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Restormel, Erewhon, Cupani and Romeo are all varieties of which garden flower?	What Color Do Sweet Peas Come In? \| Home Guides \| SF Gate What Color Do Sweet Peas Come In? What Color Do Sweet Peas Come In? Sweet peas come in many colors. Sweet peas (Lathyrus odorata) have one of the widest flower color ranges in the plant kingdom. While blue is a rare color in flowers, sweet peas offer multiple shades of blue, from true blue to navy blue to pale blue, plus clear red, pink, white, cream, purple, magenta, peach and burgundy. The flowers are solid, bi-colored, or feature stripes and streaks of other colors swirled together. The one color breeders haven’t been able to produce is yellow. Characteristics While a handful of perennial species of sweet peas exist, Lathyrus odorata is native to the Mediterranean and is an annual in all U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones. Annual sweet peas can’t tolerate high temperatures and are killed by frost. Gardeners in USDA zones 8 through 10 should plant seed in late fall or in January, so the flowers will bloom in late winter or early spring. Seeds also can be sown in August to bloom in December. Vines reach up to 8 feet tall, climbing by means of tendrils and producing fragrant blooms. White, Cream “Royal Wedding” (Lathyrus odorata “Royal Wedding”) and “White Supreme” (Lathyrus odorata “White Supreme”) are two classic white sweet pea varieties that produce an abundance of sweetly scented blossoms. “Cream Southbourne” (Lathyrus odorata “Cream Southbourne”) is a cream-colored sweet pea with frilly blooms and long stems suitable for cutting. Blue, Purple, Lavender The original sweet pea discovered in Sicily in the 1690s by Francisco Cupani is dark blue with a purple hood. Intensely fragrant, “Cupani” (Lathyrus odorata “Cupani”) is still in cultivation. “Blue Celeste” (Lathyrus odorata “Blue Celeste” bears pastel blue blooms, and “Electric Blue” (Lathyrus odorata “Electric Blue”), which is not fragrant, produces azure-blue blooms. “Lynn Davey” (Lathyrus odorata “Lynn Davey”) and “Chelsea Centenary” (Lathyrus odorata “Chelsea Centenary”) are pale lavender, and the new, dark “Erewhon” (Lathyrus odorata “Erewhon”) has purple upper petals and deep purple, almost black, lower petals. Red, Maroon, Pink, Peach Dark-colored sweet peas are some of the most popular forms these days. “Windsor” (Lathyrus odorata “Windsor”) is a deep chocolate-maroon flower introduced in 1999. “Restormel” (Lathyrus odorata “Restormel”) is a clear, bright red. Pink varieties shade into salmon and coral as well as rose-pink and nearly white. “Watermelon” (Lathyrus odorata “Watermelon”) is a pinkish-peach color, and “Renaissance” (Lathyrus odorata “Renaissance”) produces magenta and pale-pink blooms. Multicolor In 1737, Mason’s, a London seed producer, put “Painted Lady” (Lathyrus odorata “Painted Lady”) sweet pea on the market. Its strongly scented blooms are striped white and pinkish red, and it is still available today. Other multicolored varieties include “Cheri Amour” (Lathyrus odorata “Cheri Amour”) with pink, rose and lavender blooms, “Jewels of Albion” (Lathyrus odorata “Jewels of Albion”) with dark blue, cream, lavender and mauve flowers, and “Queen of Hearts” (Lathyrus odorata “Queen of Hearts”), whose flowers mix red, cream, magenta and burgundy.	Sweet Pea
Who was the first Scottish footballer to win the European Player of the Year Award?	Search results for sweet peas News (0) Search Results for sweet peas Use the filters to the left to search for blog articles, recipes, growing guides and more. Enter a new search in the box below. Go	i don't know
Which US state has the most golf courses?	Golf courses per square mile \| Golf Channel Golf courses per square mile By RSS If you thought you knew which states have the highest concentration of golf courses, think again. While states like Florida, Michigan and California seem like the most abundant golf states in America, when it comes to states with the most golf courses per square mile, none of those states even cracks the top five. Here is the full state-by-state ranking: Rank	Florida
What colour is the inner cross on the national flag of Iceland?	Florida Golf Courses \| Public and Private Florida Golf Courses Florida Golf Courses Public and Private Florida has 1,525 golf courses to choose from. This directory lists the courses by city. The cities with the most golf courses like Naples, Fort Myers, and Orlando are listed first under the Top 10. We list all other Florida cities alphabetically, below. Hibiscus Golf Club The 18-hole "Hibiscus" course at the Hibiscus Golf Club facility in Naples, FL features 6,540 yards of golf from the longest tees for a par of 73. The course rating is 71.5 and it has a slope rating of 125 on Bermuda grass. Designed by Dave Wallace/(R) Blackfoot Resources Group Inc, the Hibiscus golf course opened in 2005. Brian Diver, PGA manages the course as the General Manager. ACCESS EXCLUSIVE CONTENT	i don't know
Mavis Cruet, Evil Edna and The Moog are all characters in which children’s cartoon television series?	Willo the Wisp - ClassicKidsTv.co.uk Willo the Wisp Jump to: navigation , search Willo the Wisp Title Willo the Wisp was a character based on the North European folklore legend of Will-o'the-Wisp (the ghost lights, or "corpse candles" seen on marshes). Created by Nick Spargo , originally for an educational cartoon for British Gas in 1975, explaining the way the gas network works in the UK. Kenneth Williams provided the very memorable voices. A series was produced comprising 26 5-minute episodes, with all characters voiced by Kenneth Williams as before. Willo the Wisp was the narrator in the programmes, with the main character being a fairy named Mavis Cruet. All episodes were set in Doyley Woods, Oxfordshire. Contents	Willo the Wisp
What is the largest artery in the human body?	Willo the Wisp (UK) - ShareTV Willo the Wisp (UK) Remove Show A series of 5 minute cartoons about a group of inhabitants of a forest. Willo the Wisp is a sprite formed from gas who narrates each story. Other characters included Evil Edna (a witch shaped like a TV), Mavis (a rather overweight fairy), The Moog, The Argonauts (strange alien things that flew around in a mushroom), More Trivia The character Willo the Wisp, as voiced by Kenneth Williams, originally appeared in 1975 in a short animation called "Super Natural Gas" for British Gas. This animation is included in the… [show] The character Willo the Wisp, as voiced by Kenneth Williams, originally appeared in 1975 in a short animation called "Super Natural Gas" for British Gas. This animation is included in the 2005 DVD release of the series. The character first appeared in the Doyley Woods setting for the 1981 TV series. [hide] In the posthumously-published book 'The Kenneth Williams Diaries', Williams professed to a dislike for the show, considering it too slow-paced and technically indifferent to capture… [show] In the posthumously-published book 'The Kenneth Williams Diaries', Williams professed to a dislike for the show, considering it too slow-paced and technically indifferent to capture children's imaginations. The runaway success of the series, combined with the cult following it acquired among adults, consequently proved him wrong. [hide] The Willo The Wisp character, voiced by Kenneth Williams, was created by Nick Spargo for an animated short film called "Supernatural Gas" in 1975. Spargo wanted to develop the character… [show] The Willo The Wisp character, voiced by Kenneth Williams, was created by Nick Spargo for an animated short film called "Supernatural Gas" in 1975. Spargo wanted to develop the character further, and, in September 1981, the "Willo The Wisp" TV series made its debut on BBC 1 in the UK. This established the setting of Doyley Woods, and the other characters - Mavis Cruet the fairy, Carwash the cat, Evil Edna - the witch who was also a television set, and so on. The series was revived in 2005.	i don't know
Which English monarch was the son of Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond?	Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond - The Tudor Society The Tudor Society Get to know the personalities behind Tudor history You are here : Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond 1 year ago Today marks the anniversary of the death of Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, on 1st November 1456. He died from the plague at Carmarthen Castle. Thank you to Sarah Bryson for writing this article on Edmund for us. Henry Tudor, King Henry VII, was the founder of the Tudor Dynasty. His mother was the imposing Margaret Beaufort who risked everything to see her son on the throne and in turn the houses of Lancaster and York united through the marriage of her son to Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV. But who was Henry Tudor's father? While so much is known about Henry's mother, his father is a much more elusive figure and sadly he did not live to see his only son and heir claim the English throne. Edmund Tudor was the son of Owen Tudor and the Dowager Queen Katherine Valois. Young and beautiful Katherine Valois was the French consort of the great King Henry V and the mother of Henry VI. She was just twenty years of age when her husband Henry V died on the 31st August 1422 at the Chateau de Vincennes, near Paris, while in Europe campaigning. It was reported that Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, sought to marry the Dowager Queen and it may very well have been that Katherine returned these feelings. In response, Parliament set out a statue which stated that no man was allowed to marry a former queen of England without a special licence and permission from the King. If a man dared to marry a former queen then not only would he forfeit his lands and tenements, he would also forfeit his life. The Duke of Somerset paid attention to this statue and reined back his intentions. However, Owen Tudor was a completely different story. Reported to be a squire in the service of the dowager queen, Owen Tudor soon caught the queen's attention. There are various stories as to how this happened, one being that while dancing Owen fell into the queen's lap, another being that she spied him while he was swimming naked – whatever the true story is, the pair married in secret, going against the statute of parliament. The pair had several children together, the two most famous of those being Edmund Tudor and his younger brother Jasper. Edmund Tudor was born around 1430 at Hadham, Hertfordshire. It has been suggested that Edmund was the son of Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, as there are no Edmunds in either Owen Tudor or Katherine Valois' families. However, this is unlikely and it may simply be that he was named after the duke in his honour or that both Owen and Katherine liked the name. Katherine would have several more children before retiring to the Abbey of Bermondsey in 1436 where she died less than a year later on 3rd January 1437. At just six or seven years of age, Edmund and his younger brother Jasper went to live with Catherine de la Pole, Abbess of Barking. Unfortunately there are very few details of Edmund's early years, but it is known that both Owen and Jasper were raised with Catherine de la Pole until around 1442, when they were taken to court to meet their older half-brother, King Henry VI. After this time, the King took charge of Edmund and Jasper's education and Edmund remained at court. Sketch of the effigy of Edmund Tudor To strengthen the position of the King's half-brothers, on 23rd November 1452 Henry VI had Parliament begin the process to declare both Edmund and Jasper legitimate. The King then created Edmund Earl of Richmond while his younger brother Jasper was created the Earl of Pembroke. They were to take precedence above all the noblemen below the rank of a duke. Then on 5th January 1453, at the Tower of London, both Edmund and Jasper were knighted. Finally, on the 6th March 1453, the Commons petitioned the king to declare Edmund and Jasper as his legitimate brothers, due to them sharing the same mother, and the king graciously accepted. In 1454, The king made several large grants to Edmund to strengthen his land base and wealth, and in addition to this, on 24th March, Edmund and Jasper were jointly granted the wardship of nine year-old Lady Margaret Beaufort. Margaret Beaufort, daughter of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, was the sole heiress to her father's great fortune. She had originally been betrothed to John de la Pole, son of William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk, but the king annulled the marriage and sought a marriage for the young heiress elsewhere. To secure Margaret's wealth, Edmund married her on 1st November 1455. He was twenty four/five years of age and she was just twelve. Although the accepted age for marriage during the Tudor period was around twelve years of age for girls and fourteen years of age for boys, most believed that twelve was far too young for a girl to be participating in sexual intercourse. Thus, many young married couples were ordered to wait to have sex until the girl was around fourteen to sixteen years of age. However, Edmund decided not to wait until his new wife was fourteen and wished to consummate the marriage as soon as possible to secure its legitimacy. Shortly afterwards, Margaret became pregnant. She gave birth before she was even thirteen years old. It is believed that due to her young age and slender frame the birth had a dramatic and lasting effect upon her body and despite marrying twice more she never conceived another child. Edmund did not live to see the birth of his son, the future Henry VII. During this time, the famous Wars of the Roses had begun. There were periods of time when King Henry VI was not able to rule effectively, due to what was suspected to be some form of mental illness. During this time, the Duke of York took control of the kingdom and ruled as Protector of the Realm. When Henry VI returned to full sanity, his wife, Margaret of Anjou, and Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, took control once more. Soon war was declared between the houses of York and Lancaster and while the Wars of the Roses are far too great to detail here it was in one of these battles that Edmund was involved and which led to his end. Edmund, a Lancastrian and fighting for his king and half-brother, was captured in 1456 by William Herbert, a Yorkist supporter. Edmund was taken to Carmarthen Castle in Wales, where he was held captive. It was there on 1st November 1456 that he died of the plague, just two months before his only son and heir was born. There were rumours at the time that Edmund had been poisoned or perhaps succumbed to injuries sustained during fighting, but nowadays it is generally accepted that he died of the plague. Edmund was buried at the monastery of Grey Friars in Carmarthen. However in 1539, more than eighty years after his death, at the dissolution of the monasteries, Edmund's grandson Henry VIII had his grandfather's remains moved to the to the choir of St David's Cathedral, where they remain today. At the time of his death, Edmund's lands were valued at around £600 a year and they reverted back to the crown. However, Edmund's young wife Margaret received a dower of £200 a year. Edmund's younger brother Jasper took care of his young sister-in-law, taking her in to stay with him at Pembroke Castle. It was there, on 28th January 1457, that Edmund's son and heir, Henry VII, was born. Sarah Bryson is the author of Mary Boleyn: In a Nutshell. She is a researcher, writer and educator who has a Bachelor of Early Childhood Education with Honours and currently works with children with disabilities. Sarah is passionate about Tudor history and has a deep interest in Mary Boleyn, Anne Boleyn, the reign of Henry VIII and the people of his court. Visiting England in 2009 furthered her passion and when she returned home she started a website, queentohistory.com , and Facebook page about Tudor history. Sarah lives in Australia, enjoys reading, writing, Tudor costume enactment and wishes to return to England one day. She is currently working on a biography of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Sources Image: The shrine of St David and the tomb of Edmund Tudor, © Copyright Philip Pankhurst and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence. Bayani, Debra (2014), Jasper Tudor: Godfather of the Tudor Dynasty. Gregory, Philippa (2015) Edmund Tudor, Philippa Gregory, viewed 17 October 2015, http://www.philippagregory.com/family-tree/edmund-tudor . Higginbothom, Susan (2013) Arms and the Man: Was Edmund Tudor Illegitimate?, History Refreshed, viewed 17 October 2015, http://www.susanhigginbotham.com/blog/posts/arms-and-the-man-was-edmund-tudor-illegitimate/ . Medieval Lives: Birth, Marriage and Death 2013, BBC Scotland. Ridgway, Claire (2012) On This Day in Tudor History, MadeGlobal Publishing.	Henry VII of England
Which tea blend is said to be named after a 19th Century British Prime Minister?	#OnThisDay in 1431: Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, was born – Royal Central #OnThisDay in 1488: James III of Scotland is murdered When he was born on June 11, 1431, he was already the son of a Queen. Later in his life, he would father a son who would go on to be the King of England. However, despite lending his name to one of the most famous royal dynasties in English history, Edmund Tudor is virtually unknown. However, his short life was interesting and eventful. Shortly after the death of King Henry V, his widow, the Dowager Queen Catherine secretly entered into a relationship with Owen Tudor, a Welsh courtier. Catherine was the daughter of King Charles VI of France, and the mother of the young King Henry VI, who was born a few months before his father’s death. It was while she was living with her infant son that Catherine met Owen, who was possibly a member of the Dowager Queen’s household. As it was unprecedented for a King’s widow to remarry, Catherine and Owen were forced to wed in secret. Catherine became pregnant soon after, and stopped living with her royal son, who was ten years old by then. Their first child, Edmund Tudor, was born in Hertfordshire, away from the hustle and bustle of the Royal Court. Another son, Jasper, was born soon afterwards. Because the Tudors led an extremely private life, it remains uncertain as to how many children Catherine and Owen had. Sadly, Catherine died in childbirth in 1437, and with the Dowager Queen dead, the King’s courtiers arrested and imprisoned her second husband for marrying without the young King Henry’s permission. With their father in prison, six-year old Edmund and his younger brother were suddenly left without a guardian. They were brought up by Katherine de la Pole, the sister of the Duke of Suffolk. Making use of her brother’s close connection with the King, Katherine persuaded Henry to take an interest in his younger half-brothers. King Henry grew very fond of the two boys, and they joined his household. He also granted a general pardon to Owen Tudor, and restored his lands to him. As they grew older, Edmund and Jasper become an integral part of King Henry’s court. When he turned 18, Edmund was made the Earl of Richmond, which meant that he ranked higher than everyone except Dukes in the Royal Court. As blood relations of the King, both Tudor brothers were part of his intimate circle of advisors. Edmund also received sizable grants of money and land, including Baynard’s Castle in London. in 1455, Edmund was married to 12 year-old Margaret Beaufort, who was the daughter of the Duke of Somerset and a descendant of King Edward III. However, at the time of their marriage, England was in turmoil. King Henry had taken ill, and was catatonic and incapable of running the country. It was around this time that Richard, Duke of York began his bid for power, setting into motion a series of events that would lead to the Wars of the Roses. When the war began with the First Battle of St Albans, Edmund was not present, having been sent to Wales to enforce the King’s authority. Meanwhile, King Henry had been captured by the Duke of York, who was named Protector of England during his illness. In 1456, York sent an army to South Wales, where they took Carmarthen Castle and captured Edmund Tudor. Edmund died of the plague on November 3, 1456, while still in imprisonment. He was 25 years old, and he left behind a young widow who was pregnant with their son. Edmund’s only child was born a few months after his death, and went on to become King Henry VII, the first Tudor King of England. Related Items	i don't know
Gingernut Ranger is a breed of which creature?	Gingernut Ranger For Sale \| Chickens \| Breed Information \| Omlet Earn $1 - Upload your photo Gingernut Ranger For Sale Please note: All chickens listed here are for collection only. They cannot be delivered by the seller or by Omlet. The seller will send you their contact details to arrange payment and collection. Sorry, there are currently no Gingernut Ranger listed for Sale Latest Reviews For Gingernut Ranger (5 of 38) 5 Stars: - Eileen, 6 December 2016 14 weeks ago, I had 8 baby chicks hatch. The eggs came as a mixed selection so finding out the breeds has been an interesting journey. There was one lovely little chick I couldn't identify. I called her my "cheeky chick". She follows me everywhere and if I bend down, will take every opportunity to jump on my knee or back. I have recently found out she is a Gingernut and what an apt name for her. She is a wonderful bird and loves to be cuddled. I don't know about her egg laying yet as she is only a baby. I think she would be perfect for children. What a lovely bird - Clare, Derbyshire, 12 July 2016 We have only had our GNR for 2 weeks (kept with an equally lovely Lohmann Brown) but she is super. Understandably a little wary for the first few days but now well and truly settled in; friendly, funny and laying an egg most days. Recommend this breed for first-time chicken keepers. The Lohmann Brown gets my vote too; even more friendly and funny!! A sweet little twosome :-) Prolific egg laying chickens. Superb overall. - Dominic,	Chicken
In which 1973 film did Jack Nicholson and Otis Young play two US naval petty officers who are assigned the task of accompanying a young sailor, played by Randy Quaid, to a naval prison?	Chicken Breeds Chicken Breeds Dual Purpose (eggs & table) Ausaberger- This German light breed is fairly rare. The breed originated from crossings between La Fleche, Minorca and the Rheinlander appearing around 1870 in Augsburg in the Black Forest. The breed is basically an all black bird with an elongated cup shaped comb or two lines of spikes. Plumage is black with a greenish sheen throughout. The comb is similar to a Buttercup comb: although after the first couple points it should split into two 'single' combs. The result resembles a cup comb, but should consist of two separate blades touching each other the rear. Face, comb and wattles are bright red, and the ear lobes are smooth and white. Legs and feet are slate. Available in white and as a bantam but rare both in the UK and Europe. Egg colour – white Egg numbers - 180 per annum Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Australorp - Generally a very good egg producer with a fairly meaty body of intermediate size. Developed in Australia from Black Orpington stock. It is smaller than the Orpington with a trimmer appearance. Australorps are good egg producers and hold the world's record for egg production with one hen having laid 364 eggs in 365 days under official Australian trapnest testing. It is a medium weight, active bird laying a tinted egg and is a valuable bird for those who like eggs without sacrificing too much value in meat quality. It is a deep, long bodied, placid bird with a full breast compact wings and very pronounced eyes within a clear unfeathered face. Large and miniature available. Egg colour – tinted brown Egg numbers - 200 per annum Breed contact: Ian and Louise Simpson. Tel: 01636 814958 Barnevelder - This breed originated in the Barneveld district of Holland just prior to the First World War (1914-18) and stock was imported in 1921 with the deep egg colour being its main attraction many in the early trials laying around the 200 per year mark. The most popular colour is called Double Laced although they are standardised in Black, Partridge and Silver. It is an alert upright bird, with the appearance in profile of a concave back line. Wings are short, the head smallish with a single comb. All varieties have very prominent orange eyes and very yellow legs. They are hardy birds and good layers of large brown eggs. Placid good backyard egg layer. Egg colour – tinted brown Egg numbers – 180 per annum Breed contact: 01630 638630 Brahma – A very heavy fowl for the production of heavy roasters or capons. Fair egg layers. Although named after the Brahmaputra in India they are accepted as being created in the USA from the Shanghais where they were crossed with Malay types which put in the pea comb and brow. They were imported into New York in 1846 and stock first reached England in 1853 where they caused a great stir. The head and skull are important breed characteristics. Texture of the feathers is also of great importance, for the plumage, should be smooth fitting and not loose-feathered and soft as in the Cochin. It is a huge, very good natured and docile bird that can make super pets. A general purpose fowl for heavy meat production. They are not great egg layers, but very children friendly. Egg colour – brown Breed contact: The Brahma Club of Great Britain Facebook page Croad Langshan - originating from the Langshan region in Northern China, they were imported into Britain by Major F.T. Croad in 1872. The original colour was black with a bottle-green sheen, and that is the main colour today, although some whites have been bred from the blacks. Langshans are a delight to keep because the birds are inquisitive, intelligent, and graceful – but generally docile, including the cockerels. Egg colour – pinkish plum Breed society: www.croadlangshan.org.uk Derbyshire Redcap - The Redcap originated in the Derbyshire and Pennine area of England and is one of our oldest dual-purpose utility breeds. The name comes from its exceptional rose comb. The males have red earlobes and the cockerels plumage is deep red to black with dark orange neck and saddle hackles. The tail feathers are black and the legs are a blue-grey while the eyes are red. The female has a beautiful red brown plumage and each body feather ends in a black spangle. Their combs are around half the size of the males. They make good table birds with an excellent gamey flavour and the hens also lay around 150-200 large white eggs per year. They are comparatively rare these days but still have a following in the Derbyshire area. They are at their happiest free ranging as they are terrific foragers and good fliers so require a lot of space. They have good longevity and will continue to lay for a good many years. Egg colour – white Breed society: http://www.derbyshireredcapclub.org.uk Dorking – A good, general purpose fowl for producing meat and good-sized eggs. It was developed for its especially fine quality meat. The Dorking is one of the oldest British breeds being descended from stock brought to Britain by the Romans. The Dorking has a rectangular body set on very short legs. It is five toed and has a relatively large comb, thus requiring protection in extremely cold weather. Dorkings are good layers and are one of the few instances where a bird with red earlobes lays a white shelled egg. The Dorking is a hardy bird and is quiet in nature. They are large foraging birds that require space as they are very active. This is a docile bird to keep. There are five standard colours for the Dorking - Silver grey, dark, red, cuckoo and white. The silver grey is the most commonly found. The silver grey hen is a delicate shade of silver grey, with darker grey pencilling. The dark is a darker version of the silver grey all but a black crescent on the salmon breast and back. The red is very dark. The white is pure white with no straw tinge. The cuckoo has fuzzy bands of grey and dark grey across each feather. All colours have red eyes, combs, wattles and earlobes with white legs and feet. Egg colour – white Breed society: http://www.poultryclub.org/dorkingclub Faverolle - The Faverolle is a composite breed originating from crosses of Houdans, Dorkings and Asiatics in the village of Faverolle, France where they were bred primarily for utility. They have a broad, square body with small wings, a single upright comb, short neck, a striking beard and muffling. They come in a variety of colours - black, blue (laced), buff, cuckoo, ermine, salmon, white. They are quiet, friendly, gentle birds that can actually become very affectionate towards their keepers and are an ideal breed for children. They thrive in a run and are not good fliers so the fencing doesn't have to be very high. Egg colour – tinted Breed contact: http://www.faverolles.co.uk/ German Langshan – The original Langshan originated from the Langshan region in Northern China, and were imported into Britain by Major F.T. Croad in 1872. These were then imported into Germany from England in 1879 where they were selected for the clean legged form. They had black Minorca added for egg capacity and this altered their form to a more upright stance. The male develops a well-spread tail with the sickles often reaching sixteen or seventeen inches. The closely-fitting saddle feathers, full hackled neck and upright carriage give the effect of a short back. The surface plumage throughout is close and smooth. The body in both sexes should be evenly balanced on straight legs, with very little backward bend at the hocks. They are a strong, robust breed that lay many eggs of an impressive size. Bred in black, blue laced, and white. Egg colour – cream Egg numbers – 180 per annum Breed society - 07624 484222 Houdan - An old French breed that was known as the Normandy fowl when first imported into England in 1850. It takes its name from the town of Houdan, located in a section of France where large numbers of Houdans were bred and raised in past years for the Paris and London markets. In shape, the Houdan, resembles the Dorking, to which it probably owes its fifth toe. The Houdan is rated highly in France for its fine meat qualities as is the Bresse and its large white eggs. The White Houdan originated in America, the result of crossing White Polish with Mottled Houdans. Bred in a limited number of varieties - black mottled, white and lavender. Houdan are extremely docile in nature and like to be handled especially if they have been raised from young. Hens make the best pets and will live 7-8 years. Egg colour – white Egg numbers – 160 per annum Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Ixworth - Developed by Reginald Appleyard in 1932 taking as their name the village in Suffolk where he lived. They were intended to be a good table bird that could lay. Their genetic make up included White Sussex, White Orpington, White Minorca, Jubilee, Indian and a white game. The bantam version was stabilised and released in 1938 but has virtually disappeared. The combination has produced a fine white skinned, broad-breasted bird for the table. It is another very rare breed. The plumage is always white and the birds possess a pea comb, orange to red eyes, pinky-white legs and beak. They are only slightly behind the Light Sussex in egg production and egg weight. Egg colour – tinted Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Jersey Giant – Worlds largest chicken breed. The Jersey Black Giants originated in New Jersey in 1870 by crossing Black Javas, Dark Brahmas and Black Langshans. In recent years, Cornish blood was introduced in some strains. As the name implies the Jersey Giants are large and a very heavy fowl. They are rugged birds but because they grow a large frame first and have little meat until about 6 months, they have not been used in industry, which prizes a rapidly growing bird. The Jersey Giant is a general purpose fowl for heavy meat and egg production. The colour of the skin is yellow and the eggs shells are brown to dark brown. These large birds need a lot of space but are unable to fly so boundaries do not have to be particularly high to keep them confined. They aren't really good pets for small children because of their great size though. Egg colour – brown – dark brown Egg numbers – 160-180 per annum Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk La Fleche - Bred for many years in the Valley of La Sarthe, where the town of La Fleche is located. This breed originated from crossing of Black Spanish, Crevecoeur, and DuMan blood lines as evident by its high carriage, activity, large white lobes, V-shaped comb and the trace of crest on its head, which crops out on specimens of the French breeds. The whiteness and quality of its flesh is attributed to the rich pastures of La Sarthe, upon which La Fleche have been bred for generations, and to the system of feeding adopted by the French. The La Fleche is a good forager and is happy to free range but will adapt equally well to confinement. They are flighty and will fly over 2 metres so fencing needs to be high to keep them contained. They are active birds but avoid human contact and will not generally allow themselves to be tamed. They are good layers, producing around 200 white-shelled eggs per year. Males weigh 8-9lbs while the females are 6-7lbs. Egg colour – white Egg numbers – 180-200 per annum Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Maran - Marans take their name from the town of Marans in France. They were imported into the UK around 1929. They were developed for both meat and eggs. Marans are easy to look after and if given the space will be active. They are a disease resistant breed. Marans will produce deep brown eggs and are normally quite placid in nature. As a breed they are very quiet but can be temperamental so watch with smaller children until the character of your birds are known. The majority of the Marans we see today in the UK are cuckoo coloured, ranging from a very dark grey colour down to silver. They have bright orange eyes and white legs. Egg colour – dark brown Breed society: http://www.themaransclub.co.uk/ Naked Neck (Transylvanian) - They originate from Hungary but it was in Germany that the breed was perfected and the lack of feathering on the neck is due to a dominant gene. They actually possess half the total number of feathers in other breeds which makes them much quicker to pluck than other table birds. They are heavy birds with long, elongated bodies. The legs are featherless and slate blue in dark feathered breeds or yellow in the paler feathered varieties with four toes on the feet. The neck is totally without feathers and this bare skin continues right up to the crop. The top of the head has feathers on and they usually have a single comb or sometimes a rose comb and large wattles. They are good layers, producing brown eggs and are hardy, vigorous birds. They are happy to free range or be confined in runs and are not known as being particularly good fliers. They need protection in extremely cold temperatures because of their lack of feathers but can cope remarkably well in very hot climates. They are easy to tame and are very placid, calm birds. Egg colour – brown Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk New Hampshire Red - Developed over a period of years beginning around 1915 from a foundation of Rhode Island Reds. There are no records of outside blood being introduced and the breed was developed by farm poultrymen of New Hampshire by continual selection of breeding stock for early maturity, large brown shelled eggs, quick feathering, strength and vigour during its evolution. The colour of the New Hampshire Red is a medium to light red and often fades in the sun. The comb is single and medium to large in size. The hens lay well and are placid and friendly and are therefore easy to tame. They thrive in a run or wandering free and as they are not good fliers, they do not need particularly high fencing. They are not aggressive towards each other and are tolerant creatures Egg colour – brown / tinted Breed contact: http://newhampshireredpoultryclub.com/ Norfolk Grey - Originating in Norwich, the Norfolk Grey was first shown in 1920 under the name of Black Marias. They are now very uncommon and are rarely seen at Poultry shows. They have a single comb and a red face with black eyes while the legs are slate or black. Plumage is attractively marked and the male has a beautiful silver hackle striped with black as is the neck, back, saddle and wing feathers while the rest of the plumage is black. The hen's hackle is similar to the cockerels but she has an otherwise rich black feathering all over apart from the throat which is silver laced. The Norfolk Grey produces tinted eggs and is capable of attaining a good carcase size for meat production if allowed to mature slowly. They are a rare breed and almost disappeared in the early 1970s but fortunately a private flock was found to contain 4 birds in 1974 and the breed was revived. Egg colour – tinted Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk North Holland Blue - Very like Marans with feathered legs. The male is normally of a lighter colour than the female. They are judged more on their utility properties than on markings. This breed was very popular before the last war due to its quick maturity and rapid growth. Sex linkage as with Marans in that when crossed with an unbarred male the male chicks have a large white / yellow head spot. Egg colour – tinted Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Old English Pheasant Fowl - Originally know as the Yorkshire Pheasant, and Old fashioned Pheasant, this is a rare breed. Renamed around 1914. Despite being classed as a light breed they actually make a good utility bird and are ideal as a backyard or farmyard fowl. They are very hardy and frequently take to roosting in trees. Available in Gold or Silver with a bantam occasionally seen. Egg colour – white Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Orpington – First produced in 1886, the Black Orpington was created from a Black Langshan / Black Minorca / Black Plymouth Rock cross. The Buff (1894) and White (1889) varieties followed later. Orpingtons are birds which like to be free range and have small eggs. They are greedy birds and need exercise to keep fit. Their wingspan is short therefore they can be kept in areas with low fences. Egg colour – light to dark brown Egg numbers - 160 per annum Breed society: http://www.orpingtonbantams.co.uk Plymouth Rock - Originating from Plymouth, USA in 1829. It is believed that these original fowls lost their identity and that the progenitors of present Barred Plymouth Rocks were first exhibited in 1869 at Worcester, Massachusetts. These were composites of several blood lines – a Dominique male with Black Cochin or Black Java females. This breed has always been popular owing to the intricate barring on the feathers. If you look closely you will see that every feather should end in a black tip. They are large, long lived chickens and the hens have a deep, full abdomen which is a sign of a good layer. They have a broad, deep and well-rounded breast and bright yellow legs. The face is red with red ear lobes, a bright yellow beak, bay coloured eyes and a single medium sized comb. They are friendly birds which are easy to tame and are vigorous and hardy birds which don't need a lot of space but do appreciate the chance to run free, They are not good fliers so do not require high fencing. There are several varieties of Plymouth Rock, including the barred, white, buff, multiple pencilled, triple laced, pencilled partridge, multiple pencilled silver partridge, Columbian, buff Columbian and blue laced. Egg colour – cream / tinted Breed contact: http://www.theplymouthrockclub.co.uk/ Rhode Island Red - Originally from Rhode Island (New England, USA) and the result of crossing the Red Malay Game, Leghorn and Asiatic native stock. It is a dual purpose medium heavy fowl; used more for egg production than meat production because of its dark coloured pin feathers and its good rate of lay. Rhode Island Reds are a good choice for the small flock owner. Relatively hardy, they are probably the best egg layers of the dual purpose breeds. Reds handle marginal diets and poor housing conditions better than other breeds and still continue to produce eggs. The Rhode Island Red enjoys foraging on grass, are bright and alert but at the same time quiet. They make great pets and are relatively hardy. They will produce a large amount of brown eggs a year. The plumage is a dark rich glossy red in the male, being slightly less glossy in the female. The male should only have black in his wings and tail and the female the same but can have black on her neck. The body is broad and deep and oblong in its shape. It has a broad flat back with a medium sized tail. Egg colour – brown to dark brown Egg numbers – 180 per annum Breed contact: 01364 732946 / e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Sumatra - A native of Sumatra, from which it gets its name. Because of its double spurs, it was originally desirable for cockfighting purposes. However, due to poor timing, it arrived in England in the early 1900’s at about the same time that legal cockfighting was abolished. They have rather long tails carried low enough to appear drooping. They have multiple spurs on each leg, dark purple faces and a high degree of greenish lustre on jet black plumage. Egg colour – white Egg numbers – 130 per annum Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Sussex – Originating from the county of Sussex, this is one of the oldest breeds that are still in existence today. The original colours were brown, red and speckled. Today the colours found in Sussex chickens are brown buff, light red, speckled, silver and white., One of the best of the dual purpose chickens, a good all-around farm fowl. Sussex are alert, attractive and good foragers. Whilst they are quite happy to be free range, they will also be fine if kept in a confined space. Egg colour – brown Egg numbers – 180 - 260 per annum Breed contact: 01364 653182 / E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Sussex Star – A hybrid bird created by crossing a Light Sussex and a Rhode Island Red. A utility bird that manages to look good with a lovely calm nature. They are an attractive white bird with a black collar and tail feathers. They will lay about 250 light brown eggs. Egg colour – brown Egg numbers – 250 per annum Vorwerk- Developed in Germany in 1900, and imported into Britain in the 1980s. This is a medium size attractive bird that thrives quite happily on smaller rations than many other breeds of the same size. They are alert and active but not timid. They make an ideal utility and smallholder bird as they lay well. They are very well marked, are good layers of large eggs are rare. Numbers are so small that there is no specific breed club at present. Egg colour – cream / tinted Egg numbers – 170 per annum Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Wyandotte – Originally from America, the Silver Laced variety was developed in New York State and the others in the north and northeastern states in the latter part of the 19th century and early 20th century. Wyandottes are a good, medium-weight fowl for small family flocks. Their rose combs do not freeze as easily as single combs and the hens make good mothers. Their attractive "curvy" shape, generally good disposition and many attractive colour patterns make them a good choice for fanciers as well as farmers.< Varieties include, White, Blue, Buff, Red, Black, Barred, Partridge and Silver Pencilled, Silver, Gold, Blue and Buff Laced, and finally Columbian which has similar markings to the Light Sussex. Egg colour – brown Egg numbers - 330 per annum Ancona - A small fowl that lays a fair number of rather small eggs. Named after the province of Ancona in Italy from where specimens were brought to the UK and shown in 1851 (for the Great Exhibition). Believed to be closely related to the original Mottled Leghorn. The comb should be single or rose with long wattles as in other Mediterranean breeds, with a white ‘v’ shaped tip to the feathers and beetle green metallic sheen to the feathers. Available as large and miniature. Can be flighty. Bold active birds excellent foragers. Very good laying average with a good food / egg conversion due to light body weights. This is a non-sitting fowl. They are excellent layers of white shelled eggs and have yellow skin. The cockerels are slow and difficult to fatten. Supreme layers in relation to food consumption. Egg colour - white to cream Egg numbers - 160 - 180 per annum Breed contact: 01904 468387 / Email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Andalusian - Named after the Province of Andalusia in Spain and is one of the oldest Mediterranean breeds. They originated from crossing black and white birds, these two colours producing a bluish-slate fowl. The incidence of Black birds was increased with crossings with the Black Spanish and Minorca which substantially altered their shape from that of the early birds. The modern Andalusian should be symmetrical, graceful, compact, medium in size, and stately in carriage. The dull and uneven blue coloured fowl of the past has been transformed into the attractive, laced breed of today by years of scientific breeding. Show birds are blue with lacing, black and splash colours are also produced but are not permitted to be shown although the splash females are worth using within a breeding programme. They typically carry a long body and tail at an angle of 45 degrees with each feather lightly laced with black edging. The Andalusian is an active forager; good backyard layer plus superb show bird, quieter than many Mediterranean's. Good winter / spring layer. Available as large and miniature. The females of this breed will often lay at almost impossibly early ages. Very fast runner. Egg colour – white Egg numbers - 160 per annum Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Appenzeller Spitzhauben - There are two main types of Appenzeller the Spitzhauben and the Barthuhner. Although bred in Switzerland for centuries they have only been shown in the UK since 1982. They were named after the local lace bonnets worn by the ladies of Appenzellerland as apart of their traditional dress. The most popular colour in the UK is the Silver Spitzhauben. The Appenzeller has a well rounded body with good tail held a right angles to the body. The crest is held forward over the face with two spiked horn comb with no side sprigs. It is a good forager and a reasonable layer. Egg colour – white Breed society: http://www.appenzellerspitzhauben.co.uk/ Araucana - Originated from the province of Arauca in Chile. They were developed to make lavender and other coloured birds in Scotland in the 1930's. The birds are unique in that the blue green colouring permeates the shell rather than having a white inner layer. There is a Rumpless variety of Araucana that has unique 'ear tufts' and lacks a 'parsons nose' hence the tail just falls down instead of being held aloft. They are a long, deep bodied bird with tail and sickles carried at 45 degrees. Small pea comb face covered with thick muffling with no wattles. Compact crest. there are various colours; white; lavender; blue; black-red; silver duckwing; golden duckwing; blue-red; pyle; spangled; cuckoo; black etc. Egg colour – blue or green Egg numbers - 180 per annum Breed society: http://www.araucana.org.uk Black Star – A hybrid bird from Holland. A superb free range egg layer. The egg shell quality is superb, laying nearly 300 brown eggs per year. Colour ranges from all black with a beautiful green tint to others with copper feathers round their neck and chest. Being extremely hardy, this is the perfect free range bird, disease resistant and can withstand all conditions. Egg colour – brown Egg numbers – up to 300 per annum Bluebell – A hybrid bird created by crossing a Rhode Island with a Maran. They come in all varieties of grey colour from almost violet to dark grey. They have a very placid and sweet nature and will lay about 250 brown eggs that are described as having a plum blush. Egg colour – brown Egg numbers – 250 per annum Bovan Goldline – A hybrid bird created by crossing a Rhode Island Red with a Light Sussex hen, and is a very friendly breed. They lay an enormous amount of eggs - 330+ brown eggs in the first year. A very hardy hen with beautiful shades of brown and cream feathering, it is ideally suited for first time and young keepers. Egg colour – brown Egg numbers – 300 per annum Dutch Bantam - The breed first appeared in the UK around the early 1960's. There are at present thirteen colours standardised although Holland has considerably more. Dutch bantams are hardy, active and lively. These gentle and quaint little birds often display attachment to their owners and are characterized by their smallness and elegance. Dutch birds are good layers, good setters, and good broodies. Egg production is limited to the summer months and eggs take only 20 days to hatch instead of the usual 21 days for other breeds. Dutch bantams are jaunty little birds and need to be protected from the winter weather. They also need good fencing as they are good fliers. They are upright little birds with short backs, and a high full breast. Egg colour – tinted Breed society: http://www.dutchbantamclub.co.uk/ Fayoumi - Originally an ancient breed from the Egyptian city of Fayoum, bred for egg production. They are hardy, early maturing, excellent flying and escape capacity, scream like a banshee when captured and often seem to have more in common with guineas than chicken. They come in gold or silver. They were introduced into the UK in 1984 by the Domestic Fowl Trust. Egg colour – white / cream Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Friesian - One of the oldest Dutch breeds kept as a layer and developed in the Friesian area of Northern Holland. The large version of this breed often get mistaken for bantams. The bantam version is in fact the size of a Dutch. They are in at least thirteen colours in Europe including Silver Penciled, Golden Penciled, Yellow Penciled, White, Black and Cuckoo. The Friesian is a small breed but at the same time a very good layer. It can produce around 230 eggs per year. Being small they do not require so much feed to be given to them. This breed is not a broody one. Egg colour – white Egg numbers – 160-230 per annum Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Gingernut Ranger – Designer Breed. The Gingernut Ranger is a Rhode Island Red crossed with a Light Sussex. They have a deep breast, neatly tucked wings and an upward pointing tail. The legs are featherless and are pale yellow. They have four toes. The comb is a medium size and the face is smooth and red with medium wattles and earlobes. The Gingernut Ranger is a prolific egg layer and lays large brown eggs. They are placid, friendly and inquisitive. They are also exceptionally easy to tame and will follow you around when you are in the garden. They are hardy birds who are very happy free ranging and love to forage. They make excellent pets for children due to their gentle nature and friendliness. The plumage of the Gingernut Ranger is rich red with either black or white tail feathers. Egg colour – brown Breed society C/O: http://www.poultryclub.org Lakenvelder - An old established breed of German origin, having been known since the 1830's. They are fairly small birds and are good layers, producing white shelled or occasionally tinted eggs. They have a medium sized single comb, white almond shaped ear lobes and an orange-red eye. The legs are featherless and slate blue and they have four toes. They are a slightly built breed with an elongated body and a tail which is carried high. They make a very good utility bird and have white skin and a particularly plump breast. They tend to be rather flighty and wild so need to be contained carefully with suitable fencing as they can manage a 2 ½ metre flight. They are confident, robust birds which tend to avoid human contact and are able to adapt to being kept in confined spaces but prefer to be allowed the freedom to free range. The Lakenvelder is generally seen in the black and white form known as Belted but there is also a blue variety which is described as Blue Marked. Egg colour – white/tinted Egg numbers – 160 per annum Breed society C/O: http://www.rarepoultrysociety.co.uk Legbar - The Cream Legbar was developed in the 1930s and originated as a cross between Brown Leghorns and Barred Rock with a bit of Araucana blood in them, shown in the crest and the blue eggs they lay. Other Legbars are the Gold and Silver. The Legbar is an autosexing breed where the chicks can be sexed at hatching by the colour of their down. Egg colour – blue Breed society: http://www.theleghornclub.com Marsh Daisy - Originating in Marshside near Southport, Lancashire, the Marsh Daisy was developed by John Wright in the 1890s and continued by Charles Moor in the early 1900s. The breed is an amalgam of Black Hamburgh, White Leghorn, Cinnamon Malay, Old English Game bantam, Pit Game, and Sicilian Buttercup. The Marsh Daisy is a good bird on free range it is quite hardy and will forage well. Colours are Brown, Wheaten, and Buff, with a rose comb and pale willow green legs. Currently classed as ‘endangered’ by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Egg colour – tinted Breed society: http://www.marshdaisy.org.uk/ Minorca - Originally called Red-Faced Black Spanish, they are the largest and heaviest of the Mediterranean breed. The distinct characteristics of the Minorca breed are their long strong bodies, large combs, long wattles, large white ear-lobes, large and full tail moderately elevated, with muscular legs set squarely under the solid body. Available as black, white, blue and as a bantam. Good Minorcas are stately, impressive birds and can give a fair return in eggs. Egg colour – chalk white Breed society: http://www.poultryclub.org/minorcaclub Scots Grey – An old breed dating from the 16th Century. It is known for its hardiness and its ability to thrive in any climate conditions. It is a good all round layer of large whitish eggs. It is quite a vigorous breed and an excellent forager, therefore needing plenty of space. They also prefer to roost in trees. The Scots Grey is a long legged, upright standing bird. It is possible that it may have both Dorking and Game blood. Its markings are very similar to that of the Barred Plymouth Rock. The only colour and pattern in the Scots Grey is barred. Egg colour – white / cream Breed contact: 01361 882965 / Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/scotsgreypoultryclub Speckled Star – A hybrid created from crossing a Maran with a Barred Plymouth Rock. The Speckled Star is a very docile hen. It is an excellent layer of dark chestnut brown eggs which are usually speckled. Silky and soft to the touch they have a beautiful full plumage. The Speckled Star will lay around 270 eggs a year. Egg colour – brown Egg numbers – 270 per annum Speckledy - A modern hybrid that comes from a Rhode Island Red crossed with a Maran. The feathering closely resembles that of a Maran but it is a far more prolific egg layer. The Speckledy is a docile, easily handled bird. They are excellent and reliable layers of dark chestnut brown eggs which are usually speckled. The eggshells are particularly strong and the yolks deep yellow. They are well suited to free ranging and enjoy foraging. Speckledys are cuckoo coloured with the colouration ranging from very dark grey to silver. Egg colour – brown White Star - A hybrid breed. The White Star is a beautiful snow white hen that lays around 320 large china white eggs in the first year. Egg colour – white Egg numbers – 320 per annum Welsummer – Named after the village of Welsum in Holland. First imported into the UK in 1928 and for its large brown eggs. An excellent back garden egg layer normally good with children. They are friendly, easily handled birds which love to free range and forage for food but can also be kept in runs quite happily. They are productive for 3 years of their 9 year lifespan. Both males and females look attractive. Many people describe them as 'What a farmyard chicken should really look like'. Egg colour – dark terracotta brown Egg numbers – 160 per annum Breed society: http://www.cochinclub.co.uk/index.php/about-us/ Frizzle - Bred principally for exhibition, but capable of being good productive fowl. The feathers curl backwards and primary feathers of wing and tail are imperfect. Each feather is moderately long and curls backwards towards the bird's head. The individual feathers have a rather ragged appearance and the neck has abundant frizzled feathers. The main points for exhibition purposes are the curl, which is most pronounced on feathers. They are hardy birds which grow quickly. The chicks appear to be normally feathered when they are hatched but the wing feathers soon start to grow and turn outwards. They are gentle birds and are good layers. The Frizzle has been bred in several different colours :- self or single coloured black, blue, buff, white Columbian as in the Wyandotte, duckwing, black-red, brown-red, cuckoo, pyle, spangle as in the Old English Game and red as in Rhode Island Red. All colours have red eyes, a single, medium sized comb and earlobes but the leg colour varies and is usually darker with darker feathered birds. There are three types of plumage - frizzled, over frizzled and flat-coated. However frizzled plumage