situated in Kosciuszko National Park (2,498 square miles [6,469 square km]) and is near Mounts Townsend, Twynam, North Ramshead, and Carruthers (all exceeding 7,000 feet [2,100 metres]), whose melting snows feed the rivers and reservoirs that make up the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme. The region has been developed for winter sports. The mountain was named by Polish explorer Paul Strzelecki in 1840 in honour of Tadeusz Kościuszko , a Polish patriot and statesman.
Icy slopes of Mount Kosciuszko in winter, New South Wales, Australia.
Mass Ave 975
Australia
the smallest continent and one of the largest countries on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia’s capital is Canberra, located in the southeast between the larger and more important economic and cultural centres of Sydney and Melbourne.
Snowy Mountains
range in the Australian Alps, southeastern New South Wales, including several peaks that exceed 7,000 feet (2,100 metres)—notably Mount Kosciuszko, the highest in Australia. On their slopes rise the Murray, Murrumbidgee, and Tumut rivers, which flow inland, and the Snowy River, which flows...
Australian Alps
mountain mass, a segment of the Great Dividing Range (Eastern Uplands), occupying the southeasternmost corner of Australia, in eastern Victoria and southeastern New South Wales. In a more local sense, the term denotes the ranges on the states’ border forming the divide between the watersheds...
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Assorted References
physiography of Australia (in New South Wales: Relief )
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Date Published: March 15, 2010
URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Kosciuszko
Access Date: January 20, 2017
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| Australia |
In the game of chess, ‘en passant’ involves which chess pieces? | Snowy Mountains NSW Ski Resorts Fishing Hiking
Snowy Mountains NSW Ski Resorts Fishing Hiking
Map - See Snowy Mountains Map NSW - Snowy Mountains Weather Updates .
Known for its skiing in winter, but the region is popular the year round as it also has great fishing, hiking and watersports. The crisp high country air, spectacular mountain peaks and the crystal clear streams all add to its attraction as a holiday destination.
To the southwest of Canberra ACT, the highest mountains in Australia are situated here but it also has wild forests with beautiful lakes, rivers and streams including the Snowy River. See more on Canberra ACT .
Winter Season
The winter season here can begin in mid May and can last up to the middle of October. The best time to visit this region for eco-tours and bushwalking would be Spring, Summer and Autumn. Spring brings the wildflowers, winter here is for the skiiers and those that love wintersports.
Thredbo Village Resort
At the Thredbo Village Resort, there is a world class giant slalom course. You can hire skis, other skiing equipment, sleds and also get instruction. The ski lift that operates all year round will take you to the top of Mt. Crackenback.
Perisher
Perisher is also popular as a ski resort, there you can hire skis and take instruction with reliable snow cover in winter. It is in fact, the largest collection of snowfields in the Southern Hemisphere.
Mt Kosciuszko National Park
Mt Kosciuzko, the highest mountain in Australia, is at the Kosciuszko National Park at 2228 metres above sea level. The park offers great hiking and climbing.
Mt Kosciuszko National Park is the largest natural park in NSW. One needs to be aware of the requirements of Alpine hiking and climbing by not hiking alone.
You will find some of Australia’s best scenery here, the vast wilderness areas have been set up to protect many varied flora, fauna and birdlife. Wedge tail eagles can be seen hunting their prey, emus, cockatoos and the ever present magpies can be easy to spot.
During the spring, wildflower growth is prolific while year round the animals include kangaroos, possums, wallabies and wombats. They are just some of the varied protected wildlife to be found here, including those that are unique to this part of the world.
The Yarrangobilly Caves, located at the northern end of the park is a world class attraction. The caves, 70 in all, are formed in the limestone from the ocean beds that were here more than 40 million years ago, when the earth’s crust here rose more than 1200 metres.
You can visit 6 of these caves, they have underground pools, unusual formations and shapes of limestone, staglacites, staglamites and waterfalls, frozen. You can even enjoy a swim in the artesian pool that is naturally heated to 27 degrees.
Snowy Mountains NSW Snowfields
The snowfields of the Snowy Mountains Snowy Mountains NSW Snowfields .
Snowy Mountains Weather
Check the weather before hand - do not go hiking or trekking in bad weather. See Weather Snowy Mountains NSW .
Snowy Region Visitors Centre
Phone the Snowy Region Visitors Centre at 6450 5600 for more information, hiking or snow conditions and maps.
History
Inhabited by aboriginals for thousands of years and later by farmers and ranchers in the 1800s. The discovery of Gold at Kiama led to a boom of settlers and gold diggers, with the popularity of skiing here soon to follow.
In 1949, as part of the post war rebuilding of Australia, the Hydro-Electricity Scheme was launched to provide power to the states of Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia.
Fishing
The lakes of Eucumbene, Jindabyne and Khancoban Pondage as well as the Snowy River and the streams leading up to it provide excellent fishing, especially trout.
Outdoor Adventure
Another great way to explore this region is to take a white water raft ride through the stunning areas of Kosciuszko National Park. There is horse riding available and hiking through the mountains is something you will never forget.
Other activities to do while here: Climbing and bushwalking are popular during the warmer months being replaced by ski-ing, snowboarding and every snow winter sport imaginable in winter. There is also white-water rafting, fly fishing, sailing, water sports, boating and cruising.
Weather and Forecasts
Remember to get local advice, especially weather advice before setting out. See the Snowy Mountains Weather and Forecasts .
Restaurants and Dining
The fresh mountain air and views can make food taste better! There are plenty of eateries and restaurants to accommodate even the most discerning palate.
Accommodation
There are numerous camping spots and some caravan parks along the major roads. Cooma, some 416 kms from Sydney, is at the beginning of the region and a popular tourist centre with a wide variety of accommodation and places to stay.
At Thredbo and Perisher Valley, there is world class accommodation as they are resort areas. Jindabyne has self contained apartments, hotels and motels. You can find also find ski lodges in prime locations and cosy cabins with easy access to the snowfields. Needless to say, in winter time, be sure to book ahead.
Locate suitable accommodation in the Snowy Mountains Snowy Mountains Hotels and Accommodation NSW . View NSW Accommodation .
Kosciuszko National Park
Note: Popular misspellings of the name Kosciuszko National Park include Kosciusko, Kosciuzko, Koziusko, Kosiosko, Koscusko, Kociosko and Kociusko - go figger. Explorer, scientist and humanist, Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki, gave it the original and correctly spelt name.
Locals have been known to call it ‘ Kossie ’ and refer to the region as the Snowies.
Sapphire Coast NSW
You can head from the Snowfields to the beautiful Sapphire Coast with its stunning beaches and National Parks in a matter of hours Touring the South Coast NSW .
Working Australian holiday
For a different kind of holiday, The Australian Government has made it easier for people to work in Australia. See Work in Australia .
Victoria High Country Snowfields
Explore the Victoria High Country Snowfields High Country - Victoria Snow and Alpine Eco Paradise .
Snowy Mountains Map
The Snowy Mountains map shows National Parks, towns and places of interest, including Perisher Village, Thredbo village, Mount Kosciuszko and the Selwyn snowfields.
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What is the only city in the English county of Wiltshire? | Pictures of Wiltshire
Pictures of Wiltshire
Wiltshire Picture Tour , Recommended Towns , Recommended Attractions , Wiltshire Hotels , Wiltshire Facts , Wiltshire Map , Add pictures
About the county of Wiltshire
Wiltshire is a beautiful County situated in the South-Western parts of England, with much of the county designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Trowbridge is the vibrant, industrial and commercial county town. Salisbury is a stunning medieval city with the beautiful Salisbury Cathedral boasting the highest spire in England. Boating along the famous Kennet and Avon Canal is a popular and relaxing pastime. Wiltshire has a multitude of exciting attractions including, the worldwide famous ancient monument 'Stonehenge' symbolizing mystery, power and endurance. Other local places of interest are Swindon, the biggest town in the county, Chippenham, and the quaint old town of Devizes.
| Salisbury |
In the Hebrew calendar, Yom Chamishi corresponds with which day of the week? | Wiltshire | Article about Wiltshire by The Free Dictionary
Wiltshire | Article about Wiltshire by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Wiltshire
Also found in: Dictionary , Acronyms , Wikipedia .
Wiltshire
(wĭlt`shĭr, –shər) or
Wilts,
county (1991 pop. 553,300), 1,345 sq mi (3,484 sq km), S central England; administratively, Wiltshire is a unitary authority (since 2009). The administrative center is Salisbury Salisbury
or New Sarum
, town (1991 pop. 36,890), Wiltshire, S England. A market town, Salisbury was founded in 1220 when the bishopric was moved there from Old Sarum. Squares or "checkers" are characteristic of the regular plan of the town.
..... Click the link for more information. . More than half of Wiltshire is occupied by the chalky Salisbury Plain and by the Marlborough Downs. Primarily an agricultural county, Wiltshire affords large areas for sheep grazing in the uplands, and the fertile valleys of the Lower Avon, the East Avon, and the Kennet rivers have extensive dairy farming. Swindon Swindon,
borough and unitary authority (1991 pop. 127,348), S central England. Swindon was a small village until 1841, when the Great Western RR opened its locomotive and car works there.
..... Click the link for more information. , the leading industrial center but now administratively separate from the county, is known for its locomotive works.
Shropshire is rich in historical associations. At Stonehenge Stonehenge
, group of standing stones on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, S England. Preeminent among megalithic monuments in the British Isles, it is similar to an older and larger monument at Avebury.
..... Click the link for more information. , Avebury, and Silbury Hill are the largest and oldest monuments of the early British, dating back 4,000 years. Old Sarum Old Sarum
, site of a former city, Wiltshire, S England, just N of Salisbury (New Sarum). Excavations and scanning technologies have revealed remains of a British Iron Age fort, the Roman station Sorbiodunum, and a later Saxon then Norman town in the old settlement's mound.
..... Click the link for more information. was a bishopric until the 13th cent., when the office was transferred to Salisbury Salisbury
or New Sarum
, town (1991 pop. 36,890), Wiltshire, S England. A market town, Salisbury was founded in 1220 when the bishopric was moved there from Old Sarum. Squares or "checkers" are characteristic of the regular plan of the town.
..... Click the link for more information. , famous since then for its cathedral. Wilton Wilton,
town (1991 pop. 4,005), Wiltshire, S central England. Carpets have been made in Wilton for centuries. Felt and farm machinery are other important products. Three sheep fairs are held annually. Wilton was an ancient capital of Wessex and the residence of Saxon kings.
..... Click the link for more information. , known for its carpets, was once the capital of the powerful Saxon kingdom of Wessex, where in the 9th cent. many of King Alfred's battles against the Danes were fought. His grandson, Athelstan, is buried at Malmesbury Malmesbury
, town (1991 pop. 2,552), Wiltshire, S England. Agricultural and electrical engineering are important to the local economy. Malmesbury is famous for its Benedictine abbey, founded in the 12th cent., of which only the nave remains.
..... Click the link for more information. Abbey, and according to legend, Queen Guinevere spent her last days in the nunnery at Amesbury Amesbury
, town, Wiltshire, S central England. Located on Salisbury plain, the town is among the oldest continuously settled locations in Great Britain. In 980 the widow of King Edgar founded Amesbury Abbey, where Queen Guinevere of Arthurian legend is said to have died.
..... Click the link for more information. . Notable Wiltshire residents of the past include Joseph Addison Addison, Joseph,
1672–1719, English essayist, poet, and statesman. He was educated at Charterhouse, where he was a classmate of Richard Steele, and at Oxford, where he became a distinguished classical scholar.
..... Click the link for more information. , John Dryden Dryden, John,
1631–1700, English poet, dramatist, and critic, b. Northamptonshire, grad. Cambridge, 1654. He went to London about 1657 and first came to public notice with his Heroic Stanzas (1659), commemorating the death of Oliver Cromwell.
..... Click the link for more information. , John Gay Gay, John,
1685–1732, English playwright and poet, b. Barnstaple, Devon. Educated at the local grammar school, he was apprenticed to a silk mercer for a brief time before commencing his literary career in London.
..... Click the link for more information. , George Herbert Herbert, George,
1593–1633, one of the English metaphysical poets. Of noble family, he was the brother of Baron Herbert of Cherbury. He was graduated from Cambridge.
..... Click the link for more information. , and Sir Christopher Wren Wren, Sir Christopher,
1632–1723, English architect. A mathematical prodigy, he studied at Oxford. He was professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, from 1657 to 1661, when he became Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford.
..... Click the link for more information. .
Wiltshire
a county in southern England. Area, 3,500 sq km. Population, 501,200 (1973). Agriculture is a mainstay of the economy. Industry includes food processing (mainly milk and meat products) and the production of railroad equipment (Swindon), agricultural machines, industrial rubber (Melksham and Bradford-on-Avon), carpets (Wilton), and clothing (Trow-bridge).
Wiltshire
a county of S England, consisting mainly of chalk uplands, with Salisbury Plain in the south and the Marlborough Downs in the north; prehistoric remains (at Stonehenge and Avebury): the geographical and ceremonial county includes Swindon unitary authority (established in 1997). Administrative centre: Trowbridge. Pop. (excluding Swindon): 440 800 (2003 est.). Area (excluding Swindon): 3481 sq. km (1344 sq. miles)
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‘Have it your way’ was an advertising slogan for which fast-food outlet? | Fast Food Slogans
Submit Slogans
Fast Food Slogans
Here is a list of a variety of Fast Food slogans. Whether you like McDonalds, Burger King, Wendys or more you will find many slogans from fast food restaurants. Be sure to vote for your favorite Fast Food Slogans.
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| Burger King |
Bonnie Brae, Eureka and Ponderosa are all varieties of which fruit? | Burger King ditches 'Have It Your Way' slogan | Fox News
Burger King ditches 'Have It Your Way' slogan
Published May 20, 2014
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Burger King is changing things up. (AP)
Burger King is scrapping its 40-year-old "Have It Your Way" slogan in favor of the more personal "Be Your Way."
The chain says the new tag line will roll out across its marketing in the U.S., including in a TV ad that will begin airing Monday night. The line made its first appearance in an online video last month.
Burger King says in a statement that the new motto is intended to remind people that "they can and should live how they want anytime. It's ok to not be perfect ... Self-expression is most important and it's our differences that make us individuals instead of robots."
It may seem odd for a fast-food company to champion individuality, but Burger King isn't the only one trying to project a hip, non-corporate attitude to gain favor with customers. Since 2012, for instance, Taco Bell has been touting its "Live Mas" slogan, which means "live more" in Spanish.
Fernando Machado, Burger King's senior vice president of global brand management, noted in an interview that "Have It Your Way" focuses only on the purchase — the ability to customize a burger. By contrast, he said "Be Your Way" is about making a connection with a person's greater lifestyle.
"We want to evolve from just being the functional side of things to having a much stronger emotional appeal," said Machado, who joined the company in March.
Whether the new tag line can help Burger King's image over the long term remains to be seen. The company, along with McDonald's Corp., is fighting to boost sales at a time when people are moving toward foods they feel are fresher or higher quality. And Laura Ries, president of the brand consulting firm Ries & Ries, noted that companies can come across as trying too hard to be cool.
"The problem is that people don't see themselves as living the Burger King lifestyle," she said. "You've got to be realistic with the place that your brand holds in real life."
Burger King says new slogan was developed with ad agency DAVID, a unit of WPP.
Machado noted that Burger King hasn't been actively using the "Have It Your Way" slogan for some time in the U.S. The company, which is based in Miami, Florida, also will stop using its more recent "Taste Is King" motto. "Be Your Way" will start in the U.S. but eventually be rolled out globally, the company says.
The switch is the latest in a series of marketing and menu changes under Burger King's new management. The chain was bought by investment firm 3G Capital in late 2010, then taken public again in 2012. Soon after, 3G replaced the chain's CEO and early this year, Axel Schwan was appointed as global chief marketing officer.
In the latest quarter, Burger King said sales at U.S. restaurants open at least a year edged up 0.1 percent, hurt by bad weather.
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The names of how many US states begin with the letter ‘L’? | How many American states begin with the letter "A"? | Reference.com
How many American states begin with the letter "A"?
A:
Quick Answer
The names of four U.S. states begin with the letter "A." The states are Alabama, Alaska, Arizona and Arkansas. In addition to the states, the U.S. territory of American Samoa also begins with the letter "A."
Full Answer
Of the four states beginning with the letter "A," Alabama has been in the union the longest, becoming a state in 1819. Alaska is the youngest state on the list, with a statehood admission date of 1959. Arkansas became a state in 1836, and Arizona joined the union in 1912. More state names start with the letters "M" and "N" than any other letters in the alphabet.
| one |
Spoon Curve, Casio Triangle and Dunlop Curve are all sections of the Formula One Grand Prix circuit in which country? | Surnames [Last Names] Starting With L in the United States
List of the Most Common Surnames starting with "L" in the U.S.
The following tables include last names starting with L in the US population during the 1990 census.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Population Analysis & Evaluation Staff
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What is the surname of US television courtroom show host Judge Judy? | Judith Sheindlin | Antonin Scalia
Judith Sheindlin
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| sheindlin |
Caviglia is Italian for which part of the body? | Judy Sheindlin - Biography - IMDb
Judy Sheindlin
Biography
Showing all 36 items
Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (3) | Trade Mark (2) | Trivia (20) | Personal Quotes (5) | Salary (2)
Overview (3)
5' 1" (1.55 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Judy Sheindlin was born on October 21, 1942 in Brooklyn, New York, USA as Judith Blum. She is a writer, known for Judge Judy (1996), Judge Judy: Justice Served (2007) and CHiPs '99 (1998). She was previously married to Jerry Sheindlin and Ronald Levy.
Spouse (3)
Quick-speaking Judge and almost as fast as an auctioneer
Short stature
Trivia (20)
She proposed to her husband Jerry. She and Jerry performed the marriage ceremonies of all four of their married children. She divorced Jerry in 1990, and remarried him a year later, reportedly because she was grieving from her father's death and needed time to herself.
Mother of five children: Gregory, Jamie Hartwright, Jonathan, Adam Levy and Nicole. Grandmother of 12 grandchildren.
Attended and graduated from James Madison High School in Brooklyn, New York (1961).
Received her Bachelor's degree from American University in Washington, D.C. (1963).
Received her Juris Doctor degree from New York Law School (1965).
Former cosmetics firm lawyer. Spent 24 years as a Manhattan County court judge.
After 25 years of working as a prosecutor dealing with juvenile delinquents, she retired and began her show Judge Judy (1996), which debuted in 1996, was slow to begin, but became a success.
Is the best-selling author of four books: "Don't Pee on My Leg and Tell Me It's Raining" (September 1996), "Beauty Fades, Dumb is Forever" (January 1999), "Win or Lose By How You Choose", a children's book (February 2000), and "Keep It Simple, Stupid: You're Smarter Than You Think" (July 2000).
Before she had her own show, she was the feature subject of an article in the Los Angeles Times that led to a report widely seen on 60 Minutes (1968).
Her $100 million, four-year contract, signed in 2004, makes her one of the highest-paid women in television (Forbes.com).
Is the most famous court show judge in television. Where other court shows have ended or failed, Judy's is the only one to last over ten years and still going strong. As a result, her popularity has grown, as well as her large fanbase, and Judy has achieved celebrity status. The People's Court (1981) original judge, Joseph Wapner 's was very popular, until Wapner retired in 1993, lasting at-least eleven years. Wapner then was a temporary animal court judge of Animal Court (1998).
Ranked #13 by Forbes.com's list of the Richest 20 Women in Entertainment.
Parodied by Cheri Oteri on Saturday Night Live (1975).
Her husband, Jerry Sheindlin , is also a retired judge and author.
In 2007, Forbes magazine estimated her earnings for the year at $30 million.
Often parodied by Amanda Bynes on The Amanda Show (1999).
Received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7065 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on February 14, 2006.
Stepmother of Gregory Everett Sheindlin (born 1965) and stepmother-in-law of Laurie Gail Pila (born 1977). She took part in their wedding on May 12, 2012 in New York City.
She and her husband Jerry Sheindlin maintained a luxury estate in ultra-rich Greenwich, Connecticut.
Currently resides with her husband Jerry Sheindlin in Naples, Florida. [November 2010]
Personal Quotes (5)
My personal belief is that we have to get kids' attention, and fast. A period on a chilly upstate facility can be a great attitude adjuster.
Lawyers are always asking me if I will cut some slack for their clients. My standard answer is this is not Let's Make a Deal (1963).
In our country, indigent people are given free legal counsel. That is fine and good, but nowhere in the Constitution does it say that you are entitled to a free ride.
[on California's approval of Prop 8, which denies gay marriage] We've got a lot of trouble in this country. We've got a lot of trouble in the world. Why the state should be interested in proscribing the word marriage from two people who love each other, who are responsible, tax-paying, productive people, who have created a family...why the state would have an interest in proscribing that kind of conduct, I don't understand. I understand the anger about poverty. I understand the anger about AIG. I understand the problem about the banks. I understand the problem about Afghanistan and the Taliban and everything else. But I don't understand the preoccupation with gays being permitted to marry.
[2016, when asked if she would run with Donald Trump as Vice President on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (2015)] It would be nice if he had somebody who had good experience with government to act as a running mate. That would seem logical to me, and quite frankly, I don't. I know the family court, and I know my little television courtroom, and I'm too old, and I don't like to work so hard...and it doesn't pay enough.
Salary (2)
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Mintonette was the original name of which ball game? | Mintonette - definition of Mintonette by The Free Dictionary
Mintonette - definition of Mintonette by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Mintonette
Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia .
vol·ley·ball
(vŏl′ē-bôl′)
n.
1. A game played by two teams on a rectangular court divided by a high net, in which each team, using up to three hits per effort to return the ball, tries to drive the ball over the net onto the ground on the opposing team's side.
2. The inflated, spherical ball used in this game.
vol′ley·ball′er n.
volleyball
(ˈvɒlɪˌbɔːl)
n
1. (Team Sports, other than specified) a game in which two teams hit a large ball back and forth over a high net with their hands
2. (General Sporting Terms) the ball used in this game
vol•ley•ball
(ˈvɒl iˌbɔl)
n.
1. a game for two teams in which the object is to keep a large ball in motion, from side to side over a high net, by striking it with the hands before it touches the ground.
2. the ball used in this game.
[1895–1900, Amer.]
Noun
1.
volleyball - a game in which two teams hit an inflated ball over a high net using their hands
court game - an athletic game played on a court
2.
volleyball - an inflated ball used in playing volleyball
ball - round object that is hit or thrown or kicked in games; "the ball travelled 90 mph on his serve"; "the mayor threw out the first ball"; "the ball rolled into the corner pocket"
Translations
الكُرَةُ الطَّائِرَة كُرة الشَّبَكَه، الكُرَة الطّائِرَهكرة اليد
volejbal
відбиванкаволейболволейбольний м’ячм’яч до відбиванки
bóng chuyền
[ˈvɒlɪbɔːl] N → balonvolea m, voleibol m, volibol m (LAm), balón volea m
volleyball
to play volleyball → jouer au volley-ball
modif [court, game] → de volley-ball volleyball player n → volleyeur/euse m/f
volleyball
volley
(ˈvoli) noun
1. in tennis, the hitting of a ball before it bounces. vlughou ضَرْب كُرَة التِّنِس قبل أن تَلْمَس الأرْض воле vôlei volej der Flugschlag flugter βολέ (στο τένις) volea lendpall والی lentolyönti volée חֲבָטַת יְעָף गोलियों की बौछार volej levegőből ütés, röpte pukulan voli það að slá bolta áður en hann lendir volée ボレー (테니스의) 발리 smūgis į lekiantį kamuolį bumbas atsišana lidojumā voli volley fluktslag wolej, odbicie w locie volley voleu удар с лёта volej odboj žoge, preden pade na tla udarac lopte volley (เทนนิส) การตีลูกก่อนลงดิน vole (網球，在球落地反彈前)截擊 удар на льоту وولي، باڑھ quả vô lê （网球运动中）截击
2. a burst of firing etc. a volley of shots; a volley of questions/curses. sarsie وابِلٌ من الطَّلَقات أو الأسْئِلَه залп saraivada salva; palba die Salve salve ομοβροντία, καταιγισμός descarga , aluvión , avalancha valing رگبار ryöppy volée מטח झडी़ salva sortűz berondongan (skot)hríð scarica , raffica 一斉射撃 일제 사격 salvė, kruša zalve; krusa; straume menghujani salvo salve , strøm salwa saraivada torent, potop залп ; поток paľba salva ispala salva, skur การยิงอย่างรวดเร็ว yaylım ateş , salvo 齊射 град, потік بوچھاڑ loạt , tràng ,chuỗi 齐射
verb
1. to hit (a ball etc) before it bounces. He volleyed the ball back to his opponent. in die vlug slaan يَضْرِبُ الطّابَة قَبْل أن تَلْمَس الأرْض изстрелвам rebater zahrát volejem einen Flugball spielen flugte κάνω βολέ (στο τένις) hacer una volea lendpalli lööma زدن توپ قبل از اینکه به زمین بخورد lyödä lentolyönti attraper à la volée לִשלוחַ כַּדוּר יְעָף टप्पा लगाने से पहले उडती गेंद मारना udariti levegőből üt, röptéz memukul slá á lofti (fare una volée), (colpire al volo) ボレーで打ち返す 발리로 되받아 치다 atmušti ore atsist bumbu lidojumā memukul sangga volleren flukte uderzyć z woleja ter o volley a prelua din voleu ударить с лёта zahrať volejom odbiti žogo preden pade na tla udariti loptu volejom slå [till] på volley ตีลูก vole vurmak 截擊 бити на льоту باڑھ مارنا، وولي مارنا vô lê 截击
2. to fire a rapid burst of (bullets, questions etc). peper يُطْلِقُ وابِلا من الرَّصاص أو الأسْئِلَه стрелям disparar vypálit salvu Salve abfeuern affyre en salve εξαπολύω lanzar una descarga, lanzar un aluvión valangut andma بصورت رگبار فرستادن ampua sarjatulella tirer une volée, lâcher un torrent de לִירוֹת מַטָח बौछार करना ispaliti salvu zúdít memberondongkan drita, skjóta ótt og títt sparare , lanciare 一斉射撃をする 일제히 쏘다 apiberti kruša apbērt (ar jautājumiem u.tml.) menhujani een salvo afschieten fyre av zasypać gradem disparar a lansa un torent de стрелять залпами;сыпаться потоком vypáliť, strieľať izstreliti salvo ispaliti plotun avlossa en salva ยิงเป็นตับ yaylım ateşi açmak 齊射 сипати(ся) градом بوچھاڑ کرنا tuôn ra, bắn ra hàng loạt 群射
ˈvolleyball noun
a game in which a ball is volleyed over a high net, using the hands. vlugbal كُرة الشَّبَكَه، الكُرَة الطّائِرَه волейбол voleibol volejbal das Volleyballspiel volleyball βόλεϊ voleibol , balonvolea võrkpall والیبال lentopallo volley-ball כַּדוּר-עַף वालीबाल lopta za odbojku röplabda bola voli blak pallavolo バレーボール 배구 tinklinis volejbols bola tampar volleybal volleyball siatkówka voleiball volei волейбол volejbal odbojka odbojka volleyboll กีฬาวอลเลย์บอล voleybol 排球 волейбол وولي بار، ايک کھيل bóng chuyền 排球
volleyball
| Volleyball |
Who plays the role of Lieutenant Aldo Raine in the 2009 film ‘Inglorious Basterds’? | FIVB - VOLLEYBALL
Volleyball
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VOLLEYBALL HISTORY
Volleyball has come a long way from the dusty-old YMCA gymnasium of Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA, where the visionary William G. Morgan invented the sport back in 1895. It has seen the start of two centuries and the dawn of a new millennium. Volleyball is now one of the big five international sports, and the FIVB, with its 220 affiliated national federations, is the largest international sporting federation in the world.
Volleyball has witnessed unprecedented growth over the last two decades. With the great success of world competitions such as the FIVB World Championships, the FIVB World League, the FIVB World Grand Prix, the FIVB World Cup and the FIVB Grand Champions Cup as well as the Olympic Games, the level of participation at all levels internationally continues to grow exponentially.
The beach volleyball phenomenon also continues to amaze. The overwhelming spectator and television success of beach volleyball since its introduction to the Olympic Games at Atlanta 1996 and the stunning success of the FIVB World Tour, the World Championships and the Continental Cup has opened up volleyball to a completely new market.
The origins
William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".
The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1895, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became director of physical education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop and direct a vast programme of exercises and sport classes for male adults.
His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, a sport that was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.
At that time Morgan knew of no similar game to volleyball which could guide him; he developed it from his own sports training methods and his practical experience in the YMCA gymnasium. Describing his first experiments he said, "In search of an appropriate game, tennis occurred to me, but this required rackets, balls, a net and other equipment, so it was eliminated, but the idea of a net seemed a good one. We raised it to a height of about 6 feet, 6 inches (1.98 metres) from the ground, just above the head of an average man. We needed a ball and among those we tried was a basketball bladder, but this was too light and too slow. We therefore tried the basketball itself, which was too big and too heavy."
In the end, Morgan asked the firm of A.G. Spalding & Bros. to make a ball, which they did at their factory near Chicopee, in Massachusetts. The result was satisfactory: the ball was leather-covered, with a rubber inner tube, its circumference was not less than 25 and not more than 27 inches (63.5 cm and 68.6 cm, respectively), and its weight not less than 9 and not more than 12 ounces (252 gr and 336 gr, respectively).
Morgan asked two of his friends from Holyoke, Dr. Frank Wood and John Lynch, to draw up (based on his suggestions) the basic concepts of the game together with the first 10 rules.
Early in 1896 a conference was organized at the YMCA College in Springfield, bringing together all the YMCA Directors of Physical Education. Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, director of the professional physical education training school (and also executive director of the department of physical education of the International Committee of YMCA's) invited Morgan to make a demonstration of his game in the new college stadium. Morgan took two teams, each made up of five men (and some loyal fans) to Springfield, where the demonstration was made before the conference delegates in the east gymnasium. The captain of one of the teams was J.J. Curran and of the other John Lynch who were respectively, mayor and chief of the fire brigade of Holyoke.
Morgan explained that the new game was designed for gymnasia or exercise halls, but could also be played in open air. An unlimited number of players could participate, the object of the game being to keep the ball in movement over a high net, from one side to the other.
After seeing the demonstration, and hearing the explanation of Morgan, Professor Alfred T. Halstead called attention to the action, or the act phase, of the ball's flight, and proposed that the name "Mintonette" be replaced by "Volley Ball." This name was accepted by Morgan and the conference. (It is interesting to note that the same name has survived over the years, with one slight alteration: in 1952, the Administrative Committee of the USVBA voted to spell the name with one word, "Volleyball", but continued to use USVBA to signify United States Volleyball Association).
Morgan explained the rules and worked on them, then gave a hand-written copy to the conference of YMCA directors of physical education, as a guide for the use and development of the game. A committee was appointed to study the rules and produce suggestions for the game's promotion and teaching.
A brief report on the new game and its rules was published in the July 1896 edition of "Physical Education" and the rules were included in the 1897 edition of the first official handbook of the North American YMCA Athletic League.
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Fictional superhero Batman is known as ‘The Caped ‘what’? | 'Batman Day' Marks Caped Crusader's 75th Anniversary
'Batman Day' Marks Caped Crusader's 75th Anniversary
July 23, 2014 4:10 PM
VOA News
A man takes a photo of a Batman comic book during Batman Day at a comics store in New York July 23, 2014.
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In Gotham City and everywhere else Batman is known and loved, fans are celebrating "Batman Day," honoring the Caped Crusader's comic-book debut 75 years ago.
The publisher of Batman comics, DC Entertainment, is handing out thousands of free copies of "Detective Comics #27," where Batman first appeared in 1939.
Although the fictional superhero was "born" in American comics, Batman has moved on through the years, appearing in many parts of the world on television, animated films and in the movies.
Batman is a fictional superhero who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics, as well as in a multitude of movies, television shows, and video games. He was created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in 1939 to capitalize on the superhero craze that began with Superman. Batman is one of DC Comics' most recognizable and profitable characters.
Batman is a wealthy vigilante, a freelance crime-fighter who operates in fictional Gotham City (a town much like New York). He wears a bat-like costume and is a brilliant detective and expert practitioner of martial arts. Bruce Wayne - Batman's "real" identity when he is not in costume - says he pursues criminals to avenge his parents, who were murdered by thugs when he was a child.
To mark Wednesday's anniversary, DC Entertainment also is selling Batman "collectibles," ranging from a special-edition bat-cape to four Batman masks spotlighting the Dark Knight's iconic looks as artists interpreted them over the past 75 years.
If you are a fan who cannot make it to a U.S. retailer to pick up a free copy of Detective Comics #27, fear not. It is available for download Wednesday at www.readDCentertainment.com.
"Batman Day" coincides with the start of this year's Comic-Con, the California festival that celebrates comic books and other popular arts. Like Batman responding to a bat-signal, pop-culture fans are streaming to San Diego for this year's meeting.
| Crusader |
Succotash is a dish of mainly maize and usually what type of beans boiled together? | The My Hero Project - Batman
BATMAN
by Thomas from Toronto
My Hero essay: Batman
Batman is my hero. He is a fictional hero; he was created by the artist Bob Kane and the writer Bill Finger. He made his first appearance in DC comics issue number 27 on May 1939. Since his first showing he has been in many comics but mainly in one made by DC. Batman goes by many nicknames. Some of them are: The Batman, the Bat-man, the caped Crusader, The Dark Knight, The bat, and many more. His true identity is Bruce Wayne, a billionaire who took over his father's company when his parents were shot by a homeless man. The company is called Wayne industries and it is the biggest company in Gotham city, where Wayne lives. He is billionaire by day and hero by night.
Batman is a hero to me because I have learned many good things from him. He has showed me that it is better to care for everybody than just the people who are close to you. He has also taught me that you don't need powers to be a hero, and that even if you have a lot of money you should still go out of your way to help people who aren't as fortunate as you. He has also taught me some pretty sweet fighting moves. He is also my hero because he has always been my favorite super hero and I have always looked up to him. Batman was my favorite cartoon when I was a kid and The Dark Knight is my favorite movie. He is my hero because he stands for everything that is good in the world.
Batman is important to me because he has made me a better person. If I didn't watch Batman I would not be as caring for other people as I am now. I would lose my cool more often but I don't because Batman always stays calm and thinks through situations. An example is when I'm playing basketball, instead of just running up the court and shooting the ball, I think the whole situation through and try to find the best option. I never let other people get in my head, just like how Batman never lets the Joker get into his head. I don't let other people get in my head because I know that if they do it will only make me play worse. I have learned that all from Batman. He has inspired me to do good in the world and has taught me that I can do anything if I really work hard at it. I aspire to be like the Batman because I want to help people; I want to bring out the good in everybody, just like the Batman does. I aspire to be like Batman because he plays by his own rules, but stays true to his morals. I aspire to be like Batman because he is my hero.
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Which are the only two planets in our solar system that have no moons? | How Many Moons Does Each Planet Have? | eNotes
How Many Moons Does Each Planet Have?
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Answer
Mercury and Venus have no moons. Earth, of course, has just one moon, Luna. Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos. Jupiter has a total of 67 moons, including the famous “Galilean moons” Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto; Saturn has 62, of which Titan is the most massive and the most famous; Uranus has 27, all named after Shakespeare and Alexander Pope characters; and Neptune has 14, of which Triton is the most massive. Pluto, which is considered a dwarf planet, has five moons.
caledon | High School Teacher | (Level 3) Senior Educator
Posted on
Our data has improved considerably in the last 20 years.
Mercury: no moons
Earth: 1 moon
Mars: 2 moons, Phobos, Deimos
Jupiter: 67 moons, some of which do not yet have proper names. The most famous are the Galilean moons, Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.
Saturn: 62 moons, some of which do not yet have proper names. The most famous, by far, is Titan, which is significantly more massive than any other Saturnian moon.
Uranus: 27 moons, all of which are named after characters in the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. Five are well known; Titania, Oberon, Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel
Neptune: 14 moons, the most massive by far being Triton.
While Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Orcus and Quaoar are considered dwarf planets, they nevertheless have moons.
Pluto: 5 moons, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, Styx
Eris: 1 moon, Dysnomia
Haumea: 2 moons, Hi'iaka, Namaka
Orcus: 1 moon, Vanth
| mercury and venus |
During which year did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations? | Which two planets have no moons? | Reference.com
Which two planets have no moons?
A:
Quick Answer
Mercury and Venus are the two planets that have no moons. The other planets in the solar system have a combined total of 146 moons, with 27 more potential moons waiting for confirmation.
Not all moons are round, like Earth's moon. Moons come in other shapes and sizes, and some planets have many moons.
Earth has only one moon.
The planet Mars comes in next, with two moons.
The planet Neptune is listed as having 13 moons.
The planet Uranus is listed as having 27 moons.
Jupiter currently has 50 recognized moons, but another 17 moons are waiting to be confirmed.
The planet Saturn is said to have 53 moons, and another nine moons are waiting to be confirmed as official.
Pluto has three moons.
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Lois Maxwell played which part in the first 14 James Bond films? | Lois Maxwell, 80, an Actress Who Played in 14 ‘Bond’ Films, Dies - The New York Times
The New York Times
Movies |Lois Maxwell, 80, an Actress Who Played in 14 ‘Bond’ Films, Dies
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Lois Maxwell, 80, an Actress Who Played in 14 ‘Bond’ Films, Dies
By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Continue reading the main story
Lois Maxwell, the actress who played Miss Moneypenny in 14 James Bond movies, died on Sept. 29, the British Broadcasting Corporation reported. She was 80.
She died near her home in Perth, Australia, the BBC said, citing a hospital official. Roger Moore, one of the Bond stars, told BBC Radio that Ms. Maxwell had been suffering from cancer.
Photo
Lois Maxwell in 2000 with a James Bond gun. Credit Odd Andersen/Getty Images
Born Lois Hooker in Kitchener, Ontario, in 1927, Ms. Maxwell began acting on the radio before moving to Britain with the Entertainment Corps of the Canadian Army at the age of 15, the BBC said. She attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where Mr. Moore was a fellow student.
In the late 1940s, she moved to Hollywood and won a Golden Globe for her part in a Shirley Temple comedy, “That Hagen Girl.” After returning to Britain in the mid-1950s, she acted opposite Sean Connery in the first James Bond movie, “Dr. No,” in 1962 as the secretary to M, the head of the secret service. She was 58 when she appeared in her final Bond film, “A View to a Kill” (1985).
In addition to her appearances as Miss Moneypenny, she also acted in Stanley Kubrick’s “Lolita” and in “The Saint” and other shows on television.
In her last film, the 2001 thriller “The Fourth Angel,” she played alongside Jeremy Irons.
A version of this article appears in print on , on Page A23 of the New York edition with the headline: Lois Maxwell, 80, an Actress Who Played in 14 ‘Bond’ Films. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
| Miss Moneypenny |
On a standard dartboard, what number lies opposite 10? | OBITUARIES FOR YOUR EYES ONLY
Lois Maxwell
d. September 29, 2007
Lois Maxwell, the Canadian-born actress who gained international fame for her long-running portrayal of Miss Moneypenny in the James Bond films, died Sept. 29 in a hospital in Fremantle, Australia. She was 80.
Moneypenny’s screen time was extremely limited in the films, sometimes amounting to just one scene, but Maxwell as Moneypenny became part of the familiar and beloved Bond family, along with Bernard Lee as M and Desmond Llewelyn as Q. Maxwell quipped and flirted with James Bonds played by Sean Connery, George Lazenby and Roger Moore in the first 14 Bond movies.
She was born in Ontario and seemingly born to perform, appearing on Canadian radio programs as a youngster. In her teens she joined a wartime Canadian military unit sent to Britain to entertain troops. There she obtained a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1944, where Roger Moore was a fellow student.
After early stage and film work in England, she decided to try Hollywood and landed a role in 1947’s “That Hagen Girl,” starring Ronald Reagan and former child star Shirley Temple. Maxwell received a Golden Globe award as most promising newcomer for her performance. She and Marilyn Monroe were in a group labeled Hollywood’s most promising starlets in a Life magazine photo.
But Hollywood stardom did not materialize and Maxwell returned to Europe, appearing in British and Italian movies throughout the 1950s. By 1962, as she explained in many interviews, she was in desperate straits: “I had a husband who was desperately ill, with two small children and no money, so I called producers I had worked with before and said, ‘Help me.’”
Terence Young, who directed her in 1948’s “Corridor of Mirrors,” was preparing the first Bond film, “Dr. No.” Maxwell often told the story of how Young offered her a choice of two roles, Miss Moneypenny or Sylvia Trench, the vamp Bond meets in his first scene in a London casino, and who Young envisioned as another running character in the films. But Sylvia’s second appearance in “From Russia With Love” was also her last. Maxwell chose Moneypenny because she said she “didn’t fancy myself in James Bond’s pajama top, hitting golf balls down the hallway,” as Sylvia did in “Dr. No.”
Maxwell recalled that Bond creator Ian Fleming, when introduced to her, said, “When I wrote Miss Moneypenny, I envisaged a tall, elegant woman with the most kissable lips in the world, and you, my dear, are the epitome of that dream of mine.” But then, said Maxwell, "He puckered up his lips and I puckered up mine. At that moment, a female voice behind him screeched, 'Ian! Bedford wants you.' It was his wife. I never did get to kiss him."
In 1962, Maxwell appeared in Stanley Kubrick’s “Lolita” as well as in “Dr. No.” Her other film roles in the 1960s included “Come Fly With Me,” “The Haunting” and “Operation Kid Brother,” a dreadful spy spoof starring Maxwell, Bernard Lee and Sean Connery’s non-actor brother Neil. She also had guest shots in British TV series such as O.S.S., Danger Man, The Avengers, The Saint, The Baron, Department S, UFO and The Persuaders. She even had a recurring role in Stingray, the 1964 “Supermarionation” series, providing the voice of Lt. Atlanta Shore, a part she reprised in the 1981 movie version, “Invaders from the Deep.”
Maxwell was the steady presence through three decades of Bond, surviving the departure of Connery, the single appearance of George Lazenby as Bond in “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service” (a film that actually gave Moneypenny some of her best scenes), and the arrival of Roger Moore, who beat every other Bond for longevity, starring in seven pictures. Maxwell was there all the way, beating out Llewelyn, who did not appear in “Dr. No” or “Live and Let Die,” and Bernard Lee, who died after shooting his scenes for 1979’s “Moonraker.”
But when Moore announced he was finally leaving after 1985’s “A View to a Kill,” Bond producer Cubby Broccoli broke the news to Maxwell that it also was time to recast Moneypenny with a younger actress. She took the inevitable decision in stride, half-joking that Moneypenny should become the new M in Timothy Dalton’s Bond films.
Broccoli didn’t bite, but the role of Moneypenny has not fared well since Maxwell’s departure. Caroline Bliss made little impression as Moneypenny in Dalton’s two Bond films. Legal problems then kept Bond off the screen for seven years. Pert Samantha Bond played Moneypenny in Pierce Brosnan’s four Bond films. But the recent “reboot” of the Bond “franchise” with Daniel Craig as Bond has eliminated the role of Moneypenny, along with many other familiar trappings of the series.
Maxwell was born Lois Hooker and often threatened to write an autobiography titled “I Was Born a Hooker.” She returned to Canada in 1986 and started writing a thrice-weekly column titled “Moneypenny” for the Toronto Sun that ran until 1994. She still took occasional acting roles, the last in 2001’s “The Fourth Angel” with Jeremy Irons. Maxwell had battled cancer for several years and moved to Australia in 2002 to be closer to her son Christian.
Top to bottom: Lois Maxwell and Sean Connery in “From Russia With Love”; on the “Goldfinger” set; in Playboy’s 1965 “James Bond’s Girls” feature; at James Bond’s wedding in “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service.”
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Who was elected leader of the British Labour Party in October 1983? | Email Address
I warn you …
Neil Kinnock’s speech in Bridgend, Glamorgan, on 7 June 1983, rates as one of the finest speeches ever made in British politics.
It was two days before the General Election. He scribbled the notes from which he delivered the speech in the car on the way to the rally, and his voice was hoarse from campaigning. He was elected leader of the Labour Party at the party conference in October 1983, after Labour’s resounding defeat. He went on to transform the party to make it fit for government.
Here is the full text of what he said.
If Margaret Thatcher is re-elected as prime minister on Thursday, I warn you.
I warn you that you will have pain–when healing and relief depend upon payment.
I warn you that you will have ignorance–when talents are untended and wits are wasted, when learning is a privilege and not a right.
I warn you that you will have poverty–when pensions slip and benefits are whittled away by a government that won’t pay in an economy that can’t pay.
I warn you that you will be cold–when fuel charges are used as a tax system that the rich don’t notice and the poor can’t afford.
I warn you that you must not expect work–when many cannot spend, more will not be able to earn. When they don’t earn, they don’t spend. When they don’t spend, work dies.
I warn you not to go into the streets alone after dark or into the streets in large crowds of protest in the light.
I warn you that you will be quiet–when the curfew of fear and the gibbet of unemployment make you obedient.
I warn you that you will have defence of a sort–with a risk and at a price that passes all understanding.
I warn you that you will be home-bound–when fares and transport bills kill leisure and lock you up.
I warn you that you will borrow less–when credit, loans, mortgages and easy payments are refused to people on your melting income.
If Margaret Thatcher wins on Thursday–
– I warn you not to be ordinary
– I warn you not to be young
– I warn you not to fall ill
– I warn you not to get old.
| Neil Kinnock |
Martial arts actor Lee Yuen Kam was better known by what name? | John Smith: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland
The Burial Ground of Relig Odhráin, with Iona Abbey in the Background
John Smith, QC, lived from 13 September 1938 to 12 May 1994. He was the leader of the British Labour Party at the time of his sudden death. The wider picture in Scotland at the time is set out in our Historical Timeline.
John Smith was born in Dalmally in Argyll & Bute, and was the son of a headmaster. He grew up in Adrishaig before being sent to board in Dunoon so he could attend Dunoon Grammar School. In 1956 he became a student at the University of Glasgow, studying history until 1959, and then law. While there he formed a close friendship with his future political ally, Donald Dewar. After leaving university, Smith practiced as a solicitor and subsequently became a member of the Faculty of Advocates, the body of lawyers allowed to act as advocates in Scottish courts. In 1983 he became a Queen's Counsel.
In a 1961 by-election and in the 1964 General Election, Smith stood unsuccessfully as the Labour Candidate in the East Fife Constituency. In the 1970 General Election he was elected to be the Member of Parliament for Lanarkshire North. He retained this seat until it disappeared as a result of boundary changes in 1983, and thereafter represented the new and closely geographically related constituency of Monklands East. In 1971, for the only time in his political career, he defied Labour Party whips to vote in favour of UK membership of the European Economic Community (the precursor to the European Union).
In October 1974, Smith turned down the post of Solicitor General for Scotland in Harold Wilson's Government and instead became a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Energy. The following year he was promoted to Minister of State. When James Callaghan became Prime Minister in 1976, Smith was appointed Minister of state at the Privy Council Office, and was responsible for driving the Government's controversial plans for devolution in Scotland and Wales through the House of Commons. In November 1978 he became the youngest member of the Cabinet when he was appointed Secretary of State for Trade.
Labour lost power to Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Party in the 1979 General Election, and Smith became Shadow Energy Secretary. He later served as Shadow Employment Secretary and Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, before being made Shadow Chancellor by Labour Leader Neil Kinnock in June 1987. On 9 October 1988 Smith suffered a heart attack. This resulted in his being out of politics for three months. He responded by dieting and taking up Munro bagging, going on to climb 108 of the 284 Scottish Munros (separate mountains over 3000ft).
When Labour suffered its fourth successive defeat in the 1992 General Election, Neil Kinnock resigned, and John Smith was elected to replace him as Leader of the Labour Party. As leader of the opposition to John Major's Government, Smith proved himself an effective operator, and during his tenure the mood of the country began to shift: for the first time in a long time, Labour began to look credible candidates for Government. In 1993 John Smith committed a future Labour Government to establishing a Scottish Parliament. By the beginning of May 1994, the Labour Party were 23% ahead of the Conservatives in opinion polls.
On 12 May 1994, John Smith suffered a second heart attack and died. His funeral was held in Edinburgh, and a memorial service in Westminster Abbey was attended by over 2,000 people. John Smith was buried at the ancient burial ground of Relig Odhráin on the Isle of Iona, where he lies alongside 48 Kings of Dalriada and Scotland, 8 Kings of Norway and 4 Kings of Ireland. As perhaps the best Prime Minister that the UK never had, it is tempting to thing he is in fitting company. John Smith was survived by his wife Elizabeth and their three daughters.
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Who played Cardinal Wolsey in the 1971 film ‘Carry On Henry’? | Carry on Henry VIII (1971) - IMDb
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Storyline
Henry VIII has just married Marie of Normandy, and is eager to consummate their marriage. Unfortunately for Henry, she is always eating garlic, and refuses to stop. Deciding to get rid of her in his usual manner, Henry has to find some way of doing it without provoking war with Marie's cousin, the King of France. Perhaps if she had an affair... Written by Simon N. McIntosh-Smith <[email protected]>
A Great Guy with his Chopper
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March 1972 (USA) See more »
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Carry on Henry VIII See more »
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Did You Know?
Trivia
Eric Rogers ' title music is based on the traditional piece "Green Sleeves". (The real King Henry VIII is credited with being the composer of the song.) See more »
Goofs
Sir Roger is tortured with an Iron Maiden. However, the earliest known Maiden does not appear until 1793, and was probably not a genuine torture implement but a fictional 'medieval' device designed to shock and fascinate paying visitors to an exhibition. See more »
Quotes
Sir Roger de Lodgerley : Without even reading it?
Thomas Cromwell : I'll read it to you. It's just a simple little confession. "In as much as I, Roger de Lodgerley, of Bedside Manor, Wilts, hereinafter referred to as the party of the first part, did unlawfully, with malice aforethought and without taking due precaution, on the night of October 4th last, admire, covet, blandish, cosset, seduce and otherwise get at Marie, spouse to Henry Tudor, hereinafter referred to as the party of the second part, I do now hereby solemnly ...
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Crazy Credits
This film is based on a recently discovered manuscript by one William Cobbler which reveals the fact that Henry VIII did in fact have two more wives. Although it was at first thought that Cromwell originated the story, it is now known to be definitely all Cobbler's........ from beginning to end. See more »
Connections
Henry Tudor just got ruder!
19 July 2015 | by Spikeopath
(United Kingdom) – See all my reviews
The 21st film of the long running Carry On series is a bawdy trip into the court of King Henry VIII (Sid James). The King has recently married Queen Marie of Normandy (Joan Sims) but since she eats too much garlic, thus putting the King off his conjugal rights, he plots to get her out the way. However, he must tread carefully as a war with France could easily arise should anything happen to the Queen.
Some of the best colour Carry On movies would turn out to be set in an historical period. Carry On Henry is not one of the best from the historical romps, but it's a goodie and for those who like the saucy side of the series then it has plenty of appeal.
The presence of James on womanising and boozing form, and Barbara Windsor doing her no brain all sexuality act, gives this entry its saucy soul, while Terry Scott (superb visual ticks), Kenny Williams (a continuously wonderful foil for Scott) and Charles Hawtrey mince about with gleeful abandon. The energy of the comedy is high and sustained throughout, while the art design and costuming is regal in production. The gunpowder plot forms a side-bar narrative, which is joyous but also shows us that Kenneth Connor is sadly under used, but the innuendo and purposely groan inducing gags are always on hand to tickle the senses of those so inclined towards this splinter of the popular British institution. 7/10
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| Terry Scott |
The first Winter Youth Olympic Games were held in which European country in January 2012? | Carry On Henry | Film from RadioTimes
Our Score
by David Parkinson
Mercilessly spoofing the Richard Burton/Geneviève Bujold historical drama Anne of the Thousand Days, this raucous history lesson from the Carry On crew is something of an on-off affair, rather like Henry's marriage to Marie of Normandy. For once, Talbot Rothwell's script isn't as sharp as an executioner's axe, but there are still plenty of wicked one-liners and savage parodies. Sid James makes a suitably merry monarch, while Joan Sims gives her best performance of the series as his garlic-gobbling queen. Exceptional support is provided by Kenneth Williams as Thomas Cromwell and Charles Hawtrey as the wonderfully named Sir Roger de Lodgerley.
Summary
King Henry VIII plots to rid himself of his new French wife when her craving for garlic becomes too much to cope with. However, he cannot afford to anger the king of France, and tries to make it look as if his queen has had an affair. Comedy, starring Sid James, Joan Sims, Kenneth Williams, Terry Scott, Charles Hawtrey, Barbara Windsor and Kenneth Connor.
Cast & Crew
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The medical condition dysphoria is a commonly known as what? | Gender Dysphoria: What It Is and How It's Treated
Read the Melissa Rivers Advocates for Suicide Prevention article > >
Feeling that your body does not reflect your true gender can cause severe distress, anxiety , and depression . "Dysphoria" is a feeling of dissatisfaction, anxiety , and restlessness. With gender dysphoria, the discomfort with your male or female body can be so intense that it can interfere with the way you function in normal life, for instance at school or work or during social activities.
Gender dysphoria used to be called “gender identity disorder.” But the mismatch between body and internal sense of gender is not a mental illness . Instead, what need to be addressed are the stress, anxiety, and depression that go along with it.
The condition has also been called “transsexualism.” But this term is outdated. Some consider it offensive. Now “ transgender ” is often used to describe someone who feels his or her body and gender do not match.
Gender nonconforming (GNC) is a broader term that can include people with gender dysphoria. But it can also describe people who feel that they are neither only male or only female. Informally, people who identify with both genders or with neither gender might call themselves "genderqueer."
Gender dysphoria is not homosexuality. Your internal sense of your gender is not the same as your sexual orientation .
| Anxiety |
Which actor played the title role in the 1960’s UK television series ‘Adam Adamant’? | What Is Dysphoria in Bipolar Disorder?
What Is Dysphoria in Bipolar Disorder?
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What Is Dysphoria in Bipolar Disorder?
Dysphoria has a special meaning when it's applied to bipolar disorder
By Kimberly Read - Reviewed by a board-certified physician.
Updated May 04, 2016
Dysphoria is a word that turns up often in the literature and in discussions relating to bipolar disorder . However, the exact meaning of the word dysphoria seems to be rather vague, and its use is often confusing. As a result, patients and doctors may use the term in different ways.
Dysphoria is a state of feeling unwell or unhappy. However, that could describe anything from PMS to raging flu to crying because your goldfish died.
Many medical dictionaries define dysphoria simply as anxiety . But these definitions just do not describe properly the way dysphoria applies to the moods associated with bipolar disorder cycles .
Dysphoric Mania
Dysphoric Mania, as described in the Merck Manual, is "prominent depressive symptoms superimposed on manic psychosis." Symptoms include:
crying
indecisiveness
confusion
In everyday English, the complex terms above for symptoms of mania with dysphoria include trouble sleeping, racing thoughts, grandiosity, mental and/or physical agitation, thoughts of suicide, feeling persecuted for no reason, hearing things, and having trouble making decisions (along with others).
Dysphoric Depression
Dysphoric depression, which many people think of as a mixed episode , consists of "intrusions of hypomanic symptoms or hyperthymic traits into a retarded major depressive episode" (Merck).
Basically, this means that characteristics of hypomania or overactivity occur during a depression that in general has the patient sluggish or listless. Symptoms include:
irritability
pressured speech against a background of retardation
extreme fatigue
increased libido
histrionic appearance with expressions of depressive suffering
Once again putting this into more common terms, the symptoms above for depression with dysphoria include: being easily angered, having pressured speech in spite of slowed thinking, being overtired, dwelling on guilt feelings, being anxious in general (for no specific reason), having serious difficulty in sleeping, having extra sex drive, and being melodramatic about feeling depressed. Other manifestations may include quick cycling between extremely euphoric and severely depressed moods.
Treating Dysphoric Mania or Depression
Dysphoric episodes are unusually difficult to treat because the majority of drugs commonly used to treat bipolar disorder address either depression or mania -- but not both. Mood stabilizers and antipsychotic drugs may be effective, but the process of finding the right combination of pharmaceuticals may take time. Often, treatment is a process of trial and error.
Important Note: When associated with either mania or depression, dysphoria is linked with a greatly increased risk for suicide and should always be brought to the attention of a medical professional.
Another condition recently included in the dysphoria spectrum is PMDD -- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder . It is characterized by severe monthly mood swings along with other common symptoms of PMS . The mood swings can include irritability to rage to homicidal feelings, and severe depression to hopelessness to suicidal thoughts and urges. PMDD is a very serious condition and should be treated by a doctor.
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Yankee Stadium is located in which borough of New York City? | Yankee Stadium - New York City, New York
World / USA / New York / Inwood World / United States / New York
baseball -to be removed cleaned, baseball stadium
Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the New York City borough of The Bronx. It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees professional baseball team, replacing the previous Yankee Stadium, built in 1923. The new ballpark was constructed across the street from the 1923 Yankee Stadium, on the former site of Macombs Dam Park. Construction began in August 2006, and it opened April 2, 2009, with a final cost of around $1.5 billion. It combines elements of the old Yankee Stadium, as well as modern amenities that have been included in most other new ballparks. Designed by Populous, the stadium's exterior is of Indiana Limestone, and it seats 51,000 (52,325 including standing room), compared to the old stadiums' 57,000. Monument Park was transported to the new stadium and a copy of the famous white-painted copper frieze was constructed atop the grandstand. The new stadium features wider open concourses like the Great Hall, restaurants NYY Steak, Mohegan Sun Sports Bar, a branch of Hard Rock Cafe, Audi Club, and 56 luxury suites. The Yankees Museum is at Gate 6.
The dimensions of the field were kept approximately the same as the old Yankee Stadium, although the outfield fence is lower (about 8' vs. 10') and the right field fence is on average about 5 feet closer. However, the distance markers are identical to the old stadium.
| The Bronx |
Candlemas Day is celebrated during which month of the year? | Yankee Stadium Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com
New York Yankees ( MLB ) (2009- )
Yankee Stadium is the new baseball stadium of the New York Yankees Major League Baseball team, located in the New York City borough of the Bronx . The Stadium opened in April 2009to replace Yankee Stadium(1923) , which the Yankees had played in since 1923. It was opened with an exhibition game against the Chicago Cubs on April 3 , 2009 , and the first regular game was played on April 16th of that year.
The new stadium cost 1.5 billion dollars to build, making it the most expensive baseball stadium in the world. It is built to look similar to the old Yankee Stadium, but it has many new, and more modern features.
The stadium under construction in 2007 (top), and the completed venue next to the remains of the former facility in 2010 (bottom)
Contents
4 References
Stadium Parts
The New Stadium has many parts that look similar to the old one when it was first built. This includes the outside walls of the stadium, color of seats, and the size of playing field being the same. The new stadium also has an area known as "Monument Park" this is located behind the center field wall and has monuments honoring good Yankee players from past years. Monument park is open before the game starts. Another feature is the Great Hall. THe Great Hall is a hallway with a tall roof and many stores and food stands near the entrance of the stadium. It also has banners to celebrate the teams history. Aside from this, the new stadium also has more then three times for suites then the original. A suite is a fancy room with a view of the field where rich people watch the game. The Stadium also has many bars , and clubs along with better food then the original stadium.
Transport
People can get to the stadium by driving their car and parking in one of several garages near the stadium. It is located near the New York Thruway in The Bronx. The Stadium can also be reached by T rain , as there is a subway station near it. Trains can often be seen from the stadium.
Reception
While the stadium is generally seen as being better then its predecessor , many people dislike it. This mainly because the stadiums high cost has led to very expensive ticket prices. This meant that there were many empty seats when the stadium first opened, especially behind the batter where tickets can cost up to 2,500 dollars per game. People have also disliked the stadium for its fan unfriendly practices, including not letting fans get autographs from players before the g ame , and that the stadium was too expensive for " A little better" then the original. The New Stadium also allowed many home runs during its first month , because of the way the wind moves the ball, causing many to call it 'to easy".
References
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What is the title of the third ‘Road’ film starring Bob Hope and Bing Crosby? | Bing Crosby - IMDb
IMDb
Soundtrack | Actor | Producer
Bing Crosby was born Harry Lillis Crosby, Jr. in Tacoma, Washington, the fourth of seven children of Catherine Helen "Kate" (Harrigan) and Harry Lowe Crosby, a brewery bookkeeper. He was of English and Irish descent. Crosby studied law at Gonzaga University in Spokane but was more interested in playing the drums and singing with a local band. Bing... See full bio »
Born:
Chewbacca Sings Silent Night in New Star Wars Holiday Video
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 12 wins & 9 nominations. See more awards »
Known For
Going My Way Father Chuck O'Malley
(1944)
Road to Utopia Duke Johnson / Junior Hooton
(1945)
2017 Moon Rock City (performer: "Brother, Can You Spare A Dime?") ( completed )
2016 12 Monkeys (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- One Hundred Years (2016) ... (performer: "Pistol Packin' Mama")
2016 Bates Motel (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Goodnight, Mother (2016) ... (performer: "Chicago Style" - uncredited)
2015-2016 Agent Carter (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes)
- The Atomic Job (2016) ... (performer: "Pistol Packin' Mama" - uncredited)
- Valediction (2015) ... (performer: "The Way You Look Tonight" (uncredited), "The Way You Look Tonight")
2016 Deadpool (performer: "I'll Be Home For Christmas")
2013-2015 Mike & Mike (TV Series) (performer - 7 episodes)
2015 Dolezal Backstage (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode)
- Das Weihnachts-Special (2015) ... (performer: "White Christmas", "Little Drummer Boy")
- 2015 Christmas Special with Kim Wilde (2015) ... (performer: "Peace On Earth / Little Drummer Boy")
2015 iZombie (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Cape Town (2015) ... (performer: "I'm Dreaming of a White Christmas")
2015/I Krampus (performer: "It's Beginning to Look Like Christmas", "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town")
2015 Fallout 4 (Video Game) (performer: "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate The Positive", "Pistol Packin' Mama")
2015 Brooklyn (performer: "Zing a Little Zong")
2014 The Wrong Mans (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- X-Mans (2014) ... (performer: "It's Beginning To Look A Lot Like Christmas" - uncredited)
2014 Tidsrejsen (TV Series) (performer - 4 episodes)
- Se dig aldrig tilbage (2014) ... (performer: "Mele Kalikimaka")
- Askesky (2014) ... (performer: "It's Beginning To Look Like Christmas" - as Crosby)
- Hvem er Dixie? (2014) ... (performer: "Silent Night")
- Blind Date (2014) ... (performer: "Here Comes Santa Claus")
2014 Eggnog (Short) (performer: "Here Comes Santa Claus")
2014 Get Santa (performer: "Here Comes Santa Claus", "Deck The Halls", "Away In A Manager", "I Saw Three Ships")
2014 Gotham (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Spirit of the Goat (2014) ... (performer: "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive" - uncredited)
2014 Boardwalk Empire (TV Series) (performer - 3 episodes)
- Eldorado (2014) ... (performer: "It Must Be True" - uncredited)
- Cuanto (2014) ... (performer: "I'm Through With Love", "Dancing in the Dark" - uncredited)
- What Jesus Said (2014) ... (performer: "The Little Things In Life" - uncredited)
2014/I Serena ("There Ain't No Sweet Man That's Worth the Salt of My Tears")
2014 Manhattan (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- The Prisoner's Dilemma (2014) ... (performer: "Don't Fence Me In" - uncredited)
2014 Britain's Most Dangerous Songs: Listen to the Banned (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "I'll Be Home for Christmas")
2014 The Normal Heart (TV Movie) (performer: "I Love You Samantha")
2013/II The Butcher (Short) (performer: "Santa Claus is Coming to Town")
2013 Call the Midwife (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Christmas Special (2013) ... (performer: "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" - uncredited)
2013 Breaking Bad (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Felina (2013) ... (performer: "Lydia The Tattooed Lady" - uncredited)
2013 Rock the Casbah (performer: "The Road to Morocco" - uncredited)
2013 Mad Men (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Collaborators (2013) ... (performer: "Just a Gigolo" - uncredited)
2013/I Remedy (lyrics: "Your Woman") / (music: "Your Woman")
2012 Ginger & Rosa (writer: "I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance With You")
2012 On the Road (performer: "I Used To Love You (But It's All Over Now)")
2011 No me la puc treure del cap (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Nadal (2011) ... (performer: "Little Drummer Boy/Peace on Earth")
2011 Britain's Favourite Christmas Songs (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Peace on Earth - Little Drummer Boy", "White Christmas")
2011 Doctors (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Lebkucken vs Papparkakor (2011) ... (performer: "White Christmas")
2011 Eureka (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
2011 A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas (performer: "White Christmas", "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas")
2011 Hotel Lux (performer: "You are my sunshine")
2011 The Big Year (performer: "Silent Night")
2011 L.A. Noire (Video Game) (performer: "My Heart Is A Hobo", "Pistol Packin' Mama")
2011 The Music Never Stopped (performer: "Young At Heart")
2010 Being Erica (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Fa La Erica (2010) ... (performer: "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas")
2010 Christmas Tree of Might (TV Short) (performer: "I'll Be Home for Christmas")
2010 Warehouse 13 (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Secret Santa (2010) ... (performer: "It's Beginning To Look A Lot Like Christmas" - uncredited)
- Best Band in the Land (2010) ... (performer: "Ac-cent-tchu-ate the Positive")
2010 Mafia II (Video Game) (performer: "BY THE LIGHT OF THE SILVERY MOON", "I'VE GOT A POCKETFUL OF DREAMS", "I HAVEN'T TIME TO BE A MILLIONAIRE", "PENNIES FROM HEAVEN", "THE PESSIMISTIC CHARACTER")
2010 Nanny McPhee Returns (performer: "The Best Things In Life Are Free")
2010 YellowBrickRoad (performer: "Mexicali Rose")
2009 Outnumbered (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- The Robbers (2009) ... (performer: "Silver Bells" - uncredited)
2009 Copycats (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode #1.14 (2009) ... (performer: "White Christmas" - uncredited)
2009 It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- A Very Sunny Christmas (2009) ... (performer: "Santa Claus is Coming to Town", "White Christmas" - uncredited)
2009 Johnny Mercer: The Dream's on Me (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "The Waiter, the Porter and the Upstairs Maid", "In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening", "Happy Feet", "Ol' Man River", "I'm an Old Cowhand", "That Old Black Magic")
2009 The Boys: The Sherman Brothers' Story (Documentary) (performer: " (Anyone Can See With Half an Eye) I'm Crazy Over You", "Pretending")
2009 Hollywood Singing and Dancing: A Musical History - The 1930s: Dancing Away the Great Depression (Video documentary) (performer: "I Surrender Dear", "When I Take My Sugar to Tea", "Auf Wiedersehen, My Dear", "Just One More Chance", "Dream House", "For You", "After Sundown", "We'll Make Hay While the Sun Shines", "Once in a Blue Moon", "May I?", "Love Thy Neighbor", "Empty Saddles", "The Merry Go Runaround" - uncredited)
2009 Hollywood Singing and Dancing: A Musical History - The 1940s: Stars, Stripes and Singing (Video documentary) (performer: "Rhythm on the River", "White Christmas", "Easter Parade", "Only Forever", "Mairzy Doats" - uncredited)
2009 The Missing Person (writer: "I Don't Stand A Ghost Of A Chance With You")
2008 Banda sonora (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode #4.15 (2008) ... (performer: "White Christmas")
2008 Chuck (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Chuck Versus Santa Claus (2008) ... (performer: "I'll Be Home for Christmas")
2008 Axe Massacre (Short) (performer: "Here Comes Santa Claus")
2008 Isa's stepz (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes)
- No Direction Home: Bob Dylan (2005) ... (performer: "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate The Positive")
2007 Run, Fatboy, Run (performer: "Nice Work If You Can Get It")
2007 Halloween (performer: "Deck the Halls")
2007 Femme Fatal ("White Christmas")
2007 Gilmore Girls (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes)
- I'd Rather Be in Philadelphia (2007) ... (performer: "When You and I Were Young, Maggie Blues" - uncredited)
- Santa's Secret Stuff (2007) ... (performer: "I'll Be Home for Christmas" - uncredited)
2006 The Simpsons (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
2006 Unaccompanied Minors (performer: "Silver Bells")
2006 Confetti (performer: "True Love")
- White Lie Christmas (2005) ... (performer: "Jingle Bells")
2005 Nynne (performer: "Here Comes Santa Claus")
2004 The Aviator (performer: "Thanks" (1933), "Some of These Days" (1910))
2004 The Five People You Meet in Heaven (TV Movie) (performer: "Swinging On A Star")
2004 Enkeli tulessa (TV Movie) (performer: "White Christmas")
2004 Surviving Christmas (performer: "Happy Holidays (Beef Wellington Remix)")
2004 The Polar Express (performer: "Here Comes Santa Claus (Right Down Santa Claus Lane)", "White Christmas")
2004 The Queen of Sheba's Pearls (performer: "Where the Blue of the Night") / (writer: "Where the Blue of the Night")
2004 Fahrenheit 9/11 (Documentary) (performer: "Santa Claus is Coming to Town" (1934))
2004 Rosemary Clooney: Singing at Her Best (Video short) (performer: "Don't Fence Me In", "I'm an Old Cowhand", "She'll Be Comin' Round the Mountain When She Comes", "The Crawdad Song", "San Antonio Rose", "Down in the Valley", "On Top of Old Smokey", "You Are My Sunshine")
2003 Arrested Development (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
2003 Big Fish (performer: "Dinah")
2003 Bad Santa (performer: "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" (1943))
2003 Duplex (performer: "It's Beginning to Look Like Christmas" (1951))
2003 Hollywood's Magical Island: Catalina (Documentary) (performer: "People Will Say We're in Love" (1943) - uncredited)
2002 Catch Me If You Can (performer: "Mele Kalikimaka")
2002 Hollywood Ending (performer: "Going Hollywood" (1933))
2001 Prancer Returns (Video) (performer: "WHITE CHRISTMAS")
Changi (TV Mini-Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2001) (writer - 1 episode, 2001)
- Curley (2001) ... (performer: "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)") / (writer: "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)")
2001 Six Feet Under (TV Series) (1 episode)
- Pilot (2001) ... ("I'll Be Home for Christmas")
1999 Bicentennial Man (performer: "I Found a Million Dollar Baby (In a Five and Ten Cent Store)")
1999 The Talented Mr. Ripley (performer: "MAY I?")
1999 End of Days (performer: "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen")
1999 Rituals and Resolutions (Short) (performer: "The First Noel")
1999 Jawbreaker (performer: "Young At Heart")
1999 Vengeance Unlimited (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Judgment (1999) ... (performer: "I'll Be Seeing You")
- The Best Christmas Ever (1998) ... (performer: "White Christmas")
1998 The X-Files (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
1989 When Harry Met Sally... (performer: "Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas")
1989 Lost Angels (performer: "San Fernando Valley" - uncredited)
1988 The Wonder Years (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Christmas (1988) ... (performer: "White Christmas" - uncredited)
1988 Lady in White (performer: "DID YOU EVER SEE A DREAM WALKING")
1987 A Bit of Fry and Laurie (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Pilot (1987) ... (performer: "White Christmas" - uncredited)
1987 Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story (TV Movie) (performer: "I Found a Million Dollar Baby (in a Five and Ten Cent Store)" - uncredited)
1987 Someone to Love (performer: "Long Ago and Far Away")
1987 Radio Days (performer: "Pistol Packin' Mama" (1943))
1986 The Singing Detective (TV Mini-Series) (performer - 2 episodes)
- Clues (1986) ... (performer: "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive" - uncredited)
- Heat (1986) ... (performer: "Don't Fence Me In" - uncredited)
1986 Tough Guys (performer: "Don't Get Around Much Anymore")
1985 A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge (performer: "Did You Ever See a Dream Walking?")
1985 Cocoon (performer: "The Second Time Around")
1984 Racing with the Moon (performer: "Moonlight Becomes You")
1983 A Christmas Story (performer: "Jingle Bells", "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" (uncredited))
1982 Frances (performer: "Love Is So Terrific")
- Episode dated 8 December 1977 (1977) ... (performer: "White Christmas")
1977 Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas (TV Special) (performer: "The Little Drummer Boy/Peace on Earth" - uncredited)
- Always Chasing Rainbows: Tin Pan Alley (1977) ... (performer: "Abraham", "White Christmas" - uncredited)
1976 That's Entertainment, Part II (Documentary) (performer: "Temptation" (1933), "Now You Has Jazz" (1956) - uncredited)
1976 The Man Who Fell to Earth (performer: "True Love")
1975 Hooray for Hollywood (Documentary) (performer: "Snuggled on Your Shoulder")
1975 Brother Can You Spare a Dime (Documentary) (lyrics: "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" (1931) - as Crosby) / (performer: "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" (1931), "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" (1931))
1974 That's Entertainment! (performer: "Going Hollywood" (1933), "Well, Did You Evah" (1939), "True Love" (1956) - uncredited)
1973 Paper Moon (performer: "Just One More Chance" (1931) - uncredited)
1970 Dad's Army (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Don't Fence Me In (1970) ... (performer: "Don't Fence Me In" - uncredited)
The Hollywood Palace (TV Series) (performer - 3 episodes, 1966 - 1969) (lyrics - 1 episode, 1966)
- Episode #6.13 (1969) ... (performer: "Okolona River Bottom Band", "In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening")
- Episode #5.28 (1968) ... (performer: "Talk To The Animals")
- Episode #3.33 (1966) ... (lyrics: "From Monday On" - uncredited) / (performer: "One of Those Songs", "From Monday On", "Three Little Words", "Witchcraft", "Chattanooga Choo Choo", "A Shine on Your Shoes", "Three O'Clock in the Morning", "Yes! We Have No Bananas", "Lazy River", "Mañana (Is Soon Enough for Me)", "Winter Wonderland", "Take Me Out to the Ball Game", "Love Me or Leave Me", "Russian Lullaby", "Manhattan", "The Night They Invented Champagne", "Shoo-Fly Pie and Apple Pan Dowdy", "Miss America", "What a Difference a Day Makes", "New York, New York", "Margie", "Diga Diga Doo", "Something's Gotta Give", "Young at Heart", "You Make Me Feel So Young" - uncredited)
1967 The Dean Martin Show (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode #3.6 (1967) ... (performer: "Give Me the Simple Life", "There Will Never Be Another You", "They Can't Take That Away from Me", "Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries", "I Want to Be Happy", "Together" - uncredited)
1965 Bing Crosby in Dublin (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Molly Malone" (uncredited), "Come Back to Erin" (uncredited), "Galway Bay" (uncredited), "Isle of Innisfree", "MacNamara's Band" (uncredited), "When Irish Eyes Are Smiling" (uncredited))
1965 Bob Hope Christmas Show (TV Movie) (performer: "Do You Hear What I Hear")
1965 The Bing Crosby Show (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- The Keefers Come Calling (1965) ... (performer: "You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me" - uncredited)
1963 The Dinah Shore Chevy Show (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- The Dinah Shore Show (1963) ... (performer: "In a Little Spanish Town", "You'll Never Get Away", "Buddies", "Let the Rest of the World Go By", "'S Wonderful", "South Rampart Street Parade" - uncredited)
1962 The Road to Hong Kong (performer: "Teamwork", "The Road to Hong Kong", "Let's Not Be Sensible")
1960 Pepe (performer: "Let's Fall In Love", "South of the Border", "Pennies from Heaven" - uncredited)
1960 Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall (TV Series) (lyrics - 1 episode)
- Episode #12.30 (1960) ... (lyrics: "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" - uncredited)
- A 70th Birthday Salute to Paul Whiteman (1960) ... (performer: "Mississippi Mud", "Happy Birthday to You" - uncredited)
1959 Bing Crosby and Dean Martin Present High Hopes (TV Special) (performer: "High Hopes", "Together", "Cheek to Cheek", "By the Old Mill Stream", "My Old Flame", "Old Man River", "You Gotta Start Off Each Day with a Song", "Inka Dinka Doo", "Won't You Come Home, Bill Bailey" - uncredited)
1959 Say One for Me (performer: "Say One for Me", "I Couldn't Care Less", "The Secret of Christmas")
1957 The Frank Sinatra Show (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Happy Holidays with Bing and Frank (1957) ... (performer: "Jingle Bells", "White Christmas", "Away in the Manger", "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", "Deck the Halls", "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen", "Hark, the Herald Angels Sing", "O Come All Ye Faithful", "O Little Town of Bethlehem", "The Christmas Song" - uncredited)
1957 The Edsel Show (TV Special) (lyrics: "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" - uncredited) / (performer: "Now You Has Jazz", "True Love", "Mexicali Rose", "South of the Border", "Paris in the Spring", "I Love Paris", "Sweet Leilani", "(We're Off on the) Road to Morocco", "Collegiate", "The Whiffenpoof Song", "September Song", "There's a Long, Long Trail", "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)", "Goody Goody", "I'm an Old Cowhand (from the Rio Grande)", "Nature Boy", "Let's Take an Old-Fashioned Walk", "Swinging on a Star", "Small Fry", "I'd Climb the Highest Mountain (If I Knew I'd Find You)", "It's Been a Long, Long Time", "Ac-cent-tchu-ate the Positive", "Please", "You Go to My Head", "Jealousy", "Hound Dog", "My Blue Heaven", "Sunday, Monday or Always", "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean", "Ma Blushin' Rosie", "Side by Side", "On the Sunny Side of the Street" - uncredited)
1957 The 29th Annual Academy Awards (TV Special documentary) (performer: "True Love")
1956 High Society (performer: "Little One", "True Love", "I Love You Samantha", "Well, Did You Evah", "Now You Has Jazz" - uncredited)
1956 Anything Goes (performer: "Ya Gotta Give The People Hoke", "You're The Top", "All Through The Night", "A Second Hand Turban And A Crystal Ball", "Blow Gabriel Blow")
1954 The Country Girl (performer: "Dissertation on the State of Bliss (Love and Learn Blues)", "The Pitchman / It's Mine, It's Yours", "The Land Around Us", "The Search Is Through")
1954 White Christmas ("White Christmas", "Sisters", uncredited) / (performer: "White Christmas", "The Old Man", "Hi Hup", "Heat Wave", "Blue Skies", "Snow", "Minstrel Show", "Mandy", "Count Your Blessings Instead of Sheep", "What Can You Do With a General?", "Gee! I Wish I Was Back in the Army", "Let Me Sing and I'm Happy" - uncredited)
1954 Rear Window (performer: "To See You (Is to Love You)" (1952) - uncredited)
- Goldie, Fields and Glide (1954) ... (performer: "The Gypsy in My Soul" - uncredited)
1954 The Bing Crosby Show (TV Movie) (performer: "Y'all Come", "It Had to Be You", "Change Partners", "I Love Paris" - uncredited)
1953 Little Boy Lost (performer: "Mon Coeur est un Violin")
1952 Road to Bali (performer: "CHICAGO STYLE", "HOOT MON", "TO SEE YOU", "THE MERRY GO RUNAROUND", "The Whiffenpoof Song" (uncredited))
1952 Just for You ("The Ol' Spring Fever") / (performer: "Call Me Tonight", "A Flight of Fancy", "I'll Si-Si Ya in Bahia", "Just for You", "The Live Oak Tree", "The Ol' Spring Fever", "On the 10:10 (From Ten-Ten-Tennessee)", "Zing a Little Zong")
1951 Here Comes the Groom (performer: "MISTO CRISTOFO COLUMBO", "BONNE NUIT -- GOODNIGHT", "YOUR OWN LITTLE HOUSE", "IN THE COOL, COOL, COOL OF THE EVENING")
1951 A Millionaire for Christy (lyrics: "I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance With You")
1950 Mr. Music (performer: "Accidents Will Happen", "And You'll Be Home", "Life Is So Peculiar")
1950 Riding High (performer: "We've Got a Sure Thing" (1950), "Someplace on Anywhere Road" (1950), "Sunshine Cake" (1950), "The Horse Told Me" (1950), "De Camptown Races" (1850), "The Whiffenpoof Song" (1909) - uncredited)
1949 The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (performer: "Ichabod" (1949), "Katrina" (1949), "The Headless Horseman" (1949) - uncredited)
1949 Top o' the Morning (performer: "TOP O' THE MORNING", "WHEN IRISH EYES ARE SMILING" (uncredited), "MY BEAUTIFUL KITTY" (uncredited), "THE DONOVANS" (uncredited), "YOU'RE IN LOVE WITH SOMEONE", "OH, 'TIS SWEET TO THINK" (uncredited))
1949 Down Memory Lane (performer: "Where the Blue of the Night Meets the Gold of the Day", "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea", "Daughter of Peggy O'Neill", "A Little Bit of Heaven", "One More Chance", "I Surrender Dear") / (writer: "Where the Blue of the Night Meets the Gold of the Day")
1949 Curtain Razor (Short) (performer: "April Showers" - uncredited)
1949 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (performer: "IF YOU STUB YOUR TOE ON THE MOON", "ONCE AND FOR ALWAYS", "BUSY DOING NOTHING")
1947 Road to Rio (performer: "YOU DON'T HAVE TO KNOW THE LANGUAGE", "BUT BEAUTIFUL", "BATUQUE NIO MORRO" [Jam Session in the Hills])
1947 Variety Girl (performer: "HARMONY")
1947 The Road to Hollywood (performer: "I Surrender Dear", "One More Chance", "(To Whisper) Dear, I Love You", "I Surrender Dear (Reprise #1)", "Out Of Nowhere", "I Surrender Dear (Reprise #2)", "One More Chance (Reprise)", "Wrap Your Troubles In Dreams")
1947 Welcome Stranger (performer: "SMILE RIGHT BACK AT THE SUN", "COUNTRY STYLE", "MY HEART IS A HOBO", "AS LONG AS I'M DREAMING")
1946 Blue Skies (performer: "I've Got My Captain Working for Me Now", "All by Myself", "I'll See You in C-U-B-A", "A Couple of Song and Dance Men", "You Keep Coming Back Like a Song", "Blue Skies", "The Little Things in Life", "Not for All the Rice in China", "Russian Lullaby", "Everybody Step", "How Deep Is the Ocean?", " (Running Around in Circles) Getting Nowhere", "Any Bonds Today?", "This Is the Army, Mister Jones", "White Christmas")
1945 Road to Utopia ("Welcome to My Dream" (1946)) / (lyrics: "Good Time Charlie" (1946)) / (performer: "Put It There, Pal" (1946), "It's Anybody's Spring" (1946), "Sunday, Monday or Always" (1943), "Welcome to My Dream" (1946))
1945 Hollywood Victory Caravan (Short) (performer: "We've Got Another Bond to Buy" - uncredited)
1945 Duffy's Tavern (performer: "Swinging on a Star")
1945 Out of This World (performer: "Out of this World", "June Comes Around Every Year", "I'd Rather Be Me" (uncredited))
1945 The All-Star Bond Rally (Short) (performer: "Buy a Bond" (as Bond Rally Song))
1944 Here Come the Waves (performer: "That Old Black Magic" (uncredited), "Let's Take the Long Way Home" (uncredited), "Ac-Cen-Tchu-Ate the Positive" (uncredited), "I Promise You" (uncredited), "Moonlight Becomes You")
1944 Swooner Crooner (Short) (performer: "When My Dream Boat Comes Home", "Trade Winds", "You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby" - uncredited)
1944 Going My Way (performer: "Swinging on a Star" (1944), "Too-ra-loo-ra-loo-ral (That's an Irish Lullaby)" (1914) (uncredited), "The Day After Forever" (1944), "Going My Way" (1944), "Silent Night, Holy Night" (1818) (uncredited), "Ave Maria (Op.52 No.1)" (1825) (uncredited), "Hail Alma Mater" (1944) (uncredited))
1944 The Shining Future (Short) (performer: "Get On The Road to Victory" - uncredited)
1943 Dixie (performer: "SUNDAY, MONDAY OR ALWAYS")
1943 They Got Me Covered (lyrics: "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" (1931) - uncredited) / (performer: "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" (1931) - uncredited)
1942 Road to Morocco ("Moonlight Becomes You" (1942)) / (performer: " (We're Off on the) Road to Morocco" (1942), "Ain't Got a Dime to My Name (Ho Hum)" (1942), "Moonlight Becomes You" (1942))
1942 Holiday Inn ("White Christmas" (1942)) / (performer: "I'll Capture Your Heart Singing" (1942), "Lazy" (1924), "White Christmas" (1942), "Happy Holiday" (1942), "(Come To) Holiday Inn" (1942), "Let's Start the New Year Right" (1942), "Abraham" (1942), "Be Careful, It's My Heart" (1942), "Easter Parade" (1933), "Song of Freedom" (1942), "(I've Got) Plenty to Be Thankful For" (1942), "Hollywood Medley", "Ending Medley")
1942 Star Spangled Rhythm (performer: "Old Glory")
1941 Birth of the Blues (performer: "The Birth of the Blues" (uncredited), "Memphis Blues" (uncredited), "By The Light of the Silvery Moon" (uncredited), "Tiger Rag" (uncredited), "Wait Till the Sun Shines, Nellie" (uncredited), "My Melancholy Baby" (uncredited), "The Waiter, and the Porter and the Upstairs Maid", "St. James Infirmary" (uncredited))
1941 Road to Zanzibar ("IT'S ALWAYS YOU", "ROCKABYE BABY", uncredited) / (performer: "ROAD TO ZANZIBAR", "YOU LUCKY PEOPLE, YOU", "AFRICAN ETUDE", "IT'S ALWAYS YOU" - uncredited)
1940 Rhythm on the River (performer: "Only Forever", "Rhythm on the River", "When the Moon Comes Over Madison Square Garden", "What Would Shakespeare Have Said?" - uncredited)
1940 If I Had My Way (performer: "April Played the Fiddle" (uncredited), "I Haven't Time To Be A Millionaire", "Meet The Sun Halfway", "The Pessimistic Character (With The Crab Apple Face)", "If I Had My Way", "Meet The Sun Halfway" (reprise))
1940 Road to Singapore (performer: "Too Romantic" (1940), "Sweet Potato Piper" (1940))
1939 The Star Maker ("A Man and His Dreams") / (performer: "Jimmy Valentine", "If I Was a Millionaire", "Go Fly a Kite", "I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now", "In My Merry Oldsmobile", "An Apple for the Teacher", "Still the Bluebird Sings")
1939 East Side of Heaven (performer: "East Side of Heaven", "Hang You Heart on a Hickory Limb", "Sing a Song of Sunbeams", "Happy Birthday to You" (uncredited))
1939 Paris Honeymoon (performer: "The Funny Old Hills", "You're a Sweet Little Headache", "Joobalai")
1938 Sing, You Sinners ("I'VE GOT A POCKETFUL OF DREAMS") / (performer: "DON'T LET THAT MOON GET AWAY", "I'VE GOT A POCKETFUL OF DREAMS", "LAUGH AND CALL IT LOVE", "SMALL FRY")
1938 Dotor Rhythm (performer: "On the Sentimental Side", "My Heart Is Taking Lessons")
1937 Double or Nothing (performer: " (You Know It All) Smarty", "The Moon Got in My Eyes", "It's the Natural Thing to Do", "All You Want to Do Is Dance" - uncredited)
1937 Waikiki Wedding ("Blue Hawaii") / (performer: "Sweet is the Word for You", "Sweet Leilani", "Blue Hawaii", "Nani Ona Pua")
1936 Pennies from Heaven (performer: "Pennies From Heaven" (1936), "So Do I" (1936), "One Two Button Your Shoe" (1936), "Let's Call a Heart a Heart" (1936), "Old MacDonald Had a Farm" (uncredited))
1936 Rhythm on the Range (performer: "I'm an Old Cowhand (From the Rio Grande)", "I Can't Escape from You", "Empty Saddles", "Roundup Lullaby", "Drink It Down" - uncredited)
1936 Anything Goes (performer: "Sailor Beware", "Moonburn", "My Heart and I", "You're the Top" (with new lyrics), "Shanghai-Dee-Ho")
1936 Strike Me Pink (lyrics: "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" (1931) - uncredited)
1935 The Big Broadcast of 1936 (performer: "I Wished on the Moon")
1935 Two for Tonight (performer: "It Takes Two To Make a Bargain", "Without a Word of Warning", "From the Top of Your Head To the Tip of Your Toes")
1935 Mississippi (performer: "It's Easy to Remember (And So Hard to Forget)" (1935), "Soon" (1935), "Down by the River" (1935), "Old Folks at Home (Swanee River)" (1851) - uncredited)
1935 Folies Bergère de Paris (lyrics: "I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance with You" (1932) - uncredited)
1934 Here Is My Heart (performer: "June in January", "With Every Breath I Take", "Love Is Just Around the Corner")
1934 Star Night at the Cocoanut Grove (Short) (performer: "With Every Breath I Take" - uncredited)
1934 She Loves Me Not (performer: "STRAIGHT FROM THE SHOULDER", "I'M HUMMIN', I'M WHISTLIN', I'M SINGIN'", "LOVE IN BLOOM", "AFTER ALL, YOU'RE ALL I'M AFTER" - uncredited)
1934 The Big Idea (Short) (writer: "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" (1931))
1934 Twenty Million Sweethearts (lyrics: "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" (1931) - uncredited)
1934 We're Not Dressing (performer: "Sailor's Chanty (It's a Lie)" (1934), "I Positively Refuse to Sing" (1934), "Stormy Weather" (1933), "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf" (1933), "The Last Round-Up (Git Along, Little Dogie, Git Along)" (1933) - 1934, 1934, 1934, 1934, 1934, , "May I?", "Goodnight Lovely Little Lady", "She Reminds Me of You", "Love Thy Neighbor", "Once in a Blue Moon"), uncredited)
1934 Just an Echo (Short) (performer: "Just an Echo in the Valley", "You're Beautiful Tonight, My Dear" (uncredited))
1933 Going Hollywood (performer: "Going Hollywood" (1933), "Our Big Love Scene" (1933), "Beautiful Girl" (1933), "Just an Echo in the Valley" (1932), "We'll Make Hay While the Sun Shines" (1933), "After Sundown" (1933), "Temptation" (1933) - uncredited)
1933 Please (Short) (lyrics: "I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance with You" - uncredited) / (performer: "Please", "You're Getting to Be a Habit with Me" (uncredited), "I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance with You" (uncredited))
1933 Too Much Harmony (performer: "Thanks", "The Day You Came Along", "Boo-boo-boo", "Buckin' the Wind")
1933 College Humor (performer: "Down the Old Ox Road", "Learn to Croon", "Moon Struck")
1933 Sing, Bing, Sing (Short) (performer: "In My Hide-Away", "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea", "Lovable", "Snuggled on Your Shoulder (Cuddled in Your Arms)" - uncredited)
1933 Blue of the Night (Short) (performer: "My Silent Love", "Auf Wiedersehen, My Dear", "Ev'ry Time My Heart Beats", "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" - uncredited)
1933 Hollywood on Parade No. A-4 (Documentary short) (performer: "Down the Old Ox Road")
1932 The Big Broadcast (performer: "Please", "Here Lies Love", "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)")
1932 Hollywood on Parade No. A-2 (Short) (performer: "Auf Wiedersehen, My Dear")
1932 Crooner (writer: "You're Just a Beautiful Melody of Love" - uncredited)
1932 Billboard Girl (Short) (performer: "For You" - uncredited)
1932 Dream House (Short) (performer: "When I Take My Sugar to Tea", "It Must Be True", "Dream House")
1932 Wild People (Short) (lyrics: "Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" (1931) - uncredited)
1931 One More Chance (Short) (performer: "One More Chance", "Wrap your Trouble in Dreams")
1931 I Surrender Dear (Short) (lyrics: "AT YOUR COMMAND") / (performer: "I SURRENDER DEAR", "OUT OF NOWHERE", "AT YOUR COMMAND", "A Little Bit of Heaven (Shure They Call It Ireland)")
1931 Confessions of a Co-Ed (performer: "Out of Nowhere ", "Ya Got Love" - uncredited)
1930 Reaching for the Moon (performer: "When the Folks High Up Do the Mean Low-Down" - uncredited)
1930 Check and Double Check (performer: "Three Little Words" (1930) - uncredited)
1930 King of Jazz (performer: "Music Has Charms", "My Lord Delivered Daniel" - uncredited)
| Road to Morocco |
Which political figure was best man at the 1927 second wedding of Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi? | Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) I'm Gonna Be A Pasha!
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Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) I'm Gonna Be A Pasha!
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Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) I'm Gonna Be A Pasha!
Jeff (Bing Crosby) has gained entry to the palace where he discovers Turkey (Bob Hope) has become the consort of Princess Shalmar (Dorothy Lamour), in the third "Road" movie, Road To Morocco, 1942.
View the TCMDb entry for Road to Morocco (1942)
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Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) I'm...
Jeff (Bing Crosby) has gained entry to the palace where he...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip)...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) I'm Gonna Be A Pasha!
Jeff (Bing Crosby) has gained entry to the palace where he discovers Turkey (Bob Hope) has become the consort of Princess Shalmar (Dorothy Lamour), in the third "Road" movie, Road To Morocco, 1942.>
Road To Morocco - (Original Trailer)
Road To Morocco
Bob Hope and Bing Crosby set off for the...
Road To Morocco - (Original Trailer)
Bob Hope and Bing Crosby set off for the Sahara in their best "road" movie, Road To Morocco (1942).>
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) Ain't...
Aunt Lucy (Bob Hope) appears via special effects to snoozing...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip)...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) Ain't Got A Dime To My Name
Aunt Lucy (Bob Hope) appears via special effects to snoozing Jeff (Bing Crosby) who then sets out to find his pal, with Jimmy Van Heusen and Johnny Burke's Ain't Got A Dime To My Name, in Road To Morocco, 1942.>
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) Moonlight...
Jeff (Bing Crosby) grabs his opportunity to serenade...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip)...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) Moonlight Becomes You So
Jeff (Bing Crosby) grabs his opportunity to serenade Princess Shalmar (Dorothy Lamour) with Jimmy Van Heusen and Johnny Burke's Moonlight Becomes You So, in Road To Morocco, 1942.>
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) Search The...
Found out by Mullay Kasim (Anthony Quinn), Turkey (Bob Hope)...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip)...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) Search The Palace!
Found out by Mullay Kasim (Anthony Quinn), Turkey (Bob Hope) and Jeff (Bing Crosby) attempt to hide out among the bobbing heads, in a famous routine from the third "Road" movie, Road To Morocco, 1942.>
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) Two...
Explosion at sea and a brief newscast montage surveying 1942...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip)...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) Two Unidentified Stowaways
Explosion at sea and a brief newscast montage surveying 1942 global politics, the introduction of Jeff (Bing Crosby) and Turkey (Bob Hope), opening the third "Road" movie, Road To Morocco.>
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) You...
Running up a tab in a local cafe, Jeff (Bing Crosby)...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip)...
Road To Morocco (1942) -- (Movie Clip) You Can't Sell Me!
Running up a tab in a local cafe, Jeff (Bing Crosby) realizes Turkey (Bob Hope) is a liquid asset, early in the third "Road" movie, Road To Morocco, 1942.>
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Road To Morocco (1942)
Ben Mankiewicz introduces Road To Morocco, 1942.
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Road To Morocco...
Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Road To Morocco (1942)
Ben Mankiewicz introduces Road To Morocco, 1942. >
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Marke Rutte became Prime Minister of which European country in 2010? | Ukraine should never join EU – Dutch Prime Minister — RT News
Trends Ukraine turmoil
The Netherlands, which is holding the EU rotating presidency till July, is against Ukraine’s membership in the bloc because “we believe that Ukraine should have good relationships with both with Europe and Russia,” Rutte told NU.nl, stressing that “it cannot be the case if [Ukraine] is in the European Union.”
He also stressed that, “in the long term,” Ukraine should develop good and stable relations with Russia, although he admitted that it is not possible right now “due to the developments in Crimea and eastern Ukraine.”
Read more
Dutch vote against EU-Ukraine deal would pressure govt to ‘reconsider’ position – FM
However, “it is the long-run period that matters,” he emphasized at the same time.
Rutte also drew attention to the fact that Ukraine and Russia historically have close ties. “It is also about the history of Ukraine. If you look at history, Russia also originated in Kiev and other parts of Ukraine,” he said in the interview.
The prime minister also admitted that Russia’s attitude towards Ukraine is at least partly understandable. “You cannot deny that Russia has a right to ask Ukraine to have good relationship [with Russia.] Russia only goes too far when it says that Ukraine may maintain good relationship only with Russia.”
At the same time, he said that, if the Dutch reject the association agreement between the EU and Ukraine, Russia can regard it as a support for its own position that Ukraine should follow a policy focused solely on Russia. “We should not reward such aspiration of Russia,” he said.
Earlier in March, Jean-Claude Juncker also said that Ukraine is unlikely to join the EU and NATO in the near future. “Ukraine will definitely not be able to become a member of the EU in the next 20-25 years, and not of NATO either,” he said in his speech in the Hague on March 3, urging the Dutch citizens to vote for the association agreement at the referendum at the same time.
Association agreement ‘is not about’ Ukraine’s accession to EU
At the same time, Rutte stressed that he supports the association agreement between the EU and Ukraine by saying that it could “greatly benefit” his country as it could provide “stability on the borders of Europe in an unstable world.”
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3 in 4 Dutch voters oppose EU association agreement with Ukraine – poll
“Europe is prosperous but there is instability on its borders. There are large migration flows, there is terrorism. Stability on the [EU] borders is important,” he told NU.nl adding that the agreement could help to foster “rule of law, development” and fight corruption. He also stressed that free trade between the EU and Ukraine could strengthen the Dutch economy.
Addressing some concerns of the people opposing the agreement, Rutte said that this treaty is not “a step towards [Ukraine’s] accession to the European Union.”
Kiev’s association agreement with the bloc provisionally came into effect on January 1. In order for it to become permanent, the document has to be ratified by all EU’s 28 member states.
In the meantime, a poll conducted by the Dutch television program EenVandaag in January demonstrated that 75 percent of the Dutch voters were against the ratification of the association agreement. Over 50 percent of voters said they would “definitely” vote against it, while another 25 percent of the respondents said they were “likely” to reject it.
Another opinion poll conducted by the Dutch Volkskrant newspaper on March 13, demonstrated that 57 percent of the Dutch still oppose the association agreement.
Read more
Ukraine-EU agreement a ‘George Soros road to nowhere’ - Keiser
The referendum, which will be held on April 6, is advisory, thus its results will be non-binding for the government. At the same time, a 30 percent voter turnout is enough for its results to be taken into consideration by the authorities, Dutch media report.
According to the EenVandaag poll, more than half of the voters will certainly go to the polls in April, with another 17 percent saying they will “most likely” do so.
The referendum was triggered by a petition signed by some 450,000 people and launched by a satirical news website called GeenStijl. Under Dutch law, any petition that gains more than 300,000 is enough to trigger such a vote.
Despite the public skepticism about the association agreement, the Dutch PM said he is optimistic about the results of the referendum by saying the he has “great confidence in the Dutch people” and “the outcome of the referendum.”
| Netherlands |
Dydd Gwener is Welsh for which day of the week? | Rutte's path to power in the Netherlands | Euronews
Rutte's path to power in the Netherlands
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Rutte's path to power in the Netherlands
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last updated: 12/09/2012
Euronews
Mark Rutte’s early ambition was to become a concert pianist, instead he orchestrated his political party to the summit of power in the Netherlands.
The dashing unmarried 45-year-old had been involved in Dutch politics since the early 1990s before becoming a member of Parliament for the Liberal Party, the VVD in 2003 and its leader three years later.
His first electoral campaign was criticised from within his party but four years later in the general election of 2010 the VVD won 31 seats to become the largest party in the House of Representatives for the first time.
Mark Rutte was asked to form a government by Queen Beatrix. He was the first Liberal Prime Minister of the Netherlands since 1918. The party’s majority was slim in the election just one ahead of the opposition left so he turned to Geert Wilders Party for Freedom for support.
There was common political ground on a policy of strict immigration but progress hit the buffers when it came to Europe. Mark Rutte is pro- European to him it is inconceivable that his country’s future could be outside the EU’s political boundaries.
The falling out came over reducing the public deficit, to three percent, which would have cut 16 billion Euros of spending and met EU budget targets. Wilders is anti-European and despite all the negotiations over several months the two failed to reach any form of political compromise. Wilders and his party withdrew their support and the alliance failed. Ruttte’s government had lasted for 558 days, making it one of the shortest lasting Netherlands cabinets since World War II
Leading up to this poll for the first time attention was focussed on the economy and EU policies.
The Netherlands has been in recession since July 2011 and has since become one of the eurozone’s worst performers expected to shrink 0.9 percent his year. Mark Rutte’s in-tray will be bulging.
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The bride and groom are known as Kallah and Chatan in which religion? | Guide to the Jewish Wedding: Ceremony, Traditions, Chuppah, Ketubah
» Marriage
Guide to the Jewish Wedding
Learn the deeper significance of a Jewish wedding, and print out a copy for the wedding guests, too!
A traditional Jewish wedding is full of meaningful rituals, symbolizing the beauty of the relationship of husband and wife, as well as their obligations to each other and to the Jewish people.
The following guide explains the beauty and joy of these the Jewish wedding traditions.
The Wedding Day
The dawning wedding day heralds the happiest and holiest day of one's life. This day is considered a personal Yom Kippur for the chatan (Hebrew for groom) and kallah (bride), for on this day all their past mistakes are forgiven as they merge into a new, complete soul.
As on Yom Kippur, both the chatan and kallah fast (in this case, from dawn until after the completion of the marriage ceremony). And at the ceremony, the chatan wears a kittel, the traditional white robe worn on Yom Kippur.
[Sefardim do not have the custom to fast and wear a kittel.]
Kabbalat Panim
It is customary for the chatan and kallah not to see each other for one week preceding the wedding. This increases the anticipation and excitement of the event. Therefore, prior to the wedding ceremony, the chatan and kallah greet guests separately. This is called "Kabbalat Panim."
Jewish tradition likens the couple to a queen and king. The kallah will be seated on a "throne" to receive her guests, while the chatan is surrounded by guests who sing and toast him.
At this time there is an Ashkenazi tradition for the mother of the bride and the mother of the groom to stand together and break a plate. The reason is to show the seriousness of the commitment ― just as a plate can never be fully repaired, so too a broken relationship can never be fully repaired.
Badeken
Next comes the badeken, the veiling of the kallah by the chatan. The veil symbolizes the idea of modesty and conveys the lesson that however attractive physical appearances may be, the soul and character are paramount. It is reminiscent of Rebecca covering her face before marrying Isaac (Genesis ch. 24).
The Ashkenazi custom is that the chatan, accompanied by family and friends, proceeds to where the kallah is seated and places the veil over her face. This signals the groom's commitment to clothe and protect his wife.
Chuppah
The wedding ceremony takes place under the chuppah (canopy), a symbol of the home that the new couple will build together. It is open on all sides, just as Abraham and Sarah had their tent open all sides to welcome people in unconditional hospitality.
The Ashkenazi custom is to have the chuppah ceremony outside under the stars, as a sign of the blessing given by God to the patriarch Abraham, that his children shall be "as the stars of the heavens" (Genesis 15:5). Sefardim generally have the chuppah indoors.
The Ashkenazi custom is that the chatan and kallah wear no jewelry under the chuppah (marriage canopy). Their mutual commitment is based on who they are as people, not on any material possessions.
The kallah follows the chatan, and both are usually escorted to the chuppah by their respective sets of parents.
Under the chuppah, the Ashkenazi custom is that the kallah circles the chatan seven times. Just as the world was built in seven days, the kallah is figuratively building the walls of the couple's new world together. The number seven also symbolizes the wholeness and completeness that they cannot attain separately.
The kallah then settles at the chatan's right-hand side.
[At this point, the Sefardic custom is that the chatan says the blessing She'hecheyanu over a new tallit, and has in mind that the blessing also goes on the marriage. The tallit is then held by four young men over the head of the chatan and kallah.]
Blessings of Betrothal (Kiddushin)
Two cups of wine are used in the wedding ceremony. The first cup accompanies the betrothal blessings, recited by the rabbi. After these are recited, the couple drinks from the cup.
Wine, a symbol of joy in Jewish tradition, is associated with Kiddush, the sanctification prayer recited on Shabbat and festivals. Marriage, called Kiddushin, is the sanctification of a man and woman to each other.
Giving of the Ring
In Jewish law, a marriage becomes official when the chatan gives an object of value to the kallah. This is traditionally done with a ring. The ring should be made of plain gold, without blemishes or ornamentation (e.g. stones) ― just as it is hoped that the marriage will be one of simple beauty.
The chatan now takes the wedding ring in his hand, and in clear view of two witnesses, declares to the kallah, "Behold, you are betrothed unto me with this ring, according to the law of Moses and Israel." He then places the ring on the forefinger of the bride's right hand. According to Jewish law, this is the central moment of the wedding ceremony, and at this point the couple is fully married.
If the kallah also wants to give a ring to the chatan, this is only done afterwards, not under the chuppah. This is to prevent confusion as to what constitutes the actual marriage, as prescribed by the Torah.
Ketubah (Marriage Contract)
Now comes the reading of the ketubah (marriage contract) in the original Aramaic text. The ketubah outlines the chatan's various responsibilities ― to provide his wife with food, shelter and clothing, and to be attentive to her emotional needs. Protecting the rights of a Jewish wife is so important that the marriage may not be solemnized until the contract has been completed.
The document is signed by two witnesses, and has the standing of a legally binding agreement. The ketubah is the property of the kallah and she must have access to it throughout their marriage. It is often written amidst beautiful artwork, to be framed and displayed in the home.
The reading of the ketubah acts as a break between the first part of the ceremony ― Kiddushin ("betrothal"), and the latter part ― Nissuin ("marriage").
The Seven Blessings
The Seven Blessings (Sheva Brachot) are now recited over the second cup of wine. The theme of these blessings links the chatan and kallah to our faith in God as Creator of the world, Bestower of joy and love, and the ultimate Redeemer of our people.
These blessings are recited by the rabbi or other people that the families wish to honor.
At the conclusion of the seven blessings, the chatan and kallah again drink some of the wine.
Breaking the Glass
A glass is now placed on the floor, and the chatan shatters it with his foot. This serves as an expression of sadness at the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, and identifies the couple with the spiritual and national destiny of the Jewish people. A Jew, even at the moment of greatest rejoicing, is mindful of the Psalmist's injunction to "set Jerusalem above my highest joy."
In jest, some explain that this is the last time the groom gets to "put his foot down."
(In Israel, the Ashkenazi custom is that the glass is broken earlier, prior to the reading of the ketubah. Sefardim always break the glass at the end of the ceremony, even in Israel.)
This marks the conclusion of the ceremony. With shouts of "Mazel Tov," the chatan and kallah are then given an enthusiastic reception from the guests as they leave the chuppah together.
Yichud
The couple is then escorted to a private "yichud room" and left alone for a few minutes. These moments of seclusion signify their new status of living together as husband and wife.
Since the couple has been fasting since the morning, at this point they will also have something to eat.
[Sefardim do not have the custom of the yichud room; the chatan and kallah immediately proceed to the wedding hall after the chuppah ceremony.]
The Festive Meal (Seudah)
It is a mitzvah for guests to bring simcha (joy) to the chatan and the kallah on their wedding day. There is much music and dancing as the guests celebrate with the new couple; some guests entertain with feats of juggling and acrobatics.
After the meal, Birkat Hamazon (Grace After Meals) is recited, and the Sheva Brachot are repeated.
During the week following the wedding, it is customary for friends and relatives to host festive meals in honor of the chatan and kallah. This is called the week of Sheva Brachot, in reference to the blessings said at the conclusion of each of these festive meals.
If both the bride and groom are marrying for the second time, sheva brachot are recited only on the night of the wedding. The last bracha, Asher Bara, can be recited for three days.
Mazel tov!
Tanks u putting my comments on your site
The dawning wedding day heralds the happiest and holiest day of one's of life
(184) Tova, April 30, 2015 6:45 PM
When my dad converted, I lost so much of my religion and culture. This website is helping me find it again, and I couldn't be happier - thank you!!
leah, May 29, 2015 12:13 AM
u r corect
right now in class my group has to role play a jewish wedding and the website is an awsome wonder.i agree with u 100% :)
(183) Anonymous, December 28, 2014 4:17 PM
Will the kids be raise Jewish if mom is jewish and dad a Christian?
(182) Patt Taku, September 26, 2014 12:45 AM
Planning to have a Jewish wedding
I would like to know more about a Jewish wedding,
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What is the title of director Ridley Scott’s first feature film, released in 1977? | Jewish Wedding
Jewish Wedding
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Marriage is a holy institution in Judaism. Its very name in Hebrew, "kiddushin," means "sanctification." Most of the laws and customs relating to the wedding ceremony (Chatunah), its preparations and Seudat Mitzvah (festive reception meal) date back to our Patriarchs and the giving of the Torah at Sinai.
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Jewish law enjoins the entire community to bring joy and happiness to both the Kallah (bride) and Chatan (groom).
During each day of their marriage the bride and groom will strive to grow and adjust to each other in order to establish the foundation for a Bayis Ne'eman B'Yisrael - a faithful Jewish home.
Ufruf - Shabbat Before the Wedding
On the Shabbat of the week before the wedding the Chatan is called to the Torah (ufruf), to impress upon the couple the duty to look to the Torah as their guide in married life.
After his Aliyah, the congregation showers him with raisins and nuts, symbolic of their wishes for a sweet and fruitful marriage blessed with many children.
Meanwhile, on the same Shabbat, the Kallah's family and friends arrange a party (forshpiel) for her, expressing their same wishes for her. From a few days prior, until a week after the wedding, the couple are considered royalty and are, therefore, not to be seen in public without a personal escort.
The Wedding Day - A Private Yom Kippur
Since on the day of one's wedding G-d forgives the bride and groom of all their previous transgressions, it is seen as a private Yom Kippur for the couple.
They fast until the ceremony; add Yom Kippur confessions to their afternoon prayers; recite the Book of Psalms, asking for forgiveness for the wrongdoings of their youth, committed knowingly or unknowingly, before starting their new life together.
Kabbalat Panim - Greeting the Bride and Groom
The wedding receptions are held separately since the Chatan and Kallah do not see each other during the week prior to the wedding. At this time, relatives and friends greet the bride and groom and bless them, individually offering them their heartfelt wishes.
Prior to the marriage ceremony, standard "Tena'im" (conditions) are stipulated in a written document by the groom and bride and their respective parents. This represents a commitment of the Chatan to fulfill the promise to marry his Kallah.
With the signing and finalization of this obligation, through reviewing the text aloud, a plate is broken, signifying that just as the breaking of the plate is irreversible, so too should the engagement be irreversible.
Bedeken - Veiling of the Bride
Before the Chupah ceremony, the groom, escorted by his father and (about to become) father-in-law, and accompanied by relatives and friends, goes forward to veil the bride. The groom brings down the veil over the bride's face. The covering of the face symbolizes the modesty, dignity and chastity which characterizes the virtue of Jewish womanhood.
The veiling impresses upon the Kallah her duty to live up to Jewish ideals of modesty and reminds others that in her status as a married woman she will be absolutely unapproachable by other men.
The Jewish woman, being the strength and pillar of the home, is also reflected in these signs of modesty and dignity which will be the pillars and the foundation of their new home.
Chupah - Wedding Ceremony Under the Canopy
The wedding ceremony takes place under the open sky, recalling the blessing of G-d to Abraham that his seed be as numerous as the stars. When they arrive at the Chupah, the bride circles the groom seven times.
The consecration of a woman to man, the Torah advises us, is through "the giving of a valuable
- money or ring - (to the woman), the presentation of a document, or through intimate living together." Nowadays, our sages tell us, we perform all three acts as a means of consecrating a woman.
For this reason, the Chupah ceremony entails all three aspects:
The giving of a ring by the Chatan to the Kallah (the exchange of value);
The handing over of the Ketubah (marriage contact) to the bride;
And after the Chupah, the bride and groom adjourn to a private room (symbolic of intimacy) where they break their fast.
The Witnesses
Every legal procedure in Jewish life is confirmed by at least two "kosher" witnesses. These witnesses can under no circumstances be of the immediate family or even distant relatives to the participating parties.
It takes two witnesses (to the exclusion of others) to attest that all three aspects of marriage have taken place in accordance with the laws of "Moses and Israel." Two witnesses are called upon to stand under the Chupah and witness these procedures.
Kiddushin and Nisuin
The Jewish marriage ceremony has two basic parts: "Kiddushin" and "Nisuin." Both parts are introduced with the blessing over wine, the traditional symbol of joy and abundance.
The first blessing over the wine signifies that just as we pronounce the holiness of the Sabbath and festivals over the wine, we sanctify the personal relationship of marriage over wine. The bride and groom each take a sip of the wine.
The second is recited over the ceremony itself, thanking G-d for giving us the opportunity to perform this Mitzvah, after which the Chatan and Kallah once again take a sip of the wine, after the seven blessings.
The blessing ends: "Blessed are You L-rd, Who sanctifies His people Israel through Chupah and Kiddushin."
The essence of the ceremony which follows is the act of Kiddushin. In the presence of two witnesses, the groom places a simple gold ring (without engravings or adornment) on the bride's right forefinger. As the groom places the ring on her finger he says:
"Harei At Mekudeshet Li B'taba'at Zo Kedat Moshe V'Yisrael - Behold, you are consecrated to me with this ring according to the laws of Moses and Israel."
The Ketubah - Marriage Contract
To separate the betrothal blessings from the marriage blessings (Sheva Berachot), the "Ketubah" (marriage contract) is read aloud.
The "Ketubah" is a binding document of confidence and trust which details the husband's obligations to his wife. Therein, the Chatan pledges to "work for you, honor, provide for and support you, in accordance with the practices of Jewish husbands who work for their wives' honor, provide and support them in truth."
The signing of the Ketubah shows that the bride and groom do not see marriage as only a physical and emotional union, but also as a legal and moral commitment which delineates the human and financial obligations of the husband to his wife according to Jewish law and customs.
Its basic aim is to strengthen and affirm the wife's dignified status, as well as to confer a number of special privileges on her.
The Ketubah also contains stipulations of financial settlement in case of, G-d forbid, divorce. Following the reading of this contract, the Ketubah is handed over to the Kallah. Should this document be lost, the couple may not live together until a new contract is drawn up.
Sheva Berachot - The Seven Blessings
The concluding portion of the marriage ceremony is the seven blessings. Several different people are called upon to recite these blessings in the presence of a quorum of at least ten men, because of the communal emphasis of the blessings.
They acknowledge G-d as the Creator of mankind, joy, bride and groom. They also praise G-d for having created man in His image, and for giving him the ability to reproduce that image.
The first blessing is recited over the second cup of wine as a sign of rejoicing.
The second thanks G-d for creating the world and at the same time it honors those assembled at the wedding.
The third and fourth acknowledge G-d's physical and spiritual creation of mankind. These blessings are recited at weddings, since it is only then that the couple begins life as complete human beings.
In the fifth, we pray for the restoration of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Holy Temple, the edifice which so expressed G-d's special relationship to the Jewish people that the memory of its destruction rises above even our highest joys.
The sixth expresses the hope that the bride and groom grow in their love for each other, focusing their love as exclusively as Adam and Eve, when there was no one else in the world.
In the seventh blessing, we pray for the time when Moshiach will come to redeem us from exile so that peace and tranquility will reign over the world.
Breaking a Glass
At the conclusion of the blessings, after the couple drinks from the second cup, the groom breaks the glass with his right foot, as an additional remembrance of the destruction of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem.
Traditionally, this custom was also incorporated into the ceremony to remind everyone that even at the height of one's personal joy, we must, nevertheless, remember the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.
Yichud - Union
After the ceremony the bride and groom adjourn to a private room. This procedure is witnessed by the same two exclusive witnesses who were designated at the time when the ring was placed on the Kallah's finger under the Chupah.
The few minutes the couple share together allude to their new intimate relationship and emphasizes that their absolute privacy be respected. Refreshments are served, and the Chatan and Kallah break their fast.
Seudat Mitzvah - Wedding Feast
Most Jewish celebrations (marriage, circumcision, bar mitzvah, etc.) are followed by a dinner to honor the occasion. At this meal all guests participate in the Mitzvah of "L'Sameach Chatan v'Kallah," to celebrate in joy with the groom and bride. Although the wedding feast in itself is a mitzvah, the emphasis is on entertaining the newlyweds.
Men and women dance separated by a "Mechitzah" (divider) for reasons of "Tzniut" (modesty).
This is one of the strong virtues binding a husband and wife, enhancing each other's uniqueness. At the end of the Seudat Mitzvah (festive meal), "Birkat HaMazon" (Grace After Meals) is recited, and the Sheva Berachot (seven blessings) recited under the Chupah are once again repeated.
After the Wedding
Jewish custom dictates that the couple begin their new life together in their community. For seven consecutive evenings following the wedding, it is customary that friends or relatives host festive meals in their honor.
The act of feasting recalls the "seven-day celebration" after the marriage of Jacob to Leah, while spending their days in prayer, learning Torah and performing mitzvos in order to give the "new house in Israel" a solid foundation in G-d's ways of holiness.
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Who won the 1970 Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland? | Winners of the 1970s - What happened to them? | News | Eurovision Song Contest
Winners of the 1970s - What happened to them?
ABBA in Brighton after their victory in 1974
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18 Aug 2011 at 23:06
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We've looked at the winners of the 50s and 60s to see what happened to them and now we take a peek at another iconic era in Eurovision Song Contest history - The 1970s!
The 1970s was a very iconic decade for Europe's favourite TV show. It is a decade that produced some of the contest's most memorable winners, some of whom are still household names today.
Take a look below at the ten winners who took Europe by storm in the 70s.... And maybe, just maybe you will recognise a few of them!
1970 - Dana (Ireland)
Born Rosemary Brown in 1951, Dana began her life in a musical family. She walked in the footsteps of her mother and father and won talent competitions, subsequently catching the eye of a producer in 1965 after winning a folk music competition.
Dana made an attempt enter the Eurovision Song Contest in 1969, coming second in the Irish National Song Contest with the song Look Around. The next year she was invited to compete again with the song All Kinds Of Everything, which went on to win the competition on the 21st of March 1970 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It was Ireland's first ever win at the competition and her song was a hit all over the world.
After the competition, Dana went on to have mixed success, releasing various singles and albums. She also tried out a bit of acting and released an autobiography. Outside of music, Dana went on to have a formiddable career as a politician, coming third in the Irish presidential election in 1997. In 1999 she was elected to the European Parliament and tried to enter local politics in the early 2000s.
Most recently Dana has put her political career on hold and returned to showbusiness, appearing on a celebrity dancing competition and released her own record label.
1971 - Séverine (Monaco)
Séverine appeared under a number of stage names before entering Europe's favourite TV show. Early in her career she was known as "Celine" when performing with various bands and then in 1968 she appeared as "Robbie Lorr" performing at the Golf Drouot music club in Paris.
In 1969 the stagename "Séverine" appeared and she signed a record contract. Her success came when she represented Monaco at the Eurovision Contest held at the Gaiety Theatre in Dublin, Ireland on the 3rd of April 1971. Her song, Un banc, un arbre, une rue became an instant hit all over Europe.
Following her win, Séverine had success in her native France but most notably in Germany where a number of her songs were big schlager hits. She also appeared on the coveted programme, ZDF-Hitparade a number of times and appeared in the German national final in 1975 and 1982 where she came 7th and 10th respectively.
Most recently Séverine has released further material as well as performing back in France and in 2006 she accompanied the Monaco's delegation to Athens. She has also been working as a singing teacher in Paris.
1972 - Vicky Leandros (Luxembourg)
Vicky Leandros was born in 1949 on the island of Corfu in Greece, into a musical family. Her father Leo Leandros was already an established artist and composer. Vicky grew up in Germany and started singing at a young age, releasing her first single in 1965.
In 1967, Vicky represented Luxembourg in Vienna with the song, L'amour est bleu, which came 4th. It was a however, a huge hit all over world and has been covered by many artists.
Vicky continued to release singles and appeared on a number of TV shows, including hosting a show on the BBC in the UK called Music My Way, before once again representing Luxembourg in 1972 with the song Après Toi. This was again a huge hit for Vicky and paved the way for a long career, which saw her have success in Europe, Canada, the USA and Japan inparticular.
Throughout the 80s and 90s Vicky's success continued and she notably recorded the German version of the Titanic sound track, My Heart Will Go On in the late 90s.
Most recently, Vicky was elected councillor in the town of Piraeus in Greece and subsequently became the deputy mayor. She resigned from this position in 2008. Her career as a singer has also continued, releasing her own material and taking part in the 2006 German final with the song, Don't Break My Heart. She continues to record and perform all over Europe.
1973 - Anne-Marie David (Luxembourg)
A French native, Anne-Marie David had a career before entering the Eurovision Song Contest. She performed in musicals such as Jesus Christ Superstar and also submitted a song to the French national selection in 1972.
In 1973 her big break came when she won the contest for Luxembourg with her song Tu te reconnaîtras. This was Luxembourg's second victory in a row and was a close competition. However, this didn't stop Anne-Marie from having a successful career post the contest.
Her career took her all over the world and she particular success back home in France as well as in Norway and probably most notably Turkey. She also made an appearance at the 1979 contest, representing France with the song Je suis l'enfant soleil coming third. More recently she retired from her career in music but has made various appearances on TV and also performed on the Eurovision Song Contest 50th anniversary show, Congratulations in 2005 in Copenhagen.
1974 - ABBA (Sweden)
Arguably the contest's most successful ever band, ABBA is one of the biggest selling groups in the world, selling millions and millions of records. However, their beginnings are humble. In the early sevenities they formed, although not under the name ABBA, and recorded a number of songs together. In 1973 they also entered the Swedish final with the song Ring, Ring but it failed to make it to the contest in Luxembourg.
In 1974, they were invited by broadcaster SVT to enter Melodifestivalen once again. This time Agnetha, Frida, Benny and Björn entered the song Waterloo, winning the right to represent their native Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest in Brighton, UK. They won with a comfortable margin and their song topped the charts all over Europe and the world.
Their success did not stop there by any means. They continued to top the charts with singles including Mamma Mia, Dancing Queen, Money Money Money, One Of Us, Thank You For The Music, Gimme Gimme Gimme and many many many more. Their albums also charted high and went gold and platinum in a number of countries.
In 1983 the group split up after more than a decade of phenomenal success but their careers continued. Agnetha and Frida continued to perform and released music although Agnetha did shy away from the spotlight for a long whilst after ABBA split up but has recently released new material. Benny & Björn continued their careers as writers and have worked closely together on new music, have performed in bands and precided over musicals including the world famous and very successful Mamma Mia, which also became a box-off superhit when it was turned into a film.
ABBA's revival still continues and their songs are iconic. One of the Eurovision Song Contest's biggest treasures. They also won the title of Europe's favourite song from the contest at the 2005 Congratulations show held in Copenhagen, Denmark.
1975 - Teach-In (The Netherlands)
The Eurovision Song Contest in 1975 was won by the band Teach-In with the song Ding-A-Dong. The band was to say the least, very dynamic. and its members were changed numerous times ahead of, and after, the contest.
At the time of the contest in Sweden, the band was made up of Getty Kaspers, Chris de Wolde, Ard Weenink, Koos Versteeg, John Gasbeek and Ruud Nijhuis. With this change came a new sound. Before the contest, the original members had some success and managed to break into the Benelux Market in 1974.
Immediately after the contest, the band had some success with Ding-A-Dong and were exposed to the international market. Unfortunately there was a number change of members in 1976 and the career outside of the Netherlands was pretty much over. They did top the charts in their home market but with another change of membership it was game over for the band.
However, this is the last time the Netherlands won the contest and Ding-A-Dong will also be remembered as a Eurovision Song Contest classic.
1976 - Brotherhood of Man (United Kingdom)
Started in 1968 as The Brotherhood Of Man by record producer Tony Hiller, the group's members were very different to the line up that appeared in the Hague, in the Netherlands. The original group has some success, most notably with the song United We Stand, which was a hit in a number of countries.
The members of the band changed and then by the time of the contest in 1976 was made up of Martin Lee, Nicky Stevens, Sandra Stevens and Lee Sheriden. They won the song with Save Your Kisses For Me which became a huge hit and brought the contest back to the United Kingdom. It was also voted as one of the top 14 best songs in the 50th anniversary show of the Eurovision Song Contest, Congratulations.
After the contest the band continued to release singles, having a lot of success all over Europe and the world. They had number one hits in the UK with the songs Angelo and Figaro as well as successful album chartings and other top 20 singles in a number of countries. However, they success started to fizzle out and they split up.
In 1986 the band renunited and have been together ever since, performing all over the UK and continental Europe. They also appear at numerous Eurovision Song Contest fan events and other related shows and have appeared in UK national finals and in documentaries, encouraging present day British entries as they prepared to follow in their footsteps.
1977 - Marie Myriam (France)
Marie Myriam was born in what is now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo and is of Portuguese origin. In 1976 she released music and had her first taste of success before representing France at the 1977 Eurovision Song Contest held at the Wembley Conference Centre in London.
Her song L'oiseau et l'enfant took home the trophy and became France's most recent victory at the contest, not having won since.
After the contest, Marie continued her success by producing songs for children and cartoons. She also represented France at the Yamaha Music Festival in 1981, coming ninth. Later on she kept producing music and performing but decided to take some time out to raise a family and put her career on hold until the late 90s.
Most recently Marie's face has appeared on TV screens all over Europe as she has been the spokesperson for France in Eurovision Song Contest, announcing the votes for the country she once represented.
1978 - Izhar Cohen & the Alphabeta (Israel)
Izhar Cohen began his career in Israel in the early seventies performing in a music festival and have radio success with his music. He was also born into a musical family and his brothers were all in the business.
His big success came in 1978 when he won the Eurovision Song Contest with the song A-Ba-Ni-Bi, providing Israel with its first ever victory in the competition. This was a hit and put Israel firmly on the musical map of Europe and brought the contest to Jerusalem in 1979, where Israel won again.
After entering the contest, Izhar had a lot of success at home singing in musicals and releasing music. He also tried his luck at Europe's favourite TV show in 1985 in Gothenburg, Sweden with the song "Olé, olé", which came fifth. Later on in 1987 and 1996 he also tried his luck but failed to make it through to the competition.
More recently Izhar has stepped away from music to a certain extent and not much is known of his current career. He is however married and has a child.
1979 - Gali Atari & Milk and Honey (Israel)
Gali Atari & Milk and Honey achieved a remarkable feat in 1979 when they won the Eurovision Song Contest, giving Israel their second victory with the song Hallelujah. The contest was held in Jerusalem, Israel.
Before the contest Gali had some musical success by being recognised by a producer at the tender age of 15. She performed at a number of festivals but like every young Israeli had to do military service and her career was pretty much suspended until this was finished.
In 1978 Gali performed in the Israeli national final with the song Nesich hachlomot. This failed to qualify but in 1979 she entered the competition with Milk and Honey and won. Hallelujah was an international hit and the song was released in many languages. It was also performed by all the performers of the Eurovision Song Contest in 1999, also in Jerusalem, as a show of support and peace for the victims of the conflict in the Balkans.
Gali continued to perform with Milk and Honey after the contest and now has a career focused around her home market, where she works with many famous artists and composers.
Who was your favourite winner of the 70s?
| Dana |
In 2006, which 19th Century American novelist was finally reunited with his wife, Sophia, when her remains were taken from London to Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Massachusetts, and buried with him? | Eurovision Winners Videos - 1990s
1990s
1999 - Sweden
Charlotte Nilsson, "Take Me To Your Heaven"
"Take Me to Your Heaven" was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1999. Performed in English (taking advantage of new rules removing the requirement to perform in a national language) by Charlotte Nilsson representing Sweden. Charlotte Nilsson first won the Swedish Melodifestivalen 1999 when singing the Swedish language version "Tusen och en natt" (Swedish for "One Thousand and One Nights").
The song is an up-beat song about love, with the singer asking her lover to take her to heaven by loving her. Some fans have argued that it is derivative of previous Swedish 1974 winner ABBA.
The song was internationally released as a single on 21 June 1999, produced by Mikael Wendt. At the singles charts, it peaked at #2 in Sweden, #10 in Norway, #20 in the United Kingdom, #23 in the Netherlands and #5 in Flanders (Belgium).
1998 - Israel
Dana International, "Diva"
"Diva" was the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1998. Performed in Hebrew by Dana International representing Israel. The music was composed by Tzvika Pick, and the lyrics by Yoav Ginai. It totalled 172 points in the polling.
The song became the last entry entirely in a language other than English to win the Contest until 2007. The interval act and Dana's reprise was the last time live music from an orchestra was used in the Contest, as the 1999 Contest lacked the necessary budget and was held in a venue not large enough to hold one. Dana is also currently the only transgender singer to have won the Contest.
The selection of Dana International's song caused such controversy amongst conservative groups in Israel that upon her arrival in Britain, police escorts and security were required continuously. The performance consisted of Dana International, wearing a silver dress, being backed by three other female singers wearing black, and involved no dancing.
The song is an ode to the powerful women of history — with Cleopatra in fact being the only real figure named. Victoria, the Roman goddess of victory and Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of beauty are also named.
The song was performed eighth on the night, following Poland's Sixteen with "To takie proste" and preceding Germany's Guildo Horn with "Guildo hat euch lieb!". At the close of voting, it had received 172 points, placing 1st in a field of 25. This was Israel's third Contest victory and, as they had not entered the previous year's Contest, they achieved the unusual distinction of having won a Contest the year after not competing.
After winning the contest, Dana International caused a stir by arriving to the presentation late after a long delay in changing into an extravagant costume designed by Jean-Paul Gaultier adorned with bird feathers before performing the reprise.
The song was chosen in an internet poll conducted by the European Broadcasting Union in 2005 as one of the 14 most popular songs in the history of the Eurovision, and was one of the entrants in the Congratulations 50th anniversary concert in Copenhagen, Denmark, held in October 2005. It was re-enacted by Dana International along with six dancers equipped with giant feathered fans and a live orchestra as the original footage was shown in the background. Diva came 13th in the final voting.
1997 - United Kingdom
Katrina & The Waves, "Love Shine A Light"
"Love Shine a Light" was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1997. Performed by Katrina and the Waves for the United Kingdom, composed by Kimberley Rew. It is the group's biggest success since "Walking on Sunshine" 12 years earlier.
Rew composed the song following a request from the brother of Alex Cooper (the band's drummer) for an anthem for The Samaritans. The song was selected as the UK's Eurovision entry by public vote on 15 March 1997. It received 69,834 votes, 11,138 more than the second place song.
The contest was held on 3 May 1997 in the Point Theatre, Dublin. The song was awarded maximum (12) points by ten countries, scoring 227 of a possible 288, the most points a Eurovision entry ever won until Ukraine's Ruslana broke the record in 2004. However, since Ukraine competed in a pool of 36 countries, wider than the 25 countries in 1997, Love Shine a Light still maintains a higher percentage of votes won. It won the third-highest ever percentage of total votes after United Kingdom's Save Your Kisses for Me in 1976 and Germany's Ein bißchen Frieden in 1982. When Alexander Rybak's "Fairytale" won for Norway in 2009, not only did he get the most points ever, 387 out of a possible 492, he also go the most number of 12s, 16 from 41 countries. Second placed Iceland were over 50 points behind. Strangely though the percentage of votes are virtually identical with "Love shine a light" getting 78.82% and "Fairyale" 78.66%.
1996 - Ireland
Eimear Quinn, "The Voice"
"The Voice" was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1996. Performed in English by Eimear Quinn representing Ireland. The music and lyrics were composed by Brendan Graham, who also composed the Irish winner from the 1994 Contest. The victory, which was Ireland's fourth in five years, was their seventh Contest victory, which remains a record for the most contests won by a single country.
Quinn was a student at the Cork School of Music when she was approached by RTÉ to represent Ireland at Eurovision. It placed first in a field of 23 with 162 points, easily defeating the song "I evighet" by Elisabeth Andreassen of Norway. It was awarded the maximum douze points by seven countries: Turkey, Switzerland, Estonia, Slovenia, Netherlands, Poland and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The top song from the qualifying round, from Sweden, collapsed to finish third in the final.
Lyrically, it is a very Celtic-inspired song, with the singer portraying herself as "the voice" which watches over the world, describing "her" effects on the elements, such as the wind, the seasons, in a similar way to Mother Nature. It is of a folk style and is sung at a very high pitch. Quinn was accompanied by traditional Irish percussion, woodwind and string instruments.
The jury decision 1996 Contest was greeted with dismay amongst the public opinion of the audience, which began to leave the arena once the count had become a foregone conclusion. As a result of the differences between public and jury opinion, partial televoting was introduced for the following year's contest.
The song was performed seventeenth on the night (following Belgium's Lisa del Bo with "Liefde is een kaartspel" and preceding Finland's Jasmine with "Niin kaunis on taivas").
Quinn again performed the song as an interval act during the Congratulations 50th anniversary concert in Copenhagen in 2005.
1995 - Norway
Secret Garden, "Nocturne"
"Nocturne" was the winning song in the Eurovision Song Contest 1995. Performed in Norwegian by Secret Garden representing Norway. It was the second time Norway won the contest, after it had won in 1985 with Bobbysocks! song "La det swinge". For their performance at the Contest the Secret Garden duo of Fionnuala Sherry and Rolf Løvland featured two guest musicians; Norwegian vocalist Gunnhild Tvinnereim and Swedish nyckelharpist Åsa Jinder. The song was performed fifth on the night, following Bosnia and Herzegovina's Davor Popović with "Dvadeset prvi vijek" and preceding Russia's Philip Kirkorov with "Kolibelnaya dlya vulkana". At the close of voting, it had received 148 points, placing 1st in a field of 23.
The victory represented the second for composer Rolf Løvland, who had previously written "La det swinge". Additionally, it represented the first time in four years that Ireland had not won the Contest, thus bringing to an end the only hat-trick of victories in Eurovision history. Ireland would go on to win the next Contest, achieving the feat of four victories in five years.
As Norway had previously won the Contest in 1985 with "La det swinge", the second victory allowed the tongue-in-cheek tradition to emerge that Norway could only win in years ending with a 5, a joke referred to by the members of Bobbysocks at the Congratulations special in late 2005, Norway having entered "In My Dreams" that year and not achieved victory.
1994 - Ireland
Paul Harrington & Charlie McGettigan, "Rock'n Roll Kids"
"Rock 'n' Roll Kids" was the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1994. Composed by Brendan Graham and performed for Ireland by Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan. The song was Ireland's sixth overall victory, and represented an unprecedented third consecutive time that the same country had won the Contest.
There is a belief among many Eurovision fans that the song was deliberately chosen not to win, as it was performed by a male duo (no male duos had ever won before) and in a very static manner. The pair were also much older than any other winners had been. As the Contest rules require the previous year's winner to host the next edition of the Contest, the argument runs that the Irish broadcaster was not prepared to do this, hence the selection.
The song, however, achieved the victory and is generally considered one of the Contest's better entries - being performed in part by McGettigan and Jakob Sveistrup at the Congratulations special in late 2005. It was the first winning song ever to be performed without orchestral accompaniment, as McGettigan's guitar and Harrington's piano were the only instruments needed. It was also the first time in the contest when a song scored over 200 points.
Lyrically, the song is a lament for the singers' lost youths. They remember growing up and listening to the popular music of the time (Jerry Lee Lewis and Elvis Presley) and generally being trendy. The song then moves forwards to the present, where both men are "too busy running to a different beat" to even stay in close contact with each other - while their children "don't wanna be around us no more".
The song was performed third on the night, following Finland's CatCat with "Bye Bye Baby" and preceding Cyprus' Evridiki with "Ime Anthropos Ki Ego". At the close of voting, it had received 226 points, placing 1st in a field of 25.
1993 - Ireland
Niamh Kavanagh, "In Your Eyes"
"In Your Eyes" is a ballad sung by Irish singer Niamh Kavanagh. Niamh Kavanagh won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1993 for Ireland with 187 points. The song is a long song written and composed by Jimmy Walsh, where the singer tells how, after being lonely, she has found love and heaven in her lover's arms and how it had changed her.
Kavanagh had a home win, since the contest took place in Ireland due to Linda Martin's win the previous year. It was the second of Ireland's three victories in a row in the early Nineties. The song was performed fourteenth on the night (following Sweden's Arvingarna with "Eloise" and preceding Luxembourg's Modern Times with "Donne-moi une chance"). At the close of voting, it had received 187 points, placing 1st in a field of 25.
1992 - Ireland
Linda Martin, "Why Me"
"Why Me?" was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1992. Performed for Ireland by Linda Martin. The result was also notable as the song was composed by Johnny Logan, who had previously won the Contest with "What's Another Year?" and the self-composed "Hold Me Now". Logan is, to date, the only person to win the Contest with a song composed for him, win the Contest with his own song and then compose another winner.
The song itself is a ballad, which builds in intensity towards the end. The singer describes her thoughts about her lover, and asks why she is the lucky one to have his love, as against anyone else.
The song was performed seventeenth on the night, following the United Kingdom's Michael Ball with "One Step Out Of Time" and preceding Denmark's Kenny Lübcke & Lotte Nilsson with "Alt det som ingen ser". At the close of voting, it had received 155 points, placing 1st in a field of 23.
1991 - Sweden
Carola, "Fangad Av En Stormvind"
"Fångad av en stormvind" (literally translated as "Captured by a storm wind") was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1991. It won the Contest in Rome with the smallest margin of victory since 1969. At the singles charts, it peaked at #3 in Sweden and #6 in Norway. On April 28, 1991 the song reached the first place at the Swedish hitlist Svensktoppen. The song was performed in Swedish and likens the singer's love for her paramour to the effects of a stormwind. The English language version of the song was called "Captured by a Lovestorm".
1990 - Italy
Toto Cutugno, "Insieme 1992"
"Insieme: 1992" (English translation: "Together: 1992") was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1990. The contest was held in Zagreb, Croatia (then SFR Yugoslavia), and the winning song was performed in Italian by Toto Cutugno for Italy, that country's second victory in the Contest.
Cutugno sang about bringing the disparate nations of Europe together. The "1992" of the title refers to the year in which the European Union was scheduled to begin operation, thus bringing the hope of the lyric to fruition. Cutugno sang the song with a backing group of five singers from Slovenia, the group Pepel in Kri, who represented Yugoslavia in 1975.
The song was performed nineteenth on the night (following Sweden's Edin-Ådahl with Som en vind and preceding Austria's Simone with Keine Mauern mehr). At the close of voting, it had received 149 points, placing 1st in a field of 22.
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Which football team won the English FA Cup in 1971? | Charlie George vs Liverpool: FA Cup Final 1971 - YouTube
Charlie George vs Liverpool: FA Cup Final 1971
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Published on Jul 14, 2012
Video description:
Charlie George's famous performance in the 1971 FA Cup final against Bill Shankly's Liverpool at Wembley. Just days before, Arsenal had secured the league title at White Hart Lane and were on the verge of completing the first ever 'double' in Arsenal history, and the first FA Cup win for over 20 years. Music is by Saxon Shore: Isolated by the Secrets of Your Fellow Man.
Charlie George profile:
157 starts, 49 goals. That was the sum of Charlie George's time at Arsenal - hardly mindblowing - Kevin Campbell scored more goals for Arsenal than Charlie.So why was he voted the 9th greatest player in Arsenal's history?
Part of the reason is because Charlie did what every fan dreamed of; he grew up watching Arsenal on the terraces, and ended up scoring the winning goal in an FA Cup final. He was Arsenal through and through. And, as this video demonstrates, on his day Charlie George was a fantastic player - a good passer of the ball, fantastic shooting technique and with the frame of a traditional centre forward.
However Charlie also possessed some bad luck with injuries (sound familiar?) as well as having an outspoken personality - which under authoritarian managers, often caused friction. He only ever won 1 England cap (on being subbed off, he told the England manager to 'fuck off') and probably never fulfilled his amazing potential.
However he still had a great career, the pinnacle of which was this performance.
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| Arsenal F.C. |
French explorers Pierre and Paul Mallet were the first Europeans to ‘discover’ which range of North American mountains in 1739? | BBC SPORT | Football | FA Cup | When Saints shocked Man Utd
When Saints shocked Man Utd
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The 1976 Man Utd side
By Chris Bevan
Do you remember the long hot summer of 1976? No Southampton fan will ever forget the way it started.