is only desired in exhibition birds. They are now considered to be a rare breed. Egg colour – tinted Breed society: http://www.thefrizzlesocietyofgreatbritain.co.uk Hamburg - The Hamburg is a very old race of domesticated poultry. The name of the breed is German, but the origin is Dutch. They owe their present shape and colour qualities to British fanciers, who, over a century ago, began the work of refining the 'pheasant fowls' of that period into modern Hamburgs. The Spangled type was kept in Yorkshire and Lancashire three hundred years ago. The Black and Spangled varieties were evolved in England; the Penciled varieties came from Holland via Hamburg, Germany. Hamburgs are active, flighty birds. They are trim and stylish with delicate features, and wild in nature. They forage well and are capable of flying long distances. Although good egg producers, their eggs are often very small. Egg colour – white Japanese Bantam – This breed presents one of the extremes of the Bantam World. The disproportionately large comb, head, wings and tail of the male and the remarkable shortness of legs are obvious characteristics. The male tail is further distinguished by the long sword-shaped main sickles carried slightly forward of the perpendicular, accentuating the typical shape. The Japanese is an ideal bird for people who are fond of their lawns and gardens because they are not good diggers as their short legs stop them from damaging the ground. As they are such small, light birds, some can be very good fliers so boundaries need to be secure. They lay few eggs and these tend to be very tiny indeed. They are long-lived birds and therefore make excellent pets. They are ideal birds for children as they are generally friendly, calm and trusting but the cocks can be aggressive. Egg colour – cream Breed society: http://home.roadrunner.com/~jbba/JBBA.html Modern Game – Now an ornamental breed, the Modern Exhibition Game is far removed from the Old English or Pit Game bred in the days when cock fighting was the vogue of Great Britain. It is a tightly feathered bird with long legs and neck, which give it a tall, slender appearance. The feathers of Modern Games should be short, hard and held very close to their bodies. They do not stand cold weather well because of their short feathers and need plenty of exercise to maintain muscle tone. Egg colour – tinted Breed society: http://www.moderngameclub.co.uk Nankin - A true bantam with no large fowl counterpart. It gets its name from the colour of Nankeen cloth. The Nankin is a hardy bird that is slow to mature. They lay a tiny creamy white egg. Nankins are able to tolerate being kept in confinement. Some are fliers, some are friendly. The cocks tend to be aggressive. The body of a Nankin is a buff colour with black main tail feathers. The comb can be either single or rose. The legs are blue or white in colour. Egg colour – tinted Breed society C/O: http://www.poultryclub.org Old English Game – Originally known as the Pit Game, this is another breed (as with the Modern Game) that was initially bred for cock fighting, and is now an exhibition bird. They are small birds with a tightly feathered plumage. The head is small with a big, strong beak, single comb, small thin earlobes and wattles and large eyes. The wings are large and powerful and the legs are strong and short. They have four toes ending in long, curved nails. They are hardy and vigorous birds and can be extremely active and very noisy! They make good foragers and like to be out free ranging as they don't really tolerate confinement. They can fly to around two metres so care needs to be taken with boundaries. There are two varieties, the ‘Carlisle’ and the ‘Oxford’, and have over thirty different colours between them. Egg colour – tinted Egg numbers - 120 per annum Breed contact: 01792 984433 Pekin Bantam - This little bird arrived in Great Britain around the middle of the last century. It took its name from its place of origin in China. These imported birds were then crossed with other breeds and are now know today as Pekin Bantams. They make good pets especially for children as well as good show birds as they have a docile nature and are very easy to tame. Brilliant mobile slug hoovers for fruit gardens That require little space. They are good layers of small eggs but are broody, making them great mums. Pekins can look rather pale if not allowed on grass to forage, but do not tend not to scratch around in flower beds. They are normally a robust and long-lived bird that loves company. Egg colour – white / cream Breed society: http://www.pekinbantams.com/clubs.asp / 01484 841008 Poland (Crested Dutch, Polish) - imported from Eastern Europe, and upon landing in England, these were called 'Poland Fowls'. The Poland is a long established race of domesticated poultry. It was mentioned as a pure breed as early as the sixteenth century. The most striking characteristic of the Poland is the large bump on top of the skull from which the crest of feathers grows and the large cavernous nostrils are found only in crested breeds. They need plenty of space to avoid damaging each other's crests by picking. Ice forming in their crests from drinking water can be a problem in cold weather. And sometimes their crests restrict vision and cause them to be easily frightened. They lay a good number of white eggs. Mites need to be looked out for, as they cannot preen themselves very easily to remove them. Colours of the Poland are very varied. The best known being the white crested black with its black body and white crest. The other two similarly patterned colours are white crested blue and white-crested cuckoo. These three colours do not have a beard and have wattles; all the other colours have a beard with no wattles. Other colours include chamois, gold and silver which are all laced. Egg colour – white Egg numbers - 120 per annum Breed contact: 01935 827845 Rosecomb Bantam – This is an old breed of bantam, originating in Britain, but little is known about the history of the breed. They have a large rose comb with striking white earlobes. They come in the following standard colours: black, blue and white. They are pretty hardy in both heat and cold and the cocks can be rather aggressive. They are good fliers but will tolerate being in a confined space. They tend to be very friendly birds and make good pets. Egg colour – white / cream Breed contact: 01257 451575 Scots Dumpy – (Creepies, Bakies, Daidies and Hoodies) One of the oldest and rarest breeds in the UK – reported to go back to Roman times. The main attraction is in the history of the breed plus their quaint waddling action and quiet nature. The waddling is due to their very short legs. There is no definitive colouring for the Scots Dumpy. It can be seen in black, cuckoo, white, brown, silver and gold. The Scots Dumpy requires an easy ground to live on as their legs are so short. They like to be able to free range but care with diet needs to be taken as they can get fat easily. Egg colour – white Breed society: http://www.scotsdumpyclub.org.uk/ Sebright - Originated around 1810 in England by Sir John Sebright, the result of thirty years of intensive breeding. They are a cross between a common bantam and a polish fowl. They are difficult birds to raise and therefore are not suitable for the beginner. The adults are hardy and active and like to free range. If there are trees around them they do like to roost in them. They do not lay many eggs but the ones they do are small and white. Sebrights are very upright birds that like to strut around. There are now two recognised varieties, Golden and Silver (resembles white). The Sebright is famous for the quality of the lacing in its feathers. Each feather is edged with black, making the ground colour appear brighter and more striking. Egg colour – white Breed contact: 01403 255762 Silkie - Thought to have originated in India, China or Japan the Silkie arrived in Europe around 200 years ago The Silkie bantam is the only breed of bantams with black pigmented skin. The feathers are without the usual forms of webs, resulting in a lack of adhesion of the barbs to one another which give the appearance of down or silky hair. Another distinguishing feature is turquoise blue ear lobes. Despite being rather poor layers, Silkies are calm, friendly, trusting and rather lively birds which are unable to fly so can be kept with very low fencing. They also do very little damage to the garden. They have a lifespan of around 9 years and can be tamed and considered a real pet which makes them especially suitable for children. Colours include black, blue, gold, white, partridge, triple laced partridge, triple laced silver partridge, grey, cuckoo, red and buff. Egg colour – tinted / cream Egg numbers - 80 per annum Breed society: www.thesilkieclub.co.uk Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Facebook: www.facebook.com/thesilkieclub Sultan – Originally from Turkey, it is said that this breed used to live in the Sultan’s castle gardens in what was called Constantinople and they were originally known as Sultans Fowl. They are strictly an ornamental fowl of very distinctive appearance. They have a large crest, muffs and beard, together with profuse feathering of the feet and legs. Sultans are best kept in small runs as they are rather poor foragers, and they find it very hard to cope with poor weather. They are calm birds and can be handled easily so make excellent pets. Sultans are good fliers and can manage two metres easily so care needs to be taken with fences. The only recognised form for the Sultan is the white variety, even though there has been blue and black varieties produced. Yamato Gunkei – From Japan, this is the largest of the small Shamo breeds, and could be considered an intermediate size (with the Chibi Shamo being its bantam equivalent). However it is shown as a bantam. It is an ancient ornamental breed, and the aim is to be as thick-set, exaggerated and full of character as possible within the weight limits. The main feature is a very heavily wrinkled face, which gets more and more grotesque with age. Egg colour – tinted / white	i don't know
What is the name of the Griffin’s sex-crazed airline pilot neighbour in the US television animated series ‘Family Guy’?	'Family Guy' Characters 'Family Guy' Characters By Nancy Basile Updated August 09, 2016. The Family Guy characters are what keeps the cartoon one of FOX's biggest hits. From the patriarch, Peter Griffin, down to a brainiac baby, and including their neighbors, the Family Guy characters are a funny bunch. Following is a list of Family Guy characters, with pictures and bios. Peter Griffin. FOX Peter Griffin Peter Griffin ( Seth MacFarlane ) is the central character of Family Guy. He and his family live in Quahog, Rhode Island. Speaking with a thick New England accent, he operates as if he is smarter than everyone else, but in reality he's clueless. He spends his free time drinking at the Drunken Clam with his buddies, Quagmire, Cleveland and Joe. Peter has worked for various companies, including the Pawtucket Patriot Brewery and the Happy-Go-Lucky Toy Factory (no doubt modeled after Hasbro, which is headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island). Also, Peter has a long history of fighting with a large, yellow chicken. continue reading below our video Profile of Family Guy 'Family Guy' Lois Griffin. Twentieth Century Fox Lois Griffin Lois Griffin (Alex Borstein, Mad TV) is Peter's wife. She comes from the wealthy Pewterschmidt family and married Peter against their wishes. Lois is an accomplished piano player and singer. She's considered to be very attractive, which is proven by Quagmire's not-so-subtle advances toward her, as well as her short-lived career as a model ( "Model Misbehavior" ). She may be more sophisticated than Peter, but we have seen occasionally that she shares his low brow humor and lustfulness. 'Family Guy' Stewie Griffin. Twentieth Century Fox Stewie Griffin Stewie Griffin (Seth MacFarlane) may be a baby, but he is as diabolical as the worst villain. He is highly intelligent, but he's still very attached to his teddy bear, Rupert. He has schemed many times to destroy Lois, but has failed at every attempt. In early seasons, it was insinuated that Stewie is homosexual. In recent seasons, the writers have become more obvious with his sexual leanings, though the humor is usually couched in Stewie's complete ignorance of his own comments. 'Family Guy' Brian Griffin. Twentieth Century Fox Brian Griffin Brian (Seth MacFarlane) is the Griffin family's dog. He seems to be the wisest and most sensible of all the characters, regardless of the fact that his still urinates on the carpet in Lois' presence. Yes, that's right, he is in love with Lois. Brian has had a girlfriend, Jillian, and enjoys the occasional martini. He and Stewie are usually pitted against each other, or drawn together, by extreme circumstances, such as a road trip to find Brian's mother (the former) or recruitment into the military (the latter). Brian can often be found singing duets with Stewie. Family Guy - Meg Griffin. Twentieth Century Fox Meg Griffin Meg Griffin ( Mila Kunis , That 70s Show) is the only daughter of Peter and Lois. She is frequently the butt of the family's jokes. She is considered to be unattractive and a loser. She and Peter bonded when his driver's license was revoked and she chauffered him around town. She was given a chance to shine as a star in " Don't Make Me Over ." Also, she has a crush on Luke Perry. 'Family Guy' Chris Griffin. Twentieth Century Fox Chris Griffin Chris Griffin (Seth Green) is Peter and Lois' eldest son. He's not terribly bright, but he is a talented artist ("The Son Also Draws") and rock singer ("Saving Private Brian"). He admires his father and follows blindly into many of Peter's misadventures. Also, he fears the crazy monkey in his closet. Quagmire. Twentieth Century Fox Quagmire Glenn Quagmire (Seth MacFarlane) has only one thing on his mind and it isn't ice fishing. He stalks every woman he comes across, paying special attention to Lois, his next-door neighbor. Quagmire successfully wooed Cleveland's wife in "The Cleveland-Loretta Quagmire." He even made a move on Meg when she turned 18 in "Meg and Quagmire." Since the series debuted we've learned that Quagmire has father issues and he's an airline pilot. Cleveland - The Cleveland Show. Twentieth Century Fox Cleveland Cleveland Brown (Mike Henry) is one of the Griffins' neighbors on Spooner Street. He is the most mild-mannered and nicest of the Family Guy characters, although I don't know if that's saying much. He used to be married to Loretta, but they separated when she had an affair with Quagmire. Once their divorce was final, Cleveland moved his children to Stoolbend, Virginia, where he rekindled his romance with an old high school flame in The Cleveland Show, now cancelled. Joe Swanson. FOX Joe Joe Swanson (Patrick Warburton) is another neighbor on Spooner Street. He is a police officer with occasional anger management issues. He's married to Bonnie, and they have two children, Susie and Kevin. Joe became a paraplegic when Joe got shot while he was undercover at a heroin lab. He is usually the one who gets Peter and/or Quagmire out of trouble. Chris Griffin and John Herbert. FOX John Herbert John Herbert (Mike Henry) is the creepy old man, and pedophile, in Family Guy who is obsessed with Chris. John Herbert is a United States Army veteran. His high-pitched, whispery voice is provided by Mike Henry, who also plays Cleveland. (He makes me shudder every time he's on screen!) Peter Griffin and Carter Pewterschmidt. FOX Pewterschmidt Family Lois Griffin's maiden name is Pewterschmidt. Her father made billions in U.S. Steel, and owns a company called Pewterschmidt Industries. Carter is her father; Barbara is her mother; Patrick is her brother; and Carol, who is married to Mayor Adam West, is her sister.	Glenn Quagmire
The grave of poet and author Oscar Wilde is in which Paris cemetery?	Family Guy / WMG - TV Tropes Family Guy Life Of Brian Peter has an exaggerated form of ADD. Think about it. The medical definition of the symptoms of ADD involves inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. How long does he stay focused on one particular scheme or gimmick, especially post season 4, where he literally switches a gimmick or a gag because it "caught his eye" within the first eight minutes of an episode, where he tends to launch into bursts of giggling fits and completely abandon other projects because he just wanted to? Stewie is a half breed vampire Half breed vampires have adult awareness even in infancy. Sounds like Stewie to me. So who's the vampire? Peter since Bertram has the same attribute. Stewie keeps de-aging everyone and erasing most of the family's memories. At one point, Stewie let himself grow up. However, he found that he hated it, and hated that Brian was getting older and weaker. So, he perfected a way to turn back the clock on aging, as well as a giant Men in Black style neutralizer. He made everyone younger, turning himself back into a baby, bringing Brian back to seven, and more. Of course, the neutralizer was a little glitchy, and didn't affect everyone like he thought, leaving continuity in Quahog so screwed up. Additionally, it wears off over time, and the first time he did it, he accidentally hit himself, which turned him back into his more villainous persona. When it wore off, he quickly blasted everyone else and left himself out of it. From there on, he became the bisexual crossdresser mass murderer we all know and love. This is why, in Back To The Pilot, it's actually in the 90s. At first, he was also erasing Brian's memories, but he soon found he liked him more as a friend than foe, and let him keep his memories, continuing to keep Brian around age seven, but letting Lois age, preferring to watch her slowly die of old age, and letting Meg age sometimes because he just plain forgot she existed every now and then. This is why Peter doesn't really get older, and neither does Chris. He wants everyone to have to watch Lois slowly wither away and die, aging without them. To them, it looks like accelerated aging. Brian doesn't know he doesn't really reverse Lois' age, however, and isn't in on the plot. Quagmire is Jimmy Saville. The entire show is a social experiment. No matter what political creed you have, this show has definitely gone out of its way to offend you. From atheists to Jews, from gays to Nazis, nobody is left unoffended. Anyone with a trigger out there has likely been triggered, and the show seems to have no opinion left besides for pissing everybody off sooner or later. The show treats everything as Acceptable Targets , to the point that one has to wonder if there's a message left. There is, and it's that Viewers Are Morons . The show will never end, and that's because we all love seeing things we don't agree with insulted. Everyone can get past being insulted, because everything they hate is also insulted. By angering everyone, nobody is angered. They'll complain online, but they'll keep watching, because they know something they hate will be insulted and they'll get their jollies. Plus, they know Fox won't dare get rid of their cash cow, and so they're pretty much invincible. They've perfected Crossing the Line Twice . By crossing every line, it's as safe as not crossing any line, but makes far more money. There will be a movie that deconstructs the entire series. The Simpsons have a movie that has Homer exiled from Springfield for dumping a silo into a lake, and it's about time Peter gets his own just desserts. To summarize, Peter will screw up so bad that his Karma Houdinis will be lampshaded and he'll be sent to jail (probably by Joe, to further show his fall from grace), for real this time. Meg will abandon her family for all the crap she had to endure. Chris' mental retardation will give him low self-esteem and will be sent to a mental hospital. Lois will call out Peter for everything he put everyone through and divorce with him to be with another man. Brian becomes a drunk loser who can't get a girlfriend, and Stewie will commit one of the biggest Moral Event Horizons in Family Guy history to prove/remind both the characters and audience that, despite all his Pet the Dog moments, at heart he is a genuine villain who only does good deeds because it benefits him. Bonus points if Quagmire gets accused as a serial sex offender and ends up in the same position as Brian. The movie will be rated PG-13 or even rated R, due to uncensored scenes, language, and many other things. This may happen. It turns out Seth recently got the rights to make a Family Guy movie and in it, he plans to do something that he wouldn't be able to do in the show(hence the only reason he's actually doing it), so this could very well happen. Seth MacFarlane reads TV tropes. If you think about it, some of the complaints the show responds to are right here on this website. If that's the case, Hi Seth! If it's any consolation I like season 8 I think it's sad that there are people who don't The episode "Brian & Stewie" was Seth McFarlane's cry for help In the episode Brian say's that he has considered suicide and even goes as far as keeping a gun in a safety deposit box to kill himself if things ever got to bad also with this consider all the hatred Brian's character has gotten. Now consider that Brian has always been a Author Avatar for Seth McFarlane and this seems to get rather dark. During this time his mother was suffering from a long battle with cancer this combined with only accidentally surviving the 9/11 bombings may show that Seth is actually in a deep repressed depression which could connote suicidal thoughts I mean just look at this quote from an interview with TV Shows On DVD .com and tell me it doesn't show repression "The only reason it hasn't really affected me as it maybe could have is I didn't really know that I was in any danger until after it was over, so I never had that panic moment. After the fact, it was sobering, but people have a lot of close calls; you're crossing the street and you almost get hit by a car... this one just happened to be related to something massive. I really can't let it affect me because I'm a comedy writer. I have to put that in the back of my head." Well at least we heard the calls. Doubles as Fridge Horror too. The recent political episodes are stealthily attacking atheists Think about it. Brian is constantly taking closed-minded atheism Up to Eleven attacking and mocking any form of religious beliefs with blatant and admitted hatred. Ordinarily, this would be nothing more than a show famous for making rape jokes trying to make a serious political message, but God and Jesus are both characters in the show. Brian, the Straw Atheist, is stubbornly denying something that's right in front of his eyes . The show has actually been mocking atheism all along. It really has. I'm an atheist myself but I always found it hard to believe that atheism even exists in whatever universe this takes place in. After all, Brian states that God is pissed when Peter pretends to be Him, so Brian being an atheist in later episodes was, as you said, a way to put in some stealthy insults. No atheists in foxholes. The arguments and jokes that Brian makes are also extremely weak, especially to somebody who studies apologetics like myself. Michael Moore has become a writer on the show. Just look at the number of jabs the show's made at conservatives. Also note how the only gag made about Michael Moore is only a long fart joke instead of a jab at his beliefs. And the recent Moore/Rush Limbaugh joke was to throw us off the scent. or maybe Family Guy is a liberal show. Aimed at liberals. I don't see any Conservatives sitting down and laughing to any of the jokes in Family Guy , I just see them complaining about it and trying to get it cancelled. TWICE. My girlfriend and I are conservatives and we love the show. What makes you so sure it was conservatives who got it cancelled? Family Guy didn't even touch political debates until after it was uncancelled. Seth hates Conway Twitty Or he hates us by subjecting us to a five minute-long performance. It's simply a parody of Hee Haw . Plus, remember that Seth hasn't written an episode in years. But he also retains the ability to tell the writers to seek employment elsewhere. Also, maybe he should concentrate more on what made him rich and famous to begin with? This show, not Spongebob Squarepants , is the real life "Wacky Deli" . Seth wanted to have the show end with "Lois kills Stewie", but Executives won't let him. So what does he do? Give a five minute long song (The infamous Conway Twitty), have a lot of "non-jokes" (too many to put here), and finaly, when all else fails, he uses the show to give out his own opinions (420, not all dogs go to heaven). With less and less jokes each episode. Don't compare Family Guy with the GENIUS that is Wacky Deli Seth MacFarlane secretly hates Family Guy and is intentionally amping up his obnoxious political commentary to get himself out of the contract He's deliberately trying to sabotage his work so that he doesn't have to do any more, since he's bankrupted all his good ideas and more than a few of his bad ones. Yeah, I'd love to have that stupid 100 million dollar "highest paid TV writer ever" contract off my back too! Seth thinks he can make another $100,000,000 "highest paid TV writer ever" contract with a new show. BUT, he's seriously risking it, considering most of FG's audience... Maybe he just wants to do something "serious" after ten years of being linked to Family Guy and it's type of entertainment? Agreed. He might just be seeing what he can get away with before the suits catch on. He might seriously hate being known almost only for Family Guy and want to do something more serious, but loves the 100 mil he gets for the popularity of the show (I can't fathom why he'd POSSIBLY want 100 million dollars and fame, I guess he's just weird.) As such, he's seeing how far over the line he can get before Fox cancels Family Guy again (at which point he'll act pissed and begin sinking all his effort into American Dad! and a newer, smarter, and less fart-centric show). This troper believes that the Peter, being a boorish, undereducated arch-conservative , was meant to represent everything Seth believes the audience should be against. (a not so stealthy take that) Viewers,being what they are, completely missed the point and applauded Peter's actions. As the misaimed fandom grew and grew, Seth seemed to become more and more frustrated (or amused)and decided to see just how much abuse the audience could take before having enough. It also may just be that Seth has a ginormous pile of money already and only works because he want to, meaning he can retire at any time. It would probably be in character to go out with a "bang." The creators are TRYING to get the show canceled. Family Guy only became successful after its cancellation and subsequent airing on Cartoon Network. The creators hope that by getting the show cancelled, they will skyrocket ratings once again. This is why every week is a more and more outrageous show than last, they hope that eventually the network and censors will decide it's too much. When a sausage flies into a woman's groin: "That one felt like my dad!" Piggybacking off of this and the above WMG, this troper simply assumed that Seth and the writers are sick of doing this show, but can't move on to other projects because this one keeps taking up so much time. It's clear Seth is much happier doing movies now but wants to continue to branch out and feels that doing this show is holding him back. Lois' Flanderization was caused by the brain tumor. During "Petarded", Lois mentions a tumor caused by Peter's idiotic chaos. As the seasons passed by, the Peter Tumor starts inflicting [[Jerkass]] tendencies onto Lois while letting her retain her intelligence. And she's powerless to stop the parasitic tumor as she becomes more cruel to her family and friends. Eventually, the tumor strips her intelligence away and replaces it with pop culture references, becoming Peter's perfect "wife": drop-dead gorgeous, but too dumb to voice her opinions against him and unwilling to break up with him. Rupret Murdoch keeps Family Guy on the air as a form Reverse Psychology Basically the idea is to have left of center politics and Atheism presented in such a boorishly self righteous and juvenile matter (as well as mixed in with enough lame gags and Dude, Not Funny! moments) that is causes people to become Christian Conservatives out of spite. With Seth being too full of himself to even notice this or care. That, or he's in on it. A throwaway gag on the show was a reference to a Chinese Revolutionary In one episode (the Poltergeist parody episode, I think), Stewie mentions to Brian how he met Jesus, who said that his name is really Jesus Hong. In Real Life, the leader of the Taiping Rebellion, a man named Hong Xiuquan , began his attempt to take over China after visions brought on by a nervous breakdown convinced him that he was the younger brother of Jesus. Granted, Hong is a very common name in China, and this could be a coincidence, but I have to wonder if the writers were at least subconsciously thinking of this guy when they wrote that. Stan Thompson will appear For those of you who don't understand, watch "Screwed the Pooch." And all of the "Stop Having Fun" Guys who have repeatedly told fans to quit speculating about this character will froth at the mouth. Seth, or one/more of the writers, is attracted to big girls . Just a thought, but at minimum half of the 'big girl' appearances in the show (and American Dad) aren't jokey/stereotypical, most notably, over on American Dad, Bullock's attraction and Steve's ex. The later seasons come before the pre-cancellation ones Stewie realizes that no one helped him when he was in a coma, creating homicidal feelings towards his family. This, combined with Meg's snapping in "Dial Meg For Murder" and "Seahorse Seashell Party", causes Lois and Peter to develop a conscience and become better parents. It comes a little bit more naturally for Lois than it does for Peter. Meg, however, has endured too much to just let it go now, and becomes the Bratty Teenage Daughter seen in Seasons 1-3. Brian obsessively tries to reconcile his atheism with having met both God and Jesus, but ultimately fails. Joe Swanson at some point gains the Griffin's respect when he saves Christmas from the Grinch, but is forced to move away for whatever reason. He is eventually able to come back, leading to his Season 1 introduction, though Peter has totally forgotten about him. Family Guy is the single most brilliant post-modernist reflection of societies obsession with and worship of pop culture. Making it a show so intelligent it can't be summed up without five or more long words. That would be hilarious if it were true; too bad it's not. Da Boom is canon All following episodes are schizophrenic delusions (they seemed pretty unhinged by the "Left Foot, Right Foot!" sing song) due to trauma. The period when the show was canceled was a brief period of time when the family had come to terms with their grief, however they eventually slipped back into their dream world. The Flanderization and Seasonal Rot is due to their memories of life before the blast fading away, i.e Meg's Butt Monkey status in the later seasons is the result of her exaggerated, patchy recollections of the mild Middle Child Syndrome (an alternative possibility is that she's subconsciously punishing herself some acts of brutality she committed to survive) she suffered in the early years. The constant pop culture references are their attempts to hold on to things once precious to them, and The Cleveland Show is their minds attempt to atone for their indirect responsibility for his death by giving him the ideal life. The reason they don't age is because they are trying to recapture their former lives. The final episode will be a dark Deconstruction of the entire series. It will be revealed among other things that everyone in Quahog is completely insane (and not in the humorous way that the rest of the series portrays it) and that all those cutaways and cameos are all just hallucinations of town gone mad. In the series finale, some possibilities for plot synopsis' would be... Meg will snap again and kill everyone. The episode will open midway through a family argument (we are never explained how the argument started), causing an epic chase/fight scene extending through the whole episode, and it will end with everyone dead. Stewie really does take over the world, and it's not a simulation this time. But he does a poor job of it and winds up ruining the whole planet, leading to him having an existential crisis, ending in a spoof of The Twilight Zone . -Then he finds a way to travel back in time and live a normal baby life. Stewie really does take over the world, but discovers how mundane it all is, and gives it back. The family will spoof the first Family Guy episode a la Phineas And Ferb with new twists. The pilot episode was poked fun at in the "Road to the Pilot", so they most likely won't use this as the series finale. It will be a full musical episode. Quagmire and Brian will have another fight. It will be 22 minutes of the main or entire cast just sitting and doing nothing. The episode will only use ONE DRAWING for the whole thing. At the last 5 seconds, Peter will look to the camera, and say "*** you." End of the series. Crossover with The Simpsons and/or South Park , possibly related to a couble of below WMGs. It will reveal that Family Guy is a Show Within a Show , the cast members are all actors, and everything on it is fake. The plot will concern Executive Meddling as the stars try to keep it alive and get the audience back. That is true Fridge Brilliance , given "Back to The Pilot": logically, if Comic-Book Time applied, January 31 1999 would have them actually be younger(similar to how The Simpsons have now moved "Homer and Marge conceiving" from the 1980s to 1990s). It didn't because Stewie didn't go back to the in-universe past. Rather, he travelled back to the "real world" past. The Flanderization is all due to the machinations of the Cult of Skaro Alright, this might need some explanation, the characters of Family Guy universe, along with The Simpsons and South Park are being manipulated by the Cult of Skaro, who are making the characters behave in a way they wouldn't do normally, allowing the characters to help them proceed to their ultimate goal; reality itself being conquered. They are using different tactics with each universe; with this one, Sec is using the characters' natural stupidity to trick them into serving him. Brian and Stewie? Deliberately working with Sec and are currently manipulating the Griffins into helping them. In Stewie's case, it's because he knows that Sec will need people "on the inside" in each universe or Sec told him We Can Rule Together (which will ultimately revealed to be Sec lying to him). In Brian's case, it's because he genuinely believes (or knows) that working with Sec will make his universe a better place, making him a Well-Intentioned Extremist who believes Utopia Justifies the Means . The hurricane in the 3-part crossover special was Hurricane Sandy Because why not? In the series finale... The show will end with one of the characters attempting to catch the FOX logo in hopes of the show being renewed only for the logo to be snatched away ending the show. Quahog is a purgatory and the characters are all ghosts facing punishment for sins in their lives. This is the theory, you know how Family Guy got more mean-spirited as the series went on, well this is all because the characters are dead, and they are trying to make for crimes they've committed while they were alive, here are some examples: Peter: A bullying, womanizing sociopath in life who abused his family, making them terrified of him. This was why he was paired with the others, to see if he could carry on with his behaviour if his family didn't take it lying down. He still hasn't learned his lesson and is only wanting to finish his punishment as easily and quickly as possible. Lois: A vain woman who used her body to get what she wanted, very promiscuous (possibly sleeping with married men) and obsessed with fashion and social hierarchy, sometimes to the point that it clouds her better judgement. The reason why she, in purgatory, became a married woman, was to see if she could commit to one person and lose her promiscuity. Meg: A troubled teen who purposely isolated herself from the outside world and eventually committed suicide. Being subject to the same pressures she had in life, she must learn to become more assertive and stick up for herself if she is ever to ascend to a higher plane Chris: A Jerk Jock who bullied a mentally disabled boy and eventually died in an accident. He was punished by being made stupid and unpopular (see what it's like to be the kid you bullied) and, though he hasn't learned his lesson in the least, has to learn how to become kinder to people and less superficial. Brian and Stewie: Two high-level demons who were assigned to keep watch over the Griffins, ensuring that they each learn their lesson and are not allowed to release them until they do. Brian' temporary death was him being fired after he failed to do his job properly. Vinny was a temp who served as his replacement. Eventually, Vinny got promoted and left, allowing Brian to have his old job back. JOSSED. If it was really a purgatory, then no one should be able to die, and its been shown that Anyone Can Die in the Family guy universe including: James Wood(Although he came back), Muriel Goldman, Stephanie, Diane Simmons and Brian. They finished their purgatory. That, or they're simulations to make the purgatory work. Children in the Family Guy universe have some degree of Super Strength . I mean seriously, Stewie at the age of 1 can pick up an assault rifle and rapid-fire without so much as wincing. I had to put effort for either when I was 12-13. Also notice that while Stewie can physically overpower adult men with his bare-hands, against teens and other toddlers he usually just lets himself get pushed around until he gets his chance to get them back. Meg can mop the floor with her father (who's much bigger and older than her) after being release from prison and shatter all his teeth with a single stomp, also note that time where she beat up a man who was bothering her after being harassed by Peter and his friends. Chris was able to shove Peter into the ground and beat the shit out of him with Peter doing nothing but try to block his blows. Bertram was able to pick up a piece of debris and throw it at Stewie in the Big Bang episode and tried to kill him with a much bigger one. Suzie Swanson was able to hit Stewie in the head hard enough to make him bleed and having him groveling before her. Some of the strength comes in the form of super-durability which why Stewie was able to recover after being ran over by a car while having an untreated head-injury. Eventually, however, the strength goes away because of the muscles becoming lazy. As for the reason, fighting prowess runs mainly on the Rule of Funny . That or Famil Guy is even more of a Crapsack World than we thought, so people "evolved" child super-strength to prevent their population from plummeting. The Family Guy characters deconstructs the personalities of the Dragon Ball cast. It's actually fairly obvious when you look at the two series back-to-back. Feel free to give off your own opinions Peter -> Goku: Goku's stupidity is because of him falling over a cliff as an infant, in Peter's case, well notice his mother threw a glass of wine at him in response to his sore teeth. Notice how thinks always turns out good for Goku and Peter; Goku used that gift to help others, Peter used that for his own benefits. Brian -> Krillin (to an extent): Krillin just wants a girlfriend and dates Maron, who breaks up with him, and develops a crush with Android 18 and under unexplained reasons ends up marrying him. Brian dates many girls and marries at least one woman and breaks up with all of them, gains low self-esteem, and became a alcoholic. Meg -> Gohan: Both are individuals who endured a life-cycle of struggling and pain. While Gohan was able to stay strong up to his adulthood and made a family, Meg on the other hand became a broken wreck who is in search for love and affection to the point of borderline insanity. Stewie -> Kid Gohan: Gohan is a kind, nonviolent kid holding incredible power at his very fingertips (enough to make Goku and Piccolo pale in comparison), but hates it and just wants a normal life. Stewie, however is what a kid with a lot of power would be like: controlling, self-centered, and will use whatever he has to its fullest advantage for his own ends. The cast's recent behavior towards Meg is because of her behavior throughout seasons 1-5. I don't have anything against Meg or anything, but I developed a reason why Meg was treated as shit. At first I thought it was a mix of Seasonal Rot and Flanderization , but I remembered that in Seasons 1,2, & 3, she was a Bratty Teenage Daughter of massive proportions, she gets agitated of Chris just for filling her space, she uses her baby brother to gain a job to get money to buy a fancy purse that people in her school has, and she actually wants to kill herself when a video of her and Mort kissing each other became live. Everytime, and I do mean everytime, she falls for a guy she goes extreme methods to get their attention (trying to rape Brian for example), so her family thought by neglecting her, Meg would stop being spoiled. Her attempt to rape Brian however was probably the last straw, and while she didn't get arrested for it, her family likely try to get revenge on Meg by abusing her over the smallest things, telling her to shut up and stuff. Quagmire is an exception since he hates Brian, and he apparently lusts over Meg, Cleveland didn't give a damn, and Joe didn't have proof that Meg raped Brian so, being a Dirty Cop as he is, he thinks that Meg being mistreated by her family for an eternity would be a sufficient enough punishment for her. All of this make Meg's "Reason You Suck" Speech to her family in Seahorse Seashell Party and possibly her woobie status seem a bit iffy. I'll grant the getting a job thing, but the getting agitated at Chris and the trying to kill herself were just throwaway gags. They weren't meant to be indicative of any actual character. As far as the getting a guy thing, I've seen only two episodes where she tries to get a guy, both in the first 4 seasons (the episode where she falls for Mort, and the episode with Joe's son), neither of which did she "go to extreme methods to get their attention". And, judging by "Chris Cross", it hasn't humbled her in any way whatsoever. The Griffin who will be Killed Off for Real is... Right, bear with me here, this took some serious sleuthing. I'll start by listing the Griffins and how likely they are to be killed off. Peter: Could be killed in a moment of Laser-Guided Karma , possibly by Meg after crossing the Moral Event Horizon . But, given he's the main character, I doubt that he would be able to commit an act of such evil, let alone be killed for it. Lois: Could be killed by Stewie (accidentally or deliberately) which could lead to a good Character Arc for him as he now has no purpose in life. However, I don't think that could happen, as Meg: On the surface, the most likely character to be killed off, as it might give everyone else heaps of Character Development , realising how they treated her cruelly in life. However the character is liked for being The Woobie and I think she'd more deserve a happy ending. Chris: Too generic to have any proper Character Development and could be killed off very easily. Brian: Despite being one half of the show's Spotlight-Stealing Squad , his death could give Stewie some character development, as he will be depressed now that his best friend is dead. Jasper could possibly serve as his replacement, although given he's somewhat hated, I doubt they'd promote him to regular cast member. Stewie: Despite being one half of the show's Spotlight-Stealing Squad , his death could be an interesting prospect. Bonus points if he comes back as a ghost and possesses a recurring cast member... However the summary for the Simpsons crossover episode says that Peter, Lois, Meg and Stewie will still be alive for the episode. So that means the Griffin that will be killed off will be either Chris or Brian. Simples. Who is to say that the crossover episode comes after the one in which a Griffin dies? Out of all of them, I think Brian is the most likely, give his suicidal tendencies and generally being the worst-off of the Griffins. I don't think he'll be replaced For now, confirmed to be Brian. But there are a few episodes, so after the next season and the FG/Simpsons crossover, we will see if its true. Connie's dislike of Meg is all because of Lois. It was recently revealed that much like Connie, Lois was an Alpha Bitch during her High School days, i assume, that, back then, Connie's mom and/or dad was her most common victim, and as a result, not knowing how Meg's home situation is, she picks on Meg to get revenge on Lois for the days when Lois used to pick on her parents, all because she is Lois' daughter. A theory on how Brian came to develop NPD. Brian started out as a reasonable dog who was only occasionally discriminated against but has presently become, by every definition of the word, a complete narcissist. One theory about how Narcissistic Personality Disorder develops is that a person subconsciously victimizes themselves more than in reality. I.E., Brian kept telling himself that dogs like him are lower-class and often treated it like racial profiling. As a defense mechanism, Brian became self-important and pretentious. Everything he does is, at the end of the day, just to get Brian more attention. He has been snapping more and more frequently and anyone who so much as offers a slightly different opinion, a classic symptom of NPD, and seems blind to other people's emotions and feelings. Lois, at one point in her life, looked exactly like Meg. Think about it. In one Season Three cutaway, in the episode "Lethal Weapons", it is revealed that Lois, when she was a younger girl, was a hideously gargantuan, monosyllabic, violent she-hulk of a person. It's also revealed as a throwaway in one episode, that, without her makeup, she's not as beautiful as she typically is. So, we might have a Francine Smith situation- drop-dead gorgeous when she's wearing her makeup, and, without it. as hideously unkempt as Meg is made out to be. Thelma Griffin's (Peter's mom) maiden name is actually Griffin. Therefore all of the ancestors that Peter talks about who all inexplicably look exactly like him are Thelma's ancestors, not Francis's. This would explain the family resemblance. This troper's maternal grandparents both have the same last name of Martin (grandmother from North Carolina, grandfather from Ohio), so why couldn't Thelma and Francis have had the same last name as well? It's improbable, but definitely not impossible. I personally assumed Thelma and Francis were related, like second cousins or something. Or Francis and Peter O'Flannigan are related. Probably from Josiah Griffin, who may have had a lovechild in Scotland. Lois' brother Patrick is going to appear in a future episode. Peter and Chris are going to a fat camp in an episode this season, and the episode description mentions a serial killer who targets fat kids. Oh so Confirmed. He appears in the episode where Stewie is afraid of a Queen cover. When the whole evil clone appeared Brian actually killed the good/normal Stewie and allowed the evil clone to live. The whole looking at your feet, Stewie may have gotten over it and the evil one retained that trait to laugh at it. Or, they both didn't care, but the evil one laughed to fool Brian into killing the real Stewie, and the evil clone will act "normal" until the series finale. The writers are using Brian to make fun of Seth. MacFarlane himself doesn't seem to be responsible for Brian's status as perceived Author Avatar . Rather, the other writers are just using him as a medium for for taking shots at him . Or hell, they could be doing this even if Seth IS responsible for it. Incidentally, Chris, Meg, and Lois ridicules Seth in "It's A Trap!", while Peter, Stewie, and Brian defended him. Peter is a wizard/God. The world seems to bend to Peter's will, and he and others he likes to have close to him suffer no consequences for their actions. He is immortal, which could explain how he exists in just about every time period , and he can reset continuity at any time(such as grievous injuries or deaths that he suffers). Or it's all just a giant joke on the part of the writers. The Griffins are cursed Somehow, the whole family has been cursed. Peter gets dumber and Megs gets uglier (or rather, she's cursed to be perceived as ugly). My guess is that its some sort of reality-warping machine Stewie made to take over the world, but its going out of control. Bugsy Bunny! Peter's grandpa named him "Ephraim the Retarded Rabbit", and Bugs Bunny swore to get back at his descendants for making that his original name. Getting killed in a cutaway gag wasn't just the writers being psychos , but karma. Connie D'Mico sees Meg as a threat to her popularity You would think on why Connie would be so mean to Meg, as if to keep her in her place, as she is really quite beautiful especially if Meg got rid of the hat and glasses. Peter used a Death Note in "Peter, Peter, Caviar Eater" to kill Aunt Maguarite A sudden heart attack and Peter dropping the "Careful what you wish for" line? He obviously did it. It would be an inside joke, but Seth probobly doesn't know that much anime You never know... That and the episode came out four years before Death Note. Time travel. It explains EVERYTHING. Either that, or Tsugumi got inspired to create Death Note because of Family Guy . Win! I don't see the connection. I would think he just told her something like "I wish you would die." Lois gets money from her father, Mr Pewterschmidt, to offset the financial crunches of Peter's schemes Because the Hinden-Peter, the Peter-Copter, and various other schemes of his probably drained the Griffin family savings long ago. And because Carter would use the opportunity to rub it in Lois's face. Stewie is Light Yagami Taking the above Death Note guess as truth, Stewie steals the Death Note from Peter. He doesn't use it at first; either he cannot yet read and write, or he knows that, as a baby, he could get away with killing people without the note and not get caught. Sometime after the series ends, he kills his entire family with the Death Note and then passes the death note around enough to lose his memory of the killings. Before the amnesia, he arranges with a Shinigami, probably Ryuk, to drop the note in a certain place in the future. He then uses the time machine he invented to go back in time to Japan in the mid-1980s, where he is adopted by the Yagami family. A few years down the line, a teenage Stewie picks up the Death Note with no memory of his life with the Griffins and uses it to try to conquer the world. We can't say he forgot everything. He obviously remembers his plans for world domination and uses his ploy of becoming a god to help him conquer the world. I don't even thing it's a ploy. Remember "The Big Bang Theory", where it's revealed Stewie is indirectly responsible for the goddamn Big Bang. If this is true, it's no wonder Light Yagami has a god complex. Jossed: if that was true, Lois would have been dead already Also jossed in that if Stewie was Yagami, Ryuk couldn't write down his name. The entire family was slowly replaced with evil counterparts Think about it. As the series went on, they all suddenly became bigger and bigger jerks. The only explanation is that the entire cast was replaced with evil duplicates. Now, it's entirely possible that Brian and Meg haven't been replaced, but have just gone mad from the sudden change in their friends and family (Brian not as much so, but to some extent). The question is why. The answer is, it's to open a gate way to allow the entire evil version of the universe through to our side; in the evil universe, no one gives a crap, and it's even worse then ours! The evil counterparts intend to replace everyone. Why wasn't Meg replaced? Remember the episode that was a Poltergeist reference? The original Meg is a gate to their world! They first sent Evil Peter as the scout because Meg must become more and more depressed to allow them all to come through. Thus, Peter was the first to go through huge changes in character! Stewie was so evil originally that his "evil counterpart" is a good counterpart (more or less). Any episode where anyone else is kind to Meg is a plot to give her hope...so they can destroy it and make her more depressed than ever. Just putting it out there, Stewie's counterpart is not only a tiny bit more on the good side, he's also gay. The changes aren't real reflection. In optics real reflections aren't just reversed, but upside down as well. These characters are mirrored. Being mirrored, these counter parts rotate around a core axis. Original Stewie' key traits were intelligence, hating Lois and evil master mind (despises the world). The hatred Lois due to him being evil and she's an authority figure. An intelligent, anti-mother character, that is catty towards the world? Camp gay. Remember the old episode with a cut scene showing Lois having to figure out which of two Peters was the real one, and which one was an evil robot? And she shot the real Peter, so she was stuck with the evil robot instead? That must've been a flash-forward, showing what happened in later seasons, right before all the characters started their decline.... Is it possible that they were sent 'back' to the wrong universe by Dog Stewie? Or it's an experiment by Stewie Gone Horribly Wrong . He attempted to make himself more pragmatic and vicious, so taking over the world would be easier. The results...were disasterous. It exaggerated everything bad about the Griffin household, however did the opposite to Stewie. Evil Stewie is the original personality resurfacing. "Screams of Silence: The Story of Brenda Q" will get a sequel The episode ends with Brenda grieving over Jeff "leaving her." She does not develop a backbone in the episode, and will likely only end up in another abusive relationship. In the episode, it is briefly mentioned that Jeff has a brother, so she might make him her Replacement Goldfish to cope with not having him around. He would likely turn out to be just as bad as Jeff, or even worse. The episode could end with Brenda shedding her Extreme Doormat tendencies and learning to stand on her own two feet, after Peter, Joe, Quagmire, and now Cleveland try to kill Jeff's brother and fail, possibly due to the brother knowing what really happened to Jeff and preparing for it. He'd turn the tables on them, and would be about to kill them before Brenda gets a Big Damn Heroes moment and tells him she isn't afraid of him anymore , and kills or otherwise incapacitates him. Incest explains it all The family is a mess of inbreeding. This is why Peter's ancestors all look the same. There's horrible incest jokes all the time...but to this family, this is normal. All but Stewie have normal shaped heads. And Brian...is just another one of the kids...but he's furry because of ten generations of a family tree that doesn't fork. Stewie smashed his head against the ceiling, you know. That's their cover-up story. The canon of that cut-scene is debatable, since it directly contradicts every other flashback of Stewie being born. I've had this theory that Francis Griffin and his wife were cousins or second-cousins. Francis isn't Peter's real father. Peter isn't a Griffin by genealogy, so Nate Griffin isn't his actual great-etc.