As Britain basked in a heatwave on 1 May, Tommy Docherty's swashbuckling young Manchester United team were expected to sweep aside Second Division Saints at Wembley in what looked like being a one-sided FA Cup final.
Southampton boss Lawrie McMenemy had other ideas, and his experienced team withstood United's pressure before delivering a classic sucker punch through Bobby Stokes's disputed late goal to win the game and lift the Cup.
606: DEBATE
What are your memories of the 1976 FA Cup final?
With Saints back in the second tier of English football, it will be a similar sized shock if they come out on top when the two teams meet again on Sunday in the third round of this season's competition.
Ahead of that tie, BBC Sport speaks to the heroes and villains of Wembley '76 and finds out what happened to the players who lined up on that day 33 years ago.
SOUTHAMPTON
Manager - Lawrie McMenemy
Archive - Sportsnight previews the 1976 FA Cup final
"It is the only major thing Southampton have ever won, and it was totally unexpected," McMenemy said of his side's Cup triumph. "That is why people in this area, whether they were Saints fans or not, enjoyed it so much.
"I get grandmothers stopping me on the street telling me where they were for the parade on the Sunday. They didn't have to be football supporters, they all came out - more than 250,000 of them.
"The big clubs are expected to win a cup every now and again but with Southampton it was a special, special thing."
Then: Won the old Fourth Division title with Doncaster Rovers and Grimsby before moving to Southampton in 1973. Turned down job offers from Manchester United, Newcastle and Leeds before returning to his native north-east in 1985 for an ill-fated stint with Sunderland.
Now: Part of Graham Taylor's coaching team when he was England boss from 1990 to 1993 and later managed Northern Ireland. Made an MBE in 2005 and awarded the freedom of the city of Southampton in 2007, McMenemy is the chairman of Special Olympics Great Britain, coaches the Parliamentary football team and is a newspaper columnist.
Ian Turner
"Ian had the game of his life," McMenemy told BBC Sport. "In the opening 20 minutes we were under siege but Ian was stopping everything.
"Half of it was with his knee, with his ankle or his elbow but he was brave as a bull and we weathered the storm."
Then: Signed by McMenemy from his former club Grimsby, Turner left English football in 1978 at the age of 28 after a knee injury and moved to the United States to join Fort Lauderdale.
Now: Worked as a plumber, then fitted oil pipes as an engineer in the North Sea and in Saudi Arabia. Now works for UK Construction.
Rodrigues was an experienced Welsh international defender
Peter Rodrigues
"Our bus hit a spectator on our way to Wembley and everybody was very concerned as we went into the dressing room," Rodrigues told BBC Sport. "Lawrie quickly went back to check on this guy who was hit - he had just stumbled off the kerb.
"The boss came back and reassured us that he was all right - then we began our preparations.
"When I came out of the tunnel before the game I felt 100ft tall - it was an enormous atmosphere. I recall shaking hands with the United skipper Martin Buchan and he seemed very nervous - so I turned round and told our lads.
"When we scored I ran 45 yards to congratulate everybody. I had always remembered watching Brazil in yellow and blue - which is quite similar to our kit on the day - and when they scored their players would jump on top of everybody. So I flew from about 10 metres away and landed on top of the pile of our players - I felt like a Brazilian for a second.
"At the end my knees were shaking with delight, knowing I would be collecting the Cup from the Queen which was one of the proudest moments of my life."
Then: Experienced Welsh international full-back who joined Southampton from Sheffield Wednesday in 1975 and captained the Saints at Wembley.
Now: Forced to retire a year after lifting the Cup, Rodrigues ran pubs in Wales and Hampshire before moving to Spain in 2002 but is now back in Southampton, where he works as a driver.
David Peach
Then: A ball-boy at the 1966 World Cup final, Peach returned to Wembley as a hard-working left-back who kept Steve Coppell quiet in the final.
Now: Lives in the New Forest and fits double-glazed windows.
Nick Holmes
Then: Versatile and dependable defender or midfielder who played 543 games for Saints between 1972 and 1987. Along with Peach, he was the only survivor of Saints' 1976 side to return for the 1979 League Cup final.
Now: Ran a newsagents in Winterslow before emigrating to the United States but was tempted back into football in 2002 when he became manager of Salisbury City and has since guided them into the Blue Square Premier.
Mel Blyth
Then: A composed centre-back who made 105 appearances for Saints from 1974 to 1977 and later played in South Africa, the US and Hong Kong.
Now: Worked as an electrician but now runs his own building firm in London.
Jim Steele
On 1 May 1976
Brotherhood of Man are at number one with Eurovision-winning track Save Your Kisses for me.
An early heatwave hit the UK as temperatures began to rise ahead of the long hot summer of 1976.
Bafta-winning director Mike Leigh, then a promising young playwright, makes his TV debut with Nuts in May
Then: A trainee mechanical engineer for the National Coal Board before joining Dundee, Steele was a tough centre-back who signed for Saints for a club record fee of �80,000 in 1972.
Now: Ended his playing days in the US with Washington Diplomats, Memphis Rogues and Chicago Sting. Now runs the Black Bear pub in Moreton-in-Marsh.
Paul Gilchrist
Then: Industrious front-man who scored 17 goals in 107 games for Saints from 1972 to 1977.
Now: His career was ended by a cruciate ligament injury at the age of 29 in 1980. Gilchrist then ran his own gym and he now works as a service assistant at a car dealership.
Mick Channon
"Mick rang me in my room on the morning of the game," McMenemy told BBC Sport. "Being into betting, he said 'have you seen the odds?'. We were 5/1 in a two-horse race - that's how unlikely we were to win it.
"I didn't bet on us - I never did - but whoever did, did very well."
Then: Channon joined Saints as a trainee in 1966 and stayed until he moved to Manchester City in 1977. Returned to Southampton two years later for another three-year stint and scored a total of 157 goals in 391 games for the club as well as netting 21 times in 46 England appearances.
Now: Moved into horse racing when his football career ended and became a leading Flat trainer. Currently recovering after being involved in a serious car crash in August 2008.
Peter Osgood
Then: A Chelsea legend, famous for his flamboyant lifestyle off the pitch, who scored in every round when he won the Cup with the Blues in 1970. Ossie joined Saints in 1974 and stayed for three years before a move to Philadelphia Fury and a brief spell back at Stamford Bridge.
Now: Ran a pub with former Chelsea team-mate Ian Hutchinson after hanging up his boots and later became an after-dinner speaker and corporate host at Chelsea. He died of a heart attack aged 59 in March 2006 and his ashes were laid to rest under the penalty spot at the Shed End of Stamford Bridge.
Jim McCalliog
Then: Intelligent midfielder who lost the 1966 Cup final with Sheffield Wednesday despite scoring the opener against Everton but was a winner at Wembley a year later when he returned with Scotland to beat world champions England. Was sold by Tommy Docherty from United to Southampton in 1975 and stayed until 1977.
Now: Has run pubs in Wetherby and Leeds and is now landlord of the King's Arms in Fenwick, Ayrshire.
Bobby Stokes
"The game was heading for a draw," McMenemy told BBC Sport. "But everybody down here knows the move; Goalkeeper, long ball, out to the wing, ball knocked into Jimmy McCalliog - who didn't look before knocking an early ball through to Bobby Stokes.
"Martin Buchan always reckons Bobby was offside but it was proved that he wasn't, and Bobby put the ball across Alex Stepney and into the far corner of the net."
Then: Outstanding schoolboy player who came through the ranks at the Dell to become a skilful and hard-working forward. Stokes, known for his cheeky grin and quickfire wit, won a car for his Wembley winner but could not drive. He made just eight full appearances for the Saints after the final before stints with Washington Diplomats and hometown club Portsmouth.
Now: Ran a pub when he returned to England from the US but by 1985 he was a cook in a Portsmouth cafe, while also coaching at summer camps with Osgood. Died of bronchial pneumonia, aged 44, in 1995.
Substitute:
Hugh Fisher Unused
Then: Scored a vital late equaliser in the third round against Aston Villa at the very beginning of Saints' 1976 Cup run but an injury kept him on the bench at Wembley.
Now: Spent 10 years at Southampton before becoming Southport's player-manager in 1977/78 and was in charge when they dropped out of the Football League. Now a brewery sales representative in Hampshire.
MANCHESTER UNITED
Manager - Tommy Docherty
"We weren't overconfident but we were very confident we would win," Docherty told BBC Sport. "But on the day we only played as well as we were allowed to.
"I had let Jimmy McCalliog - who made Southampton's goal - leave United and old players, by and large, come back to haunt you.
"When we got back to Manchester town hall I told the supporters that would we would be back the next year to win the Cup but it was a bit of wishful thinking."
Then: 'The Doc' did return to Wembley for another Cup final in 1977 and triumphed when United beat Liverpool but was sacked soon afterwards when it emerged he was having an affair with the wife of a United physiotherapist.
Now: Still going strong as a media pundit and after-dinner speaker at the age of 80.
Alex Stepney
"If Bobby Stokes had hit it like I thought he would, I might have saved it," Stepney told BBC Sport.
"But it was a bit of a mis-hit. Sometimes they beat you and it was one of those."
Then: Joined United for �55,000 - then a world record fee for a keeper - from Chelsea in 1966. Made more than 500 appearances for United and kept 175 clean sheets, helping them win the European Cup, the League title and the FA Cup - but won only one England cap.
Now: Stepney ran a pub and a transport business before working as a goalkeeping coach with Manchester City until 2001. Later joined United's marketing department and is now an after-dinner speaker and radio pundit.
Alex Forsyth
Then: An attack-minded right-back with a ferocious shot, Forsyth cost United �100,000 when they signed him from Partick in 1971. He left to join Rangers on a free transfer in 1978.
Now: Manages the Auld House, a bar in Hamilton.
Stewart Houston
Then: Houston was a cultured Scottish international left-back who made 250 appearances for United in seven years at Old Trafford.
Now: Had success as George Graham's assistant at Arsenal and Tottenham but failed to make an impact as a manager in his own right at QPR and Walsall. Now a scout for the Gunners.
Gerry Daly
Then: Highly-rated Republic of Ireland international midfielder who spent four years at Old Trafford before joining Derby for �175,000 in March 1977.
Now: Sacked as player-boss of Conference side Telford in 1993. Still lives in Derby and regularly watches the Rams but is unable to work because of a back problem. Daly claims to have been promised a testimonial by the FAI but it never materialised.
Brian Greenhoff
Then: Versatile midfielder or defender who starred for United alongside brother Jimmy.
Now: Worked for a sports wholesaler in Rochdale and managed Whitworth Valley in the North West Counties League before a stint as a TV pundit.
Buchan took on Mick Channon at Subbuteo in the build-up to the final
Martin Buchan
Buchan still disputes Bobby Stokes' winner according to McMenemy who told BBC Sport: "I only see Martin once a year at the Professional Footballers' Association awards dinner and he always walks by me and says 'Bobby was offside'.
Then: Intelligent Scottish international centre-back who captained United at Wembley in 1976 - and again when they beat Liverpool in the 1977 final.
Now: A player advisor for the Professional Footballers Association.
Peach and Coppell had some memorable tussles on the right flank
Steve Coppell
Then: Tricky winger who turned down Liverpool as a teenager so he could complete a degree in economic history at Liverpool University, where he also coached the football team, and was a latecomer to the professional game.
Now: Had four different spells in charge of Crystal Palace, a short stint at Manchester City, and has also managed Brentford and Brighton. Now trying to steer Reading back into the Premier League.
Sammy McIlroy
Then: The last United player signed by Sir Matt Busby, McIlroy was a busy midfielder who won 88 caps for Northern Ireland and played in the 1982 and 1986 World Cup finals.
Now: Took Macclesfield into the Football League as manager in 1997 and, after succeeding McMenemy as Northern Ireland boss in 2000, he repeated the trick with Morecambe in 2007. Still in charge at Christie Park.
Stuart Pearson
Then: Nicknamed 'Pancho', Pearson was a bustling striker who won 15 England caps and won the Cup in 1977 with United and 1980 with West Ham.
Now: Had brief spells as manager of Northwich and as coach at West Brom and Bradford and worked as a TV pundit. Lives in Spain but still regularly returns to Manchester to watch United.
Lou Macari
"I think everyone thought we'd win the game," Macari told BBC Sport. "Because of the names of the two clubs, everybody expected it to be a foregone conclusion.
"But all the things you dread in any cup tie happened to us - we had chances and didn't take them and they scored near the end and didn't give us a chance to get back into the game."
Then: An all-action forward with a reputation for being a practical joker off the pitch.
Now: Had success as manager of Swindon and Stoke but failed to repeat that in spells in charge of Celtic, West Ham and Huddersfield. Now a pundit for MUTV and owns a fish and chip shop outside Old Trafford.
Gordon Hill
Hill told BBC Sport: "The occasion at Wembley can kill you. It certainly did with me.
"I had an absolute stinker. I couldn't get going - I don't know what it was.
"The temperature was right up there in the 90s and it might have been all right sat in the stands in the shade but on the field it was energy sapping. I couldn't find anything.
"When I came off I felt I had let people down and let myself down because I hadn't performed the way I had done all season."
Then: A hard-working and skilful winger with an eye for goal, Hill began his career with Tooting & Mitcham and won amateur, youth, Under-23, B and six full international caps for England.
Now: A forward-thinking owner and coach of United FC, a youth team in McKinney, Texas.
Substitutes:
David McCreery Replaced Gordon Hill (81 minutes)
Then: Often on the bench due to his versatility, McCreery was a bustling ball-winning midfielder who went to two World Cups with Northern Ireland in 1982 and 1986.
Now: Had brief management spells with Carlisle and Hartlepool and also worked as a consultant for the formation of Major League Soccer in the United States. Now owns a welding equipment company in County Durham.
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What type of animal is a duiker? | Duiker | African Wildlife Foundation
Humans, eagles, lions, and leopards
Habitat
Where do duikers live?
The little blue duiker and yellow-backed duiker species live in montane, riverine, and rain forests. The bush duiker lives mostly in moist savannas and avoids rain forests.
Physical Characteristics
What is a duiker?
Duikers are small antelopes that inhabit the forest or dense bushland. They are divided into two groups: forest duikers and bush duikers. The bush duiker has larger ears and is more slender, longer-legged, less hunch-backed, and lighter in color than the species that inhabits the dense, dark forests.
The bush duiker is represented by only one species known as the common or Grimm's duiker. This is the most widely distributed duiker in East Africa and is found in a large range of habitats but never in the deep forest.
Unlike the forest species, the bush duiker has long legs and is able to run fast for longer distances. All duikers freeze and crouch to escape detection. They have dark, glossy coats and tails that have white hair that contrasts with the dark body.
Male and female forest duikers are about the same size, and both have horns. Duiker horns are small and spike-like, lying flat against the head. Bush duiker females are larger than males, but they usually do not have horns.
The smallest of the duikers is the blue duiker, which is found in Uganda, Western Kenya, and parts of Tanzania. The largest is the yellow-backed duiker, which ranges across the whole of the African tropical forest block. Populations of the yellow-backed duiker are also found on Mt. Elgon and on the Mau in Kenya. This duiker can be 35 inches tall and weigh 175 pounds. It has distinctive, long whitish-yellow to orange hair that stands erect on the back.
The duikers in the genus Cephalophus all have the same distinctive body type, although the different species vary in size. Duikers have low-slung bodies on slender legs, wedge-shaped heads topped by a crest of long hair, and relatively large eyes. With their heads held close to the ground, duikers can move easily through the dense vegetation of forests and bushlands. When disturbed, they plunge into the thick cover to hide. This trait is the source of the name "duiker," which in Dutch means "diver."
Behavior & Diet
Duikers enjoy a varied diet.
Their large mouth permits them to feed on sizable fruits, mushrooms, and other bulky items. Duikers also eat berries and fruits that have fallen naturally as well as those dropped by monkeys, but most of their diet consists of foliage from bushes and trees. On occasion, duikers may eat insects, lizards, birds, and rodents.
They are extremely well-groomed.
Duiker pairs devote a great deal of time to grooming one another's heads, which apparently aids in bonding pairs; it may also help individuals recognize their own species and discourage interbreeding with others.
Males fight for their property rights.
Male duikers fight, especially when their territory is invaded. Duikers inhabit fairly small territories marked with the secretions from the preorbital gland below each eye. Even though a pair will live together in the territory, they will spend most of the time apart.
They play hard to get.
Duiker courtship involves prolonged and noisy chases about the territory before mating, after which a single young is born. A calf can run within hours of birth but usually lies hidden for long periods of time between suckling. It grows rapidly and is adult-sized at 6 to 7 months. The young utter a loud bleat when in danger, quickly signaling adults in the area.
| Antelope |
During which month of the year is the US Open Golf tournament held? | duiker hunts - african hunting packages
Appearance
It is a relatively short animal compared to other species of antelope.
The duiker has narrow ears that are brown on the outside and white on the inside. The coat appearance of the common duiker is generally light brown. A black stripe is seen on the fore head region that starts from the upper area and extends to the mouth area. The common duiker has black eyes that contrast with its overall coat color.
The cheeks of the common duiker are white in appearance. The underside of its body is also white in appearance to the inner sides of its fore and hind limbs. The outer part of the limbs is brown in appearance, contrasting with the mahogany deep brown color that is seen in the hooves area. However the coloration and overall size of the duiker is dependend on the specific subspecies, the most known species are the red forest duiker, blue duiker, yellow-backed duiker and the common duiker.
Habitat
The duiker inhabits a wide range of areas, which are hilly areas, mountainous regions, grasslands and rain forests.
Diet
Though initially herbivorous, the duiker has changed to a more omnivorous kind of diet. It eats leaves, fruits, flowers and tubers. In addition it eats insects, frogs, birds and mammals.
Predators
The predators of the duiker include lions, eagles, jackals, hyenas, cheetahs, leopards, wild dogs and man.
Life cycle
The gestation period of the female is seven months, after which a single fawn is born. The female matures sexually after 12 to 14 months, while the male matures sexually after three years of age. The life span is around eight years in the wild and around ten in captivity
Behavior
The males are extremely territorial and they use their glands to mark their territory. As with many animals, the female separates itself days before giving birth to its offspring, choosing to keep its fawns in the deep undergrowth for up to six weeks.
Though males are not aggressive in nature, they do fight each other, stabbing and at times biting each other over territory. As the males do not take part in raising the young, the females form groupings to protect the offspring.
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In June 1970, which was the first band to perform rock music at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York? | Film History Milestones - 1970
Event and Significance
Early 70s
The success of blaxploitation films led to an onslaught of other black exploitation genres, with numerous remakes or lesser imitations ranging from westerns to martial arts kung fu films to horror and gangster films. Sample films included Hit Man (1972), Blacula (1972) and Blackenstein (1973), and Larry Cohen's Black Caesar (1973). However, the vast majority of these films were still distributed, produced, and controlled by non-blacks. All of the blaxploitation films set the stage for Hip Hop music and subculture, future directors such as Spike Lee and John Singleton, and movies like Harlem Nights (1989), Posse (1993), the Beverly Hills Cop series, and Pulp Fiction (1994) .
Early 1970s
Dennis Hopper's Easy Rider (1969) , Bob Rafelson's Five Easy Pieces (1970) , and Peter Bogdanovich's The Last Picture Show (1971) were representative of the New Hollywood movement of unconventional auteur directors with new ideas and personal visions.
1970
George C. Scott won the Best Actor Oscar for his memorable performance as General George Patton in Fox's classic war biopic Patton (1970) but he declined to accept the nomination and the gold statuette award (and did not attend the awards ceremony in 1971), because he did not feel himself to be in any competition with other actors, calling it a "meat parade" or "meat market." Earlier, he had declined his nomination for his role in The Hustler (1961) , becoming the first actor to decline an Oscar nomination (received in 1962).
1970
With Helen Hayes' win as Best Supporting Actress for Airport (1970), she became the first actor or actress to receive Academy Awards in the two categories honoring performers. She had previously won Best Actress 38 years earlier for The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931/32).
1970
Disaster films became a main staple of films in the 70s -- the trend began with Airport (1970). The entire disaster film craze was really kick-started by The Poseidon Adventure (1972).
1970
In 1970, the "M" rating was changed to "PG" (Parental Guidance) due to the confusing nature of the term "mature audiences."
1970
On April 13, 1970, an explosion on board the Apollo 13 lunar mission forced the crew to abort their mission to the moon and devise a way to bring their compromised spaceship home. They landed safely in the Pacific Ocean four days later. The events of the space flight were recounted in director Ron Howard's Apollo 13 (1995) twenty five years later, with Tom Hanks in the role of veteran astronaut Jim Lovell.
1970
Director/star Alejandro Jodorowsky's self-conscious, surrealistic, often incoherent, unique and avant-garde El Topo (1970, Mex.) (translated "the Mole"), was a gory (and mystical) "spaghetti" western about a black-clad rogue gunfighter on a quest to defeat the 'four masters of the gun.' It was the first 'official' midnight movie. It premiered at midnight in a rundown NYC theatre (on lower Eighth Avenue) and ran seven nights a week for many months. The concept of long-playing, taboo-breaking, eccentric midnight movies designed to appeal to urban film fans was thereby born.
1970
The AristoCats (1970) was the first feature-length animated film to be entirely completed after Walt Disney's death, and the last animated feature to be approved by Walt Disney.
1970
Director William Friedkin's milestone mainstream film The Boys in the Band (1970), an adaptation of Mart Crowley's off-Broadway 1968 stage play, was notable as being the first Hollywood feature film to examine the homosexual culture and community in close-up fashion, and to portray gays as human beings who could have a sense of camaraderie.
1970
The rock band The Who performed their rock opera Tommy and became the first act to play rock music at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City on June 7, 1970. Producer/director Ken Russell's British rock-musical film Tommy (1975) was based on the band's 1969 rock opera album musical Tommy.
1970
The IMAX wide-screen format premiered in the Fuji Pavilion at the EXPO '70 in Osaka, Japan, with the 17-minute film Tiger Child.
1970
Nevada millionaire Kirk Kerkorian bought MGM in 1970, and then promptly downsized the company. He sold off acres of the studio's real estate of backlots, and its valuable film memorabilia (such as Dorothy's The Wizard of Oz ruby slippers) for a fraction of its real value. The sell-off financed an expansion of Kerkorian's hotel-casino investments, and began a decline for the studio.
1970
Sexploitation independent 'nudie-cutie' director Russ Meyer's X-rated Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970) was his first major studio feature film. The T & A exploitation spoof film was made for a $1 million budget - it was filled with sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll. Surprisingly, its screenplay was written by film critic Roger Ebert as an unofficial sequel to Fox's Valley of the Dolls (1967) based upon Jacqueline Susann's trashy novel.
1970
Veteran Hollywood director Irving Rapper's campy biopic released by United Artists, The Christine Jorgensen Story (1970), was adapted for the screen from a best-selling, late 60s autobiographical account. It was Hollywood's first attempt at exploring transgender issues -- it told about an ex-GI who became a blonde beauty and was transformed in the early 1950s in a Denmark clinic from George Jorgensen Jr. into Christine Jorgensen (John Hansen), one of the earliest surgically-altered transsexuals.
1970
Mike Nichols' satirical war comedy Catch-22 (1970), an adaptation of Joseph Heller's 1961 book, was the first US film to depict an individual (Martin Balsam as Col. Cathcart) defecating on a toilet seat, and unwinding a long piece of toilet tissue, while non-chalantly talking to earnest Chaplain Tappman (Anthony Perkins). Both actors also appeared earlier in Hitchcock's thriller Psycho (1960) - another film with a toilet first -- the first on-screen toilet flush. The film was an adaptation of Joseph Heller's anti-establishment 1961 first novel - an autobiographical novel about a bomber squadron in WW-II Italy.
1970
Robert Altman's and 20th Century Fox's anti-war black comedy M*A*S*H (1970), the full length feature film upon which a CBS-TV-series (beginning in 1972 and lasting eleven seasons until its final episode in 1983) was based, was set during the Korean War at the Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH), although it commented upon the current war in Vietnam being waged at the time. It was claimed that MASH was the first major US studio film to use the word "f--k" in its dialogue. Its sole Oscar win (from five nominations) was Best Adapted Screenplay. Screenings of the film were banned on US military bases throughout the world.
1970
The popular landmark tear-jerker and commercially-successful film Love Story (1970) , adapted from Eric Segal's screenplay and thin novel, was the first modern romance film blockbuster. Its story of a rich boy/poor girl romance, was backed by Paramount's fast-living head of production Robert Evans. It averted the struggling studio from financial collapse, and beautiful Ali McGraw (Evans married the starlet) was put on the January 11, 1971 cover of Time Magazine. Evans later made the equally-successful The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather, Part 2 (1974) films and Chinatown (1974) in the early 70s.
1970
Following in the tradition of the "Kitchen Sink" UK films in the 50s and 60s, director Ken Loach's low-budget, documentary-style, second feature-film Kes (1969), first shown at the London Film Festival in late 1969 and placed in general release in the UK the following year and shown at the New York Film Festival in the US in 1970, has since been regarded as one of the best British films ever made (it was a Best Film nominee for the 1971 BAFTA Film Awards). The dark and moving independent film was a heartbreaking, authentic, coming-of-age family drama about an abused 15 year old working-class Yorkshire boy who found meaning in his life by raising a baby kestrel (falcon). Surprisingly, the starkly-truthful and socially-conscious naturalistic film was never released commercially in the US.
1970
Let It Be (1970) was released, the last film starring the Fab Four. This effort chronicled the Beatles recording their last-produced Apple studios album - a comeback attempt that actually led to their breakup.
1970
Screen legend Joan Crawford appeared in her final film - long-time Hammer Studios' director Freddie Francis' B-horror film Trog (1970). Her last acting role in the notoriously bad film was as eminent anthropologist Dr. Brockton who discovered a primitive "missing link" troglodyte (Joe Cornelius) living deep inside a cave. Crawford later admitted that she was thoroughly embarrassed by her participation in the campy, monster-on-the-loose film.
| The Who |
Late US jazz singer, born Eleanora Fagan, was better known by what name? | History - The Who Official Website
History
THE STORY OF THE WHO 1944-2016
Roger Harry Daltrey born in Shepherds Bush, London.
John Alec Entwistle born in Chiswick, London.
1945
19 May
Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend born in Chiswick, London. His father, Cliff, is a professional saxophonist and his mother, Betty, is a singer.
Keith John Moon born in Wembley, Middlesex.
1959
Pete and John form The Confederates, a trad jazz outfit, while at Acton County School. Pete plays the banjo and John the French horn. Roger attends the same school, a year ahead of them.
1961
September
Pete enrolls at Ealing Art School; art college being the classic training ground for British rock stars of the Sixties, while John works for the Acton tax office. Roger becomes a sheet metal worker, building his own guitars. His group, The Detours, originally a skiffle group, formed at Acton County School, recruits John on bass guitar.
1962
Pete is added on guitar at John’s suggestion. Behind the drums is Doug Sandom and Colin Dawson is the up-front vocalist.
Keith, unknown to Pete, Roger and John at this point, starts the first of what he estimates to have been “23 jobs in two years”. He also plays drums with the group, Mark Twain & The Strangers.
1963
Rogers assumes the role of lead singer in The Detours after kicking out Colin Dawson. They become a hard working semi-pro rock’n’roll/R&B quartet on the west London circuit of pubs, clubs and ballrooms.
1964
February
The Detours change their name to The Who at the suggestion of Pete’s art school friend Richard Barnes. The Who acquire the managerial services of Helmut Gorden, a doorknob manufacturer from Shepherd’s Bush.
April
After an impromptu audition at the Oldfield Hotel in Greenford, west London, Keith Moon, who had been drumming for the past year in local Wembley group, Clyde Burns & The Beachcombers, joins The Who. The group had been using session drummer Dave Golding following the departure of Doug Sandom.
That same month, mod fanatic Peter Meaden becomes the group’s publicist, changes their name to The High Numbers and moulds them into a mod band.
3 July
‘I’m The Face/’Zoot Suit’ by The High Numbers is released by Fontana Records. It fails to chart.
August
Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp oust Meaden as The High Numbers’ management after Lambert sees them performing at the Railway Hotel, Harrow, the previous month.
August/September
The High Numbers are bottom of the bill during a series of Sunday concerts throughout Britain, promoted by Arthur Howes. On the bill in Blackpool on 16 August are The Kinks and headliners, The Beatles. The High Numbers also make their TV début on BBC-TV’s The Beat Room, broadcast 24 August.
September
Pete smashes his first guitar – by accident – at the Railway Hotel in Harrow. In his frustration he deliberately reduces it to splinters, thereby igniting the most exciting live act pop has ever seen. A week later at the same venue, Keith smashes his drum-kit to demonstrate solidarity.
October
The group audition for EMI Records at London’s Abbey Road Studios. They request more original material so Lambert and Stamp urge Pete to write his own songs.
The group sign with independent producer Shel Talmy’s recording company, Orbit Music.
The High Numbers become The Who again.
24 November
The group starts a 16-week residency at London’s Marquee Club. The shows soon become sell-outs, but the equipment smashing takes its toll on the group’s finances.
1965
15 January
‘I Can’t Explain’, produced by Shel Talmy, is released on Brunswick in the UK. After a struggle it reaches number eight in the UK charts.
29 January
The Who appear on the classic British TV show Ready Steady Go! for the first time.
The Who’s first BBC radio session on The Joe Loss Pop Show.
21 May
‘Anyway Anyhow Anywhere’ is released on Brunswick. Featuring uncontrolled feedback, it is a deliberate attempt to translate the group’s stage show to record. The Who promote it on the TV show Ready Steady Go! which later adopts it as their theme tune for a spell. The record reaches number 10 in the charts.
The Who play the Richmond Jazz Festival.
September/October
The Who tour Holland and Scandinavia for the first time. Roger is fired from the band by the other three for his dictatorial attitude. It will not be the first time that tensions within The Who, principally between Pete and Roger, cause disruption of group activities.
29 October
‘My Generation’ released and reaches number two in the UK, the nearest – along with ‘I’m A Boy’ in 1966 – The Who will ever get to the top spot in the British charts. Roger is quickly reinstated, and for the time being he adopts a more conciliatory attitude.
December
The Who’s first LP My Generation is released. It reaches number five in the UK LP charts.
Pete admits drug use on the BBC TV show A Whole Scene Going.
January
The Who are seen on US TV in a pre-recorded segment from London playing ‘I Can’t Explain’ and ‘My Generation’, on the last edition of Shindig!
4 March
The first of three versions of ‘Substitute’ is released. The song eventually reaches number five in the charts but Shel Talmy and The Who end up fighting in court over Talmy’s right to produce the group. Although ousted as the band’s producer, Talmy is awarded a substantial royalty on The Who’s recordings for the next five years, a crucial factor in the way The Who’s career will develop since in order to sustain themselves they must play live virtually all the time. Practice makes them perfect.
Keith marries model Kim Kerrigan.
Ready Steady Who EP released.
9 December
A Quick One, The Who’s second album, is released, reaching number four in the UK LP charts. It contains songs by all four members of the group and features Pete’s first ‘mini-opera’. ‘Happy Jack’ reaches number three in the UK charts.
1967
29 January
The Who perform two shows before London’s rock cognoscenti at London’s Savile Theatre. Support act is the Jimi Hendrix Experience.
25 March
The Who make their US début at Murray The K’s shows at the Brooklyn Fox Theatre, playing for ten consecutive days. ‘Happy Jack’ becomes their first US chart single, reaching number 24.
21 April
‘Pictures Of Lily’ is released on Lambert and Stamp’s newly formed Track Records label. It reaches number four.
June 18
The Who’s US concert schedule includes a definitive – and timely – performance at the Monterey Festival in California. On the return flight home Pete experiences a deeply unpleasant drug trip – and vows never to touch psychedelics again. Soon afterwards Pete becomes attracted by the teachings of Meher Baba, an Indian Perfect Spiritual Master, which will profoundly influence his life and writing.
John marries childhood sweetheart Alison Wise.
The Who support Herman’s Hermits on The Who’s first lengthy US tour.
Keith’s 21st birthday celebrations end in chaos at the Holiday Inn, Flint, Michigan.
18 September
‘I Can See For Miles’ released in the US. It reaches number nine – the Who’s highest single chart placing In America – and 10 in the UK, a big disappointment for Pete. “To me that was the ultimate Who record yet it didn’t sell,” said Pete at the time. “I spat on the British record buyer.”
October/November
UK tour followed by brief US visit. The Who Sell Out, their third LP, released. It reaches number 13 in the UK LP charts. It fails to chart in the US.
1968
January
Accompanied by The Small Faces, The Who tour Australia and New Zealand. After a run-in with officialdom Pete vows never to return.
The Who undertake their first headlining US tour.
Pete marries long time girlfriend Karen Astley, daughter of classical arranger Edwin ‘Ted’ Astley.
14 June
’Dogs’ is released and becomes the Who’s first serious flop on the singles chart. Their chart aspirations – and their finances – reach a low ebb. Only their growing reputation as a live band in America keeps them afloat financially, and under a constant ‘play live or die’ threat they become a top live attraction.
June/August
Back to the US for another headlining tour, during which Pete talks about his deaf, dumb and blind boy concept for the first time.
The Who play at the New York Singer Bowl with The Doors.
September
In the US, MCA release Magic Bus, The Who On Tour, a poorly conceived compilation album which becomes their first US Top 40 LP chart entry, reaching number 39.
The Who begin recording Tommy at IBC Studios in London.
20 November
At Liverpool’s Empire Theatre, at the conclusion of a short UK package tour, Keith and Small Faces drummer Kenney Jones play together on ‘Magic Bus’, The Who’s encore.
The Who continue recording Tommy at IBC Studios.
7 March
‘Pinball Wizard’ is released. It reaches number four in the UK and number five in the US.
1 May
Critics rave over Tommy after it is previewed live before the UK press at Ronnie Scott’s Club in London.
23 May
The Tommy LP is released, reaching number four in the US, staying on the charts for 47 weeks, and number two in the UK.
May/June
The Who play Tommy to ecstatic audiences across America. Its success turns the group’s finances around within a year and almost overnight they become, along with The Rolling Stones, the UK’s hottest live rock ticket.
June
‘Something In The Air’, by Thunderclap Newman, produced by Pete, reaches number one in the UK charts.
July 5
The Who close out a week of Pop Proms at the Royal Albert Hall in London.
17 August
The Who perform at Woodstock. “Fucking awful,” is Pete’s retrospective opinion, but their performance seals their reputation as a the world’s most exciting live rock band.
Back in the UK, The Who appear at the second Isle Of Wight Festival.
Back to America for a lap of honour.
The Who’s tour of European Opera Houses opens at the London Coliseum.
1970
4 January
Keith’s chauffeur is killed in a tragic accident as the drummer leaves a discotheque at Hatfield, north of London.
The Who perform at Leeds University, recording the show for a live album.
‘The Seeker’ released. It reaches number 19 in the UK charts.
May
Live At Leeds released in a plain buff sleeve as an antidote to the elaborate packaging of Tommy. Still widely regarded as one of the finest ever live rock albums, it reaches number three in the UK and number four in the US.
7 June
The Who play two shows of Tommy at the New York Metropolitan Opera House. The long US tour that follows visits sports arenas for the first time.
The Who appear at the third Isle Of Wight Festival.
UK tour with The James Gang.
December 20
The Who perform Tommy in its entirety for the final time (apart from the reunion tour of 1989) at London’s Roundhouse, dedicating it to their support act, a newcomer called Elton John.
1971
January/March
The Who appear intermittently at London’s Young Vic Theatre during preparations for Pete’s aborted Lifehouse project.
March
The Who record the Lifehouse songs in New York with Kit Lambert, but the sessions are abandoned, along with the Lifehouse concept. Deeply frustrated, desperately overworked and at odds with Lambert, Pete suffers his first nervous breakdown.
April 26
Final Lifehouse concert which is recorded on the Rolling Stones Mobile and later released (in part) on the Deluxe Edition of Who’s Next in 2001.
May/June
The Who re-record most of the Lifehouse songs at Olympic Studios in Barnes with Glyn Johns producing. The songs will now make up an album to be titled Who’s Next and at seven unpublicised UK college gigs The Who preview material from the forthcoming LP.
25 June
‘Won’t Get Fooled Again’ released. It reaches number nine in the UK charts and number 10 in the US.
Roger marries long standing girlfriend Heather Taylor.
August
Who’s Next released to rave reviews. It becomes the only Who album ever to reach number one in the UK, but stalls at four in the US. Despite the circumstances under which it was recorded, Who’s Next is now widely regarded as one of the greatest rock albums ever made.
29 July
The Who open their biggest US tour to date with two shows at the New York Forest Hills Tennis stadium. With no little justification, they are now unofficially dubbed ‘The World’s Greatest Live Rock’n’Roll Band’.
18 September
The Who top the bill at London’s Oval Cricket Ground in front of 35,000 fans, at a day- long concert to raise funds for Bangla Desh.
The Who tour the UK.
The Who play three nights at the newly opened London Rainbow Theatre in Finsbury Park.
Yet another long US arena tour.
Pete makes a pilgrimage to the tomb of Meher Baba in India.
16 June
‘Join Together’ released. It reaches number nine in the UK charts and number 17 in the US.
11 August
16-date European tour opens in Frankfurt, The Who’s only live appearances of the year and their last until October 1973.
9 September
The Who perform in Paris at the Fete de l’Humanite before 400,000 fans, their biggest ever audience.
25 November
‘Relay’, the third Who single in succession not to have been lifted from an album is released. It reaches number 21 in the UK and 39 in America.
December
Producer Lou Reizner’s orchestral version of Tommy released. Members of The Who join an all-star cast for a live performance of Reizner’s Tommy at the Rainbow Theatre in London.
1973
13 January
Pete masterminds Eric Clapton’s return to public performance with two shows at the Rainbow Theatre.
The Who record Quadrophenia at their own Ramport Studios in London.
‘5.15’ released. It reaches number 20 in the UK.
October/November
A ten-date tour introduces Quadrophenia to UK audiences. The Who perform with extensive backing tapes that do not always function properly.
Quadrophenia LP released in America.
20 November
Keith collapses during the opening concert of US tour in San Francisco. A member of the audience, Scott Halpin, takes over.
The Who and entourage spend seven hours in jail after wrecking a Montreal hotel suite.
The eventful 12-concert US Quadrophenia tour closes in Largo, Maryland.
The Who perform four London shows at the Edmonton Sundown.
1974
February
Following a seven-date French tour the troublesome Quadrophenia tapes are packed away for good. The work is not performed again in its entirety until 1996.
22 April
Filming of Tommy begins. The onerous task of producing the complex, synthesizer dominated soundtrack drives Pete to another nervous breakdown.
The Who play at Charlton football ground, south east London.
10-14 June
The Who play four less than satisfactory shows at New York’s Madison Square Garden which lead to Pete’s decision not to tour again in the foreseeable future. They do not perform live again until October 1975.
Odds And Sods, a collection of mostly previously unavailable Who tracks, is released.
31 May
‘The Who Put The Boot In’, The Who’s second concert at Charlton football ground earns them an entry in the Guinness Book of Records as the ‘world’s loudest pop group’, with a 120-decibel reading at 50 metres. This is followed by shows at football grounds in Glasgow and Swansea.
A four-date US tour of outdoor stadiums closes at Miami on August 9.
October
A ten-date US and Canadian tour closes at Toronto Maple Leaf Gardens on October 21, the last occasion when Keith will play drums for The Who before a paying audience.
1977
20 January
After a day of business meetings and a drunken night out that culminates in him meeting Sex Pistols Steve Jones and Paul Cook, Pete writes ‘Who Are You’.
July
The Who rehearse sequences for the bio-pic The Kids Are Alright at Shepperton Film Studios which they have purchased.
Rehearsals commence at Ramport Studios prior to recording Who Are You.
15 December
The Who play one show at Kilburn State Theatre which is filmed for The Kids Are Alright.
1978
25 May
The Who perform their last show with Keith before an invited audience at Shepperton Studios. It is filmed for inclusion in The Kids Are Alright.
14 July
‘Who Are You’ single released. It reaches number 18 in the UK charts and number 14 in the US.
Former Who publicist Peter Meaden found dead.
1 August
Who fans ‘Irish’ Jack Lyon, Steve Margo and Peter Johns organise a Who memorabilia exhibition at the ICA in The Mall, London, that is attended by Pete and Keith.
Who Are You LP released.
7 September
Keith dies in his rented Mayfair flat from an accidental overdose of pills he had been taking to combat alcoholism. An open verdict is recorded. The rock world mourns one of its favourite sons.
The Who vow to continue.
Production of the Quadrophenia film commences.
1979
January
It is announced that ex-Faces and Small Faces drummer Kenney Jones will replace Keith Moon as The Who’s drummer.
2 May
The Who return to the stage at London’s Rainbow with Kenney Jones and John ‘Rabbit’ Bundrick on keyboards.
The Kids Are Alright LP and film released.
The film of Quadrophenia, starring Phil Daniels, is released.
The Who headline their own show at Wembley Stadium, their biggest ever UK appearance.
The Who play five straight nights at New York’s Madison Square Garden.
The start of a US tour for the new look Who.
3 December
Eleven fans die at Cincinnati’s Riverfront Coliseum during a fan stampede when the doors are opened before a Who concert.
The Who appear at Hammersmith Odeon during the Concerts for Kampuchea.
The Who undertake their longest ever UK tour.
5 March
The Who make a rare appearance on Top Of The Pops to promote their new single ‘You Better You Bet’, which reaches number nine in the UK and number 10 in the US.
Face Dances, The Who’s first LP without Keith Moon, released in UK.
The Who’s concert at Essen Grughalle is televised throughout Europe.
7 April
Kit Lambert, The Who’s original co-manager, dies at his London home. From the mid-seventies The Who have been managed by Bill Curbishley.
1 May
Phases – a boxed set package of nine Who albums from My Generation to Who Are You – is released.
The Who reform to perform without distinction at Live Aid at Wembley Stadium.
1988
8 February
The Who receive a BPI Lifetime Achievement award during a live TV broadcast from London’s Royal Albert Hall. They perform live but are faded out in mid-number because the show overruns. This is the last time Kenney Jones will perform with The Who.
1989
June
The Who reform for a 25th anniversary tour, performing 43 dates throughout the USA starting 21 June, and continuing through July, August and September. Pete, Roger and John are augmented by numerous extra musicians and the dates include special performances of Tommy in New York and Los Angeles with guest artists.
6 October
The Who bring the same show to the UK for 10 shows including two special Tommy shows at London’s Royal Albert Hall on 31 October and 2 November, also with guest artists.
1990
18 January
The Who are inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame at a ceremony at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York. Keith is represented by his daughter Mandy.
1993
March
A musical production of Tommy opens to wild acclaim on Broadway in New York. Pete, as musical director, accepts numerous awards with laconic pride.
1994
March
The Who release a four-CD box set, Thirty Years of Maximum R&B. Q magazine in the UK describe it as the best box set ever assembled by any artist.
1995
February
Live At Leeds, remixed, remastered and containing extra tracks, becomes the first Who back catalogue LP to be re-released as a Deluxe Edition.
Deluxe remastered editions of A Quick One and The Who Sell Out are released.
September
Roger and John perform together with extra musicians during the first UK Who Fan Convention in Shepherd’s Bush, London.
Who’s Next is reissued as a remastered edition with extra tracks.
1996
March
Tommy opens as a stage production in London. Pete and Roger are photographed together at the opening night party. A Deluxe remastered edition of the Who’s original Tommy LP is released.
29 June
Pete, Roger and John reunite with extra musicians to perform Quadrophenia at an open air show in London’s Hyde Park. Also featuring Eric Clapton and Bob Dylan, the event is in aid of The Pricne’s Trust charity. A remastered edition of The Who’s original Quadrophenia LP is released.
Five consecutive nights at New York’s Madison Square Garden.
13 October
The Quadrophenia show hits the road in America, visiting 21 American and Canadian cities over a six week period. The Who By Numbers and Who Are You reissued as remastered Deluxe editions with extra tracks and 24 page booklets.
6-7 December
Pete, Roger and John, together with the extra musicians, perform Quadrophenia before sell out audiences at London’s Earls Court Arena and at the Nynex Arena in Manchester on 11 December.
1997
April/May
The Quadrophenia tour visits 13 cities in continental Europe with the final show being held on 18 May at Wembley Arena, London.
The Quadrophenia tour visits 20 US cities.
1999
October/November
The Who perform five US concerts, including a charity event at the House of Blues in Chicago.
Two shows at the Shepherds Bush Empire, London.
2000
1 February
The Who BBC Sessions CD released, containing 26 recordings by The Who made for BBC radio shows between 1965 and 1975.
June/July/August/September/October
A two-leg US tour, the second of which climaxes with four shows at New York’s Madison Square Garden.
October/November
An 11-date British tour winds up at London’s Royal Albert Hall on November 27 with an all-star Teenage Cancer Trust charity gig featuring Nigel Kennedy, Paul Weller, Eddie Vedder, Bryan Adams, Noel Gallagher and Kelly Jones alongside The Who.
2001
21 February
The Who receive a Grammy Lifetime Achievement award at a ceremony at the Staples Center, Los Angeles.
20 October
The Who steal the show at The Concert For New York in aid of the victims of the September 11 Twin Towers tragedy, at Madison Square Garden. Jon Carin played keyboards in place of John ‘Rabbit’ Bundrick. Pete, Roger and others join Paul McCartney to sing ‘Let It Be’ and ‘Freedom’ during the finale of the concert.
2002
January
The Who plays two shows in Portsmouth and one in Watford as warm-ups for two charity concerts at the Royal Albert Hall on 7 & 8 February. The shows, which are filmed, will be John’s last appearances with The Who.
10 June
The five members of the 21st Century Who gather at Pete’s Eel Pie Studio in Twickenham to rehearse for the upcoming American tour.
27 June
On the eve of the Who’s US tour, John Entwistle dies from a heart attack in his hotel room in Las Vegas. Two shows are immediately cancelled.
1 July
Despite John’s death The Who elect to continue with the remainder of their tour, opening at the Hollywood Bowl with Pino Palladino on bass alongside Roger, Peter, Zak Starkey on drums, John Bundrick on keyboards and Simon Townshend, Pete’s younger brother, on second guitar.
The six-piece Who undertake a further 26 US concerts.
2004
March
The Who play three shows at London’s Forum and one at London’s RAH, their first UK concerts with Pino Palladino on bass.
April
The first Who singles box set is released, containing 12 CD singles from ‘I Can’t Explain’ to ‘Real Good Looking Boy’/’Old Red Wine’, which is released simultaneously this same month, all packaged in rare picture sleeves and including a 16-page booklet.
The Who perform in the grounds of Knebworth House in the UK.
17 June
The Who return to Leeds University to play a concert in the Refectory, the same venue they performed on February 14, 1970, at which the legendary Live At Leeds LP was recorded. Pete and Roger unveil a plaque in the group’s honour.
June/July
The Who perform a series of concert throughout the UK and continental Europe, several of them at major outdoor festivals.
17 July
The Wire And Glass EP is released, containing six new Who recordings as a taster for the forthcoming Endless Wire album.
September/October –
The Who perform 18 concerts throughout the US and Canada including two at New York’s Madison Square Garden.
30 October
Endless Wire, the first album of new material to be released by The Who since It’s Hard in 1982, is released. It was recorded at Pete Townshend’s home studio and Eel Pie Oceanic between autumn 2002 and summer 2006.
November
A 20-city US and Canadian tour opens with two concerts at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles.
The Who play a 14-city North American tour.
Teenage Cancer Trust show at London’s Royal Albert Hall.
May/June/July
A 28-city UK & European tour of festivals and arena concerts includes The Who’s first appearance at the UK’s Glastonbury Festival on June 24. The Who headline on the Sunday evening, the traditional spot for legendary bands, and though torrential rain pours down during their set it fails to dampen the crowd’s enthusiasm.
The summer touring concludes in Helsinki.
8 October
To mark the 60th anniversary of the VW minibus, The Who perform in Hanover to 40,000 VW owners. The set includes ‘Magic Bus’.
5 November
Pete and Roger attend the premiere of the movie (2 x DVD set) Amazing Journey: The Story Of The Who at the Odeon Cinema in Kensington High Street. The Who’s first official website ( www.thewho.com ) is launched.
19 December
Roger makes a surprise appearance in New York with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra at the Nassau Coliseum and Izod Arena, performing ‘Behind Blue Eyes’, ‘Pinball Wizard’ and ‘See Me, Feel Me’/’Listening To You’.
2008
14 April
Pete and Roger play a rare six-song acoustic set to close Teenage Cancer Trust week at the Royal Albert Hall, London.
Pete Townshend scoops three BMI Awards for his music for the CSI TV series.
12 July
The VH1 Rock Honors Tribute 2008 celebrates The Who with a concert on the campus of UCLA. The Foo Fighters, Flaming Lips and Incubus perform Who songs and Pearl Jam steal the first part of the show with their impassioned performances of ‘Love Reign O’er Me’ and ‘The Real Me’. The second part of the show features a performance by The Who.
The Who play nine US concerts
The Who play five shows in Japan, including two nights at the Tokyo Budakan.
14, 15 & 17 December
The Who round off the year’s touring with three shows at the Indigo 02 in London.
Pete and Roger are awarded Kennedy Centre Honours in Washington from President George W. Bush.
2009
21 March – 4 April
The Who play one show in New Zealand and six in Australia – their first full tour ‘down under’ for over 40 years – including a show at the Australian Grand Prix in Melbourne.
21 May
Pete and Roger reprise their short acoustic set at a Teenage Cancer Trust benefit at the Emirates Stadium
The Who headline the Jingle Bell Ball ast The )s Arena in London.
2010
7 February
The Who perform the half time Superbowl show at the Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida, playing a mash-up style set of ‘Pinball Wizard’, ‘Baba O’Riley’, ‘Who Are You’, See Me Feel Me’ and ’Won’t Get Fooled Again’.
30 March
The Who perform Quadrophenia with guest vocalists Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam and Kasabian’s Tom Meighan at a Teenage Cancer Trust show at London’s Royal Albert Hall.
Roger’s tour heads to the Far East.
17 April
The 40 Anniversary Super De Luxe Collectors Edition of Live At Leeds is released, including two additional CDs of The Who’s performance at Hull City Hall the day after the famed Leeds concert.
12 August
The Who perform a three-song set during the closing ceremony at the Olympic Games in London: ‘Baba O’Riley’, ‘See Me Feel Me’ and ‘My Generation’ which climaxes with a spectacular firework display while the group play on amid dancers and athletes.
Who I Am, Pete’s long awaited biography published.
The Who open a 22-concert US Quadrophenia And More tour at Sunrise in Florida.
24 November
Chris Stamp, who co-managed The Who with Kit Lambert during their formative years, dies in New York.
2013
28 January
The US Quadrophenia And More tour continues, opening at Anaheim in California and continuing until 28 February at Madison Square Garden in New York.
8 June
The UK ‘Quadrophenia And More tour opens at Dublin and will continue until 8 July at Wembley Arena, also taking in shows at Paris and Amsterdam.
11 November
The Super De Luxe Edition of Tommy is released as a 4-CD collection contained in an 80-page hardback book with an extensive essay by Richard Barnes, enclosed in a hard slipcase.
2014
30 June
Pete and Roger announce The Who Hits 50! tour during a brief lunchtime appearance at Ronnie Scott’s Jazz Club in London. “This is the beginning of the long goodbye,” Roger is quoted as saying.
25 September
‘Be Lucky’, the Who’s first new single since ‘Real Good Looking Boy’ on 2004, is released.
23 November
The opening show at The Who Hits 50! tour takes place at the Abu Dhabi Formula One Grand Prix in the United Arab Emirates.
30 November – 15 December
The Who play eight UK cities on their The Who Hits 50! tour but shows in London have to be postponed due to Roger’s health. For this tour three additional keyboard players, Loren Gold, Frank Simes and John Corey, augment Pete and Roger and their now regular touring band of Zak Starkey, Pino Palladino and Simon Townshend.
2015
22 & 23 March
Two London shows at the O2 Arena rescheduled due to Roger’s illness, followed on 26 March by a Teenage Cancer Trust benefit show at the Royal Albert Hall.
6 April
The Brunswick Singles Box 1965-1966 consisting of eight replica 7” vinyl singles from ‘I Can’t Explain’ to ‘La La Lies’ (including also ‘I’m The Face’/’Zoot Suit’) released.
15 April
The Who Hits 50! tour opens in US in Tampa, the first of 21 shows, closing at Forest Hills in New York on 30 May.
Shows at Belfast, Dublin and in London’s Hyde Park.
28 June
The Who play the Sunday night at the Glastonbury Festival for the second time.
Isolated UK shows during the rest of the year include the V Festival and the O2 Arena.
5 July
Pete debuts his Classic Quadrophenia at the Royal Albert Hall, London with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Robert Ziegler with the London Oriana Choir and featuring Alfie Boe, Billy Idol and Phil Daniels.
14 August
The Reaction Singles Box 1966 consisting of 15 replica 7” vinyl singles from ‘Pictures Of Lily’ to ‘5.15’ is released.
The Who: The Official History book by Pete and Roger with Ben Marshall published.
30 October
The Track Singles Box 1967-1973 consisting of 15 replica 7” vinyl singles from ‘Pictures Of Lily’ to ‘5.15’ is released.
2016
13 February
The Who Hits 50! Tour kicks off 2016 with a one-off gig at Wembley Arena, London.
27 February
The Who Hits 50! tour resumes in the USA having been postponed due to Roger’s illness, opening in Detroit and continuing, with a break in April, through until the end of May.
17 June
The Polydor Singles Box 1975-2015 consisting of 15 replica 7” vinyl Who singles from 1975 to 2015 released.
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Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe was the first President of which African country? | Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline
Leaders
Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe Biography
Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe was the first president of Nigeria. This biography of Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe provides detailed information about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline.
Quick Facts
Flora Azikiwe
"Azikiwe-Commander-in-Chief". Licensed under Fair use via Wikipedia
Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe was the first President of Nigeria. Before becoming the president he served as the second and last Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of Nigeria, and was also the first Nigerian named to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. A principled and much loved politician, he began his career as an educator at the Lincoln University, teaching political science. He always had a profound interest in politics and was also a very eloquent writer. He devised a "Syllabus for African History" and penned several books outlining his pan-African ideology. Eventually he became a newspaper editor and promoted a pro-African nationalist agenda. Fiercely independent, he was never afraid of openly expressing his thoughts and opinions. During that time Nigeria was reeling under British rule and he founded a newspaper called âThe West African Pilotâ to fight for independence from the British colonial rule. He joined Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM), one of the first nationalist organizations in Nigeria and entered politics. He held numerous posts during his illustrious political career and ultimately became the first President of Nigeria when the country became a republic in 1963. However, he was removed from power following a military coup in 1966 and narrowly escaped assassination attempts on his life.
Childhood & Early Life
He was born on 16 November, 1904 to Obed-Edom Chukwuemeka Azikiwe and Rachel Ogbenyeanu Azikiwe. His father worked as a clerk in the British Administration of Nigeria.
He studied at the Hope Waddell Training Institute and the Methodist Boysâ High School. He was fluent in the languages of the three major ethnic groups of Nigeria by the time he finished his secondary school education.
A healthy and athletic young man, he excelled at various sports such as running, swimming and boxing as a student.
He worked as a clerk in the Nigerian treasury in Lagos between 1921 and 1924 before he decided to go to the United States to pursue his further studies.
He went to the US in 1925 and attended Howard University, Washington DC for a while before enrolling at the Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. He graduated in 1927 with a degree in political science and completed his masters in 1930. While at college he took up part-time jobs to pay for his tuition fees.
He obtained a second masters degree in Anthropology and Political Science from the University of Pennsylvania in 1933 after which he worked as an instructor at Lincoln before returning to Africa.
Career
He went to the Gold Coast (now Ghana) in 1934 and founded a daily newspaper, the âAfrican Morning Postâ. He promoted pro-African nationalist agenda through this newspaper.
He returned to Nigeria in 1937 and started a newspaper called the âWest African Pilotâ which he used as a medium to advocate for nationalism in Nigeria. Over the next few years he formed the Zik Group of Newspapers and published multiple newspapers in cities across the country.
Following this he also became involved in politics and joined the Nigerian Youth Movement. Later on he went on to establish the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), and with the backing of this council he became a member of the Nigerian Legislative Council.
He moved to the Eastern Region in 1952 and was elected to the position of the Chief Minister. A couple of years later he became the Premier of Nigeriaâs Eastern Region.
He led the NCNC in the 1959 federal elections and was able to form a temporary government with the Northern Peoples Congress whose leader Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, became the Prime Minister upon Nigeriaâs independence in October 1960.
After the countryâs independence, he was made the Governor General under Balewa, and was also named to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.
Nigeria was proclaimed a republic in 1963, and Azikiwe was made the first President of Nigeria on 1 October 1963. His role, however, was largely ceremonial.
A military coup in January 1966 removed him from power and he escaped assassination bids on his life with great difficulty. During the Biafran conflict (1967-70), he became a spokesperson for the newly independent country and traveled extensively seeking help from other African countries.
He served as the Chancellor of University of Lagos from 1972 to 1976 and joined the Nigerian Peopleâs Party in 1978. This was an attempt to re-enter politics and he ran for the presidency in 1979 and again in 1983, both of which were unsuccessful
He had to leave politics after the military coup in December 1983.
Awards & Achievements
He was inducted into the prestigious Agbalanze society of Onitsha as Nnayelugo in 1946 in recognition of his significant accomplishments.
He was appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II in 1960, becoming the first Nigerian to receive this honor.
He was the recipient of several honorary degrees from Nigerian, American, and Liberian universities.
Personal Life & Legacy
He married Flora Ogboegbunam in 1936. The couple had one daughter and three sons. Flora died in 1983 and Azikiwe remained very sad for long following her demise.
He also had several other wives including Uche Azikiwe who was a lecturer at the University of Nigeria. He had numerous children with his wives and also with the other women he had been involved with.
He lived a long life and died on 11 May, 1996 at the age of 91 in Enugu, Nigeria.
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Where in the human body is the ulna? | Nnamdi Azikiwe
Nnamdi Azikiwe
Location of death: Enugu, Nigeria [1]
Cause of death: Illness
Remains: Buried, at his home, Onitsha, Nigeria
Gender: Male
Nationality: Nigeria
Executive summary: First President of Nigeria, 1963-66
As a boy Benjamin Azikiwe achieved fluency in all three major languages spoken in his region, and as a young man he studied and taught political science in the United States. He began his newspaper career in 1934, joining the Ghana's African Morning Post as editor, where he was charged and imprisoned for sedition after publishing an article examining Africans' relationship to religion (his conviction was overturned on appeal). In 1937 he established the West African Pilot, a strongly nationalist newspaper in his native Nigeria, and over the next decade his newspaper empire grew to six Nigerian dailies.
He co-founded the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons in 1944, a group urging a unified, independent Nigeria, and he held a series of rising political offices through the 1940s and '50s. When Nigeria was granted independence from Great Britain in 1960, Azikiwe (nicknamed "Zik") was appointed Governor-General, and three years later when his country became a republic Azikiwe became its first President. He was disposed as President in a military coup on 15 January 1966. In the subsequent Nigerian-Biafran civil war, Azikiwe first supported an independent Biafra, but later returned to his long-time call for a unified Nigeria. He ran for President on the Nigeria People's Party ticket in 1979 and 1983, losing both times, and retired from politics in 1986.
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Established by US President Lyndon B Johnson, ‘The President’s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy’ was unofficially known by what name? | President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy | U.S. Government Bookstore
President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy
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President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy
The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy has long been known unofficially to Americans as the "Warren Commission." It was established on November 29, 1963, by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination of his predecessor, President John F. Kennedy, that had taken place on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas. The famous 889-page final report called "The Warren Report" was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later.
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Mary Bohun and Joan of Navarre were the wives of which English monarch? | PressTV-Why John F. Kennedy was killed
Politics
“Kennedy intended to pull the US out of Vietnam once he was reelected,” Dr. Paul Craig Roberts writes.
Former US President John F. Kennedy was assassinated by certain evil people residing in Washington because of his opposition to the Vietnam War and military-industrial complex, according to Dr. Paul Craig Roberts, who as a young man worked at the White House during the JFK administration.
Dr. Roberts , who was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in the Reagan Administration and associate editor of the Wall Street Journal, made the remarks in his latest article, titled When They Killed JFK They Killed America , published on Saturday.
“Kennedy intended to pull the US out of Vietnam once he was reelected. He intended to break up the CIA ‘into one thousand pieces’ and curtail the military-security complex that was exploiting the US budget,” he wrote.
“And that is why he was murdered. The evil that resides in Washington does not only kill foreign leaders who try to do the right thing, but also its own,” he added.
Kennedy served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.
The President's Commission on the Assassination of Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established by former President Lyndon B. Johnson in November 1963 to investigate the assassination of JFK.
The commission's final 888-page report released in September 1964 concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted entirely alone in assassinating President Kennedy.
However, many researchers are unconvinced by the official government account and argue that Oswald was part of a conspiracy to kill Kennedy.
Dr. Paul Craig Roberts
“Oswald had nothing whatsoever to do with JFK’s assassination. That is why Oswald was himself assassinated inside the Dallas jail before he could be questioned,” Dr. Roberts wrote.
He said Kennedy was “assassinated because of anti-communist hysteria in the military and security agencies.”
“The Warren Commission was well aware of this. The coverup was necessary because America was locked into a Cold War with the Soviet Union. To put US military, CIA, and Secret Service personnel on trial for murdering the President of the United States would have shaken the confidence of the American people in their own government,” the scholar noted.
Former US president John F. Kennedy (center) with CIA directors Allen Dulles (left) and John McCone
According to late Iranian journalist Hamid Golpira , “Three future US presidents, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, and George H.W. Bush, were in Dallas on November 22, 1963, the day Kennedy was assassinated.”
“It is said that this strange coincidence was actually arranged to give the future presidents a stark warning of what would happen to them if they disobeyed orders,” he wrote in his article Money behind JFK hit.
Many researchers say Israel also had a motive to kill Kennedy because the president was opposed to the regime's nuclear weapons program at Dimona which he believed could instigate a nuclear arms-race in the Middle East.
Kennedy encountered tensions with the Israelis regarding the production of nuclear materials in Dimona.
Israel resisted pressure by the Kennedy administration to open its nuclear facilities to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspections and misled American scientists who visited Dimona in 1962.
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If a person’s birthday falls on 1st November, what is their sign of the Zodiac? | Scorpio - Zodiac Signs | Astrology.com.au, Horoscopes Online!
Scorpio
The Zodiac Sign Scorpio | Oct 24 - Nov 22
Introduction
Magnetic, elusive, sexy and determined. That’s you Scorpio! You were born under the eighth sign of the zodiac which is referred to by astrologers as a fixed water (ice) sign. In many ways, ice sums up your emotional character. But why is this, when you have fiery and warlike Mars ruling you?
Your star sign is probably one of the most misunderstood signs of the zodiac. It has had quite a bad rap over the years, but maybe that’s because what people don’t understand, they tend to fear. That cool aloofness is just the surface of your complex nature, and is by no means bad. Below the surface of your cool exterior is a scorching and passionate fire. You know it and others sense it, too.
You’re an emotional being, and you take it to the limits. In fact, you need overkill to feel really alive. You also want approval, though you don’t often verbalise that. You give 100 per cent of yourself to those you love, and expect the same, if not more, in return. There are definitely no half measures in your attitude to love.
You are demanding of yourself and others, but when you give your heart to someone you’re very loyal. You are committed to anything you do, including relationships—you absolutely adore the idea of love. It’s a challenge that excites you.
You turn heads whenever you walk into a room because you are the strong, silent type, and you have a magnetic aura. You have something that’s hard to put your finger on but makes it nearly impossible for people to ignore you. You know full well that you can manipulate people, and you love it! This magnetic power is really your greatest strength.
It’s well known astrologically that the eyes of a Scorpio can hypnotise. Whether you know it or not, this is your most powerful physical trait. Often people will often say that you have amazing eyes. So, even though you don’t always articulate your feelings, your eyes do plenty of communicating for you—they can express the full range of your emotional states.
Determination is another of your key characteristics. People can see you as insensitive to others’ needs, even obsessive, because you push forward so single-mindedly. There are no half-measures in your life—in friendship, love, family life or work. You want to be the best, and you won’t let anything stand in the way. But, on the plus side, you like to share your successes with the people you take under your wing, whether they’re family or friends.
You’re not afraid of obstacles or challenges, whether they are something unavoidable or foes or competitors. In fact, you thrive on them—you love trying to prove that no one can stop you. If someone tries to corner you or put you in a difficult situation, they’d better be prepared to give it their best shot, because you won’t give in until you win, and your enemy is totally crushed in body, mind and spirit. If that ruthless streak in your character can’t be satisfied straightaway, you’ll wait, patiently, until the proper time to seek revenge. Time is of no consequence to you when it comes to wreaking vengeance.
Whether you’re fulfilling your sensual appetites or your more noble aspirations, pleasure will always be a focus for you. You want it all. You are not afraid of the dark side, even though you seek the light. This is why Scorpio has three totems—the scorpion, the lizard and the phoenix. The scorpion is the most vengeful and dangerous part of your nature. If you’re operating on that level, you’ll be constantly seeking to hurt others with your power. This is, of course, something to avoid.
The lizard represents the class of scorpions who hide from life and never quite achieve the full measure of their power. They sometimes seek self-destructive outlets such as drugs or even criminal activities to satisfy their obsessive nature. If you aspire to the best that Scorpio has to offer, you’ll be the phoenix, which rises out of the ashes. This transformative totem indicates that you have to burn your lower nature to allow the most splendid parts of your nature to live and grow. Fortunately, most Scorpios lean towards the phoenix.
In appearance you will be well proportioned, strong in body, muscular, and with a broad face and a commanding look. Your eyes, as already mentioned, are your strong point. You are a tireless worker and generally achieve great success after the middle part of life.
The life of a Scorpio is challenging, but there’ll never be a dull moment.
The Scorpio Personality and Influences
Key life phrase
The Scorpion, Grey Lizard and Phoenix
Zodiac symbol
8th sign of the zodiac, fixed, fruitful, feminine, moist
Zodiac element
Secretive, passionate, resolute, insensitive, steadfast, painstaking and stubborn
Compatible star signs
Taurus, Cancer, Virgo, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn and Pisces
Mismatched signs
Aries, Gemini, Leo, Libra, Aquarius,
Ruling planets
Jupiter and Neptune
Lucky numbers and significant years
2, 3, 9,11, 12, 18, 20, 21, 27, 29, 30, 36, 38, 45, 47,48, 54, 56, 57, 74, 75, 81, 83 and 84
Lucky gems
Red coral, garnet, red spinel, ruby and yellow sapphire
Lucky fragrances
Cinnamon, pine, cypress, lime and black pepper
Affirmation-mantra
I don't need to control everything. I am free and peaceful.
Lucky days
Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Sundays
Scorpio Profile
Scorpio is a fixed water or icy sign, the eighth sign of the zodiac and is rising at your birth. You have received some pretty bad press Scorpio and are probably the most misunderstood sign. You show a cool aloof exterior to the world but underneath you have a scorching and passionate nature. Both Mars (aggression) and Pluto (magnetic forces) rule the sign of Scorpio, so the battling energy of Mars and the hidden depths of Pluto will influence you.
As the old saying goes "still waters run deep" and you could be likened to having the power to wear rocks away, or at least reshape them, given enough time. Unfortunately what people don't understand, they fear, and this is the case with you.
You need approval and the emotional part of your nature is the most significant area of your life, even though you don't often verbalise it. Although you demand a lot of others you are no less demanding on yourself and when you give your heart to someone, and they in turn give theirs to you, you are the most loyal person. You absolutely adore the idea of love and this is a challenge that constantly excites you.
Your home is indeed your castle and you like it tidy, orderly and a place to which you can retreat. The home is jealously guarded as this is your territory and reflects your personality, likes and dislikes.
Tenacity is one of your strengths and when you decide to do something, it takes a lot to talk you out of the project (even if someone has the gall to try). You give it your all and will push the boundaries as far as needs be to achieve what you want, whether in business or personal life.
You are sensual by nature and with your alluring magnetism draw people to you from all walks of life, whether it is social or professional. You have a powerful and magnetic aura and cannot walk into a crowded room without being noticed, even before you say or do anything. People are attracted to you and as you are the strong silent type you possess something that makes it near impossible for others to ignore you.
You are well aware of your power and can manipulate anyone who comes within your orb, and you love it. This secret and enigmatic power of yours is probably your greatest strength. It's a well-known astrological fact that Scorpio's eyes can hypnotise, and this is a physical trait you possess. People may even say to you "you have the most amazing eyes". Your eyes are the perfect tool for communication and express the whole range of your complex and changeable emotional states.
You can be single minded and this may be mistaken as being insensitive to the needs of others. However it is only because you want to be the best at what you do and there are no half-measures with a Scorpio, be it friendship, love, family life or profession. You aim to be the best and will not allow anything to stand in the way of your success.
Determination is yet another of your keywords, but you are quite prepared to share your successes with the people you take care of whether family or friends. Any obstacle or challenge that comes your way, whether naturally occurring or placed there by competitors, will only serve to make you prove you cannot be stopped once you have made your mind up. If someone tries to corner you or put you in a difficult situation they'd better be prepared for your competitive nature to come to the fore.
You have a ruthless streak in your character and won't give in until the job is done and the enemy totally vanquished, even if you have to patiently wait until the appropriate time to seek revenge. Pity the poor unlucky recipient of that vengeance when you unleash it!
You are not afraid of the dark, even though you aspire to the light and all pleasure becomes part of your domain and your sensual appetites need to be fulfilled. You give 100% and expect that percentage to be returned, and it usually is.
It is interesting that a Scorpio can be equally as successful as a saint or a sinner and will stop at nothing to achieve their aims, whichever way they decide to go.
Scorpio has three totems that describe its nature - the scorpion, the lizard and the phoenix. The scorpion is the most vengeful and dangerous aspect of your nature and if you're operating on that level you'll constantly seek to hurt others with your power. The lizard represents the class of scorpions who hide from life and never quite achieve the full measure of their power. They often seek self-destructive outlets such as drugs or even criminal activities to fulfil their obsessive needs. If you aspire to the best scorpion character then you'll be represented by the phoenix that is seen rising out of the ashes. Generally we find Scorpios aspiring more to the latter phoenix quality.