-grandfather, and thus, there's no incest. If that's true then why do they look so much alike? The flashbacks involving any Griffin ancestors were all Peter's imagination. Not exactly being very intelligent, Peter imagines everyone in his ancestors' times as people he knows, or at least resembling them. The image of Nate Griffin was found in a book. He also appears as a ghost, which may or not have been Peter's imagination. But Nate definitely looked like Peter in the historical records. One ancestor doesn't confirm it. Nate lived over 140 years ago, and probably has a lot of descendants. Plus a cutaway gag mentioned one of his great-ect uncles being Scottish, so maybe that's where Mickey O'Flannegan comes from. Brian is/was a human. Two options: Brian is a fursuiting midget. His mind/soul/brain was, though magic or technology, placed into the body of a puppy. His body may or may not still exist. This is quite possible since the same thing happened to a German in another Seth MacFarlane show. And this is how he can have a 13-year-old human child when he's a 7 year old dog. THOSE ARE DOG YEARS. That is all. Brian is Reginald Koala's brother. He's Agent Teddy Salad of Monty Python fame. Or the Griffin's originally had another son who died but Stewie didn't want to lose him so he saved his brain implanted it in a dog and erased all the families memories of their other son. That would explain Stewie's crush on Brian, although, it would make it incestuous. Considering their track record with kids (Peter Griffin Jr., anyone?), that would make sense, but we've seen multiple interpretations of his birth and the only surviving kids are Chris and Meg. Maybe all the Griffin kids are evil geniuses at birth, though, and one of them put Peter Jr. in the dog. It would also make Brian's crush on Lois incestuous. Brian and his cousin Jasper carry a gene that causes their human qualities The gene in question must be recessive, since Brian's mother and siblings (see Road to Rhode Island) have dog personality traits. Peter's ancestors look nothing like him or his family. Peter doesn't have a very good imagination, so instead of coming up with original faces for the characters in these stories, he just puts the faces and characteristics of people he knows. This makes sense, considering Francis Griffin is not his real father. But before that episode even aired, this troper believed Francis hated Peter because he reminds him of his father (one of the creators of " Ephraim, the Retarded Rabbit "). In a throw away gag we'll find out Peter's grandfather (his mother's husband)'s first wife ran off to Ireland (pregnant) to escape his stupidity or something. Meg is going to beat up everyone in the last episode. We know that Seth has a history of setting up extremely long running gags, such as the chicken fights in each season. We also know he loves to have massive fights animated, especially if he can get any of the Griffins involved. Also, we know that his given explanation on why Meg has become the Butt Monkey of the series is BS (MacFarlane claims he cannot write teen girls well, yet did a decent job with Meg's run on the first series, and does well with Hayley in American Dad). This seems plausible (but please remember that it isn't necessarily Seth that sets up those gags). Meg's beaten the family up already, in the episode where she went to prison. A literal Curb-Stomp Battle , she smashes out Peter's teeth on the stairs... Meg and Stewie will team up for revenge in the last episode. When Stewie realizes the family(sans Meg) did nothing to help his head injury (and tried to cover it up,and ran him over) ,it will restore his matricidal tendencies as well as create patricidal ones.The Griffins will still not have learned their lesson from when Meg did snap,causing her to snap again-only permanent.Meg shall kill Peter and Lois for Stewie,and Stewie will make another universe-traveling device. Why? They can already break the fourth wall ,so they know Family Guy is a TV Show. Guess which universe and TV company they'll go to next? It wouldn't be out of the field to assume he's planning something, mainly having Meg snap and just beat up everyone in the series. When Fox cancels the series, he'll have one last episode in which (most likely) Peter insults her hat or something inauspicious like that, sending Meg into a fury and causing her to pretty much go on a rampage in Quahog for the rest of the episode. Possibly jossed, FG was canceled quite a few times with no such thing. It's only been canceled and revived once, hasn't it? It's possible he could be planning this since the first time the show was trashed and wanted to really let Fox have it if they tried to pull the plug again (by making a final episode too violent for TV). Still could be jossed though, especially since at least one episode (the one where Lois has an abortion) has been pulled out of the series line-up and it seems like MacFarlane is just going along with it. And the series has been Cancelled and Uncancelled twice. Meaning, two opportunities for said rampage that's never happened. There was already an episode ("Road to Rupert") where she snapped and beat up a driver to take her anger out of. This led to Peter thinking Meg's cool. You seem to think that Seth MacFarlene writes every episode of Family Guy and American Dad! He does not; he only wrote two full episodes. It's not him who can't write teen girls, but the Family Guy writing staff. Well, it's not the end of the series, but "Dial Meg for Murder" gave us our wish. Yes... Meg will soon cease being the Buttmonkey The Griffins know where this led them,and don't want to repeat it Konata and Kagami are another Multiverse version of Brian and Stewie. The latter also make a good boke and tsukkomi team . Not to mention all the Ho Yay . I wouldn't be surprised if Haruhi was involved somehow... That would have been cool if they actually appear in an anime-style universe. But they don't look a thing like Brian and Stewie! Going with the "Meg will beat everyone up in the Last Episode" Theory, the Last Episode (Arc?) will involve the cast trying to stop Meg from bringing about the End of the World as We Know It I haven't really watched the latter half of the show, but I still saw enough to see Meg becoming the Butt Monkey of the show, so here goes: Sometime during the time corresponding to the 5th-8th seasons of Family Guy, an Eldritch Abomination somehow took interest in Quahog (and the poor treatment of Meg in particular). Although this Eldritch Abomination cannot go into the world of the Mortals, it can still influence the actions of people. Thus, it began to corrupt the Griffins until it became a living Hell for Meg To drive here to the point of Unstoppable Rage . In the near future of the show, something (what it is I cannot know) finally pushes Meg over the edge and the frustration, hatred and anger in her would finally allow her to be possessed by it. Being possessed would give her incredible strength and she would start an unstoppable rampage, destroying everything in her path. If all goes well, she would finally be stopped (possibly by being killed?). At the very worst, the negative emotions would feed the abomination to the point that Meg would be even more powerful, the end result possibly ranging from in a Type 0 Catastrophe (the destruction of the East Coast) to a class 5 Catastrophe (the annihilation of life on Earth) . Brian's son is a Half-Human Hybrid And that's why he aged so fast. Brian has a son that's 13 years old, while he is only 7. "The're dog years." Which means that even though Brian's son looks fully human, he still has some of Brian's canine DNA. So he looks like a human, but ages at the rate of a dog. In human years, Brian's son is only a year old, or less. Wow, that's actually a nonsensically brilliant theory. If he's 13 in dog years, that'd be less than 2 in human. This does not work as stated in the episode where the son is introduced, Brian had sex with the mother when she was a high schooler and she is portrayed as being in her late 20s meaning Brian's son would appear to be older then his mother. What if he ages faster than a human, but slower than a dog? His mother could be younger than she appears; maybe early twenties. He may be four or five. Alternatively he really did have a kid 13 years ago, and was able to ignore physics because that's how powerful the Rule of Funny are. How else but the power of comedy could Brian speak, let alone have a human kid? Quagmire and Meg will end up sleeping together as soon as she turns eighteen (if Mayor West doesn't come of her first, of course). He's shown an interest more than once, she's treated so horribly that she'll happily latch onto anyone who shows her kindness and had no problem sleeping with older men; the only reason it hasn't already happened is that he suddenly starts caring about her being a legal adult when it comes to his best friend's daughter. Judging from the trailer shown at Comic-Con, Meg will be celebrating her 18th birthday this upcoming season and from the looks of things Quagmire has every intention of getting her into bed with him. Jossed- her family remembers they have a conscience and stop him. Everyone will get hit with the mother of all karmic retributions in the last episode Except Meg, who has taken enough shit from them. In the series finale all the bad karma they've built up throughout the years is going to be unleashed. We thought they were just going to get away with all that shit, they won't. That would be both awesome and unexpected. I can even imagine how they will karmically die. Quagmire will suffer from AIDS, Peter and Lois will be called out and sent to jail, but most epic will be Stewie's murder at the hands of EVERY family member of the extras he's killed throughout the years To follow up, I think the last episode will feature the ultimate deconstruction of the entire show. The family will finally go WAY too far in their Meg-bashing , and Meg takes it to the police (or, if the crime is committed out of Quahog , local police bring the family to court), ala Seinfeld. The four (Peter, Lois, Chris, Brian) go to trial, and a clip show ensues showing not only the Meg bashing, but all of the crimes, Jerk Ass behavior, and abuse that have occurred under the four. All of those that were mistreated under the four will testify against them. The jury will consist of one character each from 12 of Family Guy's competing shows and other classic shows. The four will get a "Reason You Suck" Speech by the Judge, and karma will hit the cast. Peter will be put away for life, Lois winds up in jail (and dies at 50, as predicted in the show), Chris winds up in Juvie, Quagmire goes to jail and becomes a registered sex offender (or dies from a sex-related incident or AIDS), Herbert is locked up (similar fate as Quagmire), Mayor West is removed from office for corruption, and Brian is ostracized from town and finally goes off the deep end into a state of clinical depression. Meg goes out on her own, and the last shot will be her actually being happy without her Jerk Ass family holding her down. Oh, and all of those cutaway gags? They won't appear during the last episode. And the best part? The writers get a Reason Why You Suck Speech so powerful that they never work again! That, or they give back the characters their consciences again. But what about Stewie if the rest of the griffins get what they deserve and Meg is happy on her own? He's done many terrible things too you know. Just not to Meg. Lois is actually British and hasn't told anyone When children begin to speak they usually tend to take on their mother's language/dialect over anyone else's since they feel a stronger bond to her (one episode proves that even Stewie feels something for Lois other than an insane urge to kill). So why is it that Stewie has a British accent when everyone else has an "American accent"? It's because Lois actually has a British accent, but stopped using it many years ago in an attempt to fit in better. Somewhere along the line Stewie picked this up (possibly while still in the womb, where he could've heard her talking in her real voice while alone, which IS actually possible by the way) and ended up with her accent. All 3 kids are adopted and all evidence contrary is fake Something that doesn't fit the above WMG is that Meg and Chris don't sound like either of Lois' accents. This leads to an alternate theory that Lois and Peter aren't really their parents and they acquired them through unknown means. They then told them about past incidents (complete with cut-aways) that didn't actually happen so the kids would believe that they're really Griffins. In support of the "Lois is British" theory, maybe when Meg was born Lois had a good American accent. Then, worried she might lose her original accent, practiced British and left Peter to take care of Chris (which could be a reason Chris acts retarded) and, by the time she was pregnant with Stewie, mastered both accents. Another little bit of support for the theory is that children tend to stop speaking like their parents when they enter school and will adopt the accent of their peers. This is why children born in America with foreign parents have American accents, despite spending their early life with parents with accents. Meg and Chris probably just stopped speaking like Lois once they started school. Stewie isn't old enough to have had this kind of peer interaction, and therefore still speaks with the British accent. Stewie is actually Older Than They Look : with special bonus Guess Stewie has that disease that makes you look younger than you really are (do not bother pointing out that that was practically a word for word quote from The Simpsons , This Troper is well aware of that, she doesn't know the name of the exact disease and couldn't successfully find out on Google. She thinks it's called Chrones or something with a bunch of Gs and Ls in it.) and his parents (and anybody else who should logically be able to determine that he is older than One Year Old) don't pay enough attention to know that he is older than one. Something that should be a different Guess but plays along well into this one is that Bonnie's pregnancy was a Hysterical Pregnancy and she was using a pillow to pretend she was actually pregnant. At some point she actually became pregnant either while cheating on Joe or even during the episode where he regained use of his penis. And again, nobody noticed that it took her since the late 90s to give birth to a baby fathered by someone who had already been crippled for several years because everybody is an idiot. Peter noticed in one episode. But even still it was another several years before the baby was born. Meg will play the Sarlacc in It's A Trap! Seems like natural progression. As she put it in Something Something, she never gets any lines. And she plays crap roles. Also, Jabba would be played by someone that hates Peter, which leaves out Carter, since he's already the Emperor. Making the best guess Angela, Peter's boss. Besides, the irony of having Carrie Fisher (aka Princess Leia) in the last Star Wars special playing Jabba is too great to pass up. Wasn't Carter already Lars? My guess is that someone like Roger would play Palpatine. Seth did say that the special would feature appearances by characters from his other two series anyway. Shit. I forgot not everyone saw Something Something Dark Side yet. Palpatine's revealed to be played by Carter when he contacts Stewie Vader. Confirmed by MacFarlane. But wrong about Angela being Jabba: the artwork parodying the poster seems to show Joe as Jabba. Lois is on to Stewie, but has ulterior motives for letting it slide. In the future, she was pretty on the ball with the emergency money to send baby Stewie back to the past (present). She is also prone to feeling the rush whenever she gets a bit of power. Let's face it: whatever her plans are (perks for being the mother of the world dictator? wresting the title from his hands for herself?), she may have had a Batman Gambit set up this whole time that hinges on Stewie conquering the world and her escaping every single matricide attempt! The souls of Brian and Peter somehow got confused with each other before their birth. Originally, Peter's soul was supposed to be born into the body of a dog, while Brian's soul was supposed to be born into the body of a middle-class white catholic American, but by some cosmic mistake, they changed places. It would explain a lot, really. Meg is actually Seth's favorite character. Seth loves Meg. He made Her the Butt Monkey because for every horrible thing that happens to Her]] She gains more and more fans . Also why she is the only moral character left on the show. Chris is Obfuscating Stupidity . Despite usually acting like an idiot, he has had some moments of intelligence such as at the end of 'Deep Throats'. Sighting the lies of prohibition as fact is pretty far from "intelligence." At best he parroted a biased dare class from school. Peter is Obfuscating Stupidity . The truth is that Peter is faking his stupidity so he can get away with the worst of his misdeeds, along with other sordid acts. And he will be called out on it Semi-confirmed in "Petarded". He really is very stupid, but he's pretending to be even stupider than he is. Stewie is Obfuscating Stupidity and his Character Derailment is a Batman Gambit by Seth/the writers. Well at least from season 4 onwards, Stewie thinks that if he acts gay , his plans to Take Over the World would not be taken seriously and then he can attack. Think about who would the naive baby who sings showtunes as a serious threat. He'd mainly want to convince Brian because he's the only one who actually notices him since Peter and Louis are busy being evil and Meg and Chris hardly interact with Stewie anymore. The episode "Halloween on Spooner Street" was a final confirmation if Brian takes him seriously, because he might've thought that if Brian found out that he shot Diane in "And then there were fewer" he'd would've seen it coming, and everything in the Halloween episode went according to plan and Brian did believe that Stewie was a helpless baby. Maybe in a couple of seasons down the road Stewie will retun to his old self. Do you honestly believe that the writers made Stewie an helpless baby on purpose. Seth might make excuses about the taking over the world thing was "getting played out" but he, along with some of the writers planned everything about Stewie. Lois is evil Even though what Peter did to Stewie crossed the line ,it could be justified by being mentally undeveloped.Lois went along with this,and she has no justification. The recent episode about Lois' porno showed that she was a full-fledged Alpha Bitch during high school and pulled an almost Carrie-level prank on a fat girl who later became Diane Simmons' attractive replacement. So she's 80% evil, 15% horny and 5% good? At some point in the future, Stewie will kill his family. Then, he will rename himself into Arthur Mitchell . You, good sir, have just scared the everloving crap out of me. Is Quahog based on Omelas? I was thinking of a short story I read in my Intro to Literature Class "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" in the story Omelas is basically Utopia, there are no laws, people can do anything they want and everyone is happy, however their happiness is only possible if one forsaken children remains miserable. I wonder if Seth based Quahog on this town and Meg is the forsaken children whose misery allows everyone else to be happy and Peter to get away with all of the crap he pulls off. Well, that's not exactly the point to the story. Not only is everybody happy in Omelas, everybody is exceedingly kind, generous, productive, and intelligent, not the jerkasses that the people of Quahog are. Also, there's a different being a buttmonkey (Meg) and being a small child locked in a room with no social contact, malnourishment, illness, and poor hygiene. Family Guy is subject to Executive Meddling . This has been blatantly spelt out to us three times: In Mother Tucker, Brian is forced to turn his intellectual radio show into a horrible, puerile comedy show with fart jokes. In Brian Griffin's House of Payne, Brian's deep, emotional movie script is turned by meddling executives into a horrible, puerile comedy show with fart jokes. In FOX-y Lady, Meg's sensible suggestions for the cartoon she is making with Peter and Chris are ignored by Peter in favor of a horrible, puerile comedy show with fart jokes. Nobody has picked up on these at all yet, and in the case of the third one it's obvious. Someone on the writing staff, hell, maybe Seth himself, is trying to tell us that they aren't happy with what the show has become, but it's beyond their control by this point. However, it could be that Seth is in the role of the meddler while the rest of the writers are voicing their pleas. It's even more obvious in the intro to It's a trap, where Seth basically admits he only did the episode because the network suites saw dollar signs in their eyes and even allowed the Fed Ex guy who barely watches the show to fit some jokes in. Even if it was a joke it's still pretty obvious, and it's not surprising at a studio like Fox. That explains so much. There's no way Seth, an active promoter of gay rights, would allow Family Gay to exist. Quagmire and Brian are going to end up in a big fight. As we've seen in the episodes "The New Black Guy" and "Quagmire's Dad" there is definitely tension building up between them. Its a one-sided fight, because Quagmire is the one who doesn't like Brian. This needs to happen, baby. Happens to a smaller extent in "Tiegs For Two". Brian and Quagmire get in a heated war over stealing their dates and have another, albeit lighter brawl. Since Brian is just as pissed at Quagmire by this point, it is far more even handed. Next season, Brian is going to turn the tables on Quagmire and give him a "The Reason You Suck" Speech . Considering that Quagmire's speech seemed to be taken from complaints made on this very wiki about Brian, it seems that the staff are aware of this what we have to say (including us who felt that Quagmire was the absolute worst person they could have chosen to rant at Brian). So Brian's speech will be full of our grievances about Quagmire, which means Quagmire will finally be called out for being a rapist. And it will be awesome. This follows the one this troper said above. After Brian's speech, Quagmire will, very sudden, punch Brian in the face and the two will start fighting like how Brian and Peter fought over Brian trying to have sex with Lois. That or Quagmire will realize his depravity , cry, and try to commit suicide. In the Cleveland Show Quagmire asks Peter if he could get his own show then Peter DOES call him out on it. Oh. Well good for the writers for finally acknowledging that. Although since Peter is evil in his own right at this point, I'm not exactly thrilled (then again, I don't think any of the characters can claim the moral high ground at this point. Not even Meg.) This could actually happen, considering that Quagmire is pretty much the show's Self-Deprecation avatar right now and the show has bashed it's fans at times before ("If you don't like it, go complain about it on the internet") it wouldn't surprise me if someone finally used Quagmire for a cryptic Take That, Critics! rant. Likely the whole point of making Quagmire of all people an avatar for the fans peeves with the show (not to mention taking offensive implication from everything Brian does) was to suggest they acknowledged the show's problems, but that the fans are to an extent being hypocritical and petty about it in places. Even better(or worse, YMMV), he will call the writers out. They've flanderized everyone and used Brian as an Author Avatar , why not have a massive Take That that transcends the fourth wall itself! A light variant of this has happened, while not to the same extent as Quagmire's "The Reason You Suck" Speech , Brian was perfectly willing to point out his own flaws in "Tiegs For Two". While he still seems to latch onto the hope of him and Quagmire finally making peace, there seems to be an increasing resentment to Quagmire's lashings at him (a lighter example also occurs in the earlier "Quagmire's Dad"), suggesting it may only be a matter of time before he snaps back. This war will end with the ultimate Take That to the show's flanderization, the writers and the guys responsible for a lot of the mess. Everyone is on LSD It would explain the random, non-sequitur flashbacks, the bright colors ("sparkling"), the Negative Continuity (rewriting personal history), the dramatic personality shifts, Stewie's sudden homosexuality (change of life perspective), Peter's stupidity (brain damage); everyone in all Quahog is so ridiculously high it warps reality itself to their trips. Herbert really has a basement full of Popsicles and wants to be an Ice cream Man It has been noted more than a few times Herbert "has popsicles" in his basement for kids, and he was once seen trying to buy an Ice cream Truck. Sure, these statements are supposed to be taken in another direction, but just picture Chris went into Herbert's basement just given a popsicle The last episode. Everything is destroyed by attacking clouds, and Peter says, "I told you so," just before the credits roll. This would be...just...oh god. This NEEDS to happen. The first three seasons take place in another universe than those since Road to the Multiverse established that there are various parallel universe in existence. Everything we've seen since the show came back from cancellation is a much crueler alternate reality, with a dumber Peter, meaner Lois, a self-righteous Brian, Camp Gay Stewie and Butt Monkey Meg. The original universe presumably still has Cleveland and Loretta living next door, Kevin Thompson alive, and Pawtucket Pat in ownership of the brewery. Brian is a hypocritical idiot, not an Author Avatar . That big rant against him by Quagmire? That was Seth/somebody else on the team pointing out to the Fan Dumb that he is meant to be a hypocritical anti-religious douche who constantly talks himself up. In the Simpsons parody segment, Maggie shot Quagmire, not the other way around. Maggie packs heat, and probably has ever since she "accidentally" shot Mr. Burns. Well, she does keep a gun under her pillow, as seen in season 13. Meg really is a transman That would explain a lot of her behavior. Future!Meg did become a man, although whether or not that comes true now that Stewie changed the past remains to be seen. I think it will still happen, because after Stewie comes back from the future and they are leaving the pool, Meg is shown talking to a man. When she says goodbye to him, he tells her his name is Ron, and she says something like, "Ron, huh, I always liked that name..." In the future, after she has her sex change, her name is Ron. Kevin Swanson is a robot . His Suspiciously Specific Denial in "A Hero Sits Next Door" could have been more than just a one-off gag. Joe's explanation for his absence has been noted as an Ass Pull , but maybe he was just covering up a much darker truth... I think he just meant he was not a conformist. Someone on the writing staff (possibly Seth ) is a closeted homosexual. Writer Gary Janetti is openly gay. Connie doesn't really hate Meg She just fears for her own popularity. But deep down, she actually has some respect for her. Brian is actively suicidal, and him offering both of his kidneys to Peter was a euthanasia ploy. We've known about his alcoholism and self-doubt for years. Then the novel he was working on for years bombed and he's largely given up on writing. Then Quagmire's "Reason You Suck" Speech reminded him of his many flaws and destroyed much of what was left of his self-esteem. We found out about his suicide plans in Stewie and Brian, and when Peter lost the use of his kidneys, he saw a chance to end it all and save his best friend's life at the same time. At the end of ...And Then There Were Fewer, Stewie lied. At the end of the episode Lois is about to be killed by Diane, by Diane is shot and killed by someone else. The camera pans up and we see it was Stewie, claiming that "If anyone's gonna take that bitch out, it's me". I think he was lying, he took out Diane simply because he loves his mommy! The Simpsons and Family Guy universes are merging. At some point in their history(probably during Season 3), one of Stewie's attempts at world domination went horribly wrong, resulting in the two universes beginning to combine. The Flanderization of The Simpsons is the result of this, and the show's own Flanderization is a violent reaction to the merging. The reason why Stewie isn't as evil as he once was is due to the softer, more positive traits of The Simpsons leaking in. Ultimately, they will fully merge, creating the South Park universe. Peter's mother and stepfather were related. That's why he can still claim ancestry to all his former Griffin family members, his mom and Francis were somewhat closely related. Death really is cheap. Peter seems to survive everything, even an utterly broken neck , despite being Too Dumb to Live . This is because, as a friend of sorts to The Grim Reaper , Death decides not to act when Peter does something stupid: either because he doesn't want to lose him due to Peter's stupidity, or finds his injuries by stupidity funny. Brian and Jasper are from a/the dog universe. There are no other anthropomorphic dogs in the main universe. However, in Road To Multiverse, they're seen everywhere in that universe where dogs and humans are role reversed. Somehow, Brian and Jasper crossed from that universe. It could've been when Brian was too young to remember, giving him no knowledge of alternate universes. As to why that universe still has a Brian, well, Brian isn't exactly an uncommon name, so it's just coincidence. Either that or Brian and Jasper are from a very similar universe. We saw plenty of universes where humans are in charge, but Human!Brian acted like the main universe was something special for having humans in charge, despite hopping universes with Poodle!Stewie. There are probably just as many dog-run universes as there are human-run universes, and Brian and Jasper are simply from there. What about the episode "The Man with Two Brians"? There was another anthropomorphic dog who doesn't look related to Brian and Jasper. There could be natural wormholes connecting the two universes Brian is suicidal because he's being too human. Brian had spent a lot of time with people, paying bills, having human jobs, the stress of being human for a dog, even an intelligent dog like Brian, must be hard. He kept on suppressing his canine instincts and it came out as unhealthy human habits like smoking and drinking. If he wants to get better, he has to embrace his canine instincts at least once a while to give them a break. Micky McFinnagan is related to Francis Griffin Quite possibly a cousin. It would also explain explains Peter looks so much like his Stepfather's family. Stewie is not Peter's son, instead, his father is... The Ultronian Superhero, Thermoman, from My Hero (I bet half of you don't know what i'm talking about :L). It's common fact that various elements from TV, film and other media exists in the Family Guy Universe, so what about Thermoman. As seen in My Hero, Thermoman, also known by his Human of alias of George Sunday the Irish Shopkeeper, has two children who, being Ultronian, are able to talk, and have Superpowers. Six days (that's the length of Ultronian pregnancy) before Stewie was born, Thermoman met Lois and they had a one-night stand, concieving Stewie. Thermoman left right after and Lois kept Peter in the dark about it, so he thinks that he is Stewie's father. As Lois said when she dreamt of finding out Stewie was evil, she smoked pot when she was pregnant with him. This stunted his development, so he doesn't have advanced Superhero powers (e.g. flying, thermobreath), but he could still talk, walk, have super-intelligence and even the ability to slap around Human adults. Quagmire's going to have a bad time of it in Season 10, and it will directly stem from his feud with Brian Think about it. While others on the show admit that Brian is often a Jerk Ass , he still has plenty of people who love him. And Quagmire can't hold on to his visceral, violent, searing hatred of Brian for as long as he has or be as open about it as he has been without the people that care for Brian starting to resent it...especially coming from someone like Glenn Quagmire. "Tiegs For Two" has already given some hints that Peter may not appreciate Quagmire's Brian-hatred(after all.. Peter said that Quagmire didn't want Brian told about the class...and Peter told him anyway )). That said, there's someone else who may not appreciate Quagmire's Brian-beatings..someone a lot more dangerous.. At the very least Brian himself seems to be lashing back as of recently, making it more an Escalating War . Lois is the reason that Meg is such a Butt Monkey . As seen in the episodes 'Stewie Kills Lois' and 'Trading Places' Meg can do quite well when it comes to domestic stuff. Lois realized this and while at first, she was only sabotaging Meg subconsciously, as the show went on and Character Derailment starting setting in she started to be more open about it. When Lois said that Meg was the one that gave birth to Stewie, she wasn't joking. During one of the rare time that Meg had a boyfriend they had sex and as a result Meg fell pregnant with Stewie. With the help of Brian, Lois covered the whole thing up by pretending that she was the one that was pregnant and when Stewie was born, she passed him off as her son and not Meg's. The only people that know the truth are Lois, Brian and Meg. Peter is too dumb to figure it out and they could have easily convinced Chris it was something else and he would have readily believed them. Jossed. Lois is shown giving birth to Stewie in the first season. Quagmire's hatred of Brian is actually some proper continuity at work In season 7's "The Man With Two Brians", Quagmire lets Brian stay with him after he moved out because of NB, and absolutely no hostility existed between them. Quagmire tells him he's having a beautiful Puerto Rican chick coming over who happens to have a almost instantly visible disfigurement (her upper right thigh was mangled in a childhood accident). Anyway, he instructs Brian to be discrete about it. Stewie arrives to try and convince Brian to come home, and the girl shows up, looking for Glenn. Stewie shouts "Oh my god, what happened to your leg!?" and she runs off crying. Quagmire chases after her saying "Dammit, Brian!" Jump to the first interaction Brian and Quagmire have since this episode, in season 8's "Jerome Is The New Black", and Glenn's hate for Brian is full blown, likely due to the prior incident. Looks like the mantees can focus after all. Add to that it seems to be slowly evolving two ways as well. In "Quagmire's Dad" and "And Then There Were Fewer" Brian starts to give light verbal retaliation to Quagmire's vindictiveness towards him. By "Teig's For Two" he equally lashes at him and outright starts an Escalating War with him for giving him (at least in his view) bad dating advise. The show seems to be slowly evolving the two into Sitcom Arch Nemesises . Brian suddenly being an Atheist in post-cancellation seasons isn't a continuity error, it's a plot point. The last time we see a direct reference to Brian believing in God is in the Season 3 premier, "The Thin White Line". At the end of the episode, he says the one thing he's learned from the whole ordeal is that everyone is responsible for their own actions (or something to that effect); that's when he stops believing in God. Makes sense. Though this troper always thought it was dealing with Francis Griffin that slowly soured Brian on religion. Seeing the (in-universe) Son of God Himself, Jesus Christ, getting chummy with Peter and picking up Peter's bad habits would also probably sour the more rational Brian; this is how the long awaited Messiah is going to act around humans? Christ's silly shenanigans spoiled any faith Brian may have had. If there's anything to finally push himself into the athiest category, Stewie accidentally causing the Big Bang will do it. Brian is seen at church with his family in season 5; the theory of him becoming an atheist after his breakup with Jillian makes more sense. If they ever get around to the Prequel Trilogy, Meg will play Jar-Jar Is anyone else more suited for the role? Too much of a major role. Not to mention that people like Meg Griffin despite her Butt Monkey status. Jar-Jar is loathed in fiction and reality. The Griffins really do love Meg Peter's alcoholism is what causes him to abuse her Lois is afraid of what would happen if she sided with Meg Chris is just following his parents' example Can't think of why Stewie and Brian would give her crap, though Brian seems to give more of a fuck about her than the others, at least. And Stewie just hates everyone but Brian. The Quagmires are immortal elves. They have an allure and can whomever they want of their desired sex. Glen can attract any woman he desires. Glen's father can glamour people into not noticing the fact that she's transgendered when trying to get a mate (that's why Brian didn't notice it). There's also the fact that Quagmire is supposedly 61 and that would mean his dad would have to be his late seventies at the youngest, yet neither of them look very old at all. They could both be Really 700 Years Old , or Glen is simply young by immortals' standards. Glen's constant string of meaningless sexcapades are a result of his immortality - since he'll outlive any woman he falls in love with, he doesn't want to commit. As an airline pilot, Glen has every excuse to keep moving around after people notice that he doesn't age, but he's grown attatched to his friends at Spooner Street and can't bring himself to let go of them. Glenn's elderly appearance in the future of the Stewie Griffin movie is either another glamour so that his friends don't get overly suspiscious. In that future, after Peter, Joe, and Cleveland die, Glenn will drop his glamor, sneak out of the nursing home, and live a whole new life. Alternatively, because of aforementioned fondness of these friends, Glenn gave up his immortality and will actually die with them. Or he got it stripped away involuntarily by unknown means. It would also explain how Quagmire is immune to all diseases. When Joe & Peter poke him with the infected needles, he laughs and says that he's already a carrier of everything. In truth, diseases don't affect him because he's immortal. Peter's actualy a genius and uses retardim as an excuse to get away with doing whatever the hell he wants. Peter always knows the mentaly ill thing to do, and never misses a beat on a chance to show how trully helpless he is. Coincidence, or extremly genius planning. He managed to score just below the bar on an aptitude test, and lost a thinking game to a nonliving object, There Is No Kill Like Overkill . More like Peter will use any excuse to do whatever he likes, especially something stupid. Peter despising Meg is a giant plot hole . You'll notice when the show first came out and before it became popular that Meg wasn't the butt monkey of every joke, but one day one of the creators decided to play a mean joke on Meg and the show must got super high ratings or something, so the creaters decided to choose Meg as the butt monkey. I don't think Stewie was gay or even bisexual until later on that show. Think of it as adding some super good seasoning to the new super hit franchise. A similar situation is when Quagmire all of a sudden hated brian's guts, yet later on he is willing to joke with him and let him stay back at his house, then he goes back to hating him. Quagmire letting Brian stay in his house came before Quagmire admitted to hating him. Presumably this was one of the bigger incidents that made Quagmire hate him. And what does this have to do with the current WMG? The first instance of Meg being the Chew Toy was in "Don't Make Me Over", in which just seeing how ugly Meg is causes two people to commit suicide. It was actually a pretty funny episode aside from that, though. As for Stewie, in a Season 2 episode he says that if all women are like Lois, he hopes to turn out to be a homosexual, so that might have been what the writers were thinking of when they made him homosexual. Lois faked her homosexuality. Even in real life we see stuff like this: girls pretend to be gay just turn a boy on, because they know some boys think two girls doing it is hot. In the Family Guy movie "Stewie Griffin, the Untold Story," she said she went back to men to get attention. Unlike Peter, Stewie, or that gay couple that had Bertrum, Lois has never exhibited any natrual gay tendencies. That time she kissed Meg's false lesbian girlfriend doesn't count. Let's remember that she sees Meg as competition as seen in that episode "Go Stewie Go, and she was trying to prove that she is a better kisser than Meg. Neil Goldman will be killed off He's spent entire seasons without as much as a mention. Peter is mentaly regressing, back into adolescence He is getting stupider, in this troper's opinion, and he will eventualy become so mentaly disabled that the things he can do, he will do with less ease. Kind of like huntingtons. Which will explain how he forgot to sit in a chair, but he does remember how to sit in a chair now. Maybe his mind is regressing and progressing somewhat simultaneously. In Stewie Griffin the untold story the "sexy house party" wasn't real. It was a drunken hallucination produced by Stewies intoxicated infant possibly partially hetereosexual psyche. Bertram likes to fool people into thinking he's a genius. He has failed on every account to eradicate Stewie and at one point had all the time in the world and still mucked it up. This troper also motions that he's faking his accent to annoy people. You know a little Gilbert Gottfried like. Stewie is a former dictator Stewie Griffin is a former dictator, or was almost a dictator. Until a wizard came along and de-aged him . That's why Stewie was so aggressive in the beginning, his old personality was still there. But as he grows, he begins to forget that former life and moves on. This explains why his mental age is so far ahead of his actual age. Also explains why he has a British accent despite nobody else in the Griffin family having one. Now, before you call Jossed where Stewie remembers his womb and his time as a sperm, remember that logically at one point Stewie was a normal baby and was born, even if it was longer ago than we're lead to believe. Or maybe he's a reincarnation instead. Peter had a reincarnation, so it isn't against series continuity. Stan from American Dad! and Quagmire from Family Guy share the same father, or at least grandfather. Stan got his chin and build from their father, and Quagmire got his promiscuity, cheating, and chin from their father. Both also share the same hair color. Another reason Quagmire hates Brian is because Quagmire was once like him. Brian's personality just keeps reminding Quagmire of his former lifestyle. Quagmire was willing to turn his life around, which he knows Brian wouldn't do, and becomes the person we all know. Seth MacFarlane has a thing for blondes. Which is why many female characters are blondes. These include: Jillian Jillian was the girlfriend of Brian, aka Seth MacFarlane's Author Avatar . If he has a thing for blonds, this was a blatant hint. The Bachelorette Francine (even though she's really a brunette) Phyllis, Stan's avatar in "Virtual In-Stanity". The "Stewie Griffin the untold story" movie is very impotent. Am I the only one who's aware of this. First of all Stewie killed Vanessa before he went to his original time and since he's evil again him killing Vanessa is obsolete unless he kills her for some other reason, and Dianne Simmons being alive is another one, or is it. In the original timeline Stewie turned good but I don't think he would make any difference in that Family Guy special "And there were fewer", so was Dianne going to let Lois live, you know what that's getting so confused it I'm just going to stop talking about that one. The most important one is Cleveland. In future Stewie's timeline Cleveland is in Quahog retirement home. Did he ever come back in the now current timeline, can someone please answer my question. Evil Stewie (current stewie) didn't have much of an impact on Cleveland's life so why would the lame Good Stewie will. Did Stewie morality make that much of a difference in everybody's lives? Even just only witnessing these events may affect the outcome. That doesn't help a single bit. The Family Guy universe and the American Dad universe exist as one. The part when Stan Smith meeting Stewie Griffin might be non-canon since it took place in a simulator but what about that episode when Stan was talking about his favorite dogs and Brian Griffin made a short appearance. True, as there is in fact a crossover between all 3 shows that ended up getting pushed back because of the tornado outbreak in the southern US, as well as the fact that the episode revolves around a hurricane. Roger also made an appearance in Family Guy Meg Griffin canonically has no middle name. Wouldn't be out of place for the issue to be brought up in-universe, which leads to Peter or Lois saying that they just didn't bother giving Meg a middle name. Meg was stolen from the hospital by Peter and Lois back when they used to do drugs In the episode where Brian was going to go to jail, he stated who Meg's real father was, and the whole family is different than her aside from hair color. Lois is a chubby chaser Every one in the family, except for the ones who can think for themselves, is heavy set. Stewie will not let him self become fat, and when he did Lois had virtually no problem with it. Brian is as athletic as any unathletic dog, therefore he has no chance with lois ever. Very plausible, because she's full of fetishes/found "fat sex" to be very appealing. At the end of "go, Stewie, go," Peter asks Lois why she loves him, and she replies, "Maybe I like fat guys. Maybe I like having sex with fat guys. Maybe I want to have sex with a fat guy right now." This sounds about right except for one thing. How do you explain her interest in Quagmire when they were younger. Although it technically never happened, it still shows that she had some interest in Quagmire. The fact anyone has some interest in Quagmire is a mystery anyways. An explanation for Stewie becoming an anti-hero. Stewie Griffin, evil baby extroadinare , was trying to figure out how he would sucsessfully take over the world and kill Lois. To learn this, he attempted to find a way of understanding his enemies. Creating a mind-altering machine, he altered his brain chemistry so he can better understand and think like the adults. This sucseeded beyond his wishes, giving us the Camp Gay antihero. "Stewie Kills Lois" wasn't a simulation. Stewie did indeed take over the world. Every episode after this is part of Stewie's simulation, used by Lois to see what would happen if the two-parter never happened. The ending of "Lois Kills Stewie" is Stewie's Dying Dream , which is why it cuts to black. Alternatively is wasn't supposed to be a simulation. Seth Mcfarlane wanted to either end the series right there or give the series and better yet his own creative mind a break and just end it right there at least for then, but EVERYONE else demanded more episodes. He couldn't just discard such a plot so he does a little bit of modifying to such an episode and turns it into a giant "what if" answers. Seth MacFarlane is a closet homosexual Think about it. MacFarlane claims to be a proponent of gay rights, yet he uses every gay stereotype in the book. My theory is that Seth is doing this because he's having trouble accepting his own homosexuality, and so in an attempt to distance himself from it, he told the writers that all gay people on the show should be Camp Gay and promiscuous , because, despite being gay, he is, of course, nothing like this whatsoever. Also note how, post-cancellation, the main female cast consists of a Butt Monkey of extreme proportions, and a sociopathic Bitch in Sheep's Clothing who's prepared to commit rape. Because all gay men are misogynist? If Meg ever lashes out like she did in "Dial Meg for Murder" again, the family will immediately strike back and brush it off before an episode would develop such a plot. Just going by a screenshot ◊ of a TBA episode for this one. She's moreso trying to tell them down instead of beat the crap out of them, but as one can see, they are looking, but Peter, Lois, and Chris are far from interested. If she does get to that level, though... well, results will be predictably bad... Meg will kill her family and become Ebony Dark'ness Dementia Raven Way. Thus explaining Ebony's knowledge of American goth pop culture. And after all the shit Meg's been through, no wonder she gets depressed. Perhaps one day she developed magic powers and reversed the flow of the universe, making everyone love her. Then she used Avada Kedavra (or one of the many mispellings), changed her name, robbed a Hot Topic, flew to England and went to Hogwarts as a 7th year, where she met Draco, made friends with Willow, B'loody Mary, Vampire, Diabolo, Dracola, Darkness, Crabbe and Goyle, and Professor Sinister/Trevolry. She hates the preps, aka Britney, because they bring back dark memories of her high school. She hates Snap and Loopin because they remind her of Hebert. She hates the Mystery of Magic, aka Cornelia Fuck and Doris Rumbridge, because they remind her of her ex-boyfriend Mayor Adam West. And now I wonder what I've been smoking. Actually, this makes sense. But rather, Meg became Goth because she associated it with magic and witches. We know Meg is absolutely stunning after a bit of a make-over. My Immortal is, in fact, part of the Family Guy canon. The goth kids are all parodies of teenagers who want to be unique but wish to fit in by conforming. The scenes that don't make sense are actually cut-away gags. Quahog's hatred of atheists in "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven" was Brian's exaggeration. He is just an Unreliable Narrator . Quahog doesn't really hate atheists, it just so happens that most of the people in town believe in some religion. The way the episode presents the issue, it seems Brian is the only atheist in Quahog. However, in "Love, Blactually" he met an atheist in Quahog with similar ideals. Also in "Excellence in Broadcasting", Lois points out Brian tends to change his opinion on matters just so he can look like the underdog. He thought by making Quahog look like religious bigots he could be the underdog, and show everybody how wrong they are (in Brian's eyes). In "Boys Do Cry", the family escapes to Texas, and in the Family Guy universe Texas is a place filled with bigots, regardless of its status in real life. Since then, Brian took these living stereotypes and applied it to Quahog so he could look like a hero, especially because the negative descriptions of Quahog only started beginning the next season. Brian's son Dylan is a werewolf. I mean, his mother is a human, his father is a dog. Think about it. The reason he left so suddenly was not to care for his mom, but because it was approaching the middle of the month and he had to get to his safehouse where he could transform without hurting anyone. Joe's accident humbled him. The story where the Grinch crippled him was not true. Joe used to be an arrogant cop until some people beat him up which humbled him. The reason why he has anger issues is that his former personality creeps in sometimes. In Connie D'Amico's next appearance, she's gonna get back at Meg for what happened in "Dial Meg for Murder". At this point, Connie's friends have gotten tired of picking on Meg, but Connie will have none of that. Connie's payback will end up getting herself killed. Stewie is an evil twin. When Stewie was born, it wasn't him. They took the good twin and left Lois with the evil one. The reason why Stewie became docile is that the good twin found his way into the Griffin's house and killed the evil twin. Quagmire has so many diseases that he's immune to all of them. This actually exist in the real world, organisms such as monkeys and people who live in third world countries possess this ability. In The Simpsons Mr. Burns has so many diseases that he's immune because they are all trying to attack his vitallity at once but can't because "they are like a whole bunch of people trying to squeeze into a little hole at once". Quagmire's body is like Mr. Burns's body or he'd probably built up a super high resistance to his illness just like monkeys did to aids, but the only differnce is Quagmire's built a super high resistance or an immunity to ALL the numerous diseases he has. Talk about a super human feat. Just because he is insusceptible to all the diseases he has doesn't mean he can't pass them on just like a monkey can give a human aids. Quagmires ailments don't negatively affect him one whit but he can give them to someone else, and they will take their full toll on whoever catches it from Quagmire. What can really support this theory is that halloween episode when Peter, Joe and Cleveland injected Quagmire with every disease known to man and he didn't get affected by it, as if he was immune to it or he built an immunity to all those diseases known to man. The human farmer who owned Biscuit is Brian Griffin's real father. Super country farmers do like to get a little freaky, I'm not saying that they all do but most ill southerners don't always have interfamily relationships, some are known to screw their own animals(pigs, chickens even horses etc.) behind closed doors of course, that's why you never hear about stuff like that. Biscuit's owner is pretty old meaning that his wife is pretty old too and most likely starting to peak out. Despite the farmer being old of age he wasn't losing his sexual stride, so he goes and sleeps with other women. No, because his old dried up menopause wife would catch him. Farmers are renoun for their rescourcefulness in any situation. So what does biscuit's owner do? have sex with her. If two animals mate with the same female it's possible for the female to have both of their babies. I know that they have to have the same kind of DNA and in reality a human can't make a baby with a dog, but this is family guy we're talking about here. Brian knocked up a dirty old whore so it's possible for a human to get a dog pregnant. When Brian states "he gets it from his father or grandfather" he is actually referring to someone in that farmers ancestor's. Brian inherited his attraction to human females from his father, his human father. It's possible that he also inherited his heavy drinking from his father just like Peter inherited his drunkeness from his father. Expanding on that last bit, we learn in "Don't make me over" that Brian is slightly racist towards black people and he says that that part of him is "his father, not him." This would make sense if his father was a white southern male human, as white southerners (as previously pointed out) on FG are extremely cliche, being racist, inbred, stupid and gay-bashers, among other things. Stewie's crush on Brian caused his Heelï¿½Face Turn . Think about it, Stewie's loss of evil occured around the same time his attraction to Brian started so it's possible that between seasons 4&5 Stewie after falling in love with Brian but he realised that Brian would never fall for somone as evil as himself so he decided to act nice in order to improve his chances with Brian and eventually became the mask . At somepoint in time Brian also mentioned off screen that he hates british accents causing Stewie to lose the accent Well that does explain why Stewie got less eviler but in return started to become homosexual, estrogen can soften someone especially a man up. Peter can only create retarded children or super geniuses with his sperm. When it comes to sense Meg is normal, but Meg is canoncially not Peter's child so she doesn't count. Chris is a complete retard who can't see what's infront of him while on the other hand Stewie & Bertrum are the two smartest organisms on Earth. The only evidence for Meg not canonically being Peter's daughter is a throwaway joke from Season 1. Given the way this show goes, it may be best to wait until something is mentioned on more than one episode before considering it canon. Meg isn't Peter's biological daughter In a few episodes they make reference to her not being his, and in the episode where Stewie Kills Lois, Peter is jealous of the Captain's story and begins to tell the tale of how they almost didn't have Meg due to abortion. We all know Lois gets around and Peter must have suspected that she wasn't his and decide on the abortion, but after seeing the abortionist was one handed they decided on keep her. An older episode said that Meg's real father's name is "Stan Thompson." In "There Were Fewer" Stewie was aware of everything the whole time. Hence why both he and Diane Simmons didn't get surprised when the murders occured. Stewie had a birds eye view of everything including what Diane was doing. When there was a murderer in the house Stewie didn't get scared, unlike everyone else who didn't know about the murder. Off screen Stewie snuck around and saw everything, but when Diane was about to kill Lois she crossed the line. ALT. She had enlisted Stewie's help, at the promise of not killing his family. Apparently she didn't hold up her end of the deal. Diane's original plan was to kill James Woods and frame Tom Tucker, Stewie didn't assist her in that in any way. Killing Muriel Goldman, Jillian's boyfriend and her former intern wasn't part of the original plan either and Stewie didn't really seem to have anything against them so how's that possible? He was testing his ability to kill, and enact a plan. So what was Stewie trying to test his ability to kill when he saved his mother. Obviously he was saving Lois for himself, for when the time was right to kill her. He didn't plan on Diane's plans going awry. The reason the time wasn't right was because he wanted to look her in the eyes and maybe even embarass her as he took her life. As he said in the episode where brian killed a dog. He has killed seven children, so far. So I think he gets a sexual thrill out of it. Simply put, taking a life to him is like taking someones virginity, to other perverts. The reason the Griffin Family hates Meg. I remember in an early episode there was a throwaway gag of Chris remembering Meg killed their little sister, his parents said it was a dream, and when Chris started to ask more about they stated angrily "It was a dream!" Simply put, I think that Meg DID end up killing their younger sister, how or why I couldn't guess besides some jealousy. Due to the trauma, Meg has forgotten the incident. Peter and Lois were never able to forgive her, and instead of deciding to send her to a mental institution, or see a therapist, they decided to punish her by constantly causing her physical and emotional harm. Chris only hurts Meg like Peter does because he's learned the bad behavior from his father's actions. Why they're being so sadistic? Beats me, but additional theroies would be appreciated. Brian's son isn't actually his. His ex just wanted to rid herself of the unruly brat, and Brian was the first guy dumb enough to not demand a DNA test. This would explain why the kid has no canine features at all, among other things. Meg really is transgendered It's not just some one-off joke or has been retconned by the series lack of continuity. Either she's in the closet or just hasn't realized it yet. —Not acording to this . She's all woman. Kevin Swanson will come back in a future episode. In one episode, it is briefly mentioned that he died in Iraq after going years without being seen on the show. The creators of the show said they killed him off because they couldn't think of anything to do with him, that he was a boring character. However, having him come back somehow could make a good plot. Confirmed, the upcoming Thanksgiving episode will have him come back. James Woods will return as a ghost. He's back to being a jerkass again, because he found out Diane Simmons tricked him into becoming a newborn Christian and orchestrated his death. Jossed, he was brought back to life after the events of "And Then There Were Fewer" by a machine that gave him the energy and soul from a 17 year old girl. But he's apparently back to being a jerkass again. Susie Swanson isn't Joe's daughter. He has to use a prosthetic penis to have sex (or possibly "what Joe calls sex") with Bonnie, and had been paralyzed for fifteen years in one episode while Bonnie had been pregnant for six years (or less than nine months) in another, within a couple of years of each instance. She's also blonde, while Joe has light brown hair and Bonnie has black hair, but it's possible that Joe has dark blond hair of the type that darkens with age or he and Bonnie carried recessive genes for blondness. James, Quagmire's cat from Family Guy , is Simon, Steve's cat from American Dad! . They look similar, except that Simon has a lot of cuts and bruises and generally looks like he's been run over by a car (which he was). Peter buried him in a place that works like the Pet Sematary (along with his lucky cat's foot), and he Came Back Wrong . They also both have the name of a biblical apostle, but that's probably just a meaningless coincidence (in- or out-of-universe). Not sure I agree to this theory, Simon was okay until he was run over. I'm not one for dumping on peoples' tropes, so that's not why I looked this up. I did because I like the idea that Seth MacFarlane would actually reuse a cat in two seperate shows, but the cats are difrent. Simon ◊ Sure the overall look is different, but that could be a change in animation styles. it's the tail I paid attention to. Peter makes up relatives whenever he feels like it Remember Peter's cousin Peter the Pig, his "broster", his great uncle Peter Hitler, Peter's great grandfather Huck Griffin, and Peter's great-great-uncle Jabba the Griffin? Well apparently they seem very improbable to exist. They mostly appear in cutaway gags and most of the cutaway gags they appear in are Peter's. Stewie seems to do this as well with his cousins Stewie Cruise and Quark Griffin. Why Peter does this is unknown or if he really has a bizarre family tree. But the one thing that grinds this troper's gears is the ambiguous existence of Peter's evil twin brother Thaddeus Griffin. Now despite saying he is Peter's twin brother, in the episode ""Padre de Familia", Peter was born alone, with Thaddeus nowhere to be seen and in "Brothers & Sisters", Peter states that he doesn't have a brother or a sister, but instead a broster, half-brother, half-sister. Now this is something that doesn't add up. It's Confirmed that he did make up his Native American relative "Chief Grand Cherokee" just to fool the casino owners. He probably made up Meg's biological father Stan Thompson as well. Thaddeus could just be an Identical Stranger trying to steal the family's inheritance. As for Peter Hitler, it isn't that implausible-in Real Life Hitler already had a weird family tree and a number of half-brothers. Though probably a more distant relative There will be another multiverse episode, and it will include... A universe drawn in anime style. A universe where Stewie has taken over the world. Similar to "Stewie Kills Lois" and "Lois Kills Stewie". A pixelated old-style video game universe. A universe much like the series pre-Flanderization. I know we had the comparison to it in "Back to the Pilot", but it'll be epic Self-Deprecation humor. It'll involve a transporter accident causing the whole of Quahog to be sucked up as the neighbour to this alternate, non-Flanderization universe. A universe where the Griffins are superheroes. Based on the second "Family Guy Viewer Mail #1" segment. A universe based on the unaired pilot where Lois is blonde. A universe where Lois is married to Quagmire instead. That would have to be a Bizarro Universe : beyond the rather unrealistic Back to the Future parody, there's not a snowball chance's in hell that any Quagmire we know would marry anyone Chris and Meg had some form of sexual intercourse at one point . Not coming from that episode when both of them were in that costume party disguised. In that episode Seahore seashell party it did seem a little suspicious that Chris would make a sexually frustrated comment to Meg(I "faked" my orgasms) probably trying to throw a hint at the viewers rather than give them a quick chuckle, and in the Stewie griffin the untold stewie movie Peter did state that they would have sex with each other when made sex a habit because "there rooms are right next to each other". Meg does have her "hot" moments every now and then as seen in Stewie kills Lois and to add to that Meg is really permiscous even to a comparable extent with her mother and Chris is shown to be an easy target for sexual predators such as Herbert and the camp counselor(In Petergiest. the part where someone gets their groin grabbed and Chris says that that's how his camp counselor "shakes hands"). Meg has her rare dumb moments but other besides that she is depicted as overall quite intelligent when she's not being overwhelmed by the desire of fitting in. Adding her cunning, desperation and her promiscuity together with her Cloud Cuckoolander brother with an exceptionally large penis as shown in the hunting episode what do you get? Meg and Chris Griffin getting it on. This must've been what the incest episode of the DVD movie was about. There will be a "Road to Arkham " episode. ...because that would be awesome. Meg's dorky glasses and stupid hat are surpressing her super hotness for the stability of those around her. Meg is seen without her hat and especially her dumb glasses few times in the series. The few times she is seen with one of them or luckily both of them she seems a lot less bland and noticably more "hotter" as one might say and the characters on the show seem to feel the same. Just like their is an unknown source that gives Stewie his intelligence their is an anonomous source that conceals all of Meg's hotness(most likely that repulsive hat and glasses of hers). In that episode where Meg got that makeover into a hot blond, what really caused everyone else to like her was the loss of the hat and glasses not the hot pop-star makeover. Whenever Meg goes into her hot mode(having her glasses and Jewish looking hat removed especially at the same time) the balance of the universe as one might say goes out of wack. This ties into the canon lightnening rod theory from "Seahore Seashell Party". Quagmire doesn't really hate Brian. He just blames Brian for not getting his own spin-off. He is releasing all his rage about it onto Brian. Kinda makes sense too. Seeing as Brian is Seth McFarlane's Author Avatar . If that's true that means at least Quagmire is aware that everyone's in a cartoon also . That may explain why he never seems to suffer from all his sexual encounters with diseases, and why women still sleep with him despite the fact everyone knows he's a heartless sex hound. Since Brian & Stewie (And a little before it), Brian has been trying to be nicer to some people The big example I can think of? Meg. Peter, Lois and Chris abuse her a bit, but all Brian does usually is verbal, and usually its just slight gags. Remember, he wrote a whole article about her in a magazine that convinced her to go back to her normal self, so something Heartwarming must've been done. Before the ep, it was because he was actually considering using his gun soon. Afterwards, its him trying to get a new lease on life, Hey Arnold! and Family Guy takes place in the same universe. One show takes place on the west coast, the other on the east coast. Herbert the pedophile and Arnold's grandpa Phil are blood relatives, they look alike. Fridge Horror means that Arnold and Stewie, both football heads, are related so Herbert is attracted to a blood nephew, Stewie's brother Chris! No. They BOTH take place on the East coast! The Griffins live in Quahog, which, although ficticious, is located in Rhode Island, and Arnold lives in New York! No, Word of God states that Hey Arnold! takes place in the Pacific Northwest. His Cityof Everywhere is based on Seattle, Portland, with a little bit of Brooklyn thrown in. New York City doesn't have evergreens or mountains outside the city limits. Carter Pewterschmidt is a Captain Ersatz of Wade Gustafson from Fargo. Apart from the hair, they are alike in every single way. Think about it. Meg is a beauty queen in nerd's clothing . Self explanotory. Some of her friends are nerdy too. Like the black girl and the redhead. They both wear glasses. And they hang with Meg the most. But there just plain ugly, and not just slightly attractive or plain looking with potential. They don't have anything hindering there appearances unlike Meg however. Family Guy is the Mirror Universe to The Simpsons . I know it's kind of obvious, but they do have many "mirror" qualities. For example, Quahog is set in a specific state, while Where the Hell Is Springfield? . Both have Comic-Book Time , but Family Guy seems to remember things in real time(just check Back to the Pilot and you'll see what I mean), while The Simpsons has Negative Continuity . As for which characters are counterparts of one another? Peter is the evil(and stupider) twin of Homer. He's basically Homer if Homer Simpson was a sociopath with zero intellect. The nail is that both of Peter's parents were abusive, amplifing the Freudian Excuse Lois is not just the evil, but the Id to Marge's Superego. While their both milfs, they have opposite ways of dealing with this. Marge prefers to be more subdued about her sexuality, and her [[Fetish kinks]] can come out more potent(like public sex). Lois, however, prefers to take The Hedonist approach to her sexuality, so it's become mundane Chris is not an evil counterpart, but the yin to Bart's yang. They're total opposites: Chris is basically his father, except nice( normally ), and The Generic Guy . To contrast, Bart has a bunch of Hidden Depths and shows a lot of contempt for his father. Meg and Lisa are, at the core, the same, however they became different because of one crucial, childhood difference : how they grew up. Lisa was neglected by her parents , but they still loved her a lot, so she focused her efforts into learning. Meg, on the other hand... Stewie and Maggie are age-flipped(psychologically, mind you) counterparts. They're both genius and examples of the Anti-Hero, however Maggie acts her age. Stewie, however is a hormonally-charged Camp Gay adult trapped in an infant's body. Joe Swanson and Chief Wiggum are total Bizarro counterparts. The latter is an incompetent moron, the former is badass. Even their physical forms are total opposites: Chief Wiggum is fat, while Joe is ripped and muscular. Unlike the others, Joe is the good(or more accurately competent) counterpart to Clancy Moe is the closest thing to Quagmire, as their moral compasses are well known for being unpredictable . Brian and Jasper are an evolutionary step in dogs. Which is why there are so few of them so far. It's a recent evolutionary step so they still hold several dog instincts and behaviors that aren't necessary for their survival. While there are only a few they are well-known which is why no one is shocked to see talking dogs. The Next Chicken Fight. It will be either: A. in a Family Guy movie, and the fight will be in 3D. Or B. a fight that lasts an entire 20 minute episode, ending with the Giant Chicken being Killed Off for Real . The next fight will feature things like: Peter and the chicken temporarily growing to giant size by some means The use of weaponry like bazookas or tanks. Chris Griffin's biological father isn't Peter. Chris is blond, yet none of his parents, nor his grandparents, are blond-haired. Plus Lois isn't exactly faithful. I can imagine an episode where Peter puts two and two together([ 13 years is enough time for him ), and is enraged. It will end up with Peter turning his attention to Meg , which will get Chris riled up. Chris will search for his biological father. At the end of the episode, it'll be revealed that it's one of the members of KISS. Being a KISS fanboy, Peter will reconcile, and love the fact that his "son" was made by Lois doing KISS. In the unaired pilot, Lois was blonde, so it might be a leftover from that. The series is caused by Meg's delusions Early on we are shown Meg writing articles and keeping a diary, so we know she can write, and she's probably creative enough to make up stories to entertain herself. She started Family Guy either out of boredom or a writing assignment from school. As time went on, though, she turned herself into the Butt Monkey in her own story out of low self-esteem/self-loathing and the overall tone of her stories became darker, more twisted, and less humorous as she slides into mental instability (alternately, she's growing up, becoming more cynical, and getting bored with Family Guy to account for the shift in tone). Brian's ex Jillian is part dog Jillian has a necklace that looks like Brian's collar and she's of subpar human intelligence. Going by the theory that Brian and Peter are trapped in each other's bodies, this makes perfect sense. Chris is a Leviathan Stewie said so, in "The Story on Page One"! Stewie is going to grow up like his father and he is going to have similar friends Peter-Stewie Cleveland- Rallo That's almost in contrast with Peter Griffin's all-male friends. However, it's kinda nice that they'll both have (possible) girlfriends. Stewie is somewhat related to Numbuh 1 They're both geniuses, have British accents and their head shapes are almost similar. The only reason that Stewie is evil is because—remember that episode in the Kids Next Door when Numbuh 1 found out that Father was actually his uncle? Stewie must have gotten that from him. Meg's suffering is Karmic Punishment for Lois' sins . Lois was a shameless Alpha Bitch back in high school (remember how she pranked Joyce Kinney?). Of course, Joyce's revenge was nothing compared to God's. Lois' subsequent life presages Connie D'Amico's (per Brian's threat that Connie will "hit the wall" by age 19) in how she winds up giving up her family fortune for a sociopathic Psychopathic Man Child (with some acting in porn in between). And now her Hollywood Homely daughter is the Cosmic Plaything not just of Connie, or her family, but pretty much the whole universe ( and others ). And in addition... Connie D'Amico is related to Joyce Kinney. She could be Joyce's daughter, but is living with her father. . The Reason 'Meg' is now being treated like shit is because.... Someone else here mentioned that Chris may have been right when he offhandedly mentions that Meg killed her twin sister. That is a good theory, but doesn't explain why she wasn't treated like crap before. ( Ruleof Funny and Flanderization aside) I have a theory. In the original family guy, Meg Griffin is voiced by Lacey Chabert; during her time, her character was a Bratty Teenage Daughter whose parents did in fact love her, and wasn't treated like crap. Maybe, the 'Meg' voiced by Mila Kunis killed the original Meg, and afterwords, suffered a mental breakdown and believed herself to be the real Meg. The family is too afraid to bring this up, but torture her for this endlessly. Same with the rest of the town/world. The boys who shot their brother, or burned themselves alive, etc instead of going to prom with her (and the camera man who did the same) did it out of fear, rather than disgust. After she gets a make-over (temporarily) she is (generally) treated better because most do not recognize her. Connie and the rest of the school are too vapid to care that she's still the same person, explaining why she became popular. Angela is Meg in the future Think about it. Meg is considered to be ugly as sin by everyone, even across multiple universes. Angela is seen as disgusting by Peter and even Quagmire refused to sleep with her. Both Meg and Angela aren't ugly, but are just very plain looking (OK, Angela's breasts were shown to sag heavily in the "Baby You Knock Me Out" episode, but still) and are harassed by everyone else for not being smoking hot. With Meg being treated like crap for so long, it would not surprise me to see Meg become extremely bitter and desperate for love when she reaches her 40s or 50s. Didn't Angela sexually harass Peter? Ew... Still, wouldn't put it pass the series -they've already got plenty of Incest Subtext My interpretation of Meg's Wham Line to Peter in "Seahorse Seashell Party" Maybe it's just me.... but one line really is shocking if you interpret it: "Take a look at yourself, Peter Griffin. You're a waste of a man!". Read that line again. That's the writers admitting that... They turned their originally funny character, the parody of the bumbling dad who actually cared about his family, into such a Jerk Ass Creator's Pet that even THEY recognize that the character cannot be salvaged without something BIG happening. On a larger scale, this could be the writers admitting that, once this show is done, this show will be known for its shock value, not the originally funny first three seasons, That they demolished and stained the legacy of the show on such a scale that rebuilding it would be impossible without causing a backlash. Seth is sympathetic to, has a fetish for , or has feelings of incest. Am I the only one who suspects that there's something behind the numerous incest jokes, not to mention the heavy Incest Subtext that Chris and Meg have? Also check out the Fetish Fuel page of American Dad! , pointing out how he and his sister are Stan and Hayley Smith's voice actors respectively Susie Swanson is a CIA avatar occupied by Avery Bullock. "Susie Swanson" could be an avatar either implanted in Bonnie's uterus by the CIA or swapped out with her real daughter at the hospital. This would explain Susie's internal voice: Bullock has been shown to occupy infant avatars in the American Dad! episode "Virtual In-Stanity." Additionally, the enhanced physical strength of the avatars provides plausibility to a very young Susie's ability to beat up Stewie in "Stew-Roids." Lois is related to the Heavy This is judging by her using a minigun and a shotgun in "Lois Kills Stewie." This could also mean that Stewie is either related to or will grow up to be the Pyro. Alternately, he is related to the Sniper, judging by "And Then There Were Fewer." Remember, it's not that they can use weapons, it's that they can use them well. "My Black Son" is canon Also, he's a ninja. There is a chemical in Quahog's water that causes stupidity and aggression. The water is shown to be VERY polluted in one episode. It's possible that one of the chemicals in it causes brain damage over time. However, you have to have a few years' worth of it in your system before there are any effects, and the number of years varies for each person. Some people (such as Meg) are immune, or at least aren't affected as badly. Peter, Lois and Chris all became evil, but Stewie was so evil that it had the opposite affect on him, making him more docile. The story we see is told through Brian's eyes, and while Brian didn't become evil, he did become extremely hateful to anyone who disagreed with him, and as the brain damage sets in is actually wrong most the time but re-imagines things to make himself right. The numerous cutaway gags are actually hallucinations caused by said brain damage. Eventually, Quahog will be a total wasteland, filled with people whose only thought is to kill, and will be abandoned by anyone who still sane-ish. Alternatively, Stewie will realize what's happening and reverse the damage, and everyone will move away. The series finale will be a Bittersweet Ending in which everyone finally has a chance to live a normal life, but many will be driven across the Despair Event Horizon by the things they did and even those who aren't will never be the same again. Do note that the nicest, most decent person on the show, Joe Swanson, is from Providence. Talking dogs like Brian have human ancestry. It's established in the show that dogs and humans can produce offspring. Talking dogs like Brian are mostly dog but have some human ancestor, so they can sometimes be born with human traits like sentience and the ability to dog. These talking dogs tend to be highly prone to depression, (as evidenced partially in the bank vault episode) because they're human in mind but in the body of dogs, and they're living in a world made for humans. Brian's character decay is the result of the increasing depression, combined with his alcoholism, which has caused him to become increasingly bitter and intolerant. Brian said he has a father called Coco, but it's only inferred to be another dog. If we're going by stereotypes, he was probably an ignorant farmer who practised animal husbandry . Brian is ashamed by this, so pretends his father was a dog. Using the Hollywood Genetics of Family Guy , man+dog=talking dog, and talking dog+man=man older than he should be. Don't like it, go on the internet and complain. Lois and Peter, as well as Chris, treat Meg like crap because they're jealous. Meg is the only one in the family (besides Stewie, but he's only a baby) who isn't a moron. She's shown to make good grades and she's shown to have good potential. In the episode "Seashore Seashell Party", Lois and Peter admit that they're horrible people, especially to Meg, but seem to have been repressing those thoughts all those years. Meg thinks it's because Peter and Lois are inherently vile people who need to take their anger out on something, but it's really because they're jealous. Peter is a drunk idiot who works a crappy and unstimulating office job, and due to his idiocy he's never going to move up in life. He has no goals and nothing to work for. Peter can see that Meg has the potential to make something of her life, but he feels that as the father he needs to be superior to his children so he always tries to bring her down. Chris is also a complete moron and he's like Peter in many ways, and he knows that he's probably going to end up in the same life situation as Peter. He's jealous of Meg for the same reasons as Peter, he's upset that Meg is better than him despite being his sibling. Lois was a very rich and popular girl and could've done anything she wanted, but she gave it all up to be the housewife to a fat, stupid drunk. She believes it's too late to do anything more with her life, and since her quality of life lies with her husband and the career decisions he makes, she knows she probably won't move up in life either. She's strongly jealous of Meg because Meg has potential, she can still do what she wants in her life. Lois is tied down by Peter but Meg is still young and free, and seeing that fills Lois with regret and shame for her decisions. So, like Peter, she treats Meg like crap to bring her down. Handi-Quacks was meant to be awful. You know, the show where Peter and the kids try to make up a new show, but Peter and Chris came up with awful ideas? The show was meant to be hilariously bad and stupid, a-la My Immortal . Peter and Chris got the joke, and their frustrations with Meg were because she just couldn't understand the joke and was taking the ridiculous premise too seriously. A future season will invoke South Park's "You're Getting Old" to explain Peter's shenanigans. He's got an insane libido , somehow gets women despite having a giant jaw and jerky behaviour , and can be a beacon of compassion and a dangerous rapist all at the same time. Quagmire is the son of a succubus, inheriting his mother's power over sex. His behaviour comes from being the scion of a sex demon, which likely gives him a very confused moral code when it comes to sex. This may go to explain why his mom was fine having a threeway with him : being a succubus, she would lack any moral compunction around sex. Quagmire is older than he looks because he inherited his mother's longevity-it's unclear how long he'll live, but it'll probably be a lot. The strange proportions could've also been a result of this interbreeding. This would also go to explain why he can carry every disease known to man -since when would a demon, especially one that feeds on sex, ever suffer from an STD, or any disease anyway? In fact, they may thrive off it. That's one hell of a point made, it's possible however that his mom or his father are not full succubus/incubus but at least one them has a ccubus in their heritage. No-homo or nothing but his dad is quite the playa himself, even when he got that sex change he still was considerable attractive to an extent if you could overlook her slight sturdy appearance, but that's besides the point kinda what's trying to be said is you shouldn't single out his dad either and that he could just have sex demon in his deep bloodline instead of his parents being a full blown sex devil. This should also explain all of the non-human feats he is capable of besides his impecable health, like his brain capacity and his nimbility etc. Everything is a story Brian is telling. The series started out as a humorous chronicle of Brian's daily life for a book he was writing, but his alcoholism got worse and he was drunk while writing everything after season three. The nonsensical Plot Holes , the increasingly mean-spirited tone, the hamfisted and problematic aesops, and the way the story bends over backwards to make Brian right - he's no longer censoring or refining his work, so the story has become basically his personal fantasy and a way for him to vent, with no regard for quality as he no longer cares. Is that why Brian's a butt monkey in later seasons who has become a Strawman for Left-Wingers? Meg being Transsexual will come back in a future episode She'll begin to transition. Hopefully they'll learn their lesson from Quagmire's Dad. Stewie's character change is just him getting older Even if he hasn't aged , he's at least lived some time. He now knows that his mom isn't the anti-Christ and has calmed down on his evil schemes. His surroundings have begun to shape his personality. Alternatively they're doing a Baby Geniuses route and he forgets his babyhood traits as he ages into childhood. Meg and Stewie are the highest paid members of the show. Meg is being paid to be the butt monkey. After the episode "Fifteen Minutes of Shame" Meg, fed up with the way she was being treated, threatened to leave the show if she wasn't given a pay raise. MacFarlene obliged. The reason the family's bullying of Meg gets worse as the series progresses is because the rest of the cast are jealous. Stewie's being paid so much because he's the most popular. Brian turned to atheism to cope with his breakup with Jillian He wasn't shown to be an atheist until after it Supported by the fact that there's even a few episodes before it that contradict his atheism Going off a previous WMG, Lois hates Meg because at one point in her life she was a lot like Meg and Lois despises her because it takes her back to undesireable parts of her past. This is also what could of caused Lois to become such a slut during her youth. Her self esteem was so low at one point that she would give it away for almost free, instead of sucking up her misery like Meg she became a big whore to get "IN. That's what actually led to her promiscuity instead of the fact that she was young as she would try to get everyone to believe. She hates Meg because instead of throwing herself away like her mother, she's staying true to herself and she's jealous of Meg because of that, Lois feel's Meg's mocking her with her spiritual resillience. Sure Meg's no virgin or at least since very earlier in the series and she does have her fair share of boyfriends, however at least she isn't a complete tramp like her mother was. Anna Lee's mom is smoking hot. In the episode "Death Lives" where the viewers get to see what it would of been like if Lois had her kids with Quagmire, her children were very unatractive because she had them by Quagmire. Come on guy let's be realistic here , Lois isn't that attractive and Quagmire's butt ugly so add two and two and you'll see how Quagmires and Lois hypothetical children came out so ugly. Despite Ana Lee being Quagmire's daughter she's attractive or at least average looking despite being Quagmire's offspring. In "Tales of a Third Grade Nothing" it's shown that Quagmire's offspring physically resemble him strongly and that's not a good thing in the looks department, so in order for Quagmire to have a too the very least a half way descent attractive child he's going to have to impregnate a super hottie. Also taking into account who Quagmire is he could easily get one. Quagmire isn't that ugly, you know-the main unattractive feature of the guy (on purely physical terms) is his massive chin and possible nose, which may led to a sort of butterface scenario for women. Quagmire could easily pass off as at least moderately attractive if he had some surgery done on that chin and exercised a bit(think Stan Smith ). Quagmire must never learn this, or he'll take the chin reduction/exercise and we'll be screwed in so many ways. Stewie is just an ordinary baby and the whole entire series is part of his baby imagination . Well it would be one hell of a surprise , even bigger than the one in the end of "Lois kills Stewie". Brian sleeping with all his exes will make Quagmire hate him even more . Geez, the poor dog finally catches a break, and now you're saying they'll even turn THAT against him?! Never in his entire 61-year life has Quagmire been a Batman fan In "And Then There Were Fewer" he clearly says "hot chicks are never crazy". Poison Ivy, Harley Quinn, and ( Depending on the Writer ) Catwoman are living contradictions (so-to-speak). But he lusts over Lois, who is batshit crazy. Brian will decide he's had enough, and ask Stewie to make him a regular dog . Tired of being second in Butt Monkey status only to Meg, he decides he can't take it anymore. Stewie refuses and instead throws a surprise appreciation party, and even Quagmire briefly admits Brian is a nice guy (then adding "for a douche") Considering the difference between dog and human minds , that would equate to lobotomizing Brian and in a sense destroying his personality. That would be one disturbing episode. Peter and Lois did have another daughter. Remember when Chris mention his "other sister" in Let's Go to the Hop?" She was'' real. Not only that, she was a Child Prodigy . She was the center of attention and everyone absolutely adored her. Meg was overly jealous, and it did not help matters that the sister often rubbed her success in her face when no one was around. Stewie is homosexual, and heteroromantic. This explains why, despite numerous jokes, hints, etc about him having a sexual attraction towards other males, his only romantic interests have been female. His crush on Brain could be either a case of If It's You, It's Okay , or perhaps he is biromantic or panromantic. The only evidence contrary to this, to the extent of my own knowledge, is him experiencing arousal whilst spying on the cheerleaders changing in the locker room (which could be explained by him getting off on the thrill of it) and his touching the baby-sitter's breast (which could also be explained that he, from watching his parents, see this as a way of showing affection, and when he does it while she's unconscious, it was probably more of a Take That , I can do whatever I want to!) if anyone has any contrary evidence, they are welcome to come forth with them. Think about it-they're both Older Than They Look (in Jack's case, by a large factor ), have enormous sexual appetites and are lust magnets (though Quagmire's magnet is well-hidden .) Since Quagmire is 61, his real father should look much older. In reality, Jack Harkness conceived Quagmire and Glenda was married later because his mom wanted to seem respectful (Quagmire's just trying to convince himself that Glenda was his father ), and happened to share her massive chin ( maybe related, maybe not. ) Glenn Quagmire inherited Harkness' charm and his resistance to ST Ds (it was part of the parcel when the Time Vortex made him immortal), along with his Extreme Omnisexual nature. His mother seems to have a really messed up relationship with him which meant Quagmire didn't inherit his restrain , and due to a combination of Values Dissonance when he grew up along with a lack of aliens, Quagmire focuses on women and things that aren't human ( and since he hasn't met Roger, this only means the animal kingdom ). For added fun, Quagmire's descendants carry these horny/casanova genes, leading to the 51st century and Jack Harkness. The reason why the world of Family Guy is thematically unlike Doctor Who is because we're seeing it for the perspective of Quahog. The cutaway gags are all in the characters' heads Think about it: the ridiculous exaggerations, the lack of continuity (like the ones about Stewie's birth) and remember this one from "Family Goy"? (cuts to princess and bear fighting on a spaceship) Peter: I, uh... I don't know Shakespeare very well. In Back To The Pilot, we see them just staring after setting up a cutaway gag. This means that a) The fourth wall is even more molested than we thought , b)they're actors or c)this. Brian and all other talking animals in The MacFarlaneverse (sans Klaus) are Annunaki Descendants You gotta admit when you use this theory it makes Brian, Jasper and the other talking animals in the Macfarlaneverse a lot more cool, and it makes as much sense as anything else in these shows. Brian and every other talking animal in The Macfarlaneverse are the descendants of the original Annunaki vessels, which explains why Talking Animals are so common among the 3 series. Cleveland will move back in the Season 12 premiere The Cleveland Show 's cancelled, so why not? Maybe he could even bring his new family back to his old house, only to find out that the Smiths from American Dad! are living there. Peter, Quagmire and Joe then all help him get rid of them. That would be an interesting plot. Of course, American Dad! probably couldn't air a new episode on the same day as this. Return of the bathtub gag! Semi-Confirmed, he's coming back but no word if it'll be during the season premier or not. Meg didn't get a real parole in "Dial Meg for Murder". She escaped prison. This troper has a theory and believes that when you're in prison, you're SUPPOSE to wait for someone to pick you up or something like that. However, to my belief, Meg probably gained more lines in her sentence and at the end of her original patrol, when her parole was denied, Meg snapped and killed the parole people, stealing some outside clothing, and running from the cops to hide back in the family that had neglected her. This is what I think anyway. A member of the Griffin Family will be killed off during Season 12. Only question is who... A case could be made for Chris. Picking on Meg is used as a source of comic relief. Brian and Stewie are a comic duo, Peter can't survive without Lois, and, per prior discussions, Peter is too important to die. Chris was demoted to extra ages ago, and usually offers little more than commentary. The only other feasible death is Brian, because he's a Soapbox Sadie , but it's a long shot. I'll also place my money on Chris. He's essentially just a younger version of Peter and doesn't offer anything to the show that other characters do not. Brian. The character has gotten very unpopular. Confirmed as off the episode "Life of Brian". But he came back later, so it doesn' really count Meg. At this point, she exists mostly to have bad things happen to her. A death would be the ultimate send-off to the character, so the writers of the show can try something new with a new character. Brian isn't a human in a dog's brain. He's the next step. Brian can't really be a human in a dog's brain-he ages like a regular dog(Klaus has been in that fish body for much longer than it should last), and has memories of being a puppy. However " its a comedy cartoon " doesn't really fit, considering said brain-machines and we're currently on a Wild Mass Guessing. Brian is actually the result of the attempt to grant human intelligence onto other species by the CIA. Before Brian was born, the CIA ran an experimental drug on his mother. The hope was that it would enhance the developing embryo's intelligence to human levels. There was a poor success rate, though, and only Brian became intelligent. They did the same to some bears , though more successful because they wanted two powerhouses on their team , though they ended up bumming around. There'll be an episode which Connie pushed Meg too far and they end up fighting each other. The episode will have some drama like "Screams of Silence: The Story of Brenda Q". Connie ends up getting killed, but by her own fault . There'll be another one-hour episode, this time about all the previous characters who've died coming back as ghosts or zombies. Perhaps due to one of Stewie's inventions gone horribly wrong. The characters would include: Muriel Goldman Thelma Griffin Quagmire is a "cat person". He was ridiculously endeared to James and doted over him endlessly. In contrast, he has an on off resentment towards Brian, and even when losing his memory and convinced he owned him, he was somewhat repulsed by his dog habits and treated him like a second class citizen. It would make sense his dislike for Brian is only further fueled by him not being a "dog person", let alone to a "filthy mongrel" that pulls off a civilized front and tries to imply he is actually smarter than humans despite it all. Quagmire is racist towards Middle-Easterns. In "Thanksgiving", he was among those who were unhappy with Kevin's decision to go AWOL from the war in Iraq just because he was sympathetic towards them. When Kevin said Iraq had nothing to due with 9/11, Quagmire said "I guess those moments of silence we had at those sporting events mean nothing to you." And in "Turban Cowboy", Quagmire was quick to judge him before he was revealed to be a terrorist. Though he turned out to be right, it was mostly for the wrong reason. This is most likely true. In '"Quagmire's Daughter", when he gives Anna Lee up for adoption, he asks if she'll be given to good home and not one with Sand People. Quagmire clarifies that he was not talking the Sand People from Star Wars . Going off of the end of the third Laugh It Up, Fuzzball special and Cleveland's family moving back to Quahog... If there was to be a parody of The Phantom Menace , the episode will start with the Griffins watching television when the blackout occurs again, but this time Peter gloats because he got a backup generator in case it ever happened again. Cut to the Brown family sitting in the dark in their own house, with Cleveland being forced to tell the story of The Phantom Menace. Peter and Ernie the Giant Chicken are actually dead and have been replaced by clones During this fight they got cloned, with an explosion destroying the whole laboratory and kill all the clones while throwing away the cloning chamber with them inside. Who knows the actual Peter and Ernie had not already exited the chamber and a pair of clones had not entered it during the mess? Family Guy is a parallel universe of The Simpsons . I don't see why it shouldn't be. In this universe whatever causes the yellow skin isn't present, but the four-fingered hands, Rule of Funny and Comic-Book Time are. The Griffins are naturally partial AU versions of The Simpsons, with For Want of a Nail creating a different legacy: Abraham Simpson stayed in Ireland after the war, and years of being the town bartender turned him into a drunk. Naming himself Mickey Mc Finnigan , he made a new life for himself, dying his hair orange. He eventually wooed a version of Mona Simpson (who was named Thelma instead), and Peter(aka Homer) was concieved. Being married to the grumpy fundamentalist Francis Griffin resulted in Thelma being disillusioned and embittered, which is why she's abusive unlike her Mona counterpart. Homer Simpson used to have brown hair, and Peter has brown hair. They're both fat idiots , but Peter is even stupider because he suffers from worst head injuries. He's even more of a Fat Bastard than Homer because of said dual Abusive Parents Meg, Chris and Stewie are half-siblings to Bart, Lisa and Maggie. This is because Lois Griffin isn't an AU version of Marge. Carter Pewterschmit is an AU son of Mr Burns. JOSSED. They can't be parallel universes, considering the Season Premiere of Season 13 is about the Griffins going to Springfield and meeting the Simpsons. Maybe they're relatives instead. Grandpa has been in Ireland in World War II, so its possible he had an affair and thus Mickey McFinnigan was born. Even using the earliest date of Family Guy as 1999 and thus Peter's conception around 1955, Mickey could be capable of conceiving even if Grandpa entered the war(though it would be statutory rape ), and given Abraham Simpson tried to assassinate Hitler circa 1936(assuming this isn't him being an Unreliable Narrator ) he may have been able to ensure Mickey's legality. With this, Peter Griffin is technically Homer's half-nephew, and in his case the brown hair was recessive Eventually, someone will call Chris out on that unjustified bullsh*t he gave Brian in "Living On A Prayer" Because a pudgy little masturbation-addicted moron has no right criticizing the guy who isn't afraid to make his opinion knows. He's just had too much sugar cereal. Besides, what really deserve call outs are the beatings that Quagmire gave him. Chris will die in Season 12. Plus in the description of the Simpsons Crossover Episode, it mentions Stewie bonding with Bart, when he is usually paralleled with Maggie, as they're both the babies of the family. Seeing as Brian didn't really die, it could happen. ...Or it will be Meg Because Mila Kunis isn't getting any less busy with her film career. And it'll be easy for the show to return to normal without everyone having to grieve for ages since everyone hates her. seeing as no one has really died yet, considering that Stewie altered the Brian-timeline, it's possible. ...OR we're just being trolled No one's gonna die. Seth Macfarlane has (not so) secretly wanted the show to end for at least two years, so he wants to get our attention with this, so that Family Guy gets extremely high ratings, then when it turns out no one's gonna die then everyone will boycott the show in rage, the ratings will plummet like crazy, and the show will have to end! Or somebody does die and get replaced — for just one episode. The character comes back by the end one way or another and the replacement is quickly done with, once again restoring the status quo . A real case of Exact Words . Jossed. Brian's dead, and from the looks of it he's staying dead. Not quite since Brian is confirmed to be in an upcoming episode , and there two other upcoming episodes titled "Brian's a Bad Father and "Brian The Closer", so his death isn't going to stick There is always the possibility that some of those episodes will deal with the aftermath of Brian's death, and that the Maya Rudolph episode is actually about Vinny, with the press release saying "Brian" to avoid suspicion that he would be the character killed off. But we won't know until later. Nope, Brian came back in Christmas guy. But, Vinny's voice actor is still contracted to voice in 3 more episodes of this season, and someone could still die for real, so who knows? Eventually there will be a scene where Peter will lip-synch with Lois's nagging Because even Peter isn't too dumb to know that Lois says "For God's sake, Peter, blah blah blah, more time with your family, blah blah blah, all the work I do, blah blah blah" at least Once an Episode . Stewie is a demon. He has mind-warping powers, which explains why no one seems to notice his schemes and interprets his machines as toys. He's immortal (or at least very, very long lived) and ages far slower than humans; that's why he acts so much older than he looks. Meg is a child prodigy. She is gifted with mastery at little effort of the arts and great intelligence at the cost of being hated by almost everyone. Meg will become emo . She's gets depressed a lot, has plenty of suicidal tendencies, has been known to cut herself at times, and almost nothing goes her way. It's sure to happen eventually. Brenda was aware that Quagmire and the others murdered Jeff While rewatching "Screams of Silence", it occurred to me that Brenda KNEW about Quagmire´s plans to murder Jeff. She knew that her brother would never invite Jeff for a hunting trip. In fact she thought that there was no better excuse to take Jeff to a isolated place where no one would be able to witness it. So she in the end was crying because she was hurt that it had to end this way, but deep down knew there was no other way out. Vinny will return Vinny's voice actor, Tony Sirico , has signed up for more episode roles on Family Guy. But he will probably have no memory of being owned by the Griffins due to Stewie altering the past by saving Brian. Given Vinny's sacrifice , this would be a could way to further redeem his character. To further increase people's like of him, Vinny will become a minor character, so as not to become overexposed and become an Ensemble Darkhorse . Confirmed. He returns at the end of "The Boys in the Band." Vinny will be adopted by someone else Now that Brian has returned, Vinny will likely be forced to find a new home. It could be Cleveland. It's a good way for the Brown/Tubbs family to make up for their previous dog that Cleveland ran over back in Stoolbend . Imagine what hilarity could come out of a Vinny-Rallo relationship. Apparently JOSSED. Or maybe Quagmire will adopt Vinny. He is apparently a cat person and Vinny is 1/16th cat (or pussyhound, if you will). Going with the above, Vinny will be used to demean Quagmire. Compare Glenn Quagmire to Vin ny . Reflecting fan opinion, when the two of them go to the Clam, Peter, Cleveland and Joe in an inverted Replacement Scrappy . The episode will involve Quagmire try to redeem his status, but unlike Brian there's pretty much nothing to salvage. In the end, Quagmire will be Demoted to Extra , and Brian will make an obligatory, satisfying but not patronizing or long "The Reason You Suck" Speech -or just be silent, since there's little that needs to be said. Eventually it'll end in Quagmire becoming an embittered antagonist towards the group, possibly going off the deep-end and suffering a Karmic Death . Brian was never in love with Lois It was all the shrink's fault. At first Brian cured his "accidents", but then Stewie framed him and when Brian went back to the shrink again, the shrink didn't believe Brian when he told him the truth that he didn't remember doing it. So he told Brian he was in love with Lois because it seemed like an obvious solution, and Brian became aware of a physical attraction, made all the more "interesting" because it's a forbidden relationship, being his best friend's wife, so his fixation on Lois continued because it was the most interesting thing he had going. Technically that makes it Stewie's fault, since the shrink brought up the issue after Stewie framed Brian for more urinating. Stewie and Kaplan (that's his name, right?) set it all up. Brian and Quagmire will become friends again Peter decides he must do something to end the feud between his two best friends. So he tries several attempts to make them like each other, all failing. Then Peter's life comes into danger and - realizing he is the glue that bonds them together - Brian and Quagmire work together to save him. In the end they realize they have a lot in common. Francis and Mickey McFinnigan are related. Via Peter's great-great uncle Angus Griffin. Angus Griffin was part of a cutaway gag in "Brian in Love", and as the Family Guy wiki itself notes looks a lot like Mickey McFinnigan. Perhaps Mickey is Angus' descendant, making him and Francis second cousins once removed. This may also go to explain how Francis' ancestor Nate Griffin looks like Micky-its his descendant as well. Peter Griffin is Peter Pan. In "The Giggity Wife," Peter talked to his shadow and it moved away from him on its own. Also, Peter is childish. Brian will have sex with Lois using time travel. Brian will use Stewie's time machine to have sex with Lois in the past before she met Peter. It was Evil Stewie all along who gave Brian the no-hold barred beating in "Patriot Games" Hasn't Stewie's treatment of Brian in that episode ever struck you as...odd? Like, a little over-the-top, even for Stewie? Sure, Stewie was relatively evil back then, but he had actually shown he genuinely liked Brian as far back as season 2. So...perhaps Evil Stewie took a trip back in time, kidnapped the real Stewie so no one would be suspicious, made the deal with Brian he knew he was going to win, and then gave him the two beatings. Then, once he got his money, he told the real Stewie to act as if nothing had happened, and he had been the one to injure Brian. He then erased the real Stewie's memory of the two ever meeting, and returned to the future. Eventually, they are gonna have a cutaway or a full on episode that involves John Cena in some way. A lot of celebs make cameos on Family Guy, so why not The Champ? They will make an episode where Peter gets invisibility powers and pranks everyone. Sounds like something they would do. Quagmire will beat up Brian again. And it will be awesome. This time, Brian could fight back. Leading to a battle as awesome as the chicken fights Stewie will become God. We know that he accidentally created the universe, yet for some reason there's a God in the series. Perhaps said God is actually Stewie: when Stewie perished at a grand old age, his spirit Ascended to a Higher Plane of Existence , entering the timeless void from which he created the universe. If God was in fact Stewie, it may go to explain His Holy Dickishness. Part of why Quahog is a Crapsack World comes from trying to maintain a Stable Time Loop , ensuring that at some point Stewie goes back to create the universe. Brian is a Flat-Earth Atheist because God wanted to keep his friend consistent. Christian homophobia? Stewie ended up as an Armoured Closet Gay in later life, and that hasn't gone away. God's constant flirting is Stewie trying to show that he's straight. Perhaps this is why Jesus was "born a virgin." That would explain how his "soul found another carrier" in Chap Stewie. He had to exist in order for the universe to come into existence. His birth wasn't a cosmic mistake; it was a cosmic necessity, ensured by God!Stewie. Peter is a very powerful wizard. His magical power manifests mostly in his ability to set up cutaway gags. It's a matter of Clap Your Hands If You Believe and Your Mind Makes It Real , as when James Woods stole his identity he was worried that his power had been taken away because he was "no longer" Peter Griffin. Peter is getting dumber and dumber as a result of his brain decaying. This guy dies constantly and keeps coming back. If we assume he really is dying and keeps coming back for some reason (being chummy with death, being a wizard as stated above, etc), then there's still the matter of decay that might take place between his deaths and resurrections. The reason he's getting dumber is because he's not all there in the head. Peter's also a pretty heavy drinker, and a number of his reckless habits have/would have caused head injury. Being driven feral in the episode "Big Fat" probably didn't help either (having forgotten much about civilized life). Stewie isn't exactly a baby. Comic-Book Time regardless, there seems to be a sort of unclear but present aging-characters have become slightly older(for example, Meg was 15 at the start and is now 18). Stewie is technically a toddler by now, however he's a rather short and slow-growing individual. They treat him as a baby because it's easier, and Stewie already has an adult intellect. Quagmire used to take antidepressants, but not anymore In early episodes, notice how Quagmire was usually depicted as a happy-go-lucky, kinky individual. Compare this character to the serious, uptight Quagmire we see today. And there are many reasons he would take antidepressants too (his father being gone for much of his life, losing his true love, living next-door to the Lethally Stupid Peter; just to name a few). About the ending of "Into Harmony's Way" Peter blows his brains out and apparently dies. Something like this normally isn't a big deal, except this took place after "Life of Brian" ( where Brian is Killed Off for Real and Stewie couldn't bring him back due to destroying his time machine), yet Peter instantly returns for the next episode. Anyways, here's several theories: Perhaps the most likely, Peter survived, but was left with brain damage. A considerate amount of people survive shooting themselves in the head. Peter died and was either replaced by a clone, an identical twin, or a Peter from another dimension or time period (brought to the present by Stewie). This ending was just in Peter's head. In other words, it was imagined and the episode actually ended differently. Peter died, but because he's Pals With Thanatos Death brought him back. That could also explain why he and other family members keep getting killed off. Peter isn't the only Arch-Enemy of Ernie the chicken A future episode will show Ernie fighting someone else. Probably a giant weasel, fox, or Colonel Sanders . Crack idea: Peter and Ernie the Chicken will have an Enemy Mine against Colonel Sanders. For the latter, It's Personal due to the countless chickens killed for fattening food. For the former, it may have something to do with another stroke, this time caused by KFC meals rather than McDonald's . Herbert will be the next character to die As an elderly citizen, he's probably going to leave at some point. But there's a catch. When he dies, his ghost will wander Quahog, continuing his reign of paedophilia by spying on kids through haunting their homes. Meg isn't a Butt Monkey across the multiverse. The only evidence we have is one suspiciously racist Japanese universe with Meg being abused. The advanced universe without Christanity only had Meg still being the ugly one as a known divergent. Brian just assumed that was the case because he's incredibly shallow. Speaking of the universe without Christianity... Christianity does exist in the 1000-year advanced universe. Because Christianity preserved much of the lost Roman sciences. They just named it something completely different, like Christology or The Church of Keith. The reason why its different at all is because everyone unanimously agreed that fighting a war and suppressing knowledge over our Lord Keith Christ wasn't worth it. Stewie was simply placating Brian with "See! You were right all along, no reason to be mopey!" Ernie the giant chicken is related to Foghorn Leghorn Both are talking human-sized chickens, and they look very identical except for their feather colors. Stewie and Brian will be involved in a "Freaky Friday" Flip Stewie would want to experience the freedom of being a dog. And Brian, well, let's just say women like babies. So the former would then build a body-swapping device allowing him and Brian to switch brains. It won't be long before one of them realizes he was happier with his own life, but the other enjoys his new lifestyle and tries to prevent the Status Quo Is God moment. But certain circumstances will then persuade him to revert back to his original body. Brian used the time machine to have sex with Tracy Flannigan when she was hot. Being the douchebag that he is, he didn't use protection. So as a result, Tracy got knocked up and was unable to find Brian because he already hit the Return Pad. That's how Dylan is thirteen while Brian is seven. Peter is not human He may look human, but think about it. Other than his abnormal stupidity, he is able to reincarnate after death and quickly heal himself from serious injuries, along with many strange other abilities. For instance, in "Meg Stinks!" he instantly regenerates his severed hand, which then grows an evil twin. Cleveland Jr. is really Peter Griffin's son There was an episode of Family Guy that had a cutaway gag called "My Black Son" which was a parody of 80s sitcoms. It really is canon and Peter Loretta pregnant behind Cleveland's back. In The Cleveland Show he looks more like Peter than Cleveland. This explains why the two got along so well in "Fore Father." Now that Cleveland is back with his new family... Cleveland is back to hanging with Peter, Quagmire and Joe. Now that Lois and Donna are friends, they and Bonnie will spend a lot of time together. Meg and Roberta will be best friends. Roberta might even defend Meg from Connie, resulting a rivalry between two hot girls. Brian and Junior will be close, due to their atheism. Quagmire will likely blame Brian for that. An episode where Junior falls in love with Meg. Freight Train and Cookie will be visiting Quahog. Other characters from Stoolbend will come to visit. Junior will change again Remember how he changed between Family Guy and The Cleveland Show ? Now that he's back in Quahog, the writers may feel he would be too similar to Chris. So Seth will probably try something. Season 12 was all a dream one of the characters have been having But Cleveland will really be back, and Vinny will somehow