Your appearance will be well proportioned, a strong body, muscular with a broad face and a majestic commanding look. As already mentioned your eyes are your strong point and as the enigmatic planet Pluto rules a Scorpio, you're also fiery and aggressive. You are a tireless worker and generally achieve great success after the middle part of your life.
Scorpio Cusps
Scorpio - Libra Cusp
If you were born in the period between October 24th and November the 1st you fall over the area of the zodiac that is jointly ruled by both Libra and Scorpio.
These star signs are ruled by Venus and Mars and Pluto, which gives you the traits of both signs of Libra and Scorpio.
The intensity of Scorpio is somewhat balanced by the sign of Libra and makes you even more attractive and pleasing to others, especially the opposite sex. You have great people skills and a need to help others through your intuitive understanding.
You love excitement and the pleasure seeking aspect of your nature combined with the social skills of Libra make you a social butterfly that can attract loads of friends, both in your social life and your professional arena as well.
The best and worst traits of both star signs will be exhibited by you and you have a great deal of determination, powerful self - control and excellent psychic and intuitive abilities as well. However, the social and superficial attributes of Libra are counteracted by the serious and philosophical characteristics of Scorpio.
You have extraordinary intelligence and insight into human nature but your sharp tongue and straight forward opinions make you sometimes feared by others as you don't mince words when you offer your critique on other personal or social and political issues.
Some people feel that you have an extraordinarily big ego, and you probably agree, but this doesn't worry you in the least. You have a charismatic personality and you expect to make some enemies on the way and aren't bothered as the huge number of friends you have as allies outdo the number of antagonists in the background.
You're an expert in communication and have wonderful reasoning power. You're a strong lover of family and support the people you love, even sacrificing anything and everything to maintain their security.
Scorpio - Sagittarius Cusp
If you happen to be born between the 15th and the 22nd of November, you will partake of both traits of Scorpio and those of Sagittarius. Some astrologists may disagree with these dates but in actual fact you'll find that there are in practice, characteristic traits of both signs to a greater or lesser degree that you will possess.
Your intense Scorpio traits are finely balanced by the easygoing, magnanimous spirit of Sagittarius. Those of you born under this period of the zodiac are ruled by Mars, Pluto and Jupiter which is the ruler of Sagittarius. You have an optimistic nature but can also be rather aggressive in achieving your goals. You are constantly on the go, working with zeal to achieve your dreams.
Your magnetic personality is accentuated even further by popular and outgoing Jupiter. You have a brilliant sense of timing and can meet the right people at the right time who will help you get to where you're going.
You are an emotionally deep person and, coupled with the Sagittarian honesty and generosity you are the type of person that people trust easily and will open their hearts to. Even return will always be there to help others and are even considered somewhat of a teacher of sorts. You are constantly driving and advising others, friend or stranger alike, in the way they should best proceed in the midst of their life problems.
You are an extraordinarily independent person and hate to be contained by anyone. You are quite wild and fun loving but this should taper off as you get a little older.
You are excessive in your life and must be careful not to overdo things. You work, live and play hard. You need to pay more attention to your physical needs as at times you overdo it and your health is prone to suffer.
Scorpio At Large
October 24 - November 2
Born between the 24th October and 2nd November you are an intensely sensual character but you do have noble aspirations. Pleasure will be a focal point for you and in your earlier life you may spend a lot of time exploring the sexual part of your personality.
November 3 - 11
Being born between the 3rd and 11th November makes you more idealistic and spiritual by nature. You have a strong leaning towards understanding the meaning of life and delving deeply into the true nature of your being.
November 12 - 22
If you were born between the 12th and 22nd November you are one of the more sensitive types of Scorpio as you have strong lunar vibrations. Your challenge will be to bring your emotions under control and not be swayed by the events of life. You have a very caring and family orientated nature as well.
Scorpio Man
Calculating
Inscrutable
The Scorpio man appears to be an enigma, not just to the world at large, but also to himself! The power inherent in this star sign is tricky to fathom, and Scorpions reading this will probably under- stand what I'm talking about better than anyone else.
From birth, Scorpio men have evolved instinctive responses, preferring to rely on their gut rather than worldly logic. They may take a sudden dislike to someone for no apparent reason, and no matter how hard you try, changing their opinion is not easy. Their heightened sensitivity overrides mental reasoning, making it difficult to get close to them.
If you are a Scorpion male, you can be self-absorbed and have an obstinate ideology that you create and abide by. You can be uncompromising in your expectations, both of yourself and others, and you're forever trying to top the impractically high standards you set for yourself.
While you remain an enigma for most, it is this mysteriousness that attracts others to you. Regardless of whether people grasp the real you, they burn with a desire to get up close and personal with you.
Scorpio, you have the ability to shine and succeed, but I'd like you to remember that professional triumph may not guarantee true happiness. Rather, it may leave you dreadfully forlorn and lonely. You're cautious in relationships, and while your younger years were full of friendships, with age you turn into a bit of a cynic.
Sexual expression forms the core of your personality and you have an insatiable yearning for passion, affection and attention. Anyone seeking a romantic engagement with you must come to terms with your complex motivations. For an in-depth explanation of this, refer to the section on Scorpio and romance.
Though you may appear reticent, the intensity and articulateness of your thoughts and ideas often leaves others flummoxed. It is through your style of communication that you reveal your leader- like qualities. You are clearly not fit to be a follower.
You're a phenomenal storyteller, which stems from your intrinsic desire to make an indelible impact on people around you. Your popularity gives your ego a persistent high, and in your pursuit for the limelight you can subconsciously dismiss the opinions and
needs of others. Nonetheless, you remain the undisputed people- charmer, forever enthralling people with the world you create and the words you use to paint it.
Your over-possessiveness towards loved ones can often sour a relationship, especially if your partner doesn't reciprocate with the same intensity. You are unable to share your loved ones and often blur the line between loyalty and control. Endeavour to respect all energy levels, Scorpio. Not everyone is perfect, nor does a lack of passion equal a dearth of love or commitment.
Often you may find yourself torn between the philosophical and sexual aspects of your personality, seeking expression through both. On the one hand you fancy sexual intimacy and demonstrat- iveness, but on the other you yearn for spiritual awareness through meditation, self awareness and sacrifice. Interestingly, even this kind of stress works in your favour as people are attracted to the complexities of your mind.
Scorpio men have supremely agile minds and commit to memory even the most insignificant details, much to other people's surprise. They fiercely guard their self-respect and highly value respect from others. In short, they aspire to be admired and they are.
You like to be excessive in countless ways and display an obvious gluttony, as well as an immoderate craving for sex. Remember, all's well as long as it is under restraint.
Never become the object of a Scorpion's rage. Their temper can be explosive and merciless, and when a Scorpion strikes, it strikes to kill. They detest being proven wrong and react fiercely to confrontation. Though you're a man who cares little about others' perceptions, at times you should mellow out and toe the line, even if you have differences of opinion.
Scorpio Woman
Persistent
Unique
Scorpio women are possibly the most attractive and sexually alluring of the zodiac. You express yourself with your captivating body language, especially your eyes, which reveal the intricacy of your feelings and state of mind.
The air of mystery you exude can be a magnetising force, though not for those who prefer uncomplicated and simple personalities. But you're not in the least disconcerted by this. You possess innate self-confidence, and the phrase 'Take me as I am or take a hike' sums up your life motto.
Your buoyancy stems from painful life experiences. Throughout your childhood and early adult years you were probably exposed to a multitude of events that tested your resilience and convic- tion. Coupled with this are your own innate instinct, insight and reasoning, which you creatively exploit to steer ahead in life. No wonder you grew up too quickly and with unshakable self-belief.
At the same time, possessing such a wealth of experience is counterproductive. You can exhibit an intense pride in your abil- ities and ideology, and you can be fiercely independent by nature. These traits make you difficult to deal with, but this is cathartic for you because it makes you feel that you're in perfect control.
While expressing yourself socially, you certainly put your best foot forward. You're adept at concealing the turmoil within and can present a seemingly innocuous front. Little do others know!
On the whole, you're skeptical of people and your temper can erupt in the blink of an eye. You can mope for aeons over incon- sequential things, leaving others scratching their heads over the possible reasons for your moroseness. Try to let go, Scorpio, as such negativity can erode even your best relationships.
You work hard and earn good money. Being independent by nature, you seek bliss by lavishly spending the money you earn. You like to live life on your own terms, and you work hard to achieve your dreams. Your social standing, character and high self-esteem make you shine among many others.
Scorpio women are the seductresses of the zodiac because they perpetually feel that the world fancies them. This self-belief enlivens your inherent charm and attracts all kinds of people to you.
You respect other people's privacy and closely guard the secrets that loved ones confide in you. Even if you choose to listen instead of give advice, you can heal people by your presence alone. Your aura exudes a therapeutic quality that attracts people who like to draw on your energy. With your clear and evolved intuition, you can offer reasonable solutions without intellectualising.
But your most notable quality reveals itself in romance. When it comes to lovemaking, you know exactly how to woo your man in bed. You're a gifted lover—and an exceptional one at that!
You also like to exhibit masculine qualities to prove that you're as powerful and threatening as a man. But in your quest to prove yourself, try to use your delicate feminine traits of charm, poise and seductiveness. Believe me, this works better than any other strategy you may employ.
With a remarkably precise psychic ability and a well-honed sixth sense, Scorpio women don't need to do in-depth research to understand a person or situation better. You rely on your gut. It may defy reason and common sense, but it is usually fairly accurate.
Scorpio Child
The Scorpio child is an old soul in a young body and one look into their eyes will tell you exactly that. They absorb information at an astonishing rate and have a deep understanding of the world way before they can even walk. Scorpio children are competitive beyond their years; love to be the best at what they attempt and No. 1 is where they aspire to be.
Scorpio children love to be around adults, a part of the social and family environment that they are so much a part of. They are curious, adventurous and love nothing better than exploring and conquering their environment answering for themselves many questions to which they just have to have an answer.
They have dreams of climbing mountains, being a great explorer and going where no man has been before and see no reason why they can't do it either. Inventions and other discoveries should be considered when buying the Scorpio child a gift or it will just stay in the corner and gather dust.
The young Scorpio girl will be happy cooking, trying out new things to eat and be at Mum's elbow in the kitchen. Boys, being extremely competitive, will do well in sports that require tenacity and stamina. They need to win at all costs and come out on top of any sporting activity they take on.
The Scorpio child makes an excellent friend, is loyal and focused but does need to be the centre of attention in their peer group. If being chosen as the leader is not forthcoming they will simply move onto another group who will grant them their rightful position (they think) as No. 1.
They are quick and intuitive learners and should be encouraged in subjects that naturally interest them; otherwise they will become bored and just work out the easiest way from A to B as it is not worth their effort to do anything else.
Throughout their teen years it may be difficult to keep them on the straight and narrow as they have a natural predisposition to the darker aspects of life, including drugs, alcohol and other nefarious activities.
A child born under the sign of Scorpio can be secretive, but must be respected for needing time alone and having their own space. In this way they will develop more quickly in a positive way and love you all the more for it.
To have a personalized Child Astro Report... please click HERE!
Scorpio Lover
Scorpio happens to be the eternal lover of the zodiac, and this holds true for both men and women. You're the iconic epitome of seduction, and once you choose to give your heart to someone, you love them to no end. This I can vouch for, and so would peers and laypeople a like.
When you're in love, you treat it like a celebration. Far from seeming like a routine, the essence of love is a transformative creative desire that inspires you to bond on an almost spiritual level. You want love to permeate through your mind and body and reach the heights of ecstasy.
Scorpios get their ultimate thrill from testing their ability to charm. They do this by assessing how many people they can seduce. In short, romance is a way of measuring your magnetism and appeal. Even if you are in a devoted relationship, you're constantly probing to see whether or not you've maintained your 'edge'.
Though Scorpios are generally secretive, love and romance are altogether different. You're an enormously demonstrative lover and demand reciprocation. Being the most 'sexual' sign of the zodiac, you possess innate vitality and enthusiasm and can be emotionally tumultuous in love, factors that must be borne in mind by your prospective lover. Though your personality may throw up some exciting challenges, love can be immensely cathartic for both you
and your lover. In short, there's never a dull moment with you, Scorpio. It's one heck of a joyride!
The intensity with which you plunge into love affairs may terrify potential lovers. You make a commitment only when you've assessed all angles and know exactly where you stand, and if you sense unresponsiveness on the other end, you waste no time in moving on. Superficiality is not your thing.
Scorpios are charming and flirtatious in a very suave way, and when it comes to commitment, their devotedness is hard to beat. Scorpion lovers exhibit superlative sincerity and adoration, and they celebrate their lovers completely. They do all in their power to see their partner contented. Consider yourself fortunate if you are in a relationship with a Scorpio, and ensure that you honour their commitment just as they do.
If you take their fidelity for granted, rest assured that grave consequences will follow. Not only will Scorpio withdraw their love, they can be vengeful ex-lovers as well. Irrespective of how much they invested in the relationship, they will find a way of getting back at you. Unfortunately, you'll just have to deal with these darker elements of your Scorpio ex-lover.
When it comes to envy, you'd better be careful. Jealousy fuels your inherent insecurities and vulnerabilities. Unless you find creative ways of plugging this emotion, your relationship is bound to
collapse right before your eyes. True joy in love stems from trust. Allow your partner some breathing space and bestow on them the same independence that you demand from them.
You partner must envision growing in love with you. You expect them to be at their best, look their best and gratify all your desires. If your partner respects this about you, you too should reciprocate their commitment. When real, Scorpio love is supreme.
Your sullenness may often be over the most inconsequential and inexplicable reasons. You like to silently withdraw and mull over the past without verbalising your thoughts. Under acute stress you may emotionally collapse, suffocating those you care about. Learn to initiate dialogue and vent a fraction of what you feel. Allow your partner to be a part of your life; reach out to them and show that you believe in them.
Other water signs like Pisces and Cancer exhibit similar moodiness and can cope with your emotional shifts. However, your opposite star, Taurus, which is an earth sign, can balance your extremes by mellowing your overall intensity.
Scorpio Friend
Scorpios make great friends and usually enjoy a multitude of acquaintances that stimulate their intellectual and emotional inter- ests. However, the presence of Scorpio may be somewhat over- bearing for some. You're unusually passionate and straightforward in relationships, and you can dissect a person's character and emotional needs. Unless people get a chance to bond with you, your intensity can be confronting. However, once your intentions are clear, your friends are forever looked after and well supported.
As a friend you're big-hearted, courteous and enjoyable to be around. Contrary to the perception that you have a serious disposition, you have a knack for entertaining and storytelling. In fact, you entertain others with your past experiences, and you like to embellish the finer details to make the story even more fascinating.
You're also an excellent listener and a psychologist at heart. You possess acute insights and a refined intuition that enables you to perceive what is really going on. You like to play the healer and resolve as much as you can, which is why you're forever blessed with people in your life.
Superficial or lukewarm associations do not fascinate you as your soul beats for richer, deeper relationships. You prefer to indulge in a friendship only when you sense a similar inclination in the other person. Like Japanese business relationships, you're in for the long haul!
Because you're a high achiever, Scorpio, you like to engage with people of similar calibre and self-worth. You constantly seek inspiration from friends and lovers alike, and have no room for obtuse conversations or people. If someone fails to impress you, Scorpio, they need to go back to the drawing board to chalk out something valuable that will add meaning to their conversation (and relation- ship) with you.
The best way to foster a friendship with Scorpio is to engage them in outdoor activities, competitive sports or intrigue them with novel topics of interest. Getting them to connect with new friends and visiting unique places with cultural or intellectual relevance are sure ways to boost companionship. Scorpios are young at heart, and music, rock concerts and similar events are avenues you could explore with them.
Scorpios are extraordinarily loyal and dedicated as friends, but only if their care and commitment is reciprocated. If they sense hostility or their enthusiasm is being taken for granted, they are quick to withdraw and redirect their passion elsewhere.
Scorpio Enemy
Scorpios are exceptionally adept at portraying a composed exte- rior, even if they're erupting with fury within. You can live your entire life misinterpreting their silence and calm-headedness, hopelessly oblivious to their true feelings. There's never a way of knowing if you're hated. Such is the perplexing nature of Scorpio's wrath it fumes without giving you an inkling of what is going on. This makes them dreadful enemies indeed.
Scorpios have an enormous degree of self-esteem and innate vanity. They regard acts such as knavery, wrongdoing, betrayal or perfidy as a direct assault on their pride, and they attack as a result. However, their style isn't noticeably impulsive or predictable. Just like the scorpion, they wait for the appropriate time and strike when you least expect it.
Being an enemy brings out Scorpio's worst. The determined, compulsive and obstinate facet of their personality makes them an incredibly overpowering foe. To overcome this, they need to work at calmer ways to tackle their adversaries without undermining their own psychological and physical wellbeing.
Scorpio Celebrities
What a better way to study face reading than to apply the principles of characterology to those faces of our favorably celebrities and public figures.
These famous faces are a brief interpretation of what their features and faces reveal about them.
We will be constantly updating our celebrity face readings, so check back to gather new insights into the rich and famous!
My Light and Shadow
The Light and Shadow
The light and the dark are part of human nature and each star sign exhibits this polarity. It is the yin and yang of life and once we confront these shadowy areas within ourselves the sooner we are able to break free of all self limiting behaviours and habits.
Scorpio: The light side
You are one of the most magnetic people among us and you can use this power to create an immense amount of good in the world. You inspire others with your extraordinary achievements, which are centred on your determination to win at all costs. Any number of obstacles will never deter you from your goal once you have made up your mind.
You have great seductive skills and are the expert sensualist in the zodiac. You know how to love—but not just physically but also emotionally, mentally and spiritually. For you love is a total experience and with the right person you know how to love totally.
You are dependable and are able to show others the proper way to work and produce great results. The more evolved Scorpio is a humanitarian as well but doesn't always boast about this. Scorpios often use silence as a great source of power and this usually helps them achieve their ends.
Because Scorpio is transformative by nature, you are a healer. You are able to generate healing power through your hands; but your mere presence also is able to bring things under control and help others feel much better. You are intuitive by nature and have the ability to solve problems through relying on your psychic hunches.
Scorpio: The shadow side
Because you have power over others, you must learn to use this with great discrimination and never manipulate people for your own selfish ends. You coerce others against their will and once you decide on a course of action, can be inflexible in gaining what you want, irrespective of other people's feelings in the matter. Try to be inclusive of others as well as they often have a part to play in your success and you should acknowledge that.
If someone crosses you in some way you can be ruthlessly unforgiving and vengeful. Not only do you cut them off— this is not enough for you—you must inflict maximum damage to make the point that you will not be undermined again. It's also important that you learn to let go of things graciously. Some Scorpios hold grudges for years until they have had the chance for payback. Please, don't be like this.
Sexuality can become excessive and obsessive with some Scorpios who want to push themselves to the limits. If you don't manage this aspect of yourself it may become a source of problems in developing a deeper and more intimate relationship with the one you love.
You are a loyal individual but demand an extra dose of return loyalty from those you cherish. Smothering them with your love and trying to possess them is not the way to draw them closer. Let go a little more, relax and enjoy your love life.
Scorpio Secrets
Read more
Taurus - Apr 21 - May 21
You have a huge appetite for work but this needs to be well directed if you're going to receive the accolades that you deserve now. You have to determ ... Read more
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Gemini - May 22 - Jun 21
Getting involved with someone you shouldn't is quite possible now but you should heed your own inner signals. If you don't listen to that still voice ... Read more
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Cancer - Jun 22 - Jul 23
Your mind is in a probing mood today. Apply your detective skills to work where you can ferret out facts that are relevant to your job but avoid a spi ... Read more
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Leo - Jul 24 - Aug 22
There may be problems now with work colleagues especially if they are being over demanding. It only so much you can do in one day however pressure may ... Read more
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Virgo - Aug 24 - Sep 23
You've probably shut yourself off from your innate sensitivity through fear of being hurt. Someone may give you the opportunity to restore this elemen ... Read more
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Libra - Sep 24 - Oct 23
Powerful dreams need to be heeded. Intuition is strong now and you must see if there is some way you can transpose these insights into your practical, ... Read more
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Scorpio - Oct 24 - Nov 22
If you are not attuned to the spiritual forces around you, you will miss vital signals that can help you make leaps and bounds in your understanding o ... Read more
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Sagittarius - Nov 23 - Dec 22
Relationships can be powerfully activated today. Be careful not to jump to conclusions as your partner may also be doing that. This could be a case of ... Read more
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Capricorn - Dec 23 - Jan 20
Be more informed before putting your cash on the table today. You may be carried away by all the highs without looking at the downsides, too. Don't be ... Read more
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Aquarius - Jan 21 - Feb 19
This is when you should enrich your home as it's an auspicious time to do so. You want to create more harmony in your domestic environment and this co ... Read more
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Pisces - Feb 20 - Mar 20
You're more likely to be daring and willing to experiment with your partner this week. There's a young, free-spirited, quality about you now. Just be ... Read more
| Scorpio |
Which European capital city lies on the River Sava? | Sagittarius - Zodiac Signs | Astrology.com.au
Sagittarius
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The Zodiac Sign Sagittarius
The Astrology of Personality
You can recognise a Sagittarian by their open and magnanimous, carefree style. If you’re born under Sagittarius you have an optimistic view of life and are probably one of the most striking star signs of the zodiac given your unstoppable drive and positive zest for life. Being the ninth sign of the zodiac and ruled by jovial Jupiter, your good nature and wonderful sense of humour wins you friends wherever you go.
You exude self-confidence and in fact are sometimes probably a little overconfident, but strangely you still endear others to you with your infectious laugh and generous manners. Jupiter is responsible for your luck but you do have a tendency to believe nothing will go wrong, and for this reason you’re known as being a bit of a risk taker as well. Friends and family members may be frightened by this attitude but they secretly envy you for having such a strong belief in yourself.
You’re a big thinker in everything you do and can’t handle the response ‘Oh, you can’t do that’, or ‘That’ll never work out’. You must surround yourself with people who believe that they can achieve things and mutually you’ll be able to help each other achieve those farsighted goals.
‘The bigger, the better’ seems to be the Sagittarian trademark and you’re happy to take a shot at anything you believe is worthwhile. No one is going to stop you once you’ve made up your mind. You have an incredible sense of timing, which means you often find yourself in the right place at just the right time to make things happen for you. You also have an uncanny knack of hooking up with people who can help you achieve your ambitions.
You’re very interested in personal growth and self-understanding, which is part of the other Sagittarian ideal of expansion. Expanding your horizons is what you are about and the knowledge, philosophy, facts and figures and anything that can give you a deeper and broader insight into life is perfect for you.
Getting to the bottom of things and understanding why life is the way it is fascinates you and therefore you need to associate with others who can act as catalysts for your journey of knowledge. You will make many pilgrimages to different parts of the globe in your search for self-understanding and, in fact, your whole life is one big pilgrimage in your quest for self-knowledge. Visiting different countries and exploring the culture of those places will give you an even greater sense of understanding and develop your sense of spiritual connectedness to people from all over the world.
The symbol of Sagittarius is the Centaur—half man, half beast. The additional feature of your totem is the bow and arrow that the Centaur holds and steadily aims at the wide blue yonder. That’s you, aiming as high as you can to achieve whatever is possible in life.
You have a positive mental attitude and when you can are always keen to help others develop the same confident attitude. You believe that life is a science of human possibilities and will never take no for an answer. To you the possibilities are endless and you prefer to look at the cup being half full rather than half empty.
You’re constantly on the go so it’s pretty easy being a Sagittarian to become rather bored if you don’t have things to keep you mentally and physically stimulated. You also need that in relationships and therefore it’s quite common to find the Sagittarian exploring the world of love and the many characters that come their way. It’s best to exhaust this desire before settling down. It’s important for you not to limit yourself and in relationships and work you need freedom to explore the many avenues of life that will open up to you. If anyone tries to hold you back this will only cause you frustration and even make you retaliate over time.
Your ruling planet Jupiter is one of the most intuitive and you should always trust the gut feeling you have when you meet others. Act on this and it’s hardly likely you’ll be off the mark. Overall you invite life’s challenges and see this as a way of growing stronger and better and for this reason Sagittarians are usually quite successful in anything they attempt.
Ninth sign of the zodiac; mutable, barren, masculine, dry
Zodiac Element
Magnanimous, honest, expansive, generous, reckless, extroverted, proud, larger than life, free
Compatible Star Signs
Taurus, Cancer, Libra, Virgo and Capricorn
Ruling Planet
Mars
Lucky Numbers and Significant Years
2, 3, 9,11, 12, 18, 20, 21, 27, 29, 30, 36, 38, 45, 47,48, 54, 56, 57, 74, 75, 81, 83 and 84
Lucky Gems
Yellow sapphire, golden topaz, ruby and red coral
Lucky Fragrances
Sandalwood, orange, ylang ylang, bergamot
Affirmation/Mantra
I am generous and loving to myself as well as others
Lucky Days
Sagittarius Profile
Sagittarius, the archer, is the ninth sign of the zodiac and a mutable fire sign, ruled by jovial Jupiter. Fire can alter substances, and similarly, Sagittarians can transform negative situations into positive ones with their optimism. Obstacles that others see as mountains are just bumps in the road of life to a Sagittarian.
The symbol of Sagittarius is the centaur—half man, half beast. The additional feature of your totem is the bow and arrow that the centaur holds and steadily aims at the wide blue yonder. That's you, Sagittarius, aiming as high as you can to achieve whatever is possible in life.
This star sign has a frank and open nature, bordering on bluntness at times, but it is not because they want to hurt anyone's feelings, simply that they want to get their point across without a lot of window dressing.
Sagittarius can be overconfident at times, which goes hand in hand with their inbuilt enthusiasm for life and their happy-go-lucky nature. It would be hard to be in the company of a Sagittarian and not be somewhat touched by their views on the world. They are 'can do' types of people, not 'can't do'. Likewise, Sagittarians need positive people around them just as much as they need air to breathe.
Your ruling planet Jupiter is responsible for your luck; but you believe that nothing will go wrong, anyway, and for this reason you are sometimes seen as a bit of a risk taker and will give most things a go, at least once. 'Adventure' should be your middle name and, while family and friends may sometimes hold back and be frightened by your attitude, they can't help being impressed by your willingness to have a go.
A possessive friend or partner will send you running for the hills—and not just for the exercise, either. Your need to be free is at the centre of your being and if anyone tries to fence you in or curb your natural enthusiasm for life, they will only see your dust as you race off into the distance to get as far away from them as possible.
Sagittarians are generally physically strong and robust, needing to be this way to handle the million-and-one activities that they try to cram into a day. You are energetic, quick to move (although not always gracefully), and have bright, intelligent sparkling eyes that often twinkle with good humour. Excess weight can be a problem for a Sagittarian if they are of the shorter stature rather than taller in appearance.
This sign of the zodiac has a well-developed sense of social justice and, although pleasure loving, you are also aware of the plight of many people in this world because Jupiter is also the planet of beneficence. Travel will be high on your list of 'must dos' and Sagittarians can often be found exploring countries that are not necessarily standard destinations on tourist maps. You want to develop your sense of spiritual connectedness to people from all over the world, and travel is the most likely way you will do it.
You will spend your whole life expanding your knowledge and the subjects that interest you will be wide and varied. You need to understand how things work, why things happen the way they do, and are forever trying to get to the bottom things and understand why life is the way it is. You will be attracted to people who also thirst for knowledge and understanding.
Personal growth and self-understanding are driving forces for you and gathering interesting facts and figures is part of your search and growth. Your life in fact may seem like one big pilgrimage in your quest for self-knowledge.
Your timing is incredible and somehow you always seem to be in the right place at the right time. It is uncanny how often this happens with friendships, jobs, or buying a house, to give a few examples. You also seem to be able to source out those people who can help you achieve your ambitions because you are not afraid to ask questions to achieve this aim.
Jupiter, as your ruler, Sagittarius, is one of the most intuitive planets, and you should always trust your gut feelings when you meet someone new or are faced with a situation that you haven't experienced before. Your inbuilt intuition will not let you down.
You can make your home almost anywhere, along the lines of the old saying, 'Wherever I lay my hat, that's my home'. It is not unusual for Sagittarians to be world travellers, spending their time living overseas or even having several homes in different countries. Sagittarians are usually planning their next journey before they have even unpacked from the present one.
Usually you are not well domesticated and would rather chat to friends than do a basket of ironing. But, you muddle through, and anyone dropping into your home unannounced will always get a warm welcome.
Sagittarius Cusps
Sagittarius - Scorpio Cusp
Being born on the borderline of the star sign before you, or after you, means that you have some of the qualities from that sign. This can be a subtle effect on your personality and character and you may have heard people mention that they are not "typical" of their sign and it is likely he or she will be a cusp baby.
If you are born on the borderline of Sagittarius and Scorpio, i.e. between the 22nd and 27th November, this has the impact on your personality of making you rather intense. The influence of Scorpio on the Sagittarian cusp baby is that some of your rather laidback attitude is diminished and makes you a bit more forceful than your typical Sagittarian brothers and sisters.
Jupiter, your Sagittarian ruler, combined with Mars and Pluto makes you a person who thinks not just big, but HUGE. There is no challenge too big for you to handle and in fact you thrive on tension - filled moments where you can shine by proving that you can cope with the pressures and show how capable you really are.
You are a 'big picture' person Sagittarius and have an almost unshakeable belief in yourself and your capabilities. You are able to create the life you feel you deserve and have tenacity and willpower that will put others in the shade, even other Sagittarians.
As both Scorpio and Sagittarius have intuitive powers, this gives you an edge in understanding human nature and the ability to manipulate the circumstances to your own benefit. As well as this you have an incredible sense of timing that enables you to capitalise on opportunities as and when they present themselves. You waste no time in achieving whatever success is put in front of you.
The combination of Sagittarius and Scorpio in your nature can cause inner conflicts for you from time to time. This shows up when people cross swords with you as you have a difficult time working out whether you should really wreak vengeance on them, which would be the way Scorpio would handle it, or go down the Sagittarian path of justice, mercy and a peaceful resolution.
You need to understand that in life being quietly assertive is often the best bet. There is no necessity to take things to extreme, whether you are thinking with the Sagittarian or Scorpio intellect.
Teaching comes easy to you and this is in part from the Jovian sign under which you are born. You can lead others to a sense of self - understanding with your wealth of experience and often, much of your knowledge is gained from your personal experiences rather from the words of others in book form. You have a wealth of personal and often humorous anecdotes that also serves as knowledge to others.
Sagittarius - Capricorn Cusp
If you are born between 14th and 21st December you will have the Sagittarian/Capricorn influence. Unlike the previous Sagittarius/Scorpio blend of energies which makes for a rather intense and aggressive individual, you will be much more reticent and more conservative.
Individuals born on this cusp are likely to be a rather toned down version of the usually exuberant and enthusiastic 'take the world by the tail' type of Sagittarian. You will more than likely be cautious and prudent but at the same time you will love life but not make decisions quite as impulsively as the 'typical' Sagittarian.
You have a strong sense of security and like to hold your dollars more tightly, which is not a well - developed trait in most Sagittarians. They are more 'easy come, easy go' and think that tomorrow will take care of itself - somehow.
The ruling planets of Jupiter and Saturn, which rule Sagittarius and Capricorn respectively, are diametrically opposed forces in nature. This has the influence of making your personality move up and down from extreme highs to very flat lows. Your lesson in life will be to find the happy medium, and if this can be achieved you will experience life in a whole new way.
Although Sagittarians are trusting of others, with the impact of Capricorn on your temperament, you may hold back a little more until you get to know them better. Until you are comfortable with them you won't reveal too much about yourself and will keep them at arm's length.
Capricorn may make you overly concerned with money, thereby keeping the carefree side of Sagittarius at bay. This could cause conflicts by feeling guilty about not working hard enough or not having enough money as opposed to wanting to be free with your cash.
Sagittarius At Large
November 23 - December 2
Born between the 23rd November and 2nd December you are a true Sagittarian and will exhibit the traits mentioned here in full. Always optimistic and ready for an adventure, life will be full of pleasure and unexpected good fortune.
December 3 - December 12
If your birth date falls between 3rd December and 12th December fiery Mars and Aries as well as Sagittarius rule you. You are a spicier and more hot-tempered class of Sagittarian and are always on the go but can also get yourself into hot water with your impulsive nature. Physical by nature, sports will be an important component of keeping yourself stable and peaceful.
December 13 - 22
The third group of Sagittarians born between the 13th and 22nd December are co-ruled by the Sun and Leo. The majestic royal solar energies endow you with an incredibly strong sense of self and also the likelihood of tremendous success personally and financially. You will also develop a more spiritual attitude.
Sagittarius Child
Love is essential to all children, but never more so than to the young Sagittarian. However, it must be delivered in a certain way. Leave any possessiveness and 'smother love' at the door because your Sagittarian child will react much better to encouragement and showing your pleasure in simply having them in your life.
A Sagittarian child will hide their hurts, disappointments and sorrows behind a spirited belief that everything will get better eventually. They can be seen as the clown who laughs while their heart is breaking. These restless, freedom-loving children need a lot of room to play in and tend to get more bumps and bruises than others because they are rarely still and always off on some adventure, whether real or imaginary.
The Sagittarian child will be popular at school because they are kind, generous and will look after the underdog, which is their sense of social justice coming to the fore. They are usually intelligent, quick-witted and catch on before many of their peers. The faster they learn the lessons for the day, the sooner they can head off on some exploit or another to learn new things.
From the first day they are on this Earth they are eager to get going and are restless little individuals, but they do need a disciplined regime to help them get ready for life as a whole. They need mental stimulation but also the opportunity to explore many hobbies and sports until they settle on what works for them.
The Sagittarian child is competitive and can be a little bossy with their peers, so they need to be trained from an early age in the process of give and take. This will stand them in good stead as they grow and become balanced and self-fulfilled adults.
Because Sagittarians have the notion of 'bigger, biggest, best' in their attitudes, this can also flow over into their food habits, which could mean weight gain problems if their diet is unbalanced and too rich in sweets. Although they need lots of energy to get through their days, watch their diets and teach them as they grow older how to eat properly.
Sagittarian children are constantly asking questions. As they get older they will not see any reason why they shouldn't question adult views and what they see as hypocrisy in some opinions. The best thing that parents of a Sagittarian child can do is be totally honest with them.
Sagittarius Lover
Being free-spirited and fiercely independent, Sagittarius is some- what unconventional in relationships. The protective shield of Jupiter makes you seek security, warmth and passion from your partner, but you don't enjoy being bossed around for fear of losing your individuality. This is the reason why you need an equally strong and independent partner. After all, mutual respect forms the core of a long-term relationship. You dislike being mothered, but you enjoy pampering.
Interestingly, your humour lends a fair degree of attractiveness to your personality. However, when you begin to warm up to someone, this humour can turn into sarcasm. That's just how you are, Sagittarius, and the person you love will need to get used to your sharp tongue and not take it personally.
The marriage sector of Sagittarius is ruled by Gemini and Mercury, which makes you playful, quick in response and childlike. Some Sagittarians tend to confuse friendship with love. This is especially true for the men of this zodiac, who can be immature and narcis- sistic in relationships.
You have a personality that attracts and evokes trust from others. At the same time, you like to trust others as well. With your easy- going and carefree disposition, some of you may play the field before settling down with someone special.
You have a ravenous sexual appetite, Sagittarius. Blame this on Jupiter, your benevolent, oversized ruling planet. Those ruled by Jupiter are known to accentuate everything, and the bedroom is no exception. You liken sex to an adventure, and you enjoy it best with a partner who is equally rapacious.
Sagittarians are essentially good-hearted souls. Morals, commit- ment and integrity rate high on your agenda, and even though you regale yourself with sexual playfulness, you do not compromise on your principles. As I mentioned before, Jupiter rules aspects such as religion, morals and philosophy. Unsurprisingly, the influ- ence of this planet signals why you're such a stickler for principles, especially in relationships of an intimate nature.
You're adventurous and social, which is why you desire a partner who can share the joy, drive and enthusiasm you have towards life. Mutual support from your partner is imperative and, if reciprocated, the love and care you pour into your relationship is ceaseless and undying.
You're enormously protective of and devoted to your chosen one, but you don't like to be restricted or chained. The Sagittarian personality craves advancement, expression and spiritual develop- ment. For this reason, fostering friendships is significant, and your need to interact on a social level is just as important as meeting the right person in life.
If you happen to find a partner who encourages you to develop these aspects of your life and personality, you will feel contented and at ease. You desire space, independence and adoration. You hold your freedom close to your heart, and if it is threatened in any way, you'll retaliate and head straight for the hills.
Sagittarius Friend
Your eleventh zone of social interaction is ruled by Libra and the tender Venus. This astrological fact reveals just how affable and friendly a Sagittarian truly is.
In good times and bad, you like to be surrounded by friends who enrich your life with a myriad of opinions, temperaments and beliefs. You're enormously devoted as a friend and profusely charitable. You reach out to all in need, thereby fostering new friendships. At the same time, you also expect others to reciprocate.
You're fairly just and moralistic, and those who know you respect this. You like to live your life with the belief that all human beings are equal, and your loyalty can be measured by the number of friends you have. No matter how pressing your reality may be, if a friend is in need, you are likely to be the first to rush to their aid. This aspect of your personality is, again, the result of your magnanimous ruling planet, Jupiter.
You always go beyond the call of duty for friends and loved ones. You don't just fulfil the formalities of call and courtesy; you're someone who passionately sticks by the other person's side until the very end. For you, friendship is not limited to human relation- ships. Sagittarians are known to be magnificent animal lovers, and if you happen to have a pet, they will find a great friend in you!
You can't be chained, Sagittarius, so be wary of people who are suffocatingly envious or possessive in friendship. This is clearly not your cup of tea. You don't fancy the idea of being tied to someone in friendship. Rather, you have countless best friends, much to the dismay of any controlling friends you may have. Socially, you have a knack for drawing an endless string of friends and acquaintances, which ensures that you're never lonely!
Sagittarius Enemy
Because Sagittarius is happy-go-lucky and loving by nature, it's quite unusual for them to blow their fuse. However, the surest means of incurring a Sagittarian's wrath is to point a finger at their integrity. This single reason is sure to get the ball rolling, and this is when the full fury of Jupiter reveals itself.
Sagittarians are innately generous and forgiving, but when they're rubbed the wrong way and taken for granted, they refuse to pay any heed to reason or emotion. When a Sagittarius decides to spew venom, they can be ruthless and have no control over their emotions. Once they lose respect for someone, they are likely to sever ties with them permanently.
My Light and Shadow
The Light and Shadow
The light and the dark are part of human nature and each star sign exhibits this polarity. It is the yin and yang of life and once we confront these shadowy areas within ourselves the sooner we are able to break free of all self limiting behaviours and habits.
Sagittarius: The light side
Nothing can keep a Sagittarian down and being the supreme optimist, you're able to get up repeatedly when life beats you around the ears, as it is does from time to time. Unlike others, you realise there is no point in complaining and always try to see what's happening to you in the best possible light.
This attitude inspires others but also confuses them, because they don't quite understand how you can possibly see the good in the bad, the opportunity in the failure. Because of your overly generous spirit you bring happiness to those around you and, even if you're not aware of it, are quietly uplifting the world around you.
You're the consummate dreamer and your ambitions are larger and harder to achieve than most but you don't see the point in aiming for mediocrity. You'd rather achieve something grand and then print your name for posterity's sake.
You're a great competitor playing hard and fair but, as with all fire signs, you would prefer to win. If you do lose, however, you're a good sport and enjoy the thrill of the game as much as winning. Your fair-mindedness is probably one of your best traits.
Sagittarius: The shadow side
Because you think big you have a tendency to believe that you can achieve anything, and while this is true in most cases, you have to understand that there are limitations.
You have such a strong belief in yourself that you can often challenge others over their philosophical or cultural attitudes. This can sometimes make you appear somewhat bombastic or egotistical. It's not a bad idea to listen a little more carefully to others before you go sprouting off about your brand of truth.
Because risk and adventure are such ingrained parts of your nature, there are some Sagittarians who take this to the extreme and can actually become chronic gamblers who lose a lot of money. If you must take the odd punt, realise that your family and your other personal and financial responsibilities take priority over these activities. Learn to develop balance and steadiness in your activities and your pastimes. Try to develop a taste for quietude and staying in the one spot rather than seeking the endless thrills and spills of new experiences.
And, finally, try not to over-exaggerate your stories; people will trust and appreciate you much more.
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Manchuria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, and others
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia . This region is the traditional homeland of the Xianbei (鮮卑/鲜卑, Cyrillic : сяньби), Khitan (契丹, Cyrillic : кидани), and Jurchen (女真, Cyrillic :чжурчжэни), who built several dynasties in northern China. The region is also the home of the Manchus , after whom Manchuria is named.
The historical region is contemporarily divided between the People’s Republic of China (part of Northeast China ) and the Russian Federation (part of the Russian Far East ). The exact boundaries of the region aren’t well-defined. To avoid ambiguities, Inner Manchuria is sometimes distinguished from Outer Manchuria.
Inner Manchuria corresponds roughly to the Chinese part, including Heilongjiang , Jilin and Liaoning ) and part of northeastern Inner Mongolia . Also sometimes included into Chinese Manchuria is the Jehol region of Hebei province.
Outer Manchuria or “Russian Manchuria” is the territory from the Amur and Ussuri rivers to the Stanovoy Mountains and the Sea of Japan , including Primorsky Krai , southern Khabarovsk Krai , the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and Amur Oblast . These were ceded to Russia by Qing China in the Treaty of Aigun (1858). Sakhalin Oblast is also generally included on Chinese maps as part of Outer Manchuria, even though it is not explicitly mentioned in the Treaty of Nerchinsk.
Manchuria
Extent of Manchuria according to:Definition 1 (dark red)
Definition 2 (dark red + medium red)
Definition 3 (dark red + medium red + light red)
Dark Red
(Manju) Mongolian name Mongolian Манж Russian name Russian Маньчжурия
Origin of the name
Manchuria is a translation of the Manchu word Manju ( Chinese language : Mǎnzhōu). According to the Manchu Veritable Records, the name Manju was originally given by the legendary dynastic founder Bukūri Yongšon to the country he established when he united the three warring clans of Odoli, at the location of the modern city of Dunhua in Jilin province. This name was used in Chinese documents until the early 20th century, when Manchuria was converted into three provinces by the late Qing government.
Since then, the “Three Northeast Provinces” (東三省) was officially used by the Qing government in China to refer to this region, and the post of Viceroy of Three Northeast Provinces (東三省總督) was established to take charge of these provinces. After the 1911 revolution , which resulted in the collapse of the Manchu-established Qing Dynasty, the name of the region where the Manchus originated was known as the Northeast in official documents in the newly-founded Republic of China , in addition to the “Three Northeast Provinces”.
Extent of Northeast China
In current Chinese parlance , an inhabitant of “the Northeast”, or Northeast China, is a “Northeasterner” (Dōng-běi-rén). “The Northeast” is a term that expresses the entire region, encompassing its history, culture, traditions, dialects, cuisines and so forth, as well as the “Three Northeast Provinces” (東三省 or 東北三省), which replaced the concept of “Manchuria” in the early 20th century. Though geographically also located in the northeastern part of China, other provinces such as Hebei are not considered to be a part of “the Northeast”. After the Second Sino-Japanese War , the People’s Republic of China has refused recognition of the name Mǎnzhōu (“Manchuria”), only using “the Northeast” for the region to avoid acknowledging the Japanese imperial legacy in the area; the title of Manchuria is still often associated in China with the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo
One of the earliest European maps using the term “Manchuria” (Mandchouria) ( John Tallis , 1851). Previously, the term “Chinese Tartary ” had been commonly applied in the West to Manchuria and Mongolia.
People
Manchuria is populated by over 100 million people, 90 percent of which are descendants of Chinese who emigrated to Manchuria between 1880 and 1930. The Manchus were the original people of Manchuria and make up about 5 percent of the current populace. Significant numbers of minority groups, such as Koreans and Mongols , have been incorporated into Chinese culture via intermarriage and state education. They adhere to Chinese ways and customs and live as most other Chinese.
Geography and climate
Manchuria consists mainly of the northern side of the funnel-shaped North China Craton , a large area of tilled and overlaid Precambrian rocks. The North China Craton was an independent continent prior to the Triassic period, and is known to have been the northernmost piece of land in the world during the Carboniferous . The Khingan Mountains in the west are a Jurassic mountain range formed by the collision of the North China Craton with the Siberian Craton , which marked the final stage of the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea .
Although no part of Manchuria was glaciated during the Quaternary , the surface geology of most of the lower-lying and more fertile parts of the region consists of very deep layers of loess , which have been formed by the wind-born movement of dust and till particles formed in glaciated parts of the Himalayas , Kunlun Shan and Tien Shan , as well as the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts. Soils are mostly fertile Mollisols and Fluvents, except in the more mountainous parts where they are poorly developed Orthents , as well as the extreme north where permafrost occurs and Orthels dominate.
The climate of Manchuria has extreme seasonal contrasts, ranging from humid, almost tropical heat in the summer to windy, dry, Arctic cold in the winter. This occurs because the position of Manchuria is on the boundary between the great Eurasian continental landmass and the huge Pacific Ocean causes complete monsoonal wind reversal.
In the summer, when the land heats up faster than the ocean, low pressure forms over Asia and warm, moist south to southeasterly winds bring heavy, thundery rain, yielding annual rainfall ranging from 400 mm (16 in.), or less in the west, to over 1150 mm (45 in.) in the Changbai Mountains . Temperatures in the summer are very warm to hot, with July average maxima ranging from 31°C (88°F) in the south to 24°C (75°F) in the extreme north. Except in the far north near the Amur River , high humidity causes major discomfort at this time of year.
In the winter, however, the vast Siberian High causes very cold, north to northwesterly winds that bring temperatures as low as −5°C (23°F) in the extreme south and −30°C (−22°F) in the north, where the zone of discontinuous permafrost reaches northern Heilongjiang . However, because the winds from Siberia are exceedingly dry, snow falls only on a few days every winter and it is never heavy. This explains why, whereas corresponding latitudes of North America were fully glaciated during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, though even colder, always remained too dry to form glaciers – a state of affairs enhanced by stronger westerly winds from the surface of the ice sheet in Europe .
Early history
image of Nurhaci
Manchuria was the homeland of several nomadic tribes, including the Manchu , Ulchs and Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai). Various ethnic groups and their respective kingdoms, including the Koreans , Sushen , Donghu , Xianbei , Wuhuan , Mohe , Khitan and Jurchens have risen to power in Manchuria. At various times in this time period, Han Dynasty , Cao Wei Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty , Tang Dynasty and some other minor kingdoms of China occupied significant parts of Manchuria.
Emperor Huang Taiji of the Qing Dynasty
November 1612 – 31 December 1650), also known as Hošoi Mergen Cin Wang, the Prince Rui, was Nurhaci ‘s 14th son and a prince of the Qing Dynasty .
Kangxi Emperor in late 60s
Various Korean kingdoms, such as Gojoseon , Buyeo , Goguryeo and Balhae were also established in parts of this area.
Manchuria under the Liao and Jin
The Manchu people ( Manchu :
Manju; simplified Chinese : 满族; traditional Chinese :滿族; pinyin : Mǎnzú, Mongolian : Манж, Russian : Маньчжуры) are a Tungusic people who originated in Manchuria (today’s northeastern China) and one of the 56 ethnic groups of People’s Republic of China . During their rise in the 17th century, with the help of the Ming dynasty rebels (such as general Wu Sangui ), they came to power in China and founded the Qing Dynasty , which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which established a republican government in its place.
The Manchu ethnicity has largely been assimilated with the Han Chinese . The Manchu language is almost extinct, now spoken only among a small number of elderly people in remote rural areas of northeastern China and a few scholars; there are around ten thousand speakers of Sibe (Xibo), a Manchu dialect spoken in the region of Xinjiang . In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with some Manchu ancestry is quite large—with 10.68 million members (in China), Manchu is the 3rd largest ethnic group in China after the Han and the Zhuang .The adoption of favorable policies towards ethnic minorities (such as preferential university admission, government employment opportunities and exemption from the one child policy) has encouraged some people with mixed Han and Manchu ancestry to re-identify themselves as Manchu.
With the Song Dynasty to the south, the Khitan people of Western Manchuria, who probably spoke a language related to the Mongolic languages , created the Liao Empire in the region, which went on to control adjacent parts of Northern China as well.
A wooden Bodhisattva statue, Jin Dynasty , Shanghai Museum .
In the early 12th century the Tungusic Jurchen people (the ancestors of the later Manchu people ) originally lived in the forests in the eastern borderlands of the Laio Empire, and were Liao’s tributaries, overthrew the Liao and formed the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) , which went on to control parts of Northern China and Mongolia.
Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor in Court Dress, by anonymous court artists. Hanging scroll, colour on silk. The Palace Museum , Beijing .
Most of the surviving Khitan either assimilated into the bulk of the Han Chinese and Jurchen population, or moved to Central Asia ; however, it is thought that the Daur people , still living in northern Manchuria, are also descendants of the Khitans.
A 12th century Jurchen stone tortoise in today’s Ussuriysk
The first Jin capital, Shangjing , located on the Ashi River not far from modern Harbin , was originally not much more than the city of tents, but in 1124 the second Jin emperor Wuqimai starting a major construction project, having his Chinese chief architect, Lu Yanlun, build a new city at this site, emulating, on a smaller scale, the Northern Song capital Bianjing ( Kaifeng ). When Bianjing fell to Jin troops in 1127, thousands of captured Song aristocrats (including the two Song emperors ), scholars, craftsmen and entertainers, along with the treasures of the Song capital, were all taken to Shangjing (the Upper Capital) by the winners.
Photograph of China’s Empress Dowager
Although the Jurchen ruler Wanyan Liang , spurred on by his aspirations to become the ruler of all China, moved the Jin capital from Shangjing to Yanjing (now Beijing ) in 1153 , and had the Shangjing palaces destroyed in 1157, the city regained a degree of significance under Wanyan Liang’s successor, Emperor Shizong , who enjoyed visiting the region to get in touch with his Jurchen roots.
In 1234, the Jin Dynasty fell to the Mongols .
Culture
Aspects of Manchu customs and traditions can be seen in local cuisines, language and customs in today’s Manchuria as well as cities in that region. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Manchus also adopted many Han customs and traditions.
They traditionally coiled their hair in high tufts on top of their heads and wore earrings, long gowns and embroidered shoes. The women with higher social standing wore silk and satin clothing while cotton clothing was worn by women of lower social standing. Variants of such costumes (including qi pao and ma gua , Mandarin dress ) are still popular all over China. The man’s clothing once consisted of a short and adjusted ?jacket over a long gown with a belt at the waist to facilitate horse-riding and hunting.
The traditional Manchu dwellings were made up of three quarters. In the center of the house was the kitchen while the wings contained the dormitory and the living room. The unique Manchu tradition did not allow people to die on nahan (
) to the west or north. Believing that doors were made for living souls, the Manchus allowed dead bodies to be taken out only through windows and ground burial was the general practice.
The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic language group, itself a member of the proposed Altaic language family .
The Tale of the Nisan Shaman is an important piece of Manchu folklore.
It was reported by American anthropologist Weston La Barre that Manchu mothers used to show affection for their children by performing fellatio on their male babies, placing its penis in their mouths and stimulating it, since it was not considered a sexual act, while the Manchu regarded public kissing with revulsion, which was considered sexual. They were also reported to caress their children’s sexual organs, tickling those of their daughters.
Manchu girls were reported to be independent and equal to male siblings, having more rights than Chinese girls. Manchu women were said to be aggressive and irritable, Mongol and Chinese Bannermen married to them were reported to be scared of them, complaining to the Emperor, who permitted them to protest out loud to their wives rather than hide.
Manchuria under the Mongol Empire
In 1211, after the conquest of Western Xia , Genghis Khan mobilized an army to conquer the Jin Dynasty . His general Jebe and brother Qasar were ordered to reduce the Jurchen cities in Manchuria. They successfully destroyed the Jin forts there. The Khitans under Yelü Liuge declared their allegiance to Genghis Khan and established nominally autonomous state in Manchuria in 1213. However, the Jin forces dispatched a punitive expedition against them. Jebe went there again and the Mongols pushed out the Jins.
A Tartar hunting birds with his musket, 15th century, ink and color on silk
The Jin general, Puxian Wannu , rebelled against the Jin Dynasty and founded the Dazhen (大眞) kingdom in Dongjing (Liaoyang) in 1215. He assumed the title Tianwang (天王 lit. Heavenly King) and the era name Tiantai (天泰). Puxian Wannu allied with the Mongols in order to secure his position. However, he revolted in 1222 after that and fled to an island while the Mongol army invaded Liaoxi, Liaodong and Khorazm . As a result of an internal strife among the Khitans, they failed to accept Yelü Liuge’s rule and revolted against the Mongol Empire . Fearing of the Mongol pressure, those Khitans fled to Goryeo without permission. But they were defeated by the Mongol- Korean alliance . Genghis Khan (1206–1227) gave his brothers and Muqali Chinese districts in Manchuria.
A depiction of three peoples of the Siberia . The Manchu man in the middle is dress in traditional clothes and soncoho .
The Great Khan Ogedei ‘s son Guyuk crushed Puxian Wannu’s dynasty in 1233, pacifying southern Manchuria. Some time after 1234 Ogedei also subdued the Water Tatars in northern part of the region and began to receive falcons , harems and furs as taxation . The Mongols suppressed the Water Tatar-rebellion in 1237. In Manchuria and Siberia , the Mongols used dogsled relays for their yam . The capital city Karakorum directly controlled Manchuria until the 1260s.
A depiction of two Jurchen warriors and their horses.
The Great Khan Kublai renamed his empire “ Great Yuan ” in 1271, instead of the old title-“Ikh Mongol Uls”. Under the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), Manchuria was divided into Liaoyang and Zhendong districts. Descendants of Genghis Khan’s brothers such as Belgutei and Qasar ruled the area under the Great Khans . The Mongols eagerly adopted new artillery and technologies. The world’s earliest known cannon , dated 1282, was found in Mongol-held Manchuria.
After the expulsion of the Mongols from China , the Jurchen clans remained loyal to the Mongol Khagan Toghan Temur . In 1375, Nahacu, a Mongol official of the Northern Yuan in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong with aims of restoring the Mongols to power. Although he continued to hold southern Manchuria, Nahacu finally surrendered to the Ming Dynasty in 1387. In order to protect the northern border areas the Ming decided to “pacify” the Jurchens in order to deal with its problems with Yuan remnants along its northern border. The Ming solidified control only under Yongle Emperor (1402–1424).
Manchuria during the Ming Dynasty
The Ming Empire took control of Liaoning in 1371, just three years after the expulsion of the Mongols from Beijing. During the reign of the Yongle Emperor in the early 15th century, efforts were made to expand Chinese control throughout entire Manchuria. Mighty river fleets were built in Jilin City , and sailed several times between 1409 and ca. 1432, commanded by the eunuch Yishiha down the Sungari and the Amur all the way to the mouth of the Amur , getting the chieftains of the local tribes to swear allegiance to the Ming rulers.
Soon after the death of the Yongle Emperor the expansion policy of the Ming was replaced with that of retrenchment in southern Manchuria (Liaodong). Around 1442, a defence wall was constructed to defend the northwestern frontier of Liaodong from a possible threat from the Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan. In 1467-68 the wall was expanded to protect the region from the northeast as well, against attacks from Jianzhou Jurchens . Although similar in purpose to the Great Wall of China , this “Liaodong Wall” was of a simpler design. While stones and tiles were used in some parts, most of the wall was in fact simply an earthen dike with moats on both sides.
A Jurchen man hunting from his horse, from a 15th century ink and color painting on silk.
Starting in the 1580s, a Jianzhou Jurchens chieftain Nurhaci (1558–1626), originally based in the Hurha River valley northeast of the Ming Liaodong Wall, started to unify Jurchen tribes of the region. Over the next several decades, the Jurchen (later to be called Manchu), took control over most of Manchuria, the cities of the Ming Liaodong falling to the Jurchen one after another. In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself a khan , and founded the Later Jin Dynasty (which his successors renamed in 1636 to Qing Dynasty ).
Manchuria within the Qing Dynasty
See also: Russian–Manchu border conflicts
In 1644, the Manchus took Beijing , overthrowing the Ming Dynasty and soon established the Qing Dynasty rule (1644–1912) over all of China.
To the south, the region was separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade , a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han Chinese into Manchuria during the Qing Dynasty, as the area was off-limits to the Han until the Qing started colonising the area with them later on in the dynasty’s rule. This movement of the Han Chinese to Manchuria is called Chuang Guandong . The Manchu area was still separated from modern-day Inner Mongolia by the Outer Willow Palisade, which kept the Manchu and the Mongols in the area separate.
Loss of “Outer Manchuria”
Main article: Amur Annexation
To the north, the boundary with Russian Siberia was fixed by the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) as running along the watershed of the Stanovoy Mountains . South of the Stanovoy Mountains, the basin of the Amur and its tributaries belonged to the Qing Empire . North of the Stanovoy Mountains, the Uda Valley and Siberia belonged to the Russian Empire . In 1858, a weakening Qing Empire was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia under the Treaty of Aigun ; however, Qing subjects were allowed to continue to reside, under the Qing authority, in a small region on the now-Russian side of the river, known as the Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River .
In 1860, at the Treaty of Peking , the Russians managed to obtain a further large slice of Manchuria, east of the Ussuri River .
As a result, Manchuria was divided into a Russian half known as “ Outer Manchuria ”, and a remaining Chinese half known as “Inner Manchuria”. In modern literature, “Manchuria” usually refers to Inner (Chinese) Manchuria. (cf. Inner and Outer Mongolia ). As a result of the Treaties of Aigun and Peking, China lost access to the Sea of Japan .
Forty years later, during the Boxer Rebellion , Russian soldiers killed ten-thousand Chinese (Manchu, Han Chinese and Daur people) living in Blagoveshchensk and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River .
Russian and Japanese encroachment
See also: Chinese Eastern Railway and South Manchurian Railway
By the 19th century, Manchu rule had become increasingly sinicized and, along with other borderlands of the Qing Empire such as Mongolia and Tibet , came under the influence of European powers such as Britain which nibbled at Tibet, France at Hainan and Germany at Shandong . Meanwhile the Russian Empire encroached upon Turkestan and Outer Mongolia , having annexed Outer Manchuria.
Picture of Manchurian Plague victims in 1910-1911
Inner Manchuria also came under strong Russian influence with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok . Some poor Korean farmers moved there. In Chuang Guandong many Han farmers, mostly from Shandong peninsula moved there.
Japan replaced Russian influence in the southern half of Inner Manchuria as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905. Most of the southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway (the section from Changchun to Port Arthur (Japanese: Ryojun)) was transferred from Russia to Japan, and became the South Manchurian Railway . In this series of historical events, Jiandao (in the region bordering Korea), was handed over to Qing Dynasty as a compensation for the South Manchurian Railway .
Between both world wars ( WW1 / WW2 ), Manchuria became a political and military battleground. Japanese influence extended into Outer Manchuria in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 , but Outer Manchuria had reverted to Soviet control by 1925. Japan took advantage of the disorder following the Russian Revolution to occupy Outer Manchuria, but Soviet successes and American economic pressure forced Japanese withdrawal.
In the 1920s Harbin was flooded with 100,000 to 200,000 Russian white émigrés fleeing from Russia. Harbin held the largest Russian population outside of the state of Russia (see Harbin Russians ).
Manchuria was (and still is) an important region for its rich mineral and coal reserves, and its soil is perfect for soy and barley production. For pre–World War II Japan, Manchuria was an essential source of raw materials. Without occupying Manchuria, the Japanese probably could not have carried out their plan for conquest over Southeast Asia or taken the risk to attack Pearl Harbor on the 7th of December, 1941.
Japanese invasion and Manchukuo
Main articles: Japanese invasion of Manchuria and Manchukuo
Around the time of World War I , Zhang Zuolin established himself as a powerful warlord with influence over most of Manchuria. He was inclined to keep his Manchu army under his control and to keep Manchuria free of foreign influence. The Japanese tried to kill him in 1916 by throwing a bomb under his carriage, but failed. The Japanese finally succeeded on June 2, 1928, when a planted bomb exploded under his seven-carriage train a few miles from Mukden station.
Following the Mukden Incident in 1931 and the subsequent Japanese invasion of Manchuria , Inner Manchuria was proclaimed as an independent state, Manchukuo . The last Manchu emperor, Puyi , was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese puppet government in the Wei Huang Gong , better known as “Puppet Emperor’s Palace”. Inner Manchuria was thus detached from China by Japan to create a buffer zone to defend Japan from Russia’s Southing Strategy and, with Japanese investment and rich natural resources, became an industrial domination. However, under Japanese control Manchuria was one of the most brutally run regions in the world, with a systematic campaign of terror and intimidation against the local Russian and Chinese populations including arrests, organised riots and other forms of subjugation. The Japanese also began a campaign of emigration to Manchukuo; the Japanese population there rose from 240,000 in 1931 to 837,000 in 1939 (the Japanese had a plan to bring in 5 million Japanese settlers into Manchukuo). Hundreds of Manchu farmers were evicted and their farms given to Japanese immigrant families. Manchukuo was used as a base to invade the rest of China, an action that was very costly to Japan in terms of the damage to men, matériel and political integrity.
At the end of the 1930s, Manchuria was a trouble spot with Japan, clashing twice with the Soviet Union. These clashes – at Lake Khasan in 1938 and at Khalkhin Gol one year later – resulted in many Japanese casualties. The Soviet Union won these two battles and a peace agreement was signed. However, the regional unrest endured.
After World War II
After the atomic bombing of Hiroshima , Japan in 1945, the Soviet Union invaded from Soviet Outer Manchuria as part of its declaration of war against Japan. From 1945 to 1948, Inner Manchuria was a base area for the Chinese People’s Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War . With the encouragement of the Soviet Union, Manchuria was used as a staging ground during the Chinese Civil War for the Communist Party of China , which emerged victorious in 1949.
Soviet soldiers in Harbin
During the Korean War of the 1950s, 300,000 soldiers of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army crossed the Sino-Korean border from Manchuria to repulse UN forces led by the United States from North Korea .
(Courtesy of Peter H) http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=967
In the 1960s, Manchuria’s border with the Soviet Union became the site of the most serious tension between the Soviet Union and China . The treaties of 1858 and 1860 , which ceded territory north of the Amur, were ambiguous as to which course of the river was the boundary. This ambiguity led to dispute over the political status of several islands. This led to armed conflict in 1969, called the Sino-Soviet border conflict .
A motorized column in the Japanese advance into Jehol 1933 Courtesy of Peter H)
With the end of the Cold War , this boundary issue was discussed through negotiations. In 2004, Russia agreed to transfer Yinlong Island and one half of Heixiazi Island to China , ending an enduring border dispute. Both islands are found at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, and were until then administered by Russia and claimed by China. The event was meant to foster feelings of reconciliation and cooperation between the two countries by their leaders, but it has also provoked different degrees of dissent on both sides. Russians, especially Cossack farmers of Khabarovsk , who would lose their ploughlands on the islands, were unhappy about the apparent loss of territory. Meanwhile, some Chinese have criticised the treaty as an official acknowledgement of the legitimacy of Russian rule over Outer Manchuria , which was ceded by the Qing Dynasty to Imperial Russia under a series of Unequal Treaties , which included the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Convention of Peking in 1860, in order to exchange exclusive usage of Russia’s rich oil resources. The transfer was carried out on October 14, 2008.
Infantry during the Japanese advance into Jehol 1933 (Courtesy of Peter H)
War crimes in Manchukuo
War crimes in Manchukuo were committed during the rule of the Empire of Japan in northeast China , either directly, or through its puppet state of Manchukuo , from 1931 to 1945. Various war crimes have been alleged, but have received comparatively little historical attention.
Opium poppy harvest in northern Manchukuo
Legal basis
Although the Empire of Japan did not sign the Geneva Conventions , which have provided the standard definition of war crimes since 1864, the crimes committed fall under other aspects of international and Japanese law. For example, many of the alleged crimes committed by Japanese personnel broke Japanese military law , and were not subject to court martial , as required by that law.Japan also violated signed international agreements, including provisions of the Treaty of Versailles such as a ban on the use of chemical weapons , and the Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) , which protect prisoners of war (POWs).
Japanese infantry in winter uniforms in Manchuria 1933 (Courtesy of Peter H)
The Japanese government also signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1929), thereby rendering its actions in 1937-45 liable to charges of crimes against peace , a charge that was introduced at the Tokyo Trials to prosecute “Class A” war criminals. “Class B” war criminals were those found guilty of war crimes per se, and “Class C” war criminals were those guilty of crimes against humanity . The Japanese government also accepted the terms set by the Potsdam Declaration (1945) after the end of the war. The declaration alluded, in Article 10, to two kinds of war crime: one was the violation of international laws, such as the abuse of prisoners of war ; the other was obstructing “ democratic tendencies among the Japanese people” and civil liberties within Japan.
(Courtesy of Peter H)
In Japan, the term “Japanese war crimes” generally only refers to cases tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East , also known as the Tokyo Trials, following the end of the Pacific War . However, the tribunal did not prosecute war crimes allegations involving mid-ranking officers or more junior personnel. Those were dealt with separately in trials held in China and in the Soviet Union after the surrender of Japan .
Japanese armored cars in Manchuria 1931
(Courtesy of Peter H)
Revisionist historians have contested that such crimes occurred. Right-wing nationalist groups in Japan dismiss some of the alleged war crimes as lies, or anti-Japanese propaganda , made or being made by the People’s Republic of China to justify its occupation of Manchuria , and to place modern Japan in a negative light for modern political and foreign policy purposes.
Crimes
Human experimentation
Unit 731
Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army
Description
Shiro Ishii , commander of Unit 731
Unit 731 was based at the Pingfang district of Harbin , the largest city in the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo (now Northeast China ).
More than 10,000 people from which around 600 every year were provided by the Kempeitai —were subjects of the experimentation conducted by Unit 731.
More than 95% of the victims who died in the camp based in Pingfang were Chinese and Korean, including both civilian and military. The remaining 5% were South East Asians and Pacific Islanders, at the time colonies of the Empire of Japan , and a small number of the prisoners of war from the Allies of World War II .
According to the 2002 International Symposium on the Crimes of Bacteriological Warfare, the number of people killed by the Imperial Japanese Army germ warfare and human experiments is around 580,000. According to other sources, the use of biological weapons researched in Unit 731’s bioweapons and chemical weapons programs resulted in possibly as many as 200,000 deaths of military personnel and civilians in China.
(Courtesy of Peter H)
Many of the scientists involved in Unit 731 went on to prominent careers in post-war politics, academia, business, and medicine. Some were arrested by Soviet forces and tried at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials ; others surrendered to the American Forces.
(Courtesy of Peter H)
On 6 May 1947, Douglas MacArthur , as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces , wrote to Washington that “additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as ‘War Crimes’ evidence.” [7] The deal was concluded in 1948.
Formation
In 1932, General Shirō Ishii (石井四郎 Ishii Shirō), chief medical officer of the Japanese Army and protégé of Army Minister Sadao Araki was placed in command of the Army Epidemic Prevention Research Laboratory. Ishii organized a secret research group, the “Tōgō Unit”, for the conduct of various chemical and biological investigations in Manchuria.
(Courtesy of Peter H)
Unit Tōgō was implemented in the Zhongma Fortress , a prison/experimentation camp in Beiyinhe, a village 100 km (62 mi) south of Harbin on the South Manchurian Railway . A jailbreak in autumn 1934 and later explosion (believed to be an attack) in 1935 led Ishii to shut down Zhongma Fortress. He received the authorization to move to Pingfang, approximately 24 km (15 mi) south of Harbin, to set up a new and much larger facility.
(Courtesy of Samuel A)
In 1936, Hirohito authorized, by imperial decree, the expansion of this unit and its integration into the Kwantung Army as the Epidemic Prevention Department. It was divided at the same time into the “Ishii Unit” and “Wakamatsu Unit” with a base in Hsinking . From August 1940, all these units were known collectively as the “Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army (関東軍防疫給水部本部)” or “Unit 731” (満州第731部隊) for short.
Activities
The test subjects were selected to give a wide cross section of the population and included common criminals, captured bandits and anti-Japanese partisans, political prisoners , and also people rounded up by the Kempetai for alleged “suspicious activities”. They included infants, the elderly, and pregnant women.A special project code-named Maruta used human beings for experiments. Test subjects were gathered from the surrounding population and were sometimes referred to euphemistically as “logs” (丸太 maruta ? ). This term originated as a joke on the part of the staff because the official cover story for the facility given to the local authorities was that it was a lumber mill.
Vivisection
Prisoners of war were subjected to vivisection without anesthesia. Vivisections were performed on prisoners after infecting them with various diseases. Scientists performed invasive surgery on prisoners, removing organs to study the effects of disease on the human body. These were conducted while the patients were alive because it was feared that the decomposition process would affect the results. The infected and vivisected prisoners included men, women, children, and infants.
Prisoners had limbs amputated in order to study blood loss. Those limbs that were removed were sometimes re-attached to the opposite sides of the body. Some prisoners’ limbs were frozen and amputated, while others had limbs frozen then thawed to study the effects of the resultant untreated gangrene and rotting.
Some prisoners had their stomachs surgically removed and the esophagus reattached to the intestines . Parts of the brain , lungs , liver , etc. were removed from some prisoners.
In 2007, Doctor Ken Yuasa testified to the Japan Times that, “I was afraid during my first vivisection, but the second time around, it was much easier. By the third time, I was willing to do it.” He believes at least 1,000 people, including surgeons, were involved in vivisections over mainland China.
Weapons testing
Human targets were used to test grenades positioned at various distances and in different positions. Flame throwers were tested on humans. Humans were tied to stakes and used as targets to test germ-releasing bombs , chemical weapons , and explosive bombs .
Germ warfare attacks
Prisoners were injected with inoculations of disease, disguised as vaccinations , to study their effects. To study the effects of untreated venereal diseases , male and female prisoners were deliberately infected with syphilis and gonorrhea , then studied.Prisoners were infested with fleas in order to acquire large quantities of disease-carrying fleas for the purposes of studying the viability of germ warfare
Plague fleas, infected clothing, and infected supplies encased in bombs were dropped on various targets. The resulting cholera , anthrax , and plague were estimated to have killed around 400,000 Chinese civilians. Tularemia was tested on Chinese civilians.