end up being real. Herbert does sexually solicit his child victims physically despite his old age, however it's never shown or explicitly implied because the writers couldn't get it past the radars . Yes this show is preserved predominately for mature audience, but even it has its limits including but not limited to: showing full nudity using the N-word etc. With child sex crimes being a huge issue in the real world and Family guy already being offensive enough, the writers didn't want to risk anything showing or even implying an explicit act of pedophilia. The upcoming feature film is the reason for the show's decline Why are the more recent episodes (especially in Season 12) so bad? Maybe it's because Seth MacFarlane is saving his good material for the movie, which he's recently confirmed to be planning. There's another twist: Once the film is ultimately released, it will redeem Family Guy of the crap its last seasons has shown, making it an excellent finale to his long-running series. Joe and Bonnie will divorce It has already been shown in "Foreign Affairs" that Bonnie's grown tired of Joe. In recent episodes, there have been signs of tension between their relationship (like this one ). It seems inevitable that they will finally have enough of each other and split up, one of them having to own the rights to Kevin and Susie. says it's high time this happens. There will be a sequel to "Screams of Silence" It will involve Brenda's new child (we'll call him Jeff Jr.), now around Stewie's age. He will wonder whatever happened to his father, and Quagmire will have no choice but to confess about murdering him. Or Peter will accidentally reveal the truth through his stupidity. Traumatized by this cold fact, Jeff Jr. will experience a Faceï¿½Heel Turn and try to kill Quagmire in revenge, only to realize his actions are no better than his father's. Jeff Jr. will ultimately redeem himself and make up with his uncle Glen. There will be a fourth Laugh It Up, Fuzzball special. In keeping with the ending of the third special, the special will begin with the Griffins watching TV when the power goes out yet again. But here's the catch — only the buildings outside the window go out. Peter gloats about how his investment in a power generator paid off. The camera then moves into the Brown household, where the Browns aren't so lucky. As Cleveland wonders what to do to pass the time, Peter calls him up on his cell phone and goads him into telling his family about the Star Wars prequels. Cleveland retorts, "But my show is cancelled!" Peter responds, "So? You still hafta do it!" Cleveland gives in, but notes, "If I have to do it, I'll at least tell it a little differently." The subsequent story is a heavily abridged version of all three prequel movies, rather than the full retellings of the previous three specials. After the power returns at the end of the special, Cleveland calls up Peter and says he's getting his own power generator to make sure nothing like this happens again. "But who's going to tell the story of Disney's episodes?" Peter asks. Cleveland responds, "Well, it sure as hell won't be Quagmire, or Joe, or anybody else in Quahog, that's for damn sure." We then cut to the Smiths watching TBS, with Stan asking, "Have we just been cursed, or is it just me?" He then dismisses it and changes the channel to watch some Robot Chicken . And that wraps up the special. Mamood from Turban Cowboy is the one from American Dad: Stan of Arabia This may sound unbelievable, but hear me out. When Hayley left Mamood, he was devastated and renounced his American ways and entered into his religion. That's why he is a devout Islam. He married a woman who will do whatever he says, because he is confident that she will never leave him. And note the line "America must pay for his sins!". He wants to terrorize America because of one American woman that has left him. Dylan is also Stewie's son. There's an episode about Stewie getting pregnant with Brian's child. Trying to put it all behind them (you know Family Guy) they go back 13 years into the past and give the kid up for adoption. Which leads to the events of "The Former Life of Brian". If/when Vinny returns, Stewie will recognize him as the "modelling agent" from Christmas Guy Keep in mind that this was the Stewie we see in the present, whereas the Stewie who saved Brian was erased from history for altering time. Thus, this is probably how Stewie will at first react to seeing Vinny again: Stewie: "Hmmm... I have the strangest feeling that I've seen you somewhere before. You look like that modelling agent from the mall." It has been confirmed that, while Vinny isn't scheduled to return any time soon, his voice actor Tony Sirico is planned for more roles in the show. They've hinted the possibility of Vinny returning, at the very least as a gag. Partially confirmed. He returns at the end of "The Boys in the Band", but is yet to meet Stewie. Meg used to be attractive A brief gag in "Fistful of Meg" involved Meg being made beautiful through several punches in the face. It's possible there was a time earlier in her life when Meg actually did look attractive...until an accident destroyed her good looks, and the following surgery made her into the Informed Deformity we see her as today. It would make one heck of a good joke, or even an episode plot. Bonus points: Her former attractiveness rivalled those of other girls like Connie D'Amico (who, according to "Barely Legal", has a closeted sense of insecurity). Maybe she was the one who caused Meg's tragic accident, then ridiculing what remains of her today in order to cover up her own flaws. Quagmire raped Connie D'Amico and her mother at the end of "And the Wiener Is," and confessed about said rapes in "The Father, the Son, and the Holy Fonz." When Quagmire propositions Connie in the former episode, she yells for her mother, to which Quagmire replies, "I like where this is going," suggesting that he anticipates a threesome. However, the scene cuts off there and the rest is left to the viewer's imagination. In the latter episode, Quagmire confesses to Peter, who had started his own religion, to having had sex with a teenage blonde (which accurately describes Connie) and her mother. The fact that Quagmire describes it simply as "sex" and not "rape" and that he eagerly tells Peter that he's "telling everybody" are unsurprising given that Quagmire has repeatedly displayed an ignorance to the difference between consensual sex and rape. That also explains why he has to abide by Megan's law in "Emission Impossible." Meg Griffin is SCP-053. Both of them have brown hair and regarded as an abomination, despite all evidence being to the contrary. Not causing outright murderous rage or killing her attackers was some sort of means to pacify her. Thanks to time travelling in "Back to the Pilot", Brian and Stewie are responsible for the Seasonal Rot of the show. Stewie notes that whenever you try to alter history, it ends up making the future worse. At the end things are back to normal except Peter's old drinking buddies are with him. They've never been seen since the pilot , so it's quite possible that them staying around would've greatly changed the Griffin's personal history. Their presence ended up being a bad influence on Peter and his friends, making him more of a dick. A number of other time travelling incursions may explain differences between the pre and post cancellation eras Road to Germany is discounted because they pressed the Reset Button on the episode, and since they went back 30 seconds nothing in the immediate future would be altered Peter going back in time with Death is partly responsible for Lois and Quagmire's Character Derailment . Due to her time with Quagmire , Lois became a lot more kinky and open to affairs. Considering how Quagmire of all people had successfully settled down to a happy(if really perverted) relationship with Lois, it's likely that the brief bond they shared meant a lot to him. He became more of a jerk because Present Peter stole Lois from him. As for why he even stayed friends with Peter, he probably considering the man one of his more dickish relatives. Roger the Alien , however, wasn't the consequence of time travel: we know from the show that Roger has secret families so it isn't implausible he'd stay with the Griffins for some time. "The Big Bang Theory" caused drastic alterations to the timeline-not only did it involve Stewie replacing God in a Stable Time Loop , but prematurely killed a famous figure, looped Stewie's only family tree and briefly utterly fucked up the entire universe! "Life of Brian" changes the rules of time travel because history was so damaged that was an attempt to patch up the tears in reality. The future crossover with The Simpsons(and because of the crossover, by extension Futurama) despite originally being different universes is a consequence of the massive paradox. The continuity problems are a consequence of time flowing backwards in "Yug Ylimaf", considering at the end Brian and Stewie still remember(for example Brian would've died eating chocolate, but because of dicking with time ended up being run over a car instead. It also explains why flashbacks seem to fit post-movie cancellation. If altering history screws it up , then saving Brian explains Season 12. Peter Griffin subconsciously hates his wife. Which is why he abuses Meg. Though nowhere near a model husband , Peter at least tries. Lois, however, has proven to be unfaithful , manipulative with him and much of her love comes off as completely shallow. On some level he realizes he made a terrible mistake marrying her, but consciously can't accept it. His method of dealing with these feelings? Focus his rage on his children , the product of the terrible mistake. The fact he can't even be sure they're his kids helps with this. So why abuse Meg most of all? Meg looks a lot like her mother( regardless of what they say ), meaning its easy to just imagine her as Lois. Notice how Peter is usually the first person to act human and be nice to her? That's because Peter has no real problem with Meg herself, and its part of diverting his hatred towards his wife The Griffin family is entirely accurate. Except maybe the blatant resemblance to Peter. Sure, Peter's relative cutaways are absurd, but then again so is the series. Plus his personal life is as wacky as his bloodline. Being simple-minded, Peter probably calls all his ancestors "Griffin" even if they aren't members of the Griffin family-though this could be true one way or another. And in the MacFarlane universe , famous people have gotten into enough wackiness to get around quite a bit. Now for how they may all be relatedï¿½ Seth Mac Farlane likes loose women. 2 out of the 3 main female protagonists are rather open about their sexuality(even before the Seasonal Rot ), which isn't treated negatively at all. Not to mention that with Family Guy they seem perfectly fine with having them sleep around( though that may be something else. ) Methinks Seth likes kinky women. Lois and Chris are the result of affairs. Chris Griffin being from some affair is rather likely, considering none of his family has blonde hair. Granted he does look somewhat like Peter, but since Peter's black ancestor married Lois' 19th century ancestor , that's more understandable. That being said, there's a lesser case said that Carter may not be Lois' father; we know from her crazy brother that Barbara Pewterschmidt cheated on him. Who's to say she didn't sleep with Jackie Gleason before, and got knocked up? Keira called in the anonymous tip herself. Keira gets off on having sex with older men and getting them sent to jail for rape. Carol Pewterschmidt is the heiress to the Pewterschmidt fortune When Lois gave up the fortune to marry Peter, her parents instead gave it to her younger sister Carol. This explains why she is described by Peter as living in a mansion. It also explains why her first nine husbands left her, as they married and divorced her for her money. Susie is transgendered There have been a few episodes where we hear Susie's Inner Monologue voiced by Patrick Stewart . This isn't just a silly running gag, it's to show that Susie identifies as a male. Thing is, Susie's too young to express this. Meg's middle name is actually Sophiea Peter and Lois forgot to tell Meg that so she looks at her birth certificate and realizes her middle name was Sophiea. "Stan Thompson" was made up by Peter. Meg is The Unfavorite , so it wouldn't be surprising that Peter would think she's not his kid. Meg is a Jedi. On top of actually secretly being beautiful, we also learn that Peter's abuse of Meg is half-hearted and he really does love his daughter. Also recall Meg being gifted as a child, such as learning how to play the drums at age 1. All of this emotional trauma isn't real because Meg is using Jedi mind tricks to cause it. For what reason you might ask? Meg is aware she is powerful and is intentionally trying to keep herself humble in order to reject the temptations of the dark side. Or maybe she's already fallen, and all of this is a ploy to gain sympathizers who can help her take over the Empire. Peter's family tales actually make sense. This series can get rather weird and the Griffins have gotten into bizarre situations, after all. Peter's contradictory accounts of his lineage is a result of him being lazy and adding the last name of "Griffin" to all of his ancestors. Same reason why all his family looks and acts like him ; asides from his real father and ancestor Peter's great-great uncle Angus is actually his great-grandfather through Mickey Mc Flannigan , since they both live in Britian. Angus Griffin had a daughter, who married an Irishman and gave birth to Mickey Mc Flannigan . Peter's legal and biological father are actually second cousins, with Francis being Peter's second cousin once removed. His great-great grandfather really is President Ulysseus S Grant, and his great-great grandmother was a mistress who is herself the grandaughter of Nate Griffin through one of his sons. Both his real and supposed father are descended from this affair. Willie "Black-Eye" and Josiah Griffin are the grandfather and father of Francis. Josiah was inspired by his father's career as a silent actor to get into cartoons, only to be kicked out for naming Bugs Bunny "Ephraim the Retarded Rabbit." His other great-grandfathers Jurarez, Huck and Osias are his mother's grandfather, father's maternal grandfather and father's maternal step-father respectively. Adolf Hitler is related to the Griffin family because his maternal grandfather is Paula Hitler, the Fuhrer's sister. In the Family Guy universe, she hid her shame and married Thelma's father. Thelma's maiden name may also be Griffin, as part of a means to hide her infamous relation. This would also make Alois Hitler his great-grandfather. "Huck Griffin" is actually a nickname of William Fitzgerald, allowing Ella Fitzgerald to be his great-aunt. Peter and Lois themselves are sixth cousins. Peter's sister Karen is actually his half-sister, and the legitimate member of the family. Joyce Kinney will have karma come up to her in a future episode Due to making news about how Lois was in a porno Joyce Kinney will be fired after airing her expose on Lois because not only was her news story lacking of news value but due to the fact that it was also meant to only humiliate and embarrass someone whom she had a grudge against it would expose Quahog 5 News to a huge libel lawsuit to boot. Quagmire is also jealous of Brian (at least in some areas). Everything that he said to hate about him is true, but the more hypocritical parts could actually imply some jealousy towards him. He calls him out on hitting on Lois when he himself has done it, but Brian has been more successful to the point of marrying her in "The Perfect Castaway" while Quagmire's attempts always seem to fail. Pointing his failure as a father to Dylan might be because it reminds him of his own failures to many more illegitimate children, and Brian was ultimately willing to help Dylan, making him somewhat better than him. Quagmire could have kept these feelings to himself before Brian's later preachiness and atheism caused him to become just as fed up with the fans about him and tell him what they think about his inflated ego. Another possible reason besides what he already established: Quagmire might also have secretly figured out that he stole the trophy all those years ago. Sure it was out of some kind of instinct, but it still caused a lot of trouble. Season 15 will be the final season A possible clue being the beginning of this trailer . Also, Seth Mac Farlane replied on Twitter that the Family Guy movie would be happening "soon". Connie D'Amico got replaced in "A Fistful of Meg" Connie " Karma Houdini " D'Amico was last seen in season 10 pelting Meg (who was a team of one) with dodgeballs. After that point, she was never seen again. Fans believe that "A Fistful of Meg" would finally settle Meg and Connie's conflict with Meg getting tough and maiming Connie in the process . However, this never came to fruition , when the episode turned out to be about a male bully that Meg is trying to dodge. They did the same with Thelma Griffin after Phyllis Diller died. :: Indexes ::	i don't know
Ornithogalum is the Latin name for which flowering plant?	Ornithogalum umbellatum Ornithogalum umbellatum STAR OF BETHLEHEM Distinguishing features The distinguishing feature is the flowers that have 6 petals with a prominant green stripe on the underside of the petal. Leaves are linear, erect, basally inserted at the bulb, forming a clump. Single, leafless stems are produced at flowering. The plant is an onion-like herb perennating from a bulb, about 1 foot tall.	Star of Bethlehem
Which US golfer won the PGA Tour Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998?	Ornithogalum thyrsoides Ornithogalum thyrsoides Family: Hyacinthaceae Common names: wonder-flower, star-of-Bethlehem, chincherinchee; tjienk, tjienkerientjee, (Afr.) Showy bulbous herb of vast horticultural importance because of its long lasting flower stalks suitable for use as cut flowers. Description O. thyrsoides is a perennial herb, 20 to 50 cm tall, with round bulbs becoming dormant in the winter months. The plant has few (5-7) fleshy leaves that die back after flowering. Leaves range from 15 to 30 cm in length and 0.5 to 1.5 cm in width, are lance-shaped, smooth and soft-textured. Flower stalks are leafless and produce either a tight cluster of flowers (30-50) in a raceme or few flowers (5-20) in a loose corymb with flowers reaching almost the same height. The bowl-shaped flower is supported by a large green bract about the length of pedicels in open flowers. Flowers are white or creamy-white, usually with a brown or green centre that fades with age. They appear from October to February, are long lasting and also phototropic (bending in response to light). The capsule is spindle-shaped and thin walled, splitting longitudinally to expose black, shiny, variously shaped seeds. Conservation Status O. thyrsoides is common in the south western Cape. Due to its wide cultivation in South Africa and abroad, there is no pressure on plants in the wild for the cut flower trade. However, like many geophytes it faces threat from land transformation due to degradation and lack of restoration. Has become naturalized in Western Australia where it grows in disturbed sites. Distribution and Habitat O. thyrsoides occurs in the Northern and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa . Its distribution extends from Namaqualand to Caledon. The species is found in vleis, sandy flats, lower mountain slopes and in disturbed ground. Although it is a Cape winter rainfall species, it grows well in gardens in the summer rainfall region. Derivation of name and historical aspects Ornithogalum belongs to the Hyacinthaceae that ranks among the 20 largest families in the Cape Flora. The genus in the traditional sense contains about 120 species with a distribution in Africa, Europe and Western Asia. About 114 of the species occur in southern Africa and 38 of these in the Northern and Western Cape Provinces . O. thyrsoides was described and illustrated in 1776 by the Dutch born botanist Jacquin, who settled in Vienna and became known as the Austrian Linnaeus. The painting appears in Hortus botanicus vindobonensis 3:17-18, Tab.28 (1776) which can be seen on Missouri Botanical Garden's rare books site. www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/page.asp?relation=QK98J3151770V3&identifier=0110 . Ornithogalum is derived from the Greek words 'ornis' meaning bird and 'gala' meaning milk, in reference to the white flowers. 'Bird's Milk' was frequently used by the Romans to indicate something wonderful (Smith, 1966). The species epithet thyrsoides is derived from the term thryse presumably in reference to the compact flower heads. The term is actually a misnomer as the flower heads in the species are not branched as in a thyrse, but are arranged close together in a raceme or loosely in a corymb. The Afrikaans vernacular name tjienkerientjee is the simulation of the chink sound made when fresh stalks are rubbed against one another and is based on the name given by Thunberg in 1772 as tinkerintees. Chincherinchee is the English translation of the Afrikaans name. Both names were in use in the eighteenth century. The species was introduced to gardens in Holland before 1700 and is known to cultivation in Europe from about 1750. The common name star-of-Bethlehem was used for the European species O. umbellatum in reference to the spreading tepals, and was adopted for O. thyrsoides (Smith, 1966). Ecology Plants of Ornithogalum thyrsoides survive the hot dry summers through bulb dormancy. Flowering in the genus appears to be stimulated by fires. Several forms of O. thyrsoides were recognized by Leighton (1944) based on variation in floral parts but, Obermeyer (1978) indicates that the variation is in response to habitat conditions. The species prefers moist and fertile soil. Uses and cultural aspects O. thyrsoides and O. conicum both with a similar distribution in the Cape, are poisonous to horses and cattle if ingested. They are also the two species used in the production of cut flowers for the long lasting vase life. O. thyrsoides is a showy garden or container plant. It is also extensively cultivated for the floriculture trade. It is ideal for export as the flowers keep well and have an extended vase life. It is known to have been cultivated by market gardeners around Durban in KwaZulu-Natal from about 1948 to 1968 for sale as cut flowers in the city market. At present, Durban relies on cut flowers of the species from Western Cape. Flower stalks are placed in food dyes and the flowers take on the colour of the dye. The colourful flower heads are sold together with the authentic white flowers. The species is known to be poisonous to horses and cattle if ingested by accidental grazing or from eating forage containing plant parts. It is referred to as 'Chincherinchee poisoning' and causes intestinal inflammation in cattle. The above ground parts of O. thyrsoides cause skin irritation (Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). These authors also record that an infusion of the leaves was used as a remedy for diabetes mellitus by the Europeans. Growing Ornithogalum thyrsoides O. thyrsoides is recommended as a winter-growing species for gardens and containers ( Duncan, 2000). Chincherinchees are propagated mainly by separation of bulbils from bulbs and to a lesser extent by seed germination. Good soil, water and temperature conditions support large sized flowers. Plants growing in soil lacking water and nutrients produce smaller flowers. The species would do well in a sunny aspect with free air circulation, well-drained soil and slightly sloping ground in gardens. Another attractive species for gardens in summer rainfall areas is Ornithogalum saundersiae References and further reading Goldblatt, P. & Manning, J. 2002. Cape plants: a conspectus of the Cape Flora of South Africa . Strelitzia 9. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria and MBG Press, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis . Duncan, G.D. 2000. Grow bulbs: a guide to species, cultivation and propagation of South African bulbs. National Botanical Institute, Kirstenbosch. Hutchings, A. 1996. Zulu Medicinal Plants: an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. Leighton, F.M. 1944. A revision of the South African species of Ornithogalum L. Journal of South African Botany 10: 83-110 (pt. 1). Leistner, O.A. (ed.). 2000. Seeds plants of southern Africa : families and genera. Strelitzia 10. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. Obermeyer, A.A. 1978. Ornithogalum : a revision of the southern African species. Bothalia 12: 323-376. Smith , C.A. 1966. Common names of South African plants. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 35. The Government Printer, Pretoria. Watt, J.M. & Breyer-Brandwijk, M.D. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa . E & S Livingstone Ltd., Edinburgh and London. If you enjoyed this webpage, please record your vote. Excellent - I learnt a lot Good - I learnt something new Author	i don't know
Gamba is Italian for which part of the body?	How to Talk About the Parts of the Body in Italian How to Talk About the Parts of the Body in Italian Learn vocabulary & phrases for le parti del corpo Feet dangling from dock. Ascent Xmedia / Getty Images By Cher Hale Updated April 28, 2016. While chatting about body parts isn’t something that’s often a part of small talk, the necessity of knowing body part vocabulary pops at the most unexpected times. Besides the typical doctor situation, it comes up in many Italian proverbs, when describing physical characteristics of a person, and in famous children’s songs . Head, Shoulders, Knees & Toes Below you’ll find an extensive list of body parts in the singular form along with examples to demonstrate the various ways to use your newfound vocabulary in real life. ankle continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge When you change some of the body parts from the singular into the plural form, they might seem strange at first because they don’t follow the regular rules of the ending of a feminine, plural word ending in the letter -e or a masculine, plural word ending in the letter -i. Per esempio: – L’orecchio (ear) becomes le orecchie (ears) – Il braccio (arm) becomes le braccia (arms) – Il dito (finger) becomes le dita (fingers) – Il ginocchio (knee) becomes le ginocchia (knees) Esempi: Mi fa male lo stomaco. - My stomach hurts. Ho mal di testa. - I have a headache. Ho la testa altrove. - My head is somewhere else; I’m not focused. Siamo nelle tue mani. - We’re in your hands; We’re trusting you. L’hai visto? Ha gli addominali a tartaruga! - Did you see him? He has six-pack abs! Devo farmi le unghie. - I need to do my nails; I need to get a manicure. Sei così rosso in viso! - You’re so red in the face!; You’re blushing. Ho un ginocchio messo male. - I have a bad knee. Finally, here are a few of my favorite proverbs with body parts: Alzarsi con il piede sbagliato – To get up with the wrong foot; idiomatic meaning: to get up on the wrong side of the bed Stamattina, mi sono svegliato/a con il piede sbagliato e finora ho avuto una giornataccia! - This morning I got up with the wrong foot and since then I’ve had such a bad day! Non avere peli sulla lingua – To have no hairs on the tongue; idiomatic meaning: to speak frankly Lui sempre dice cose sprezzanti, non ha davvero peli sulla lingua! - He always says rude things, he truly doesn’t have any hair on the tongue! Essere una persona in gamba/essere in gamba – To be a person in leg; idiomatic meaning: to be a really great, upstanding person Lei mi ha sempre aiutato, è veramente una persona in gamba. – She’s always helped me, she’s really a good person.	Leg
A ‘what’ Republic is a politically unstable country that is economically dependent on a single export commodity, and is usually governed by a dictator or the armed forces?	How to Talk About the Parts of the Body in Italian How to Talk About the Parts of the Body in Italian Learn vocabulary & phrases for le parti del corpo Feet dangling from dock. Ascent Xmedia / Getty Images By Cher Hale Updated April 28, 2016. While chatting about body parts isn’t something that’s often a part of small talk, the necessity of knowing body part vocabulary pops at the most unexpected times. Besides the typical doctor situation, it comes up in many Italian proverbs, when describing physical characteristics of a person, and in famous children’s songs . Head, Shoulders, Knees & Toes Below you’ll find an extensive list of body parts in the singular form along with examples to demonstrate the various ways to use your newfound vocabulary in real life. ankle continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge When you change some of the body parts from the singular into the plural form, they might seem strange at first because they don’t follow the regular rules of the ending of a feminine, plural word ending in the letter -e or a masculine, plural word ending in the letter -i. Per esempio: – L’orecchio (ear) becomes le orecchie (ears) – Il braccio (arm) becomes le braccia (arms) – Il dito (finger) becomes le dita (fingers) – Il ginocchio (knee) becomes le ginocchia (knees) Esempi: Mi fa male lo stomaco. - My stomach hurts. Ho mal di testa. - I have a headache. Ho la testa altrove. - My head is somewhere else; I’m not focused. Siamo nelle tue mani. - We’re in your hands; We’re trusting you. L’hai visto? Ha gli addominali a tartaruga! - Did you see him? He has six-pack abs! Devo farmi le unghie. - I need to do my nails; I need to get a manicure. Sei così rosso in viso! - You’re so red in the face!; You’re blushing. Ho un ginocchio messo male. - I have a bad knee. Finally, here are a few of my favorite proverbs with body parts: Alzarsi con il piede sbagliato – To get up with the wrong foot; idiomatic meaning: to get up on the wrong side of the bed Stamattina, mi sono svegliato/a con il piede sbagliato e finora ho avuto una giornataccia! - This morning I got up with the wrong foot and since then I’ve had such a bad day! Non avere peli sulla lingua – To have no hairs on the tongue; idiomatic meaning: to speak frankly Lui sempre dice cose sprezzanti, non ha davvero peli sulla lingua! - He always says rude things, he truly doesn’t have any hair on the tongue! Essere una persona in gamba/essere in gamba – To be a person in leg; idiomatic meaning: to be a really great, upstanding person Lei mi ha sempre aiutato, è veramente una persona in gamba. – She’s always helped me, she’s really a good person.	i don't know
What is the name of the television character who hosts the UK show ‘Celebrity Juice’?	Celebrity Juice - ITV2 Panel Show - British Comedy Guide A comedy panel show described by ITV2 as " Have I Got News For You meets Heat magazine." The programme sees Keith Lemon ( Leigh Francis ) guiding two teams of celebrities in a never-ending selection of surreal and bizarre games - often with the intention of their jovially humiliation. Originally satirising the world of fame and celebrity with rounds dedicated to the showbiz news of the week, the series now focuses on weird, wonderful - and at times, disgusting - games and challenges, with a bit of showbiz general knowledge thrown in. The teams are normally captained by Fearne Cotton and Holly Willoughby , affectionately known to Keith as 'Nostrils' and 'Holly Willoughbooby', respectively. TV chef Gino D'Acampo is a regular guest player.	Keith Lemon
In the children’s fairy tale, what was Cinderella’s carriage before it was changed by the Fairy Godmother?	Celebrity Juice - Mirror TV Celebrity Juice Keith Lemon and his "bang tidy" co-hosts Holly Willoughby and Fearne Cotton join forces with celebrities for hilarious results. Each week on the award-winning show they play games and get the stars to completely embarrass themselves.	i don't know
What is the name of the girlfriend of fictional cartoon character Popeye?	Popeye Characters \| HOW TO DRAW POPEYE \| CANDY CIGARETTES \| VIDEO GAME \| POPEYE COSTUMES Popeye is a tough, hard fightin' sailor with a heart of gold. By his side is Olive Oyl, his fickle girlfriend who needs to be saved by Popeye on a regular basis. Bluto is Popeye's foil, business competitor, sometimes partner, and challenger for Olive's affection. Rounding out the cast is the baby Swee' Pea, Popeye's father Pappy, and even a magic dog, Eugene the Jeep! Just watch out for the Sea Hag and Alice the Goon, the two scariest wenches of the sea! List of Popeye Characters: Popeye Popeye is a kind and loyal boyfriend to Olive Oyl, and sometimes surrogate father to Swee' Pea. Popeye eats spinach to gain super-strength. Yes, Popeye certainly knows how to throw a punch or two. But he only starts fighting when he's pushed too far. Popeye will often say "that's all I can stands and I can't stands no more!" before he is forced to fight. After Popeye eats spinach, his enemies do not stand a chance. Popeye has thinning hair, a squinty eye, and huge forearms. Olive Oyl Olive Oyl is Popeye's sometime girlfriend. As well, she often hires Popeye and Bluto to do jobs for her, such as move furniture. Although she is quite smitten with Popeye, she is often quite disloyal, showing affection for Bluto - up until the point Bluto acts like a cad and Popeye must step in to set things straight. Olive Oyl is very skinny and has quite a shrill voice. Bluto Bluto, also known as Brutus, is a sometimes friend and business partner of Popeye's - but by the end of a cartoon, he's usually revealed as Popeye's enemy, competing for the attention of the fickle Olive Oyl. Bluto often manhandles Olive Oyl, necessitating her being saved by Popeye. Popeye is brawny and has a thick beard. Wimpy Wimpy, more formally known as J. Wellington Wimpy, is notoriously thrifty but loves to eat and do things that cost money. He often says "I'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today". This parsimony doesn't just apply to hamburgers - Wimpy tries to get it all for free. Despite this, when Popeye and Bluto are business competitors, they always seek Wimpy's patronage. Wimpy wears a bowler hat and is rotund in stature. Swee'Pea Swee'Pea, or Sweet Pee, is a baby that Olive Oyl and Popeye often look after. When Popeye is charged with babysitting Swee' Pea, calamity usually ensues - often Popeye will lose Swee' Pea and have to set about finding him. Pappy thinks Popeye is too soft on baby Swee' Pea. Pappy Poopdeck Pappy, better known as simply Pappy, is Popeye's father. Pappy is a troublemaker, and often winds up in situations where Popeye has to rescue him. Pappy believes that Popeye has gone soft, by not using corporal punishment in raising Swee' Pea, or relying on bunk like pyschology. Pappy looks like an older version of Popeye. Sea Hag The Sea Hag is Popeye's most notable enemy. The Sea Hag often sets her sights romantically on Popeye - and threatens to kill or otherwise destroy him when he rejects her advances. A true "wicked witch", the Sea Hag is basically a rotten woman who does bad things - she isn't above theft and attempted murder, for whatever the reason. The Sea Hag has a hairy chin, is quite skinny, and has a vulture sidekick named Bernard. Alice the Goon Alice the Goon lived on Goon Island and was original a henchwoman for the Sea Hag. When Alice (or any other goon) speaks, it sounds like gibberish - no one except Wimpy understands. Alice eventually became a nanny for Swee' Pea. Alice is over eight feet tall and has a very big nose. She is quite scary looking. Eugene the Jeep Eugene the Jeep is Popeye's magic dog. Eugene isn't actually a dog, but a magical creature from beyond - but he is for all intents and purposes a magic canine. Eugene is from the "4th dimension", which explains his magic powers and his ability to teleport from place to place. Eugene is yellow with spots and has a long nose. Interestingly, the Chrysler Jeep vehicle may have been named after Eugene (because the vehicles can travel anywhere, much like Eugene). Popeye Collectibles For Sale...	Olive Oyl
What is the title of the 1973 non-fiction book by Joseph Wambaugh which chronicles the kidnapping of two plainclothes LAPD officers by a pair of criminals?	Olive Oyl \| Popeye the Sailorpedia \| Fandom powered by Wikia Grey DeLisle Olive Oyl is a character created by Elzie Crisler Segar in 1919 for his comic strip Thimble Theatre (which was subsequently renamed after Popeye ever since the sailor character became the most popular member of the strip's cast). She is Popeye's eternal sweetheart and the two have stuck through thick and thin to face many challenges and adventures together. Since her debut, Olive is one of the most recognizable female cartoon characters in the world and is often seen as a poster girl for the "damsel-in-distress" theme. Contents Character history Creation and development in Thimble Theatre Olive was created by E. C. Segar and was said to have been inspired by real-life Chester, Illinois local Dora Paskel . Olive would make her debut in the first strip of Thimble Theatre , dated December 19, 1919 and she continued to be a main character for the 9 years that predated Popeye's introduction in January 1929. In the strip, as written by Segar, Olive was something of a coy flapper whose extremely thin build lent itself well to the fashions of the time; her long black hair was usually rolled in a neat bun, like her mother's. After Olive's run in the original Thimble Theatre, she would return as a main character in the 1948 comic book series by E. C. Segar's assistant Bud Sagendorf , which combined elements from both the original Thimble Theatre and the Fleischer Studios cartoons. Her comic book appearances would continue for decades until the title's end in 1984. Fleischer Studios Olive after consuming some of Popeye's spinach. As Popeye's popularity grew, Fleischer Studios would produce a long-running series of animated theatrical shorts loosely based on Thimble Theatre due to the short-length of the shorts. Olive would be made one of the main characters of the animated shorts alongside Popeye, Bluto and occasionally Wimpy . The voice for Olive Oyl was created by character actress Mae Questel (who also voiced Betty Boop and other characters); Questel styled Olive Oyl's voice and mannerisms after ZaSu Pitts , including her catchphrase , "Oh Dear!". The first few cartoons, however, featured Bonnie Poe as the voice of Olive Oyl. In 1938, Margie Hines took over as the voice of Olive Oyl, starting with the cartoon Bulldozing The Bull . In the cartoons, she would usually be Popeye's sweetheart, or a girl that both Popeye and Bluto were trying to impress. Other times, she would help to take care of a baby named Little Swee'Pea ; it is not made clear in Fleischer's continuity if Swee'Pea is Olive's biological or adopted son. In the comics, Swee'Pea is a foundling under Popeye's care. Later sources, mostly in the cartoon series, say that Swee'Pea is Olive Oyl's cousin or nephew that she has to take care of from time to time. Because of the episodic nature of the shorts, Olive's character was severely limited to only serving as a damsel-in-distress who was often kidnapped by Bluto and saved by Popeye. However some shorts did show her as being as much of a scrapper as in Thimble Theatre. Unlike most modern damsels-in-distress, Olive Oyl has her hair in a bun and is tall and skinny, with oversized feet, making viewers often wonder why so many men find her so appealing and are willing to resort to violence for her. Famous Studios Famous Studios' re-design of Olive. Following the takeover of the Popeye animated franchise by Paramount Studios in 1942, Famous Studios made drastic changes which abandoned almost all traces of Thimble Theatre and focused largely on plots involving Popeye, Olive, Bluto in something resembling a love triangle, without many other characters appearing and with very few shorts deviating from that setup, which involved Olive falling for Bluto and Popeye beating him after eating spinach in an oft-repeated formula. Olive's design was changed quite a bit, now being given more hair, smaller feet, wider eyes and a more feminine face, likely as to try making her a more attractive prize for suitors to fight over. This re-design also brought in a drastic change in Olive's personality, where she was now always completely helpless, along with being more vain and fickle towards others, especially Popeye who, unlike in previous media, would quickly leave him at the drop of hat over petty or questionable reasons, which made the character come off as very superficial, and only few shorts ever retained any resemblance to how she was. Questel returned as the voice of Olive Oyl in 1944, starting with the cartoon The Anvil Chorus Girl . First television series In 1960, the first Popeye the Sailor animated television series was produced for ABC which proved successful. Like the earlier theatrical cartoon series, it would use many elements that were already well known, mostly the basic storyline of Popeye trying to keep his sweetheart Olive safe from the hands of other male suitors while using spinach to remain fit and healthy. While the show did involve Popeye and Olive's love life, episodes actually focused more on Popeye and his adventures around the world (and beyond) not unlike the Fleischer and comic strip incarnation. In the show's pilot, Olive's design was faithful to her original depiction, but when the series was picked up she was made to look like her Famous Studios incarnation. Olive also usually helped Popeye against The Sea Hag in this show much like in Thimble Theatre due to his unwillingness to harm women. The show also saw a new addition to Olive's family in the form of her niece, Deezil Oyl . The All-New Popeye Hour In 1978, Hanna-Barbera Productions , with King Features Syndicate , would produce a new Popeye television series, The All-New Popeye Hour . Unlike the previous show, this series had higher-quality animation and was more akin to Segar's work and Fleischer cartoons than other Popeye animations, with Olive being seen as less cowardly and more daring, and her design was also changed back to match her original look rather than her design from the Famous Studios and 60s era. Olive also gained a new gimmick in that whenever she ate spinach, she temporarily became a superhero called Wonder Olive . She also gained her own segment titled Private Olive Oyl , where she was teamed up with Alice the Goon . In said segment, both were female army recruits trying to learn the ropes and protocols of army life while having to endure the strict enforcement of their no-nonsense superior, Bertha Blast . Marilyn Schreffler replaced Mae Questel as Olive Oyl when Hanna-Barbera obtained rights to produce The All-New Popeye Hour despite that Questel herself auditioned for the role. Popeye's first movie In 1980, a theatrical movie called Popeye was released, featuring an original story and serving as a more faithful adaptation to Segar's Thimble Theatre. In the film, Olive was played by Shelley Duvall and one reviewer called her performance "eerily perfect". Also of note was that the film featured Olive's brother Castor Oyl in a major supporting role, making it the second theatrical instance of the two siblings together since the 1934 Fleischer cartoon The Spinach Overture . Popeye and Son In 1987, the latest animated series focusing on Popeye was produced, entitled Popeye and Son . The series was unique in the Popeye franchise for taking place later in Popeye's life, where he and Olive Oyl finally got married, settled down and had a son of their own (a notable change considering the rarity of having well-known cartoon characters actually move on with their lives). In it, Olive served as a trendy mother who was always eager to help her son and family. Her new look reflected the sporty fashion sense of most mothers of the decade. Revivals In 2004, a CGI-animated TV movie titled Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy was produced by Mainframe Entertainment for Lions Gate Entertainment and King Features Entertainment which featured Olive joining Popeye in his search for Poopdeck Pappy , while serving as the crew's cook and Swee'Pea's caretaker. An attempt at a full-fledged animated theatrical film was also made by Sony Pictures Animation for release in 2012, with test animation made by Genndy Tartakovsky, yet production on this film has apparently remained on an indefinite hiatus. In the test animation, Olive seemed younger and wore a white gown. In 2012, IDW Publishing began a brand-new Popeye comic book that primarily stayed faithful to the original comic strips by E. C. Segar and Bud Sagendorf. As such, Olive is portrayed as the assertive and aggressive scrapper she was in the comics of old. One notable issue featured the return of her old boyfriend Ham Gravy once again pursuing Olive. Character designs Olive is always depicted as a tall, skinny and lanky young woman with a stick-like figure and oversized feet. She has short black hair which she always keeps tied in a bun and wears a pair of large brown boots and a long black dress with a red top that goes past her knees. Her unique frame gives her a number of odd features, with her lanky body being so flexible that it almost seems as though she is made of rubber, with her limbs often twisting or stretching beyond the norm to the point where she might even seem boneless. Despite her odd physique, she is seen as something of a beauty by several male suitors, and her exact charm seems to be that she is very "unique" in her prettiness compared to other women, as explained in the 1960s cartoon episode "Insultin The Sultan". The Famous Studio depiction of Olive was often drawn to appear more attractive. A visually different Olive began appearing in later Famous Studios releases. Meant to be more appealing to the eyes of the public, this Olive is noticeably changed, having bigger, more expressive eyes and a modern hairstyle. At the same time, she would demonstrate more empowerment, as she would often put up more of a fight towards her abductor(s) (but with little success) or other female characters trying to woo Popeye. This incarnation, however, is found by some to have more of an unlikeable personality due to her vain and superficial tendencies. A common criticism refers to how Olive Oyl was employed in the animated adaptations of the original comics (mostly in the Famous Studios era), which made her the center of a love triangle that included Popeye and Bluto. Thus, the finesse and complexity of Thimble Theatre was almost always superseded by simplistic conflict between two rivals for her favor. Because of this, some of her critics have taken issue with her appearance, regarding her as too ugly, old-looking or plain for such a role as an object of desire, ignoring the fact that she was chiefly meant to be a humorous character by her creator. However, while some disregard her as a love interest, others such as author Steve Bierly argue for the character's appeal. Personality Olive's aggressive temperament. Olive is a young woman whose life is filled with awkward and unlucky circumstances, often making her easily worried which leads to her usual expression "Oh Dear!". Despite this, she is a very assertive (sometimes violent) and fickle woman and is not one to hide her true feelings, showing no restraint when she is angered and may even sock some hussies and bozos in the eye if need be. Despite her assertive attitude and confidence, she is still a bit cowardly most of the time, not surprising considering the number of unlucky and dangerous situations she finds herself in regularly, and even more so when having to deal with some of Popeye's dangerous foes, such as Bluto the Terrible, Pirates, Ghosts, Martians or even the dreaded Sea Hag . As helpless as she might seem towards more fearsome foes, she is still a tomboyish scrapper who will not back down against ordinary opponents (whether they be armed or unarmed) and will do her best to help others, and when even those who've come to her rescue are incapacitated, she will do whatever it takes to free herself and fight, even willing to sock the likes of the Sea Hag for Popeye's sake when she knows that his chivalrous nature will not allow him to hurt women (no matter how homely and witch-like they are). Olive is also an avid gun enthusiast who was often shown in several strips polishing and admiring her collection, and would only use them against crooks and other armed ruffians who threatened her or others in her day-to-day life, but most of the time she would rather use her mighty feet or quick fists to do pummel others. Olive cares deeply about Popeye, and despite their rough start, she eventually grew to love him dearly. However, at times she can be quite bossy and possessive, always wanting to make Popeye do what she wants, but the quick witted sailor usually manages to find a way to avoid his lover's wrath. Despite these difference, the two really do love each other and both are willing to fight for each other if need be, as both get easily jealous and will often fight any potential rivals that threaten to separate them, and Olive will go all out against any rival like the scrapper she is. In fact, Olive's violent tendencies towards rival women once even made her literally go mad with rage. In the Famous Studios cartoons, Olive was portrayed as more of a vain, shallow and completely helpless diva, with her romantic feelings for Popeye usually being less faithful and she would often be wooed by the likes of Bluto only for Popeye to win her back in the end, or for both Popeye and Bluto to give up on her. Family Olive is very close to her family and regularly spends time with them, including her brother, Castor Oyl , their mother, Nana Oyl (after "banana oil", a mild slang phrase of the time used in the same way as "horsefeathers," i.e. "nonsense"), their father, Cole Oyl , Castor's estranged wife, Cylinda Oyl, and more recently, Olive's niece, Deezil Oyl (a pun on diesel oil) appears in the cartoons. Also among Olive's family are her cousin, Sutra Oyl and various uncles such as Otto Oyl and Lubry Kent Oyl, as well as her Auntie Bellum . In Popeye and Son , she would also be shown to be an excellent wife and mother, always standing by Popeye when needed and always doing what's best for their son Popeye Junior . Rivals Olive Oyl has had many rivals in the animated Popeye cartoons and a few instances in other media. In the cartoon series she might have been often perceived as a "helpless female", but in the original E.C. Segar comic strips she is shown to be quite the scrapper and will fight for her man. Sutra Oyl (Comics) The only cartoon female to get let off without a single cat-fight from Olive would have to be Betty Boop . In the first Popeye cartoon, entitled Popeye the Sailor , Betty is shown onstage doing a seductive dance together with Popeye while Olive dances in the crowd. In Myron Waldman's official artworks both Olive and Betty are shown to be quite good friends even when Popeye is flirting with Betty. King Features continues to feel this way about both characters, which they portrayed as a Twitter message between the two. Biography Past Olive was born the daughter of Cole Oyl and Nana Oyl , and the younger sister of the ever ambitious Castor Oyl . Upon reaching adulthood, Olive became the target of two male suitors, the "lounge lizard" Harold Hamgravy and the villainous Willie Wormwood , however Olive chose the young Ham Gravy to be her suitor. Regardless, the lowdown Wormwood was determined to win Miss Oyl's hand and often concocted many devious schemes to win her heart, but all ended in failure either in part due to his own shortcomings or the efforts of Ham Gravy. Eventually, Wormwood would finally leave Olive be, allowing her to try and move forward in her relationship with Ham Gravy who would become her more-or-less fiancée. Their relationship however would be a very difficult one as Ham Gravy was a slacker type who did as little work as possible and was always borrowing money when not being enamored by other women. His attraction to other women—particularly if they were rich—naturally incensed Olive, and she once succumbed to a fit of "lunaphobia" (a kind of angry madness) over one of his amours. When she recovered, she continued to pretend to have the disorder to win him back. She was not immune to flattery from other men, but remained committed to Ham throughout the length of their rocky relationship. Dice Island After Olive's brother Castor came into the possession of the magical Bernice the Whiffle Hen , he, Olive and Hamgravy sought to make it rich in the casino paradise of Dice Island . To reach their destination, Castor hired a local sailor in the port known as Popeye the Sailor . Upon first meeting the gruff sailor, Olive immediately hated his guts, and her first words to him were "Take your hooks offa me or I'll lay ya in a scupper", and they fought bitterly---and hilariously---for weeks until finally realizing that they had feelings for each other. It was at this point that Olive left her longtime boyfriend Harold Hamgravy to be with the sailor she now loved, and the two would remain almost inseparable from then on. Songs Since her debut in animation, Olive Oyl has been given a few unique songs. I Want a Clean Shaven Man Why Am I So Beautiful By a Waterfall	i don't know
What is the title of the 1984 UB40 single, originally recorded by Eric Donaldson in 1971?	Eric Donaldson on Apple Music To preview a song, mouse over the title and click Play. Open iTunes to buy and download music. Biography Reggae artist Eric Donaldson was born in Kent Village, Jamaica, on June 11, 1947, and launched his music career in 1964 when he recorded some tracks for Studio One in Kingston, which have remained unreleased. Shortly thereafter, Donaldson formed the vocal outfit the West Indians along with Leslie Burke and Hector Brooks. The group hooked up with producer J.J. Johnson, who helped guide the group to a hit in 1968, "Right on Time," before recording for Lee Perry a year later; they changed their name to the Killowatts shortly thereafter. But the name change failed to ignite the group's career and they eventually split up after such obscure releases as Slot Machine and Real Cool Operator. Donaldson decided to continue to pursue music on his own, which led to him submitting an original composition, "Cherry Oh Baby," to the Festival Song Competition in 1971. The song took the top spot at the competition, eventually being issued as single and becoming a local hit. The song would reach a wider audience when it was covered by rock artists, including the Rolling Stones (on their 1976 Black and Blue release) and UB40 (1983's Labour of Love). Donaldson continued to issue albums -- including such releases as Miserable Woman (1972), What a Festival (1973), and Freedom Street (1977) -- among others, and has taken the top spot at subsequent Festival Song Competition's as well in 1977, 1978, 1984, and 1993. Donaldson runs the Cherry Oh Baby Go-Go Bar in his hometown of Kent Village. ~ Greg Prato Top Albums	Eric Donaldson
Which British actor played the role of Odysseus in the 2004 film ‘Troy’?	Eric Donaldson — Listen for free on Spotify Eric Donaldson Play on Spotify Reggae artist Eric Donaldson was born in Kent Village, Jamaica, on June 11, 1947, and launched his music career in 1964 when he recorded some tracks for Studio One in Kingston, which have remained unreleased. Shortly thereafter, Donaldson formed the vocal outfit the West Indians along with Leslie Burke and Hector Brooks. The group hooked up with producer J.J. Johnson, who helped guide the group to a hit in 1968, "Right on Time," before recording for Lee Perry a year later; they changed their name to the Killowatts shortly thereafter. But the name change failed to ignite the group's career and they eventually split up after such obscure releases as Slot Machine and Real Cool Operator. Donaldson decided to continue to pursue music on his own, which led to him submitting an original composition, "Cherry Oh Baby," to the Festival Song Competition in 1971. The song took the top spot at the competition, eventually being issued as single and becoming a local hit. The song would reach a wider audience when it was covered by rock artists, including the Rolling Stones (on their 1976 Black and Blue release) and UB40 (1983's Labour of Love). Donaldson continued to issue albums -- including such releases as Miserable Woman (1972), What a Festival (1973), and Freedom Street (1977) -- among others, and has taken the top spot at subsequent Festival Song Competition's as well in 1977, 1978, 1984, and 1993. Donaldson runs the Cherry Oh Baby Go-Go Bar in his hometown of Kent Village. ~ Greg Prato, Rovi Read More Show less	i don't know