Unit 731 and its affiliated units (Unit 1644, Unit 100, et cetera) were involved in research, development, and experimental deployment of epidemic-creating biowarfare weapons in assaults against the Chinese populace (both civilian and military) throughout World War II. Plague-infested fleas, bred in the laboratories of Unit 731 and Unit 1644, were spread by low-flying airplanes upon Chinese cities, coastal Ningbo in 1940, and Changde , Hunan Province, in 1941. This military aerial spraying killed thousands of people with bubonic plague epidemics.
Other experiments
Prisoners were subjected to other torturous experiments such as being hung upside down to see how long it would take for them to choke to death, having air injected into their arteries to determine the time until the onset of embolism , and having horse urine injected into their kidneys.
Other incidents include being deprived of food and water to determine the length of time until death, being placed into high-pressure chambers until death, having experiments performed upon prisoners to determine the relationship between temperature, burns, and human survival, being placed into centrifuges and spun until dead, having animal blood injected and the effects studied, being exposed to lethal doses of x-rays , having various chemical weapons tested on prisoners inside gas chambers, being injected with sea water to determine if it could be a substitute for saline and being buried alive .
Biological warfare
Japanese scientists performed tests on prisoners with plague , cholera , smallpox , botulism , and other diseases. [21] This research led to the development of the defoliation bacilli bomb and the flea bomb used to spread the bubonic plague . [22] Some of these bombs were designed with ceramic ( porcelain ) shells, an idea proposed by Ishii in 1938.
These bombs enabled Japanese soldiers to launch biological attacks, infecting agriculture, reservoirs, wells, and other areas with anthrax , plague-carrier fleas, typhoid , dysentery , cholera , and other deadly pathogens. During biological bomb experiments, scientists dressed in protective suits would examine the dying victims. Infected food supplies and clothing were dropped by airplane into areas of China not occupied by Japanese forces. In addition, poisoned food and candies were given out to unsuspecting victims and children, and the results examined.
Known Unit members
Divisions
Unit 731 was divided into eight divisions:
Division 1: Research on bubonic plague , cholera , anthrax , typhoid and tuberculosis using live human subjects. For this purpose, a prison was constructed to contain around three to four hundred people.
Division 2: Research for biological weapons used in the field, in particular the production of devices to spread germs and parasites.
Division 3: Production of shells containing biological agents. Stationed in Harbin.
Division 4: Production of other miscellaneous agents.
Division 5: Training of personnel.
Divisions 6–8: Equipment, medical and administrative units.
Facilities
One of the buildings is open to visitors
The Unit 731 complex covered six square kilometers and consisted of more than 150 buildings. The design of the facilities made them hard to destroy by bombing. The complex contained various factories. It had around 4,500 containers to be used to raise fleas , six cauldrons to produce various chemicals, and around 1,800 containers to produce biological agents. Approximately 30 kg of bubonic plague bacteria could be produced in several days.
Some of Unit 731’s satellite facilities are in use by various Chinese industrial concerns. A portion has been preserved and is open to visitors as a War Crimes Museum.
Tons of biological weapons (and some chemicals) were stored in various places in northeastern China throughout the war. The Japanese attempted to destroy evidence of the facilities after disbanding. Twenty-nine people were hospitalized in August 2003 after a construction crew in Heilongjiang inadvertently dug up chemical shells that had been buried deep in the soil more than 50 years before.
Anda testing site
This site was an open air testing area about 120 km (75 mi) from the Pingfang facility.
Hsinking (Changchun) HQ
Headquarters of “Wakamatsu Unit” (Unit 100), under command of veterinarian Yujiro Wakamatsu . This facility dedicated itself to both the study of animal vaccines to protect Japanese resources, and, especially, veterinary biological-warfare. Diseases were tested for use against the Soviet and Chinese horses and other livestock . In addition to these tests, Unit 100 ran a bacteria factory to produce the pathogens needed by other units. Biological sabotage testing was also handled at this facility: everything from poisons to chemical crop destruction.
Peking (Peiping) HQ
This HQ served as the headquarters of Unit 1855 . It was also an experimental branch unit based at Tsinan , Shantung . Pandemic diseases were extensively studied at this facility.
Nanking HQ
This section was the headquarters of the “Tama Unit” ( Unit Ei 1644 ) and conducted extensive joint projects and operations with Unit 731.
Kwangtung (Canton) HQ
The headquarters of the “Nami Unit” (Unit 8604). This installation conducted human experimentation in food and water deprivation as well as water-borne typhus . In addition, this facility served as the main rat-farm for the medical units to provide them with bubonic plague vectors for experiments.
Syonan (Singapore) HQ
Formed in 1942, by Ryoichi Naito , Unit 9420 had approximately 1,000 personnel based at the Raffles Medical University . The unit was commanded by Major General Kitagawa Masataka and supported by the Japanese Southern Army Headquarters.
There were two main sub units: the “Kono Unit”, which specialized in malaria , and “Umeoka Unit”, which dealt with the plague. In addition to disease experiments, this facility served as one of the main rat catching and processing centers. Evidence points toward this facility supplying a medical sub-unit operating in Thailand , with diseases for unknown operations and or experiments.
Hiroshima HQ
A top secret factory in Ōkunoshima produced chemical weapons for the Japanese military and medical units. Starting with mustard gas production in 1928, the factory moved on to such poisons as Lewisite , and Cyanogen . During the 1930s, as the war in China grew worse, the island the factory sat on was removed from most maps to strengthen secrecy and security.Manchuria HQ (Unit 200)
This unit was associated directly with Unit 731, and worked mainly in plague research.
Manchuria HQ (Unit 571)
This section, with unknown headquarters, was another unit that worked directly and extensively with Unit 731.
Shinjuku
A medical school and research facility belonging to Unit 731 operated in Shinjuku, Tokyo during World War II. In 2006, Toyo Ishii—a nurse who worked at the school during the war—revealed that she had helped bury bodies and pieces of bodies on the school’s grounds shortly after Japan’s surrender in 1945. In response, in February 2011 the Ministry of Health began to excavate the site.
China has requested DNA samples from any human remains discovered at the site. The Japanese government—which has never officially acknowledged the existence of Unit 731—has rejected the request.
Special Mobile Teams
Special units led by Shirō Ishii’s elder brother and only staffed with members from Ishii’s home town operated separately from the regular medical organizations as roving researchers and trouble shooters .
Special Operations units
Units with special and unknown assignments in Manchuria and the Asian mainland. It has been suggested that nuclear weapons research was conducted in Manchuria toward the end of the war by this branch.
Disbanding and the end of World War II
Information sign at the site today.
Operations and experiments continued until the end of the war. Ishii had wanted to use biological weapons in the Pacific conflict since May 1944, but his attempts were repeatedly foiled by poor planning and Allied intervention.
With the Russian invasion of Manchukuo and Mengjiang in August 1945, the unit had to abandon their work in haste. The members and their families fled to Japan.
Ishii ordered every member of the group “to take the secret to the grave”, threatening to find them if they failed, and prohibiting any of them from going into public work back in Japan. Potassium cyanide vials were issued for use in the event that the remaining personnel were captured.
Skeleton crews of Ishii’s Japanese troops blew the compound up in the final days of the war to destroy evidence of their activities, but most were so well constructed that they survived somewhat intact as a testimony to what had happened there.
After Imperial Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945, Douglas MacArthur became the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers , rebuilding Japan during the Allied occupation . MacArthur secretly granted immunity to the physicians of Unit 731 in exchange for providing America with their research on biological warfare . American occupation authorities monitored the activities of former unit members, including reading and censoring their mail. The U.S. believed that the research data was valuable. The U.S. did not want other nations, particularly the Soviet Union, to acquire data on biological weapons .
The Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal heard only one reference to Japanese experiments with “poisonous serums” on Chinese civilians. This took place in August 1946 and was instigated by David Sutton, assistant to the Chinese prosecutor. The Japanese defense counselor argued that the claim was vague and uncorroborated and it was dismissed by the tribunal president, Sir William Webb , for lack of evidence. The subject was not pursued further by Sutton, who was likely aware of Unit 731’s activities. His reference to it at the trial is believed to have been accidental.
Although publicly silent on the issue at the Tokyo trials, the Soviet Union pursued the case and prosecuted twelve top military leaders and scientists from Unit 731 and its affiliated biological-war prisons Unit 1644 in Nanjing, and Unit 100 in Changchun, in the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials . Included among those prosecuted for war crimes including germ warfare was General Otozo Yamada , the commander-in-chief of the million-man Kwantung Army occupying Manchuria.
Although most victims of unit 731 were Chinese, other victims were American POWs, British, Russian and other nationalities. [29] The trial of those captured Japanese perpetrators was held in Khabarovsk in December 1949.
A lengthy partial transcript of the trial proceedings was published in different languages the following year by a Moscow foreign languages press, including an English language edition: Materials on the Trial of Former Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1950). (French language: Documents relatifs au procès des anciens Militaires de l’Armée Japonaise accusés d’avoir préparé et employé l’Arme Bactériologique / Japanese language: 細菌戦用兵器ノ準備及ビ使用ノ廉デ起訴サレタ元日本軍軍人ノ事件ニ関スル公判書類 / Chinese language: 前日本陸軍軍人因準備和使用細菌武器被控案審判材料)
This book remains an invaluable resource for historians on the organization and activities of the Japanese biological warfare “death factory” lab-prisons. The lead prosecuting attorney at the Khabarovsk trial was Lev Smirnov , who had been one of the top Soviet prosecutors at the Nuremberg Trials .
After World War II, the Soviet Union built a biological weapons facility in Sverdlovsk using documentation captured from Unit 731 in Manchuria.
The Japanese doctors and army commanders who had perpetrated the Unit 731 atrocities and germ warfare experiments received sentences from the Khabarovsk court ranging from two to 25 years in a Siberian labor camp .
Some former members of Unit 731 became part of the Japanese medical establishment. Dr. Masaji Kitano led Japan’s largest pharmaceutical company , the Green Cross . Others headed U.S.-backed medical schools or worked for the Japanese health ministry. Shirō Ishii moved to Maryland to work on bio-weapons research.
Chemical and biological weapons
According to historians Yoshiaki Yoshimi and Seiya Matsuno, Emperor Hirohito authorized the use of chemical weapons in China.Furthermore, “tens of thousands, and perhaps as many 200,000, Chinese died of bubonic plague , cholera , anthrax and other diseases…”, resulting from the use of biological warfare . Although there is no record of chemical or biological weapons in Manchukuo itself, these weapons of mass destruction were partly researched, produced, and stockpiled in Manchukuo by the Kwangtung Army .
Forced labor
The Japanese military’s use of forced labor also caused many deaths. According to a joint study of historians Zhifen Ju, Mitsuyochi Himeta, Toru Kubo and Mark Peattie , more than 10 million Chinese civilians were mobilized for forced labor in Manchukuo under the supervision of the Kōa-in .
Forced laborers were often assigned work in dangerous conditions without adequate safety precautions. The world’s deadliest mine disaster , at Benxihu Colliery , occurred in Manchukuo.
Human rights violations
Arrest of civilians without due cause by the local Manchukuo police or Japanese authorities.
Torture of prisoners in regular penal or military jails.
Disappearances and Extrajudicial execution of political opponents
Preferential civil rights for Japanese subjects over other nationalities.
Forced land appropriations either with or without legal orders in favour of Japanese citizens or private and government companies.
Use of criminal gangs for robbery and intimidation of political opposition
Drug trafficking
In 2007, an article by Reiji Yoshida in the Japan Times argued that the Japanese investments in Manchukuo were partly financed by selling drugs . According to the article, a document claimed to have been found by Yoshida directly implicated the Kōa-in in providing funds to drug dealers in China for the benefit of the puppet governments of Manchukuo, Nanjing and Mongolia. This document corroborates evidence analyzed earlier by the Tokyo tribunal which stated that
“
Japan’s real purpose in engaging drug traffic was far more sinister than even the debauchery of Chinese people. Japan, having signed and ratified the opium conventions, was bound not to engage in drug traffic, but she found in the alleged but false independence of Manchukuo a convenient opportunity to carry on a worldwide drug traffic and cast the guilt upon that puppet state (…) In 1937, it was pointed out in the League of Nations that 90% of all illicit white drugs in the world were of Japanese origin…
”
Main article: Khabarovsk War Crime Trials
In late 1949, numerous members of the former Kwantung Army who had been captured in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria were convicted in connection with the activities of Unit 731, and related units for their connections with crimes against humanity and the use of chemical and biological weapons.
Tokyo Trials
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East convicted a number of high Japanese officials in connection with the invasion of Manchuria , establishment of Manchukuo and with conspiracy to wage aggressive war against China . Those convicted to death with strong connections to Manchukuo included senior officers in the Kwantung Army Hideki Tōjō , Akira Muto , Seishirō Itagaki and Kenji Doihara .
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The Manchurian Incident, the League of Nations and the Origins of the Pacific War. What the Geneva archives reveal
December 1, 2007
Volume 5 | Issue 12 | Number 0
The Manchurian Incident, the League of Nations and the Origins of the Pacific War. What the Geneva archives reveal
Yoshizawa Tatsuhiko
At 9:18 p.m. on Sept. 18 of this year, I was standing in front of the Sept. 18 History Museum in Shenyang, China. It was raining. A siren went off. It sounded like the wailing of a fire engine.
On this day each year, Shenyang holds a ceremony to mark the anniversary of a military crackdown against the city's unsuspecting citizens by the Imperial Japanese Army. This year was the 76th anniversary of that event.
Japanese forces swiftly overran a vast area of northeastern China. The annual ceremony seeks to keep this memory alive. It is also serves as a prayer for peace.
The wailing of the siren, reminiscent of an air-raid alert, lasted three minutes. High school students, soldiers and armed police officers all turned out for the ceremony and stood rigidly at attention in the rain.
Two days later, I was in the nearby city of Fushun to attend a symposium on the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). There, I had the unexpected pleasure of meeting Zhang Lushi, a 45-year grandson of Zhang Zuolin, who was known in the English-speaking world as the Warlord of Manchuria until his assassination by Japanese agents three years before the Manchurian Incident.
Zhang Zuolin
Zhang told me the organizers of the symposium had asked him to attend. His uncle, Zhang Xueliang, was Zhang Zuolin's son. He became the effective ruler of Manchuria and much of northeastern China after his father's assassination, but remained exiled from his domain after the Manchurian Incident.
In 1949, he was transferred to Taiwan, where all other members of the Zhang clan also relocated.
Zhang Lushi, too, did not return to his ancestral city of Shenyang until May this year. According to Lushi, his uncle was reluctant to talk about the past. However, he often mentioned to family members that he "could never figure out what the Japanese thought about the Chinese people."
The year after the Kwantung Army (see Fact File) staged the Manchurian Incident, the League of Nations sought to investigate the cause from an objective standpoint and try to resolve the Sino-Japanese conflict. The international body dispatched a commission to China, headed by Victor Bulwer-Lytton, the second Earl of Lytton.
The commission put together what is known as the Lytton Report, which portrayed Japan in a very different light from what most Japanese citizens believed at the time. As a result, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations, and became increasingly xenophobic and hostile toward the West.
What sort of people did Lytton meet in China? What were the stories he heard, and what did he see? To find answers, I decided to retrace his footsteps in China.
Communist Party the greater enemy
Why did the League of Nations send the Lytton Commission to China in the first place? At the time of the Manchurian Incident, the top priority of Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist government, whose capital was Nanking (now called Nanjing), was to eliminate the Communist Party as the "arch enemy" at home, rather than stand up to the invading Japanese army. Chiang immediately appealed to the League of Nations to deal with the Japanese invasion, thereby putting the problem in the international arena.
March 1932, Lytton Commission at Yasukuni Shrine. Lytton is second left
For the League of Nations that was born after World War I, the Manchurian Incident represented the first major international conflict. Japan was a permanent member of the Council, which effectively controlled the world body. China had only become a nonpermanent member four days before the Manchurian Incident. In other words, the positions of Japan and China were in reverse of what they are today in the United Nations Security Council, where China is a permanent member and Japan is not.
According to the Lytton Report, the team arrived in Japan in February 1932. Usui Katsumi, professor emeritus at the University of Tsukuba, notes in his book that the Lytton Commission met with Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshiand other top government officials in Tokyo and heard them out.
Army Minister Araki Sadao is quoted as stating candidly: "Japan cannot accommodate its growing population in its small territory. Japan has to seek the resources it needs from the Asian continent ... . I doubt that China has a legitimate government. My personal belief is that China cannot be regarded as a unified, civilized nation."
In China, the team met with Chiang and other top Nanking officials, and then moved on to Beiping (present-day Beijing), where they were met by Zhang Xueliang and others. Zhang, who had been driven out of Manchuria, hosted a welcoming reception and gave an impassioned speech.
Zhang Xueliang
"Ethnically, politically and economically, the Three Northeastern Provinces (Manchuria) are an integral part of China," Zhang asserted. "The true cause of the conflict is that Japan has become jealous of China for moving toward unification. Japan is trying to seize the Three Northeastern Provinces."
Was China capable of national unification? On this point, the Chinese and the Japanese disagreed completely.
Denied contact
Lytton was most interested in, but also had the hardest time, talking to ordinary citizens of Manchuria to hear their stories. This was because the Japanese government and its puppet, Manchukuo, prevented the Lytton Commission from coming in contact with the citizenry on the pretext of ensuring the safety of the team members. The Lytton Report notes to the effect that meetings with citizens "were always conducted amid extreme difficulties and in secret."
How did the citizens approach Lytton and his team and what did they tell them? Wang Jianxue, a curator at the Sept. 18 History Museum, gave me a name: Gong Tianmin, a banker who was in Fengtian (present-day Shenyang) at the time.
According to Wang, more than 100,000 citizens of Fengtian fled to Beiping and other cities. But Gong stayed put, and began organizing a resistance movement against the invading Japanese. He organized Christian youths into a volunteer army, and urged them to write letters to the Lytton Commission.
The Lytton Report actually mentions that many letters were received from students and young people who refused to recognize Manchukuo.
In July 2005, the Shenyang Evening News, a local daily, ran a story about Gong's activities, based on an interview with his son, Gong Quoxian. The article says that when Gong and his eight partners learned of the imminent arrival of the Lytton Commission, he determined to tell the members that the Manchurian Incident had been planned and executed by the Japanese, and that the new Manchurian regime was a puppet of the Japanese government. To substantiate his accusations, Gong secretly collected material evidence and compiled the information into a booklet. Titled "Truth," the booklet was entrusted to the safekeeping of an English clergyman residing in Shenyang. The clergyman, in turn, invited Lytton to dinner at his home and handed him the booklet. The article also notes that the clergyman and Lytton happened to be related.
Is this story accurate? When I asked Wang, he replied, "It's a familiar story, but its historic authenticity has not been verified. And we haven't confirmed what happened to the booklet, either."
I asked a third party to arrange an interview with Gong Quoxian, but the request was turned down for reasons that were never quite clear to me. Feeling at a loss, I pinned my last hope on the library at the United Nations Office in Geneva, where archival materials concerning the League of Nations are kept.
"Did Lytton really receive 'Truth'?" I inquired at the library. Two days later, the library responded to the effect that the booklet had been located among League-related materials.
League of Nations Headquarters, Geneva
Bound in the style of a photo album with its front cover lined with blue fabric, the booklet was encased in a bag made of matching fabric. On the bag, the word "Truth" was embroidered in pink.
The booklet contains 75 information items, and some of the more prominent among them are titled as follows:
(1) List of names of innocent citizens who were shot by Japanese soldiers after Sept. 18, 1931;
(2) List of rewritten and deleted passages in school textbooks; and
(3) Letters censored by the Japanese military police.
Attached to the booklet was a 27-page typewritten letter in English explaining each item. Some of these pieces of evidence were obtained at great personal risk, the letter notes, and goes on to describe the premeditated nature of the Liutiaohu Incident and the subsequent Japanese violation of Chinese sovereignty, as well as the Japanese military's role in the establishment of Manchukuo.
The dynamiting of a section of the Japanese-owned South Manchuria Railway was used as a pretext for Japan's armed invasion, the letter states. The founding of Manchukuo was directed and manipulated by the Japanese, it adds.
The letter concludes with this desperate plea: Please remember that more than 95 percent of the Manchurian population is Chinese. The Chinese people desire to remain Chinese, and will do so forever.
All nine people who participated in the compilation of this booklet signed their names and identified their professions. However, the booklet I saw was missing all parts pertaining to anything that might suggest their identities. Perhaps they were removed by the League of Nations to protect their safety.
Chinese national sentiment rises
The Lytton Commission received 1,550 letters while it was in Manchuria. According to the Lytton Report, "all but two letters" were vehemently hostile toward the Japanese and the "new Manchurian government."
The report concluded to the effect: Having carefully examined the evidence, presented at official and private meetings as well as through letters and statements, we have concluded that the 'new Manchurian government' is perceived by the Chinese people as a puppet of the Japanese government, and that it does not have the support of the Chinese public. As for the operations of the Japanese Army, the report refuted the Japanese claim of self-defense.
Sensing that the Lytton Report was not going to be in its favor, Japan proclaimed Manchukuo as an independent state in September 1932 just days before the report was released. The following year, Japan was the sole voice of dissent when the League of Nations adopted a resolution against recognition of Manchukuo's statehood. Its permanent Council membership notwithstanding, Japan withdrew from the League.
With the number of Chinese people who lived through the Manchurian Incident diminishing every year, I asked a local historian in Shenyang to find a survivor, and was introduced to Zhao Lizhi. At 95, he was living in a home for the elderly.
Born and raised in the northernmost province of Heilongjiang, Chao was an impoverished tenant farmer at the time of the Manchurian Incident. "We all felt the Guomindang had abandoned us northeasterners," he recalled. The year after the incident, he said, Japanese soldiers came to his village. Zhao joined a local resistance movement against the Japanese, and eventually became a guerrilla fighter.
Participating in anti-Japanese activities awakened a sense of national identity in the Chinese people. Bu Ping, director of the Institute of Modern History at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, noted: "The Chinese awareness of their own national identity, which began to bud around the time of the Opium War, surged with the September 18 Incident and remained strong throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Manchurian Incident served as the cue for the Chinese to unite."
Zhang Xueliang (1901-2001)
The eldest son of Zhang Zuolin (1875-1928), Zhang Xueliang, inherited his father's "Warlord of Manchuria" mantle upon the latter's assassination at the hands of the Japanese military in 1928, and declared his support for the Guomindang nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek.
In 1936, Zhang put Chiang under house arrest in an attempt to get him to discontinue his policy of nonresistance against the Japanese and fighting the communists. Chiang's physical confinement resulted in the Guomindang and the Communist Party forming a united front against the Japanese military. Zhang, however, would be put under house arrest and eventually transferred to Taiwan in 1949.
Lytton Commission
The Lytton Commission was dispatched by the League of Nations to investigate the Manchurian Incident. Headed by Victor Bulwer-Lytton, a former British governor of Bengal and son of a former Viceroy of India, the commission consisted of five members representing Britain, the United States, France, Germany and Italy. The Lytton Commission toured Japan and China from February 1932, and compiled the Lytton Report in autumn of that year. The commission refuted the Japanese claim that Manchukuo was a result of a spontaneous independence movement. But it also took Japan's interests into consideration and proposed the creation of an autonomous government under the auspices of the League of Nations, with Japan playing a central role.
The world in the 1920s
International society in the 1920s gave rise to a cooperative order known as the Washington System. The League of Nations was established in hopes of bringing international disputes to negotiated settlements.
The early years of the decade saw the signing of several treaties at the Washington Naval Conference. Among them were the Five-Power Treaty that limited the naval capabilities of its five signatories, and the Nine-Power Treaty that affirmed China's sovereignty and territorial integrity.
In 1928, the war-renouncing Pact of Paris, also known as the Kellogg-Briand Pact, was signed in the French capital.
Meanwhile, the Soviet Union and communism--the outcome of the 1917 Russian Revolution--were perceived as threats by the Imperial Japanese Army.
Then came the Great Depression of 1929. Yamamuro Shinichi, a Kyoto University professor, notes in his book that in 1931, it was a common practice among Japanese farmers to sell their daughters. Also that year, the ranks of undernourished children swelled, while labor disputes spiked to a pre-World War II record level amid rampant joblessness in cities.
The following year, family suicides occurred with unprecedented frequency, and the nation's suicide rate registered a record high, based on statistics on causes of death that were first compiled in 1900.
These desperate economic and social circumstances formed a backdrop to the creation of Manchukuo in 1932.
Fact File: Manchurian Incident
The Manchurian Incident was the starting point of Japan's invasion of northeastern China (Manchuria) and Inner Mongolia. By a narrow definition, the duration of the "incident" spans from the dynamiting of the South Manchurian Railway near Liutiaohu on Sept. 18, 1931, to the conclusion of the Tangku cease-fire treaty on May 31, 1933. By a broader definition, it went on until the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of July 7, 1937, that triggered the all-out, so-called Eight-Year War. In China, the Manchurian Incident is referred to as the September 18 Incident.
To avoid being accused of violations of international law and war-renouncing treaties, the Japanese government of the time obtained Cabinet approval to refer to the military operations in Manchuria as jihen (incident), not war proper.
As spoils of its victory in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), Japan had come into possession of Lushun and Dalian as leased territories, as well as control over the South Manchuria Railway. These holdings were referred to as "special rights and interests," and Japan valued them greatly. When a move to regain them surged in China, Japan's Kwantung Army, which was permanently stationed in Manchuria, blew up a section of the South Manchurian Railway near Liutiaohu in suburban Fengtian (present-day Shenyang), and passed it off as a sabotage by the Chinese military to justify the invasion of Manchuria. This was the Liutiaohu Incident.
The Kwantung Army sought to seize control of Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia. But as the top brass of the Imperial Japanese Army did not approve, the government created the puppet regime of Manchukuo, installing Pu Yi, the last Qing emperor, as its nominal ruler.
Pu Yi
Fact File: Kwantung Army
The Kwantung Army was a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army stationed permanently in the Kwantung Leased Territory on the Liaodong Peninsula, where Lushun and Dalian are situated. Kwantung means "east of Shanhaiguan," an area at the eastern end of the Great Wall of China.
The unit was originally established to defend the Kwantung Leased Territory and the Japanese-controlled South Manchurian Railway. It was reorganized in 1919 and came to be called the Kwantung Army.
Until the Manchurian Incident in 1931, the army was a little over 10,000-strong. The Kwantung Army was responsible for planning the assassination of Zhang Zuolin as well as orchestrating the Liutiaohu Incident. After the Manchurian Incident, the troop strength was reinforced to suppress anti-Japanese resistance and engage in campaigns to invade northern China and Inner Mongolia. The notorious 731 Unit, which conducted human experiments to develop chemical weapons, was a unit of the Kwantung Army.
Kwantung Army soldiers in the field
Tokyo's Shin-Okubo district in Shinjuku Ward is a melting pot of Asian cultures. The streets echo to the sounds of Korean, Chinese, Mongolian, Vietnamese, Thai and Malaysian with smells of traditional foods emanating from ethnic restaurants that line the streets. One is run by a native of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in northeastern China, where the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo was established decades ago.
Ho Soodong, 43, a visiting researcher at Hitotsubashi University, took me to the restaurant, saying it offers a taste of his hometown. Ho's father moved to Yanbian from southern Korea with his family in 1938, when he was 8 years old.
In Korea, a Japanese colony at the time, many farmers were deprived of their land, causing them financial distress. They had no choice but to cross the border to seek new horizons in northeastern China. The move was accelerated by Japan's immigration policy, which aimed to bolster its presence in Manchuria.
Two things crossed my mind while I was talking with Ho, whose specialty is studying Korean settlers in Manchuria. I began to ponder the historical ties between Manchukuo and former Japanese colonies such as Korea and Taiwan. I also wondered about the link between Manchukuo and modern-day Japan, as symbolized by the Shin-Okubo district's cultural mix.
Japan has a rising population of foreign residents--as if to make up for the nation's shrinking population and declining birthrates. Japan had 2.085 million foreign residents from 188 countries as of the end of 2006, up nearly 50 percent from a decade earlier. The figure accounts for 1.6 percent of the overall population. With people from so many cultural backgrounds co-existing, I thought there were lessons to be learned from Manchukuo's failed policy of Gozoku Kyowa.
The slogan advocated by Imperial Japan literally translates as five races living in harmony. In Manchukuo's case, they were Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Korean and Japanese. When I asked Ho for his view, he said people should regard this period of history based on the recognition that Gozoku Kyowa was an outright "lie."
I flew to Changchun, which went by the Japanese-designated name of Hsinking when it was the capital of Manchukuo. The city resembles a virtual theme park of living history. It is dotted with buildings that Japan erected based on grand city planning during the Manchukuo era. Many of the imposing structures are still used as universities, hospitals and other facilities.
The building that housed the former State Council, the supreme organ of the Manchukuo government, is a mix of traditional Western and Chinese architectural styles. It looks like the Diet building in Tokyo.
I was particularly surprised when I saw the magnificent building in the city center that had served as the command of the Kwantung Army. One look was enough to make me realize that Japan had ruled over Manchukuo. That is because the building resembles a Japanese castle. Today, it is occupied by the Chinese Communist Party's Jilin province committee, the supreme authority of this region. It clearly shows how power changed hands.
I then met Zhang Zhiqiang, 55, an official at the provincial archives, whose job is to organize and store documents on the military police and other organs during the Manchukuo era. When I asked why the committee is using the building of an aggressor instead of razing it, Zhang cited two reasons.
First, the building was still relatively new when Manchukuo collapsed following Japan's defeat in World War II in 1945. The structure was built by Chinese even though it was designed by Japanese. "It was natural (for the Chinese people) to use what they had built with their own blood and sweat," Zhang said.
The second reason is that the building has been preserved for the purpose of providing "patriotic education" to young Chinese. "Things that date back to the time when China was invaded--if left as they used to be--can serve as a living testimony to history," Zhang said.
14 years of occupation
Visitors to the building are indeed reminded of the fact that they are standing on land that used to be Manchukuo. A metal plaque on the facade notes that it is a historic site of Wei Manzhouguo (false Manchukuo). I wondered about the use of the word "false" since the structure is a solid relic of Manchukuo.
In China, the period from the Manchurian (Mukden) Incident in 1931 to the collapse of Manchukuo in 1945 is called the 14 years of Dongbei Lunxian, or occupation of northeastern China. The term connotes the period of Chinese people's humiliation at having their land and dignity trampled on by Japanese aggressors.
Twenty years ago, a project got under way to document the history of Japanese occupation of northeastern China. I visited the Jilin Provincial Academy of Social Sciences to meet with Sun Jiwu, 81, who serves as the project's editor in chief. "False Manchukuo means not recognizing Manchukuo," he said. "It is a country established by Japan, the country which took our land."
Under the Manchukuo regime, Chinese children were required to study the Japanese language from elementary school. Sun remembers that his teacher called him an "idiot" and hit him when he could not distinguish the pronunciations of the Japanese words tabako (tobacco) and tamago (egg). Teachers did not reprimand Japanese pupils even when they beat Chinese children. The children were also segregated during morning assembly.
Sun said he thought Gozoku Kyowa was a joke and his antipathy toward Japan kept growing.
From the late 1980s to the late 1990s, Sun and his colleagues interviewed more than 100 farmers who lived in communities where Japanese settlers arrived during the Manchukuo era. The interviews uncovered the agony of Chinese farmers who were deprived of their land by the Imperial Japanese Army. The farmers had no choice but to flee to the mountains and reclaim barren wasteland or to work as tenant farmers under Japanese settlers, many of whom were also poor.
Sun said they, too, were victims of Japanese aggression and that some of them had friendly relations with Chinese farmers. But he added: "Generally speaking, the Japanese had a sense of superiority. They believed they were a superior race and thought the Chinese were inferior."
Such a mentality was symbolized by the way students were required to bow in the direction of the Imperial Palace each day. First, they had to bow in the direction of Tokyo, where Emperor Hirohito, posthumously known as Emperor Showa, lived, and then in the direction of the palace where the Manchukuo emperor resided. Even schoolchildren understood that Manchukuo was a Japanese puppet state because of the order in which they observed the ritual.
Ho, the Hitotsubashi University researcher, was born in China's Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture near the border with North Korea. It was chilly at the airport in the prefectural capital of Yanji, and the city's cold must have been hard on people who came from southern Korea during the Manchukuo period. Still, the Korean population in the region rose after Korea became a Japanese colony and, in particular, after the establishment of Manchukuo.
Sun Chunri, 49, director of the Institute of Nationalities at Yanbian University, said there were two groups of Korean immigrants. They were either people who fled their native land because they detested Japanese colonial rule or had been stripped of their land because they failed to present ownership certificates in a land survey launched by Japanese authorities, or for some other reasons. In either case, Japan's colonial policy played a key role in accelerating the movement.
While Korean immigration to northeastern China can be traced back to the 17th century, it gained momentum after Japan established supremacy in the region. According to Sun, the number of Koreans topped 1 million by the Manchurian Incident and peaked at 2.3 million during the Manchukuo era. He said many Koreans hoped to try their luck after Japan established Manchukuo and launched a campaign to promote the notion of Odo Rakudo (paradise of benevolent government) in Korea.
"Despite strong anti-Japanese sentiment, many Koreans had developed a sense of resignation that they were no match for Japan," Sun said. "Some Koreans, meanwhile, came to develop a sense of superiority as they were treated like Japanese."
In 1936, Japan started a planned immigration policy. The plan called for moving 1 million Japanese farming households over a 20-year period to raise the number of Japanese immigrants to 10 percent of Manchuria's overall population. The government failed to recruit enough Japanese to achieve the target and tried to encourage 10,000 Korean households to settle each year.
Anti-Japanese movements
At the same time, the Japanese military had a hard time controlling movements among Koreans against Manchukuo and Japan. The military kept Korean farmers in secluded hamlets to prevent them from developing contact with anti-Japanese elements.
Monuments dedicated to anti-Japanese fighters can be found across the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. They are a testament to the intensity of Japanese oppression and the large number of people who fell victim to it.
Jin Zhezhu, 58, a prefectural museum researcher, said the region has a 38-year history of anti-Japanese movements because they started in 1907, when Japan opened a branch of its resident general of Korea.
Taiwanese in Manchuria
Just as Korea was linked to Manchuria because it was a Japanese colony, Taiwan also developed ties with northeastern China.
Hsu Hsueh-chi (Xu Xueji), 54, who heads Academia Sinica's Institute of Taiwan History in Taipei, has since the 1990s conducted research on Taiwanese who lived in Manchuria. When she studied the February 28, 1947, massacre of residents by the Guomindang government and the oppression that followed, Hsu noticed that many victims had returned from Manchuria.
Researchers on Japanese colonial rule had focused on Taiwanese who joined the Guomindang in Chongqing in southwestern China but not on those who went to Manchuria, she said. When she gathered information on some 700 people who lived in Manchuria, Hsu was impressed with the large number of doctors involved. Graduates of the Manchuria medical college alone topped 100, followed by government employees.
Hsu said many Taiwanese went to Manchuria where they were treated equally as Japanese and could play active roles in society. "Taiwan at the time had few institutes of higher education," she said. "Landing jobs was not easy, and there was a wide gap in wages between Taiwanese and Japanese workers." In addition, many young people went to Manchuria because they admired Xie Jieshi, a Taiwan native who became Manchukuo's first foreign minister, according to Hsu.
Hsu interviewed some 50 people who had returned from Manchuria, but they were reluctant to talk. The returnees feared for their safety because Xie Jieshi was labeled a "traitor to China" after World War II. One of those Hsu interviewed was Li Shuiqing, who was among the first graduates of Kenkoku University (national foundation university), Manchukuo's highest institution of learning.
Li, 89, said he was passionate about the ideal of Gozoku Kyowa when he entered the school. It had Korean, Russian and Mongolian students in addition to Japanese and Chinese. Li spent six years living with them in a dormitory. "I still retain close ties with old students who are like my brothers," he said in fluent Japanese.
Li was poor, and the tuition-free Kenkoku University was like a dream come true. The school not only paid for meals and other living expenses but also provided students with an allowance. While it was common in Manchukuo for Japanese to eat rice and for Chinese to sup on gaoliang grain, students at the dormitory ate the same meals in protest against such discrimination. Looking back on his experience, Li said that Kenkoku University entered a period of turmoil around 1940 in its third year and eventually collapsed.
The Kwantung Army cracked down on dissidents at the end of 1941, when Japan entered into war against the United States and Britain. Some Kenkoku University students were arrested and died in prison.
During the Guomindang government's crackdown on Taiwanese residents in 1947, Li's junior in school was killed. While Li himself spent 2 1/2 years in prison, he believes he was fortunate to have attended Kenkoku University. "I was able to learn to see things from different viewpoints because I went to school with people of different nationalities," he said.
But that was inside the school walls. Outside, Manchukuo was full of inconsistencies.
Manchukuo and the Myth of Gozoku Kyowa
A Chinese official was installed as the top administrator in name only. Real power was in the hands of the Japanese. To begin with, Manchukuo had no nationality law. Legally, Manchukuo citizens did not exist.
Li said there was no need for a nationality law because Japan had planned to annex Manchukuo. If Li's reasoning is correct, it should not be surprising that Manchukuo developed ties with Taiwan and Korea, which were already Japanese colonies.
In interviews for this story, many people used the term, a "sense of superiority," in reference to Japanese people they came across during the Manchukuo era. With such a "sense" on the Japanese side, it is little wonder that the slogan of Gozoku Kyowa ended in a lie.
How should we build a modern society to live in harmony with people of different races? In searching for an answer, I realized that I need to reflect on whether deep down I, too, look down on foreign people and cultures.
Fact File: Pu Yi
Pu Yi (1906-1967), or Emperor Xuantong, was the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty. His family name was Aisin-Gioro. He ascended to the throne in 1908, when he was 2 years old, and abdicated in 1912, following the Xinhai Revolution.
Pu Yi was held by Japanese military forces during the Manchurian Incident and installed as leader of Manchukuo when it was established in 1932. He was crowned emperor of Manchukuo two years later, taking the name Emperor Kangde.
Pu Yi was captured by the Soviet Union after Japan's defeat in World War II. He was convicted of being a war criminal in China in 1950 but was granted special pardon in 1959. In his autobiography, Pu Yi wrote: "The Kwantung Army was like a high-voltage power source, and I was like a motor that reacted with precision and alacrity."
Fact File: Manchukuo
Manchukuo was established in northeastern China in 1932 on land Japan occupied as a result of the Manchurian Incident the year before. It is generally accepted that Manchukuo was a Japanese puppet state, with Pu Yi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, as the token ruler. The Qing Dynasty was founded by the Manchus.
The Kwantung Army, or the Imperial Japanese Army based in Manchuria, thought it could avoid international criticism against Manchukuo if it installed Pu Yi, a Manchu, as head of state. But the League of Nations refused to recognize Manchukuo as such.
Manchukuo was recognized by only about 20 countries, including Germany and Italy, Japan's allies in World War II, and Thailand, Burma and other countries that were under Japanese control during the Pacific War.
Manchukuo covered an area of 1.3 million square kilometers, about 3.4 times the size of present-day Japan. The state extended over what is now the three northeastern Chinese provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang as well as parts of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and Hebei province.
Its population increased to 42 million by 1940, up from 30 million at the time it was established. Chinese accounted for about 90 percent of the total population, followed by Koreans and Mongolians. Japanese formed a minority of only about 2 percent. Some 230,000 Japanese civilians lived there when Manchukuo was established. The number had risen to 1.55 million by the time Japan was defeated in World War II. Of them, more than 200,000 died during repatriation.
More than 600,000 Japanese soldiers and civilian settlers, who were mobilized by the army immediately before Japan's defeat, were detained by the Soviet Union and were sent to Siberia. More than 60,000 of them died in internment.
Fact File: Gozoku Kyowa and Odo Rakudo
Imperial Japan used these two slogans both at home and abroad as ideals of Manchukuo, with the propaganda particularly aimed at inspiring Japanese.
Gozoku Kyowa, which called for the five races of Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Korean and Japanese to live in harmony, was initially advocated by members of the Federation of Youth in Manchuria, which was organized by civilian Japanese residents in Manchuria. Its leaders included Ozawa Kaisaku, the father of conductor Ozawa Seiji.
Japanese residents represented less than 1 percent of the total population when Manchukuo was established. Anti-Japanese sentiment grew among the Han, who accounted for an overwhelming majority of residents. Under such circumstances, the Japanese had no other choice but to advocate "harmony."
Odo Rakudo calls for building a paradise in which all people can live happily under "benevolent government," instead of oppressive rule enforced by military power. Still, Japan advocating this ideal was a paradox from the start because it established Manchukuo by force.
This is a slightly abbreviated version of a two-part article that appeared in the International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shinbun on November 30,2007. Posted at Japan Focus on December 1, 2007.
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The bronze sculpture "La Danaide" was created in 1885 by Auguste Rodin. It is originated in a time when Rodin has elevated the nude of resting women to a cardinal theme of his artistic work. Rodin originally designed the sculpture for his famous work & ...
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Classic Styled Lovers Sculpture Entitled The Kiss Inspired by The Great Artist Auguste Rodin - A Great Gift Idea
Classic Styled Lovers Sculpture Entitled The Kiss Inspired by The Great Artist Auguste Rodin - A Great Gift Idea ...
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NUDE Lovers STATUETTE 'le baiser' by Auguste Rodin - The Kiss FIGURINE Ornament
A TASTEFUL AND SENSUAL ART FIGURINE of a Nude Couple Entitled " 'le baiser " by Auguste Rodin (The Kiss) Lovely proportions and sculpting. A Reproduction Miniature Figurine with a Faux Marble Finish. Made from Cold Cast Resin. Makes a Perfect Gift. ...
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Classic Styled Lovers Antique Bronze Effect Sculpture Entitled The Kiss Inspired by The Great Artist Auguste Rodin - A Great Gift Idea
Classic Styled Lovers Sculpture Entitled The Kiss Inspired by The Great Artist Auguste Rodin - A Great Gift Idea ...
Shipping: 4,75 GBP
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Cold Cast Bronze Hands Romantic Sculpture Inspired by THE CATHEDRAL By Great Sculptor Auguste Rodin, A Great Bronze Anniversary Present or Wedding Gift
This is a superb reproduction sculpture inspired by an original bronze statue by Auguste Rodin. The Cathedral is a pair of uplifted clasping hands curved in the shape of a Gothic cathedral arch. French sculptor Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) carved it in stone in 1 ...
| The Kiss |
The historical theme park Puy du Fou is in which European country? | Robert Doisneau: The story behind his famous 'Kiss' - CSMonitor.com
Robert Doisneau: The story behind his famous 'Kiss'
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Robert Doisneau, who would have been 100 today, is the subject of the latest Google doodle.
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French photographer Robert Doisneau, who is being feted with a Google Doodle Monday, is renowned for his work depicting everyday moments in the life of Parisians. One of his most famous photos, “Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville (The Kiss by the Hôtel de Ville ),” a picture of a couple kissing that has graced thousands of postcards and posters, seems to be the epitome of his spontaneous style.
However, after it became a classic photo – forever associated with Paris and romance – it provoked lawsuits, including one that cast the photo’s serendipity in a new light.
The photo was taken by Doisneau in 1950 for Life Magazine after Doisneau was instructed to get shots of couples in Paris for a spread. Its popularity erupted years later, when a publisher asked Doisneau in 1986 if he could use the photo for a poster and Doisneau allowed it.
Recommended: In Pictures Google Doodles you'll never see
At least one couple incorrectly believed themselves to be the two seen embracing in Doisneau’s photo. Jean and Denise Lavergne told him so over lunch one day. At the time, Doisneau said nothing to disprove their statement. Still believing themselves to be the couple, the Lavergnes sued Doisneau for more than $18,000, claiming that he had used their likenesses without permission. A second suit came around the same time from a woman named Françoise Delbart (who now goes by her married name of Françoise Bornet). She sued the photographer in 1993 for a share of future sales and an additional $3,773.
Photos of the Day Photos of the Day 01/17
Because of the two lawsuits, Doisneau revealed that the picture had in fact been staged after he had seen Ms. Bornet and Jacques Carteaud kissing and asked them if they could do it again for a photo. Doisneau then photographed Bornet and Carteau, both hopeful actors, in three different locations, which included the final location of near the Hôtel de Ville. After they posed, Doisneau gave Bornet a print of the photo with his stamp and signature.
Courts dismissed the claims of both the Lavergnes and Bornet in 1993, saying that the photo couldn’t be used to positively identify anyone in it.
Bornet auctioned her print of the photo in 2005, where it was sold for the equivalent of $242,000.
“The photo was posed,” Bornet said in an interview with French media. “But the kiss was real.”
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Which neighbourhood in Manhattan, New York is also known as Clinton and Midtown West? | Rose Associates in New York NY
520 West 43rd Street
Apartments Starting From $2,654
Hell's Kitchen, also known as Clinton and Midtown West, is a neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City located between 34th Street in the south, 59th Street in the north, Eighth Avenue in the east and the Hudson River to the west. The area provides transportation, hospital and warehouse infrastructure support to the Midtown Manhattan business district.
| Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan |
Laparoscopic, or minimally invasive surgery, is more commonly known by what name? | New York Habitat Blog : Midtown West
April 8th, 2013
Hell’s Kitchen’s skyline and its Midtown West skyscrapers
When you’re planning a trip to New York City, chances are you’ll want to stay in Manhattan. In Manhattan you will find many of New York’s famous attractions and landmarks such as the Empire State Building, Times Square and Central Park. Manhattan is also home to various Universities and is the financial center of the city. So if you’re coming to New York to study, do an internship, or work; Manhattan is the place to be.
However, it can sometimes be difficult too find affordable accommodation in a residential neighborhood in Manhattan. But there are some neighborhoods that are an exception and which manage to combine all the best of Manhattan: great apartments, fantastic restaurants and a thriving cultural life. Hell’s Kitchen in Midtown Manhattan is such a neighborhood. In this article, we’ll introduce you to Hell’s Kitchen and paint you a picture of what it is like to live in this great neighborhood of the best city in the world! Read the entire story here…»
January 14th, 2013
New York City’s Times Square at dusk
Times Square in New York City is perhaps the most famous square in the whole world. It’s certainly been estimated Times Square is the world’s most visited tourist attraction. When you visit Times Square in Midtown Manhattan it’s easy to see why: tourists from all over the globe come to marvel at the neon billboards, see a famous musical, go shopping in the area and soak up the unique Times Square vibe.
In this article, we’ll tell you a little bit about the history of Times Square, and give you tips on what to see and do to make the most of your trip to the iconic New York City square! Read the entire story here…»
June 30th, 2011
Bryant Park at night
Warm weather, as regular readers of New York Habitat may already be aware, is when New Yorkers like to do everything al fresco, whether it’s enjoying a fine dinner or listening to a concert. So why shouldn’t moviegoing be part of the open-air fun?
Long an established tradition in midtown, with the beloved Bryant Park festival (see below), outdoor movies are now more popular than ever in New York City, with new series seeming to crop up every summer. It’s understandable, because when the weather co-operates, seeing a movie outside, on the big screen, and for free, is among the high points of urban existence. The following are some of the best-known outdoor film series in the city – give one a try and see if you aren’t convinced. Read the entire story here…»
December 27th, 2010
MOMA
With the holiday season over, the tourists have gone home and New York is a lot less crowded—which means there’s no better time to come visit and take in a blockbuster museum exhibition. No exhibit currently on view is more rooted in the city than the Museum of Modern Art’s Abstract Expressionist New York, a sweeping survey that showcases the generation of artists who made New York City the center of the international art world in the 1950s. Several of the biggest names in twentieth-century art appear in the show, such as Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Willem de Kooning, Barnett Newman, and Lee Krasner, among others.
These artists’ vast, color-saturated canvases can be an ideal antidote to a gray winter day, so you really owe it to yourself to come see them in person, and not reproduced in the pages of a book or online.
Most art lovers associate the Abstract Expressionist movement almost exclusively with painting. But what’s revelatory about the MoMA show is that it includes sculptures, prints, drawings, photographs, and archival materials that demonstrate how the movement encompassed several diverse media, while also giving viewers a historical context for what this group of artists accomplished. Taken entire, Abstract Expressionist New York spreads out over several floors of MoMA—so you may just want to plan not one but two or maybe even three visits to appreciate the whole thing. Read the entire story here…»
Hello, I’m David Hill from New York Habitat. After taking us to Times Square, our Video Tour “All Along Broadway” will lead us to Columbus Circle, one of the most famous spot in New York City !
Running the length of Manhattan from its southern tip known as Bowling Green to the northern part of the city, Broadway crosses many neighborhoods and creates “squares” when it crosses the streets that run east to west along the way.
This famous stretch of road has many attractions, different parks and areas along the way, but we have been dividing the road into smaller sections, beginning in the south and moving north, making it easier to gain the full perspective. Be sure to check out the other videos of the “All Along Broadway” Series that we have already posted.
Video Tour of Columbus Circus (5:12)
History
Broadway is the oldest street in the city. Originally it was a trail used by the Native Americans who lived here and later it was used by the Dutch settlers to travel to the northern forests to hunt. Read the entire story here…»
Hello, this is David Hill from New York Habitat. Today we are going to continue our tour along Broadway, one of the most famous avenues in New York City. In the last episode of our “All Along Broadway” Video Tour, we showed you Madison & Herald Square in Midtown Manhattan . We will now be showing you Times Square!
Running the length of Manhattan and continuing into the Bronx, Broadway crosses through many of New York City ’s neighborhoods. Broadway runs diagonally north and intersects with most avenues. Along its path, it creates many “squares”, some of which are triangular in shape.
Video Tour of Times Square (5:50)
As should be expected, there is much to see along such a famous stretch of road. But have no fear! We have been visiting different areas along the way, breaking each down and making it easier to take in all of the information. Our next stop will be Times Square!
History
Broadway is the oldest street in the city. It was used first by the Native Americans and then by early Dutch settlers as a path to the northern forests to hunt, gather and fish. Read the entire story here…»
Video Tour of Madison & Herald Squares in Midtown Manhattan – “All Along Broadway”
July 23rd, 2010
Hello, I’m David Hill from New York Habitat. In today’s video tour, we will continue our stroll along Broadway. After the 2010 New York Dance Parade, topic of the last episode of our “All Along Broadway” Video Tour , our next stop will be in Midtown Manhattan at Madison & Herald Squares!
Broadway is one of the most famous roads in the world. It runs the length of Manhattan, from its southern tip to the northern tip of the island and continues in the Bronx, crossing many of Manhattan’s neighborhoods.
Broadway runs diagonally northwest and intersects with most of New York City ’s Avenues, creating several “squares”, many in a triangular shape. Its diagonal layout has also created some triangular shaped buildings, like the Flatiron building.
There are many interesting things to see along this famous stretch of road, so we’re going to split Broadway into a few sections in order to take a closer look.
Video Tour of Madison & Herald Squares in Midtown Manhattan (6:51)
History
The oldest “street” in New York City, Broadway was originally used as a trail by the Native Americans who lived here; later Broadway was used by the Dutch settlers to travel to the northern forests to hunt. Read the entire story here…»
November 16th, 2007
Times Sqaure New York
Famed for being the gritty scene of mobster crimes and their illegal activities, the Hell’s Kitchen neighborhood, within the Midtown West and Chelsea districts, is now a thriving, diverse and fast-paced complement to the New York City Midtown area. In the 90s Hell’s Kitchen was rebranded as Clinton to give it a more friendly feel. As the epicenter of business and entertainment, Midtown is the heart of New York . Located directly to the west, Clinton is an accessible and lively neighborhood to rent an apartment within the big city action.
About Clinton / Hell’s Kitchen
Roughly spanning between 43rd Street and 57th Street and from Eighth Avenue to the Hudson River, Hell’s Kitchen is a vast area bordered by many famous New York City landmarks and locations. To the north, just above 57th Street, is the Upper West Side neighborhood and the west side entrance to Central Park. Marking the southern border of Clinton is Madison Square Garden, to which Chelsea, another famed New York City neighborhood, is found below. Read the entire story here…»
They say the neon lights are bright on Broadway.
They say there’s always magic in the air.
~George Benson
Times Square, New York needs no introduction to entice. Over 26 million people visit Times Square a year to marvel at the bright lights, larger than life advertisements, and bustling crowds. Unbeknownst to many, besides being a business and tourist district, the Times Square neighborhood is also home to several palatial high-rises. New York Habitat has several accommodations available in Midtown West , right on Broadway.
Penthouse: What a View
If a penthouse view of Broadway and Times Square isn’t luxury, then we do not know what is. This one-bedroom apartment (NY-12092) features a small, private balcony off of the bedroom, providing a bird’s eye view of the Times Square action.
This one-bedroom (NY-12046) luxury apartment available in the same building does not have a private balcony. It does, however, have floor to ceiling windows in common with the penthouse apartment. Occupying the entirety of one wall, the windows allow for the multi-colored lights of Times Square to fill the room, while also keeping out all of the noise. Read the entire story here…»
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Tom Verlaine, Billy Ficca, Fred Smith and Jimmy Rip are all members of which US rock band, originally formed in New York in 1973? | Television (band) - iSnare Free Encyclopedia
Television (band)
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
(December 2014)
(L-R) Ficca, Verlaine, Smith, Lloyd
Background information
New York City, New York, United States
Genres
1973–1978, 1991–1993, 2001–present
Labels
Television is an American rock band, and considered influential in the development of punk and alternative music . [4] [5] [6] Television was formed in New York City in 1973 by Tom Verlaine and Richard Hell .
Television was an early fixture of CBGB and the 1970s New York rock scene . Although they recorded in a stripped-down, guitar -based manner similar to their punk contemporaries, the band's music was by comparison clean, improvisational, and technically proficient, drawing influence from avant-garde jazz and 1960s rock. [4] [7] The group's debut album, Marquee Moon , is often considered one of the defining releases of the punk era.
Contents
History
Early history and formation
Television's roots can be traced to the teenage friendship between Tom Verlaine and Richard Hell . The duo met at Sanford School in Hockessin, Delaware , from which they ran away. [8] Both moved to New York, separately, in the early 1970s, aspiring to be poets. [9]
Their first group together was the Neon Boys , consisting of Verlaine on guitar and vocals, Hell on bass and vocals and Billy Ficca on drums. [10] The group lasted from late 1972 to late 1973. A 7-inch record featuring "That's All I Know (Right Now)" and "Love Comes in Spurts" was released in 1980. [11]
In late 1973 the group reformed, calling themselves Television and recruiting Richard Lloyd as a second guitarist. Their first gig was at the Townhouse Theatre, on March 2, 1974. [12] Their manager, Terry Ork , persuaded CBGB owner Hilly Kristal to give the band a regular gig at his club, [13] where they reportedly constructed their first stage. After playing several gigs at CBGB in early 1974, [14] they played at Max's Kansas City and other clubs, returning to CBGB in January 1975, [12] where they established a significant cult following.
Departure of Richard Hell and debut release
Initially, songwriting was split almost evenly between Hell and Verlaine; Lloyd being an infrequent contributor as well. [15] However, friction began to develop as Verlaine, Lloyd and Ficca became increasingly confident and adept with both instruments and composition, while Hell remained defiantly untrained in his approach. Verlaine, feeling that Hell's frenzied onstage demeanor was upstaging his songs, reportedly told him to "stop jumping around" during the songs[ citation needed ] and occasionally refused to play Hell's songs, such as " Blank Generation ", in concert. This conflict, as well as one of their songs being picked up by Island Records , led Hell to leave the group and take some of his songs with him. [16] He co-founded the Heartbreakers in 1975 with former members of the New York Dolls Johnny Thunders and Jerry Nolan , later forming Richard Hell and the Voidoids . [17] Fred Smith , briefly of Blondie , replaced Hell as Television's bassist. [18]
Television made their vinyl debut in 1975 with "Little Johnny Jewel" (Parts One and Two), a 7-inch single on the independent label Ork Records, owned by their manager, Terry Ork. Richard Lloyd apparently disagreed with the selection of this song, preferring "O Mi Amore" for their debut, to the extent that he seriously considered leaving the band. [19] Reportedly Pere Ubu guitarist Peter Laughner auditioned for his spot during this time. [20]
Marquee Moon, Adventure and break-up (1977–78)
Verlaine circa 1978.
Television's first album, Marquee Moon , was received positively by music critics and audiences and entered the Billboard 200 albums chart – it also sold well in Europe and reached the Top 30 in many countries there. Upon its initial release in 1977, Roy Trakin wrote in the SoHo Weekly "forget everything you've heard about Television, forget punk , forget New York, forget CBGB's ... hell, forget rock and roll—this is the real item." [21] Critics have since ranked the album number 83 on cable music channel VH1 's 2000 list of the 100 Greatest Albums of Rock and Roll and number 128 on Rolling Stone 's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . It was ranked number two in Uncut magazine's "100 Greatest Debut Records" and number 3 on Pitchfork Media 's list of the best albums of the 1970s. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic writes that the album was "revolutionary" and composed "entirely of tense garage rockers that spiral into heady intellectual territory, which is achieved through the group's long, interweaving instrumental sections." [22]
Television's second album, Adventure , was recorded and released in 1978. [23] [24] Softer and more reflective than their debut album, Adventure was well received by critics despite modest sales.
The members' independent and strongly held artistic visions, along with Richard Lloyd's drug abuse, led to the band's break-up in July 1978. Both Lloyd and Verlaine pursued solo careers, while Ficca became the drummer for the new wave band The Waitresses . [25]
Reformation (1992–present)
Television reformed in 1992, released an eponymous third album and have performed live sporadically thereafter. [26] Since being wooed back on stage together for the 2001 All Tomorrow's Parties festival at Camber Sands , England, they've played a number of dates around the world and continue to perform on an irregular basis.
In 2007, Richard Lloyd announced he would be amicably leaving the band after a midsummer show in New York City's Central Park . [27] Due to an extended hospital stay recovering from pneumonia, he was unable to make the Central Park concert. Jimmy Rip substituted for him that day, and was subsequently asked to join the band full-time in Lloyd's place. On July 7, 2011, the new lineup performed at the Beco 203 music festival in São Paulo, Brazil. [28] In an MTV Brazil Television interview, the band confirmed that an album with about ten new tracks was close to being finished.[ citation needed ]
Musical style and influences
As with many emerging punk bands, the Velvet Underground was a strong influence. [29] Television also drew inspiration from minimalist composers such as Steve Reich .[ citation needed ] Tom Verlaine has often cited the influence of surf bands the Ventures and Dick Dale to Television's approach to the guitar, and he has also expressed a fondness for the bands Love and Buffalo Springfield , two groups noted for their dual-guitar interplay. Television's ties to punk were underscored by their late '60s garage rock leanings, as the band often covered the Count Five 's " Psychotic Reaction " and the 13th Floor Elevators ' "Fire Engine" in concert. [30]
Lester Bangs heard in Television's music the influence of Quicksilver Messenger Service , noting a similarity between Verlaine's guitar playing and that of John Cipollina . [31] Tom Verlaine has downplayed the comparison, citing the Ventures as a more apt reference point. [32]
Though Verlaine and Lloyd were nominally " rhythm " and " lead " guitarists, they often rendered such labels obsolete by crafting interlocking parts, where the ostensible rhythm role could be as intriguing as the lead. Al Handa writes, "In Television's case, Lloyd was the guitarist who affected the tonality of the music more often than not, and Verlaine and the rhythm section the ones who gave the ear its anchor and familiar musical elements. Listen only to Lloyd, and you can hear some truly off the wall ideas being played." [33] The opening of the song " Marquee Moon " from the album of the same name displays the band's characteristic interlocking melodic and rhythmic guitar lines.
Members
| Television |
Which item of floor covering is slang for a small wig worn by men to cover a bald spot? | Television Tour Dates, Concerts & Tickets – Songkick
See all past concerts (273)
Biography
Rising out of the 1970s art-punk scene of New York, US, centred around the infamous CBGB nightclub, Television were one of the most creative and innovative bands of the period.
Beginning life as the Neon Boys in the early 70s, the group took new shape in 1973, with Tom Verlaine (guitars/vocals), Billy Ficca (drums) and Richard Hell (bassist), joining forces with Richard Lloyd (guitar), renaming themselves Television. After a year of developing the band's chemistry, they began to perform live in New York City, US, building a significant fan base.
In 1974, the band recorded some early demos with Brian Eno for Island Records. However, the label decided not to pursue the band further. Shortly after this, Richard Hell left the band to begin a solo career, joining with the Voidoids and releasing his debut album, "Blank Generation" in 1977. Hell was replaced with ex-Blondie bassist Fred Smith, with Television building a large underground following with their EP release "Little Johnny Jewel."
The band released their debut album in 1977, titled "Marquee Moon," with the album selling poorly initially but it gained significant momentum in the UK, reaching number 28 in the album charts. They also scored a top 40 single with "Prove It," appealing to British punk fans and helping to aid the rising popularity of the post-punk sound. Television also supported Blondie on their tour of that year, helping spread awareness of the band's music.
Television returned in 1978 with their second album, "Adventure," which fared better in the US than their debut, yet it still failed to make as many inroads as they had achieved in the UK. Again, the album was successful there, becoming a Top Ten hit. After the album release, the band split up, following solo careers which gained critical acclaim but little commercial success.
After 14 years, the band reunited in 1991, releasing a new album for Capitol Records, with the self-titled record continuing the band's trademark sound. However, again the group went on hiatus, not returning until a comeback performance at the 2001 All tomorrow's Parties Festival in England. Following this performance, the band continued to tour and perform at shows intermittently, with the Verlaine/Lloyd/Smith/Ficca lineup remaining together semi-permanently although not recording any new material.
Despite only releasing three studio albums, Television were hugely influential, helping to create the sound of 90s indie rock, with their chiming guitars and expansive musical vocabulary heard in the likes of R.E.M, as well as leading the way for British post-punk of the 80s, influencing bands like The Fall. "Marquee Moon" is widely considered as one of the greatest albums of all time, voted no. 128 on Rolling Stone's 2003 list of the 'Greatest 500 Albums of All Time."
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Live reviews
Although part of the original New York City punk scene of the 1970s, Television had a unique sound that set them apart from their peers. The interplay between Tom Verlaine's airy, ethereal intricate guitar noodling and Richard Lloyd's skronking and heavier counterpoint created a dynamic tension that few bands before or since could touch.
Still touring today with three of four original members (ace Blondie session guitarist Jimmy Rip ably fills Richard Lloyd's hard-rocking shoes on second guitar alongside Verlaine), the band performs almost all the material from their legendary 1978 album Marquee Moon in its entirety. That includes a thrilling 14-minute version of the famous title track, a song that comes as close to marrying jazz, prog rock, and punk as any band ever has. Thankfully the band sprinkles in material from their second record and their very underrated 1992 self-titled “comeback” album as well. In fact “Call Mr. Lee” is a setlist high point.
As it ever has been, the joy of Television is seeing Tom Verlaine—a true original—play guitar. His inimitable style stands front and center at any Television show, especially now with Lloyd having taken a break from touring with the group. At recent live shows, the band has also performed a smattering of new material that sounds fantastic. Verlaine frequently announces these songs as being part of an in-progress record, so fans hopefully have that to look forward to as well.
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Which English football club play their home games at Proact Stadium? | Proact Stadium | Chesterfield FC | Football Ground Guide
Football Ground Guide
Address: Sheffield Road, Chesterfield, S41 8NZ
Telephone: 01246 269300
Pitch Size: 111 x 71 yards
Pitch Type: Grass
Home Kit: Blue and White
Away Kit: White and Blue
Main Stand External View
Looking Towards The South Stand
East Stand
View From The Away End
Away & Main Stands External View
WHAT IS THE PROACT STADIUM LIKE?
Built at a cost of £13 million, Chesterfield’s new 10,400 capacity all seater stadium is located around one and a half miles north of the town centre. On one side is the HTM Products Main Stand. This stand has a capacity of 2,902 seats on a single tier, with a glass fronted executive lounge at the rear. The players emerge from the tunnel at the centre of the stand, whilst the centre seating of the stand is taken up by the Directors Box, Sponsors and Legends seating areas, with the press seating situated towards the North end wing section. The stand has a graceful curved roof with white steelwork and a glazed windshield at the north end, with a ground floor and top level viewing area for disabled supporters and their helpers in the South wing section. At one side of the stand, towards the Karen Child Kop is an unusual looking stadium control tower which extends beyond the touchline.
Opposite is the Spencers Solicitors Community Stand which is similar in appearance, having a curved roof line and a capacity of 3,144 seats with glazed windshields on either side, but with no executive facilities at the rear. The television camera gantry is situated in this stand below the roof steelwork. Both ends are similar affairs, both being single tiered, covered and housing just over 2,000 supporters. Unlike the other stands the roofs on these ends are not curved, but again glass windshields are in place on both sides. The only real difference is that the Karen Child Stand has two ground floor level disabled viewing areas as opposed to one in the Rubicon Print Stand. The ground is complimented at present by four modern slim corner floodlight pylons which each have 14 lights on four rows.
The stadium has a pleasing balanced feel with no single stand dominating the whole ground. Externally there are some nice touches too, with the 'wall of fame' from the clubs 'buy a brick scheme', in the South and North West corners and wide pathways that lead through the car park to the turnstile blocks from Sheffield Road. There is an electric scoreboard at one end of the ground located on the roof of the away fan stand. The only minor downside is that one corner of the stadium is overlooked by a Tesco's store and car park, which detracts from the overall look. Special thanks to Owen Pavey for providing the information and photos for this page.
WHAT IS IT LIKE FOR VISITING FANS?
Away supporters are normally housed in the Rubicon Print Stand at the north end of the stadium, where up to 2,112 supporters can be seated. If demand requires it then additional seating can also be made available in the Spencers Solicitors Community Stand. Conversely if your team has a small following then only part of the East Stand is allocated and not the North end. Unlike most new stadiums the fans are housed pretty close to the pitch, ensuring good views of the playing action. The leg room is good too. The concourses are built to a high standard, with large flat screen televisions (showing Sky Sports, plus the game going on inside with commentary) to keep the fans entertained. Food on offer from the concourse includes the locally produced Jacksons Pies. The Peppered Steak and Brampton Ale Pie (£3) sounds particularly mouth watering! There are also Large Steak & Mushy Peas Pies (£3.50), Sausage Rolls (£3), Cheeseburgers (£3.20), Burgers (£3), Rollover Hot Dogs (£3) and Chicken Burgers (£3.20). Plus for the vegetarians Mexican Chilli Bean Pies (£3). Pleasingly, the refreshment areas stay open throughout the match (although no alcohol is allowed to be served after 9pm for evening games).
The roof of the away end is quite low, which ensures that a relatively small number of away supporters can really make some noise. I noted that the stewards allowed standing at the back of the stand but not at the front. When one away fan queried with one of the staff as to why this was, whilst pointing at some Chesterfield fans standing at the front of one of their stands, he was met with the response; 'That's football' with a shrug of the shoulders. In effort to further boost the atmosphere there is a drummer in the home end and on my visit a drum was also allowed into the away stand. If Chesterfield score then the tune 'Tom Hark' echoes around the stadium.
Please note that cash is not accepted at the turnstiles, entrance is by ticket only. Away fans can purchase their tickets from the small portakabin located outside the Rubicon Print (North) Stand.
PUBS FOR AWAY FANS
Nearest to the away end of the ground, along Sheffield Road (a five minute walk, passing a Chinese/Fish & Chip shop on the way) is the Derby Tup. This pub is featured in the CAMRA Good Beer Guide and normally has ten ales available. Although the pub does not sell food, the landlord allows customers to bring in food from outside. Further on up Sheffield Road on the right is the handily located North Sea Fish and Chip shop, which was doing a brisk trade on my last visit. Whilst up on the left is the Red Lion pub, which is serves beers from the Old Mill Brewery and shows Sky Sports.
Other pubs located near to the stadium such as the Rose and Crown, plus the Crown and Anchor, do not admit away fans. Whilst the nearby Donkey Derby Pub which also offers food, is very busy on matchdays and is predominantly for home supporters.
Whilst in the centre of town is the Rutland Arms, which is listed in the CAMRA Good Beer Guide. As Sarah Greenan explains; 'A pub I would recommend for away supporters is the Rutland Arms on Stephenson Place in Chesterfield. If you arrive by train and walk towards the town centre it's just upon on your left - the pub is next to the huge church with the Crooked Spire - you can't miss it! The Rutland is a very old pub and in recent years has operated as a traditional ale house with a huge range of well-kept real ales and good food as well. It welcomes home and away supporters and is a pleasure to visit. In warm weather customers spill out into the adjcent churchyard'. On St Marys Gate is a Wetherspoons outlet called the Spa Lane Vaults. If walking up to the stadium from Chesterfield Railway Station and you like good ale, then you may wish to make a small detour to the Chesterfield Arms. The pub which is situated on Newbold Road, is listed in the CAMRA Good Beer Guide and has normally ten ales and six ciders available.
Otherwise alcohol is served inside the ground in the form of; draught Carling (£3.60), Worthington (£3.50), Magners Cider (£3.60) plus bottles of Budweiser (£3.60), Wine (£3.60), Jack Daniels and Coke (£3.60), Smirnoff and Coke (£3.60) and cans of Guinness (£3.60). The latter are first placed on a vibrating platform to give the stout a head.
CHESTERFIELD HOTELS - FIND AND BOOK YOURS AND HELP SUPPORT THIS WEBSITE
If you require hotel accommodation in Chesterfield then first try a hotel booking service provided by Booking.com . They offer all types of accommodation to suit all tastes and pockets from; Budget Hotels, Traditional Bed & Breakfast establishments to Five Star Hotels and Serviced Apartments. Plus their booking system is straightforward and easy to use. Yes this site will earn a small commission if you book through them, but it will help towards the running costs of keeping this Guide going.
DIRECTIONS AND CAR PARKING
Leave the M1 at Junction 29 and take the A617 towards Chesterfield. At the end of the dual carriageway at the edge of the town centre, turn right onto the A61 towards Sheffield. At the first roundabout turn left and the stadium is down on the right. For the main entrance turn right into Sheffield Road and then right again into the Club car park. However the club car park is for permit holders only. There is nearby street parking available on side roads off the Sheffield road, if you arrive early enough. Don't think about parking in the nearby Tesco store, as the car park is patrolled on matchdays and you may end up having your car towed away.
BY TRAIN
Chesterfield Railway Station is walkable from the Proact Stadium, although it will take you between 20 and 30 minutes to walk to do so. Alternatively, there is a taxi rank outside the station though as traffic is likely to be slow along Sheffield Road on a matchday this could end up costing you more time and money than you thought.
If you wish to travel to the ground by bus a five minute walk into the town centre will enable you to catch a bus from Cavendish Street. This will take 5-15 minutes to get to the ground, depending on traffic. Come out of the station and turn left and follow the road to the left side of the Chesterfield Hotel. There is a footbridge over the A61 Inner Relief Road, which will take you into Corporation Street. At the end of the street you will see the museum on the left, and the famous crooked spire church directly ahead of you. Go over the zebra crossing and turn right, carry on this road, walk past Eyres furniture store and The Winding Wheel. Cavendish Street is the next turning on the left. Bus stops T1 and T2 are on the opposite side of the road.
Walking directions from the railway station:
Come out of the station and turn left. The Chesterfield Hotel will be directly ahead of you, take the road to the right hand side and carry on over the mini roundabout, into Brewery Street, up the hill and over the A61 Inner Relief Road with Chesterfield College on your right hand side. After 5 minutes walk you will reach the end of the road at the Old Post Office Restuarant. Turn right and after a minutes walk you will come to a mini roundabout. Take the right turn into Sheffield Road. This road dips down, up and then down again for around 15 minutes. At the big roundabout with the car showrooms you will see the Donkey Derby pub in front of you and the ground further along Sheffield Road. Visiting fans must carry on past the HTM Products Stand to reach the Printabilty Stand at the north end of the ground.
Shuttle Bus
The Club are also have a shuttle bus which operates on matchdays (every 10 minutes 13.30 - 14.40 Saturdays and 18.20 - 19.30 weekdays). It departs from Rose Hill by the Town Hall. The bus is also in operation after the game (last bus on Saturdays is 17.45, weekdays 22.25). The fare is £1 each way.
Booking train tickets in advance will normally save you money! Find train times, prices and book tickets with Trainline. Visit the
website below to see how much you can save on the price of your tickets:
Chesterfield operate a category system for match tickets (A & B), whereby the most popular games cost more to watch. Category A prices are shown below, with Category B prices shown in brackets:
Home Fans:
HTM Products Main Stand (Centre):
Adults £26 (B £24), Over 65's/Under 19's, £21 (B £19), Under 15's £13 (B £11)
HTM Products Main Stand (Wings):
Adults £24 (B £22), Over 65's/Under 19's, £19 (B £17), Under 15's £12 (B £10)
Spencers Solicitors Community Stand (Centre):
Adults £25 (B £23), Over 65's/Under 19's, £20 (B £18), Under 15's £12 (B £10)
Family areas:
Adults £24 (B £22), Over 65's/Under 19's £19 (B £17), Under 15's £7 (B £5), Under 7's £4 (B £2)
Karen Child Stand:
Adults £22 (B £20), Over 65's/Under 19's £15 (B £13), Under 15's £12 (B £10)
Away Fans:
At the Proact Stadium: 10,089 v Rotherham United, League Two, March 18th, 2011.
At Saltergate: 30,986 v Newcastle United, Division Two, April 7th, 1949.
Average Attendance
OTHER PLACES OF INTEREST
Chesterfield is famous amongst other things for its St Mary and All Saints church with has a large crooked spire, which dominates the town centre sky line. It is near the town centre of town and clearly visible. Tours of the church are available,with excellent views of the town centre and surrounding countryside from the base of the spire. Chesterfield town centre can be reached in around 20 minutes by foot.
Saturday, 16th April 2016, 1pm
Jon Thomson (Sheffield United)
Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting the Proact Stadium?
Having been intending to do this fixture last season, but being unable to get a ticket, I was glad to be able to visit this time. This would be a new ground for me and a rare chance to see our team play under no pressure, as effectively our season is already over, with nothing to play for.
How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking?
Not too bad, once I'd worked out how to head out of the station itself towards the town centre it was a case of looking for a path down the back of the college just over the A61, from where it's more or less a straight walk to the ground.
What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly?
With the game being moved to a 1pm kickoff for no real reason (although the Police may have requested it), I was intending to head straight to the ground for a pint, but upon reaching Sheffield Road there was a pub, called the St Helens, which was advertising it welcomed away fans, so I grabbed a pint there instead. Was fairly quiet, I don't know whether home fans were drinking elsewhere or whether the mid-90's happy hardcore they were playing put people off.
What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the Proact Stadium?
It seemed fairly similar to a lot of newer builds, looking fairly tidy with the two ends appearing identical, and the two sides the same as well. The ground looked to be a sensible design, holding what ought to be the club's typical attendance with ease. It did have the sound of being in a shed when it started raining/hailing though. Signage was poor - the concourse indicating that my block is on the left of the stand when in fact it was on the far right, which isn't helpful.
Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc..
The game was the most comfortable we'd had all season - Chesterfield didn't turn up and we continued in an upturn of form, which naturally started when our season was over. An early goal from a set piece of all places set the tone, then the opposition keeper scuffed a clearance straight to Adams who slotted into an empty net. Sharp added a third in the second half, and were it not for questionable refereeing (booking one of their players, then not booking him again five minutes later for an identical foul, not giving two stonewall penalties) and a couple of sharp saves, it could easily have been six or seven and not been flattering. Didn't sample any food/drink as I rarely do in grounds, stewards seemed helpful enough, not needing to do much as seemingly the entirety of Derbyshire police was on hand, clearly expecting a riot for some reason.
Comment on getting away from the ground after the game:
Easy enough on the way back walking the same way as before - ignore the signs that direct you to the right when going out of the ground for the station if your club is remotely considered to be high risk, as there was a huge police barrier blocking the exit that way. It's a decent walk back to the centre, although it seems as if there's frequent enough buses should it be too far for some.
Summary of overall thoughts of the day out:
Great, albeit one-sided game, good atmosphere from the away end, somewhat let down by excessive policing, standing around in their large numbers doing nothing.
Saturday 23rd January 2016, 3pm
Mick Richards (Millwall fan)
Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting the Proact Stadium?
I have never been to Proact Stadium before so when the fixtures came out this was a game I was looking forward to. It would be the 76th ground I've visited.
How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking?
Myself and my nephew Craig left Basingstoke in Hampshire at 9am. We set off up the A339 then onto the A34, M40, A43, M1 to Junction 29 then onto the A619 to Chesterfield arriving at 12.30pm. We had a clear run and no hold up's.We drove past the Proact Stadium and turned first right into a bit of an industrial state with had free on street parking which was a bonus.
What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly?
We went for a pint in the Derby Tup pub, which is a three minute walk from the Proact Stadium. This served all sorts of real ales but I had a nice pint off San Miguel lager. But as I was the driver, one pint was my limit.The pub had a good atmosphere with both sets of supporters mixing and sharing stories.
What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the Proact Stadium?
I was really impressed with the outside of the stadium and once inside even more impressed as the two side stands were different to the ends.The concourse was spacious and did not have to wait to long to be served for food or drink.
Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc..
The game set off with Chesterfileld straight on the attack and could have been 3 or 4 up before Millwall got going..Chesterfield took the lead with a 25yard bullet and well deserved lead but within two minutes of the re-start, we equalised with an headed goal through O'Brian. In the second half Millwall flew out of the traps and went 2-1 up with a well worked goal between Morrison and Gregory who scored. After that it was end to end stuff and could have been 6-6 and to be honest a draw would have been a fair result.The stewards were all helpful and polite and the atmosphere from the Millwall fans was vociferous as always but the home fans were seldom heard.
Comment on getting away from the ground after the game:
When leaving the stadium the Police were in my opinion heavy handed when dealing with the Millwall fans, which was poor really and the only blot on an otherwise good day out. All in all getting away from the stadium was really easy and we were home by 8.30pm which was very good.
Summary of overall thoughts of the day out:
Overall a great day out and chuffed with the fact we won. The Proact is a lovely stadium and one of the better grounds I have visited over the years.
Chesterfield City v Southend United
League Two
Saturday August 24th, 2013, 3pm
John & Stephen Spooner (Southend United fans)
1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground:
First visit to Chesterfields Proact Stadium.
2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking?
We drove from North Wales (exiled Southend fans) via M56, A6, A623, A619, A61, 170 miles round trip, clear roads taking 2 hours to make the journey each way. It was misty and drizzly raining en-route, but there is superb scenery through the Derbyshire Dales, and a view of the famous twisted church spire on arrival. We checked the Chesterfield FC website and found maps indicating parking places. Arriving early ensured easy parking which is limited on match days.
The ground was easy to find although not many signs. We found street parking to the north of the stadium in Thompson Street by turning right after passing the ground.
3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly?
We took a packed meal with us and sat in car after a walk round outside of the ground. We then waited 20 minutes at the ticket office to collect our tickets which Southend United had sent up on the coach as the office said they hadn’t got any for us. The few home fans we met whilst collecting tickets from their office were friendly. The tickets were eventually traced and we entered the impressive Proact stadium relieved.
4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground?
The stadium appears larger than the 10,400 capacity would indicate. The stadium is a modern and all seated and smart. We noticed two staff even walking amongst seats giving them a wipe clean. The away end is all seated and although the whole of the away end was available, the stewards insisted that the 360 or so Southend fans should sit in the centre section behind the goal. The view is unobstructed and there is plenty of leg room, The electronic scoreboard is above the away end on the roof and can only be seen by the home fans which was disappointing. The pitch was pristine and even though it was early season in August it appeared that it had never had football played on it.
5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.
In a tight game between 2 top 5 sides, Chesterfield took the lead in the 2nd half with a Gary Roberts free kick, but Southend soon levelled via a well worked Freddy Eastwood goal. 6 minutes injury time surprised everyone and in the 85th minute Chesterfield won the match from a corner.
The atmosphere was quiet until the last minute winner with both sets of expectant fans watching a tense game, even though only the 4th fixture of the new season. The stewards were ok but one seemed to delight in letting people find a seat and then waving frantically to tell them to sit only in the centre section.
If the seats had been taped off as other clubs do, it would have made life easier for all concerned. Pies looked good at £3 and there was plenty of room to stand and eat or drink on the concourse behind the seating with television showing a live game. It was a warm sunny day with little or no wind, which made for a pleasant afternoon in a new football stadium with both sides getting the ball down and attempting to play good passing football.
6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game:
It was easy to get away from the ground and main roads were clearly sign posted.
7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out:
We had a mostly enjoyable day out, visiting a smart stadium, despite the shock of losing in injury time. The weather was pleasantly warm after a drizzly misty start to the day.
Match Attendance 5,579
Chesterfield City v Bradford City
League Two
Saturday April 13th, 2013, 3pm
Samuel Walker (Neutral fan)
1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be)?:
Over the last four years or so, I have grown a soft spot for Chesterfield, having visited games from time-to-time since visiting Saltergate in 2010. With Leicester playing on the Friday night, my father (who's from Leicester, hence the life sentence) and I decided to take a visit to this game, and with Bradford getting to the League Cup final we felt we were in for an entertaining match, and we weren't to be disappointed.
2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking?
We took the train from Leicester to Chesterfield at midday, which took just under 45 minutes. After getting some food in the town (As a general rule I avoid stadium food due to high prices) we took the bus to the ground, arriving at around 13:45.
3. What you did before the game? Pub/chippy.... home fans friendly?
Being too young to drink and my father being teetotal, after purchasing our tickets we headed to the club shop to have a look round. An amusing incident occurred when a chap with a half-eaten hotdog put it on the counter by mistake whilst he was being served, and when the next chap was being served the cashier asked him "You're not going to put your sausage on the counter are you?" to much laughter and applause from everyone in the shop. Very "Carry On"!
I've been to five Chesterfield games in the past and have never experienced any trouble, with a few Chesterfield fans on the bus to the ground engaging in good-natured banter with a couple of Bradford fans.
4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground?
This was my second visit to Chesterfield's new ground (now the Proact Stadium) and my impression of it is in line with many new grounds appearing around the country. It's a pleasant, tidy ground that serves its purpose, but lacks the stand out factor that Saltergate had. However, times change, and Saltergate, as characteristic as it was, was on its last legs and Chesterfield needed to up sticks and relocate.
5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc..
The game itself was very entertaining. Both Chesterfield and Bradford got behind their teams, which made for an amazing atmosphere, albeit with unoriginal songs apart from a few choruses of "Yorkshire"/"Derbyshire". Both sides came flying out of the blocks and Bradford took the lead through NahkiTendayi Darikwa's well-placed finish. Bradford retook the lead ten minutes later after Ricky Ravenhill placed a shot into the bottom corner through a crowd of bodies. Chesterfield, to their credit, kept going to the end and got their reward with the last kick of the game after Sam Togwell poked home from an Alex Henshall corner. Final score: 2-2. A fair result on reflection.
6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game:
Getting away from the ground was no problem. A line of buses was waiting outside the turnstiles and we managed to get onto a very crowded one back to the town centre. We left Chesterfield at 17:40 and arrived back at home in Leicester at around 7:15pm.
7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out:
A very enjoyable and well-spent afternoon at the football. Bradford remain in the playoffs and Chesterfield have an outside chance of making the playoffs, so it'll go down to the wire. Both sets of fans were well behaved and apart from your usual football banter there were no signs of trouble brewing, with both sets getting behind their teams. The game itself was a real credit to League Two, and dad said it was one of the best games he'd seen in ages. Well worth the £15 for me! And to top it all, we even got caught on camera by the BBC's Football League Show.
Chesterfield City v MK Dons
League One
Saturday, March 17th, 2012, 3pm
Dominic Bickerton (Stoke City/Doing the 92)
1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be):
With it being the FA Cup quarter finals this weekend, Stoke weren't playing until the Sunday afternoon - I can't cope without football on a Saturday, so myself and a Stokie mate (who's also doing the 92) thought we'd do a new ground and have a little trip down to Chesterfield's fairly new b2net Stadium. We picked this game mainly because it's such a crucial stage of the season for both teams: Chesterfield in 23rd position and trying to escape relegation, MK Dons in 5th and bidding for promotion.
2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking?
We jumped onto a train at Sheffield and made the short 15 minute journey to Chesterfield station (a return ticket was £4.50). From the station we followed the walking directions supplied by this site and arrived at the ground after a brisk 15-20 minute walk, which did involve a few hills. The directions were easy to follow and the we found the ground very easily.
3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly?
We arrived at the ground about 30 mins before kick off, so we decided to just go straight through the turnstiles of the Karen Childs Kop and onto the concourse, which was showing the Everton v Sunderland FA Cup quarter final on a number of screens suspended from the ceiling.
4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground?
When we first saw the ground we were quite amused by the fact that it's somewhat overshadowed by the large Tesco situated next to it. Despite this the area around the ground is modern and attractive. The ground does look very small, so we didn't really expect too much from the entire experience. However, I was instantly impressed when we entered the stand at pitch level, and I admit that it made me feel like I was walking out as a player! The ground has a nice intimate feel and looks very tidy and well kept. It doesn't really ooze character, but that is extremely hard to come by in such a new ground.
5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc..
Me and my mate had decided that we'd lend our full support to Chesterfield and treated the game like we were cheering on our beloved Potters. The three home stands were fairly full and the Spireites were in very good voice. The Dons fans also seemed up for the game, so it was all set up to be a good, lively match. And it was.
Chesterfield immediately went on the attack, looking comfortable on the ball and far better than their league position suggested. Their possession told from the off with barely three minutes on the clock when Neal Trotman nodded down a cross for Drew Talbot to slam the ball into the bottom corner of the Dons' goal; the vocal Spireites and us two Stokies celebrating like it was a last minute winner! The traveling fans were immediately silenced and made little noise for the rest of half despite Chesterfield sitting back and inviting the Dons back into the game. The Chesterfield defence had to make a few last ditch clearances but just about made it half time with a 1-0 lead.
We went down into the concourse to watch Sky Sports coverage of the other half time scores, however, we were disappointed because the screens were showing a film on ITV! So, instead of finding out other scores we trooped back out to our seats. The other facilities on the concourse were good, with fairly small orderly queues for food & drink and toilets in plentiful supply.
The second half kicked off in the same manner that the first ended, Chesterfield sitting back far to deep and looking very vulnerable. The Spireites had clearly lost confidence and began to play some awful football, constantly giving the ball back to the Dons to have another effort on goal. Only a few good saves from Tommy Lee kept the score at 1-0. On 56 minutes the Dons finally made a breakthrough, the Chesterfield defence dropping deep enough to let Jay O'Shea rifle a left footed shot into the helpless Lee's bottom left corner. John Sheridan quickly made a few changes, which instantly transformed the Spireites into the dangerous force they looked earlier in the first half. The game turned on its head, with Chesterfield looking most likely to snatch 3 points. Hearts were in the mouths of every fan in the ground, as Nicky Ajose smashed an 88th minute shot that was destined to be a fairy tale winner until the Dons 'keeper somehow got down to make a fantastic save. It would have been an amazing mental of a celebration, but we were sadly denied it and the game ran out a 1-1 draw.
6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game:
After the final whistle, fans left the ground quickly from the corners between stands. We were back on the way to the station with no problems at all.
7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out:
It was a great day out that cost a grand total of £22.50 (Train £4.50, Ticket £18). The match was an absolute cracker and we thoroughly enjoyed all of it. We weren't expecting much but we were pleasantly surprised with the ground and we the Chesterfield fans were very good indeed. I wouldn't say no to going back and I'll be rooting for the Spireites to avoid the drop this season.
Chesterfield City v Exeter City
League One
Saturday, January 7th, 2012, 3pm
Steve Ellis (Exeter City fan)
1. Why were you looking forward to going to this ground?
This for me, and as it was for many, was a visit to a new stadium to tick off. Unfortunately I did not get the chance to visit Saltergate so I am unable to compare differences. Also the game was a massive relegation 'six pointer', so it was one to look forward too.
2. How easy was your journey?
Travelling with the supporters club by coach the trip was easy. Leaving at 7.30am and arriving at the ground just before 1pm. With the roads not being over busy we were able to take a second stop as we were well ahead of time.
3. What did you do before the game, pub/chippy?
On arrival at the ground i took a visit to the club shop to purchase a match day programme for £3 before heading to the Derby Tup, just 5 minute walk from the ground. I had arranged to meet some friends from the area there and sample many of the different ales they had on offer. It was a small pub but very friendly and reasonably priced, and it seemed to be both home and away fan friendly.
4. What you thought on seing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground?
My first thoughts on seeing the ground were impressive, very modern and quite spacious. Away fans are housed in the North Stand and no matter where you sat you get a very good view and there is also plenty of leg room. I was told if your club takes a small away following then they are likely to be sat in one of the side stands (can't remember which the steward said), but with our 309 supporters and large Adam Stansfield tribute shirt we filled about three quarters of the stand. The South Stand almost mirrors the North Stand and the East and West stands are almost similar to those of Huddersfield.
5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, refreshments, toilets?
The game itself was competitive and to the delight of the away fans, Exeter scored twice in the last 10 minutes in a 2-0 win. Which resulted in a move away from the relegation zone. The atmosphere was excellent with banter flowing between both sets of supporters, stewards were helpful and unobtrusive. The refreshments were averagely priced with a good range of food and drink. If you smoke the stewards will open an exit gate behind the North Stand at half time.
6. Comment on getting away after the game?
Getting away afterwards was easy as the coach was parked just behind the East Stand, took about 20 mins to leave the stadium and get through the town before getting onto the motorway, leaving just after 5pm, arriving back home at 9.30pm
7. Summary and overall thoughts of day out?
A great away day with friendly home fans, a good pub, new stadium, three much needed points and a great atmosphere on the journey home.
Saturday, January 7th, 2012, 3pm
Gary Parker
1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be):
Hadnt been to the new ground as I am trying to do the 92 by watching only Exeter City and my other true love, Tottenham. This would be ground number 58. Exeter also have a great away following so had been looking forward to this for some time
2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking?
We made great time and were At the ground just before 12, so we popped to the ground to purchase the tickets (no cash on the away turnstiles) and then found a space in the street bang opposite the stadium so we were no more than 100 yards away. Might be a bit trickier if you get there closer to kick off
3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly?
There is a pub about 5 mins walk from the ground called the Derby Tup, its a bit like walking into someones front room but they have superb choice of real ales (11 when we were in there) and were more than happy to cater for away fans. We had been told they didn’t do food but that if you got something from the host of options for takeaway food nearby you were welcome to eat it in the pub, there is a wide choice of kebab shop, chippy or pizza all within 50 yards so we went for chips (no gravy though) the Landlord was very friendly and by 2 pm the pub was rammed with Exeter fans and a small scattering of home supporters and it was all very friendly, They were also happy to have my partners 13 year old son in there with no questions asked.
4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground?
Not a bad little ground, a bit different to the usual bowl design of new grounds. Very easy to get to from the motorway and plenty of amenities close by, notably a huge Tesco extra for filling the car up with cheap petrol for the trip home.
5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc..
Very good facilities under the stand, beer and hot food at a decent price with a few flat screens showing the game as well. They even indulge the smokers amongst you by opening an exit and allowing you to step outside for a smoke at half time. Stewards were all good natured and the large away following were allowed to stand throughout with no interference. Home fans were pretty quiet throughout the game but they are bottom of the league and haven’t won since September, so that’s understandable. City pretty much controlled the game and scored in the 78th & 87th minutes to wrap up a comfortable away win
6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game:
A breeze due to the fact that we were parked about 100 yards away, we were on the dual carriage way out of town by 5pm and South of Birmingham just over an hour after the final whistle had gone
7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out:
Great day out, good away pub, good beer, friendly locals and 3 points, what more is there to be had from an away day oop norf ..
Saturday, April 2nd, 2011, 7.45pm
Seb Brichet (Port Vale fan)
1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be):
I was looking forward to this as it would be the first time Port Vale had visited the B2net Stadium. It was also when Chesterfield Were top of the league in Great form and Port vale were returning to form.
2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking?
We took the Club coach to the match which was approximately one and a half hours from Burslem. The coaches were parked just outside the away end on the road that goes to nearby Tesco, this is a good location as it ws easy to get into and out of the ground.
3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly?
Due to Tesco being a minutes walk from the ground we decided to go there, It is a Tesco express with many shops inside such as Greggs and Costa Coffee, We decided to go to Greggs as we had arrived early and got pretty hungry we also walked upstairs to where Costa Coffee was and got an expresso. We then walked back to the stadium but didn't really talk to any home fans due to it being pretty early.
4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground?
The ground looks amazing from the outside and looks like a Championship ground, we had researched it before hand and found that it fits just over 10,000 fans, it looks bigger than 10,000. When up in the stands we had a very good view from the top left of the stand, it has plenty of leg room and decent height to watch the game. The curved roofs on the left and right of us were nice and reminded me a bit like Huddersfield. The lack of a scoreboard for us to see was very annoying as we could not judge time for our half time break. All in all though the ground was good.
5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, toilets etc..
The game ended 2-0 to Chesterfield which was expected as they were 11 points clear coming into the game. Chesterfield really showed us why they were top of the league and how to play football in League Two. The atmosphere was great as we had sold out of our allocation of just over 1,500, meaning singing all through the game, Vale fans were using the walls at the back of the stand for banging to create atmosphere. But this ended up with the letter 'P' on the Printability Stand falling off!
Chesterfield fans were also in good voice and with the two goals going in it was upped even more. Stewards could have been better in my opinion, not the most polite to say the least. Toilets were very clean and modern which are pretty impressive when you compare them to vale parks toilets.
6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game:
Getting away from the ground was terrible as trouble erupted between the two sets of supporters, outside the stadium. We finally got away 45 minutes after the game.
7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out:
It was a Great day out due to the weather being perfect. Atmosphere being great, but pity about the stewards and trouble afterwards. Great stadium to be at and some good football, I will though still lok forward to going there again sometime in the future.
Friday, March 18th, 2011, 7.45pm
Paul Thompson (Rotherham United fan)
1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be):
It was our much anticipated first visit to the b2net stadium, with the added spice of the game being something of a top of the table clash and a local derby to boot. Plus the game was a sell out and was televised live on TV.
2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking?
I travelled by train from Rotherham to Sheffield and then onto Chesterfield. A very simple and problem free journey which took 30 minutes in total. The ground is a fair distance from the train station though, we opted to get taxis which cost around £8.50.
3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly?
We took in several pubs in the town centre, starting at The Rutland, moving on to Yates's, then The Snooker Hall, and onto Chandlers, then onto the Red Lion near to the ground. We did get turned away from one or two pubs on the basis that we were away supporters. We were cautious of trouble never being far away as this was a local derby, but we experienced no bother despite making a good noise wherever we went. I didn't see much of a police presence around the town which was surprising considering the magnitude of the game and the rivalry.
4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground?
The b2net, while far superior to the old Saltergate, is basically a uniform, box standard lower league stadium, almost a replica of so many other new grounds such as Shrewsbury, Colchester, Morecambe etc, however, it stands out from normality with its arched roofs on either side of the pitch. Its neat and tidy as you'd expect for a new build, but everything was simply 'adequate', with no frills. The facilities are okay for League Two or League One, the view from the away end is good. The visitors stand is quite steep and was full on this occasion, meaning some great noise was generated.
5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, toilets etc..
Urgh! from my perspective, the less said about the game the better! it ended in an embarrassing 5-nil defeat, Chesterfield looked worthy of their league position at the top while Rotherham looked more like a team struggling at the bottom. I found the pies to be poor and at £3, quite a rip-off too! Not recomended! The atmosphere was great though, the stewarding was relaxed if not a little disorganised, but this was the first time they've had to deal with 2,300 boisterous away fans so they can be forgiven! There were some ugly scenes towards the end of the game but order was quickly restored as baton wielding police officers took control.
6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game:
A complete nightmare! Trouble erupted right outside the ground as home and away fans clashed, the police and stewards seemed to be blaming each other for this happening as the exits were supposed to be kept closed for 10 minutes to allow home fans to disperse, but this didn't happen which caused some ugly scenes in the carparks around the stadium and I have to say the police were not very quick to act. This was worrying, as we now had to walk the mile and half back to the train station without a police escort and through crowds of rival fans, we kept our heads down and mouths shut and experienced no trouble ourselves.
7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out:
Overall I really enjoyed the short trip to Chesterfield, the only thing I didn't enjoy was the football!
Tuesday, March 1st, 2011, 7.45pm
Karl Jukes (Doing the 92)
1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be):
I was looking forward to visiting Chesterfield to see what the new ground was like and to see also whether it was something a bit different to the normal kit box stadia that seem to be popping up all over the place. It was also a chance for me to cross another ground off my list on the way to the 92.
2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking?
The journey itself was quite simple, I drove straight up the A38 and then the A61, which took me straight to the stadium, and managing to avoid any major traffic hold ups into the bargain. It was relatively easy to spot the ground with it being a night match, seeing the tell tale glow from the floodlights in the distance. Parking proved to be easy too, finding (with blind luck) free parking on the Stand Park car park behind the couple of industrial units opposite the Stadium, and from there it was a 150m walk to the ground.
3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly?
Before the game I headed to the new Tesco store next to the ground, to grab a sandwich and a coffee from the in-store Costa Coffee, to help warm me up on a bitterly cold night.
4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground?
The ground itself was very smart and immaculately clean, and just simple touches like the curved roof of the two stands gives it more character than some of the other new stadia. There was ample leg room as you'd expect from a new ground, and despite sitting in the front row, the view of the action was good.
5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, toilets etc..
The game itself really surprised me, I was expecting a tight, tense battle between the top two sides in the division, but what followed can only be described as total domination from Chesterfield. They ran out comfortable 4-1 winners in the end with Jack Lester grabbing the pick of the goals. Twisting and turning in the box beating 2 or 3 defenders before firing past the helpless Nikki Bull in goal.
The atmosphere inside the ground was excellent, with all the noise coming from the Spireites behind the goal in the Karen Childs Stand. The stewarding was very relaxed, and the food/drinks on offer appeared to be the same sort of thing available at most football grounds, with prices around average.
6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game:
Getting away from the ground after the match was easy as you'd like. No traffic to really speak of, and after a short blast up the dual carriage way I was back at the junction for the M1 to head back home.
7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out:
This was one of the best trips of the season for me. It was very easy to get to and get away from at the end of the match, fantastic stadium with good facilities, great atmosphere from the home fans and superb football on offer too. A great night's entertainment and it certainly won't be my last trip to the b2net Stadium.
| Chesterfield F.C. |
Lloyd Embley became the editor of which British daily tabloid newspaper in May 2012? | After 139 years, Saltergate gives way to housing and hospitality | David Conn | Football | The Guardian
After 139 years, Saltergate gives way to housing and hospitality
Corporate concerns override nostalgia and history as Chesterfield's venerable stadium sees its final game
Chesterfield v Bournemouth, the last game at Saltergate. Photograph: Fabio De Paola for the Guardian
Saturday 8 May 2010 19.10 EDT
First published on Saturday 8 May 2010 19.10 EDT
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Chesterfield fans could not hold their emotions back in the closing seconds of the home game against Bournemouth, swarming on to the pitch from the Kop end after a low strike from the midfielder Derek Niven, five minutes into injury time, ensured that the club's 139-year tenure of its Saltergate ground would finish with a 2-1 victory.
Rusty, rickety Saltergate, one of the oldest football grounds in England and therefore the world, played on by Chesterfield since 1871, will now be demolished and houses built on the site. The club, formed in 1866, the Football League's fourth oldest, will forge its modern future in a £13m, 10,500 all-seater stadium, its name already sold for sponsorship to b2net, a data company.
Morecambe are also leaving their old Christie Ground for a new £12m stadium, so two more long-established clubs are departing the old football homes, crammed between terraced streets. Chesterfield's farewell began with a nostalgia-fest at the town's Pomegranate Theatre, a celebration of some highlights: Football League status achieved in 1899; stints in the old Second Division which ended in relegation in 1951, periodic promotions and, shining out, the FA Cup run of 1996-1997, when John Duncan's side reached the semi-final at Old Trafford. There they drew 3-3 with a Middlesbrough side which included Juninho and Fabrizio Ravanelli, before losing the replay 3-0.
Duncan recalled Nottingham Forest's players, beaten in the fifth round then, being "not too enamoured" with the cramped, ragged basics of Saltergate: "But we never thought Saltergate was anything other than a good place to be," he said. "It is a very atmospheric home for football." At the ground, the club chairman, Barrie Hubbard, 72, who first wandered down to Saltergate to watch Chesterfield when he was eight, gazed out from the directors' box.
"This is a lovely football ground, yes," he mused, sitting in the wood and steel main stand built by the football ground architect Archibald Leitch in 1936 and barely spruced up since. "But we've got nothing here. If you wanted a sandwich now I wouldn't know where to find you one. The new place will have everything.
"There will be some tears today, but we have to do it, for progress."
For progress, and money – or "revenue opportunities," as the club's chief executive, Carol Wilby, articulated it. At the b2net, Chesterfield will have conferencing and banqueting, and all the other earning necessities for the modern football club of which the original founders, meeting in Victorian pubs, would never have dreamed.
All this history almost ended nine years ago, when Chesterfield were taken over by Darren Brown, then 29, who purported to have cash to invest but in fact took £800,000 out, spending portions of it on smart cars and a deposit for a house, while hocking Saltergate to moneylenders. Chesterfield were saved by the fans, who rallied round to expose Brown, formed a trust which took over the club, then put it into administration to begin to piece it back together. Brown later received a four year prison sentence after pleading guilty to fraudulent trading, a brutal lesson for the Football League, which led to the introduction of the "fit and proper person test" for club owners and directors.
John Croot, a trust founder member, now community director at the club itself, said yesterday of that episode: "It was horrendous, but it also brought supporters together. People realised how much the club, the ground, and all the history, meant to them, and made a huge collective effort. The club was nearly driven out of business, but the campaign led to the platform being created for the club to rebuilt."
The supporters' trust was pragmatic, recognising early that fundraising from fans could not raise the steepling sums required to fill the holes Brown left, and they asked Hubbard, and other local businessmen Mike Warner and Alan Walters, to help finance the recovery. The trust then agreed to cede its cherished ownership of the club, to allow investment on a scale which could see a new stadium built.
Last year Dave Allen, the casino owner who had been the chairman for an unhappy tenure at Sheffield Wednesday, left Hillsborough and invested £4m to become the 80% owner of Chesterfield. He has loaned a further £2m towards the building of the b2net stadium, £1.6m has come in grants from the Football Foundation, and around £2.2m is being made from the sale of Saltergate for housing.
In the tributes paid to the old place yesterday, some select great players – including Gordon Banks, whose career began at Chesterfield in November 1958 – and Chesterfield's occasional successes were given due prominence. But in truth it was appropriate that despite victory over promoted Bournemouth, in the very last Football League match to end 139 years of history, results elsewhere meant Chesterfield did not make the League Two play-offs this season. The central themes of this sporting story are not triumph and glory, but longevity, loyalty, commitment.
After the final whistle, the fans poured back on to the pitch again, this time milling around, taking in the last moments of Saltergate, with the club song from the 1996-97 cup run playing on the PA: " We can build our dreams".
The Spireites will hope that in the brave new world of obstruction-free seating and naming rights at the b2net Stadium, there will still be space for dreams.
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Which mountain overlooks the city of Cape Town in South Africa? | Cape Town, South Africa's Jewel City
Cape Town, South Africa's Jewel City
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Iconic Table Mountain overlooks the city of Cape Town, which sits between the massive peak and the ocean. Photo: Wikipedia
Johannesburg has more international long haul flights and is closer to the top safari destinations, yet almost every traveler planning a South African itinerary arrives in or departs from Cape Town, which takes a slight - not much - bit of extra effort. Why? Because it’s worth it.
Cape Town is unique, but if you need a frame of reference to better get perspective, it bears some comparison to Sydney and San Francisco - it sits on the water and the waterfront is a marquee attraction. Like Sydney, its adjacent coast contains a mix of funky and upscale beach/surfing suburbs, one after another. Like San Francisco, it provides very easy access to the nation’s prime wine region. And like both, is has its own unique urban attractions and landmarks.
The biggest landmark is Table Mountain, the flattop butte that overlooks the city and is a popular hiking destination with routes from moderate to very strenuous. There is also a cable car, a la Rio, to the top, which is how most tourists experience the amazing view over the city and down the coast (I hiked up and cabled down, which I recommend).The cable car is one of only two on earth (or so they claim) that rotates as it moves, so every window view is a panorama. Visiting Table Mountain National Park may be the single biggest tourist activity in the city, but it is hardly the only one. The other “must-dos” within the city itself include the ferry trip to the Robben Island Museum, Cape Town’s Alcatraz, the infamous island prison where Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners were held; the stunning Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens; a guided tour of the Townships, where a substantial number of South Africans still live in surprisingly sophisticated and intricate hand built shanty towns; and the world-class Two Ocean Aquarium. Both the aquarium and the ferries to Robben Island are in the bustling Victoria & Alfred Waterfront.
The Victoria & Alfred Waterfront is a vibrant area for tourists, with many of Cape Town's best shops, hotels and restaurants.
I’ve seen the Waterfront eschewed as “touristy” by some travel publications, but I hate to break it to you, if you don’t live in Cape Town and are visiting, you are a tourist. Don’t feel bad because lots of non-tourist Cape Town residents visit too: they go because it has many of the city’s best restaurants (and hotels). It also has the nicest mall, with a broad assortment of distinctly South African stores, a great local bookshop, a well-stocked biltong shop (South African jerky, which they are crazy for) and a good assortment of South African wines. If you want to buy gifts, mementos or forgot some crucial safari wear, this is your best bet of the trip. The Waterfront has lots of other shopping, a craft market, and lots of boat trips for whale watching, fishing, scenic cruses and shark cage diving. Like many other cities, Cape Town has one fare hop-on, hop-off tour buses, but here the attraction also includes hop-on, hop-off tour boats. Most of all, the Waterfront is a nice place to walk around.
If you are taking a luxury approach, you are probably in the Waterfront already, since the city’s marquee hotel, the One & Only Cape Town is here, as well as the Cape Grace and Queen Victoria. The most notable great hotel that is not in the Waterfront is the Ellerman House , a very swank and wonderful boutique place with the nation’s largest private art collection. Set in an Edwardian mansion, Ellerman is like a bed and breakfast on steroids combined with a museum, where all sorts of things are included, the chef will cook whatever you want, the minibars come with free full-sized bottles of top shelf liquor, and cars and drivers are waiting to take you anywhere. It has a full spa and incredible wine collection, and I love Ellerman, which sits on a hillside in a residential neighborhood overlooking the city, but I think it is best for repeat visitors (or art junkies) who want seclusion and relaxation. If you have never been before, do the One & Only, in a great location in the heart of the waterfront action - the hop on, hop off sightseeing boat stops at the hotel’s dock. It has Cape Town’s best spa, on a manmade island behind the hotel, which also contains the top luxury suites, and a fantastic purpose-built supervised children’s program. It is a big full service luxury hotel with first-rate concierges and two fantastic restaurants. One is Cape Town’s outpost of Nobu - I’m a big fan of chef Nobu Matsuhisa’s consistently replicated Peruvian-Asian fusion cuisine, but if you are familiar with it you don’t have to Cape Town for rock shrimp
A string of quaint beach and surfing towns runs up the coast from Cape Town. This is Fourth Beach in Clifton. Photo: Wikipedia
tempura or miso black cod (though it’s a lot cheaper here). You do have to go to Reuben’s. When the One & Only opened, its second restaurant was by Gordon Ramsay but the brand’s founder Sol Kerzner decided it need more local flair. Then Kerzner ate at Reuben’s in the wine country outside the city, and was so wowed he recruited chef Reuben Riffel to open his first and only urban eatery. Reuben is South Africa’s most popular home grown chef and has won best chef and best restaurant of the year in the country several times. The result is one of the few city hotels in the world with a standout offering of real down to earth local cuisine. There are a lot of luxury hotels in China that have pretentious and overpriced Chinese restaurants, and in Italy many have pretentious and overpriced Italian cuisine, but here you get an upscale version of actual South African food and wine with great service in a very relaxed fine dining setting for prices that will blow your mind. Reuben’s features a selection of very high quality South African grass fed beef and excellent seafood - it is a great place to try kingklip, one of the best fish on earth and a local favorite. I’d go here even if I wasn’t staying at the One & Only but given the choice I’d stay here too.
No trip to Cape Town is complete without a visit to Boulders Beach and its famous penguin colony.
Other top restaurants are the Roundhouse, suburban Grand Café, and the Grand Café’s more casual beach restaurant in Cape Town where they do excellent rectangular gourmet pizzas and a very good rendition of local specialty chicken piri piri. For more on South African cuisine, see my post earlier this week on food and the Winelands.
The two big must-do excursions from Cape Town are the Winelands, which I discussed in detail two days ago, and the Cape Peninsula. A wide variety of half and full day tours are available but the top sights include Cape Point and its lighthouse at the end of the peninsula, the Cape of Good Hope Nature Preserve, and Boulders Beach, home to the iconic penguins, one of only two land based penguin colonies on earth, and the only one you can visit. This day is also a good opportunity to visit some of Cape Town’s charming suburban beach towns along False Bay and Hout Bay where you can stop for lunch or a an early dinner.
| Table Mountain |
What type of lightning appears as a broad illumination of parts of a thundercloud, caused by the reflection of a lightning flash? | Table Mountain, Cape Town | By South Africa Channel
City finder
Table Mountain Cape Town
Over the years, the image of Table Mountain has become one of South Africa's most famous landmarks. This picturesque sandstone plateau rises up to a height of 1085 meters above sea level. The top is approximately 3 km wide and the surrounding mountain side is home to an immense diversity of fauna and flora. The unique shape of the mountain with its flat top makes it very distinguishable from the surrounding mountains and the magnificent sight of the towering blue mountain can be seen from virtually anywhere in Cape Town , further enhancing this cosmopolitan city's beauty.
For many, the Table Mountain experience is simply about getting to the top. The breathtaking views of the bay and of the city are hard to beat and the whole experience gives you the feeling of being on top of the world. Once at the top, you will be able to purchase refreshments, enjoy a meal or even send a postcard to a relative. Or you can enjoy some of the short mountain top walks and get more familiar with the local flora. The local dassies (rock hyrax) are quite friendly and will take tidbits from visitors. It should be remembered, however, that this curious little creature is wild and attempting to touch or cuddle the creatures is not recommended as they may retaliate out of fear.
Getting there is another part of the experience. Most people take the revolving cable car up the side of the mountain. The cableway was opened in 1929 and it carries approximately 600 000 people to the top of the mountain every year. You may need to pre-book if attempting to ride the cable car during the holiday season. If you would prefer a more adventuresome way up the mountain, there are over 100 scenic ways to get to the top. Walking and rock climbing are very popular but are also very challenging. Whatever you choose, remember to take a jacket as temperatures at this height can be somewhat extreme and can also change very suddenly. If you have a choice, the best time to make your way up the mountain is when it is clear and sunny. However the thick, curling layer of cloud - Table Mountain's 'table cloth' - can descend at any time and usually does so within a matter of mere minutes.
Once back at the foot of the mountain, you may be prompted to explore some of the mountains amazing diversity. Here you will find approximately 1470 plant species as well as a vast array of natural wildlife. Some of the wildlife , such as the Table Mountain Ghost Frog, is unique to this geographical wonder and is not found anywhere else in the world. The area surrounding the foot of the mountain has been designated as a wildlife reserve. Walking trails, mountain biking routes and a few car trails are available to help the public gain access to this truly phenomenal natural paradise. Kloof Nek, Lion's Head and Signal Hill make for some superb sight seeing opportunities and Signal Hill has an interesting historical side to it as well.
Truly, no trip to South Africa would be complete without a visit to Cape Town and the splendid Table Mountain .
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In the game of snooker, what is the inside edge of the table called, against which a ball can be played? | Page 8 of questions on snooker and billiards
Posted on 29th May 2005 by Eddie Harrett of Neath, South Wales.
A question about a respotted black in a doubles match.
I broke off originally, my partner potted blue pink and black to tie the scores. I won the toss, and doubled the black into the yellow baulk pocket to win the frame.
Our opponents claim that my partner should have made the shot because he was the last player on the table. Advise please.
Posted on 22nd May 2005 by Roy Deanus.
I have in my posession a billiard cue which has an ivory plaque on the handle saying:
"T Reece World Record Break 499,135 Unfinished July 6th 1907" and "Break 773 March 6th 1913" followed by "Burroughes & Watts LTD London."
Could you inform me if you know of any further details pertaining to this cue?
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Posted on 15th May 2005 by Craig White of Lincoln.
My question is on potting balls off of others. For example I'm sure that a red can be hit against another colour and then go in the pocket and be a legal shot. However, after potting a red can a coloured ball be hit against another colour before going in the pocket? Likewise can the colour be hit against a red before going in?
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Posted on 20th March 2005 by David Bridger of Hudson, FL USA.
Years ago, I learned that you can almost always hit a snookered ball with the cue ball if you do the following:
Assuming the cue ball and object ball are the same distance from one cushion, go to the spot at that cushion where the object ball is 90° to the cushion. Then hold the tip of your cue very close to the object ball and set your finger on the cue where the cue intersects with the inside edge of the cushion.
Now holding your finger at that spot on the cue, pull the cue back (keeping it at 90° to the cushion) until the tip is exactly at the inside edge of the cushion.
Now sight a line from the cue ball to the tip of your finger and make careful note of where that line would touch the inside edge of the cushion between the cue ball and your finger on the cue.
If you can hit that spot on the cushion with no english, you will hit the object ball. If the cue ball and object ball are not the same distance from the cushion, you have to adjust the spot to hit. More toward the cue ball side if the cue ball is closer to the cushion.
Have you experienced this and have I remembered it correctly?
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Posted on 6th March 2005 by Joe McMahon of Dublin.
Could you answer a problem that arose in a match. Player is in hand and placed the cue ball on the green spot. Is this a foul as more than half the ball is outside the "D"?(as it is when placed on the yellow spot).
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Posted on 26th February 2005 by Dan Le Brocq of Doncaster.
If a player is in a snooker and continously performs a foul and a miss, so basically cannot get out of the snooker what happens? I heard something on the Masters the other day about being warned about the 3 Miss rule? Am I correct in hearing this and what does it mean?
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Posted on 30th January 2005 by Bill Jackson of Sutton Coldfield, UK.
When the white is touching a red any attempt to steer the white towards the red is a push shot and a foul. I have always thought that any direction away from the red, no matter how close to the dividing line between the balls, was legitimate; provided that the red does not move away from the white there is no push. A friend challenged this. He claimed that I should have played DIRECTLY away from the red. I think he meant more or less at right angles to the line separating the balls. He was very convinced. Was he right?
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Posted on 22nd January 2005 by Gabriela Balasa of Waterloo, Canada.
When a foul is committed by potting the cue ball, what are the rules as to the position of the cue ball and the direction of the shot?
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Posted on 9th January 2005 by Mark from Hornchurch.
Hope you can solve a debate!! In the event I am aiming at a red and the white hits the red and another colour at exactly the same time (eg they were next to each other and I hit them both half ball), have I committed a foul or not?
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Posted on 31st October 2004 by Serge Meessen of Bruges, Belgium.
Several of my friends want to start playing English Billiards, because they want to have a change from Snooker. It is "new" to us. Our problem is that we have no clue about the rules. Is there a site on the internet which gives the complete rules? Some stuff can be found on your site, kind of mixed to snooker. We don't get to see billiards on tv. I saw Davis and Sethi years ago on tv, but still don't know much about the rules. I would be very grateful for a detailed answer.
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Posted on 17th October 2004 by John Davis of Stroud.
I've recently starting playing billiards (the English 3-ball variety, not pool!). Are there any standard opening shots, that either score, or leave the balls in relative safety?
Neither of the two options I've come up with seem that satisfactory - either putting bottom-spin on the white and leaving the white near the cushion and the red behind the baulk, which isn't particularly safe; or trying to run both balls back behind the baulk, which, if it goes wrong, leaves them very exposed.
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Posted on 3rd October 2004 by Frank Costa of Sorrento B.C., Canada.
I am looking for the rules to a game using 15 red balls & 1 black ball, 1 cue ball all snooker balls. We call it 101, because you have to total 101 points without going over or you have to start over again. Do you have access to them?
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Posted on 2nd May 2004 by Rob Kinsey of Merthyr Tydfil.
I have read that the 'miss rule' started in 1995. But I'm sure it was available for referee's use well before this, but was not used often as it was saying the offending player was in fact 'cheating'. Am I correct?
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Posted on 24th April 2004 by David Stengrim of Jacksonville, USA.
I have heard of the billards game of CRUD, do you have any info, rules... etc on this game. Thank you.
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Posted on 4th April 2004 by Gary Edwards of Birmingham.
A little dispute to resolve: re-spotted black, cue ball in hand! Can you play from the 'D' with the cue ball on either the yellow or green spot, i.e. giving you the best width to try to cut the black in off the spot? A bit of a 'party' trick.
I actually did it on a re-spotted black final frame of a cupmatch into the 'green' black bag off the yellow spot to win the match, and have emulated it several times since.
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Posted on 4th January 2004 by Michael Dmitrovic of Toronto.
Up to now I have not been succesfull in locating a copy of a book by Joe Davis which I had read a long time ago. Would you be able to help me in locating a copy of "How I Play Snooker" by Joe Davis (I believe this is the title) that I may purchase?
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Posted on 14th December 2003 by David Paton of London.
Has anyone ever scored 147 points in one frame but in two breaks? i.e 10 reds and 10 blacks, missed a red then cleared up on his next turn? Its been bugging me for ages and would I love to know.
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Posted on 16th November 2003 by Jason of London.
Is it OK after lining up the shot to just look at the white when striking the shot then flick your eyes to see the contact on the object ball (this is how I play). Or should I try and just look at the obect ball whilst striking the shot (as said in most books)? I find I play way better looking at the white.
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Posted on 16th November 2003 by Mark Westbrook of Berkshire.
Whilst enjoying a frame with an associate an unusual thing happened which raised the question - foul or not a foul?
The situation was that a player approached the table to play his shot, attempting to pot a red into the middle. Stretching to play the difficult cut, the player took aim, drew back the cue and completely missed the white, didn't touch anything on the table!! So the player decided to get the rest as he didn't want to make an @rse of himself again. Imagine his disbelief as he hears his opponent jumping with glee at the 'foul'. An argument ensued (it could have got nasty), the opponent claimed his 4 points and duly potted the red and went on to win the frame on the black.
What is your take on this - foul or not a foul?
| Cushion |
What is the name of the main peak of the group of hills which form most of Holyrood Park in Edinburgh, Scotland? | Riley Snooker - the World's best known brand in Snooker Tables
Riley Leisure Games Tables
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What is the name of the unacknowledged, discriminatory barrier that prevents women and minorities from rising to positions of power or responsibility within a corporation? | Glass ceilings - definition of glass ceilings by The Free Dictionary
Glass ceilings - definition of glass ceilings by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/glass+ceilings
glass ceiling
n.
An unacknowledged discriminatory barrier that prevents women and minorities from rising to positions of power or responsibility, as within a corporation.
glass ceiling
n
a situation in which progress, esp promotion, appears to be possible but restrictions or discrimination create a barrier that prevents it
glass′ ceil′ing
n.
an upper limit to professional advancement, esp. as imposed upon women, that is not readily perceived or openly acknowledged.
[1980–85]
| Glass ceiling |
What is the bottom of a sea or river called? | glass ceiling nedir, ne demek, glass ceiling anlamı - Sesli Sözlük
glass ceiling
teriminin İngilizce İngilizce sözlükte anlamı
An unwritten, uncodified barrier to further promotion or progression for a member of a specific demographic group
An unacknowledged discriminatory barrier that prevents women and minorities from rising to positions of power or responsibility, as within a corporation
A see-through boundary in organizations and businesses that stopped females and people of color from gaining access to higher level positions although they could see the positions usually filled by white males
a ceiling based on attitudinal or organizational bias in the work force that prevents minorities and women from advancing to leadership positions
The invisible barrier that has limited women's opportunities for advancement to the highest ranks of politics, business, and the professions
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity (p 297)
A term that refers to the many barriers that can exist to thwart a woman's rise to the top of an organization; one that provides a view of the top, but a ceiling on how far a woman can go A term that refers to the many barriers that can exist to thwart a woman's rise to the top of an organization; one that provides a view of the top, but a ceiling on how far a woman can go
alleged limit on professional advancement imposed on women and minorities (form of racism and sexism)
As defined by the Department of Labor, "those artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias" that keep qualified women and minorities "from advancing upward in their organization into management level positions" See also Career Development
When people refer to a glass ceiling, they are talking about the attitudes and traditions in a society that prevent women from rising to the top jobs. In her current role she broke through the glass ceiling as the first woman to reach senior management level in the company. An unacknowledged discriminatory barrier that prevents women and minorities from rising to positions of power or responsibility, as within a corporation. the attitudes and practices that prevent women or particular groups from getting high level jobs, even though there are no actual laws or rules to stop them
A barrier to advancement within an organization experienced by members of certain groups because of prejudice (including discomfort in their presence) This term is most often used when the organization does bring in members of the group affected by the ceiling and often does promote them through the junior ranks on a comparable basis to the most favored group If members of a group tend to leave the organization soon after entering, this is termed a "revolving door" rather than a "glass ceiling " The barrier in an organization may be different for different groups that are commonly victims of prejudice and usually is strongly influenced by so-called `corporate culture '
İlgili Terimler
| i don't know |
What is the title of the 1998 romantic comedy-drama film, starring Gwyneth Paltrow and John Hannah, which alternates between two parallel universes? | Sliding Doors (1998) - IMDb
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A London woman's love life and career both hinge, unknown to her, on whether or not she catches a train. We see it both ways, in parallel.
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From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video
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6 wins & 4 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
In London, the public relation Helen is fired from her position in a PR company. While returning home, she does not catch the train in the subway. But in another possibility of her life, she catches the train in the subway. The story shows two parallel lives of Helen: in one life, she stays with her boyfriend Gerry, and in the other life, she finds that Gerry cheats her with Lydia and falls in love with James Hammerton. Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Taglines:
There are two sides to every story. Helen is about to live both of them ...at the same time. Romance was never this much fun. See more »
Genres:
1 May 1998 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Dos vidas en un instante See more »
Filming Locations:
$834,817 (USA) (24 April 1998)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
When James and Helen first meet on the tube, James talks about The Beatles . A little later in the film, as Helen and Anna get into the taxi they instruct the driver to take them to 9 Menlove Ave. 251 Menlove Ave in Liverpool was the childhood home of Beatle John Lennon , who felt a great affinity with the number "9". See more »
Goofs
Gerry makes a joke about withdrawing Helen's Class One Drugs. Great Britain uses an alphabetical classification system so class one should be class A. See more »
Quotes
James : Everybody's born knowing all the Beatles lyrics instinctively. They're passed into the fetus subconsciously along with all the amniotic stuff. Fact, they should be called "The Fetals".
(United Kingdom) – See all my reviews
I have probably watched this movie about 10 times since its release and still enjoy its twists and turns. John Hannah is simply adorable as James and his Glaswegian sense of humour still makes me laugh out loud even though I know the jokes in advance. Every performance is great but Gwynyth Paltrow deserves a special mention for her faultless role as two different versions of the same woman at once. Without giving anything away, I did not see the ending coming at all the first time through but it was entirely satisfying without being cloyingly Hollywood. Don't expect a cultural masterpiece. Just 'the Spanish inquisition' and some fine entertainment. Highly recommended
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| Sliding Doors |
Who is the Greek god of the woods, fields and flocks, and the name of the satellite of Saturn that is closest to the planet? | Sliding Doors. : LiveTweetingOldMovies
LiveTweetingOldMovies
~0 users here now
A subreddit for Live Tweeting Old Movies!
Anyone can create a thread. If you would like to summon the opt-in list , send a message to /u/nerdybirdie .
The title of your post should only be the title of the movie.
Make your first tweet a top level post, and each subsequent one should reply to the previous one.
For TV shows, please only make a new post for each season of the show. Each new episode should be a top level post within the appropriate season.
Gather a group of friends and invite them to live tweet a movie with you!
Need movies? /r/fullmoviesonyoutube and /r/fullmoviesonvimeo have you covered.
Streaming Netflix at the same time is also a great idea. You can also use this site or this site to find out if the movie you want to watch can be streamed anywhere.
created by FredWampya community for
2 years
This is an archived post. You won't be able to vote or comment.
7
by allergictoapples
Netflix is currently down. We will reschedule for another night.
We're watching Sliding Doors tonight at 7:30pm Eastern. (1998, 99 minutes) Available on Mooseflix and Netflix.
Sliding Doors is a British-American romantic comedy-drama film starring Gwyneth Paltrow and John Hannah. The film alternates between two parallel universes, based on the two paths the central character's life could take depending on whether or not she catches a train and causing different outcomes in her life.
How this works: Try to hit play right at the designated time. Make your first 'tweet' a top-level comment, and each subsequent one should reply to the previous one. You know, sorta like you're having a conversation with yourself. For best viewing, refresh the comment feed »
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In computing, what is a picture or design displayed on the background of a computer screen known as? | Wallpaper dictionary definition | wallpaper defined
From wall + paper
wallpaper - Computer Definition
A pattern or picture used to represent the desktop surface (screen background) in a graphical user interface (GUI). Although many wallpaper options come with each operating system, third-party wallpaper files are also available, and any digital image can also be used as wallpaper. Many cellphones allow custom wallpapers for their screen backgrounds. Live Wallpaper Live wallpaper displays some moving object or continuous scene change for people who like the glitz of animation. However, in a portable device, live wallpaper is a battery drain. Why Cover a Desktop with Wallpaper? Years ago, someone who had too many sleepless nights programming must have thought it a great analogy because a screen desktop is vertical like a wall. With Windows XP, Microsoft decided to end the mystery and just call it "Background." However, background images are stored in the "Wallpaper" folder (c:\WINDOWS\Web\Wallpaper).
| Wallpaper |
What word means to hurl a cricket ball from one end of the pitch toward the batsman at the other, keeping the arm straight during delivery? | Accessibility in Windows 7
Accessibility in Microsoft Products
Accessibility in Windows 7
Windows 7 includes accessibility options and programs that make it easier to see, hear, and use your computer including ways to personalize your PC. Magnifier in Windows 7 includes a lens mode and full-screen mode. On-Screen Keyboard can be resized to make it easier to see and includes text prediction. Windows 7 also gives you more ways to interact with your PC by taking advantage of new strides in speech recognition and touch technology. Compare accessibility in Windows and find the Guide to transitioning to Windows 7 for people with disabilities .
Ease of Access Center
The Ease of Access Center provides a convenient, centralized place to locate accessibility settings and programs to make your computer easier to use. The Ease of Access Center can be found in the Control Panel by selecting Windows logo key+U and also when logging into Windows.
The Ease of Access Center includes:
Quick access to common tools. Start Magnifier , On-Screen Keyboard , Narrator , and High Contrast quickly.
Get recommendations to make your computer easier to use . An optional questionnaire provides a personalized list of recommended settings based on your answers to a series of questions about your eyesight, dexterity, hearing, and more. A custom list of recommended settings is provided so you can choose which options you want to try.
Explore all settings by category . Instead of looking for accessibility settings in various places, settings are organized so you can explore how to:
View demo of the Ease of Access Center in Windows 7
View this video of people exploring the accessibility features in Windows 7
Make things on screen appear bigger with Magnifier
Magnifier enlarges portions of the screen making it easier to view text and images and see the whole screen more easily. Magnifier in Windows 7 now includes full-screen mode, lens mode, and docked mode.
The magnification quality is improved and you can set the magnification level up to 16 times the original size and choose to track what you magnify by movement of your mouse, the keyboard, or text editing.
The online video and how-to guide for Magnifier in Windows 7 shows how to:
Choose where Magnifier focuses so that it follows the movement of the mouse cursor, keyboard focus, or text editing
Change the zoom level
Turn on color inversion for better screen legibility
Display the Magnifier toolbar
Demo and How-to Guide to Magnifier shows how to make things on the screen bigger and easier to see
Type without using the keyboard (On-Screen Keyboard)
On-Screen Keyboard displays a visual keyboard with all the standard keys. Instead of relying on the physical keyboard to type and enter data, you can use On-Screen Keyboard to select keys using the mouse or another pointing device.
On-Screen Keyboard in Windows 7 can be resized and customized to make it easier to see and use. On-Screen Keyboard now also includes text prediction in eight languages. When text prediction is enabled, as you type, On-Screen Keyboard displays a list of words that you might be typing.
The online video and how-to guide for On-Screen Keyboard in Windows 7 shows how to:
Change how information is entered into On-Screen Keyboard
Select a layout for On-Screen Keyboard
Change the font for On-Screen Keyboard keys
Set On-Screen Keyboard to use audible clicks
Enable text prediction in On-Screen Keyboard
Demo and How-to Guide
Hear text read aloud with Narrator
Windows comes with a basic screen reader called Narrator, which reads aloud text on the screen and describes some events (such as error messages appearing) that happen while you're using the computer.
You can find Narrator in the Ease of Access Center.
To open Narrator, click the Start button, type "Narrator" in the search box, then select Narrator from the list of results.
Start Narrator minimized
Personalization
Add a personal touch to your computer by changing the computer's colors, sounds, desktop background, screen saver, font size, and user account picture. You can also decide which gadgets to display on your desktop.
Desktop background —(also called wallpaper) is a picture or design on the desktop. It provides a backdrop to your open windows.
Colors —You can change the color of windows, window borders, title bars, menus, the desktop, and more.
Sounds —You can change the sound your computer makes when you receive email, start Windows, or shut down your computer.
Screen saver —A screen saver is a picture or animation that appears on the screen when you haven't used the mouse or keyboard for a specified period of time. Windows includes a variety of screen savers to choose from.
Font size —You can make the text, icons, and other items on your screen easier to see by increasing the dots per inch (DPI) scale to make them larger. You can also decrease the DPI scale to make text and other items on your screen smaller, so that more information fits on the screen.
User account picture —A user account picture helps identify your account on a computer. The picture is displayed on the Welcome screen and on the Start menu. You can change your user account picture to one of the pictures included with Windows, or you can use your own.
Desktop gadgets —Desktop gadgets are customizable mini-programs that can display continuously updated information, such as headlines or a slide show, without having to open a new window.
Change on-screen colors
Make text on your screen larger or smaller
You can make the text and other items on your screen, such as icons, easier to see by making them larger . You can do this without changing the screen resolution of your monitor or laptop screen. This allows you to increase or decrease the size of text and other items on your screen while keeping your monitor or laptop set to its optimal resolution.
Demo and How-To Guide to make the text on your screen larger or smaller
Interact with your PC with Speech Recognition
Speech Recognition in Windows 7 allows you to command your PC with your voice including the capability to dictate into almost any application. You can dictate documents and email and surf the web by saying what you see. An easy setup process and an interactive tutorial are available to familiarize you with the speech commands and train your computer to better understand you.
Learn what you can do with Speech Recognition and how-to set up Speech Recognition , including how to set up your microphone, teach yourself how to talk to your computer, and train your computer to recognize your speech.
Also explore how to:
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Who did boxer Floyd Patterson defeat to regain the Heavyweight Championship in June 1960? | Floyd Patterson: First to regain heavyweight crown on this day 55 years ago - Boxing News
Floyd Patterson: First to regain heavyweight crown on this day 55 years ago
June 20th, 2015 - 15 Comments
By Gav Duthie: On June 20, 1960, Floyd Patterson was attempting to become the first man in boxing history to regain the heavyweight championship of the world. Eight men to date had tried and failed. James Corbett, Jim Jeffries, Bob Fitzsimmons, Jack Dempsey, Max Schmelling, Joe Walcott and Joe Louis couldn’t do it and according to the worlds media Floyd Patterson was no different.
Pre-fight build up
Ingemar Johansson (22-0) was the favorite going into the rematch with Floyd (35-2) and with good reason. Their first fight was as one sided as they come. Patterson had been knocked out in the third round the year previous only 6 days short of a full year in fact. In total Floyd had been on the canvas no fewer than 7 times attributed to Johansson’s seemingly mystical punch he called ‘Thunder’. The way the playboy Swede pronounced it the media named it ‘Toonder’ and it was also referred to as ‘Ingo’s Bingo’ and ‘The hammer of Thor’. In reality it was a simple straight right hand which he threw off the jab but it had knocked out Patterson and top durable contender Eddie Machen in 1 round the fight previous.
At this point Floyd was seen as nothing more than a fake champion. His manager Cus D’Amato had been avoiding big fight defences yet Patterson had been knocked down against Roy ‘Cut N Shoot’ Harris and Pete Rademacher (Rademacher was 1956 Olympic champ and got a title shot in only his first fight). Floyd was too nice to be a champion, he had power but no killer instinct they thought. He once helped a hurt fighter find his gum-shield rather than go in for the kill, he would ask the ref to stop fights if he thought they were hurt and rather than celebrate victories he would help his opponent up off the canvas and sometimes even kiss them. The 7 knockdowns to Johansson was the final straw. Floyd it seemed had little chance to regain the crown.
Contrasting fortunes
Patterson had been so low after the loss he went into hiding. He wouldn’t speak to anyone, his ear bled onto the pillow from a burst eardrum and he couldn’t stand to look at himself. He wore a fake beard and mustache to avoid detection when he went out. Before the rematch to avoid post fight embarrassment he had a victory car waiting and a car out back for defeat. His fake facial hair was packed so he could sneak away. This was a practice he also administered for both fights with Sonny Liston. Floyd had very little confidence in himself.
Ingemar was loving life. The big punching Swede spent most of his time as champion in America with his model girlfriend Birgit Lundgren taped to his arm. He was a huge celebrity, the new Jack Dempsey many thought. Film star good looks, a great singing voice, he was in talk shows across the country and appeared in movies. At this time being a white champion was still a big deal and Ingo appeared to have it all. Perhaps he was taking his eye off the ball in training but he thought there was no way he could lose.
A re-focused Floyd
A letter from ring victim and friend Archie ‘The Old Mongoose’ Moore helped get Floyd out of his slumber.
“The first fight is over. I know how you must feel. I hope you don’t continue to feel bad. You can find your way out of a seeming tunnel. First Johansson was not so great. You fought a stupid battle. Not once did you lead with your jab. If you concentrate on your jab and move around this guy you will be the first one to regain the crown. You can do it.
Your friend Archie Moore
(See W. K. Stratton’s book on Floyd for full letter)
Patterson later said the only time he ever hated an opponent was Ingemar Johansson. Although the two later became friends The Swede was very dismissive of Floyd. He said Floyd wasn’t a proper champion and Patterson used his anger to train as hard as he could.
Fight Night
Floyd was bigger than he had ever been before weighing in at 190lbs. He was only 4lbs lighter than Ingo whereas the Swede had a 14lb advantage in fight 1. All the extra weight was muscle. Floyd’s fight plan was to execute a double jab to get inside and throw combinations up close to not give Ingo the chance to execute the right hand. It was working as Patterson through relentless punches to the body and head in round 1. Inevitably though Johansson did land a big right in round 2 which stunned Floyd but he stayed on his feet. It put Patterson on the defensive for the rest of the round but in round 3 he came out firing again. Floyd was dominating and in round 5 hurt the champion with a left hook to the body. Johansson tried to respond with two lazy jabs to fend Floyd off but in the process dropped his right hand allowing Floyd to land a big left hook dropping him. He got up at 9 and Floyd went after him, The Swede tried to tie Floyd up but the ref was having none of it. Floyd leaped in with a perfect left hook to knock Johansson out. One of the greatest punches in heavyweight boxing history kept Johansson out cold for over 4 minutes. In true Patterson style he celebrated only briefly before heading over to the fallen champ to embrace him.
Floyd Patterson had become the first man in history to regain the heavyweight crown.
| Ingemar Johansson |
Who was President of France from 1981 to 1995? | Floyd Patterson Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com
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Floyd Patterson
Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 – May 11, 2006) was an American heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist . Patterson won the gold medal for boxing in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki , Finland . He was the heavyweight champion of the world from 1956-1959 and from 1960-1962. Patterson is remembered as the first heavyweight champion to lose the title and get it back within a year.
Career
Patterson's amateur record was 44-4 with 37 knockouts. He began fighting as a middleweight and moved to the light heavyweight division. Patterson's first loss was to Joey Maxim in 1954. In January 1956, Patterson married Sandra Hicks. She was his wife until 1969. Their marriage ended because Patterson did not want to quit boxing.
After Rocky Marciano retired, Floyd began aiming at a shot for the vacant heavyweight title. On November 30, 1956, Patterson had two very good things happen in his life. His wife gave birth to his first child, and he beat Archie Moore to become the heavyweight champion of the world. He became the youngest boxing champion ever. He lost the title in 1959 to Ingemar Johanson but he regained it in 1960. In 1962, he lost it again to Sonny Liston . Patterson tried to regain the title two more times from Muhammad Ali in 1965 and 1972. In 1965, he fought for 12 rounds, but on both tries, he failed to win title.
Patterson is remembered as the first man to win back boxing heavyweight championship. All other champions before him failed.
Other websites
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What type of creature is an inca? | The Incas
A HISTORY OF THE INCAS AND THEIR DAILY LIFE
By Tim Lambert
The Inca Empire
The Incas ruled a great empire in South America - but only for a short time. At its peak the Incas Empire lasted less than a century before it was destroyed by the Spaniards.
In about 1300 the Incas founded their capital city of Cuzco. They were only a small tribe but they came to rule a vast empire including most of Peru and parts of Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia and northwest Argentina. The expansion began in 1438 under their ruler Pachakuti and continued under his successors.
Inca Life
Inca Society
At the top of Inca society was the emperor, the Sapa Inca. (His title means unique Inca). The Incas believed their ruler was descended from the sun god and he was treated with great respect. Visitors had to remove their footwear if they approached the Sapa Inca and they had to carry a burden on their back to show their respect for him. When he traveled the Sapa Inca was carried in a litter.
Below the Sapa Inca were the nobles. Below them were a class of men called curacas. They were not necessarily Incas. When the Incas conquered a people they took the leader's sons and taught them to rule the Inca way. They then became curacas.
At the bottom of Inca society were the craftsmen and farmers.
Inca craftsmen made objects of gold, silver and copper. Stonemasons cut stone bricks for building using stone hammers and wet sand for polishing. Inca stone bricks fitted so closely they did not need mortar to hold them together.
Every aspect of Inca life was highly organised. Each person's life was divided into stages. At each stage they were expected to different tasks. Naturally adults in their prime were expected to do the hardest work. Children and old people did the easiest tasks.
All the people were part of extended families called Ayllus. Each one was ruled by a man called a curaca.
In theory the Sapa Inca owned all the land and wealth in the empire. The Sapa Inca gave farmers land to grow food. In return they had to do some work for him. The Sapa Inca reserved some land for himself and some was set aside to support the temples and priests. The Inca farmers had to pay a kind of tax by working of the Sapa Inca's and temples land. Sometimes they also had to work on projects like building roads and bridges.
Inca Government
The Inca empire was like a pyramid with the Sapa Inca at the top. The empire was divided into 4 regions ruled by men called opas. Below them there were more layers of government.
To help rule their vast empire the Incas created an efficient network of roads. The Incas also made rope suspension bridges. As well as the roads the Incas had messengers called chasquis. Messages were carried by relay. Groups of messengers lived in houses by main roads and at all times two of them kept lookout. If they saw another messenger approaching one of them would run to meet him. The two messengers would run together for a while and the message was passed on from one man to the other. Using this relay system messages could be sent over long distances very quickly. Inca messengers could take messages 240 kilometers in one day.
Furthermore although they never invented writing the Incas kept records with a device called a quipu. It was a cord with strings of different thickness and colors hanging from it. Knots were tied at different positions in the strings. The color and thickness of the strings and the positions of the knots all meant something.
The Incas did not have prisons. Instead for serious crimes such as murder, stealing and blasphemy offenders were executed by being pushed off a cliff. Less serious crimes were punished by cutting off the hands or blinding.
Inca Religion
The Incas were polytheists (they worshiped several different gods). The most important god was Inti, the sun god. The Incas also worshiped Quilla the moon goddess, wife of the sun. They also worshiped Illapa god of thunder, who controlled the rain.