In the human body, what is the slight projection at the front of the throat, formed by the largest cartilage of the larynx, commonly known as?	Structure of the Respiratory System - Human Physiology Structure of the Respiratory System Last Updated on Sun, 11 Sep 2016 \| Human Physiology Gas exchange in the lungs occurs across an estimated 300 million tiny (0.25 to 0.50 mm in diameter) air sacs , known as alveoli. Their enormous number provides a large surface area (60 to 80 square meters, or about 760 square feet) for diffusion of gases . The diffusion rate is further increased by the fact that each alveolus is only one cell-layer thick, so that the total "air-blood barrier" is only two cells across (an alveolar cell and a capillary endothelial cell), or about 2 \|im. This is an average distance because there are two types of cells in the alveolar wall , type I and type II, and the type II alveolar cells are thicker than the type I cells (fig. 16.1). Where the basement membranes of capillary en-dothelial cells fuse with those of type I alveolar cells , the diffusion distance can be as small as 0.3 \|im (fig. 16.2), which is about 1/100th the width of a human hair. Alveoli are polyhedral in shape and are usually clustered, like the units of a honeycomb. Air within one member of a cluster can enter other members through tiny pores (fig. 16.3). These clusters of alveoli usually occur at the ends of respiratory bronchioles , the very thin air tubes that end blindly in alveolar sacs. Individual alveoli also occur as separate outpouchings along the length of respiratory bronchioles . Although the distance between each respiratory bronchiole and its terminal alveoli is only about 0.5 mm, these units together constitute most of the mass of the lungs. The air passages of the respiratory system are divided into two functional zones. The respiratory zone is the region where gas exchange occurs, and it therefore includes the respiratory bronchioles (because they contain separate outpouchings of alveoli) ■ Figure 16.2 An electron micrograph of a capillary within the alveolar wall. Notice the short distance separating the alveolar space on one side (left, in this figure) from the capillary. (EP = epithelial cell of alveolus; RBC = red blood cell; BM = basement membrane; IS = interstitial connective tissue.) and the terminal alveolar sacs. The conducting zone includes all of the anatomical structures through which air passes before reaching the respiratory zone (fig. 16.4; see also fig. 16.21). Air enters the respiratory bronchioles from terminal bronchioles, which are narrow airways formed from many successive divisions of the right and left primary bronchi. These two large air passages, in turn, are continuous with the trachea, or windpipe, which is located in the neck in front of the esophagus (a muscular tube that carries food to the stomach). The trachea is a sturdy tube supported by rings of cartilage (fig. 16.5). Air enters the trachea from the pharynx, which is the cavity behind the palate that receives the contents of both the oral and nasal passages. In order for air to enter or leave the trachea and lungs, however, it must pass through a valvelike opening called the glottis between the vocal folds. The ventricular and vocal folds are part of the larynx, or voice box, which guards the entrance to the trachea (fig. 16.6). The projection at the front of the throat, commonly called the "Adam's apple," is formed by the largest cartilage of the larynx. ■ Figure 16.3 A scanning electron micrograph of lung tissue. (a) A small bronchiole passes between many alveoli. (b) The alveoli are seen under higher power, with an arrow indicating an alveolar pore through which air can pass from one alveolus to another. If the trachea becomes occluded through inflammation, excessive secretion, trauma, or aspiration of a foreign object, it may be necessary to create an emergency opening into this tube so that ventilation can still occur. A tracheotomy is the procedure of surgically opening the trachea, and a tracheostomy involves the insertion of a tube into the trachea to permit breathing and to keep the passageway open. A tracheotomy should be performed only by a competent physician because of the great risk of cutting a recurrent laryngeal nerve or the common carotid artery. 482 Chapter Sixteen Larynx (b) ■ Figure 16.5 The conducting zone of the respiratory system. (a) An anterior view extending from the larynx to the terminal bronchi and (b) the airway from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles, as represented by a plastic cast. The conducting zone of the respiratory system, in summary, consists of the mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, and all successive branchings of the bronchioles up to and including the terminal bronchioles. In addition to conducting air into the respiratory zone, these structures serve additional functions: warming and humidification of the inspired air and filtration and cleaning. Regardless of the temperature and humidity of the ambient air, when the inspired air reaches the respiratory zone it is at a temperature of 37° C (body temperature), and it is saturated with water vapor as it flows over the warm, wet mucous membranes that line the respiratory airways. This ensures that a constant internal body temperature will be maintained and that delicate lung tissue will be protected from desiccation. Respiratory Physiology 483 Ventricular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis ■ Figure 16.6 A photograph of the larynx showing the true and false vocal cords and the glottis. The vocal folds (true vocal cords) function in sound production, whereas the ventricular folds (false vocal cords) do not. Mucus secreted by cells of the conducting zone structures serves to trap small particles in the inspired air and thereby performs a filtration function. This mucus is moved along at a rate of 1 to 2 centimeters per minute by cilia projecting from the tops of epithelial cells that line the conducting zone (fig. 16.7). There are about 300 cilia per cell that beat in a coordinated fashion to move mucus toward the pharynx, where it can either be swallowed or expectorated. As a result of this filtration function, particles larger than about 6 \|im do not normally enter the respiratory zone of the lungs. The importance of this function is evidenced by black lung, a disease that occurs in miners who inhale large amounts of carbon dust from coal, which causes them to develop pulmonary fibrosis. The alveoli themselves are normally kept clean by the action of resident macrophages (see fig. 16.1). The cleansing action of cilia and macrophages in the lungs is diminished by cigarette smoke. ■ Figure 16.7 A scanning electron micrograph of cilia in a bronchial wall. The cilia that project from the tops of the epithelial cells help to cleanse the lung by moving trapped particles. Test Yourself Before You Continue 1. Describe the structures involved in gas exchange in the lungs and explain how gas exchange occurs. 2. Describe the structures and functions of the conducting zone of the respiratory system. 3. Describe how each lung is compartmentalized by the pleural membranes. What is the relationship between the visceral and parietal pleurae? Ventricular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis	Adam's apple
In the 1974 film ‘Mr Majestyk’, what does the title character, played by Charles Bronson, grow on his farm?	Anatomy and Physiology eccrine gland (ek´rin) A sweat gland that functions in thermoregulation. ECG See electrocardiogram. ectoderm (ek´tuo-derm) The outermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo. ectopic focus (ek-top´ik) An area of the heart other than the SA node that assumes pacemaker activity. ectopic pregnancy Embryonic development that occurs anywhere other than in the uterus (as in the uterine tubes or body cavity). edema (ue-de´mua) An excessive accumulation of fluid in the body tissues. EEG See electroencephalogram. effector(ue-fek´tor) An organ, such as a gland or muscle, that responds to a motor stimulation. efferent (ef´er-ent) Conveying away from the center of an organ or structure. efferent arteriole (ar-tir´e-=ol) An arteriole of the renal vascular system that conducts blood away from the glomerulus of a nephron. efferent ductules (duk´toolz) A series of coiled tubules through which spermatozoa are transported from the rete testis to the epididymis. efferent neuron (noor´on) See motor neuron. ejaculation (ue-jak´´yuu-la´shun) The discharge of semen from the male urethra that accompanies orgasm. ejaculatory duct (ue-jak´yuu-lua-tor´´-e) A tube that transports spermatozoa from the ductus deferens to the prostatic urethra. elastic fibers (ue-las´tik) Protein strands that are found in certain connective tissue that have contractile properties. elbow The synovial joint between the brachium and the antebrachium. electrocardiogram (ue-lek´´tro-kar´de-uo-gram´´) A recording of the electrical activity that accompanies the cardiac cycle; ECG or EKG. electroencephalogram (ue-lek´´tro-en-sef´ua-luo-gram) A recording of the brain-wave patterns or electrical impulses of the brain from electrodes placed on the scalp; EEG. electrolytes (ue-lek´tro-l=1tz) Ions and molecules that are able to ionize and thus carry an electric current. The most common electrolytes in the plasma are Na+, HCO3-, and K+. electromyogram (ue-lek´´tro-mi´uo-gram) A recording of the electrical impulses or activity of skeletal muscles using surface electrodes; EMG. electrophoresis (ue-lek´´tro-fuo-re´sis) A biochemical technique in which different molecules can be separated and identified by their rate of movement in an electric field. elephantiasis (el´´ue-fan-ti´ua-sis) A disease caused by infection with a nematode worm in which the larvae block lymphatic drainage and produce edema; the lower areas of the body can become enormously swollen as a result. embryology (em´´bre-ol´uo-je) The study of prenatal development from conception through the eighth week in utero. EMG See electromyogram. emphysema (em´´fu1-se´mua, em´´fu1-ze´mua) A lung disease in which the alveoli are destroyed and the remaining alveoli become larger. It results in decreased vital capacity and increased airway resistance. emulsification (ue-mul´´su1-fu1-ka´shun) The process of producing an emulsion or fine suspension; in the small intestine, fat globules are emulsified by the detergent action of bile. enamel (ue-nam´el) The outer dense substance covering the crown of a tooth. endergonic (en´´der-gon´ik) Denoting a chemical reaction that requires the input of energy from an external source in order to proceed. endocardium (en´´do-kar´de-um) The endothelial lining of the heart chambers and valves. endochondral bone (en´´duo-kon´dral) Denoting bones that develop as hyaline cartilage models first and that are then ossified. endocrine gland (en´duo-krin) A ductless, hormone-producing gland that is part of the endocrine system. endocytosis (en´´do-si-to´sis) A general term for the cellular uptake of particles that are too large to cross the cell membrane. See also phagocytosis and pinocytosis. endoderm (en´duo-derm) The innermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo. endogenous (en-doj´ue-nus) Denoting a product or process arising from within the body (as opposed to exogenous products or influences from external sources). endolymph (en´duo-limf) A fluid within the membranous labyrinth and cochlear duct of the inner ear that aids in the conduction of vibrations involved in hearing and the maintenance of equilibrium. endometrium (en´´do-me´tre-um) The inner lining of the uterus. endomysium (en´´do-mis´e-um) The connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber, separating the muscle cells from one another. endoneurium (en´´do-nyoo´re-um) The connective tissue sheath that surrounds each nerve fiber, separating the nerve fibers one from another within a nerve. endoplasmic reticulum (en-do-plaz´mik rue-tik´yuu-lum) A cytoplasmic organelle composed of a network of canals running through the cytoplasm of a cell. endorphins (en-dor´finz) A group of endogenous opiate molecules that may act as a natural analgesic. endothelium (en´´do-the´le-um) The layer of epithelial tissue that forms the thin inner lining of blood vessels and heart chambers. endotoxin (en´´do-tok´sin) A toxin found within certain types of bacteria that is able to stimulate the release of endogenous pyrogen and produce a fever. enkephalins (en-kef´ua-linz) Short polypeptides, containing five amino acids, that have analgesic effects and that may function as neurotransmitters in the brain. The two known enkephalins (which differ in only one amino acid) are endorphins. enteric (en-ter´ik) The term referring to the small intestine. entropy (en´truo-pe) The energy of a system that is not available to perform work. A measure of the degree of disorder in a system, entropy increases whenever energy is transformed. enzyme (en´z=1m) A protein catalyst that increases the rate of specific chemical reactions. eosinophil (e´´uo-sin´uo-fil) A type of white blood cell characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules that become stained by acidic eosin dye. Eosinophils normally constitute about 2% to 4% of the white blood cells. epicardium (ep´´u1-kar´de-um) A thin, outer layer of the heart; also called the visceral pericardium. epicondyle (ep´´u1-kon´d1=l) A projection of bone above a condyle. epidermis (ep´´u1-der´mis) The outermost layer of the skin, composed of several stratified squamous epithelial layers. epididymis (ep´´u1-did´u1-mis) A highly coiled tube located along the posterior border of the testis. It stores spermatozoa and transports them from the seminiferous tubules of the testis to the ductus deferens. epidural space (ep´´u1-door´al) A space between the spinal dura mater and the bone of the vertebral canal. epiglottis (ep´´u1-glot´is) A leaflike structure positioned on top of the larynx. It covers the glottis during swallowing. epimysium (ep´´u1-mis´e-um) A fibrous outer sheath of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle. epinephrine (ep´´u1-nef´rin) A hormone secreted from the adrenal medulla resulting in actions similar to those resulting from sympathetic nervous system stimulation; also called adrenaline. epineurium (ep´´u1-nyoo´re-um) A fibrous outer sheath of connective tissue surrounding a nerve. epiphyseal plate (ep´´u1-fiz´e-al) A hyaline cartilaginous layer located between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone. It functions as a longitudinal growing region. epiphysis (ue-pif´u1-sis) The end segment of a long bone, separated from the diaphysis early in life by an epiphyseal plate but later becoming part of the larger bone. episiotomy (ue-pe´´ze-ot´uo-me) An incision of the perineum at the end of the second stage of labor to facilitate delivery and to avoid tearing the perineum. epithelial tissue (ep´´u1-the´le-al) One of the four basic tissue types; the type of tissue that covers or lines all exposed body surfaces. eponychium (ep´´uo-nik´e-um) The thin layer of stratum corneum of the epidermis of the skin that overlaps and protects the lunula of the nail. EPSP Excitatory postsynaptic potential; a graded depolarization of a postsynaptic membrane in response to stimulation by a neurotransmitter chemical. EPSPs can be summated but can be transmitted only over short distances. They can stimulate the production of action potentials when a threshold level of depolarization has been attained. erythroblastosis fetalis (ue-rith´´ro-blas-to´sis fu1-tal´is) Hemolytic anemia in an Rh positive newborn caused by maternal antibodies against the Rh factor that have crossed the placenta. erythrocyte (ue-rith´ruo-s1=t) A red blood cell. esophagus (ue-sof´ua-gus) A tubular portion of the GI tract that leads from the pharynx to the stomach as it passes through the thoracic cavity. essential amino acids Those eight amino acids in adults or nine amino acids in children that cannot be made by the human body; therefore, they must be obtained in the diet. estrogens (es´tro-jenz) Any of several female sex hormones secreted from the ovarian (graafian) follicle. estrus cycle (es´trus) Cyclic changes in the structure and function of the ovaries and female reproductive tract of mammals other than humans, accompanied by periods of "heat" (estrus) or sexual receptivity. Estrus is the equivalent of the human menstrual cycle but differs from the human menstrual cycle in that the endometrium is not shed with accompanying bleeding. etiology (e´´te-ol´uo-je) The study of cause, especially of disease, including the origin and what pathogens, if any, are involved. eustachian canal (yoo-sta´ke-an) See auditory tube. eversion (ue-ver´zhun) A movement of the foot in which the sole is turned outward. exergonic (ek´´ser-gon´ik) Denoting chemical reactions that liberate energy. exocrine gland (ek´suo-krin) A gland that secretes its product to an epithelial surface, directly or through ducts. exocytosis (ek´´so-si-to´sis) The process of cellular secretion in which the secretory products are contained within a membrane-enclosed vesicle. The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane so that the lumen of the vesicle is open to the extracellular environment. expiration (ek´´spu1-ra´shun) The process of expelling air from the lungs through breathing out; also called exhalation. extension (ek-sten´shun) A movement that increases the angle between parts of a joint. extensor A muscle that, upon contraction, increases the angle of a joint. external (superficial) Located on or toward the surface. external acoustic meatus (ua-koo´stik me-a´tus) An opening through the temporal bone that connects with the tympanum and the middle-ear chamber and through which sound vibrations pass; also called the external auditory meatus. exteroceptors (ek´´stue-ro-sep´torz) Sensory receptors that are sensitive to changes in the external environment (as opposed to interoceptors). extraocular muscles (ek´´strua-ok´yuu-lar) The muscles that insert into the sclera of the eye and that act to change the position of the eye in its orbit (as opposed to the intraocular muscles, such as those of the iris and ciliary body within the eye). extrinsic (eks-trin´sik) Pertaining to an outside or external origin. F face 1.The anterior aspect of the head not supporting or covering the brain. 12 2.The exposed surface of a structure. facet (fas´et) A small, smooth surface of a bone where articulation occurs. facilitated diffusion (fua-sil´u1-ta´´tid) The carrier-mediated transport of molecules through the cell membrane along the direction of their concentration gradients. It does not require the expenditure of metabolic energy. FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme derived from riboflavin that participates in electron transport within the mitochondria. falciform ligament (fal´su1-form lig´ua-ment) An extension of parietal peritoneum that separates the right and left lobes of the liver. fallopian tube (fua-lo´pe-an) See uterine tube. false vocal cords The supporting folds of tissue for the true vocal cords within the larynx. falx cerebelli (falks ser´´ue-bel´e) A fold of the dura mater anchored to the occipital bone. It projects inward between the cerebellar hemispheres. falx cerebri (ser´ue-bre) A fold of dura mater anchored to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone. It extends between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. fascia (fash´e-ua) A tough sheet of fibrous tissue binding the skin to underlying muscles or supporting and separating muscles. fasciculus (fua-sik´yuu-lus) A small bundle of muscle or nerve fibers. fauces (faw´s=ez) The passageway between the mouth and the pharynx. feces (fe´s=ez) Material expelled from the GI tract during defecation, composed of undigested food residue, bacteria, and secretions; also called stool. fertilization (fer´´tu1-lu1-za´shun) The fusion of an ovum and spermatozoon. fetus (fe´tus) A prenatal human after 8 weeks of development. fibrillation (fib´´ru1-la´shun) A condition of cardiac muscle characterized electrically by random and continuously changing patterns of electrical activity and resulting in the inability of the myocardium to contract as a unit and pump blood. It can be fatal if it occurs in the ventricles. fibrin (fi´brin) The insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the enzymatic action of thrombin during the process of blood clot formation. fibrinogen (fi-brin´uo-jen) A soluble plasma protein that serves as the precursor of fibrin; also called factor I. fibroblast (fi´bro-blast) An elongated connective tissue cell with cytoplasmic extensions that is capable of forming collagenous fibers or elastic fibers. fibrous joint (fi´brus) A type of articulation bound by fibrous connective tissue that allows little or no movement (e.g., a syndesmosis). filiform papillae (fil´u1-form pua-pil´e) Numerous small projections over the entire surface of the tongue in which taste buds are absent. filum terminale (fi´lum ter-mu1-nal´e) A fibrous, threadlike continuation of the pia mater, extending inferiorly from the terminal end of the spinal cord to the coccyx. fimbriae (fim´bre-e) Fringelike extensions from the borders of the open end of the uterine tube. fissure (fish´ur) A groove or narrow cleft that separates two parts, such as the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. flagellum (flua-jel´um) A whiplike structure that provides motility for sperm. flare-and-wheal reaction (hw=el, w=el) A cutaneous reaction to skin injury or the administration of antigens, produced by release of histamine and related molecules and characterized by local edema and a red flare. flavoprotein (fla´´vo-pro´te-in) A conjugated protein containing a flavin pigment that is involved in electron transport within the mitochondria. flexion (flek´shun) A movement that decreases the angle between parts of a joint. flexor (flek´sor) A muscle that decreases the angle of a joint when it contracts. fontanel (fon´´tua-nel´) A membranous-covered region on the skull of a fetus or baby where ossification has not yet occurred; commonly called a soft spot. foot The terminal portion of the lower extremity, consisting of the tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges. foramen (fuo-ra´men), pl. foramina An opening in an anatomical structure, usually in a bone, for the passage of a blood vessel or a nerve. foramen ovale (o-val´e) An opening through the interatrial septum of the fetal heart. forearm The portion of the upper extremity between the elbow and the wrist; also called the antebrachium. fornix (for´niks) 1.A recess around the cervix of the uterus where it protrudes into the vagina. 2.A tract within the brain connecting the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies. fossa (fos´ua) A depressed area, usually on a bone. fourth ventricle (ven´tru1-k'l) A cavity within the brain, between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata and the pons, containing cerebrospinal fluid. fovea centralis (fo´ve-ua sen-tra´ lis) A depression on the macula lutea of the eye, where only cones are located; the area of keenest vision. frenulum (fren´yuu-lum) A membranous structure that serves to anchor and limit the movement of a body part. frontal 1.Pertaining to the region of the forehead. 2. A plane through the body, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions; also called the coronal plane. FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone; one of the two gonadotropic hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary. In females, FSH stimulates the development of the ovarian follicles; in males, it stimulates the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules. fungiform papillae (fun´ju1-form pua-pil´e) Flattened, mushroom-shaped projections interspersed over the surface of the tongue in which taste buds are present. G GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid; believed to function as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. gallbladder A pouchlike organ attached to the underside of the liver in which bile secreted by the liver is stored and concentrated. gamete (gam´=et) A haploid sex cell; either an egg cell or a sperm cell. ganglion (gang´gle-on) An aggregation of nerve cell bodies occurring outside the central nervous system. gastric intrinsic factor (gas´trik) A glycoprotein secreted by the stomach that is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12. gastrin (gas´trin) A hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates the gastric secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) (gas´´tro-in-tes´tu1-nal) The portion of the digestive tract that includes the stomach and the small and large intestines. gates Structures composed of one or more protein molecules that regulate the passage of ions through channels within the cell membrane. Gates may be chemically regulated (by neurotransmitters) or voltage regulated (in which case they open in response to a threshold level of depolarization). genetic recombination (jue-net´ik re´´kom-bu1-na´shun) The formation of new combinations of genes, as by crossing-over between homologous chromosomes. genetic transcription (tran-skrip´shun) The process by which RNA is produced with a sequence of nucleotide bases that is complementary to a region of DNA. genetic translation (trans-la´shun) The process by which proteins are produced with amino acid sequences specified by the sequence of codons in messenger RNA. gigantism (ji-gan´tiz´´em) Abnormal body growth as a result of the excessive secretion of growth hormone. gingiva (jin´ju1-vua) The fleshy covering over the mandible and maxilla through which the teeth protrude within the mouth; also called the gum. gland An organ that produces a specific substance or secretion. glans penis (glanz pe´nis) The enlarged, sensitive, distal end of the penis. gliding joint A type of synovial joint in which the articular surfaces are flat, permitting only side-to-side and back-and-forth movements. glomerular capsule (glo-mer´yuu-lar) The double-walled proximal portion of a renal tubule that encloses the glomerulus of a nephron; also called Bowman's capsule. glomerular filtration rate (GFR) The volume of filtrate produced per minute by both kidneys. glomerular ultrafiltrate (ul´´trua-fil´tr=at) Fluid filtered through the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule of the kidney tubules. glomerulonephritis (glo-mer´´yuu-lo-nue-fri´tis) Inflammation of the renal glomeruli, associated with fluid retention, edema, hypertension, and the appearance of protein in the urine. glomerulus (glo-mer´yuu-lus) A coiled tuft of capillaries surrounded by the glomerular capsule that filtrates urine from the blood. glottis (glot´is) A slitlike opening into the larynx, positioned between the true vocal cords. glucagon (gloo´kua-gon) A polypeptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets. It acts primarily on the liver to promote glycogenolysis and raise blood glucose levels. glucocorticoids (gloo´´ko-kor´tu1-koidz) Steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex (corticosteroids). They affect the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat and also have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. The major glucocorticoid in humans is hydrocortisone (cortisol). gluconeogenesis (gloo´´ko-ne´´uo-jen´u1-sis) The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules, such as amino acids and lactic acid. glycerol (glis´ue-rol) A 3-carbon alcohol that serves as a building block of fats. glycogen (gli´kuo-jen) A polysaccharide of glucose-also called animal starch-produced primarily in the liver and skeletal muscles. Similar to plant starch in composition, glycogen contains more highly branched chains of glucose subunits than does plant starch. glycogenesis (gli´´kuo-jen´u1-sis) The formation of glycogen from glucose. glycogenolysis (gli´´kuo-jue-nol´u1-sis) The hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate, which can be converted to glucose 6-phosphate, which then may be oxidized via glycolysis or (in the liver) converted to free glucose. glycolysis (gli´´kol´u1-sis) The metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvic acid; the final products are two molecules of pyruvic acid and two molecules of reduced NAD, with a net gain of two ATP molecules. In anaerobic respiration, the reduced NAD is oxidized by the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid. In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid enters the Krebs cycle in mitochondria and reduced NAD is ultimately oxidized to yield water. glycosuria (gli´´kuo-soor´e-ua) The excretion of an abnormal amount of glucose in the urine (urine normally only contains trace amounts of glucose). goblet cell A unicellular mucus-secreting gland that is associated with columnar epithelia; also called a mucous cell. Golgi apparatus (gol´je) A network of stacked, flattened membranous sacs within the cytoplasm of cells. Its major function is to concentrate and package proteins for secretion from the cell. Golgi tendon organ A sensory receptor found near the junction of tendons and muscles. gonad (go´nad) A reproductive organ, testis or ovary, that produces gametes and sex hormones. gonadotropic hormones (go-nad´´uo-tro´pik) Hormones of the anterior pituitary that stimulate gonadal function-the formation of gametes and secretion of sex steroids. The two gonadotropins are FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone), which are essentially the same in males and females. graafian follicle (graf´e-an) A mature ovarian follicle, containing a single fluid-filled cavity, with the ovum located toward one side of the follicle and perched on top of a hill of granulosa cells. granular leukocytes (loo´kuo-s=1tz) Leukocytes with granules in the cytoplasm; on the basis of the staining properties of the granules, these cells are classified as neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils. Graves' disease A hyperthyroid condition believed to be caused by excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland by autoantibodies; it is associated with exophthalmos (bulging eyes), high pulse rate, high metabolic rate, and other symptoms of hyperthyroidism. gray matter The region of the central nervous system composed of nonmyelinated nerve tissue. greater omentum (o-men´tum) A double-layered peritoneal membrane that originates on the greater curvature of the stomach. It hangs inferiorly like an apron over the contents of the abdominal cavity. gross anatomy The branch of anatomy concerned with structures of the body that can be studied without a microscope. growth hormone A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates growth of the skeleton and soft tissues during the growing years and that influences the metabolism of protein, carbohydrate, and fat throughout life. gustatory (gus´tua-tor´´e) Pertaining to the sense of taste. gut The GI tract or a portion thereof; generally used in reference to the embryonic digestive tube, consisting of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut. gyrus (ji´rus) A convoluted elevation or ridge. H hair A threadlike appendage of the epidermis consisting of keratinized dead cells that have been pushed up from a dividing basal layer. hair cells Specialized receptor nerve endings for detecting sensations, such as in the spiral organ (organ of Corti). hair follicle (fol´lu1-k'l) A tubular depression in the dermis of the skin in which a hair develops. hand The terminal portion of the upper extremity, containing the carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges. haploid (hap´loid) A cell that has one of each chromosome type and therefore half the number of chromosomes present in most other body cells; only the gametes (sperm and ova) are haploid. haptens (hap´tenz) Small molecules that are not antigenic by themselves, but which-when combined with proteins-become antigenic and thus capable of stimulating the production of specific antibodies. hard palate (pal´it) The bony partition between the oral and nasal cavities, formed by the maxillae and palatine bones and lined by mucous membrane. haustra (haws´trua) Sacculations or pouches of the colon. haversian canal (hua-ver´shan) See central canal. haversian system See osteon. hay fever A seasonal type of allergic rhinitis caused by pollen; it is characterized by itching and tearing of the eyes, swelling of the nasal mucosa, attacks of sneezing, and often by asthma. head The uppermost portion of a human that contains the brain and major sense organs. heart A four-chambered, muscular pumping organ positioned in the thoracic cavity, slightly to the left of midline. heart murmur An auscultatory sound of cardiac or vascular origin, usually caused by an abnormal flow of blood in the heart as a result of structural defects of the valves or septum. helper T cells A subpopulation of T cells (lymphocytes) that helps to stimulate the antibody production of B lymphocytes by antigens. hematocrit (hu1-mat´uo-krit) The ratio of packed red blood cells to total blood volume in a centrifuged sample of blood, expressed as a percentage. heme (h=em) The iron-containing red pigment that, together with the protein globin, forms hemoglobin. hemoglobin (he´muo-glo´´bin) The pigment of red blood cells constituting about 33% of the cell volume that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. hemopoiesis (hem´´uo-poi-e´sis) The production of red blood cells. heparin (hep´ar-in) A mucopolysaccharide found in many tissues, but most abundantly in the lungs and liver, that is used medically as an anticoagulant. hepatic duct (hue-pat´ik) A duct formed from the fusion of several bile ducts that drain bile from the liver. The hepatic duct merges with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct. hepatic portal circulation The return of venous blood from the digestive organs and spleen through a capillary network within the liver before draining into the heart. hepatitis (hep´´ua-ti´tis) Inflammation of the liver. hepatopancreatic ampulla (hep´´ua-to-pan´´kre-at´ik) A small, elevated area within the duodenum where the combined pancreatic and common bile duct empties; also called the ampulla of Vater. Hering-Breuer reflex A reflex in which distension of the lungs stimulates stretch receptors, which in turn act to inhibit further distension of the lungs. hermaphrodite (her-maf´ruo-d=1t) An organism having both testes and ovaries. heterochromatin (het´´ue-ro-kro´mua-tin) A condensed, inactive form of chromatin. hiatal hernia (hi-a´tal her´ne-ua) A protrusion of an abdominal structure through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. hiatus An opening or fissure; a foramen. high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) (lip´´o-pro´te-inz) Combinations of lipids and proteins that migrate rapidly to the bottom of a test tube during centrifugation. HDLs are carrier proteins for lipids, such as cholesterol, that appear to offer some protection from atherosclerosis. hilum (hi´lum) A concave or depressed area where vessels or nerves enter or exit an organ; also called hilus. hinge joint A type of synovial articulation characterized by a convex surface of one bone fitting into a concave surface of another such that movement is confined to one plane, as in the knee or interphalangeal joint. histamine (his´tua-m=en) A compound secreted by tissue mast cells and other connective tissue cells that stimulates vasodilation and increases capillary permeability. It is responsible for many of the symptoms of inflammation and allergy. histology (hu1-stol´uo-je) Microscopic anatomy of the structure and function of tissues. homeostasis (ho´´me-o-sta´sis) The dynamic constancy of the internal environment, the maintenance of which is the principal function of physiological regulatory mechanisms. The concept of homeostasis provides a framework for understanding most physiological processes. homologous chromosomes (huo-mol´uo-gus) The matching pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell. horizontal (transverse) plane A directional plane that divides the body, organ, or appendage into superior and inferior or proximal and distal portions. hormone (hor´m=on) A chemical substance produced in an endocrine gland and secreted into the bloodstream to cause an effect in a specific target organ. humoral immunity (hyoo´mor-al u1-myoo´nu1-te) The form of acquired immunity in which antibody molecules are secreted in response to antigenic stimulation (as opposed to cell mediated immunity); also called antibody-mediated immunity. hyaline cartilage (hi´ua-l=1n) A cartilage with a homogeneous matrix. It is the most common type, occurring at the articular ends of bones, in the trachea, and within the nose. Most of the bones in the body are formed from hyaline cartilage. hyaline membrane disease A disease affecting premature infants who lack pulmonary surfactant, it is characterized by collapse of the alveoli (atelectasis) and pulmonary edema; also called respiratory distress syndrome. hydrocortisone (hi´´druo-kor´tu1-s=on) The principal corticosteroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, with glucocorticoid action; also called cortisol. hydrophilic (hi´´druo-fil´ik) Denoting a substance that readily absorbs water; literally, "water loving." hydrophobic (hi´´druo-fo´bik) Denoting a substance that repels, and that is repelled by, water; "water fearing." hymen (hi´men) A developmental remnant (vestige) of membranous tissue that partially covers the vaginal opening. hyperbaric oxygen (hi´´per-bar´ik) Oxygen gas present at greater than atmospheric pressure. hypercapnia (hi´´per-kap´ne-ua) Excessive concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. hyperextension (hi´´per-ek-sten´shun) Extension beyond the normal anatomical position or 180∞. hyperglycemia (hi´´per-gli-se´me-ua) An abnormally increased concentration of glucose in the blood. hyperkalemia (hi´´per-kua-le´me-ua) An abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood. hyperopia (hi´´per-o´pe-ua) A refractive disorder in which rays of light are brought to a focus behind the retina as a result of the eyeball being too short; also called farsightedness. hyperplasia (hi´´per-pla´zha) An increase in organ size due to an increase in cell numbers as a result of mitotic cell division (in contrast to hypertrophy). hyperpolarization (hi´´per-po´´lar-u1-za´shun) An increase in the negativity of the inside of a cell membrane with respect to the resting membrane potential. hypersensitivity (hi´´per-sen´´su1-tiv´u1-te) Another name for allergy; abnormal immune response that may be immediate (due to antibodies of the IgE class) or delayed (due to cell-mediated immunity). hypertension (hi´´per-ten´shun) Elevated or excessive blood pressure. hypertonic (hi´´per-ton´ik) Denoting a solution with a greater solute concentration and thus a greater osmotic pressure than plasma. hypertrophy (hi´´per´truo-fe) Growth of an organ due to an increase in the size of its cells (in contrast to hyperplasia). hyperventilation (hi´´per-ven´´tu1-la´shun) A high rate and depth of breathing that results in a decrease in the blood carbon dioxide concentration to below normal. hypodermis (hi´´puo-der´mis) A layer of fat beneath the dermis of the skin. hyponychium (hi´´puo-nik´e-um) A thickened, supportive layer of stratum corneum at the distal end of a digit under the free edge of the nail. hypothalamic hormones (hi´´po-thua-lam´ik) Hormones produced by the hypothalamus. These include antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, which are secreted by the posterior pituitary, and both releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretions of the anterior pituitary. hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (hi-pof´´u1se´al) A vascular system that transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract The tract of nerve fibers (axons) that transports antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary. hypothalamus (hi´´po-thal´ua-mus) A portion of the forebrain within the diencephalon that lies below the thalamus, where it functions as an autonomic nerve center and regulates the pituitary gland. hypovolemic shock (hi´´po-vo-le´mik) A rapid fall in blood pressure as a result of diminished blood volume. hypoxemia (hi´´pok-se´me-ua) A low oxygen concentration of the arterial blood. I ileocecal valve (il´´e-uo-se´kal) A modification of the mucosa at the junction of the small and large intestine that forms a one-way passage and prevents the backflow of food materials. ileum (il´e-um) The terminal portion of the small intestine between the jejunum and cecum. immediate hypersensitivity (hi´´per-sen´´su1-tiv´u1-te) Hypersensitivity (allergy) mediated by antibodies of the IgE class that results in the release of histamine and related compounds from tissue cells. immunization (im´´yuu-nu1-za´shun) The process of increasing one's resistance to pathogens. In active immunity a person is injected with antigens that stimulate the development of clones of specific B or T lymphocytes; in passive immunity a person is injected with antibodies produced by another organism. immunoassay (im´´yuu-no-as´a) Any of a number of laboratory or clinical techniques that employ the specific binding between an antigen and its homologous antibody in order to identify and quantify a substance in a sample. immunoglobulins (im´´yuu-no-glob´yuu-linz) Subclasses of the gamma globulin fraction of plasma proteins that have antibody functions, providing humoral immunity. immunosurveillance (im´´yuu-no-ser-va´lens) The concept that the immune system recognizes and attacks malignant cells that produce antigens not recognized as "self." This function is believed to be cell mediated rather than humoral. implantation (im´´plan-ta´shun) The process by which a blastocyst attaches itself to and penetrates into the endometrium of the uterus. incus (ing´kus) The middle of three auditory ossicles within the middle-ear chamber; commonly called the anvil. inferior vena cava (ve´nua ka´vua) A large systemic vein that collects blood from the body regions inferior to the level of the heart and returns it to the right atrium. infundibulum (in´´fun-dib´yuu-lum) The stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus of the brain. ingestion (in-jes´chun) The process of taking food or liquid into the body by way of the oral cavity. inguinal (ing´gwu1-nal) Pertaining to the groin region. inguinal canal The circular passageway in the abdominal wall through which a testis descends into the scrotum. inhibin (in-hib´in) A polypeptide hormone secreted by the testes that is believed to specifically exert negative feedback inhibition of FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. inositol (u1-no´su1-tol) A sugarlike B-complex vitamin. Inositol triphosphate is believed to act as a second messenger in the action of some hormones. insertion The more movable attachment of a muscle, usually more distal. inspiration (in´´spu1-ra´shun) The act of breathing air into the alveoli of the lungs; also called inhalation. insula (in´suu-lua) A deep, paired cerebral lobe. insulin (in´suu-lin) A polypeptide hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets that promotes the anabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and protein. Insulin acts to promote the cellular uptake of blood glucose and, therefore, to lower the blood glucose concentration; insulin deficiency results in hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. integument (in-teg´yoo-ment) The skin; the largest organ of the body. intercalated disc (in-ter´kua-l=at-ed) A thickened portion of the sarcolemma that extends across a cardiac muscle fiber, indicating the boundary between cells. intercellular substance (in´´ter-sel´yuu-lar) The matrix or material between cells that largely determines tissue types. interferons (in´´ter-f=er´onz) A group of small proteins that inhibit the multiplication of viruses inside host cells and that also have antitumor properties. internal (deep) Toward the center, away from the surface of the body. internal ear The innermost portion or chamber of the ear, containing the cochlea and the vestibular organs. interneurons (in´´ter-noor´onz) Multipolar neurons interposed between sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons and confined entirely within the central nervous system; also called association neurons. interoceptors (in´´ter-o-sep´torz) Sensory receptors that respond to changes in the internal environment (as opposed to exteroceptors). interphase The interval between successive cell divisions, during which time the chromosomes are in an extended state and are active in directing RNA synthesis. interstitial cells (in´´ter-stish´al) Cells located in the interstitial tissue between adjacent convolutions of the seminiferous tubules of the testes; they secrete androgens (mainly testosterone); also called cells of Leydig. intervertebral disc (in´´ter-ver´tue-bral) A pad of fibrocartilage located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. intestinal crypt A simple tubular digestive gland opening onto the surface of the intestinal mucosa that secretes digestive enzymes; also called the crypt of Lieberkühn. intrafusal fibers (in´´trua-fyoo´sal) Modified muscle fibers that are encapsulated to form muscle spindle organs, which are muscle stretch receptors. intramembranous ossification See membranous bone. 163 intrapleural space (in´´trua-ploor´al) An actual or potential space between the visceral pleural membrane covering the lungs and the somatic pleural membrane lining the thoracic wall. intrinsic (in-trin´zik) Situated within or pertaining to internal origin. inulin (in´yuu-lin) A polysaccharide of fructose, produced by certain plants, that is filtered by the human kidneys but neither reabsorbed nor secreted. The clearance rate of injected insulin is thus used to measure the glomerular filtration rate. inversion (in-ver´zhun) A movement of the foot in which the sole is turned inward. in vitro (in ve´tro) Occurring outside the body, in a test tube or other artificial environment. in vivo (in ve´vo) Occurring within the body. ion (i´on) An atom or group of atoms that has either lost or gained electrons and thus has a net positive or a net negative charge. ionization (i-on-u1-za´shun) The dissociation of a solute to form ions. ipsilateral (ip´´su1-lat´er-al) On the same side (as opposed to contralateral). IPSP Inhibitory postsynaptic potential; hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane in response to a particular neurotransmitter chemical, which makes it more difficult for the postsynaptic cell to attain a threshold level of depolarization required to produce action potentials. It is responsible for postsynaptic inhibition. iris (i´ris) The pigmented portion of the vascular tunic of the eye that surrounds the pupil and regulates its diameter. ischemia (u1-ske´me-ua) A rate of blood flow to an organ that is inadequate to supply sufficient oxygen and maintain aerobic respiration in that organ. islets of Langerhans (i´letz of lang´er-hanz) See pancreatic islets. isoenzymes (i´´so-en´z1=mz) Enzymes, usually produced by different organs, that catalyze the same reaction but that differ from each other in amino acid composition. isometric contraction (i´´suo-met´rik) Muscle contraction in which there is no appreciable shortening of the muscle. isotonic contraction (i´´suo-ton´ik) Muscle contraction in which the muscle shortens in length and maintains approximately the same amount of tension throughout the shortening process. isotonic solution A solution having the same total solute concentration, osmolality, and osmotic pressure as the solution with which it is compared; a solution with the same solute concentration and osmotic pressure as plasma. isthmus (is´mus) A narrow neck or portion of tissue connecting two structures. J jaundice (jawn´dis) A condition characterized by high blood bilirubin levels and staining of the tissues with bilirubin, which imparts a yellow color to the skin and mucous membranes. jejunum (jue-joo´num) The middle portion of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and the ileum. joint capsule The fibrous tissue that encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint. K keratin (ker´ua-tin) An insoluble protein present in the epidermis and in epidermal derivatives, such as hair and nails. ketoacidosis (ke´´to-ua-su1-do´sis) A type of metabolic acidosis resulting from the excessive production of ketone bodies, as in diabetes mellitus. ketogenesis (ke´´to-jen´u1-sis) The production of ketone bodies. ketone bodies (ke´´to=n) The substances derived from fatty acids via acetyl coenzyme A in the liver; namely, acetone, acetoacetic acid, and b-hydroxybutyric acid. Ketone bodies are oxidized by skeletal muscles for energy. ketosis (ke-to´sis) An abnormal elevation in the blood concentration of ketone bodies that does not necessarily produce acidosis. kidney (kid´ne) One of a pair of organs of the urinary system that contains nephrons and that filters wastes from the blood in the formation of urine. kilocalorie (kil´uo-kal´´uo-re) A unit of measurement equal to 1000 calories, which are units of heat (a kilocalorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 C∞). In nutrition, the kilocalorie is called a big calorie (Calorie). kinesiology (ku1-ne´´se-ol´uo-je) The study of body movement. Klinefelter's syndrome (kl=1n´fel-terz sin´dr=om) An abnormal condition of male sex characteristics due to the presence of an extra X chromosome (genotype XXY). knee A region in the lower extremity between the thigh and the leg that contains a synovial hinge joint. Krebs cycle (krebz) A cyclic metabolic pathway in the matrix of mitochondria by which the acetic acid part of acetyl CoA is oxidized and substrates provided for reactions that are coupled to the formation of ATP. Kupffer cells (koop´fer) Phagocytic cells lining the sinusoids of the liver that are part of the body immunity system. L labial frenulum (la´be-al fren´yuu-lum) A longitudinal fold of mucous membrane that attaches the lips to the gum along the midline of both the upper and lower lip. labia majora (la´be-ua mua-jor´ua), sing. labium majus A portion of the external genitalia of a female consisting of two longitudinal folds of skin extending downward and backward from the mons pubis. labia minora (mu1-nor´ua), sing. labium minus Two small folds of skin, devoid of hair and sweat glands, lying between the labia major of the external genitalia of a female. labyrinth (lab´u1-rinth) An intricate structure consisting of interconnecting passages (e.g., the bony and membranous labyrinths of the inner ear. lacrimal canaliculus (lak´ru1-mal kan´´ua-lik´yuu-lus) A drainage duct for tears, located at the medial corner of an eyelid. It conveys the tears medially into the nasolacrimal sac. lacrimal gland A tear-secreting gland, located on the superior lateral portion of the eyeball underneath the upper eyelid. lactation (lak-ta´shun) The production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands. lacteal (lak´te-al) A small lymphatic duct associated with a villus of the small intestine. lactose (lak´t=os) Milk sugar; a disaccharide of glucose and galactose. lactose intolerance A disorder resulting in the inability to digest lactose because of an enzyme, lactase, deficiency. Symptoms include bloating, intestinal gas, nausea, diarrhea, and cramps. lacuna (lua-kyoo´nua) A small, hollow chamber that houses an osteocyte in mature bone tissue or a chondrocyte in cartilage tissue. lambdoidal suture (lam´doid-al soo´chur) The immovable joint in the skull between the parietal bones and the occipital bone. lamella (lua-mel´ua) A concentric ring of matrix surrounding the central canal in an osteon of mature bone tissue. lamellated corpuscle (lam´ue-la-ted) A sensory receptor for pressure, found in tendons, around joints, and in visceral organs; also called a pacinian corpuscle. lamina (lam´u1-nua) A thin plate of bone that extends superiorly from the body of a vertebra to form either side of the arch of a vertebra. lanugo (lau-noo´go) Short, silky fetal hair, which may be present for a short time on a premature infant. large intestine The last major portion of the GI tract, consisting of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. laryngopharynx (lua-ring´´go-far´ingks) The inferior or lower portion of the pharynx in contact with the larynx. 