The Incas had a host of priests and priestesses to serve their gods in temples throughout the empire. Priests were also surgeons who performed simple operations. Patients chewed coca leaves to dull the pain. Priests bit the heads of a type of ant and used the jaws as clips to close wounds.
The Incas sometimes practiced human sacrifice but it was rare.
Inca Warfare
Incas knew of the bow and arrow but they relied mainly on the sling and stone. It is a surprisingly accurate and deadly weapon.
Incas did not have swords but in hand to hand fighting they used wooden clubs tipped with stone or bronze.
Many Incas wore a costume of quilted cotton, which gave some protection against the wooden and stone weapons of other South American peoples. Some Inca soldiers also protected their backs and chests with plates of wood or metal. They also carried wooden shields.
The Inca army was supplied by a network of storehouses. They also had stone fortresses on mountains.
When the Incas killed their enemies they sometimes covered their skulls with gold and used them as drinking cups. They also made dead enemies teeth into necklaces and even made drums from human skin.
A history of weapons
Inca Food
In the lowlands the staple food was maize. In the highlands it was potatoes. Incas also ate peppers, tomatoes and avocados. They also ate peanuts and a grain called quinoa.
Llamas and alpacas were kept for wool and for carrying loads but they sometimes provided meat. Incas also ate guinea pigs. They also fished and ate birds. However for most Incas meat was a luxury.
Incas drank a fermented drink called chicha. Ordinary Incas drank from bowls carved from gourds. Rich Incas drank from pottery vessels or even ones made from gold or silver.
Poor people ate off dishes placed on the ground. Inca nobles ate off a cloth on the ground. There were no tables.
Inca farmers did not have plows pulled by animals. Instead their main tools were digging sticks, clod breakers and hoes. In hilly regions Inca farmers terraced the land. They also irrigated crops. Inca farmers also used bird droppings called guano as fertilizer.
A history of food
Inca Houses
Inca houses were very simple. They often consisted of just one room (although some houses did have an upper story with a wooden floor). Inca homes did not have furniture. People sat and slept on reed mats or animal skins.
Doors and windows were trapezium shaped. (A trapezium is a four-sided shape with only two parallel sides). Roofs were thatched and there were no chimneys.
Rich Incas, of course, lived in much grander homes. Inca palaces sometimes had sunken stone baths.
A history of houses
Inca Clothes
Incas made clothes from wool or (in warmer areas) from cotton. Ordinary people wore coarse alpaca wool but nobles wore fine vicuna wool.
Inca men wore loincloths and tunics. Inca nobles wore gold ear plugs.
Inca women wore a long dress with a cloak on top fastened with a brooch.
Inca Children
Inca children were treated harshly to toughen them. They were severely punished if they misbehaved.
At about the age of 10 the most beautiful girls were selected to be chosen women or Aqllakuna. They were taken from their families and sent to a house of chosen women or Aqllawasi. They were taught the Inca religion and skills like cooking and weaving. When they were about 14 some of the girls became priestesses or they married important Incas or even the Sapa Inca himself (the Sapa Inca often had hundreds of wives).
Girls left behind learned skills like cooking and weaving from their mothers. When they reached their teens they were old enough to marry.
Boys learned farming, fishing and other trades. Noble boys had tutors called Amataus who trained them to rule. When they reached the age of 14 boys were given a loincloth which symbolized the fact that they were now young men.
The Conquistadors and the Incas
The Inca Empire was destroyed by Spanish conquistadors (conquerors).
Even before the Conquistadors arrived smallpox began to spread among the Incas. They had no resistance to this European disease and many of them died. So the Inca Empire was weakened even before Pizarro came.
Worse the Inca Empire was afflicted by a civil war. When the emperor Huayna died in 1527 he did not name a successor. There were two claimants to the throne. Huayana had many wives. His 'chief' wife or coya had a son called Huascar. However he had an older brother called Atahualpa. His mother was one of Huyana's 'ordinary' wives.
The two half-brothers Huascar and Atahualpa fought a civil war. Atahualpa eventually won and he wreaked a terrible revenge on his enemies. However when the Spaniards came Atahualpa's surviving enemies were willing to join them against the emperor.
In 1532 a small force of Spaniards, 100 infantry and 67 cavalrymen arrived on the coast. They were led by Francisco Pizarro (c.1475-1541). At first the Spaniards inspected the country then they entered a town called Cajamarca. Atahualpa was staying in a camp nearby.
Atahualpa was not afraid of the small group of strangers. After all he had thousands of soldiers at his command. However Pizarro planned to kidnap him.
Atahualpa and several thousand bodyguards entered a square in the town. There were only a few entrances to the square, which were easily blocked. Furthermore the Spaniards hid guns in the buildings around the square.
A Spanish friar (friars were like monks) approached the Sapa Inca and offered him a bible. Atahualpa had never seen a book before and he threw it onto the ground. Angrily the friar called on the Spaniards to avenge what he thought was an insult to God.
The Spanish fired cannons and muskets and the cavalry charged. (Incas had never seen horses before and the sight of a man charging on a horse must have been terrifying). The Spaniards were also protected by steel armor and they carried steel swords. (Steel was a metal unknown to the Incas). The bodyguards had little chance against the Spaniards and thousands were slaughtered in the square. Atahualpa himself was taken prisoner.
The Inca Empire was rather like a pyramid with the Sapa Inca at the top. Orders flowed from him. Capturing him was rather like cutting the head from a body. Without him the Incas did not know what to do.
Eventually Atahualpa offered to fill a large room with gold and a small room with silver twice over if the Spaniards would let him go. In the meantime Spanish reinforcements arrived. However when the gold and silver was collected Pizarro had no intention of letting the Sapa Inca go. He claimed that Atahualpa was plotting against him and the Sapa Inca was tried for treason and sentenced to death.
At first he was sentenced to be burned. Atahualpa was horrified because he believed his spirit would be destroyed if his body was burned and he could not enter the afterlife. Instead he agreed to be baptized a Christian and he was strangled with a rope.
The Spaniards then ruled through a puppet, which they made the Sapa Inca. However the puppet Sapa Inca soon became disenchanted and he fled from Cuzco. In 1536 he raised armies to besiege both Cuzco and Lima (which the Spaniards founded in 1535). However both sieges failed. The Incas besieged Cuzco again in 1537 but again failed.
However Inca resistance did not end. The puppet Sapa Inca fled to the east of Cuzco with his supporters and ruled a small Inca state called Vicambamba. It was finally conquered by the Spaniards in 1572.
| Bird |
Three Kings Day is celebrated in Latin America during which month of the year? | Inca Civilization - Crystalinks
Inca Civilization
The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century.
From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean mountain ranges, including, besides Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and north-central Chile, and southern Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia.
The official language of the empire was Quechua, although hundreds of local languages and dialects of Quechua were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu which can be translated as The Four Regions or The Four United Provinces.
There were many local forms of worship, most of them concerning local sacred "Huacas", but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of Inti - the sun god - and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama. The Incas considered their King, the Sapa Inca, to be the "child of the sun." As ancient civilizations sprang up across the planet thousands of years ago, so too the Inca civilization evolved. As with all ancient civilizations, its exact origins are unknown. Their historic record, as with all other tribes evolving on the planet at that time, would be recorded through oral tradition, stone, pottery, gold and silver jewelry, and woven in the tapestry of the people.
The Inca of Peru have long held a mystical fascination for people of the western world. Four hundred years ago the fabulous wealth in gold and silver possessed by these people was discovered, then systematically pillaged and plundered by Spanish conquistadors. The booty they carried home altered the whole European economic system. And in their wake, they left a highly developed civilization in tatters. That a single government could control many diverse tribes, many of which were secreted in the most obscure of mountain hideaways, was simply remarkable.
No one really knows where the Incas came from that historic record remains carved in stone for archaeologists to unravel through the centuries that followed.
The Inca Empire was short-lived. It lasted just shy of 100 years, from ca.1438 AD, when the Inca ruler Pachacuti and his army began conquering lands surrounding the Inca heartland of Cuzco, until the coming of the Spaniards in 1532.
In 1438 the Inca set out from their base in Cuzco on a career of conquest that, during the next 50 years, brought under their control the area of present-day Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina, Chile, and Ecuador. Within this area, the Inca established a totalitarian state that enabled the tribal ruler and a small minority of nobles to dominate the population.
Most of the accounts agree on thirteen emperors. The Inca emperors were known by various titles, including "Sapa Inca," "Capac Apu," and "Intip Cori." Often, an emperor was simply referred to as The Inca.
The first seven were legendary, local, and of slight importance. During this period the Inca were a small tribe, one of many, whose domain did not extend many miles around their capital city, Cuzco. They were warriors, almost constantly at war with neighboring tribes. Ritual sacrifices were common, evidence of which is found by archaeologists to this very day.
Cusco was the center of the Inca Empire, with its advanced hydraulic engineering, agricultural techniques, marvelous architecture, textiles, ceramics and ironworks.
Geography
The Incans gave their empire the name, 'Land of the Four Quarters' or the Tahuantinsuyu Empire. It stretched north to south some 2,500 miles along the high mountainous Andean range from Colombia to Chile and reached west to east from the dry coastal desert called Atacama to the steamy Amazonian rain forest.
The Incas ruled the Andean Cordillera, second in height and harshness to the Himalayas. Daily life was spent at altitudes up to 15,000 feet and ritual life extended up to 22,057 feet to Llullaillaco in Chile, the highest Inca sacrificial site known today. Mountain roads and sacrificial platforms were built, which means a great amount of time was spent hauling loads of soil, rocks, and grass up to these inhospitable heights. Even with our advanced mountaineering clothing and equipment of today, it is hard for us to acclimatize and cope with the cold and dehydration experienced at the high altitudes frequented by the Inca. This ability of the sandal-clad Inca to thrive at extremely high elevations continues to perplex scientists today.
At the height of its existence the Inca Empire was the largest nation on Earth and remains the largest native state to have existed in the western hemisphere. The wealth and sophistication of the legendary Inca people lured many anthropologists and archaeologists to the Andean nations in a quest to understand the Inca's advanced ways and what led to their ultimate demise.
Society
Inca society was made up of ayllus, which were clans of families who lived and worked together. Each allyu was supervised by a curaca or chief. Families lived in thatched-roof houses built of stone and mud. Furnishings were unknown with families sitting and sleeping on the floor. Potatoes were a basic Inca food. The Imperial Incas clothed themselves in garments made from Alpaca and many of their religious ceremonies involved the animal. They wore sandals on their feet.
In Inca social structure, the ruler, Sapa Inca, and his wives, the Coyas, had supreme control over the empire. The High Priest and the Army Commander in Chief were next. Then came the Four Apus, the regional army commanders. Next were temple priests, architects, administrators and army generals. Next were artisans, musicians, army captains and the quipucamayoc, the Incan accountants. At the bottom were sorcerers, farmers, herding families and conscripts.
Inca society continued uninterrupted in this way for hundreds of years. The appearance of light-skinned strangers during the rule of Atahuallpa, however, was to forever change things for the Inca. Deadly plague would soon sweep through the Inca empire. Those that survived had to face the swords and cannons of the invading Spanish. After leading the Spanish to more gold than they had ever before seen, even Lord Atahuallpa was strangled by his Spanish captors.
Every style of hand-weaving was practiced by the Incas. They used this instead of writing in some cases. They also made very artistic pottery.
Childhood
Inca childhood was harsh by today's standards. When a child was born, the Inca would wash the baby in cold water and wrap it in a quilt. Later, the baby was put in a pit in the ground as a simple playground. By around age one, the baby could expect to receive very severe discipline.
At age fourteen, boys earned a loincloth in a ceremony to mark their manhood. Boys from noble families were subjected to many different procedures of endurance and knowledge. After the test, they received earplugs and a weapon, the color of which represented rank in society.
Education
Inca education during the time of the Inca Empire was divided into two principal spheres: education for the upper classes and education for the general population. The royal classes and a few specially-chosen individuals from the provinces of the Empire were formally educated by the Amawtakuna (philosopher-scholars), while the general population were passed on knowledge and skills by their immediate forbears.
The Amawtakuna constituted a special class of wise men similar to the bards of Great Britain. They included illustrious philosophers, poets, and priests who kept the oral histories of the Incas alive by imparting the knowledge of their culture, history, customs and traditions throughout the kingdom. Considered the most highly educated and respected men in the Empire, the Amawtakuna were largely entrusted with educating those of royal blood, as well as other young members of conquered cultures specially chosen to administer the regions. Thus, education throughout the territories of the Incas was socially discriminatory, barring the rank and file from the formal education that royalty received. The Amawtakuna did ensure that the general population learn Quechua as the language of the Empire, much in the same way the Romans promoted Latin throughout Europe; however, this was done more for political reasons than educational ones.
Education of the Inca nobility
According to Fray Martin de Murua, a chronicler of the time, the education of the young novices (yachakuq runa, in Quechua) received from the Amawtakuna began at age 13 in the houses of knowledge (yachaywasi in Quechua) located in Cuzco. The Amawtakuna used their erudition to teach the young novices of the empire about Inca religion, history and government, and moral norms. They also ensured a thorough understanding of the quipu, the Incas' unique logical-numerical system which used knotted strings to keep accurate records of troops, supplies, population data, and agricultural inventories. In addition, the young men were given careful training in physical education and military techniques.
Most Inca novices finished their education at around age 19. After passing their examinations, the young men would receive their wara (a special type of underwear) as proof of their maturity and virility. Their education ended with a special ceremony, attended by the Empire's oldest and most illustrious Incas and Amawtakuna, at which the new young nobles, as future rulers, demonstrated their physical prowess and warrior skills and proved their masculinity. The candidates were also presented to the Inca sovereign, who pierced their ears with large pendants and congratulated the young aspirants on the proficiency they had shown, reminding them of the responsibilities attached to their station (and birth, in the case of members of the royalty) and calling them the new "Children of the Sun."
Some historians and authors have pointed to feminine schools ("Aqlla wasi", in Quechua) for Inca princesses and other women. It is believed the education given at the Acllahuasi in Cuzco was much different from that given at the other Acllahuasis in the provinces of the empire.
The women learned Inca lore and the art of womanhood as well as skills related to governance, but on a limited scale in comparison to the men. Other skills included spinning, weaving, and chicha brewing. When the Spanish chroniclers and conquistadors arrived they viewed these institutions as the Inca version of the European nunnery. Like the men, women were brought in to the Acllahuasis from faraway villages throughout the empire after being specifically chosen by Inca agents. After finishing their training, some women would stay to train newly-arrived girls, while lower-ranking women might be chosen to be secondary wives of the Sapa Inca, if he wished it, or be sent as rewards to other men who had done something to please the sovereign.
Popular education
The general population of the Inca Empire did not go to formal schools like the Inca did, and they did not have access to the scientific or theoretical knowledge of the Amautas. The education of the common person was largely based on the knowledge transmitted by their elders, such as practical education in the aspects of agriculture, hunting, fishing, and stonework, as well as religion, arts and morality. This type of knowledge was passed on by the fathers and eldest family members through the generations. Even without the benefit of Amawtakuna knowledge, it was the general population that was responsible for building most of the Inca road system, rope bridges, water fountains, agricultural development, irrigation systems, massive stone buildings, fortress temples and the rest of the impressive architectural and engineering marvels for which the Incas are still renowned still today.
Women
Women were an essential part of Inca society. Their principal role in society was to care for their children, cook, weave, make chicha beer and work at the fields; however, they had many other household duties, such as cleaning, to make their lives after marriage very busy.
Marriage
Incan women were typically married at the age of sixteen. In Inca society, due to economic regulations, men of lower rank could only have one wife. The aristocracy, starting with the curaca, were allowed to engage in polygamy.
Trial marriages were typical within Inca culture. In this type of marriage, the man and woman would agree to try out being married to one another for a few years. At the end of this time, the woman could go home to her parents if she wished, and her husband could also send her home if he did not think it would work out. However, once the marriage was made final, they could only divorce if the woman was childless.
Women would almost always marry men in the same social class as them. However, while it was very rare for them to marry a man with a higher social ranking, it was still possible for some young women. The only way for a young woman to alter her social ranking would be if a man of higher ranking took notice of her.
In the Inca society, a wedding was not a joyous celebration. Instead, it was looked at more as a business-like agreement. Therefore, for the Inca, marriage was an economic agreement between two families. Once a woman was married, she was expected to collect food and cook, watch over the animals and the children. A woman's household obligations would not change after she became pregnant. When she did find out she was pregnant she prayed and made offerings to an Inca god, Kanopa.
Music
Music was part of ceremony. Incas knew how to smelt and cast metals so they made many different types of instruments such as trumpets and bells out of materials such as brass or stone.
Arts
The Inca were a conquering society, and their expansionist assimilation of other cultures is evident in their artistic style. The artistic style of the Inca utilized the vocabulary of many regions and cultures, but incorporated these themes into a standardized imperial style that could easily be replicated and spread throughout the empire. The simple abstract geometric forms and highly stylized animal representation in ceramics, wood carvings, textiles and metalwork were all part of the Inca culture. The motifs were not as revivalist as previous empires. No motifs of other societies were directly used with the exception of Huari and Tiwanaku arts.
Clothing
Inca officials wore stylized tunics that indicated their status. It contains an amalgamation of motifs used in the tunics of particular officeholders. For instance, the black and white checkerboard pattern topped with a red triangle is believed to have been worn by soldiers of the Inca army. Some of the motifs make reference to earlier cultures, such as the stepped diamonds of the Huari and the three step stairstep motif of the Moche.
Cloth was divided into three classes. Awaska was used for household use, having an approximate thread count of about 120 threads per inch, and usually made from llama wool. Finer cloth, qunpi, was divided into two classes: The first, woven by male qunpikamayuq (keepers of fine cloth) from alpaca wool, was collected as tribute from throughout the country and was used for trade, to adorn rulers and to be given as gifts to political allies and subjects to cement loyalty. The other class of qunpi ranked highest. It was woven in the Acllawasi (acllahuasi) by "aclla" (female virgins of the sun god temple) from vicuna wool and used solely for royal and religious use. These had thread counts of 600 or more per inch, unsurpassed anywhere in the world, until the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century.
Aside from the tunic, a person of importance wore a llawt'u, a series of cords wrapped around the head. To establish his importance, the Inca Atahualpa commissioned a llawt'u woven from vampire bat hair. The leader of each ayllu, or extended family, had its own headdress.
In conquered regions, traditional clothing continued to be worn, but the finest weavers, such as those of Chan Chan, were transferred to Cusco and kept there to weave qunpi. (The Chimu had previously transferred these same weavers to Chan Chan from Sican.)
The Incan government controlled all clothing of their society. One would receive two outfits of clothing, one formal and one casual pair, and they would then proceed to wear those same outfits until they could literally be worn no longer. Since the government was in such strict control on their clothing, the Incans could not alter their clothing without the permission of the government.
Hair Styles
Discoveries have been made about the Incan hairstyles through studying their ancient mummies. It is believed that women of this culture had very long hair that they would most typically braid. Men on the other hand, would still have relatively long hair, yet would occasionally cut it with a certain type of knife. It has been thought that certain hairstyles may distinguish one class from another.
Jewelry
The wearing of jewelry was not uniform throughout the empire. Chimu artisans, for example, continued to wear earrings after their integration into the empire, but in many other regions, usually only local leaders wore them.
Ceramics and Metalwork
Ceramics were for the most part utilitarian in nature, but also incorporated the imperialist style that was prevalent in the Inca textiles and metalwork. In addition, the Inca played drums and on woodwind instruments including flutes, pan-pipes and trumpets made of shell and ceramics.
The Inca made beautiful objects of gold, silver, copper, bronze and tumbago . But precious metals were in shorter supply than in earlier Peruvian cultures. The Inca metalworking style draws much of its inspiration from Chimu art and in fact the best metal workers of Chan Chan were transferred to Cusco when the Kingdom of Chimor was incorporated into the empire. Unlike the Chimu, the Inca do not seem to have regarded metals to be as precious as fine cloth. Nonetheless, the metalworks of the Incas were perhaps the most advanced in America. When the Spanish first encountered the Inca they were offered gifts of qunpi cloth.
Incan ceramics are usually very distinct and easy to recognize. The shapes of the vessels are highly standardized. The most typical Incan pottery would have a spherical body with a cone shaped base. This spherical body usually includes two vertical side handles with a tall neck and flaring rim. The Incans often would place animal heads on their pottery as well usually near the top of the vessel. There were also several other popular styles for Incan ceramics which included a shallow dish with a single bird head and handle, a pedestal beaker, and a single or double handled bottle.
Incans often decorated their ceramics with a multitude of images and colors. They usually decorated their pottery with bright colors of red, yellow, orange, black and white. Much like all other forms of Incan art, the pottery was often decorated with geometric shapes.
The Incans would put diamonds, squares, checkers, triangles, circles and dots on almost all of their ceramic work. Other common themes were animals and insects like llamas, birds, jaguars, alpacas, bees, butterflies as well as block-like humans.
Mining
As part of a tax obligation to the commoners, mining was required in all the provinces. Even though the Inca Empire contained a lot of precious metals, the Incans did not value their metal as much as fine cloth.
The Incans adopted much of their metal-working characteristics from the metalwork of Chimu. Because of their expertise in metalworking, after the fall of Chimu many metalworkers were taken back to the capital city of Cuzco to continue their metalworking for the emperor. Copper, tin, gold, and silver were all obtained from mines or washed from the river gravels.
Both copper and bronze would be used for basic farming tools or weapons. Some of the common bronze and copper pieces found in the Incan empire included sharp sticks for digging, club-heads, knives with curved blades, axes, chisels, needles and pins. All of these items would be forged by a metallurgist and then spread throughout the empire.
The Incans reserved their more precious metals for ornaments and decorations. Gold and silver were common themes throughout the palaces of Incan emperors. It was said that the walls and thrones were covered with gold and that the emperor dined on gold and silver service.
These golden plated services would often be inlaid with llamas, butterflies or other creatures. Even beyond the gold and decoration of the emperor's palace were the ornaments that decorated all of the temples throughout the empire. The temples of the Incans were strewn with sacred and highly precious objects. Headdresses, crowns, ceremonial knives, cups, and a lot of ceremonial clothing were all inlaid with gold or silver.
Many historians believe that the choice of gold was to distinguish the more sacred or holy pieces from others. The commonality of gold has much to do with the Incan religion surrounding the sun. Because of the beautiful reflection that gold casts, it gave the appearance of containing the sun, making the precious metal even more valued in a sun-obsessed society. Gold was reserved for the highest class of Incan society which consisted of priests, lords and of course the Sapa Inca or emperor.
The Incas are famous for their gold. They mined extensive deposits of gold and silver, but this wealth ultimately brought disaster in the 16th century, when Spanish soldiers came seeking riches for themselves and their king.
Gold, to the Incas, was the 'sweat of the sun' and Silver the 'tears of the moon.'
Shipbuilding
For fishing, trade, construction, transport and military purposes, the Inca built seagoing vessels called balsas by weaving together totora reeds. The largest of these vessels were 20 to 30 meters long, making them comparable in length to Spanish Caravels. This method of constructing ships from woven reeds is an ancient Peruvian tradition which long predates the Inca. There are depictions of such vessels in Moche pottery dating back to 100 A.D.
Population
The population of Tawantinsuyu is currently unknown. There are estimates ranging from as few as 4 million people to more than 37 million. The reason for these various estimates is that, despite that the Inca kept excellent census records using their quipus, knowledge of how to read them has been lost. Almost all of them were destroyed by the Spanish in the course of their conquest.
At its peak, Ican society had more than six million people. As the tribe expanded and conquered other tribes, like the Paracas, the Incans began to consolidate their empire by integrating not only the ruling classes of each conquered tribe but also developing a universal language, calling it Quechua (pronounced KECH-WUN).
This ubiquitous integration encompassed the histories, myths and legends of each subject tribe; stories being intentionally combined, adopted or obliterated, or just accidentally confused. This practice was characteristic of the Incas quest for organization and structure. The Amautas, a special class of wise men who perpetuated traditions of the people, history and legend, redefined myths where and when necessary to establish miracles of faith or precedent or sanctions.
Language
The Incan language was based on nature. All of the elements of which they depended, and even some they didn't were give a divine character. They believed that all deities were created by an ever-lasting, invisible, and all-powerful god named Wiraqocha, or Sun god. The King Incan was seen as Sapan Intiq Churin, or the Only Son of the Sun.
Calendar - Festivals
The Inca calendar had 12 months of 30 days, with each month having its own festival, and a five day feast at the end, before the new year began. The Incan year started in December, and began with Capac Raymi, the magnificent festival.
Most historians agree that the Inca had a calendar based on the observation of both the Sun and the Moon, and their relationship to the stars. Names of 12 lunar months are recorded, as well as their association with festivities of the agricultural cycle.
There is no suggestion of the widespread use of a numerical system for counting time, although a quinary decimal system, with names of numbers at least up to 10,000, was used for other purposes. The organization of work on the basis of six weeks of nine days suggests the further possibility of a count by triads that could result in a formal month of 30 days.
A count of this sort was described by Alexander von Humboldt for a Chibcha tribe living outside of the Inca Empire, in the mountainous region of Colombia. The description is based on an earlier manuscript by a village priest, and one authority has dismissed it as holy imaginary, but this is not necessarily the case. The smallest unit of this calendar was a numerical count of three days, which, interacting with a similar count of 10 days, formed a standard 30-day month.
Every third year was made up of 13 moons, the others having 12. This formed a cycle of 37 moons, and 20 of these cycles made up a period of 60 years, which was subdivided into four parts and could be multiplied by 100. A period of 20 months is also mentioned. Although the account of the Chibcha system cannot be accepted at face value, if there is any truth in it at all it is suggestive of devices that may have been used also by the Inca.
In one account, it is said that the Inca Veracocha established a year of 12 months, each beginning with the New Moon, and that his successor, Pachacuti, finding confusion in regard to the year, built the sun towers in order to keep a check on the calendar. Since Pachacuti reigned less than a century before the conquest, it may be that the contradictions and the meagerness of information on the Inca calendar are due to the fact that the system was still in the process of being revised when the Spaniards first arrived.
Despite the uncertainties, further research has made it clear that at least at Cuzco, the capital city of the Inca, there was an official calendar of the sidereal-lunar type, based on the sidereal month of 27 1/3 days. It consisted of 328 nights (12X271/3) and began on June 8/9, coinciding with the heliacal rising (the rising just after sunset) of the Pleiades; it ended on the first Full Moon after the June solstice (the winter solstice for the Southern Hemisphere). This sidereal-lunar calendar fell short of the solar year by 37 days, which consequently were intercalated. This intercalation, and thus the place of the sidereal-lunar within the solar year, was fixed by following the cycle of the Sun as it strengthened to summer (December) solstice and weakened afterward, and by noting a similar cycle in the visibility of the Pleiades.
Intihuatana, the hitching post of the sun, is possibly the last remaining seasonal sun dials in Peru. The rest were destroyed by the Spaniards, who as Catholics, found them to be paganistic.
Clock
The Ancient Geometric Measure of Time in Tiwanaku
Kepler's Kinetic law and the Proportional Clock
Geometrizing of the Tiahuanacan Solar Cycle, may be a particularly useful line of enquiry into many other ancient prehistoric cultures. It may explain how informations on celestial calculations was recorded and complex astronomical knowledge was transmitted, by being inserted in the enormous architectonics and planimetric structures, still to be seen today in various parts of the world.
The scientific reliability of this research finds indirect confirmation on the clock dial, since all system of time measurement in fact refers to the solar cycle, that is to say to mathematical and geometrical parameters that describe the terrestrial orbit. Thus, by applying Kepler's second kinematic law to the hours circle, we arrive at a geometric system for the figurative representation of time known as the Proportional Dial.
The Proportional Clock derives in turn from this dial and incorporates a new figurative dimension of time in Architecture and Urban planning.
Religion
In the heterogeneous Inca Empire several polytheistic religions were practiced by its different people. Most religions had common traits such as the existence of a Pachamama and Viracocha. The incas controlled religion to give the empire cohesion by having conquered peoples add the Inca deities to their pantheon.
Inca deities occupied the three realms:
Hanan Pacha, the celestial realm in the sky.
Uku Pacha, the inner earth.
Cay Pacha, the outer earth where humans live. The most important deities of Hanan Pacha were Inti, the sun god, and Mama Quilla, the moon goddess. Inti Raymi was the festival of the sun god, the largest and most important Inca festival. The lightning deity also resided in Hanan Pacha.
Uku Pacha was the domain of Pachamama, the Earth mother, who is universal to Andean mythologies. Kanopa was the God of Pregnancy.
Con-Tici Viracocha Pachayachachic, The first god, creator of the three realms and their inhabitants, was also the father of Inti.
Origin
Many ancient Andean peoples traced their origins to ancestral deities. Multiple ayllus could share similar ancestral origins. The Inca claimed descent from the Sun and the Moon, their Father and Mother. Many ayllus claimed descent from early proto-humans that they emerged from local sites in nature called pacarinas.
The earliest ancestors of the Inca were known as Ayar, the first of which was Manco Capac or Ayar Manco. Inca mythology tells of his travels, in which he and the Ayar shaped and marked the land and introduced the cultivation of maize.
Religious expansion
Duality
A prominent theme in Inca mythology is the duality of the Cosmos. The realms were separated into the upper and lower realms, the Hanan Pacha and the Ukhu Pacha and Hurin Pacha. Hanan Pacha, the upper world, consisted of the deities of the sun, moon, stars, rainbow, and lightning while Ukhu Pacha and Hurin Pacha were the realms of Pachamama, the earth mother, and the ancestors and heroes of the Inca or other ayllus. Kay Pacha, the realm of the outer earth, where humans resided was viewed as an intermediary realm between Hanan Pacha and Ukhu Pacha. The realms were represented by the condor (upper world), puma (outer earth) and snake (inner earth).
Sacred Sites
Huacas (sacred sites or things), were widespread around the Inca Empire. Huacas were deific entities that resided in natural objects such as mountains, boulders, streams, battle fields, other meeting places, and any type of place that was connected with past Incan rulers. Huacas could also be inanimate objects such as pottery that were believed to be vessels carrying deities. Spiritual leaders in a community would use prayer and offerings to communicate with a huaca for advice or assistance. Human sacrifice was a part of Incan rituals in which they usually sacrificed a child or a slave. The Incan people thought it was an honor to die for an offering.
There is archaeological discoveries supporting the presence of sacrifice within Inca society according to Reinhard and Ceruti: "Archaeological evidence found on distant mountain summits has established that the burial of offerings was a common practice among the Incas and that human sacrifice took place at several of the sites. The excellent preservation of the bodies and other material in the cold and dry environment of the high Andes provides revealing details about the rituals that were performed at these ceremonial complexes."
Divination
The Incas also used divination. They used it to inform people in the city of social events, predict battle outcomes, and ask for metaphysical intervention.
The Inca were a deeply religious people. They feared that evil would befall at any time. Sorcerors held high positions in society as protectors from the spirits. They also believed in reincarnation, saving their nail clippings, hair cuttings and teeth in case the returning spirit needed them.
The religious and societal center of Inca life was contained in the middle of the sprawling fortress known as Sacsahuaman. Here was located Cuzco, 'The Naval of the World' [we call it the Solar Plexus ] - the home of the Inca Lord and site of the sacred Temple of the Sun. At such a place the immense wealth of the Inca was clearly evident with gold and silver decorating every edifice. The secret of Inca wealth was the mita. This was a labor program imposed upon every Inca by the Inca ruler. Since it only took about 65 days a year for a family to farm for its own needs, the rest of the time was devoted to working on Temple-owned fields, building bridges, roads, temples, and terraces, or extracting gold and silver from the mines. The work was controlled through chiefs of thousands, hundreds and tens.
The Incas worshipped the Earth goddess Pachamama and the sun god, the Inti. The Inca sovereign, lord of the Tahuantinsuyo, the Inca empire, was held to be sacred and to be the descendant of the sun god. Thus, the legend of the origin of the Incas tells how the sun god sent his children Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo (and in another version the four Ayar brothers and their wives) to found Cuzco, the sacred city and capital of the Inca empire.
Inti Raymi, the feast of the sun The "Inti Raymi" or "Sun Festivity" was the biggest, most important, spectacular and magnificent festivity carried out in Inca times. It was aimed to worship the "Apu Inti" (Sun God). It was performed every year on June 21, that is, in the winter solstice of the Southern Hemisphere, in the great Cuzco Main Plaza.
In the Andean mythology it was considered that Incas were descendants of the Sun, therefore, they had to worship it annually with a sumptuous celebration. More over, the festivity was carried out by the end of the potato and maize harvest in order to thank the Sun for the abundant crops or otherwise in order to ask for better crops during the next season.
Besides, it is during the solstices when the Sun is located in the farthest point from the earth or vice versa, on this date the Quechuas (native people of the Andes who speak "quechua" language) had to perform diverse rituals in order to ask the Sun not to abandon its children.
Preparations had to be carried out in the Koricancha (Sun Temple), in the Aqllawasi (House of Chosen Women), and in the Haukaypata or Wakaypata that was the northeastern sector of the great Main Square. Some days before the ceremony, all the population had to practice fast and sexual abstinence. Before dawn on June 21st the Cusquenian nobility, presided over by the Inca and the Willaq Uma (High Priest), were located on the Haukaypata (the Plaza's ceremonial portion), the remaining noble population were placed on the Kusipata (southwestern portion). Prior to this the "Mallki" (mummies of noble ancestors) were brought and they were located in privileged sectors so that they could witness the ceremony.
At sunrise, the population had to greet the Sun God with the "much'ay" ("mocha" in its Spanish form) sending forth-resounding kisses offered symbolically with the fingertips. After all that, people sang in tune solemn canticles in a low voice that later were transformed into their "wakay taky" (weepy songs), arriving like this to an emotional and religious climax.
Subsequently, the Son of the Sun (the Inca king), used to take in his two hands two golden ceremonial tumblers called "akilla" containing "Aqha" (chicha = maize beer) made inside the Aqllawasi. The beverage of the tumbler in the right hand was offered to the Sun and then poured into a golden channel communicating the Plaza with the Sun Temple. The Inca drank a sip of chicha from the other tumbler, the remaining was then drank in sips by the noblemen close to him. Later, chicha was offered to every attendant.
Some historians suggest that this ceremony was started inside the Coricancha in presence of the Sun representation that was made of very polished gold that at the sunrise was reflected with a blinding brilliance. Later the Inca, along with his retinue, went toward the great Plaza through the "Intik'iqllu" or "Street of the Sun" (present-day Loreto street) in order to witness the llama sacrifice.
During this most important religious ceremony in Incan times, the High Priest had to perform the llama sacrifice offering a completely black or white llama. With a sharp ceremonial golden knife called "Tumi" he had to open the animal's chest and with his hands pulled out its throbbing heart, lungs and viscera, so that observing those elements he could foretell the future. Later, the animal and its parts were completely incinerated.
After the sacrifice, the High Priest had to produce the Sacred Fire. Staying in front of the Sun he had to get its rays in a concave gold medallion that contained some soft or oily material in order to produce the fire that had to be kept during next year in the Koricancha and Aqllawasi.
Subsequently the priests offered the Sanqhu that was something like "holy bread" prepared from maize flour and blood of the sacrificed llama; its consumption was entirely religious as a Christian host is.
Once that all ritual stages of the Inti Raymi were finished, all the attendants were located in the southwestern Plaza's sector named Kusipata (Cheer Secto" present-day Plaza del Regocijo) where after being nourished, people were entertained with music, dances and abundant chicha.
Nowadays, the Inti Raymi is staged annually in Saqsaywaman on June 24th with the participation of hundreds of actors wearing typical outfits. It's a great opportunity to imagine the life at the Incas time.
Emperors - Kings
1. Manco Capac - Sun God
2. Sinchi Roca
12. Huascar
13. Atahuallpa
The incredibly rapid expansion of the Inca Empire began with Viracocha's son Pachacuti, who was one of the great conquerors, and one of the great men in the history of the Americas. With his accession in 1438 AD reliable history began, almost all the chroniclers being in practical agreement.
Pachacuti was called considered the greatest man that the aboriginal race of America has produced. He and his son Topa Inca were powerful rulers conquering many lands as they built ther kingdom.
Pachacuti was a great civic planner as well. Tradition ascribes to him the city plan of Cuzco as well as the erection of many of the massive masonry buildings that still awe visitors at this this ancient capital.
The Aymara-speaking rivals in the region of Lake Titicaca, the Colla and Lupaca, were defeated first, and then the Chanca to the west. The latter attacked and nearly captured Cuzco. After that, there was little effective resistance. First the peoples to the north were subjugated as far as Quito, Ecuador, including the powerful and cultured kingdom of Chimu on the northern coast of Peru. Topa Inca then took over his father's role and turned southward, conquering all of northern Chile as far as the Maule River, the southernmost limit of the empire. His son, Huayna Capac, continued conquests in Ecuador to the Ancasmayo River, the present border between Ecuador and Colombia.
Government
The Incas had a highly organized government based in Cuzco. The emperor lived there and was regarded to as The Inca, the main supreme the ruler. Underneath him were the nobles. They were talented and gifted and their skills provided for all of the Inca civilization.
Cuzco, which emerged as the richest city in the New World, was the center of Inca life, the home of its leaders. The riches that were gathered in the city of Cuzco alone, as capital and court of the Empire, were incredible, says an early account of Inca culture written 300 years ago by Jesuit priest Father Bernabe Cobo.
Inca kings and nobles amassed stupendous riches which accompanied them, in death, in their tombs. But it was their great wealth that ultimately undid the Inca, for the Spaniards, upon reaching the New World, learned of the abundance of gold in Inca society and soon set out to conquer it at all costs. The plundering of Inca riches continues today with the pillaging of sacred sites and blasting of burial tombs by grave robbers in search of precious Inca gold.
Cities and Villages
Not many people lived in the Incan cities. People lived in the nearby villages and traveled into town for festivals or business.
The city was mainly used for the government. All the records for nearby villages were reported by their leaders and recorded in the city by the quipucamayoc. About the only people who lived in the city were the metalworkers, carpenters, weavers and other crafters who made artwork for the temples. These people lived in the artisans' quarters. Outside of the cities were the government storehouses and soldiers' barracks.
In every major Inca city, the Sapa Inca had a palace for use when he visited the city. On those grounds were the convents for the Sun Virgins and houses for servants. The buildings on the grounds were single storied edifices, built of stone with a thatched grass roof. Their only entrance was to the courtyard that they were on.
Roads
The Incas had an incredible system of roads. One road ran almost the entire length of the South American Pacific coast! Since the Incas lived in the Andes Mountains, the roads took great engineering and architectural skill to build. On the coast, the roads were not surfaced and were marked only by tree trunks The Incas paved their highland roads with flat stones and built stone walls to prevent travelers from falling off cliffs.
Referred to as an 'all-weather highway system', the over 14,000 miles of Inca roads were an astonishing and reliable precursor to the advent of the automobile. Communication and transport was efficient and speedy, linking the mountain peoples and lowland desert dwellers with Cuzco. Building materials and ceremonial processions traveled thousands of miles along the roads that still exist in remarkably good condition today. They were built to last and to withstand the extreme natural forces of wind, floods, ice, and drought.
This central nervous system of Inca transport and communication rivaled that of Rome. A high road crossed the higher regions of the Cordillera from north to south and another lower north-south road crossed the coastal plains. Shorter crossroads linked the two main highways together in several places.
The terrain, according to Ciezo de Leon, an early chronicler of Inca culture, was formidable. The road system ran through deep valleys and over mountains, through piles of snow, quagmires, living rock, along turbulent rivers; in some places it ran smooth and paved, carefully laid out; in others over sierras, cut through the rock, with walls skirting the rivers, and steps and rests through the snow; everywhere it was clean swept and kept free of rubbish, with lodgings, storehouses, temples to the sun, and posts along the way.
The Incas did not discover the wheel, so all travel was done on foot. To help travelers on their way, rest houses were built every few kilometers. In these rest houses, they could spend a night, cook a meal and feed their llamas.
Their bridges were the only way to cross rivers on foot. If only one of their hundreds of bridges was damaged, a major road could not fully function; every time one broke, the locals would repair it as quickly as possible.
Farming - Diet
t is estimated that the Inca cultivated around seventy crop species. The main crops were potatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, chili peppers, cotton, tomatoes, peanuts, an edible root called oca, and the pseudograins quinoa and amaranth. The crops developed by the Inca and preceding cultures makes South America one of the historic centers of crop diversity (along with the Middle East, India, Mesoamerica, Ethiopia, and the Far East). Many of these crops were widely distributed by the Spanish and are now important crops worldwide. Salsa was originated by the Inca people using tomatoes, chili peppers, and other spices
The Inca cultivated food crops on dry Pacific coastlines, high on the slopes of the Andes, and in the lowland Amazon rainforest. In mountainous Andean environments, they made extensive use of terraced fields which not only allowed them to put to use the mineral-rich mountain soil which other peoples left fallow, but also took advantage of micro-climates conducive to a variety of crops being cultivated throughout the year. Agricultural tools consisted mostly of simple digging sticks.
The Inca also raised llamas and alpacas for their wool, meat, and to use them as pack animals and captured wild vicunas for their fine hair.
The Inca road system was key to farming success as it allowed distribution of foods over long distances. The Inca also constructed vast storehouses, which allowed them to live through El Nino years while some neighboring civilizations suffered.
Inca leaders kept records of what each ayllu in the empire produced, but did not tax them on their production. They instead used the mita for the support of the empire.
The Inca diet consisted primarily of fish and vegetables, supplemented less frequently with the meat of cuyes (guinea pigs) and camelids. In addition, they hunted various animals for meat, skins and feathers. Maize was malted and used to make chicha, a fermented alcoholic beverage.
Everyone worked except for the very young and the very old. Children worked by scaring away animals from the crops and helping in the home.
About 2/3 of a farmer's goods would be shared by a tax system, and the rest were for keeps. Some of the goods would be distributed to others, goods would be received in return, and the rest was stored in government storehouses or sacrificed to the gods.
Each ayllu - clans - had their own self-supporting farm community. Ayllu members worked the land cooperatively to produce food crops and cotton. All work was done by hand because the Incas lacked wheeled tools and draft animals. Their simple implements included a heavy wooden spade or foot plow called a taclla, a stone-tipped club to break up clods, a bronze-bladed hoe, and a digging stick.
The inhabitants of the Andean region developed more than half the agricultural products that the world eats today. Among these are more than 20 varieties of corn; 240 varieties of potato; as well as one or more varieties of squash, beans, peppers, peanuts, and cassava (a starchy root); and quinoa, which is made into a cereal.
By far the most important of these was the potato. They grew over 20 varieties of corn and 240 varieties of potatoes.The Incas planted the potato, which is able to withstand heavy frosts, as high as 4600 m (15,000 ft). At these heights the Incas could use the freezing night temperatures and the heat of the day to alternately freeze and dry the potatoes until all the moisture had been removed. The Incas then reduced the potato to a light flour.
They cultivated corn up to an altitude of 4100 m (13,500 ft) and consumed it fresh, dried, and popped. They also made it into an alcoholic beverage known as saraiaka or chicha.
The Incas faced difficult conditions for agriculture. Mountainous terrain limited the land that could be used for agriculture, and water was sometimes scarce.
To compensate, the Incas adopted and improved upon the terracing methods invented by pre-Inca civilizations. They built stone walls to create raised, level fields. These fields formed steplike patterns along the sides of hills that were too steep to irrigate or plough in their natural state. Terraces created more arable land and kept the topsoil from washing away in heavy rains.
Although rain generally falls in the Andes between December and May, there are often years of drought. The Incas constructed complex canals to bring water to terraces and other patches of arable land.
They also made use of natural fertilizers. Guano, the nitrate-rich droppings of birds, was plentiful in coastal areas. In the highlands, farmers used the remains of slaughtered llamas as a fertilizer.
Camelids, such as llamas, alpacas, and vicu-as, were very important to the economy. In addition to carrying burdens, llamas and alpacas were raised as a source of coarse wool and of dung, which was used for fuel. The finest-quality wool came from the wild vicu�a, which was caught, sheared, and set free again.
The Inca also raised guinea pigs, ducks, and dogs, which were the main sources of meat protein.
Study suggests ancient Peruvians 'ate popcorn' BBC - January 19, 2012
A new study suggests that people living along the coast of northern Peru were eating popcorn 1,000 years earlier than previously thought. Researchers say corncobs found at an ancient site in Peru suggest that the inhabitants used them for making flour and popcorn. Scientists from Washington's Natural History Museum say the oldest corncobs they found dated from 4700BC. They are the earliest ever discovered in South America.
Crime
Because everyone had everything they needed, people rarely stole things. As a result, there were no prisons. The worst crimes in the Inca empire were murder, insulting the Sapa Inca and saying bad things about gods. The punishment, being thrown off of a cliff, was enough to keep most people from committing these crimes. Adultery with a Sun Virgin wasn't worth it. The couple was tied up by their hands and feet to a wall and left to starve to death. If one made love to one of the Inca's wives, they would be hung on a wall naked and left to starve. Smaller crimes were punished by the chopping off of the hands and feet or the gouging of the eyes.
Communication
The main form of communication between cities was the chasqui. The chasqui were young men who relayed messages. Say the army general in Nazca needs to report a village uprising to the Sapa Inca in Cuzco. One chasqui runner would start from the chasqui post in Nazca and run about a kilometer to another chasqui, waiting outside another hut. The message would be relayed and the chain would be continued for hundreds of miles by hundreds of runners until the last runner reached the Sapa Inca and told the message, exact to the original word, because a severe punishment awaited a wrong message, which they knew since their training began in boyhood.
Fall of the Inca Civilization
The demise of the Incan civilization, at the hands of the Spanish Conquistadors, occurred in the 1500's, after years of fighting left the already disarticulate anthology in more disarray.
With the arrival from Spain in 1532 of Francisco Pizarro and his entourage of mercenaries or conquistadors, the Inca empire was seriously threatened for the first time. Duped into meeting with the conquistadors in a peaceful gathering, an Inca emperor, Atahualpa, was kidnapped and held for ransom. After paying over $50 million in gold by today's standards, Atahualpa, who was promised to be set free, was strangled to death by the Spaniards who then marched straight for Cuzco and its riches.
Ciezo de Leon, a conquistador himself, wrote of the astonishing surprise the Spaniards experienced upon reaching Cuzco. As eyewitnesses to the extravagant and meticulously constructed city of Cuzco, the conquistadors were dumbfounded to find such a testimony of superior metallurgy and finely tuned architecture. Temples, edifices, paved roads, and elaborate gardens all shimmered with gold.
By Ciezo de Leon's own observation the extreme riches and expert stone work of the Inca were beyond belief: "In one of (the) houses, which was the richest, there was the figure of the sun, very large and made of gold, very ingeniously worked, and enriched with many precious stones. They had also a garden, the clods of which were made of pieces of fine gold; and it was artificially sown with golden maize, the stalks, as well as the leaves and cobs, being of that metal.
Besides all this, they had more than twenty golden (llamas) with their lambs, and the shepherds with their slings and crooks to watch them, all made of the same metal. There was a great quantity of jars of gold and silver, set with emeralds; vases, pots, and all sorts of utensils, all of fine gold - it seems to me that I have said enough to show what a grand place it was; so I shall not treat further of the silver work of the chaquira (beads), of the plumes of gold and other things, which, if I wrote down, I should not be believed."
Much of the conquest was accomplished without battles or warfare as the initial contact Europeans made in the New World resulted in rampant disease. Old World infectious disease left its devastating mark on New World Indian cultures. In particular, smallpox spread quickly through Panama, eradicating entire populations. Once the disease crossed into the Andes its southward spread caused the single most devastating loss of life in the Americas. Lacking immunity, the New World peoples, including the Inca, were reduced by two-thirds.
In the years following the conquest, the only chroniclers of the Incan culture lacked the objectivity and scientific interests needed for accurate accounts. In addition, they all held to a rigid belief in the literal truth of Biblical records. Thus, much of the myths and legends were held in revulsion, as either trivial or immoral, and failed to reach the annals of Incan civilization.
Those myths that did survive may have been distorted or diluted by those Incans who chose to adapt their stories for the Spanish Christian ears. No conclusion can be made about this mysterious myth other than that is an intriguing and complicated culture, whose form of communication, albeit surreptitious, is innately beautiful.
With the aid of disease and the success of his initial deceit of Atahualpa, Pizarro acquired vast amounts of Inca gold which brought him great fortune in Spain. Reinforcements for his troops came quickly and his conquest of a people soon moved into consolidation of an empire and its wealth. Spanish culture, religion, and language rapidly replaced Inca life and only a few traces of Inca ways remain in the native culture as it exists today.
What remains of the Inca legacy is limited, as the conquistadors plundered what they could of Inca treasures and in so doing, dismantled the many structures painstakingly built by Inca craftsmen to house the precious metals. Remarkably, a last bastion of the Inca empire remained unknown to the Spanish conquerors and was not found until explorer Hiram Bingham discovered it in 1911.
He had found Machu Picchu a citadel atop a mountainous jungle along the Urubamba River in Peru. Grand steps and terraces with fountains, lodgings, and shrines flank the jungle-clad pinnacle peaks surrounding the site. It was a place of worship to the sun god, the greatest deity in the Inca pantheon.
Manco Capac, was the name of the last of the Inca rulers, and the son of Huayna Capac. Manco Capac was supposedly crowned (1534) emperor by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro but was tolerated only as a puppet. He escaped, levieda huge army, and in 1536 laid siege to Cuzco, the Inca capital. The defense was commanded by Hernando Pizarro. Although the Incans had by now learned some European tactics of war they were outclassed by technical advantages. Manco Capac could not prevent dismemberment of his army at harvest time. The heroic siege, which virtually destroyed the city, was abandoned after ten months, but during the ensuing eight years the Inca's name became a terror throughout Peru. Manco Capac fought a bloody guerrilla war against soldiers and settlers. He was treacherously murdered in 1544, after giving refuge to the defeated supporters of Diego de Almagro, who had rebelled against Pizarro.
In 1541 the Wheel of Fortune turned against Francisco Pizarro, and the conquistador reaped a bit of what he had sown. After the fall of Cuzco in 1533, Pizarro and his brother cut their rival, Diego de Almagro, out of much of the booty. By way of compensation, Francisco offered him Chile, and the Spaniard marched off in hopes of conquest and gold. He returned two years later, having found no fortune, and helped suppress Manco. His quarrel with the Pizarros led to a battle between their factions at Las Salinas on April 26, 1538. Captured, the defeated Almagro was garroted on Hernando's order. Francisco, now governor, later stripped Almagro's son, also named Diego, of lands leaving him bankrupt.
The embittered young Almagro and his associates plotted to assassinate Francisco after mass on June 16, 1541, but Pizarro got wind of their plan and stayed in the governor's palace. While Pizarro, his half-brother Francisco Martin de Alcantara, and about 20 others were having dinner, the conspirators invaded the palace. Most of Pizarro's guests fled, but a few fought the intruders, numbered variously between seven and 25. While Pizarro struggled to buckle on his breastplate, his defenders, including Alcantara, were killed. For his part Pizarro killed two attackers and ran through a third. While trying to pull out his sword, he was stabbed in the throat, then fell to the floor where he was stabbed many times.
Alcantara's wife buried Pizarro and Alcantara behind the cathedral. He was reburied under main altar in 1545, then moved into a special chapel in the cathedral on July 4, 1606. Church documents from the verification process for remains of St. Toribio in 1661, however, note a wooden box inside of which was a lead box inscribed in Spanish: Here is the skull of the Marquis Don Francisco Pizarro who discovered and won Peru and placed it under the crown of Castile.
In 1891, on the 350th anniversary of Pizarro's death, a scientific committee examined the desiccated remains that church officials had identified as Pizarro. In their account in American Anthropologist 7:1 (January 1894), they concluded that the skull conformed to cranial morphology then thought to be typical of criminals, a result seen as confirming identification. A glass, marble, and bronze sarcophagus was built to hold the mummy, which was venerated by history buffs and churchgoers.
But in 1977, workers cleaning a crypt beneath the altar found two wooden boxes with human bones. One box held the remains of two children; an elderly female; an elderly male, complete; and an elderly male, headless; and some fragments of a sword. The other contained the lead box--inscribed as had been recorded in 1661--in which was a skull that matched postcranial bones of the headless man in the first box. A Peruvian historian, anthropologist, two radiologists, and two American anthropologists studied the remains. The man was a white male at least 60 years old (Pizarro's exact age was unknown; he was said to be 63 or 65 by contemporary historians) and 5'5" to 5'9" in height. He had lost most of his upper molars and many lower incisors and molars, had arthritic lipping on his vertebrae, had fracture his right ulna while a child, and had suffered a broken nose.
Examination of the remains indicated that the assassins did a thorough job. There were four sword thrusts to neck, the sixth and twelfth thoracic vertebrae were nicked by sword thrusts, the arms and hands were wounded from warding off sword cuts (a cut on the right humerus and two on the left first metacarpal; the right fifth metacarpal was missing altogether), a sword blade had cut through the right zygomatic arch, a thrust penetrated the left eye socket, a rapier or dagger went through the neck into the base of skull, and a pair of thrusts had damage the left sphenoid. The savage overkill suggests revenge as a motive rather than simple murder or death in battle.
The scholars concluded that these were indeed the remains of Francisco Pizarro. The two children might be Pizarro's sons who died young, the elderly female is possibly the wife of Alcantara, and the other elderly male Alcantara. The dried out body long thought to be Pizarro exhibited no sign of trauma as would be expected if it was indeed the corpse of the conquistador. They decided that the interloper was possibly a church official, and replaced the body with the conquistador's bones in the glass sarcophagus.
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Which country hosted the 1936 Summer Olympic Games? | Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics - results & video highlights
Official Reports arrow
Jesse Owens
The Berlin Games are best remembered for Adolf Hitler’s failed attempt to use them to prove his theories of Aryan racial superiority. As it turned out, the most popular hero of the Games was the African-American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens, who won four gold medals in the 100m, 200m, 4x100m relay and long jump.
Television coverage
The 1936 Games were the first to be broadcast on television. Twenty-five television viewing rooms were set up in the Greater Berlin area, allowing the locals to follow the Games free of charge.
Young Olympians
Thirteen-year-old Marjorie Gestring of the US won the gold medal in springboard diving. She remains the youngest female gold medallist in the history of the Summer Olympic Games. Twelve-year-old Inge Sorensen of Denmark earned a bronze medal in the 200m breaststroke, making her the youngest medallist ever in an individual event.
Debuts and firsts
Basketball, canoeing and field handball all made their first appearances. The Berlin Games also became the first to introduce the torch relay, in which a lighted torch is carried from Olympia in Greece to the site of the current Games.
NOCs: 49
Athletes: 3,963 (331 women, 3,632 men)
Events: 129
Media: n/a
The symbol of fire
These Games saw the introduction of the torch relay based on an idea by Dr Carl Diem. A lit torch was carried from Olympia to the site of the Games through seven countries- Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Austria and Germany: a total journey of more than 3,000 km.
Television coverage
The 1936 Games were also the first to be broadcast on television. Twenty-five television viewing rooms were set up in the Greater Berlin area, allowing the locals to follow the Games free of charge.
Leni Riefenstahl's official film
« Olympia” is a film that is radically different from all those made about sport before it. The director chose to highlight the aesthetics of the body by filming it from every angle. This film brought about new perspectives in cinematography and still remains without equal.
The prizes
Apart from medals, the athletes received a winner's crown and an oak tree in a pot.
New on the programme
For the first time, the programme included men's handball and basketball tournaments.
Crowd
More than four million tickets sold.
Twelve years from Berlin to London
As with World War I, the outbreak of hostilities, first in Japan and China and then in Europe, would make it impossible for the Games of the XII and XIII Olympiads to be held in 1940 and 1944 respectively. In fact, it would be 12 years before the Olympic flame would once again burn in an Olympic stadium, in London, in 1948.
Ceremonies
Berlin 1936. Arrival of the Olympic Flame at the Olympic Stadium.
Official opening of the Games by:
Chancellor Adolf Hitler
Lighting the Olympic Flame by:
Fritz Schilgen (athletics)
Official Oath by:
The officials' oath at an Olympic Summer Games was first sworn in 1972 in Munich.
It was created purely by chance- an artist, Johannes Boehland, started by designing an emblem containing the five Olympic rings with a superimposed eagle and the Brandenburg Gate, one of the symbols of the city. However, the President of the Games Organising Committee, Dr Lewald, was not satisfied with this composition and took the initiative to open the bottom part of the emblem, which turned the design into a bell. Although it was purely by chance that it was created, the symbolism of this figure was immediately recognised. On the side of the bell is the inscription “Ich rufe die Jugend der Welt!” (I call the youth of the world). The artist, Johannes Boehland, commissioned to continue designing the emblem on this theme. The definitive emblem was thus composed of the Olympic bell on which can be found the Olympic rings with the German eagle superimposed. As well as the Olympic rings, flame and oath, the bell became one of the strong and omnipresent symbols of the Berlin Games.
On the obverse, the traditional goddess of victory, holding a palm in her left hand and a winner’s crown in her right. A design used since the 1928 Games in Amsterdam, created by Florentine artist Giuseppe Cassioli (ITA -1865-1942) and chosen after a competition organised by the International Olympic Committee in 1921. For these Games, the picture of victory is accompanied by the specific inscription: ""XI. OLYMPIADE BERLIN 1936".
On the reverse, an Olympic champion carried in triumph by the crowd, with the Olympic stadium in the background. N.B: From 1928 to 1968, the medals for the Summer Games were identical. The Organising Committee for the Games in Munich in 1972 broke new ground by having a different reverse which was designed by a Bauhaus representative, Gerhard Marcks.
Number of torchbearers: 3 075
Total distance: 3 075 km (not including the special stages in Kiel and Grünau)
Countries crossed: Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Germany
More info
A competition was held for the design of the poster, but none of the entries were satisfactory. The publicity committee commissioned different artists and finally chose the project of Mr Würbel, that became the official poster. It features the Quadriga from the Brandenburg Gate, a landmark of the city of Berlin. In the background is the figure of a wreathed victor, his arm raised in the Olympic salute, symbolising Olympic sport. 243,000 copies were made in 19 languages and it was distributed in 34 countries.
“The XIth Olympic Games Berlin, 1936: official report” was the first official report to be produced in two volumes, which would subsequently become the norm. There was an English edition and a German edition.
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IN the UK during World War I female workers at munitions factories formed teams known as ‘Munitionettes’ who played against each other in which sport? | The 1936 Olympic Games in Germany
Feldgrau.com - research on the German armed forces 1918-1945
The 1936 Olympic Games in Germany
by Arvo Vercamer and Jason Pipes
The saga of the 1936 Olympic games began on 26 May 1930. This was when the German Olympic Committee met with the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in Berlin to petition for the hosting rights to XI Olympic games; other applicant cities were Barcelona, Istanbul, Frankfurt am Main, and N�rnberg. Of note is that Berlin was supposed to host the games in 1916, but these were cancelled due to WWI.
The German Olympic Committee organizers and planners did their homework well. When it was their turn to address the IOC, the Germans made an excellent case for showing that Berlin was in the heart of Europe - the city was accessible to everyone by air, by land and even by sea (via a number of German and other European port cities). To further increase their chances of being awarded the games, the German Olympic Committee showed the IOC preliminary development and construction plans as to how Berlin intended to host the games and how Germany would have regulation sports facilities available for all competitions.
On 25 April 1931, almost a year later, the IOC met in Barcelona, Spain, to render its decision. German Olympic committee members were there too. To further increase their chances, the German delegates in Barcelona made a few last minute pitches as well; one of them being that Germany would like another chance to host the games because the 1916 games in Berlin were cancelled.
By a vote of 43:16, Berlin beat out Barcelona as the next host city (no Spanish delegates in fact showed up to the meeting and there were approximately 80 abstentions). The IOC regrouped a bit as it tried to figure out what to do next in the light of so many no-votes. It conducted a straw poll from the available delegates and on 13 May 1931, announced to the world that the XI Summer Olympic games would be held in Berlin, Germany.
By awarding the XI 1936 Olympic games to Berlin, one can say that this was the IOC's way of showing the world that Germany was once again a member of good standing in the global community of nations. But therein also lay a problem for the future. The IOC decision to award the 1936 Olympic games to was made when Germany was a democracy, a republic (Weimar Germany). But in 1933, German experienced a change of political leadership - democracy was out and Nationalist Socialism was in. Many of the political and sporting conditions existing in 1931 would be radically different in 1936.
The 13 May 1931 IOC announcement was the decision that Hitler was essentially waiting for. It would in fact be a double coup. In 1931, Germany won the rights to host not only the XI 1936 Summer Olympic games in Berlin from 01 August to 16 August 1936. In 1933, Germany also won the right to host the IV1936 Winter Olympic games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen from 02 February to 16 February 1936. Hitler could not have asked for a better propaganda opportunity. Of note is that in 1933, Garmisch was its own city. In 1935, Garmisch and Partenkirchen merged to form Garmisch-Partenkirchen. This merger did not affect the IOC award in any way.
Shortly, Hitler and the German Nationalist Socialist Party would be in power in Germany. The 1936 Olympic games would be Hitler's opportunity to showcase his vision of a new and powerful Germany to everyone. He could now extol his vision of the virtues of German Nationalist Socialism to the world - that Germany was now once more a leading economic engine of the world, that Germany was a militarily powerful nation and growing in strength every day, that Germany had shaken off the despair and misery of the Great Depression faster than anyone else, and most Germans were happier with their standard of living than anyone else in the world.
Preparations for the 1936 Olympic games ran into problems as soon as they left the proverbial starting block. In 1931, Germany's unemployment figures topped the 5 million mark. Money and needed funds to cover a myriad of issues could not be raised. Germany was in near economic and financial ruins. The German Olympic Committee wanted to collect not only enough money to start building for the Olympic games in 1936, they also wanted to participate at the 1932 Olympic games in Los Angeles. A key contributor to the German Olympic effort was the German Reichspost. They provided the German Olympic Committee with a grant of 1 million Reichsmarks (RM); in addition they also issued postage stamps with contained an Olympic game surcharge. A national lottery was established in Germany and a one Pfennig surcharge was levied on all German sporting events tickets. In addition to attending the games in Los Angeles, German Olympic planners were especially keen to study how America organized its Olympic village for the attending athletes - an Olympic first.
That was 1932. In 1933, the political landscape of Germany would change for the worse. After Hitler and the German Nationalist Socialists came to power, the marks of violence and racial intolerance quickly escalated to the point where they would soon became the norm in Germany. On 27 February 1933, the German Reichstag (Parliament) was burned to the ground - allegedly by the communists. On 23 March 1933, Hitler was able to get the now dysfunctional Reichstag to pass his Enabling Act. From this point on, the Reichstag was essentially a rubber stamp parliament for Hitler's wishes.
One of the first international political tests for Germany, which could have an impact on the 1936 Olympic games, came in 1933. Specifically, in May of 1933, Germany had to respond to charges of racial and religious discrimination in Silesia before the League of Nations. Germany tried skillfully to bluff its way through this mess, but in the end, she failed. To avoid further similar problems in international courts and forums, in April of 1933, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations - but after Germany was censured for human rights violations in Silesia.
There was another sinister component to the 1936 Olympic season - religious persecution. It was no secret that German Nationalist Socialists intended to push forward their agenda of hate and intolerance against all adherents of the Jewish faith. By December of 1933, all sports organizations for adherents of the Jewish faith were officially disbanded in Germany. Only a token representation of the Samuel K. Macabee and Schild organizations were allowed to continue operating. According to enacted laws and enforced regulations, adherents of the Jewish faith were proscribed from attending any facility in Germany, which would aid them in their efforts to compete in sports activities or which would help them to remain physically fit. While Hitler did have his own political agenda in effect, he was also quite pragmatic at the time. To make sure that the IOC would not pull the games from under his feet, he had to make some political concessions in Germany. On 01 January 1936, a number of anti-Jewish laws were temporarily lifted to placate the IOC and foreign participants. In reality, this had no effect on the actual racial and religious exclusion policies and practices of the Third Reich. They continued without missing a beat.
Of note is that there were two exceptions to the German sports exclusion policies. Rudi Ball was an ice-hockey player living outside of Germany - he was a believer of the Jewish faith, but he was specifically requested to return to Germany by the German Olympic Committee to participate on the German ice-hockey team. Rudi Ball agreed to return - but only to play during the Winter Olympic games. As soon as the winter games were over with, he would leave Germany. Helene Mayer was a German of Jewish heritage residing in California, USA, but she was also a world-class fencing champion. Germany wanted and needed her. She was persuaded to return to Germany as well and in fact, she went on to win the silver medal for Germany in women's individual fencing. From the German perspective, these two individuals were however far more prized for their propaganda value than for their sportsmanship contributions.
The Dream Begins
On 16 March 1933, the head of the German Olympic Committee had his first formal interview with Hitler. Hitler was most enthusiastic and promised Dr. Lewald his full support. On 28 March 1933, Dr. Lewald met with J. Goebbels, and he too was very supportive. The German Propagandaministerium would do all it could to help promote the Olympic games in Germany. On 05 October 1933, Hitler, Dr. Lewald and Wilhelm Frick (Interior Minister) toured some of the proposed Olympic sites in and around the city of Berlin.
Hitler quickly altered all of the current architectural visions - Hitler's Olympic dream was far more grandiose in scope, far more opulent in depth than what was first proposed back in 1931 to the IOC in Barcelona. It would not be an Olympic Stadium - it would be a German Stadium! Germany's unemployed would be immediately directed to help build Hitler's Olympic game dreams become a reality.
Germany also was able to persuade the IOC regarding the Olympic national anthem. In 1933, the IOC elected to make Bradley Keeler's musical composition the official Olympic anthem for perpetuity. Dr. Lewald proposed that Germany be allowed use its own Olympic anthem for the Berlin games because of the great contributions Germans have historically made in the fields of art and music. The IOC relented and agreed. Richard Strauss composed the anthem with Hitler's approval.
The famous poster of the 1936 Berlin Olympic games, showing an Olympic athlete in the background and the Brandenburg gate in the foreground, was conceived by Max W�rbel.
The Olympic Village
The German organizers and planners who had visited the Olympic village in Los Angeles had done their homework well. Political considerations aside, the German efforts at satisfying the comforts and needs of all of the participants were a marvel of German efficiency.
Germany's initial housing consideration was to use the Wehrmacht Kaserne at Doberitz as an ersatz Olympic village. Certainly the logistical infrastructure already existed there and the barracks were very nice and clean. But it quickly became evident in both official and unofficial conversations that most athletes would prefer to be housed in an Olympic village type environment (they were spoiled to the nines in Los Angeles). Enter General von Reichenau.
General von Reichenau was an avid sports enthusiast who was involved with the Olympic movement for many years already. He was able to locate a suitable location in Berlin, which had some gently sloping grounds and was well populated with flora and fauna. Architectural plans were rendered and the Wehrmacht's best construction crews were ordered to build the Olympic village. Hitler ordered that cost concerns were not an issue.
The main section of the Olympic village was in the shape of a downward pointing horseshoe or large semi-circle. Close to the apex of the horseshoe design was a main hall, the general services building. A smaller annex was located above the apex of the horseshoe and a second smaller village was located to the bottom of the horseshoe.
To house the athletes, the Wehrmacht constructed 140 houses. Each house was named after a German city and the interior decorations were representative of the namesake city. The double-bed rooms were spacious, elegantly designed and lavishly decorated and furnished. Each team was also assigned its own office, where the team could take care of administrative issues; discuss strategies, etc., as required.
The Olympic village contained a movie theater, a small shopping area, a well staffed and stocked hospital specializing in sports medicine, postal facilities, recreational swimming and exercise areas, back-woods walking trails and plenty of dining facilities. Animals, such as squirrels and swans were imported into the village to enhance the ambiance. Mosquito breeding grounds were destroyed. A British official once joked that the only thing missing from this picturesque scene were a few storks. The next day, 200 storks were imported from Berlin to the village.
The Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping line provided catering; they probably had the best experience in Germany in catering to a large number of foreign clientele on their ships. For each visiting team, the caterers prepared a comprehensive list of their gastronomic likes and dislikes. Specialty food items were imported in large quantities so that every (reasonable) wish of every athlete could be accommodated. The dining facilities could accommodate 24.000 guests from 0500 h to 2400 h.
General Blomberg ordered that a German Army officer be assigned to each visiting team. His primary duties were to act as an advisor, host and liaison officer with the German Olympic Committee and the Olympic Village. Every effort was made to have the Army officer fully qualified to speak to his team in their native language. Hitlerjugend members served as errand boys; and they were well behaved and courteous to all Olympic Village visitors, regardless of race or religious preference.
While the Olympiastadion was within walking distance of the Olympic village, a well-planned transportation system of busses and smaller cars ensured that each team could get to wherever it needed to go to in a timely and safe fashion.
Of note is that the much smaller scaled Olympic village and the Olympic facilities in Garmisch-Partenkirchen were also constructed primarily by Wehrmacht construction crews thinly disguised as civilian workers.
Public Image Conciousness
Shortly prior to the opening of the winter games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Hitler ordered all anti-Jewish signs to be removed from the southern Bavarian region. The newspaper Der St�rmer was not to be circulated in the greater Garmisch region. Even the St�rmerkasten, the newspaper vending machines, were to be removed from public view. Military uniforms were not to be worn unless required - the winter games in Garmisch were a sporting event and sports clothing were the appropriate form of attire. Despite the order not to be in military dress, foreign press reports still ran stories, which likened Garmisch to military barracks.
Hotels in the region were ordered to show extreme tolerance to all visiting foreigners, regardless of race or religious affiliation. The German press was advised to refrain from printing any potentially embarrassing materials and to comment on the racial and religious compositions of foreign competing teams. Hitler was acutely aware of the international scrutiny his Germany and his Olympic games would undergo during this period - he did not want to take any chances on negative publicity.
This did not mean that the Nationalist Socialists stopped with their racial and religious intolerance practices, especially against adherents of the Jewish faith. During this period, it was business as usual for the most of the NSDAP, the SA, and the SS, only now their actions were now conducted more discretely, out of public sight. German planners had to take special care to prevent harm from falling on to Spanish athletes, who because of their more darker skin complexions, were often singled out for insult, ridicule or even physical injury.
Germany also had a second major propaganda effort underway during the Summer Olympic games. From 18 July to 16 August 1936, Berlin hosted a German national exhibition focusing on German cultural issues. Free transportation was offered to any visitor who wished to go to the exhibition or who wished to visit other, approved showcase facilities.
Many of the special dress, propaganda and business edicts in force during the winter games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen were also in force in Berlin during the summer games.
Opposition to the German Games and Foreign Participants
After the German Nationalist Socialists came to power in Germany in 1933, there were indeed many efforts undertaken to move both of the 1936 Olympic games (winter and summer) from Berlin to other, more politically acceptable locations. However, to maintain a separation of politics from sports, the IOC met in a number of emergency sessions and elected to stand by its original decision to have the 1936 Olympic games in Berlin. Hitler's Germany had to make a number of guarantees to the IOC regarding Germany's racial policies and the participation of athletes from all walks of life from all around the world. Germany guaranteed that German citizens who were adherents of the Jewish faith would be allowed to join the German Olympic team - in reality, they were largely excluded.
There were many efforts underway in many corners of the world to hold alternate Olympic type games. In 1935, the Jewish Olympics were held in Tel Aviv, the Palestine. Prague, Czechoslovakia, was supposed to host a rival Olympic game - these games were never held there. An International Worker' Olympic games was also to be held in Antwerp, Belgium - they too were never held.
However, a Peoples' Olympiad was held in Barcelona, Spain, from 19 July to 26 July 1936. This effort had the most promise from all of the alternate games, as many labor unions as well as communist and socialist parties from around the world backed it. Free room and board was promised in Barcelona - but each athlete was on his/her own in terms of getting there. Sports, chess, musical and theatrical events were advertised. Despite the ongoing Spanish civil war, despite the fact that there were shots fired by republican and nationalist forces all over town, the Barcelona games did attract a number of teams; the U.S. sent representation, as did the British and the French. So did German and Italian teams (they were almost exclusively comprised of exiled communists and socialists).
The Czechoslovakians felt very uncomfortable about the Berlin games right from the start. They often publicly stated that they would not send a team to Germany in 1936 (in the end they did). The Swedes also protested. They intended to boycott the Berlin games in 1936 (there were a strong anti-German Nationalist Socialist sentiments circulating in Sweden - in the end, Sweden sent a team). Yugoslavia also protested, it would not send a team to Berlin (in the end, it did). Many South American nations elected not send teams to Berlin (this puzzled the Germans a bit since many South American nations were overtly or covertly quite pro-German in orientation). Brazil sent two teams to the 1936 Berlin Olympic games. Unfortunately, both were later disqualified because no one could decide which was the official Brazilian Olympic team.
The French were early protestors as well, especially after 07 March 1936, when the German Wehrmacht re-entered the demilitarized Rheinland. France first adamantly said it would not send a team to Berlin. Then France changed its mind; it would send a team after all. After still more conditions had changed, France again decided it would not send a team! In the end, France did send a team to Berlin.
Great Britain was invited to attend in 1933, but she did not respond to the German invitation until December of 1934. The Germans were advised that Great Britain would send a team to the 1936 Berlin Olympic games. In 1935, political pressures in Great Britain caused the British Olympic Committee and the government to review the situation. The end result was that Great Britain would indeed participate; although there were strong feelings for a boycott of the Berlin Olympic games evident in many British spheres of influence up until the last minute.
As soon as the invitation arrived, the United States found itself in a major quandary. To boycott or not, that was the question. Avery Brundage made a special trip to Germany to ascertain just how Germany was practicing racial and religious intolerance in athletic and sports competitions. He returned with a somewhat favorable view of Germany and its treatment of peoples of all walks of life. He further stated that African-American athletes and American athletes of Jewish heritage would not be discriminated against while they were in Germany. The mayor of New York, Fiorella La Guardia, was strongly opposed to sending an American team to Berlin; he did not really believe the spin doctors of the German Propagandaministerium. A number of influential state governors and members of congress were also vehemently opposed to sending a U.S. team to Berlin in 1936. On the flip side of the coin, the State of Massachusetts donated USD 10.000 to the U.S. Olympic team so that it could go to Berlin. In the end, a U.S. team went and played an instrumental part in knocking off more than just a few ego chips of Hitler's shoulders.
The Soviet Union had boycotted all of the past Olympic games - why ruin a perfect record in 1936? It did not send a team to the Berlin games.
Despite political posturing and international cat-fighting efforts by many nations in the world, in the end, very few nations boycotted the 1936 Berlin Olympic games. All of the traditional powerhouses attended the summer games (Germany, Japan, France, Great Britain, the United States, etc.); the final number of participating nations being over 50. 4.500.000 tickets were sold to Germans and to foreign visitors and the games brought in close to USD 3 million for Germany.
Of note is that Australia, Bermuda, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa competed as independent nations. The Philippine team was separate from the American team.
Tune into the game, read all about it
German preparations for press and mass media reporting efforts for both the winter and summer games began back in 1935. Deutsche Welle began broadcasting German language classes on many short-wave bands. A number of Berlin radio stations began transmitting short programs in foreign languages, focusing on sports and leisure activities in an around Europe. A special sports and event magazine called Olympia Dienst was published in four languages for the benefit of foreign press correspondents and visitors in Berlin. Many of the lessons learned in Garmisch were corrected for the summer games in Berlin.
Foreign press correspondents and technical support staffers were given access to over 300 microphones, 200 amplifiers and over 20 wireless transmitter vans. The latest German wireless transmission and television technology from such giants as Siemens and Telefunken, was put on display. Over 150.000 Germans followed the Olympic games via television at 21 television centers in Germany. German radio reporters were made available to the news and press organizations of nations, which did not have the resources to send their people to Berlin.
Of note is that at both the winter and summer games, only German photographers were permitted to cover the events. Foreign media representatives had to obtain their photographs from German sources. Germany wanted to make sure that no unflattering pictures of Germany or of the Olympic games would be published abroad.
The Winter Games
Most-medaled country: Norway (15)
The participating nations of the IV Winter Olympic games in Garmisch were:
Austria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and United States of America.
Medal Standings:
Norway, 7 Gold; 5 Silver; 3 Bronze; 15 Total
Sweden, 2 Gold; 2 Silver; 3 Bronze; 7 Total
Germany, 3 Gold; 3 Silver; 0 Bronze; 6 Total
Finland, 1 Gold; 2 Silver; 3 Bronze; 6 Total
Austria, 1 Gold; 1 Silver; 2 Bronze; 4 Total
USA, 1 Gold; 0 Silver; 3 Bronze; 4 Total
Switzerland, 1 Gold; 2 Silver; 0 Bronze; 3 Total
UK, 1 Gold; 1 Silver; 1 Bronze; 3 Total
Canada, 0 Gold; 1 Silver; 0 Bronze; 1 Total
France, 0 Gold; 0 Silver; 1 Bronze; 1 Total
Hungary, 0 Gold; 0 Silver; 1 Bronze; 1 Total
In many respects, the winter games were very much of a test scenario for the summer games in Berlin just a short five months away.
Controversy appeared as scheduled right away at the opening ceremony. How do the athletes march past the reviewing stand and salute the officials. The official Olympic salute, extending the right arm to ones side, was almost exactly like the Hitler era Hitlergruss or Deutschlandgruss. The British team elected to use the official Olympic salute when the entered the stadium. They were immediately criticized for using a German salute. The U.S. team took the conservative approach. They elected not to use the Olympic salute and instead, passed the reviewing stand with a simple eyes right gesture. The U.S. team also did not dip its flag as it passed the reviewing stand.
Estonia and Finland also refused to use the official Olympic salute because they too did not wish to use a gesture, which could be interpreted as saluting Hitler and Germany. Estonia and Finland gave a simple eyes right as they passed the F�hrer and the IOC officials on the reviewing stand.
As a whole, German officials and referees were very evenhanded in all of their decisions. Few complaints were made regarding bad calls. The Canadian and British ice-hockey teams did get into a large fight, which had to be broken up and there was a serious question lingering as to why eight of eleven British hockey players actually lived in Canada (they were however all born in Britain and that was their legal out). The American bobsled team insisted on racing its own U.S. built bobsleds instead of using the German provided ones (the U.S. won that argument and they won the gold medal in the two-man bob-sled event as well). Sonia Henje of Norway was one of the darlings of the winter games as she won her third gold medal in ice dancing in what was her third consecutive Olympic games.
On a separate note, price gouging at stores and restaurants was eliminated through the introduction of a universal price code, which all German commercial establishments had to adhere to.
The Summer Games
Most-medaled country: Germany with 89
The participating nations of the XI Summer Olympic games were:
Greece, Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bermuda, Belgium, Brazil, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Italy, Japan, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru (withdrew during the games), Poland, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, and Yugoslavia.
Medal Standings:
Germany, 33 Gold; 26 Silver; 30 Bronze; 89 Total
USA, 24 Gold; 20 Silver; 12 Bronze; 56 Total
Hungary, 10 Gold; 01 Silver; 05 Bronze; 16 Total
Italy, 08 Gold; 09 Silver; 05 Bronze; 22 Total
Finland, 07 Gold; 06 Silver; 06 Bronze; 19 Total
France, 07 Gold; 06 Silver; 06 Bronze; 19 Total
Sweden, 06 Gold; 05 Silver; 09 Bronze; 30 Total
Netherlands, 06 Gold; 04 Silver; 07 Bronze; 17 Total
Japan, 05 Gold; 04 Silver; 07 Bronze; 15 Total
Great Britain, 04 Gold; 07 Silver; 03 Bronze; 14 Total
Austria, 04 Gold; 06 Silver; 03 Bronze; 13 Total
Czechoslovakia, 03 Gold; 05 Silver; 00 Bronze; 08 Total
Argentina, 02 Gold; 02 Silver; 03 Bronze; 07 Total
Estonia, 02 Gold; 02 Silver; 03 Bronze; 07 Total
Egypt, 02 Gold; 01 Silver; 02 Bronze; 05 Total
Switzerland, 01 Gold; 09 Silver; 05 Bronze; 15 Total
Canada, 01 Gold; 03 Silver; 05 Bronze; 09 Total
Korea, 01 Gold; 00 Silver; 02 Bronze; 06 Total
Turkey, 01 Gold; 00 Silver; 01 Bronze; 02 Total
India, 01 Gold; 00 Silver; 00 Bronze; 01 Total
New Zealand, 01 Gold; 00 Silver; 00 Bronze; 01 Total
Poland, 00 Gold; 03 Silver; 03 Bronze; 06 Total
Denmark, 00 Gold; 02 Silver; 03 Bronze; 05 Total
Latvia, 00 Gold; 01 Silver; 01 Bronze; 02 Total
Romania, 00 Gold; 01 Silver; 00 Bronze; 01 Total
South Africa, 00 Gold; 01 Silver; 00 Bronze; 01 Total
Yugoslavia, 00 Gold; 01 Silver; 00 Bronze; 01 Total
Mexico, 00 Gold; 00 Silver; 03 Bronze; 03 Total
Belgium, 00 Gold; 00 Silver; 02 Bronze; 02 Total
Australia, 00 Gold; 00 Silver; 01 Bronze; 01 Total
Philippines, 00 Gold; 00 Silver; 01 Bronze; 01 Total
Portugal, 00 Gold; 00 Silver; 01 Bronze; 01 Total
Most of the traditional athletic events were held in facilities in and around Berlin while the sailing events were held in Kiel. At the 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen winter games, Germany was criticized in foreign press reviews for being a nation of too many soldiers, too many uniforms. To counter this perception, Hitler ordered that Berlin and Kiel should be as free of military uniforms as possible.
In the 8-man rowing competition held at the Gruenau course, the Dawgs were as they (almost) always are, second to none (the University of Washington Huskies (Dawgs) in Seattle, WA, USA). In Berlin, they came home with the gold. Germany however had a near clean sweep of the other rowing events (gold in double sculls went to Great Britain).
Basketball apparently made its debut at the Berlin games (I have located one source which states that B-Ball was first played as a medals competition sport at the Los Angeles games in 1932, another source stating that B-Ball was first introduced as a medals game at the 1936 Berlin games). In any case, the U.S. basically shellacked all of the other potential medal contenders (the dream team of their day); the U.S. men's basketball team came home with the gold. The U.S. men's high jump team also caused the German racial propaganda machine some difficulties. Two African-Americans won gold and silver, Kotkas of Finland won the bronze medal in that event. Of interest is that two amateur U.S. baseball teams held an exhibition game in the Olympiastation during a off evening. Over 100.000 German sports fans came to see a game the overwhelming majority of whom had never even heard of.
On the whole, Germany did exceptionally well during the 1936 Berlin Olympic games. Although the U.S. did best Germany in track and field events, in the end, Germany did wind up with more medals.
Estonia's K. Palusalu had a number of impressive wins in Berlin. He received the gold medal in two wrestling classes: Freestyle Wrestling - heavyweight category; Gold - K. Palusalu (Estonia); Silver - Josef Klapuch (Czechoslovakia); Bronze - Hjalmar Kystr�m (Finland) and Greco-Roman Wrestling - heavyweight category; Gold - K. Palusalu (Estonia); Silver - John Nyman (Sweden); Bronze - Kurt Hornfischer (Germany).
August Neo also won a silver medal in Freestyle Wrestling - Light Heavyweight category and in Greco-Roman Wrestling - Light Heavyweight category - - and there were other Estonian medal recipients as well. Estonia earned seven medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympic games, not bad for a nation of only 1.2 million.
Estonia's sister Baltic nation of Latvia, with nearly twice the population bases, regretfully did not do quite as well at the Berlin games of 1936 (one highlight being that Edvins Bietags did win a silver in Greco-Roman Wrestling, Light Heavyweight category).
Unfortunately, financial and political considerations prevented Lithuania from sending a team to Los Angeles in 1932 or to Berlin in 1936 (Lithuania did participate at the 1924 and 1928 games, though she did not win any medals at those events). Lithuania was preparing to send a team to Helsinki in 1940, but the Soviet occupation and annexation of Lithuania in 1940 plus the war situation made that a moot point.
The thrill of victory and the agony of defeat by Jesse Owens and Luz Long are well known. A genuine friendship developed quickly between the two athletes. Luz Long was regretfully killed in Italy during the war; but Jesse Ownes continued to remain close to the Long family until his death in 1980.
Taking some of the opening ceremony marching criticisms of the Garmisch winter games to heart, many more nations elected to only give the eyes right salute to Hitler and the IOC Committee in the reviewing stand versus giving the official Olympic salute.
Olympia, a Remarkable Film
No story of the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympic games would be complete without a short discussion of Leni Riefenstahl's epic motion picture production Olympia. Leni Riefenstahl was born in 1902 and quickly became interested in filming and making films. In her early years, Riefenstahl had in fact a very fast growth path in the German film industry. In 1933, she filmed the N�rnberg party rally and did an exceptional job in editing the final version. Hitler was so impressed with her efforts that he made her the motion picture specialist of the NSDAP. In 1934, she outdid herself and produced the film Triumph of the Will, the story of the September N�rnberg party rally.
Her filming expertise not only impressed Hitler, it also impressed the IOC. They commissioned Leni Riefenstahl to produce a documentary about the 1936 Berlin Olympic games. The film was released in 1938 (it took her over 18 months to edit the final version) and when it was released, Olympia became a definitive standard for all future sports documentaries for a long time.
To produce Olympia, Riefenstahl experimented with anything and everything available to her. Camera operators were placed into foxholes and trenches so they could film the Olympic athletes and thus minimize the disruptions to their levels of concentration. She used miniature cameras in situations where a human camera operator was not a practical solution. Camera units were placed on rails and they followed the athletes around the track as they ran. Additional camera operators were allowed to roam around in the audience to get good emotional and crowd reaction shots. During diving meets, a camera operator dove alongside the diver both above and below the water. This was quite a feat since the diver had to not only dive and swim, he had to keep the camera steady and maintain a good focus on the subject (only a token percentage of that footage was of any use).
It need be noted that Riefenstahl did not have an easy time making the film. Although Hitler gave her permission to film Olympia in any way she chose - Goebbels and his spin-doctors were far less accommodating. The kept pressuring her to film Olympia in a pro-German view. But Riefenstahl stuck to her position and filmed both Luz Long and Jesse Owens with the same degree of professionalism and care. Because of her close political association with Hitler and the Third Reich, Riefenstahl was essentially blackballed outside of Germany for most of her remaining life.
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In 1776, patriots and soldiers in New York pulled down a statue of which British monarch in celebration of the Declaration of Independence? | Pulling Down the Statue of George III | Teach US History
Pulling Down the Statue of George III
Image
Background Notes
Artist: John C. McRae was an engraver and printer in New York City (1) who based this engraving off of a painting by Johannes Adam Simon Oertel (1823-1909). Oertel was a painter and engraver who emigrated from Germany in 1848. He is known for his religious paintings and for his ceiling decorations at the House of Representatives in Washington. (2)
On July 9, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was read for the first time in New York in front of George Washington and his troops. In reaction to what had been read, soldiers and citizens went to Bowling Green, a park in Manhattan, where a lead statue of King George III on horseback stood. The mob of people pulled down the statue, and later the lead was melted down to make musket balls, or bullets for use in the war for independence. (3) Careful records were kept, and it is known that 42, 088 bullets were made. (4)
This engraving, and the painting that it is based upon, show a very romanticized version of the event. According to the eye witness accounts, the mob included soldiers, sailors, blacks, and a few lower class citizens, not the women, children, and Native Americans pictured here. Also, the artist portrays King George’s statue incorrectly. The statue in the image is wearing eighteenth century clothing and a crown. (5) No image exists of the actual statue, but descriptions of it mention that it was sculpted wearing a Roman toga. All that is left of the statue are a few fragments that broke off when it fell to the ground. The statue only stood erect in Bowling Green for six years, as it was originally commissioned to celebrate the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766. (6)
This incident was symbolic because it showed that Americans were ready to be independent and free from tyrannical rule, but also by pulling down a statue of the King, it was a symbolic gesture to make historic change from the rule of a monarchy to the rule of a democracy. (7)
(1) Groce, George C. and David H. Wallace, The New York Historical Society’s Dictionary of Artists in America, 1564-1860 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957), 418.
(2) Groce, 476.
(3) A City Nearly Abandoned: Independence & its Enemies in New York, http://independence.nyhistory.org
(4) Marks, Arthur S. “The Statue of King George III in New York and the Iconology of Regicide,” The American Art Journal 13 (Summer 1981): 62.
(5) A City Nearly Abandoned.
(6)Marks, 61-62.
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Ninoy Aquino International Airport is in which country? | Declaration of Independence facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Declaration of Independence
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DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. This document, which the Second Continental Congress adopted on 4 July 1776, proclaimed the original thirteen American colonies independent of Great Britain and provided an explanation and justification of that step. Although it was first drafted as a revolutionary manifesto, Americans of later generations came to honor the Declaration less for its association with independence than for its assertion that "all men are created equal" and "are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights," among which are "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," individual rights that went unmentioned in the federal Constitution and Bill of Rights.
The Development of Independence
The original thirteen British colonies of mainland North America moved toward independence slowly and reluctantly. The colonists were proud of being British and had no desire to be separated from a mother country with which they were united, as John Dickinson put it in his popular newspaper "letters" from "a Farmer in Pennsylvania" (1767–1768), "by religion, liberty, laws, affections, relation, language and commerce." Not even the outbreak of war at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts on 19 April 1775 produced calls for independence. In July of that year, the Second Continental Congress sent the King a petition for redress and reconciliation, which Dickinson drafted in conspicuously respectful language.
The king did not formally answer to the petition. Instead, in a proclamation of August 23, 1775, he asserted that the colonists were engaged in an "open and avowed rebellion." Then, on October 26, he told Parliament that the American rebellion was "manifestly carried on for the purpose of establishing an independent Empire," and that the colonists' professions of loyalty to him and the "parent State" were "meant only to amuse." News of the speech arrived at Philadelphia in January 1776, just when Thomas Paine's Common Sense appeared. American freedom would never be secure under British rule, Paine argued, because the British government included two grave "constitutional errors," monarchy and hereditary rule. Americans could secure their future and that of their children only by declaring their independence and founding a new government whose authority rested on the people alone, with no king or other hereditary rulers. The pamphlet opened a widespread public debate on the previously taboo subject of independence. News of Parliament's Prohibitory Act (December 1775), which declared colonial ships and cargoes forfeit to the Crown as if they were the possessions of "open enemies," added force to Paine's argument, as did news that the Crown had hired German mercenary soldiers to help subdue the Americans.
Finally, on 10 and 15 May 1776, Congress passed a resolution written by John Adams with a radical preface that called for the total suppression of "every kind of authority under the … crown" and the establishment of new state governments "under the authority of the people." Simultaneously, on 15 May, Virginia instructed its Congressional delegation to move that Congress declare independence, negotiate foreign alliances, and design an American confederation. As a result, on 7 June 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced the following resolution: "That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." Lee also moved that Congress "take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and prepare "a plan of confederation" for the colonies' consideration.
Congress debated Lee's resolution on Saturday, 8 May, and again the following Monday. According to notes kept by Thomas Jefferson, most delegates conceded that independence was justified and inevitable, but some argued for delay. The colonies should negotiate agreements with potential European allies before declaring independence, they said. Moreover, the delegates of several colonies, including Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York, were bound by instructions that precluded their voting for independence. Since opinion in those colonies was said to be "fast advancing," even a short delay might avoid a seriously divided vote. The delegates therefore put off the decision until July, but on 11 June appointed a committee to draft a declaration on independence. It had five members: Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, Robert R. Livingston of New York, and Pennsylvania's Benjamin Franklin.
Drafting the Declaration
The drafting committee left no formal records of its proceedings, and the private notes that Jefferson kept devote only a few sentences to the subject. The story of the Declaration's creation must be pieced together from a handful of documents of the time and from accounts by Jefferson and Adams, most of which were written long after the event and sometimes contradict each other. Before appointing a draftsman, it seems likely that the committee met, discussed how the document should be organized, and perhaps wrote "minutes" or instructions, as Adams said. Probably, as Jefferson claimed, he alone was asked to write the document.
In the previous few weeks, Jefferson had drafted a preamble for Virginia's new constitution. He clearly modeled its opening paragraph on the British Declaration of Rights (February 1689), which charged King James II with attempting to "subvert and extirpate" both the Protestant religion and the "Laws and Liberties of this Kingdom." Jefferson similarly accused George III of attempting to establish "a detestable & insupportable tyranny" in Virginia, and then listed a series of transgressions that, like those in the British Declaration, began with the word "by." Now he returned to a draft of his Virginia preamble that remained among his papers, rearranging and expanding the list of grievances for use in the Declaration of Independence. However, rather than start with a "Whereas" clause, as had both his Virginia preamble and its British predecessor, Jefferson proposed a magnificent opening paragraph beginning "When in the course of human events." It identified what followed as having significance far beyond America and Britain alone.
Jefferson's famous second paragraph, which began "We hold these truths to be sacred & undeniable," expressed ideas widely shared among the colonists. Its language, however, owed much to an early version of the Virginia Declaration of Rights written by George chMason. Jefferson took phrases from the Mason draft, compressed them, then added language of his own to construct a single long sentence, based on a standard eighteenth-century rhetorical device that prescribed a series of phrases whose meaning became clear only at the end. The Mason draft said, for example, "all men are born equally free and independent." Jefferson wrote instead "that all men are created equal & independent," then crossed out "& independent." The Mason draft asserted that men had "certain inherent natural rights" that they could not "by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; among which are, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety." Jefferson wrote instead that men had "inherent & inalienable rights" including "life, & liberty, & the pursuit of happiness." To secure those rights, he added, "Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." He concluded his series of phrases with a powerful assertion of the people's right to abolish and replace a government that became destructive of their rights—in short, of the right of revolution, which the Americans were exercising in 1776. That right should not, he went on to say, be invoked for "light & transient causes," but it became not only the people's right but also their "duty to throw off" a government guilty of "a long train of abuses & usurpations" moving toward the establishment of "arbitrary power." And the reign of George III, Jefferson asserted, was "a history of unremitting injuries and usurpations," directed toward "the establishment of an absolute tyranny over the American states.
A long list of examples, or charges against the king, followed. They began not with "by" but with the more emphatic words "he has." The first set of charges recalled somewhat obscure grievances suffered by a specific colony or group of colonies; then, under a charge that "he had combined with others" to perform certain acts, the list recalled more familiar acts of Parliament that had received the royal assent. A final section cited recent events, such as the king's "declaring us out of his allegiance & protection" by approving the Prohibitory Act and employing "large armies of foreign mercenaries" against his American subjects. The Jefferson draft also charged the king with responsibility for the slave trade. A king "whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant," the draft said, "is unfit to be the ruler of a people who mean to be free." A rambling, angry penultimate section castigated the British people for supporting King and Parliament. Then, in its final paragraph, the draft declared "these colonies to be free and independent states" with all the rights of such states. "And for the support of this declaration," it ended, "we"—the delegates who would in time sign the document—"mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, & our sacred honor."
Jefferson sketched out parts of the draft on scraps of paper, some of which survive, then copied the whole to show to other members of the committee. He also used that copy—the "original Rough draught," as he called it, which is now at the Library of Congress—to record all subsequent editorial changes. Jefferson submitted the draft to John Adams, who made a complete copy of the document as it stood when he saw it, and also to Benjamin Franklin, who was recovering from a severe attack of gout. They suggested some changes, and Jefferson initiated others. Then, he told James Madison in 1823, he submitted the revised document to the committee, which sent it "unaltered" to Congress. However, a note he sent to Franklin with an already revised draft in June 1776 tells a different tale. "The inclosed paper has been read and with some small alterations approved by the committee," it said. Would Franklin please "peruse it and suggest such alterations as his more enlarged view of the subject will dictate? The paper having been returned to me to change a particular sentiment or two, I propose laying it again before the committee tomorrow morning." Clearly the draft was a collaborative effort, and some of the changes that appear on the "rough draft" in Jefferson's handwriting were mandated by the committee.
Independence
On 28 June 1776, the committee submitted its draft to Congress, which promptly tabled it for later consideration. Meanwhile, towns, counties, grand juries, and some private groups publicly declared and explained their support for independence. Gradually one state after another fell into line, revising their Congressional instructions and sometimes also issuing state declarations of independence either as separate documents (Maryland, 6 July 1776) or as opening sections of their new constitutions (Virginia, 29 June, and New Jersey, 2 July). Those documents vary in form and style, but most of them recall the colonists' past affection for the king and cite a familiar set of fairly recent events to explain their change in sentiment—the king's neglect of the colonists' dutiful petitions; his endorsement of the Prohibitory Act and hiring of German mercenaries; his use of slaves and Indians against white colonists; the devastation caused by his armies. They also explain independence as a step the Americans accepted only to save themselves from destruction. Americans needed to bid Britain "the last adieu," as Buckingham County, Virginia, put it, before any foreign nations would, "for their own interest, lend an assisting hand … and enable us to discharge the great burdens of the war."
On 1 July, when Congress again debated independence, sentiment remained divided, with nine states in favor, two (Pennsylvania and South Carolina) opposed, and one (Delaware) split. New York's delegates abstained because their year-old instructions, which precluded doing anything that would impede reconciliation with Britain, had not been replaced. However, a delegate from South Carolina asked that the final vote be delayed until the next day. Then, with the timely absence of a few Pennsylvania delegates, the arrival of another Delaware delegate, Caesar Rodney, and a shift in the South Carolina vote, Congress approved the Lee resolution with twelve in favor, none opposed, and the New Yorkers still watching from the sidelines.
The delegates then took up the Declaration of Independence, and—even as a major British force debarked in New York to put down the Americans' "rebellion" once and for all—spent most of the next two days editing the document. They made only a handful of changes to its lyrical opening paragraphs, which Jefferson had already worked over carefully; but they eliminated entirely the long paragraph that placed blame for the slave trade entirely on the king and, curiously, called him a tyrant for offering freedom to slaves who abandoned their masters and joined his army. Several other changes similarly cut back or eliminated overstatements or inaccuracies in the draft. For example, where Jefferson charged the King with "unremitting" injuries, as if he never slept, Congress substituted the word "repeated." The delegates also made some minor adjustments to language ("neglected utterly" became "utterly neglected"); compressed Jefferson's rambling, overlong attack on the British people; and rewrote the all-important final paragraph, adding references to God and substituting the words of the Lee resolution for those proposed by the drafting committee, but retaining Jefferson's mellifluous closing reference to "our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor." Jefferson watched this triumph of group editing with pain, and later made several copies of the committee draft to show correspondents how Congress had "mutilated" his work.
Finally, on 4 July, Congress approved the revised text, then ordered that it be printed and authenticated under the supervision of the drafting committee and distributed to the states and continental army commanders so it could be "proclaimed in each of the United States, and at the head of the army." Congress's printer, John Dunlap, quickly produced a broadside copy, which John Hancock, Congress's president, sent out with appropriate cover letters. On 9 July, New York added its consent to that of the other thirteen states. And on 19 July, after hearing that news, Congress resolved "that the Declaration passed on the 4th, be fairly engrossed on parchment, with the title and stile of 'The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America, '" and that the parchment copy should be signed "by every member of Congress." The main signing occurred on 2 August. However, it was not until January 1777—after Americans victories at Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey, had ended the long disastrous military campaign of 1776—that Congress sent authenticated copies of the signed Declaration to the states.
From Announcement to Icon
The letters from Hancock that accompanied the Dunlap broadside called on the states to proclaim the Declaration "in such a Manner, that the People may be universally informed of it." Massachusetts directed that the Declaration be read aloud after Sunday services in churches; in Virginia and Maryland, it was read to the gatherings of people at county court days. In New York, General Washington had the Declaration read "with an audible voice" before several brigades of the Continental Army, "formed in hollow squares" often with the British in view on nearby Staten Island.
In the decade and a half after 1776, Americans sometimes referred to the Declaration as the "instrument of our Independence," as if it, and not Congress's less familiar resolutions of 2 July, had ended America's subservience to Britain. Otherwise, the document was all but forgotten until the 1790s, when it emerged from obscurity not as a revolutionary manifesto—by then Independence was old news—but a statement affirming human equality and the existence of "unalienable rights."
The document's celebrants were at first members of the Jeffersonian Republican Party. But as its fiftieth anniversary approached after the War of 1812, the Declaration became a national icon, though one soon embroiled in controversy. As antislavery advocates enlisted the Declaration in their cause, Southern defenders of slavery and their northern allies vociferously denied that "all men" are "created equal" and have "unalienable rights." The Declaration's assertions, they said, applied at best to white men only, and should have been omitted from a document that was meant only to separate America from Britain.
On the opposite side stood a set of men, shaped in the patriotic culture of the 1820s, who later found a home in the Republican Party and whose most eloquent spokesman was Abraham Lincoln. The equality in the Declaration, they said, never implied that men were equal in intellect or strength or appearance. It consisted, they said, in men's equal possession of rights. Had the Declaration's purpose been confined to independence, it would be only "an interesting memorial of the dead past" with no practical use in later times. As a testament to personal rights, however, the Declaration was, and was always meant to be, a document of continuing significance. It set up, Lincoln said, "a standard maxim for free society" that was to be enforced "as fast as circumstances should permit," gradually extending its influence and "augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people of all colors everywhere" (Springfield, 26 June 1857). Members of the Republican Party finally added the principles of the Declaration of Independence, as they understood them, to the Constitution by enacting the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery, and, following Lincoln's death, the Fourteenth Amendment, which precluded the states from depriving "any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law."
Today Americans revere the Declaration of Independence less as "the instrument of our Independence" than a statement of rights. They remember only those opening phrases of its second paragraph that speak of equality and of unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Even the engraving on the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C., cuts off Jefferson's carefully constructed long sentence in the middle, ending with the assertion "that to these rights governments are instituted among men." The right of revolution, the original point of the sentence, was edited out, transforming a revolutionary manifesto into an assertion of the rights that established governments must protect, much like a bill of rights. Not only the members of the drafting committee and other delegates to the Second Continental Congress edited the Declaration of Independence, but also generations of later Americans. They gave it a function with which Jefferson would not perhaps have disagreed, but that remains nonetheless different from that of the document as he understood it.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Boyd, Julian P. The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text. Reprint, Charlottesville, N.C.: International Center for Jefferson Studies at Monticello, 1999.
———, ed. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. vol. 1. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1950.
Hazelton, John H. The Declaration of Independence: Its History. Reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, 1970.
Larson, Carlton F. W. "The Declaration of Independence: A 225th Anniversary Re-Interpretation," Washington Law Re-view, LXXVI (2001): 701–787.
Lucas, Stephen E. "The Rhetorical Ancestry of the Declaration of Independence," Rhetoric and Public Affairs, I (1998): 143–184.
Maier, Pauline, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Knopf, 1997.
PaulineMaier
West's Encyclopedia of American Law
COPYRIGHT 2005 The Gale Group, Inc.
Declaration of Independence
In Congress, July 4, 1776 The Unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America
The declaration of independence, perhaps the most famous document in U.S. history, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The preparation of the declaration began on June 11, when Congress appointed a committee composed of thomas jefferson, john adams, benjamin franklin, robert r. livingston, and roger sherman. Jefferson actually wrote the declaration, appropriating some of the language in the virginia declaration of rights. Jefferson's famous phrase concerning "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" is a slight reworking of the wording of the Virginia declaration.
After debate on Jefferson's draft, the Congress made several changes, yet the document remained an expression of the liberal political ideas articulated by john locke and others. The second section, with its reference to "He," is an indictment of the actions of King George III. Like Common Sense, this section destroyed the aura surrounding the monarchy and helped move the colonists toward psychological as well as political independence from Great Britain.
For the members of the continental congress, the declaration served as a vehicle for publicizing their grievances and winning support for the revolutionary cause. It affirmed the natural rights of all people and the right of the colonists to "dissolve the political bands" with the British government. Later generations have laid more stress on the political ideals expressed in the declaration and, in particular, have found inspiration in the phrase "all men are created equal."
Source: The United States Government Manual.
Declaration of Independence
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.—We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.—Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.—He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.—He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.—He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.—He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository or their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.—He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.—He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.—He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.—He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.—He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.—He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.—He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the Consent of our legislatures.—He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.—He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:—For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:—For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:—For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:—For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:—For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:—For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:—For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:—For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:—For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.—He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.—He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.—He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.—He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.—He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every state of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms. Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.—
WE, THEREFORE, the REPRESENTATIVES of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally disolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.—And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
John Hancock
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DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (1776)
Originally designed to influence the sometimes reluctant and uncertain public opinion, both in the colonies and abroad (particularly in France, a potential military ally), the Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson and ratified shortly after by the Second Continental Congress on 4 July 1776, two days after that body had officially severed its ties to Great Britain.
In composing this greatest, most famous of legal documents, Jefferson, already well regarded as an essayist, drew heavily not only on the ideas of his fellow patriots, but also on the natural-rights theories of John Locke and the Swiss legal philosophy of Emerich de Vattel. Although Jefferson's bitter attack on the institution of slavery was rejected by the convention in deference to South Carolina and Georgia, the principles set forth in the Declaration, among them the revolutionary notion that human beings had rights which even governments and kings could not take from them, would nevertheless become a rallying cry not only for Jefferson and his New World contemporaries, but also for many people at all times in the United States and around the world.
Laura M.Miller,
West's Encyclopedia of American Law
COPYRIGHT 2005 The Gale Group, Inc.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
Since its creation in 1776, the Declaration of Independence has been considered the single most important expression of the ideals of U.S. democracy. As a statement of the fundamental principles of the United States, the Declaration is an enduring reminder of the country's commitment to popular government and equal rights for all.
The Declaration of Independence is a product of the early days of the Revolutionary War. On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress—the legislature of the American colonies—voted for independence from Great Britain. It then appointed a committee of five—
john adams, benjamin franklin, thomas jefferson, roger sherman, and Robert R. Livingston—to draft a formal statement of independence designed to influence public opinion at home and abroad. Because of his reputation as an eloquent and forceful writer, Jefferson was assigned the task of creating the document, and the final product is almost entirely his own work. The Congress did not approve all of Jefferson's original draft, however, rejecting most notably his denunciation of the slave trade. Delegates from South Carolina and Georgia were not yet ready to extend the notion of inalienable rights to African Americans.
On July 4, 1776, the day of birth for the new country, the continental congress approved the Declaration of Independence on behalf of the people living in the American colonies. The Declaration served a number of purposes for the newly formed United States. With regard to the power politics of the day, it functioned as a propaganda statement intended to build support for American independence abroad, particularly in France, from which the Americans hoped to have support in their struggle for independence. Similarly, it served as a clear message of intention to the British. Even more important for the later Republic of the United States, it functioned as a statement of governmental ideals.
In keeping with its immediate diplomatic purposes, most of the Declaration consists of a list of 30 grievances against acts of the British monarch George III. Many of these were traditional and legitimate grievances under British constitutional law. The Declaration firmly announces that British actions had established "an absolute Tyranny over these States." Britain's acts of despotism, according to the Declaration's list, included taxation of Americans without representation in Parliament; imposition of standing armies on American communities; establishment of the military above the civil power; obstruction of the right to trial by jury; interference with the operation of colonial legislatures; and cutting off of trade with the rest of the world. The Declaration ends with the decisive resolution that "these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved."
The first sentences of the document and their statement of political ideals have remained the Declaration's most memorable and influential section. Among these sentences are the following:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.—That
to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government.
Ever since their creation, these ideas have guided the development of U.S. government, including the creation of the U.S. Constitution in 1787. The concepts of equal and inalienable rights for all, limited government, popular consent, and freedom to rebel have had a lasting effect on U.S. law and politics.
Scholars have long debated the relative importance of the different sources Jefferson used for his ideas in the Declaration. Most agree that the natural rights philosophy of English philosopher john locke greatly influenced Jefferson's composition of the Declaration. In particular, Locke advanced the ideas that a just government derives its legitimacy and power from the consent of the governed, that people possess inalienable rights that no legitimate government may take away, and that the people have the right and duty to overthrow a government that violates their rights. Jefferson also paralleled Locke in his identification of three major rights—the rights to "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness"—though the last of his three is a change from Locke's right to "property."
Jefferson himself minimized the Declaration's contribution to political philosophy. In a letter that he wrote in 1825, 50 years after the Declaration was signed, he described the document as "an appeal to the tribunal of the world." Its object, he wrote, was
[n]ot to find out new principles or new arguments, never before thought of, not merely to say things which had never been said before; but to place before mankind the common sense of the subject, in terms so plain and firm as to command their assent, and to justify ourselves in the independent stand we are compelled to take. Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment, nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing, it was intended to be an expression of the American mind, and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion.
Although the Declaration of Independence stands with the Constitution as a founding document of the United States of America, its position in U.S. law is much less certain than that of the Constitution. The Declaration has been recognized as the founding act of law establishing the United States as a sovereign and independent nation, and Congress has placed it at the beginning of the U.S. Code, under the heading "The Organic Laws of the United States of America." The Supreme Court, however, has generally not considered it a part of the organic law of the country. For example, although the Declaration mentions a right to rebellion, this right, particularly with regard to violent rebellion, has not been recognized by the Supreme Court and other branches of the federal government. The most notable failure to uphold this right occurred when the Union put down the rebellion by the Southern Confederacy in the Civil War.
Despite its secondary authority, many later reform movements have quoted the Declaration in support of their cause, including movements for universal suffrage, abolition of slavery, women's rights, and civil rights for African Americans. Many have argued that this document influenced the passage and wording of such important developments in U.S. law and government as the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, which banned slavery and sought to make African Americans equal citizens. In this way, the Declaration of Independence remains the most outstanding example of the spirit, as opposed to the letter, of U.S. law.
further readings
Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. 1987. In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson. Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State Univ. Press.
Gerber, Scott Douglas, ed. 2002. The Declaration of Independence: Origins and Impact. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
Levy, Michael B. 1982. Political Thought in America. Home-wood, Ill.: Dorsey Press.
Machan, Tibor R., ed. 2001. Individual Rights Reconsidered: Are the Truths of the U.S. Declaration of Independence Lasting? Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution.
Murray, Charles. 1988. In Pursuit of Happiness and Good Government. New York: Simon & Schuster.
cross-references
The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Copyright The Columbia University Press
Declaration of Independence, full and formal declaration adopted July 4, 1776, by representatives of the Thirteen Colonies in North America announcing the separation of those colonies from Great Britain and making them into the United States.
The Road to Its Adoption
Official acts that colonists considered infringements upon their rights had previously led to the Stamp Act Congress (1765) and to the First Continental Congress (1774), but these were predominantly conservative assemblies that sought redress from the crown and reconciliation, not independence. The overtures of the First Continental Congress in 1774 came to nothing, discontent grew, and as the armed skirmishes at Lexington and Concord (Apr. 19, 1775) developed into the American Revolution, many members of the Second Continental Congress of Philadelphia followed the leadership of John Hancock , John Adams , and Samuel Adams in demanding independence.
The delegates from Virginia and North Carolina were in fact specifically instructed on independence and on June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee called for a resolution of independence. On June 11, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson , Robert R. Livingston (see under Livingston ), and Roger Sherman were instructed to draft such a declaration; the actual writing was entrusted to Jefferson. The first draft was revised by Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson before it was sent to Congress, where it was again changed. That final draft was adopted July 4, 1776, and Independence Day has been the chief American patriotic holiday ever since. It is interesting to note, however, that the July 4 document is merely a fuller statement justifying the resolution of independence adopted by Congress on July 2, 1776.
The Declaration and Its Importance
The Declaration of Independence is the most important of all American historical documents. It is essentially a partisan document, a justification of the American Revolution presented to the world; but its unique combination of general principles and an abstract theory of government with a detailed enumeration of specific grievances and injustices has given it enduring power as one of the great political documents of the West. After stating its purpose, the opening paragraphs (given here in the form used in the engrossed copy) assert the fundamental American ideal of government, based on the theory of natural rights , which had been held by, among others, John Locke , Emerich de Vattel , and Jean Jacques Rousseau .
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security."
Then follows an indictment of George III for willfully infringing those rights in order to establish an "absolute Tyranny" over the colonies. The document states that colonial patience had achieved nothing and therefore the colonists found themselves forced to declare their independence. The stirring closing paragraph is the formal pronouncement of independence and is borrowed from the resolution of July 2.
"We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.—And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our fortunes and our sacred Honor."
Signers of the Declaration
Not all the men who helped draw up or voted for the Declaration signed it (Robert R. Livingston, for example, did not) nor were all the signers present at its adoption. All the signatures except six (Wythe, R. H. Lee, Wolcott, Gerry, McKean, and Thornton) were affixed on Aug. 2, 1776. The first is that of John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress. The remaining 55 (see individual articles on each) are those of Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry, Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery, Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott, William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris, Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross, Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean, Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton, William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn, Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton.
Bibliography
See studies by J. H. Hazelton (1906, repr. 1970), C. L. Becker (1922, repr. 1962), and F. R. Donovan (1968); D. Malone, The Story of the Declaration of Independence (1954); D. F. Hawke, A Transaction of Free Men (1964, repr. 1989); R. Ginsberg, ed., A Casebook on the Declaration of Independence (1967); G. Wills, Inventing America (1979); J. Fliegelman, Declaring Independence (1993); P. Maier American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (1997); J. N. Rakove, ed., The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence (2009); J. J. Ellis, Revolutionary Summer (2013).
Cite this article
The Oxford Companion to British History
© The Oxford Companion to British History 2002, originally published by Oxford University Press 2002.
Declaration of Independence, 1776. Conflict in America was well advanced when Congress on 4 July 1776 adopted the Declaration of Independence. Primarily the work of Thomas Jefferson in a five-man committee, a principal objective was to facilitate an understanding with France . The celebrated ‘self-evident truths’ of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness were followed by a fierce denunciation of George III—a 27-point indictment, insisting that he was ‘a tyrant unfit to be the ruler of a free people’. The drafters understood that hatred is more easily called forth if it can be personified, and though it was doubtful history, it was very effective propaganda. The list of grievances would have been longer had Congress not prudently deleted the accusation that George had vetoed attempts to abolish slavery, ‘this execrable commerce’. The declaration concluded that ‘all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.’
J. A. Cannon
World Encyclopedia
© World Encyclopedia 2005, originally published by Oxford University Press 2005.
Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) Statement of the principles with which the Thirteen Colonies of North America justified the American Revolution and separation from Britain as the United States of America. Its blend of high idealism and practical statements ensured its place as one of the world's most important political documents. The Declaration was drafted by a committee that included Thomas Jefferson , and was based on the theory of natural rights propounded by John Locke to justify the Glorious Revolution in England . It was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4. The Declaration states the necessity of government having the consent of the governed, of government's responsibility to its people, and contains the famous paragraph: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness”.
http://loc.gov/const/declar.html
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Nosemaphobia is the irrational fear of being what? | The Psychology of Irrational Fear - The Atlantic
The Atlantic
The Psychology of Irrational Fear
Why we're more afraid of sharks than car accidents, and of Ebola than flu
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Last week Sen. Rand Paul, a doctor, laid out the threat of Ebola in America thusly, to CNN :
"If someone has Ebola at a cocktail party, they're contagious and you can catch it from them.”
That statement is, of course, not true, unless the person is symptomatic, in which case he or she would not be up for hummus and chardonnay. But it’s not as untrue as what Georgia Republican Rep. Phil Gingrey, also a medical doctor , wrote to the CDC:
"Reports of illegal migrants carrying deadly diseases such as swine flu, dengue fever, Ebola virus, and tuberculosis are particularly concerning.”
If Gingrey were to consult a map, he might be relieved to find that West Africa is several thousand miles away from the U.S.-Mexico border. And that, Ebola being what it is, someone in the throes of the hemorrhagic fever would be unlikely to muster the strength to fly to Mexico and then sprint through the South Texas desert. More recently, Kaci Hickox, a nurse who recently returned to her Maine home after treating patients in Sierra Leone, was subject to an involuntary quarantine in a tent at a New Jersey hospital, despite not showing symptoms of Ebola.
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Why Do Some Brains Enjoy Fear?
It’s a big time of the year for fear. Not only is it Halloween, a holiday more recently known for sexy hamburgers but originally famous for its spookiness, but also because the U.S. has had four (now one) cases of Ebola diagnosed on its soil. Maybe it’s the combination of the two that helps explain the abundance of ridiculous statements like the above in recent weeks.
Call it Ebolanoia . A recent CBS poll found that 80 percent of Americans now think U.S. citizens who travel to West Africa should be quarantined upon their return, even though most health experts think that would only make Africa’s Ebola outbreak worse.
Of course, Ebola is partly a stand-in for our ongoing collective anxieties, ever simmering and child-leash-purchase inducing. In calmer times, we might instead be wringing our hands over gluten, swine flu, or that illegal immigrants are coming here to “steal our jobs.”
A recent survey from Chapman University found that Americans are most afraid of walking alone at night, identity theft, safety on the Internet, becoming the victim of a mass shooting, and having to speak in public.
The study also found that Democrats were most likely to be worried about personal safety, pollution, and man-made disasters. Republicans, meanwhile, had the highest levels of fear about the government, immigrants, and “today’s youth.” It also found that having a low level of education or watching talk- or true-crime TV was associated with harboring the most types of fear. Despite the fact that crime rates have decreased over the past 20 years, most Americans, the survey found, think all types of crime have become more prevalent.
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The Renegade Nurse
Fear of things that might actually hurt us, like the flu or smoking, is understandable and healthy. It’s the phobia of things—snakes, sharks, the youth—that pose virtually no threat at all that’s more puzzling. (The last shark attack death in the continental U.S. was in 2012 . Meanwhile, 30,000 people die in car accidents every year). Even in 2013, people thought more frequently about the possibility of a terror attack in the U.S. than they did about the prospect of their own hospitalization.
An inability to process these kinds of odds ratios is one reason why some people experience irrational, sometimes crippling, unease. In an interview with New York magazine about why Ebola is sparking mass hypochondria in the U.S., Catherine Belling, an associate professor at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine, chalked it up to a reasonable fear (you might get Ebola if you accidentally touch the bodily fluids of someone who has it) getting distorted by bad logic (you might get Ebola if you accidentally touch anyone, ever.)
“What hypochondria is, then, is the inability to put that very rational fear into context, where you can continue to function normally rather than being paralyzed by it," she said. "When someone who is in, for example, New York, won’t leave their apartment because they’re afraid of getting Ebola. They’re incapable of recognizing that there’s truly an incredibly minuscule likelihood of getting Ebola.”
There might be a vanishingly small risk of contracting Ebola in the U.S., but as Alicia Meuret, director of the Anxiety and Depression Research Center at Southern Methodist University, explained recently , “if someone is prone to being anxious, they will focus on that 5 percent or 1 percent that’s unknown.”
Unfamiliar things—immigrants and the Internet—tend to make us feel more afraid, as do things that have been mythologized as “scary.” Even scientists who study bugs have an irrational fear of spiders. The idea of instructional fear acquisition suggests that a child seeing her mother jump at the sight of a lizard can develop a new fear where there wasn't one. ( One study found that newborns learn what to fear through the odor of their distressed mothers.)
“There’s a very special sense of horror that’s attached to Ebola, and before now, it’s been sort of alien,” Belling said . “And now it’s here. And I think that has captured imaginations in a scary kind of way.”
We also fear the unexpected—another attribute of America’s Ebola cases. That might be why nearly half of adults report being afraid of the dark, particularly those who are poor sleepers . People have even been shown to get more anxious when a harmless tone is sounded at unpredictable intervals.
The downside is that being afraid can increase the risk of something bad actually happening.
Proximity plays a role, too. Just as Americans became more concerned about Ebola when it popped up in our hospitals, they’re more likely to support going after a hypothetical terrorist group when the group is presented as wanting to attack America, specifically.
We feel more imperiled when we feel physically vulnerable. People who think they are in poor health, regardless of whether they actually are, also feel like they are more likely to be victimized by criminals. The fear-mongering around Ebola on cable news is especially damaging because anxiety tends to breed more anxiety: The threat of contamination can lead to “mass psychogenic illness” in which people avoid things like gluten, vaccines, or windmills, simply because others do.
Finally, feeling like we’ve lost control is likely to bring out our worst phobias. As Madhukar Trivedi, chair of the University of Texas-Southwestern’s Mental Health Department, told KERA news , people are more afraid of flying than of driving cars because “in a car, at least I know when to brake. In a plane, I have no control.” He says people who fear flying find turbulence particularly terrifying: Is it just some choppy wind, or is it an engine malfunction? You don’t know, and there’s nothing you can do about it.
The downside of all of this is that being afraid can increase the risk of something bad actually happening.
“Sometimes when we’re afraid of something,” Christopher Bader, the Chapman sociology professor who led the fear survey, told the New York Times , “even if our fears are irrational, that can lead us to make choices that will actually cause the thing that we are avoiding.” Parks, for example, get more dangerous when people avoid them out of fear, because their emptiness encourages criminals to move in. In the case of Ebola, a travel ban or quarantine law would only hurt volunteer efforts in West Africa.
It also leads to a kind of maddening preposterousness, that, at best, makes us look back and cringe later. A school board in Stokes County, North Carolina, recently voted that an assistant principal will be required to work from home for 21 days after returning from a mission trip to Africa.
South Africa, that is.
"It’s not that we think that she poses any type of risk,” Sonya Cox, chairman of the Stokes County Board of Education, said . “But it's public perception here that we're concerned about.”
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What is a temperature of 0 degrees Kelvin also known as? | Thanatophobia - Fear of Death
Thanatophobia
By Lisa Fritscher - Reviewed by a board-certified physician.
Updated May 20, 2016
Thanatophobia, or fear of death, is a relatively complicated phobia. Many, if not most, people are afraid of dying. Some people fear being dead, while others are afraid of the actual act of dying. However, if the fear is so prevalent as to affect your daily life, then you might have a full-blown phobia.
Religious Issues
Many people's fear of death is tied into their religious beliefs, particularly if they happen to be going through a period of questioning.
Some people think that they know what will happen after death, but worry that they may be wrong. Some believe that the path to salvation is very straight and narrow, and fear that any deviations or mistakes may cause them to be eternally condemned.
Religious beliefs are highly personalized, and even a therapist of the same general faith may not fully understand a client's beliefs. If the fear of death is religiously based, it is often helpful to seek supplemental counseling from one's own religious leader. However, this should never be used to replace traditional mental health counseling.
Fear of the Unknown
Thanatophobia may also have roots in fears of the unknown. It is part of the human condition to want to know and understand the world around us. What happens after death, however, cannot be unequivocally proven while we are still alive. People who are highly intelligent and inquisitive are often at greater risk for this type of thanatophobia, as are those who are questioning their own philosophical or religious beliefs.
Fear of Loss of Control
Like knowledge, control is something for which humans strive. Yet the act of dying is utterly outside anyone's control. Those who fear loss of control may attempt to hold death at bay through rigorous and sometimes extreme health checks and other rituals. Over time, it is easy to see how people with this type of thanatophobia may be at risk for obsessive-compulsive disorder , hypochondriasis and even delusional thinking .
Fear of Pain, Illness or Loss of Dignity
Some people with an apparent fear of death do not actually fear death itself. Instead, they are afraid of the circumstances that often surround the act of dying. They may be afraid of crippling pain, debilitating illness or even the associated loss of dignity. This type of thanatophobia may be identified through careful questioning about the specifics of the fear. Many people with this type of fear also suffer from nosophobia , hypochondriasis or other somatoform disorders .
Concerns About Relatives
Many people who suffer from thanatophobia are not nearly as afraid to die as they are of what would happen to their families after their death. This appears to be especially common in new parents, single parents and caregivers. They may worry that their family would suffer financially or that no one would be around to care for them.
Fear of Death in Children
A child's fear of death can be devastating to the parent, but may actually be a healthy part of normal development.
Children generally lack the defense mechanisms , religious beliefs and understanding of death that help adults cope. They also do not fully understand time, making it difficult for them to accept that people sometimes leave and come back again. These factors can lead children to a muddled and sometimes terrifying concept of what it means to be dead. Whether the fear qualifies as a phobia depends on its severity and the length of time it has been present. Phobias are generally not diagnosed in children until they have been present for more than six months.
Related Fears
It is not uncommon for people who suffer from thanatophobia to develop related phobias as well. Fears of tombstones , funeral homes and other symbols of death are common, as they can serve as reminders of the main phobia. Fear of ghosts or other entities is also common, particularly in those whose thanatophobia is based in religious factors.
Diagnosing Thanatophobia
As there are so many possible causes and complications, it is important that thanatophobia be diagnosed only by a trained mental health professional. He can ask guided questions and help the sufferer figure out exactly what is going on. She can also recognize the symptoms of related disorders and prescribe the appropriate course of treatment.
Treating Thanatophobia
The course of treatment largely depends on the client's personal goals for therapy. Is she trying to resolve a religious conflict? Does he simply want to be able to attend Halloween events without panicking? The therapist must first determine the client's expectations before designing a treatment plan.
Depending on the circumstances, a variety of talk therapy solutions may be appropriate, ranging from cognitive-behavioral to psychoanalytic . Supplemental religious counseling, medications, and other therapeutic alternatives may also be used in conjunction with therapy.
Coping With Thanatophobia
Whether or not to seek treatment for any phobia is a very personal decision. Regardless of whether you choose to get professional assistance, coping with the fear of death can be an ongoing daily struggle. Unlike many phobias that are triggered by specific incidents, such as seeing a spider , thanatophobia may be constantly at the back of your mind. Many of you report that your fear is worst at night, when you are alone in the dark and not distracted by day-to-day events.
How do you cope with your fear? Have you discovered any techniques that help you relax? What do you do if you must attend a funeral, or even watch a favorite character die on TV? I invite you to share your best coping strategy in the hope that we can all learn from each other. In addition, you may be interested in discussing this phobia with others who share your fear.
Source:
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
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Which French philosopher and novelist wrote the novel ‘Nausea’ in 1938? | Nausea - Jean-Paul Sartre - Google Books
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About the author (1964)
Sartre is the dominant figure in post-war French intellectual life. A graduate of the prestigious Ecole Normale Superieure with an agregation in philosophy, Sartre has been a major figure on the literary and philosophical scenes since the late 1930s. Widely known as an atheistic proponent of existentialism, he emphasized the priority of existence over preconceived essences and the importance of human freedom. In his first and best novel, Nausea (1938), Sartre contrasted the fluidity of human consciousness with the apparent solidity of external reality and satirized the hypocrisies and pretensions of bourgeois idealism. Sartre's theater is also highly ideological, emphasizing the importance of personal freedom and the commitment of the individual to social and political goals. His first play, The Flies (1943), was produced during the German occupation, despite its underlying message of defiance. One of his most popular plays is the one-act No Exit (1944), in which the traditional theological concept of hell is redefined in existentialist terms. In Red Gloves (Les Mains Sales) (1948), Sartre examines the pragmatic implications of the individual involved in political action through the mechanism of the Communist party and a changing historical situation. His highly readable autobiography, The Words (1964), tells of his childhood in an idealistic bourgeois Protestant family and of his subsequent rejection of his upbringing. Sartre has also made significant contributions to literary criticism in his 10-volume Situations (1947--72) and in works on Baudelaire, Genet, and Flaubert. In 1964 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature and refused it, saying that he always declined official honors.
Lloyd Alexander, January 30, 1924 - May 17, 2007 Born Lloyd Chudley Alexander on January 30, 1924, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Allan Audley and Edna Chudley Alexander, Lloyd knew from a young age that he wanted to write. He was reading by the time he was 3, and though he did poorly in school, at the age of fifteen, he announced that he wanted to become a writer. At the age of 19 in 1942, Alexander dropped out of the West Chester State Teachers College in Pennsylvania after only one term. In 1943, he attended Lafayette College in Easton, PA, before dropping out again and joining the United States Army during World War II. Alexander served in the Intelligence Department, stationed in Wales, and then went on to Counter-Intelligence in Paris, where he was promoted to Staff Sergeant. When the war ended in '45, Alexander applied to the Sorbonne, but returned to the States in '46, now married. Alexander worked as an unpublished writer for seven years, accepting positions such as cartoonist, advertising copywriter, layout artist, and associate editor for a small magazine. Directly after the war, he had translated works for such artists as Jean Paul Sartre. In 1955, "And Let the Credit Go" was published, Alexander's first book which led to 10 years of writing for an adult audience. He wrote his first children's book in 1963, entitled "Time Cat," which led to a long career of writing for children and young adults. Alexander is best known for his "Prydain Chronicles" which consist of "The Book of Three" in 1964, "The Black Cauldron" in 1965 which was a Newbery Honor Book, as well as an animated motion picture by Disney which appeared in 1985, "The Castle of Llyr" in 1966, "Taran Wanderer" in 1967, a School Library Journal's Best Book of the Year and "The High King" which won the Newberry Award. Many of his other books have also received awards, such as "The Fortune Tellers," which was a Boston Globe Horn Book Award winner. In 1986, Alexander won the Regina Medal for Lifetime Achievement from the Catholic Library Association. His titles have been translated into many languages including, Dutch, Spanish, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Serbo-Croation and Swedish. He died on May 17, 2007.
| Jean-Paul Sartre |
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali became President of which African country in November 1987? | Nausea (1949 edition) | Open Library
Written in English .
About the Book
Winner of the 1964 Nobel Prize for Literature, Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher, critic, novelist, and dramatist, holds a position of singular eminence in the world of letters. Among readers and critics familiar with the whole of Sartre's work, it is generally recognized that his earliest novel, La Nausée (first published in 1938), is his finest and most significant. It is unquestionably a key novel of the twentieth century and a landmark in Existentialist fiction. Nausea is the story of Antoine Roquentin, a French writer who is horrified at his own existence. In impressionistic, diary form he ruthlessly catalogues his every feeling and sensation. His thoughts culminate in a pervasive, overpowering feeling of nausea which "spreads at the bottom of the viscous puddle, at the bottom of our time -- the time of purple suspenders and broken chair seats; it is made of wide, soft instants, spreading at the edge, like an oil stain." Roquentin's efforts to come to terms with life, his philosophical and psychological struggles, give Sartre the opportunity to dramatize the tenets of his Existentialist creed.
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Ghedi and Aviano are towns in which European country? | 2020 Vision Campaign | Europe
Italy
With 23 new members in 2008 and 18 in the initial months of 2009 Italy has almost crossed the 300 threshold. It is expected that soon over 300 member cities and provinces, with dozens actively contributing to the 2020 Vision Campaign. On March 27 2008, the Italian Campaign “A Future Without Nuclear Weapons” delivered to the President of the Chamber of Deputies (Italian Lower House) the signatures collected by over 50 civil society organizations submitting draft legislation to have the country declared “nuclear weapon free”.
With 23 new members in 2008 and 18 in the initial months of 2009 Italy has almost crossed the 300 threshold. It is expected that soon over 300 member cities and provinces, with dozens actively contributing to the 2020 Vision Campaign. On March 27 2008, the Italian Campaign “A Future Without Nuclear Weapons” delivered to the President of the Chamber of Deputies (Italian Lower House) the signatures collected by over 50 civil society organizations submitting draft legislation to have the country declared “nuclear weapon free”.
The Mayors of Ghedi and Aviano were the first to sign, and all the signatures (in the end over 80,000) were certified by an elected city or province official. It was a campaign that strengthened the collaboration between Mayors, City Councillors and activists for the abolition of nuclear weapons, with the active collaboration of Italian Mayors for Peace and supporters of the 2020 Vision Campaign.
In 2008, Hiroshima/Nagasaki commemorations were organised in Vicenza, Ghedi and Aviano. US nuclear weapons are stored at the air-force bases of Aviano and Ghedi. Mayors, elected city officials and civil society representatives continue to work together to increase the membership and activities of Mayors for Peace in support of the 2020 Vision Campaign.
The 2009 Hiroshima/Nagasaki commemorations in Italy are being organized with the Mayor of Aviano and will be dovetailed to allow for audio or video conference links with the Mayors for PeaceGeneral Assembly in Nagasaki. In 2009, the Italian members of “A Future Without Nuclear Weapons”, of which Mayors for PeaceItaly is a main pillar, are planning to organize a Conference on the Vision of a World Free ofNuclear Weapons in the Chamber of Deputies (Lower House of Italian Parliament). The Coordinamento Nazionale Enti Locali per la Pace e i Diritti Umani supports the 2020 Vision Campaign. This Italian coordination with over 700 Italian local governments work for peace and human rights. To stress the importance of 2020 Vision Campaign in their overall strategy, the Coordinamento appointed the Mayor of Aviano as Vice-President. The small town of Coccaglio (near Ghedi) is donating space to establish a Museum, which will host materials from the Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation.
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Berengaria of Navarre was the wife of which English monarch? | Tactical Nukes in Europe a "Tiny Fraction" of Cold War Arsenal, Report Says | Analysis | NTI
Tactical Nukes in Europe a "Tiny Fraction" of Cold War Arsenal, Report Says
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Tactical Nukes in Europe a "Tiny Fraction" of Cold War Arsenal, Report Says
The United States maintains between 150 and 200 B-61 gravity bombs at bases in Europe, a "tiny fraction" of its top deployment of 7,300 tactical nuclear weapons on the continent in 1971, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists reported in its newest edition (see GSN , Dec. 2, 2010).
"The current level represents a tiny fraction of the 1971 peak of 7,300 U.S. tactical nuclear weapons deployed in Europe. Since then (with the exception of a period in the mid-1980s), the Europe-based arsenal has been shrinking. The most dramatic reductions occurred in 1986-87, when the United States withdrew nearly 2,000 weapons from European soil," wrote analysts Robert Norris and Hans Kristensen.
"The 150–200 bombs now deployed in Europe are stored at six bases in five countries: Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Turkey," the report states.
Aviano Air Base in Italy hosts roughly 50 weapons and Incirlik Air Base in Turkey houses 60-70 bombs, the report's authors asserted. Büchel Air Base in Germany, Ghedi Torre Air Base in Italy, Kleine Brogel Air Base in Belgium, and Volkel Air Base in the Netherlands each hold between 10 and 20 of the weapons, they said.
"Although the nuclear weapons are deployed at specific bases in specific countries, it is important not to think of the European deployment as fixed; a potential nuclear strike originating from a particular base would not necessarily be limited to aircraft stationed at that base," the article notes. "Aircraft from several bases and countries usually participate in nuclear loading and strike exercises, such as the annual Steadfast Noon. The May 2010 Steadfast Noon exercise at Aviano AB, for example, included more than 20 aircraft from seven countries."
The base in Belgium includes 11 underground storage vaults with a maximum capacity of four bombs each, the report says. Brussels has not determined how it would obtain delivery vehicles to succeed its fleet of F-16 fighter jets, which could be retired around 2020, the document notes.
"A series of intrusions at Kleine Brogel by unauthorized personnel in recent years has raised serious questions about security there and how the weapons are stored at the base," according to Norris and Kristensen (see GSN , Oct. 22, 2010).
Weapons stored at Büchel Air Base in Germany would be carried to targets by "German PA-200 Tornados of the 33rd Fighter Bomber Squadron; the weapons are under custody of the U.S. Air Force 702nd [Munitions Support Squadron]," the analysts wrote. "As at Kleine Brogel, 11 shelters at Büchel are equipped with underground vaults for the bombs, with a maximum capacity of 44 weapons."
Bombs at Italy's Aviano Air Base would be delivered by F-16 aircraft belonging to the U.S. Air Force's 31st Fighter Wing, according to the report. The Aviano base could hold up to 72 weapons in its 18 underground structures, it says.
"Another 10-20 B-61s are believed to be stored at Ghedi Torre AB, for delivery by Italian PA-200 Tornado aircraft of the 6th Fighter Wing; the weapons at Ghedi Torre AB are under custody of the U.S. Air Force 704th [Munitions Support Squadron]. A decade ago, the base stored 40 bombs, but it is likely that the inventory has been reduced to match the deployment at other national bases," the report states.
Bombs at Volkel Air Base in the Netherlands are overseen by the U.S. Air Force's 703rd Munitions Support Squadron and would be dropped by Dutch F-16 jets, the document says.
The configuration of B-61 bombs at Incirlik Air Base in Turkey is "unique in NATO," says the report.
"Most of the bombs (approximately 50) are for delivery by U.S. aircraft, but the U.S. Air Force does not have a fighter wing based at Incirlik. Requests to deploy a wing there have been turned down by Turkey, so the NATO nuclear posture at Incirlik is more of a half-posture. In a crisis, U.S. aircraft from other bases would have to first deploy to Incirlik to pick up the weapons before they could be used," the document says.
In the last 10 years, the United States has withdrawn its tactical nuclear weapons from two European air bases and the Air Force "has reduced its tactical fighter wing capacity in the United States," says the report.
The NATO Strategic Concept devised last year places less emphasis on the alliance's nonstrategic nuclear deterrent than the document's 1999 predecessor, the analysts wrote (see GSN , Nov. 24, 2010).
"Gone is the previous message that these weapons provide an essential military and political link between Europe and North America. Instead, the new Strategic Concept states that it is the strategic forces of the United States, in particular and to some extent Britain and France that provide the 'supreme guarantee of the security of the alliance,'" the article states.
"The new document commits to some form of U.S. nuclear presence in Europe by designating 'the broadest possible participation of allies in collective defense planning on nuclear roles, in peacetime basing of nuclear forces, and in command, control and consultation arrangements.'
"But the new language is much more vague than that found in the 1999 document, and could simply be met by the allies participation in Nuclear Planning Group meetings, deployment of some U.S. dual-capable aircraft in Europe (without weapons), and the allies' continued involvement in the SNOWCAT program," the document states. The Support of Nuclear Operations With Conventional Air Tactics program "enables NATO countries to participate in the nuclear strike mission even if they do not have nuclear weapons on their territory or aircraft tasked to deliver the U.S nuclear weapons," the report notes earlier.
"Unfortunately, the new Strategic Concept makes further reductions in U.S. nuclear weapons in Europe conditional on Russian reciprocity. 'In any further reductions, our aim should be to seek Russian agreement to increase transparency on its nuclear weapons in Europe and relocate these weapons away from the territory of NATO members. Any further steps must take into account the disparity with the greater Russian stockpiles of short-range nuclear weapons,'" the NATO document states.
Russia is believed to hold roughly 2,000 deployed tactical nuclear weapons within its borders. The Obama administration has said it hopes before long to begin talks on drawing down the former Cold War rivals' tactical nuclear arsenals (see GSN , Jan. 14).
"While there are many good reasons for wanting reductions to the Russian tactical arsenal and increased transparency, NATO has in fact -- on several occasions since the end of the Cold War -- been willing to unilaterally reduce the number of U.S. weapons in Europe without making it conditional upon Russian reciprocity. NATO has done so while arguing that its weapons were not directed against Russia. Arguing now that a U.S. withdrawal from Europe is suddenly dependent on Russian reductions after all seems to turn back the clock to a time when the Soviet Union was the enemy and NATO looked to the east when sizing its
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Where in the human body is the tibia? | Tibia Bone Anatomy, Pictures & Definition | Body Maps
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Tibia
The tibia is a large bone located in the lower front portion of the leg. The tibia is also known as the shinbone, and is the second largest bone in the body. There are two bones in the shin area: the tibia and fibula, or calf bone. The fibula is smaller and thinner than the tibia. These two bones connect the ankle to the knee and work together to stabilize the ankle and provide support to the muscles of the lower leg; however, the tibia carries a significant portion of the body weight.
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Late US film and television actor David Harold Meyer was better known by what name? | BBC Science & Nature - Human Body and Mind - Skeleton Layer
Thighbone: Is the longest, largest, strongest bone in your body
Kneecap: Is embedded in your quadriceps muscle
Long and strong
Your leg bones are the longest and strongest bones in your body. When you stand or walk, all the weight of your upper body rests on them. Each leg is made up of four bones. The three long bones are your femur, your tibia and your fibula. The fourth bone is your small patella, which is better known as the kneecap.
Your femur, or thighbone, is the largest bone in your body. The head of your femur fits into your hip socket and the bottom end connects to your knee. The two bones beneath your knee that make up your shin are your tibia and fibula. Your upper and lower leg are connected by a hinge joint. Your patella, or kneecap, rests on the front of your femur.
The bones of your leg have roughened patches on their surfaces where muscles are attached. When your muscles contract, they pull the bone they're attached to, making your leg move.
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