686 larynx (lar´ingks) The structure located between the pharynx and trachea that houses the vocal cords; commonly called the voice box. lateral (lat´er-al) Pertaining to the side; farther from the midplane. lateral ventricle (ven´tru1-k'l) A cavity within the cerebral hemisphere of the brain that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. L-dopa Levodopa; a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. It serves as the precursor for the neurotransmitter molecule dopamine and is given to patients with Parkinson's disease to stimulate dopamine production. leg The portion of the lower extremity between the knee and ankle. lens (lenz) A transparent refractive organ of the eye positioned posterior to the pupil and iris. lesion (le´zhun) A wounded or damaged area. lesser omentum (o-men´tum) A peritoneal fold of tissue extending from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver. leukocyte (loo´kuo-s=1t) A white blood cell; variant spelling, leucocyte. ligament (lig´ua-ment) A tough cord or fibrous band of connective tissue that binds bone to bone to strengthen and provide flexibility to a joint. It also may support viscera. limbic system (lim´bik) A portion of the brain concerned with emotions and autonomic activity. linea alba (lin´e-ua al´bua) A vertical fibrous band extending down the anterior medial portion of the abdominal wall. lingual frenulum (ling´gwal fren´yuu-lum) A longitudinal fold of mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity. lipogenesis (lip´´uo-jen´ue-sis) The formation of fat or triglycerides. lipolysis (lu1-pol´u1-sis) The hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. liver A large visceral organ inferior to the diaphragm in the right hypochondriac region. The liver detoxifies the blood and modifies the blood plasma concentration of glucose, triglycerides, ketone bodies, and proteins. low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) (lip´´o-pro´te-inz) Plasma proteins that transport triglycerides and cholesterol. They are believed to contribute to arteriosclerosis. lower extremity A lower appendage, including the hip, thigh, knee, leg, and foot. lumbar (lum´bar) Pertaining to the region of the loins. lumbar plexus (plek´sus) A network of nerves formed by the anterior branches of spinal nerves L1 through L4. lumen (loo´men) The space within a tubular structure through which a substance passes. lung One of the two major organs of respiration positioned within the thoracic cavity on either side of the mediastinum. lung surfactant (sur-fak´tant) A mixture of lipoproteins (containing phospholipids) secreted by type II alveolar cells into the alveoli of the lungs. It lowers surface tension and prevents collapse of the lungs as occurs in hyaline membrane disease, in which surfactant is absent. lunula (loo´nyoo-lua) The half-moon-shaped whitish area at the proximal portion of a nail. luteinizing hormone (LH) (loo´te-u1-ni´´zing) A hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) of the pituitary gland that stimulates ovulation and the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum. It also influences mammary gland milk secretion in females and stimulates testosterone secretion by the testes in males. lymph (limf) A clear, plasmalike fluid that flows through lymphatic vessels. lymphatic system (lim-fat´ik) The lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. lymph node A small, ovoid mass of reticular tissue located along the course of lymph vessels. lymphocyte (lim´fuo-s1=t) A type of white blood cell characterized by agranular cytoplasm. Lymphocytes usually constitute about 20% to 25% of the white blood cell count. lymphokines (lim´fuo-k=1ns) A group of chemicals released from T cells that contribute to cell-mediated immunity. lysosomes (li´suo-s=omz) Organelles containing digestive enzymes and responsible for intracellular digestion. M macromolecules (mak´´ro-mol´u1-kyoolz) Large molecules; a term that usually refers to protein, RNA, and DNA. macrophage (mak´ruo-f=aj) A wandering phagocytic cell. macula lutea (mak´yuu-lua loo´te-ua) A yellowish depression in the retina of the eye that contains the fovea centralis, the area of keenest vision. malignant Threatening to life; virulent. Of a tumor, cancerous, tending to metastasize. malleus (mal´e-us) The first of three auditory ossicles that attaches to the tympanum; commonly called the hammer. mammary gland (mam´er-e) The gland of the female breast responsible for lactation and nourishment of the young. marrow (mar´o) The soft connective tissue found within the inner cavity of certain bones that produces red blood cells. mast cell A type of connective tissue cell that produces and secretes histamine and heparin and promotes local inflammation. mastication (mas´´tu1-ka´shun) The chewing of food. matrix (ma´triks) The intercellular substance of a tissue. maximal oxygen uptake The maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed by the body per unit time during heavy exercise. meatus (me-a´tus) A passageway or opening into a structure. mechanoreceptor (mek´´ua-no-re-sep´tor) A sensory receptor that responds to a mechanical stimulus. medial (me´de-al) Toward or closer to the midplane of the body. mediastinum (me´´de-ua-sti´num) The partition in the center of the thorax between the two pleural cavities. medulla (mue-dul´ua) The center portion of an organ. medulla oblongata (ob´´long-gua´tua) A portion of the brain stem located between the spinal cord and the pons. medullary (marrow) cavity (med´l-er´´e) The hollow core of the diaphysis of a long bone in which marrow is found. megakaryocyte (meg´´ua-kar´e-o-s=1t) A bone marrow cell that gives rise to blood platelets. meiosis (mi-o´sis) A specialized type of cell division by which gametes or haploid sex cells are formed. Meissner's corpuscle (m=1s´nerz) See corpuscle of touch. melanin (mel´ua-nin) A dark pigment found within the epidermis or epidermal derivatives of the skin. melanocyte (mel´ua-no-s=1t) A specialized melanin-producing cell found in the deepest layer of the epidermis. melanoma (mel´´ua-no´mua) A dark, malignant tumor of the skin that frequently forms in moles. melatonin (mel´´ua-to´nin) A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that produces lightening of the skin in lower vertebrates and that may contribute to the regulation of gonadal function in mammals. Secretion follows a circadian rhythm and peaks at night. membrane potential The potential difference or voltage that exists between the inner and outer sides of a cell membrane. It exists in all cells but is capable of being changed by excitable cells (neurons and muscle cells). membranous bone (mem´brua-nus) Bone that forms from membranous connective tissue rather than from cartilage. membranous labyrinth (lab´u1-rinth) A system of communicating sacs and ducts within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear that includes the cochlea and vestibular apparatus. It is filled with endolymph and surrounded by perilymph and bone. menarche (mue-nar´ke) The first menstrual discharge. Ménière's disease (m=an-yarz´) Deafness, tinnitus, and vertigo resulting from a disorder of the labyrinth. meninges (mue-nin´j=ez), sing. meninx A group of three fibrous membranes covering the central nervous system, composed of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. menisci (mue-nis´ke) Wedge-shaped fibrocartilages in certain synovial joints. menopause (men´uo-pawz) The period marked by the cessation of menstrual periods in the human female. menstrual cycle (men´stroo-al) The rhythmic female reproductive cycle, characterized by changes in hormone levels and physical changes in the uterine lining. menstruation (men´´stroo-a´shun) The discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus at the end of the menstrual cycle. mesencephalic aqueduct (mez´´en-sue-fal´ik ak´wue-dukt) The channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles of the brain; also called the aqueduct of Sylvius. mesencephalon (mes´´en-sef´ua-lon) The midbrain, which contains the corpora quadrigemina and the cerebral peduncles. mesenchyme (mez´en-k=1m) An embryonic connective tissue that can migrate, and from which all connective tissues arise. mesenteric patches (mes´´en-ter´ik) Clusters of lymph nodes on the walls of the small intestine; also called Peyer's patches. mesentery (mes´en-ter´´e) A fold of peritoneal membrane that attaches an abdominal organ to the abdominal wall. mesoderm (mes´uo-derm) The middle one of the three primary germ layers. mesothelium (mes´´uo-the´lium) A simple squamous epithelial tissue that lines body cavities and covers visceral organs; also called serosa. mesovarium (mes´´uo-va´re-um) The peritoneal fold that attaches an ovary to the broad ligament of the uterus. messenger RNA (mRNA) A type of RNA that contains a base sequence complementary to a part of the DNA that specifies the synthesis of a particular protein. metabolism (mue-tab´uo-liz-em) The sum total of the chemical changes that occur within a cell. metacarpus (met´´ua-kar´pus) The region of the hand between the wrist and the phalanges, including the five metacarpal bones that support the palm of the hand. metarteriole (met´´ar-tir´e-=ol) A small blood vessel that emerges from an arteriole, passes through a capillary network, and empties into a venule. metastasis (mue-tas´tua-sis) The spread of a disease from one organ or body part to another. metatarsus (met´´ua-tar´sus) The region of the foot between the ankle and the phalanges that includes the five metatarsal bones. metencephalon (met´´en-sef´ua-lon) The most superior portion of the hindbrain that contains the cerebellum and the pons. micelles (mi-selz´) Colloidal particles formed by the aggregation of many molecules. microglia(mi-krog´le-ua) Small phagocytic cells found in the central nervous system. microvilli (mi´´kro-vil´i) Microscopic hairlike projections of cell membranes on certain epithelial cells. micturition (mik´´tuu-rish´un) The process of voiding urine; also called urination. midbrain The portion of the brain between the pons and the forebrain. middle ear The middle of the three portions of the ear that contains the three auditory ossicles. midsagittal plane (mid-saj´u1-tal) A plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves; also called the median plane or midplane. mineralocorticoids (min´´er-al-o-kor´tu1-koidz) Steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex (corticosteroids) that regulate electrolyte balance. mitochondria (mi´´tuo-kon´dre-ua), sing. mitochondrion Cytoplasmic organelles that serve as sites for the production of most of the cellular energy; the so-called powerhouses of the cell. mitosis (mi-to´sis) The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, containing the same number of chromosomes. mitral valve (mi´tral) The left atrioventricular heart valve; also called the bicuspid valve. mixed nerve A nerve that contains both motor and sensory nerve fibers. molal (mo´lal) Pertaining to the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. molar (mo´lar) Pertaining to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. mole (m=ol) The number of grams of a chemical that is equal to its formula weight (atomic weight for an element or molecular weight for a compound). monoclonal antibodies (mon´´uo-kl=on´al an´tu1-bod´´=ez) Identical antibodies derived from a clone of genetically identical plasma cells. monocyte (mon´o-sit) A phagocytic type of white blood cell, normally constituting about 3% to 8% of the white blood cell count. monomer (mon´uo-mer) A single molecular unit of a longer, more complex molecule. Monomers are joined together to form dimers, trimers, and polymers; the hydrolysis of polymers eventually yields separate monomers. monosaccharide (mon´´uo-sak´ua-r=1d) The monomer of the more complex carbohydrates, examples of which include glucose, fructose, and galactose; also called a simple sugar. mons pubis (monz pyoo´bis) A fatty tissue pad covering the symphysis pubis and covered by pubic hair in the female. morula (mor´yuu-lua) An early stage of embryonic development characterized by a solid ball of cells. motile (m=ot´l), mo´t=1l) Capable of self-propelled movement. motor area A region of the cerebral cortex from which motor impulses to muscles or glands originate. motor nerve A nerve composed of motor nerve fibers. motor neuron (noor´on) A nerve cell that conducts action potentials away from the central nervous system and innervates effector organs (muscle and glands). It forms the anterior roots of the spinal nerves; also called an efferent neuron. motor unit A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. mucosa (myoo-ko´sua) A mucous membrane that lines cavities and tracts opening to the exterior. mucous cell (myoo´kus) See goblet cell. mucous membrane A thin sheet consisting of layers of visceral organs that include the lining epithelium, submucosal connective tissue, and(in some cases) a thin layer of smooth muscle (the muscularis mucosa). multipolar neuron A nerve cell with many processes originating from the cell body. muscle (mus´el) A major type of tissue adapted to contract. The three kinds of muscle are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. muscle spindles Sensory organs within skeletal muscles composed of intrafusal fibers. They are sensitive to muscle stretch and provide a length detector within muscles. muscularis (mus´´kyuu-la´ris) A muscular layer or tunic of an organ, composed of smooth muscle tissue. myelencephalon (mi´´ue-len-sef´ua-lon) The posterior portion of the hindbrain that contains the medulla oblongata. myelin (mi´ue-lin) A lipoprotein material that forms a sheathlike covering around nerve fibers. myelin sheath A sheath surrounding axons formed by successive wrappings of a neuroglial cell membrane. Myelin sheaths are formed by neurolemmocytes in the peripheral nervous system and by oligodendrocytes within the central nervous system. myenteric plexus (mi´´en-ter´ik plek´sus) A network of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers located in the muscularis tunic of the small intestine; also called the plexus of Auerbach. myocardial infarction (mi´´uo-kar´de-al in-fark´shun) An area of necrotic tissue in the myocardium that is filled in by scar (connective) tissue. myocardium (mi´´uo-kar´de-um) The cardiac muscle layer of the heart. myofibril (mi´´uo-fi´bril) A bundle of contractile fibers within muscle cells. myogenic (mi´´uo-jen´ik) Originating within muscle cells; used to describe self-excitation by cardiac and smooth muscle cells. myoglobin (mi´´uo-glo´bin) A molecule composed of globin protein and heme pigment. It is related to hemoglobin but contains only one subunit (instead of the four in hemoglobin) and is found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells where it serves to store oxygen. myogram (mi´uo-gram) A recording of electrical activity within a muscle. myology (mi-ol´uo-je) The science or study of muscle structure and function. myometrium (mi´´o-me´tre-um) The layer or tunic of smooth muscle within the uterine wall. myoneural junction (mi´´uo-noor´al) The site of contact between an axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. myopia (mi-o´pe-ua) A visual defect in which objects may be seen distinctly only when very close to the eyes; also called nearsightedness. myosin (mi´uo-sin) A thick myofilament protein that together with actin causes muscle contraction. myxedema (mik´´su1-de´mua) A type of edema associated with hypothyroidism. It is characterized by the accumulation of mucoproteins in tissue fluid. N NAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme derived from niacin that helps to transport electrons from the Krebs cycle to the electron-transport chain within mitochondria. nail A hardened, keratinized plate that develops from the epidermis and forms a protective covering on the surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. naloxone (nal´ok-s=on, nua-lok´s=on) A drug that antagonizes the effects of morphine and endorphins. nasal cavity (na´zal) A mucosa-lined space above the oral cavity, divided by a nasal septum. It is the first chamber of the respiratory system. nasal concha (kong´kua) A scroll-like bone extending medially from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity; also called a turbinate bone. nasal septum (sep´tum) A bony and cartilaginous partition that separates the nasal cavity into two portions. nasopharynx (na´´zo-far´ingks) The first or uppermost chamber of the pharynx, positioned posterior to the nasal cavity and extending down to the soft palate. natriuretic (na´´tru1-yoo-ret´ik) An agent that promotes the excretion of sodium in the urine. Atrial natriuretic hormone has this effect. neck 1.Any constricted portion, such as the neck of an organ. 2.The cervical region of the body between the head and thorax. necrosis (nue-kro´sis) Cellular death or tissue death due to disease or trauma. negative feedback A mechanism in the body for maintaining a state of internal constancy, or homeostasis; effectors are activated by changes in the internal environment, and the actions of the effectors serve to counteract these changes and maintain a state of balance. neonatal (ne´´o-na´tal) The stage of life from birth to the end of 4 weeks. neoplasm (ne´uo-plazm) A new, abnormal growth of tissue, as in a tumor. nephron (nef´ron) The functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus, convoluted tubules, and a nephron loop. nerve A bundle of nerve fibers outside the central nervous system. neurilemma (noor´´u1-lem´ua) A thin, membranous covering surrounding the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber. neurofibril node A gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber; also called a node of Ranvier. neuroglia (noo-rog´le-ua) Specialized supportive cells of the central nervous system. neurohypophysis (noor´´o-hi-pof´u1-sis) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland derived from the brain. Its major secretions include antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, and oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus. neurolemmocyte (noor´´uo-lem´uo-s=1t) A specialized neuroglia cell that surrounds an axon fiber of a peripheral nerve and forms the neurilemmal sheath; also called a Schwann cell. neuron (noor´on) The structural and functional unit of the nervous system, composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon; also called a nerve cell. neurotransmitter (noor´´o-trans´mit-er) A chemical contained in synaptic vesicles in nerve endings that is released into the synaptic cleft, where it stimulates the production of either excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. neutrons (noo´tronz) Electrically neutral particles that exist together with positively charged protons in the nucleus of atoms. neutrophil (noo´truo-fil) A type of phagocytic white blood cell, normally constituting about 60% to 70% of the white blood cell count. nexus (nek´sus) A bond between members of a group; the type of bonds present in single-unit smooth muscles. nidation (ni-da´shun) Implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium of the uterus. nipple A dark pigmented, rounded projection at the tip of the breast. Nissl bodies (nis´l) See chromatophilic substances. node of Ranvier (ran´ve-a) See neurofibril node. norepinephrine (nor´´ep-u1-nef´rin) A catecholamine released as a neurotransmitter from postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings and as a hormone (together with epinephrine) from the adrenal medulla. notochord (no´tuo-kord) A flexible rod of tissue that extends the length of the back of an embryo. nucleolus (noo-kle´uo-lus) A dark-staining area within a cell nucleus; the site where ribosomal RNA is produced. nucleoplasm (noo´kle-uo-plaz´´em) The protoplasmic contents of the nucleus of a cell. nucleotide (noo´kle-uo-t=1d) The subunit of DNA and RNA macromolecules. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine or uracil); a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose); and a phosphate group. nucleus (noo´kle-us) A spheroid body within a cell that contains the genetic factors of the cell. nucleus pulposus (pul-po´sus) The soft, pulpy core of an intervertebral disc; a remnant of the notochord. nystagmus (nu1-stag´mus) Involuntary oscillary movements of the eye. O obese (o-b=es´) Excessively fat. olfactory (ol-fak´tuo-re) Pertaining to the sense of smell. olfactory bulb An aggregation of sensory neurons of an olfactory nerve, lying inferior to the frontal lobe of the cerebrum on either lateral side of the crista galli of the ethmoid bone. olfactory tract The olfactory sensory tract of axons that conveys impulses from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory portion of the cerebral cortex. oligodendrocyte (ol´´u1-go-den´druo-s=1t) A type of neuroglial cell concerned with the formation of the myelin of nerve fibers within the central nervous system. oncology (on-kol´uo-je) The study of tumors. oncotic pressure (on-kot´ik) The colloid osmotic pressure of solutions produced by proteins. In plasma, it serves to counterbalance the outward filtration of fluid from capillaries due to hydrostatic pressure. oocyte (o´uo-s=1t) A developing egg cell. oogenesis (o´´uo-jen´ue-sis) The process of female gamete formation. opsonization (op´´suo-nu1-za´shun) The process by which antibodies enhance the ability of phagocytic cells to attack bacteria. optic (op´tik) Pertaining to the eye. optic chiasma (ki-az´mua) An X-shaped structure on the inferior aspect of the brain, anterior to the pituitary gland, where there is a partial crossing over of fibers in the optic nerves; also called the optic chiasm. optic disc A small region of the retina where the fibers of the ganglion neurons exit from the eyeball to form the optic nerve; also called the blind spot. optic tract A bundle of sensory axons located between the optic chiasma and the thalamus that functions to convey visual impulses from the photoreceptors within the eye. oral Pertaining to the mouth. ora serrata The jagged peripheral margin of the retina. organ A structure consisting of two or more tissues that performs a specific function. organelle (or´´gua-nel´) A minute living structure of a cell with a specific function. organism An individual living creature. organ of Corti (kor´te) See spiral organ. orifice (or´u1-fis) An opening into a body cavity or tube. origin The place of muscle attachment-usually the more stationary point or the proximal bone; opposite the insertion. oropharynx (o´´ro-far´ingks) The second portion of the pharynx, located posterior to the oral cavity and extending from the soft palate to the hyoid bone. osmolality (oz´´muo-lal´u1-te) A measure of the total concentration of a solution; the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. osmoreceptors (oz´´muo-re-cep´torz) Sensory neurons that respond to changes in the osmotic pressure of the surrounding fluid. osmosis (oz-mo´sis) The passage of solvent (water) from a more dilute to a more concentrated solution through a membrane that is more permeable to water than to the solute. osmotic pressure (oz-mot´ik) A measure of the tendency of a solution to gain water by osmosis when separated by a membrane from pure water. Directly related to the osmolality of the solution, it is the pressure required to just prevent osmosis. osseous tissue (os´e-us) Bone tissue. ossicle (os´u1-kul) One of the three bones of the middle ear; also called the auditory ossicle. ossification (os´´u1-fu1-ka´shun) The process of bone tissue formation. osteoblast (os´te-uo-blast) A bone-forming cell. osteoclast (os´te-uo-klast) A cell that causes erosion and resorption of bone tissue. osteocyte (os´te-uo-s=1t) A mature bone cell. osteology (os´´te-ol´uo-je) The study of the structure and function of bone and the entire skeleton. osteomalacia (os´´te-o-mua-la´shua) Softening of bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. osteon (os´te-on) A group of osteocytes and concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal, constituting the basic unit of structure in osseous tissue; also called a haversian system. osteoporosis (os´´te-o-puo-ro´sis) Demineralization of bone, seen most commonly in postmenopausal women and patients who are inactive or paralyzed. It may be accompanied by pain, loss of stature, and other deformities and fractures. otoliths (o´tuo-liths) Small, hardened particles of calcium carbonate in the saccule and utricle of the inner ear, associated with the receptors of equilibrium; also called statoconia. outer ear The outer portion of the ear, consisting of the auricle and the external auditory canal. oval window An oval opening in the bony wall between the middle and inner ear, into which the footplate of the stapes fits; also called the vestibular window. ovarian follicle (o-var´e-an fol´u1-kul) A developing ovum and its surrounding epithelial cells. ovarian ligament (lig´ua-ment) A cordlike connective tissue that attaches the ovary to the uterus. ovary (o´vua-re) The female gonad in which ova and certain sexual hormones are produced. oviduct (o´vu1-dukt) The tube that transports ova from the ovary to the uterus; also called the uterine tube or fallopian tube. ovulation (ov-yuu-la´shun) The rupture of an ovarian (graafian) follicle with the release of an ovum. ovum (o´vum) A secondary oocyte capable of developing into a new individual when fertilized by a spermatozoon. oxidative phosphorylation (ok´´su1-da´tiv fos´´for-u1-la´shun) The formation of ATP using energy derived from electron transport to oxygen. It occurs in the mitochondria. oxidizing agent (ok´su1-d=1z-ing) An atom that accepts electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. oxyhemoglobin (ok´´se-he´´muo-glo´bin) A compound formed by the bonding of molecular oxygen to hemoglobin. oxyhemoglobin saturation The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the amount of oxyhemoglobin relative to the total amount of hemoglobin in blood. oxytocin (ok´´su1-to´sin) One of the two hormones produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary (the other hormone is vasopressin). Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of uterine smooth muscles and promotes milk ejection in females. P pacemaker (p=as´ma´´ker) A group of cells that has the fastest spontaneous rate of depolarization and contraction in a mass of electrically coupled cells; in the heart, this is the sinoatrial, or SA, node. pacinian corpuscle (pua-sin´e-an) See lamellated corpuscle. PAH Para-aminohippuric acid; a substance used to measure total renal plasma flow because its clearance rate is equal to the total rate of plasma flow to the kidneys. PAH is filtered and secreted but not reabsorbed by the renal nephrons. palate (pal´at) The roof of the oral cavity. palatine (pal´ua-t=1n) Pertaining to the palate. palmar (pal´mar) Pertaining to the palm of the hand. palpebra (pal´pue-brua) An eyelid. pancreas (pan´kre-as) A mixed organ in the abdominal cavity that secretes pancreatic juices into the GI tract and insulin and glucagon into the blood. pancreatic duct (pan´´kre-at´ik) A drainage tube that carries pancreatic juice from the pancreas into the duodenum of the hepatopancreatic ampulla. pancreatic islets A cluster of cells within the pancreas that forms the endocrine portion and secretes insulin and glucagon; also called islets of Langerhans. papillae (pua-pil´e) Small, nipplelike projections. papillary muscle (pap´u1-ler´´e) Muscular projections from the ventricular walls of the heart to which the chordea tendineae are attached. paranasal sinus (par´´ua-na´zal si´nus) An air chamber lined with a mucous membrane that communicates with the nasal cavity. parasympathetic (par´´ua-sim´´pua-thet´ik) Pertaining to the division of the autonomic nervous system concerned with activities that, in general, inhibit or oppose the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system. parathyroid hormone (PTH) A polypeptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands. PTH acts to raise the blood Ca++ levels primarily by stimulating reabsorption of bone. parathyroids (par´´ua-thi´roidz) Small endocrine glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid glands that are concerned with calcium metabolism. parietal (pua-ri´ue-tal) Pertaining to a wall of an organ or cavity. parietal pleura (ploor´ua) The thin serous membrane attached to the thoracic walls of the pleural cavity. Parkinson's disease (par´kin-sunz) A tremor of the resting muscles and other symptoms caused by inadequate dopamine-producing neurons in the basal nuclei of the cerebrum; also called paralysis agitans. parotid gland (pua-rot´id) One of the paired salivary glands located on the side of the face over the masseter muscle just anterior to the ear and connected to the oral cavity through a salivary duct. parturition (par´´tyoo-rish´un) The process of giving birth; childbirth. passive immunity (u1-myoo´nu1-te) Specific immunity granted by the administration of antibodies made by another organism. pathogen (path´uo-jen) Any disease-producing microorganism or substance. pectoral (pek´tuo-ral) Pertaining to the chest region. pectoral girdle The portion of the skeleton that supports the upper extremities. pedicle (ped´u1-k'l) The portion of a vertebra that connects and attaches the lamina to the body. pelvic (pel´vik) Pertaining to the pelvis. pelvic girdle The portion of the skeleton to which the lower extremities are attached. pelvis (pel´vis) A basinlike bony structure formed by the sacrum and ossa coxae. penis(pe´nis) The male organ of copulation, used to introduce sperm into the female vagina and through which urine passes during urination. pennate (pen´=at) Pertaining to a skeletal muscle fiber arrangement in which the fibers are attached to tendinous slips in a featherlike pattern. pepsin (pep´sin) The protein-digesting enzyme secreted in gastric juice. peptic ulcer (pep´tik ul´ser) An injury to the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine due to the action of acidic gastric juice. perforating canal A minute duct through compact bone by which blood vessels and nerves penetrate to the central canal of an osteon; also called Volkmann's canal. pericardium (per´´u1-kar´de-um) A protective serous membrane that surrounds the heart. perichondrium (per´´u1-kon´dre-um) A toughened connective sheet that covers some kinds of cartilage. perikaryon (per´´u1-kar´e-on) The cell body of a neuron. perilymph (per´u1-limf) A fluid of the inner ear that provides a liquid-conducting medium for the vibrations involved in hearing and the maintenance of equilibrium. perimysium (per´´u1-mis´e-um) Fascia (connective tissue) surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers. perineum (per´´u1-ne´um) The floor of the pelvis, which is the region between the anus and the symphysis pubis. It is the region that contains the external genitalia. perineurium (per´´u1-noor´e-um) Connective tissue surrounding a bundle of nerve fibers. periodontal membrane (per´´e-uo-don´tal) A fibrous connective tissue lining the dental alveoli. periosteum (per´´e-os´te-um) A fibrous connective tissue covering the outer surface of bone. peripheral nervous system (pue-rif´er-al) The nerves and ganglia of the nervous system that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord; PNS. peristalsis (per´´u1-stal´sis) Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of various tubular organs by which the contents are forced onward. peritoneum (per´´1u-tuo-ne´um) The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal visceral organs. Peyer's patches(pi´erz) See mesenteric patches. pH A measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution, numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions. The pH scale in common use ranges from 0 to 14. Solutions with a pH lower than 7 are acidic and those with a higher pH are basic. phagocytosis (fag´´uo-si-to´sis) Cellular eating; the ability of some cells (such as white blood cells) to engulf large particles (such as bacteria) and digest these particles by merging the food vacuole in which they are contained with a lysosome containing digestive enzymes. phalanx (fa´langks), pl. phalanges A bone of a finger or toe. pharynx (far´ingks) The organ of the digestive system and respiratory system located at the back of the oral and nasal cavities that extends to the larynx anteriorly and to the esophagus posteriorly; also called the throat. photoreceptor (fo´´to-re-sep´tor) A sensory nerve ending that responds to the stimulation of light. physiology (fiz´´e-ol´uo-je) The science that deals with the study of body functions. pia mater (pi´ua ma´ter) The innermost meninx that is in direct contact with the brain and spinal cord. pineal gland (pin´e-al) A small cone-shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle. pinna (pin´ua) The outer, fleshy portion of the external ear; also called the auricle. pinocytosis (pin´´uo-si-to´sis) Cell drinking; invagination of the cell membrane forming narrow channels that pinch off into vacuoles. This allows for cellular intake of extracellular fluid and dissolved molecules. pituitary gland (pu1-too´u1-ter-e) A small, pea-shaped endocrine gland situated on the interior surface of the diencephalonic region of the brain, consisting of anterior and posterior lobes; also called the hypophysis. pivot joint (piv´ut) A synovial joint in which the rounded head of one bone articulates with the depressed cup of another to permit a rotational type of movement. placenta (plua-sen´tua) The organ of metabolic exchange between the mother and the fetus. plantar (plan´tar) Pertaining to the sole of the foot. plasma (plaz´mua) The fluid, extracellular portion of circulating blood. plasma cells Cells derived from B lymphocytes that produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies. They are responsible for humoral immunity. platelets (pl=at-letz) Small fragments of specific bone marrow cells that function in blood coagulation; also called thrombocytes. pleural (ploor´al) Pertaining to the serous membranes associated with the lungs. pleural cavity The potential space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura. pleural membranes Serous membranes that surround the lungs and provide protection and compartmentalization. plexus (plek´sus) A network of interlaced nerves or vessels. plexus of Auerbach (ow´er-bak) See myenteric plexus. plexus of Meissner (m=1s´ner) See submucosal plexus. plicae circulares (pli´ce sur-kyuu-lar´=ez) Deep folds within the wall of the small intestine that increase the absorptive surface area. pneumotaxic area (noo´´muo-tak´sik) The region of the respiratory control center located in the pons of the brain. polar body A small daughter cell formed by meiosis that degenerates in the process of oocyte production. polar molecule A molecule in which the shared electrons are not evenly distributed, so that one side of the molecule is negatively (or positively) charged in comparison with the other side. Polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents, such as water. polydipsia (pol´´e-dip´se-ua) Excessive thirst. polymer (pol´ue-mer) A large molecule formed by the combination of smaller subunits, or monomers. polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pol´´e-mor´´fuo-noo´kle-ar loo´kuo-s=1t) A granular leukocyte containing a nucleus with a number of lobes connected by thin, cytoplasmic strands. This type includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. polypeptide (pol´´e-pep´t1=d) A chain of amino acids connected by covalent bonds called peptide bonds. A very large polypeptide is called a protein. polysaccharide (pol´´e-sak´ua-r=1d) A carbohydrate formed by covalent bonding of numerous monosaccharides. Examples include glycogen and starch. polyuria (pol´´e-yoor´e-ua) Excretion of an excessively large volume of urine in a given period. pons (ponz) The portion of the brain stem just above the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum. popliteal (pop´´lu1-te´al, pop-lit´e-al) Pertaining to the concave region on the posterior aspect of the knee. posterior (pos-t=er´e-or) Toward the back; also called dorsal. posterior pituitary (pu1-too´u1-ter-e) See neurohypophysis. posterior root An aggregation of sensory neuron fibers lying between a spinal nerve and the posterolateral aspect of the spinal cord; also called the dorsal root or sensory root. posterior root ganglion (gang´gle-on) A cluster of cell bodies of sensory neurons located along the posterior root of a spinal nerve. postganglionic neuron (p=ost´´gang-gle-on´ik) The second neuron in an autonomic motor pathway. Its cell body is outside the central nervous system and it terminates at an effector organ. postnatal (p=ost-na´tal) After birth. postsynaptic inhibition (p=ost´´su1-nap´tik) The inhibition of a postsynaptic neuron by axon endings that release a neurotransmitter that induces hyperpolarization (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials). preganglionic neuron (pre´´gang-gle-on´ik) The first neuron in an autonomic motor pathway. Its cell body is inside the central nervous system and it terminates on a postganglionic neuron. pregnancy A condition in which a female is carrying a developing offspring within the body. prenatal (pre-na´tal) Pertaining to the period of offspring development during pregnancy; before birth. prepuce (pre´pyoos) A fold of loose, retractable skin covering the glans of the penis or clitoris; also called the foreskin. presynaptic inhibition (pre´´su1-nap´tik) Neural inhibition in which axoaxonic synapses inhibit the release of neurotransmitter chemicals from the presynaptic axon terminal. prolactin (pro-lak´tin) A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that, in conjunction with other hormones, stimulates lactation in the postpartum female. It may also participate (along with the gonadotropins) in regulating gonadal function in some mammals. pronation (pro-na´shun) A rotational movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned posteriorly. proprioceptor (pro´´pre-o-sep´tor) A sensory nerve ending that responds to changes in tension in a muscle or tendon. prostaglandin (pros´´tua-glan´din) Any of a family of fatty acids that have numerous autocrine regulatory functions, including the stimulation of uterine contractions and of gastric acid secretion and the promotion of inflammation. prostate (pros´t=at) A walnut-shaped gland surrounding the male urethra just below the urinary bladder that secretes an additive to seminal fluid during ejaculation. prosthesis (pros-the´sis) An artificial device to replace a diseased or worn body part. proton (pro´ton) A unit of positive charge in the nucleus of atoms. protoplasm (pro´tuo-plaz´´em) A general term for the colloidal complex of protein that constitutes the living material of a cell. It includes cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. protraction (pro-trak´shun) The movement of a body part, such as the mandible, forward on a plane parallel with the ground; the opposite of retraction. proximal (prok´-su1-mal) Closer to the midplane of the body or to the origin of an appendage; the opposite of distal. pseudohermaphrodite (soo´´duo-her-maf´ruo-d1=t) An individual with some of the physical characteristics of both sexes, but who lacks functioning gonads of both sexes; a true hermaphrodite has both testes and ovaries. pseudopods (soo´duo-podz) Footlike extensions of the cytoplasm that enable some cells (with amoeboid motion) to move across a substrate. Pseudopods are also used to surround food particles in the process of phagocytosis. ptyalin (ti´ua-lin) An enzyme in saliva that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into smaller molecules; also called salivary amylase. puberty (pyoo´ber-te) The period of development in which the reproductive organs become functional. pulmonary (pul´muo-ner´´e) Pertaining to the lungs. pulmonary circulation The system of blood vessels from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs that transports deoxygenated blood and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. pulp cavity A cavity within the center of a tooth that contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. pupil The opening through the iris that permits light to enter the posterior cavity of the eyeball and be refracted by the lens through the vitreous chamber. Purkinje fibers (pur-kin´je) See conduction myofibers. pyloric sphincter (pi-lor´ik sfingk´ter) A modification of the muscularis tunic between the stomach and the duodenum that functions to regulate the food material leaving the stomach. pyramid (pir´ua-mid) Any of several structures that have a pyramidal shape (e.g., the renal pyramids in the kidney and the medullary pyramids on the anterior surface of the brain). pyrogen (pi´ruo-jen) A fever-producing substance. Q QRS complex The principal deflection of an electrocardiogram that is produced by depolarization of the ventricles. R ramus (ra´mus) A branch of a bone, artery, or nerve. raphe (ra´fe) A ridge or a seamlike structure between two similar parts of a body organ, as in the scrotum. receptor (re-sep´tor) A sense organ or a specialized distal end of a sensory neuron that receives stimuli from the environment. rectum (rek´tum) The terminal portion of the GI tract, between the sigmoid colon and the anal canal. red marrow (mar´o) A tissue that forms blood cells, located in the medullary cavity of certain bones. red nucleus (noo´kle-us) An aggregation of gray matter of a reddish color located in the upper portion of the midbrain. It sends fibers to certain brain tracts. reduced hemoglobin (he´muo-glo´´bin) Hemoglobin with iron in the reduced ferrous state. It is able to bond with oxygen but is not combined with oxygen. Also called deoxyhemoglobin. reducing agent An electron donor in a coupled oxidation-reduction reaction. reflex (re´fleks) A rapid involuntary response to a stimulus. reflex arc The basic conduction pathway through the nervous system, consisting of a sensory neuron, an association neuron, and a motor neuron. regional anatomy The division of anatomy concerned with structural arrangement in specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, thorax, or abdomen. renal (re´nal) Pertaining to the kidney. renal corpuscle (kor´pus'l) The portion of the nephron consisting of the glomerulus and a glomerular capsule; also called the malpighian corpuscle. renal cortex The outer portion of the kidney, primarily vascular. renal medulla (mue-dul´ua) The inner portion of the kidney, including the renal pyramids and renal columns. renal pelvis The inner cavity of the kidney formed by the expanded ureter and into which the calyces open. renal plasma clearance rate The milliliters of plasma cleared of a particular solute per minute by the excretion of that solute in the urine. If there is no reabsorption or secretion of that solute by the nephron tubules, the plasma clearance rate is equal to the glomerular filtration rate. renal pyramid A triangular structure within the renal medulla composed of nephron loops and the collecting ducts. repolarization (re-po´´lar-u1-za´shun) The reestablishment of the resting membrane potential after depolarization has occurred. respiration (res´´pu1-ra´shun) The exchange of gases between the external environment and the cells of an organism. respiratory acidosis (ru1-sp=1r´ua-tor-e as´´u1-do´sis) A lowering of the blood pH to below 7.35 due to accumulation of CO2 as a result of hypoventilation. respiratory alkalosis (al´´kua-lo´sis) A rise in blood pH to above 7.45 due to excessive elimination of blood CO2 as a result of hyperventilation. respiratory center The structure or portion of the brain stem that regulates the depth and rate of breathing. respiratory distress syndrome A lung disease of the newborn, most frequently occurring in premature infants, that is caused by abnormally high alveolar surface tension as a result of a deficiency in lung surfactant; also called hyaline membrane disease. respiratory membrane A thin, moistened membrane within the lungs, composed of an alveolar portion and a capillary portion, through which gaseous exchange occurs. rete testis (re´te tes´tis) A network of ducts in the center of the testis associated with the production of spermatozoa. reticular formation (rue-tik´yuu-lar) A network of nervous tissue fibers in the brain stem that arouses the higher brain centers. retina (ret´u1-nua) The principal portion of the internal tunic of the eyeball that contains the photoreceptors. retraction (re-trak´shun) The movement of a body part, such as the mandible, backward on a plane parallel with the ground; the opposite of protraction. retroperitoneal (ret´´ro-per´´u1-tuo-ne´al) Positioned behind the parietal peritoneum. rhodopsin (ro-dop´sin) A pigment in rod cells that undergoes a photochemical dissociation in response to light, and in so doing stimulates electrical activity in the photoreceptors. rhythmicity area (rith-mis´u1-te) A portion of the respiratory control center located in the medulla oblongata that controls inspiratory and expiratory phases. ribosome (ri´bo-s=om) A cytoplasmic organelle composed of protein and RNA in which protein synthesis occurs. rickets (rik´ets) A condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin D and associated with an interference of the normal ossification of bone. right lymphatic duct (lim-fat´ik) A major vessel of the lymphatic system that drains lymph from the upper right portion of the body into the right subclavian vein. rigor mortis (rig´or mor´tis) The stiffening of a dead body due to the depletion of ATP and the production of rigor complexes between actin and myosin in muscles. RNA Ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid consisting of the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil; the sugar ribose; and phosphate groups. There are three types of RNA found in cytoplasm: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). rod A photoreceptor in the retina of the eye that is specialized for colorless, dim-light vision. root canal The hollow, tubular extension of the pulp cavity into the root of the tooth that contains vessels and nerves. rotation (ro-ta´shun) The movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis. round window A round, membrane-covered opening between the middle and inner ear, directly below the oval window; also called the cochlear window. rugae (roo´je) The folds or ridges of the mucosa of an organ. S saccadic eye movements (sua-kad´ik) Very rapid eye movements that occur constantly and that change the focus on the retina from one point to another. saccule (sak´yool) A saclike cavity in the membranous labyrinth inside the vestibule of the inner ear that contains a vestibular organ for equilibrium. sacral (sa´kral) Pertaining to the sacrum. sacral plexus (plek´sus) A network of nerve fibers that arises from spinal nerves L4 through S3. Nerves arising from the sacral plexus merge with those from the lumbar plexus to form the lumbosacral plexus and supply the lower extremity. saddle joint A synovial joint in which the articular surfaces of both bones are concave in one plane and convex or saddle shaped, in the other plane, such as in the distal carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. sagittal plane (saj´u1-tal) A vertical plane, running parallel to the midsagittal plane, that divides the body into unequal right and left portions. salivary gland (sal´u1-ver-e) An accessory digestive gland that secretes saliva into the oral cavity. saltatory conduction (sal´tua-to´´re) The rapid passage of action potentials from one node of Ranvier (neurofibril node) to another in myelinated axons. sarcolemma (sar´´kuo-lem´ua) The cell membrane of a muscle fiber. sarcomere (sar´´kuo-m=er) The portion of a striated muscle fiber between the two adjacent Z lines that is considered the functional unit of a myofibril. sacroplasm (sar´kuo-plaz´´em) The cytoplasm within a muscle fiber. sarcoplasmic reticulum (sar´´kuo-plaz´mik rue-tik´yuu-lum) The smooth or agranular endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle cells. It surrounds each myofibril and stores Ca++ when the muscle is at rest. scala tympani (ska´lau tim´pua-ne) The lower channel of the cochlea that is filled with perilymph. scala vestibuli (vue-stib´yuu-le) The upper channel of the cochlea that is filled with perilymph. Schwann cell (schwahn) See neurolemmocyte. sclera (skler´ua) The outer white layer of fibrous connective tissue that forms the protective covering of the eyeball. scleral venous sinus (ve´nus) A circular venous drainage for the aqueous humor from the anterior chamber; located at the junction of the sclera and the cornea; also called the canal of Schlemm. scrotum (skro´tum) A pouch of skin that contains the testes and their accessory organs. sebaceous gland (sue-ba´shus) An exocrine gland of the skin that secretes sebum. sebum (se´bum) An oily, waterproofing secretion of the sebaceous glands. second messenger A molecule or ion whose concentration within a target cell is increased by the action of a regulatory compound (e.g., a hormone or neurotransmitter) and which stimulates the metabolism of that target cell in a way that mediates the intracellular effects of that regulatory compound. secretin (sue-kre´tin) A polypeptide hormone secreted by the small intestine in response to acidity of the intestinal lumen. Along with cholecystokinin, secretin stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice into the small intestine. semen (se´men) The thick, whitish secretion of the reproductive organs of the male, consisting of spermatozoa and additives from the prostate and seminal vesicles. semicircular canals Tubule channels within the inner ear that contain receptors for equilibrium. semilunar valve (sem´´e-loo´nar) Crescent- or half-moon-shaped heart valves positioned at the entrances to the aorta and the pulmonary trunk. seminal vesicles (sem´u1-nal ves´u1-k'lz) A pair of accessory male reproductive organs lying posterior and inferior to the urinary bladder that secrete additives to spermatozoa into the ejaculatory ducts. seminiferous tubules (sem´´u1-nif´er-us too´byoolz) Numerous small ducts in the testes, where spermatozoa are produced. semipermeable membrane (sem´´e-per´me-ua-b'l) A membrane with pores of a size that permits the passage of solvent and some solute molecules while restricting the passage of other solute molecules. senescence (sue-nes´ens) The process of aging. sensory area A region of the cerebral cortex that receives and interprets sensory nerve impulses. sensory neuron (noor´on) A nerve cell that conducts an impulse from a receptor organ to the central nervous system; also called an afferent neuron. septum (sep´tum) A membranous or fleshy wall dividing two cavities. serous membrane (ser´us) An epithelial and connective tissue membrane that lines body cavities and covers visceral organs within these cavities; also called serosa. Sertoli cells (ser-to´le) See sustentacular cells. serum (ser´um) Blood plasma with the clotting elements removed. sesamoid bone (ses´ua-moid) A membranous bone formed in a tendon in response to joint stress (e.g., the patella). sex chromosomes The X and Y chromosomes; the unequal pairs of chromosomes involved in sex determination (which is based on the presence or absence of a Y chromosome). Females lack a Y chromosome and normally have the genotype XX; males have a Y chromosome and normally have the genotype XY. shock As it relates to the cardiovascular system, this term refers to a rapid, uncontrolled fall in blood pressure, which in some cases becomes irreversible and leads to death. shoulder The region of the body where the humerus articulates with the scapula. sickle-cell anemia A hereditary, autosomal recessive trait that occurs primarily in people of African ancestry, in which it evolved apparently as a protection (in the carrier state) against malaria. In the homozygous state, hemoglobin S is made instead of hemoglobin A; this leads to the characteristic sickling of red blood cells, hemolytic anemia, and organ damage. sigmoid colon (sig´moid ko´lon) The S-shaped portion of the large intestine between the descending colon and the rectum. sinoatrial node (sin´´no-a´tre-al) A mass of specialized cardiac tissue in the wall of the right atrium that initiates the cardiac cycle; the SA node; also called the pacemaker. sinus (si´nus) A cavity or hollow space within a body organ, such as a bone. sinusoid (si´nuu-soid) A small, blood-filled space in certain organs, such as the spleen or liver. skeletal muscle A specialized type of multinucleated muscle tissue that occurs in bundles, has crossbands of proteins, and contracts in either a voluntary or involuntary fashion. sleep apnea (ap´ne-ua) A temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, usually lasting for several seconds. sliding filament theory The theory that the thick and thin filaments of a myofibril slide past each other during muscle contraction, while maintaining their initial length. small intestine The portion of the GI tract between the stomach and the cecum whose function is the absorption of food nutrients. smooth muscle A specialized type of nonstriated muscle tissue composed of fusiform, single-nucleated fibers. It contracts in an involuntary, rhythmic fashion within the walls of visceral organs. sodium/potassium pump (so´de-um puo-tas´e-um) An active transport carrier with ATPase enzymatic activity that acts to accumulate K+ within cells and extrude Na+ from cells, thus maintaining gradients for these ions across the cell membrane. soft palate (pal´at) The fleshy, posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, from the palatine bones to the uvula. somatic (so-mat´ik) Pertaining to the nonvisceral parts of the body. somatomedins (so´´mat´uo-m=ed-inz) A group of small polypeptides believed to be produced in the liver in response to growth hormone stimulation and to mediate the actions of growth hormone on the skeleton and other tissues. somatostatin (so-mat´´uo-st=at´in) A polypeptide produced in the hypothalamus that acts to inhibit the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary. Somatostatin is also produced in the pancreatic islets, but its function there has not been established. somatotropic hormone (so-mat´´uo-trop´ik) Growth hormone; an anabolic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates skeletal growth and protein synthesis in many organs. sounds of Korotkoff (kuo-rot´kof) The sounds heard when pressure measurements are taken. These sounds are produced by the turbulent flow of blood through an artery that has been partially constricted by a pressure cuff. spermatic cord (sper-mat´ik) The structure of the male reproductive system composed of the ductus deferens, spermatic vessels, nerves, cremaster muscle, and connective tissue. The spermatic cord extends from a testis to the inguinal ring. spermatogenesis (sper-mat´´uo-jen´u1-sis) The production of male sex gametes, or spermatozoa. spermatozoon (sper-mat´´uo-zo´on), pl. spermatozoa or, loosely, sperm A mature male sperm cell, or gamete. spermiogenesis (sper´´me-uo-jen´ue-sis) The maturational changes that transform spermatids into spermatozoa. sphincter (sfingk´ter) A circular muscle that functions to constrict a body opening or the lumen of a tubular structure. sphincter of ampulla The muscular constriction at the opening of the common bile and pancreatic ducts; also called the sphincter of Oddi. sphincter of Oddi (o´de) See sphincter of ampulla. sphygmomanometer (sfig´´mo-mua-nom´u1-ter) A manometer (pressure transducer) used to measure the blood pressure. spinal cord (spi´nal) The portion of the central nervous system that extends downward from the brain stem through the vertebral canal. spinal ganglion A cluster of nerve cell bodies on the posterior root of a spinal nerve. spinal nerve One of the 31 pairs of nerves that arise from the spinal cord. spindle fibers (spin´d'l) Filaments that extend from the poles of a cell to its equator and attach to the chromosomes during the metaphase stage of cell division. Contraction of the spindle fibers pulls the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. spinous process (spi´nus) A sharp projection of bone or a ridge of bone, such as on the scapula. spiral organ The functional unit of hearing, consisting of a basilar membrane supporting receptor hair cells and a tectorial membrane within the endolymph of the cochlear duct; also known as the organ of Corti. spironolactones (spi´´ruo-no-lak´t=onz) Diuretic drugs that act as an aldosterone antagonist. spleen (spl=en) A large, blood-filled, glandular organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen and attached by mesenteries to the stomach. spongy bone Bone tissue with a latticelike structure; also called cancellous bone. squamous (skwa´mus) Flat or scalelike. stapes (sta´p=ez) The innermost of the auditory ossicles that fits against the oval window of the inner ear; also called the stirrup. steroid (ster´oid) A lipid, derived from cholesterol, that has three 6-sided carbon rings and one 5-sided carbon ring. These form the steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex and gonads. stomach A pouchlike digestive organ located between the esophagus and the duodenum. stratified (strat´u1-f=1d) Arranged in layers, or strata. stratum basale (stra´tum bua-sua´le) The deepest epidermal layer, where mitotic activity occurs. stratum corneum (kor´ne-um) The outer, cornified layer of the epidermis of the skin. stroke volume The amount of blood ejected from each ventricle at each heartbeat. stroma (stro´mua) A connective tissue framework in an organ, gland, or other tissue. subarachnoid space (sub´´ua-rak´noid) The space within the meninges between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, where cerebrospinal fluid flows. sublingual gland (sub-ling´gwal) One of the three pairs of salivary glands. It is located below the tongue and its duct opens to the side of the lingual frenulum. submandibular gland (sub´´man-dib´yuu-lar) One of the three pairs of salivary glands. It is located below the mandible and its duct opens to the side of the lingual frenulum. submucosa (sub´´myoo-ko´sa) A layer of supportive connective tissue that underlies a mucous membrane. submucosal plexus (sub´´myoo-k=os´al plek´sus) A network of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers located in the submucosa tunic of the small intestine; also called the plexus of Meissner. substrate (sub´str=at) In enzymatic reactions, the molecules that combine with the amino acids lining the active sites of an enzyme and are converted to products by catalysis of the enzyme. sulcus (sul´kus) A shallow impression or groove. superficial (soo´´per-fish´al) Toward or near the surface. superficial fascia (fash´e-ua) A binding layer of connective tissue between the dermis of the skin and the underlying muscle. superior Toward the upper part of a structure or toward the head; also called cephalic. superior vena cava A large systemic vein that collects blood from regions of the body superior to the heart and returns it to the right atrium. supination (soo´´pu1-na´shun) Rotation of the arm so that the palm is directed forward or anteriorly; the opposite of pronation. suppressor T cell A subpopulation of T lymphocytes that acts to inhibit the production of antibodies against specific antigens by B lymphocytes. surface anatomy The division of anatomy concerned with the structures that can be identified from the outside of the body. surfactant (sur-fak´tant) A substance produced by the lungs that decreases the surface tension within the alveoli. suspensory ligament (suu-spen´suo-re) 1.A portion of the peritoneum that extends laterally from the surface of the ovary to the wall of the pelvic cavity. 877 2.A ligament that supports an organ or body part, such as that supporting the lens of the eye. sustentacular cells (sus-ten-tak´yuu-lar) Specialized cells within the testes that supply nutrients to developing spermatozoa; also called Sertoli cells or nurse cells. sutural bone (soo´chur-al) A small bone positioned within a suture of certain cranial bones; also called a wormian bone. suture (soo´chur) A type of fibrous joint found between bones of the skull. sweat gland A skin gland that secretes a fluid substance for evaporative cooling. sympathetic (sim´´pua-thet´ik) Pertaining to the division of the autonomic nervous system concerned with activities that, in general, arouse the body for physical activity; also called the thoracolumbar division. symphysis (sim´fu1-sis) A type of cartilaginous joint characterized by a fibrocartilaginous pad between the articulating bones, which provides slight movement. symphysis pubis (pyoo´bis) A slightly movable joint located anteriorly between the two pubic bones of the pelvic girdle. synapse (sin´aps) A minute space between the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron and a dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron. synarthrosis (sin´´ar-thro´sis) A fibrous joint, such as a syndesmosis or a suture. synchondrosis (sin´´kon-dro´sis) A cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones are separated by hyaline cartilage. syndesmosis (sin´´des-mo´sis) A type of fibrous joint in which two bones are united by an interosseous ligament. synergist (sin´er-jist) A muscle that assists the action of the prime mover. synergistic (sin´´er-jis´tik) Pertaining to regulatory processes or molecules (such as hormones) that have complementary or additive effects. synovial cavity (su1-no´ve-al) A space between the two bones of a synovial joint, filled with synovial fluid. synovial joint A freely movable joint in which there is a synovial cavity between the articulating bones; also called a diarthrotic joint. synovial membrane The inner membrane of a synovial capsule that secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity. system A group of body organs that function together. systemic (sis-tem´ik) Relating to the entire organism rather than to individual parts. systemic anatomy The division of anatomy concerned with the structure and function of the various systems. systemic circulation The portion of the circulatory system concerned with blood flow from the left ventricle of the heart to the entire body and back to the heart via the right atrium (in contrast to the pulmonary system, which involves the lungs). systole (sis´tuo-le) The muscular contraction of a heart chamber during the cardiac cycle. systolic pressure (sis-tol´ik) Arterial blood pressure during the ventricular systolic phase of the cardiac cycle. T tachycardia (tak´´u1-kar´de-ua) An excessively rapid heart rate, usually in excess of 100 beats per minute (in contrast to bradycardia, in which the heart rate is very slow). tactile (tak´til) Pertaining to the sense of touch. taeniae coli (te´ne-e ko´li) The three longitudinal bands of muscle in the wall of the large intestine. target organ The specific body organ that a particular hormone affects. tarsal gland An oil-secreting gland that opens on the exposed edge of each eyelid; also called a meibomian gland. tarsus (tar´sus) The region of the foot containing the seven tarsal bones. taste bud An organ containing the chemocreceptors associated with the sense of taste. T cell A type of lymphocyte that provides cell-mediated immunity (in contrast to B lymphocytes, which provide humoral immunity through the secretion of antibodies). There are three subpopulations of T cells: cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor. tectorial membrane (tek-to´re-al) A gelatinous membrane positioned over the hair cells of the spiral organ in the cochlea. telencephalon (tel´´en-sef´ua-lon) The anterior portion of the forebrain, constituting the cerebral hemispheres and related parts. tendo calcaneous (ten´do kal-ka´ne-us) The tendon that attaches the calf muscles to the calcaneous bone; also called the Achilles tendon. tendon (ten´dun) A band of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. tendon sheath A covering of synovial membrane surrounding certain tendons. tentorium cerebelli (ten-to´re-um ser´´ue-bel´e) An extension of dura mater that forms a partition between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum and covers the cerebellum. teratogen (tue-rat´uo-jen) Any agent or factor that causes a physical defect in a developing embryo or fetus. testis (tes´tis) The primary reproductive organ of a male that produces spermatozoa and male sex hormones. testosterone (tes-tos´tue-r=on) The major androgenic steroid secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes after puberty. tetanus (tet´n-us) A smooth contraction of a muscle (as opposed to muscle twitching). thalamus (thal´ua-mus) An oval mass of gray matter within the diencephalon that serves as a sensory relay center. thalassemia (thal´´ua-se´me-ua) Any of a group of hemolytic anemias caused by the hereditary inability to produce either the alpha or beta chain of hemoglobin. It is found primarily among Mediterranean people. thigh The proximal portion of the lower extremity between the hip and the knee in which the femur is located. third ventricle (ven´tr1u-k'l) A narrow cavity between the right and left halves of the thalamus and between the lateral ventricles that contains cerebrospinal fluid. thoracic (tho-ras´ik) Pertaining to the chest region. thoracic duct The major lymphatic vessel of the body that drains lymph from the entire body, except for the upper right quadrant, and returns it to the left subclavian vein. thorax (thor´aks) The chest. threshold stimulus The weakest stimulus capable of producing an action potential in an excitable cell. thrombocyte (throm´buo-s=1t) A blood platelet formed from a fragmented megakaryocyte. thrombus (throm´bus) A blood clot produced by the formation of fibrin threads around a platelet plug. thymus (thi´mus) A bilobed lymphoid organ positioned in the upper mediastinum, posterior to the sternum and between the lungs. thyroid cartilage (thi´roid kar´tu1-lij) The largest cartilage in the larynx that supports and protects the vocal cords; commonly called the Adam's apple. thyroxine (thi-rok´sin) Also called tetraiodothyronine, or T4. The major hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, which regulates the basal metabolic rate and stimulates protein synthesis in many organs. A deficiency of this hormone in early childhood produces cretinism. tinnitus (tu1-ni´tus) The spontaneous sensation of a ringing sound or other noise without sound stimuli. tissue An aggregation of similar cells and their binding intercellular substance, joined to perform a specific function. tongue A protrusible muscular organ on the floor of the oral cavity. tonsil (ton´sil) A node of lymphoid tissue located in the mucous membrane of the pharynx. toxin (tok´sin) A poison. trabeculae (trua-bek´yuu-le) A supporting framework of fibers crossing the substance of a structure, as in the lamellae of spongy bone. trachea (tra´ke-ua) The airway leading from the larynx to the bronchi, composed of cartilaginous rings and a ciliated mucosal lining of the lumen; commonly called the windpipe. tract A bundle of nerve fibers within the central nervous system. transamination (trans´´am-u1-na´shun) The transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to an alpha-keto acid, forming a new keto acid and a new amino acid without the appearance of free ammonia. transpulmonary pressure (trans´´pul´muo-ner´´e) The pressure difference across the wall of the lung, equal to the difference between intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure. transverse colon (trans-vers´ ko´lon) A portion of the large intestine that extends from right to left across the abdomen between the hepatic and splenic flexures. transverse fissure (fish´ur) The prominent cleft that horizontally separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. transverse plane A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions; also called a horizontal, or cross-sectional, plane. tricuspid valve (tri-kus´pid) The heart valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. trigone (tri´g=on) A triangular area in the urinary bladder between the openings of the ureters and the urethra. triiodothyronine (tri´´i-o´´do-thi´ruo-n=en) Abbreviated T3; a hormone secreted in small amounts by the thyroid; the active hormone in target cells, formed from thyroxine. trochanter (tro-kan´ter) A broad, prominent process on the proximolateral portion of the femur. trochlea (trok´le-ua) A pulleylike anatomical structure (e.g., the medial surface of the distal end of the humerus that articulates with the ulna). tropomyosin (tro´´puo-mi´uo-sin) A filamentous protein that attaches to actin in the thin myofilaments and that acts, together with another protein called troponin, to inhibit and regulate the attachment of myosin cross bridges to actin. true vocal cords Folds of the mucous membrane in the larynx that produce sound as they are pulled taut and vibrated. trunk The thorax and abdomen together. trypsin (trip´sin) A protein-digesting enzyme in pancreatic juice that is released into the small intestine. tubercle (too´ber-k'l) A small, elevated process on a bone. tuberosity (too´bu1-ros´u1-te) An elevation or protuberance on a bone. tunica albuginea (too´nu1-kua al´´byoo-jin´e-ua) A tough, fibrous tissue surrounding the testis. tympanic membrane (tim-pan´ik) The membranous eardrum positioned between the external and middle ear. U umbilical cord (um-bu1´lu1-kal) A cordlike structure containing the umbilical arteries and vein and connecting the fetus with the placenta. umbilicus (um-bu1-lu1-kus) The site where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus; commonly called the navel. unipolar neuron (yoo´nu1-po-lar noor´on) A nerve cell that has a single nerve fiber extending from its cell body. universal donor A person with blood type O who is able to donate blood to people with other blood types in emergency blood transfusions. universal recipient A person with blood type AB who can receive blood of any type in emergency transfusions. upper extremity The appendage attached to the pectoral girdle, consisting of the shoulder, brachium, elbow, antebrachium, and hand. urea (yoo-re´ua) The chief nitrogenous waste product of protein catabolism in the urine, formed in the liver from amino acids. uremia (yoo-re´me-ua) The retention of urea and other products of protein catabolism as a result of inadequate kidney function. ureter (yoo-re´ter) A tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. urethra (yoo-re´thrua) A tube that transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. urinary bladder (yoo´ru1-ner´´e) A distensible sac that stores urine, situated in the pelvic cavity posterior to the symphysis pubis. urobilinogen (yoo´´ruo-bi-lin´uo-jen) A compound formed from bilirubin in the small intestine; some is excreted in the feces, and some is absorbed and enters the enterohepatic circulation, where it may be excreted either in the bile or in the urine. uterine tube (yoo´ter-in) The tube through which the ovum is transported to the uterus and the site of fertilization; also called the oviduct or fallopian tube. uterus (yoo´ter-us) A hollow, muscular organ in which a fetus develops. It is located within the female pelvis between the urinary bladder and the rectum; commonly called the womb. utricle (yoo´tru1-k'l) An enlarged portion of the membranous labyrinth, located within the vestibule of the inner ear. uvula (yoo´vyuu-lua) A fleshy, pendulous portion of the soft palate that blocks the nasopharynx during swallowing. V vacuole (vak-yoo´=ol) A small space or cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. vagina (vua-ji´nua) A tubular organ leading from the uterus to the vestibule of the female reproductive tract that receives the male penis during coitus. vallate papillae (val´=at pua-pil´e) The largest papillae on the surface of the tongue. They are arranged in an inverted V-shaped pattern at the posterior portion of the tongue. vasectomy (vua-sek´tuo-me, va-zek´tuo-me) Surgical removal of portions of the ductus deferentia to induce infertility. vasoconstriction (va´´zo-kon-strik´shun) Narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels due to contraction of the smooth muscles in their walls. vasodilation (va´´zo-di-la´shun) Widening of the lumen of blood vessels due to relaxation of the smooth muscles in their walls. vasomotor center (va´´zo-mo´tor) A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the medulla oblongata that controls the diameter of blood vessels. It is therefore important in regulating blood pressure. vein (v=an) A blood vessel that conveys blood toward the heart. vena cava (ve´nau ka´vua) One of two large vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. ventilation (ven´´tu1-la´shun) Breathing; the process of moving air into and out of the lungs. ventral (ven´tral) Toward the front or facing surface; the opposite of dorsal; also called inferior. ventricle (ven´tru1-k'l) A cavity within an organ; especially those cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid and those in the heart that contain blood to be pumped from the heart. venule (ven´yool) A small vessel that carries venous blood from capillaries to a vein. vermis (ver´mis) The coiled middle lobular structure that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres. vertebral canal (ver´tue-bral) The tubelike cavity extending through the vertebral column that contains the spinal cord; also called the spinal canal. vertigo (ver´tu1-go) A feeling of movement or loss of equilibrium. vestibular window See oval window. vestibule (ves´tu1-byool) A space or cavity at the entrance to a canal, especially that of the nose, inner ear, or vagina. villus (vil´us) A minute projection that extends outward into the lumen from the mucosal layer of the small intestine. virulent (vir´yuu-lent) Pathogenic; able to cause disease. viscera (vis´er-a) The organs within the abdominal or thoracic cavities. visceral (vis´er-al) Pertaining to the membranous covering of the viscera. visceral peritoneum (per´´u1-tuo-ne´um) A serous membrane that covers the surfaces of abdominal viscera. visceral pleura (ploor´ua) A serous membrane that covers the surfaces of the lungs. visceroceptor (vis´´er-uo-sep´tor) A sensory receptor located within body organs that responds to information concerning the internal environment. vitreous humor (vit´re-us hyoo´mer) The transparent gel that occupies the space between the lens and retina of the eyeball. Volkmann's canal (f=olk´manz) See perforating canal. vulva (vul´vua) The external genitalia of the female that surround the opening of the vagina. W white matter Bundles of myelinated axons located in the central nervous system. wormian bone (wer´me-an) See sutural bone. Y yellow marrow (mar´o) Specialized lipid storage tissue within bone cavities. Z zygote (zi´g=ot) A fertilized egg cell formed by the union of a sperm cell and an ovum. zymogens (zi´muo-jenz) Inactive enzymes that become active when part of their structure is removed by the action of another enzyme or by some other means.	i don't know
In British slang, which vegetable is the name of the snippets of cloth appropriated by a tailor from a customer’s material?	Cabbage \| Define Cabbage at Dictionary.com C17: of uncertain origin; perhaps related to Old French cabas theft Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for cabbage Expand n. mid-15c., caboge, from Middle French caboche "head" (in dialect, "cabbage"), from Old French caboce "head," a diminutive from Latin caput "head" (see capitulum ). Introduced to Canada 1541 by Jacques Cartier on his third voyage. First written record of it in U.S. is 1660s. The decline of "ch" to "j" in the unaccented final syllable parallels the common pronunciation of spinach, sandwich, Greenwich, etc. The comparison of a head of cabbage to the head of a person (usually disparaging to the latter) is at least as old as Old French cabus "(head of) cabbage; nitwit, blockhead," from Italian cappuccio, diminutive of capo. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Slang definitions & phrases for cabbage Expand	Cabbage
Which word is said to be used by actors to simulate conversion?	What is the meaning of Cabbage, what is the definition of Cabbage, Cabbage means Definition of Cabbage Cabbage v. i. means: To form a head like that the cabbage; as, to make lettuce cabbage. What is the meaning/definition of Cabbage ? Cabbage v. i. means: To form a head like that the cabbage; as, to make lettuce cabbage. Meaning of Cabbage Cabbage (v. i.) means: To form a head like that the cabbage; as, to make lettuce cabbage. More meanings / definitions of Cabbage or words, sentences containing Cabbage? Cabbage (n.): The terminal bud of certain palm trees, used, like, cabbage, for food. See Cabbage tree, below.: Example: Cabbage (v. i.): To form a head like that the cabbage; as, to make lettuce cabbage.: Example: Palmetto (n.): A name given to palms of several genera and species growing in the West Indies and the Southern United States. In the United States, the name is applied especially to the Chamaerops, / Sabal, Palmetto, the cabbage tree of Florida and the Carolinas. See Cabbage tree, under Cabbage.: Example: Brassicaceous (a.): Related to, or resembling, the cabbage, or plants of the Cabbage family.: Example: Calicoback (n.): An hemipterous insect (Murgantia histrionica) which injures the cabbage and other garden plants; -- called also calico bug and harlequin cabbage bug.: Example: Cabbage (n.): An esculent vegetable of many varieties, derived from the wild Brassica oleracea of Europe. The common cabbage has a compact head of leaves. The cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, etc., are sometimes classed as cabbages.: Example: White (n.): Any one of numerous species of butterflies belonging to Pieris, and allied genera in which the color is usually white. See Cabbage butterfly, under Cabbage.: Example: Pierid (n.): Any butterfly of the genus Pieris and related genera. See Cabbage butterfly, under Cabbage.: Example: Cabbage (n.): The cabbage palmetto. See below.: Example: Sea colewort (): Sea cabbage.: Example: Cabbaging (p. pr. & vb. n.): of Cabbage: Example: Cabbaged (imp. & p. p): of Cabbage: Example: Skunkweed (n.): Skunk cabbage.: Example: Kail (n.): Any cabbage, greens, or vegetables.: Example: Coleslaw (n.): A salad made of sliced cabbage.: Example: Kail (n.): A kind of headless cabbage. Same as Kale, 1.: Example: Colewort (n.): Any white cabbage before the head has become firm.: Example: Slaw (n.): Sliced cabbage served as a salad, cooked or uncooked.: Example: Colewort (n.): A variety of cabbage in which the leaves never form a compact head.: Example: Cabbage (n.): Cloth or clippings cabbaged or purloined by one who cuts out garments.: Example: Collards (n. pl.): Young cabbage, used as "greens"; esp. a kind cultivated for that purpose; colewort.: Example: Head (n.): A dense, compact mass of leaves, as in a cabbage or a lettuce plant.: Example: Cabbage (v. i.): To purloin or embezzle, as the pieces of cloth remaining after cutting out a garment; to pilfer.: Example: Cole (n.): A plant of the Brassica or Cabbage genus; esp. that form of B. oleracea called rape and coleseed.: Example: Savoy (n.): A variety of the common cabbage (Brassica oleracea major), having curled leaves, -- much cultivated for winter use.: Example: Sauerkraut (n.): Cabbage cut fine and allowed to ferment in a brine made of its own juice with salt, -- a German dish.: Example: Cauliflower (n.): An annual variety of Brassica oleracea, or cabbage, of which the cluster of young flower stalks and buds is eaten as a vegetable.: Example: Kohl-rabi (n.): A variety of cabbage, in which the edible part is a large, turnip-shaped swelling of the stem, above the surface of the ground.: Example: Broccoli (n.): A plant of the Cabbage species (Brassica oleracea) of many varieties, resembling the cauliflower. The "curd," or flowering head, is the part used for food.: Example: Colza (n.): A variety of cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cultivated for its seeds, which yield an oil valued for illuminating and lubricating purposes; summer rape.: Example: Borecole (n.): A brassicaceous plant of many varieties, cultivated for its leaves, which are not formed into a compact head like the cabbage, but are loose, and are generally curled or wrinkled; kale.: Example: Kale (n.): A variety of cabbage in which the leaves do not form a head, being nearly the original or wild form of the species.: Example: Head (v. i.): To form a head; as, this kind of cabbage heads early.: Example: Heart (v. i.): To form a compact center or heart; as, a hearting cabbage.: Example: Glaucous (a.): Covered with a fine bloom or fine white powder easily rubbed off, as that on a blue plum, or on a cabbage leaf.: Example: Provence rose (): The cabbage rose (Rosa centifolia).: Example: Headed (a.): Formed into a head; as, a headed cabbage.: Example: Vegetable (n.): A plant used or cultivated for food for man or domestic animals, as the cabbage, turnip, potato, bean, dandelion, etc.; also, the edible part of such a plant, as prepared for market or the table.: Example: Redhorn (n.): Any species of a tribe of butterflies (Fugacia) including the common yellow species and the cabbage butterflies. The antennae are usually red.: Example: Cutworm (n.): A caterpillar which at night eats off young plants of cabbage, corn, etc., usually at the ground. Some kinds ascend fruit trees and eat off the flower buds. During the day, they conceal themselves in the earth. The common cutworms are the larvae of various species of Agrotis and related genera of noctuid moths.: Example: Brassica (n.): A genus of plants embracing several species and varieties differing much in appearance and qualities: such as the common cabbage (B. oleracea), broccoli, cauliflowers, etc.; the wild turnip (B. campestris); the common turnip (B. rapa); the rape or coleseed (B. napus), etc.: Example: Sea cabbage (): See Sea kale, under Kale.: Example: Like to add another meaning or definition of Cabbage? Words, slangs, sentences and phrases similar to Cabbage Meaning of CABBAGE CABBAGE means: Cabbage is slang for a brain−damaged or inert person. Cabbage is British slang for money.Cabbage is British slang for snippets of cloth appropriated by a tailor from a customer's material. Cabbage is nursing slang for a coronary artery bypass graft (a coronary bypass). Meaning of CABBAGE HEAD CABBAGE HEAD means: Cabbage head is slang for a simpleton, a fool, an idiot. Meaning of Cabbage Cabbage Mechanic means: (RN) Cook. Meaning of St. Pats St. Pats means: Corned beef and cabbage Meaning of cabbage cabbage means: n Money, especially in the form of bills. Meaning of St. Pats St. Pats means: Corned beef and cabbage Meaning of Irish turkey Irish turkey means: Corned beef and cabbage Meaning of Irish turkey Irish turkey means: Corned beef and cabbage Meaning of Noah's boy with Murphy carrying a wreath Noah's boy with Murphy carrying a wreath means: Ham and potatoes with cabbage Meaning of Noah's boy with Murphy carrying a wreath Noah's boy with Murphy carrying a wreath means: Ham and potatoes with cabbage Meaning of Skunk Cabbage Skunk Cabbage means: A strong-scented, repulsive plant. Meaning of cabbage head cabbage head means: An individual who will use or experiment with any kind of drug Meaning of Cabbage Looking (not so green as you're ...) Cabbage Looking (not so green as you're ...) means: Discovered to be clever, or at least not quite so thick as previously thought. Meaning of bublem-squeak bublem-squeak means: cooked corned beef and cabbage made into a hash Meaning of faire chou blanc faire chou blanc means: draw a blank (lit.: make a white cabbage) Meaning of Cabbage, lettuce, kale, folding green, long green. Cabbage, lettuce, kale, folding green, long green. means: color of money Meaning of JOE SAVAGE JOE SAVAGE means: Joe Savage is London Cockney rhyming slang for cabbage. Meaning of Cabbage Cabbage means: The terminal bud of certain palm trees, used, like, cabbage, for food. See Cabbage tree, below. Meaning of Cabbage Cabbage means: To form a head like that the cabbage; as, to make lettuce cabbage. Meaning of Palmetto Palmetto means: A name given to palms of several genera and species growing in the West Indies and the Southern United States. In the United States, the name is applied especially to the Chamaerops, / Sabal, Palmetto, the cabbage tree of Florida and the Carolinas. See Cabbage tree, under Cabbage. Meaning of Brassicaceous Brassicaceous means: Related to, or resembling, the cabbage, or plants of the Cabbage family. Meaning of Calicoback Calicoback means: An hemipterous insect (Murgantia histrionica) which injures the cabbage and other garden plants; -- called also calico bug and harlequin cabbage bug. Meaning of Cabbage Cabbage means: An esculent vegetable of many varieties, derived from the wild Brassica oleracea of Europe. The common cabbage has a compact head of leaves. The cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, etc., are sometimes classed as cabbages. Meaning of White White means: Any one of numerous species of butterflies belonging to Pieris, and allied genera in which the color is usually white. See Cabbage butterfly, under Cabbage. Meaning of Pierid Pierid means: Any butterfly of the genus Pieris and related genera. See Cabbage butterfly, under Cabbage. Meaning of Cabbage Cabbage means: The cabbage palmetto. See below. Meaning of Sea colewort Sea colewort means: Sea cabbage. Meaning of Cabbaging	i don't know
Which member of the band Take That has a twin brother named Justin?	Jason Orange - IMDb IMDb Soundtrack \| Actor Member of Take That-one of the most successful british bands of all time. Has a twin brother named Justin who works as a DJ in the Manchester area. Has 5 brothers total. Parents divorced when he was young. Used to make appearanced on the Britsh show "The Hitman and Her". Has stayed out of the music industry since the Take That split. See full bio » Born: a list of 100 people created 04 Jan 2013 a list of 101 people created 21 Apr 2013 a list of 81 people created 19 Aug 2013 a list of 68 people created 13 Apr 2014 a list of 74 people created 20 May 2014 Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Jason Orange's work have you seen? User Polls - Paul Burrell (2016) ... (writer: "Patience" - uncredited) - Tamara Beckwith (2016) ... (writer: "Rule the World" - uncredited) Coronation Street (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes, 2015) (performer - 1 episode, 2015) - Episode #1.8693 (2015) ... (writer: "Greatest Day" - uncredited) - Episode #1.8692 (2015) ... (performer: "Greatest Day" - uncredited) / (writer: "Greatest Day" - uncredited) Dancing on Ice (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes, 2014) (writer - 2 episodes, 2014) - Week 1: The Skate-Off (2014) ... (performer: "Patience" - uncredited) / (writer: "Patience" - uncredited) - Week 1 (2014) ... (performer: "Patience" - uncredited) / (writer: "Patience" - uncredited) The X Factor (TV Series) (writer - 3 episodes, 2008 - 2012) (performer - 1 episode, 2008) - Live Final (2012) ... (writer: "Rule the World" - uncredited) - Live Show 1 (2012) ... (writer: "Rule the World" - uncredited) - Episode #5.23 (2008) ... (performer: "Greatest Day" - uncredited) - Auditions 1 (2008) ... (writer: "Rule The World", "Patience" - uncredited) 2011 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Episode #20.47 (2011) ... (writer: "5 O'clock" - uncredited) 2011 X-Men: First Class (writer: "Love Love" - as Orange) 2010 Dragons' Den (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - What Happened Next: Duncan Bannatyne (2010) ... (writer: "Who'd Have Known" - uncredited) Live from Studio Five (TV Series) (writer - 2 episodes, 2010) (performer - 1 episode, 2010) - Episode #1.137 (2010) ... (performer: "Shine", "Patience", "Rule the World") / (writer: "Shine", "Patience", "Rule the World")	Jason Orange
In the human body, and Infantile Haemangioma is better known by what name?	Take That's Jason Orange quits; bandmates say it's a huge loss 25/09/14 Jason Orange has announced he has left Take That and will not be recording a new album with the band. He said there had been "no fallings out" and he had "spent some of the best years" of his life with them. The 44-year-old has issued a statement to say he did not want to "commit" to making and promoting a new album. His bandmates, Gary Barlow, Howard Donald and Mark Owen, said his departure was "a huge loss". Image caption The band were rejoined by Robbie Williams in 2010. The band formed in 1990, split up in 1996 but four of the five members re-formed for a successful comeback in 2005. In a statement Orange said: "I want to start by saying how proud I am of what we have achieved together over the years. "I have spent some of the best years of my life with Take That and I'd like to thank everyone who has been a part of my journey, including my band mates, who I feel are like brothers to me. "Most especially my gratitude goes to all of the good and kind, beautiful and ever-loyal fans of the band, without whom none of this could have been possible. Thank-you." Orange said he was "proud" of what the band had achieved since forming in 1990, including a hugely successful comeback in 2005. Image caption Take That performed at the 2012 Olympics closing ceremony. "At the end of The Progress Tour I began to question whether it might be the right time for me to not continue on with Take That," he said. "At the start of this year and with my full knowledge and blessing the guys began writing new material. "There have been no fallings out, only a decision on my part that I no longer wish to do this. "I know how much Mark, Gary and Howard enjoy writing and making music, and they know that they have my full support and encouragement to continue on with what is to be another chapter for the band." Image caption Founding member Robbie Williams, left the band in 1995 but rejoined for an album in 2010 A joint statement from the remaining bandmates said: "We first became aware of Jason's reservations a couple of years ago but had hoped that by giving him the desired time and space he may begin to feel differently. "This has not been the case and we now have to accept and fully respect his decision which we know hasn't been an easy one." After the band got back together in 2005, they were were briefly rejoined by fifth founder member Robbie Williams for the 2010 album Progress. The singer famously left the band in 1995 after many disagreements with the management and group members. Williams went on to launch a hugely successful solo career, which saw his first seven albums each reach number one in the UK. Image caption Jason Orange, along with Robbie Williams, were the only members not to face accusations of tax avoidance Jason Orange and Robbie Williams were the only members of Take That not to face accusations of tax avoidance after Barlow, Donald, Owen and their manager Jonathan Wild reportedly invested £66m into two partnerships styled as music industry investment schemes. Barlow finally broke months of silence on the controversy earlier this month and apologised on Twitter for the "tax stories", before telling fans the band were working on a new studio album. In the early 1990s, Take That had a string of number one hits including Back For Good, Pray and Relight My Fire. After spending nearly a decade apart the band launched their come back with Take That's Ultimate tour in 2006. Follow @BBCNewsbeat on Twitter and Radio1Newsbeat on YouTube	i don't know
‘An Ideal ‘what’ is an 1895 play by Oscar Wilde?	[1895] - An Ideal Husband - Oscar Wilde - YouTube [1895] - An Ideal Husband - Oscar Wilde Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jan 28, 2013 http://www.altrimentipresente.blogspo... With bright and sparkling dialogues, slogans provocative witty and transgressive, Wilde follows masterfully British high society' situations of his time that he knew very well. An Ideal Husband play of a trio called "Society Dramas" which includes Lady Windermere's Fan and A Woman of No Importance. """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" " Weak? Oh, I am sick of hearing that phrase. Sick of using it about others. Weak? Do you really think, Arthur, that it is weakness that yields to temptation? I tell you that there are terrible temptations that it requires strength, strength and courage, to yield to. To stake all one's life on a single moment, to risk everything on one throw, whether the stake be power or pleasure, I care not -- there is no weakness in that. There is a horrible, a terrible courage. I had that courage." .... """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""	Husband
How old was British monarch Queen Victoria when she came to the throne?	SparkNotes: An Ideal Husband: Context An Ideal Husband Table of Contents Plot Overview Oscar Wilde was born in 1854 in Dublin, Ireland to two accomplished parents, his mother being a respected poet and translator and his father a knighted surgeon. Wilde won prizes in classics throughout his youth and received prestigious scholarships to Trinity and then Magdalen College, Oxford, where he won further prizes for his poetry. While at Oxford, he came under the influence of aestheticians Walter Pater and John Ruskin, and joined them in becoming a key figure in the founding of the Aesthetic Movement. After university, Wilde moved to London, where he insinuated himself into London's most glamorous drawing rooms as wit, dandy, and high aesthete. In 1881 he published a volume of poetry and left for an American lecture tour on the arts the following year, during which he met Henry Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and Walt Whitman. Upon returning to London, he married, fathered two sons, and published several collections of children's stories and Irish folktales. In 1887 he also took a post as editor of Woman's World magazine. The period from 1890 to 1895 brought Wilde to the height of his writing career. The Picture of Dorian Grey appeared in 1891, shocking the public with its homoeroticism. A string of hugely successful plays followed: Lady Windemere's Fan (1892), A Woman of No Importance (1893), An Ideal Husband (1895), and The Importance of Being Earnest (1895). Scandalous in their assault on Victorian mores, Wilde's new comedy of manners conquered the London stage. Wilde also spent part of this period in France, befriending members of the Symbolist and Decadent movements and writing his French short drama, Salomé (1891). This period also marked the beginning of Wilde's ill-fated love affair with Lord Alfred Douglas, which would soon prove to be his downfall. In 1895 Douglas' irate father, the Marquess of Queensbury, left a card at Wilde's club addressed: "To Oscar Wilde, posing as a somdomite (sic)". Getting the point, Wilde sued for libel but dropped the charges when the sensational trial turned in his disfavor. He was then arrested and convicted of homosexual practices and sentenced to two years hard labor. Wilde would later write of his time in prison in his last major work, "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" (1898). Broken by his public disgrace, Wilde spent the last years of his life sick and poor, wandering Europe and sinking into drug addiction. Ultimately he died of cerebral meningitis in a Paris hotel in 1900. Biographers suggest that a number of private events foreshadowing Wilde's downfall may inform An Ideal Husband. Around the time of its writing, Lord Alfred had given a suit to his friend, Alfred Wood, who discovered a love letter from Wilde carelessly left in its pocket. Wood confronted Wilde with the intention of blackmail, but the unconcerned author was able to appease the would-be extortionist over dinner. Unfortunately Wood had also given a copy of the letter to two professional thugs, who also approached Wilde with demands for payment. Wilde nonchalantly dismissed them as well, however, reportedly telling the men that he found the idea of such a price being proposed for a piece of his writing quite the compliment. With respect to historical context, Wilde wrote An Idea Husband during the decade known as the "Yellow" or "Naughty Nineties", the twilight years of England's Victorian era. In schematic terms, this period was distinguished by England's growth as an industrial and imperial giant and an increasingly conservatism in social mores. Imperial expansion, foreign speculation, and the period's rigid system of mores--involving, for example, notions of familial devotion, propriety, and duty both public and personal--provide the backdrop for Wilde's play. As a primary propagator of aestheticism, Wilde rebelled against Victorian sensibilities, calling for a world judged by the beauty of its artifice rather than its moral value. The aesthete opted to forgo his dreary duties to society in the name of individual freedom, social theatricality, and the pleasures of style and affectation. Ideal Husband dramatizes this clash in value systems rather explicitly, continually posing the figure of the dandy--a thinly veiled double of Wilde himself--against a set of more respectable, "ideal" characters. In terms of dramatic history, An Ideal Husband should be situated in tension with the popular melodramas and farces that dominated the Anglophone stage of Wilde's day. These melodramas find their roots in the tradition of the "well-made play", a French model of theater elaborated by Scribe and Sardou that emphasized craftsmanship over content. As the name suggests, audiences could count on the well-made melodrama to offer them stock characters (i.e. the "other woman", the virtuous wife, the husband with a secret past) in stock storylines that would culminate in the reaffirmation of pure and undying love--the so-called "happy ending". As we will see, An Ideal Husband's genius lies in the repetition of the melodramatic formula to ironic ends, one that thoroughly subverts what the melodrama would accomplish through its games of Wildean wit.	i don't know
Damper is a traditional soda bread originating in which country?	Damper. - Sourdough Damper. PaddyL 2008 October 6 I keep seeing recipes in Australian cookbooks for Damper. At first I thought it was a sort of soda bread which would hardly be surprising with the number of Irish immigrants to your country, but now it appears to be more along the lines of the bannock baked by pioneers in Canada, and campers anywhere. Why is it called Damper? Category: lamp 2008 October 6 That is a good question Paddy, to which I have no answer! Traditionally, as I know it anyway, damper is made with self raising flour, water and salt (therefore it is basically a soda bread) and is either baked in a camp oven or just buried in the ash of a fire which has died right down. JohnD 2008 October 8 Bannocks are griddle breads...ie, baked on a griddle. Damper is baked in the actual fire, or more correctly, the ashes. This technique has no recorded equivalent in Euro-anglo baking. However it was widely done by Australias original people (aborigines), and became widespread as the colonists copied this technique, but used their (Irish) soda bread mix instead of the wild seed mix the kooris used....the Irish were not as racist as the English, and freely mixed with the kooris, and intermarried. This is why so many aborigines have Irish surnames....and the technique survived. Yep, the flames must be "damped" and hence..."Damper". The flue mechanism on a scotch wood-fired oven is similarly called a damper. So John what is a Scotch wood fired oven? Just curious, if they are different from any other type. Are there any good sourdough damper recipes? Terri JohnD 2008 October 10 A Scotch w/f oven has a seperate firebox on the side which opens into the baking chamber.Previously all ovens were fired by burning wood directly on the sole (floor). This method is much cleaner and easier for the operators.It also has a damper or flue on the opposite side to the firebox, and the crown (ceiling) is specially shaped to make the flames return efficiently, and exit through the flue which opens to the chimney. It is a result of the industrial revolution of the 18-19th centuries, as the firebox is cast iron, as is the stock(doorway).The ovens are constructed of red brick. All bread was baked in these ovens until world war 2, and there were numerous ovens in cities and the country. Most of these ovens were puposely and cynically demolished by the bread monopolies which took over the trade in the 1950s, in order to destroy competition. The victory of Capital over Democracy.The rest were demolished because shiny electric and gas ovens were favoured, and realtors wanted all the space for new buildings......the ovens were usually in favourable locations (obviously) which are now office space. Scotch ovens (if u know how), bake beautiful bread, and because of their insulation are hugely energy efficient compared to elec or gas. There are rare ones still in operation. I reinstated them as an important cultural item in my "Natural Tucker ", "Firebrand" and Newrybar bakeries. My ex partner David Brown still makes beautiful bread in a version of one in the Firebrand bakery, ripponlea, Melbourne.The Natural Tucker oven has been allowed to collapse, and the Newrybar oven has been left to rot by the current owners. Millciti 2008 October 11 Thanks John, it is hard to believe that anyone could do that… Left to rot!!! What are they thinking!!! I really am interested in Bread History, and as someone who is trying to improve nutrition, took an interest in sourdough. I believe that along with many other food preparation processes, most of us have taken the wrong direction in how we make our bread. It is a sad fact that many of the modern conveniences of 21st century are probably going to shorten our life spans. Many dietary problems could be fixed if people would go back to preparing and eating real foods. My husband and son are willing victims, err - participants in all my bread/food experiments. Last month I lost my oven for 3 weeks after hurricane Ike came through the <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Midwest. I was forced to bake my bread on my grill. It actually worked so well, especially for baking pizza, that we are all really thinking about building an outdoor oven. So, do you know where I could get plans and or parts for such an oven? Would it have to be village bakery sized to work? It really sounds wonderful, is the name because of its thriftiness or cultural heritage? <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> Do you still have pictures? Sourdough Damper? Terri Millciti 2008 October 14 Thanks guys - Matthew and Lamp! Great info to help pursue my search from both of you. Part of my interest is in the Tradition, or history of the bread. We went to a 1840's frontier reenactment / heritage festival in Piqua Ohio. We would like to participate so I have been trying to find recipes that work well in a fire pit or dutch oven. Like your aborigines, the North American Indians are mixed into our heritage and their ways affected the methods used for cooking on the frontier trails. I haven't found a suitable sourdough trail biscuit yet either, they just didn't post their recipes on the web back then I guess... :) So If you have a recipe that calls for a substance known as saleratus (baking soda) I could be headed in the right direction. By sticking to straight sourdough I was hoping to avoid the more "modern" self rising flour recipes. I have made some pretty stiff doughs though. If I only make partial sense wait till tomorrow ... Mondays are my longest week day. Work starts at 6:30 am and school ends at 8:00pm. I am just a bit toasted right now... Terri JohnD 2008 October 14 "toasted"? good one mate! lol. The "dough" used by the aboriginal people ( Pitjatjantjara) when they make seed damper, is actually runny. The secrets in having a perfect bed of coals with a depth of ash over them. The wet-ground batter is carefully poured from a coolamon(wooden bowl) into the ashes to make a small damper. Glowing twigs are suspended above it to toast the top. But its correct that a stiffer dough is more successful for we regular folk, but its all in the fire being correct and the dough not being too large or thick.The ashes just brush off. In India, sometimes you can still see chapatti (wholemeal wheat flatbreads) being made on to hot coals. For the biscuits, use a thin active sourdough leaven as the liquid part of the bix recipe, add the soda to the flour, then mix it with leaven, a fat (lard) , maple syrup til you have a bix texture..soft for bix/ hard for hard tack. shape or roll and cut out and let them sit for 20 mins. the sourdough acids set off the soda.Also awesome deep fried! lamp 2008 October 15 I like that idea John...I might have to try it sometime. While working on a mine in North Queensland some years ago, we had to get cultural clearance to look for artifacts before we could dig any holes. Generally we found stone spear heads but we did come across a couple of grinding stones that were used for grinding up the seeds from spinifex grass, apparently to make damper....I never knew it was so liquid it was poured from a coolamon though. The only meal I had with the locals was a lunch of bush turkey cooked in a fire they made in a dry river bed...no damper then. ;-) When we made damper while camping, it was always with a firm dough and it is always best eaten hot with lots of butter that melted and ran all over your fingers. :-) Millciti 2008 October 16 Sorry I didn't get back to you yesterday. I was all prepared with a funny reply and lost it when I cleaned my cookies out...and got logged out. But this is exactly what I am talking about! The real stuff, and yes hard tack was a big staple back then, not the stuff of fond memories though from what I have read. I think that it was pretty poor tasting stale. So this damper was kind of a pan-less pancake then. I wonder if I can find the equivalent in Native American cooking? As for your descriptions I am starting to feel the need to practice, butter running through... Now where did we put all those piles of branches from Ike? Where did I put my dutch oven?	Australia
What is the name of the alcoholic who runs a rag and bottle shop and lodging house, who dies when he spontaneously combusts, in the novel ‘Bleak House’ by Charles Dickens?	Damper Recipe - Taste.com.au Taste.com.au Cooking for 1 or 2 Easter Celebrate Australia Day with this traditional home-made bread. 0:10 Australian Good Taste - January 2002 , Page 93 Recipe by Alison Roberts 450g (3 cups) self-raising flour Pinch of salt All nutrition values are per serve. Select all ingredients Add to my Shopping List Shop Ingredients Now [?] Notes Step 1 Preheat oven to 200°C. Line a baking tray with non-stick baking paper. Combine the flour and salt in a large bowl. Use your fingertips to rub the butter into the flour until the mixture resembles fine breadcrumbs. Step 2 Add the water to the flour mixture and use a round-bladed knife in a cutting motion to mix until the mixture just comes together, adding 1-2 tablespoons extra water if the mixture is a little dry. Use your hands to bring the mixture together. Step 3 Turn the dough onto a lightly floured surface and knead gently for 1-2 minutes or until smooth. Shape into an 18cm disc and place on tray. Use a sharp knife that has been dipped in flour to mark 8 wedges on top. Dust the damper with a little extra flour and bake in preheated oven for 30 minutes or until the damper is cooked through and sounds hollow when tapped on the base. Transfer to a wire rack for 5 minutes to cool slightly. Serve warm or at room temperature. Note: Damper was traditionally made in a cast-iron pot with a lid, called a "camp oven". The entire pot was either covered in hot wood coals or the camp oven was placed in a hole in the ground and surrounded with hot wood coals. It was usually served with tea made in a billy over the camp fire. Damper was originally made with plain flour, salt and water. Adding butter and self-raising flour came later on and gives a much tastier result. 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It also explains how you can access or seek correction of your personal information, how you can complain about a breach of the Australian Privacy Principles and how we will deal with a complaint of that nature. Please enter your email address to reset your password	i don't know
Euan, Nicky, Kathryn and Leo are the children of which British Prime Minister?	BBC News \| UK \| Leo Blair: What's in a name? Saturday, 20 May, 2000, 12:24 GMT 13:24 UK Leo Blair: What's in a name? Downing Street is visited by Blair baby wellwishers The Blairs' children Euan, Nicky and Kathryn have a new baby brother and he's called Leo. Given their generation, they are more likely to identify the name with heart throb actor Leonardo diCaprio than with the curly-haired crooner Leo Sayer. The name Leo had been one of the hot bets with bookmakers, although the most popular choice with punters had been Tony, in honour of Cherie Blair's father, actor Tony Booth. The couple finally opted to name their new baby boy after the prime minister's father. The 76-year-old barrister is said to have been one of the most influential figures in Mr Blair's life, sharing his ambition, passion for politics, and strong belief in family values. The bookies are not so delighted with the name though. Favourite Graham Sharpe of William Hill said: "About 10 days ago we cut the odds from 12/1 to 2/1 favourite on the baby being called Leo. This is the worst result for us." Another famous Leo from the present day New Labour's new arrival was born at the Chelsea and Westminster around 00.25 BST on Saturday, weighing in at 6lbs 12oz. Little Leo was also something of an historic happening, as he is the first baby to be born to a serving British prime minister for more than 150 years. With his new name he can join other notable Leos in the history books, such as Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, and celebrated Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. The name Leo comes from the Latin form of the Greek "leon", which means lion. Baby Blair might have been a Leonard or a Leopold in former times, but the prime minister and his wife have gone for the more fashionable and shorter Leo. The name has gone through different cycles of popularity through the century. According to the Registrar General's Indexes of Births, in 1925 eight in 10,000 babies born in England and Wales were named Leo. This dipped to two in every 10,000 born in 1965, before picking up again to six in 10,000 by 1990. Lion or bull? As he was born on 20 May, Leo will not be a lion but a bull, as he just falls under the star sign of Taurus. Had Cherie Blair delivered on her due date, 24 May, her little boy would have been a Gemini. A brother for Kathryn, 12, Euan,16, and Nicky, 15. Taurus the Bull is said to be patient and strong, and many Taureans are found to have an iron will. Astrologists say that stubborness can be a trait, and they tend to cherish material goods. Patience, however, is one of their virtues. Taureans who are born between the third decanate, 10-20 May, are ruled by Capricorn and tend to be more reserved, ambitious and rational. The latter two could be the characteristics of any self-respecting prime minister. Tony Blair also once described his father, who lives in Shrewsbury with his second wife Olwen, as a "very ambitious" individual who was "successful and a go-getter". Astrologists say that since Taurus rules the neck and throat, many Taureans have soft, melodious voices. Maybe one day he might follow his mother's father into the world of entertainment. Baby spotlight And will Leo Blair (fortunately the PM's father wasn't called Lionel) be trendy or traditional? Cherie Blair's dress sense may have come under the spotlight in recent years, but all eyes are now on the latest addition to the family. Fashion pundits think it is unlikely the Blairs will go for the kind of babywear that Victoria and David Beckham prefer for baby Brooklyn. New Labour may like to be associated with the bright young things of fashion, film and art, but Leo will probably be dressed in High Street chic rather than �1,000 Gucci separates. Flowers were delivered to Downing Street on Saturday and hordes of media awaited their first glimpse of little Leo. He arrived a few days early, in time for another momentous occasion. The last FA Cup final to be played at Wembley Stadium on Saturday, before it becomes a pile of rubble. Chances are that Tony Blair was too busy with nappies and wellwishers, to even notice. Search BBC News Online	Tony Blair
Gules is which colour in heraldry?	Euan Blair Donate to Wikibin Euan Blair Euan Anthony Blair (born 19 January 1984, London), is the eldest son of Cherie Blair and former British Prime Minister Tony Blair. Education Blair was educated at St. Joan of Arc Roman Catholic primary school and The London Oratory School, a highly regarded Roman Catholic grant aided school in Fulham with a very wide catchment area. At the Oratory he was appointed Deputy Head of School. Blair graduated with a B.A. in Ancient History from the University of Bristol in 2005, having attained a 2:1 (upper second class) honours degree. Blair spent three months as an unpaid intern with Republican David Dreier and Republican Party staff of the Rules Committee of the United States House of Representatives . He then crossed the aisle to spend time working in the office of Democrat Jane Harman (a ). Blair cut short his internship with Harman in May 2006, after just a fortnight. A statement from Harman's office cited Blair's graduate school plans. He has also worked in film productions in the UK such as Band of Brothers and V for Vendetta. In early 2006, Blair found two weeks of work experience with the London PR company Finsbury . In 2008, Blair graduated from Yale University's MacMillan Center with an M.A. in International Relations. He accepted this place after being awarded a £50,000 ($100,000) scholarship based on merit, although there was some surprise at this award. Media coverage Because of his father's position, Blair has been subject to the attention of the British media. This is partly through coverage of stories that have broken, but it is also because of his appearance with his parents in photo shoots (together with siblings Nicky, Kathryn, and Leo), especially during general election campaigns. The incident for which Blair first attracted significant attention in his own right was in 2000 when, aged 16, he was found by police, incapable of walking in Leicester Square, having spent the night celebrating the completion of his GCSEs with friends. After being taken to a police station, he gave a false name, an old address, and a false date of birth that would have made him 18 (the legal age to purchase alcohol in the United Kingdom). This leaked to the press and caused considerable embarrassment to Tony Blair, who had recently introduced measures to deal with young offenders. Regarding a potential prosecution, he told the BBC's Question Time that his son should not receive special preferences. In the end, Euan apologised for the incident, and was neither prosecuted nor formally cautioned. In 2001 The Daily Mail and The Daily Telegraph both revealed that Blair was applying to Trinity College, Oxford. His parents made a formal complaint to the Press Complaints Commission that these reports represented an intrusion, and the complaint was upheld. Blair failed to meet the specified A-level grades that were part of the conditional offer, so he took a place at Bristol University instead, where he later graduated with an upper second degree in Ancient History. In 2006, it was reported in The Sunday Times that Blair had worked as a runner for the film V for Vendetta when it was filmed around the Palace of Westminster in the Summer of 2005. Both Conservative MP David Davies and Private Eye suggested that Blair's involvement had had an effect of the filming access being allowed. However, the location manager for the film, Nick Daubeny, denied that Blair's involvement had helped in any way, saying that Blair had been offered the job after they had worked together as part of the filming of Band of Brothers in 2001. On 25 August 2006, global media —including the BBC and Barbados' Daily Nation— reported that Blair was admitted to Queen Elizabeth Hospital, near Bridgetown, Barbados, and had undergone treatment for a stomach complaint. In October 2006, Blair had his appendix removed after being diagnosed with appendicitis, a fact which explained his recurrent stomach pains. Personal life	i don't know
What is the name of the famous comic book store on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles, which opened in 2005?	Los Angeles \| Poets and Writers City Guides Online Only, posted 7.18.11 Carolyn Kellogg is staff writer at the Los Angeles Times where she writes about books and literary culture and can often be found blogging at the Los Angeles Times Jacket Copy. Her work has recently appeared in the Columbia Journalism Review, Black Clock, Bookforum, the anthology The Devil's Punchbowl: A Cultural and Geographic Map of California Today (Red Hen Press, 2010), and on the Paris Review website. Like many people in Los Angeles, I came here from somewhere else—Rhode Island, by way of New Hampshire—and the city’s beauty, its hugeness, urbanness, and unknowableness made me stay. I still don’t know all of Los Angeles, because however well mapped, well photographed, and well chronicled, it’s a city that is also eminently up for reinvention. That’s a trope about those who come here too—that the West Coast in general, and Hollywood in particular, is a place for reinventing yourself—and if it’s a tired truth for people, it’s what draws them here. Raymond Chandler, Joan Didion, Nathanael West, John Fante, Charles Bukowski, Chester Himes, Ross Macdonald, Harlan Ellison, Ray Bradbury—even those typically associated with other regions of the country—William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Aldous Huxley, all were informed by the city, some in ways that became evident in their work. Perhaps the writers who carry on that tradition today—Mona Simpson, Gary Phillips, Susan Straight, Marisa Silver, Rachel Kushner, Mark Danielewski, Salvador Plascencia, T. C. Boyle, Michael Jaime-Becerra, Aimee Bender, Carolyn See, Jane Smiley, Percival Everett, Alex Espinoza, and Sarah Shun-lien Bynum, among others—are also drawn to this city’s constant revision, its moving parts intersecting in unexpected ways. While my job is to write about books and literary culture for the Los Angeles Times, I often find new venues and attractions along the way. I don’t think I will ever know all of this vast metropolis or the endless riches it has to offer. Literary Locations El Alisal (200 East Avenue 43), named for the sycamores that surround it, is the home built by Charles Fletcher Lummis, who in 1884 walked from Ohio to California to take a job as the Los Angeles Times’ first city editor. His letters to the paper chronicling his 143-day walk are collected in A Tramp Across the Continent, his first book, published in 1892. He eventually became the editor of the magazine Out West, publishing writers such as John Muir and Jack London. In 1905 he became city librarian and in 1907 established the Southwest Museum, known for its collection of Native American artifacts, many of which Lummis himself gathered. It took Lummis twelve years to build his stone and wood home, which he did with his own hands. While it now sits in a nook near the Arroyo Seco Parkway, it was once a grand place that attracted the city’s cultural luminaries for galas—which Lummis called “noises”—that went well into the night. The Los Angeles Public Library (630 West Fifth Street) has seventy-three branches, of which the central library is the heart and historic jewel. The building, capped by a glittering mosaic pyramid and a “torch of knowledge,” was completed in 1926; it includes an oft-overlooked, mural-filled atrium on the second floor. In 1986 a devastating fire destroyed more than four hundred thousand of the library’s books, but it galvanized the city to improve and restore the overcrowded building. The resulting expansion included room for computers on every floor and a contemporary auditorium where the library holds its ALOUD series—lectures, performances, and discussions with writers such as T. C. Boyle, Michael Chabon, Christopher Hitchens, Arianna Huffington, and Colson Whitehead. Between Flower Street and the library’s front door sits a small park, threaded with walkways, a long fountain, and, of course, benches, convenient for reading. “Los Angeles, give me some of you! Los Angeles come to me the way I came to you, my feet over your streets, you pretty town I loved you so much, you sad flower in the sand, you pretty town.” That’s Arturo Bandini, the alter ego of John Fante, in the 1939 novel Ask the Dust. Bandini and Fante’s stomping grounds were Bunker Hill, a ridge along the west edge of downtown Los Angeles that at the time featured rows of Victorians that had been chopped up into seedy boarding houses. The neighborhood was targeted for redevelopment in 1955 and much of the hill itself was razed. Some elements remain, though, including the funicular Angel’s Flight , the shortest railway in the world. Restored in the early nineties, Angel’s Flight runs between Hill Street and California Plaza and costs twenty-five cents to ride—almost affordable enough for Arturo Bandini. When Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World, moved from England to Southern California in 1937, in his early forties, he did what might be expected of a middle-aged Brit formally educated at Eton and Oxford: He worked on screenplays. But Huxley was restless and curious and eventually dabbled in psychedelics while living in the far desert town of Llano near Palmdale, and in a nearby mountain settlement called Wrightwood, where behind his cabin, in a trailer out back, he wrote Ape and Essence. Back in Los Angeles, Huxley had become friends with Jiddu Krishnamurti and became deeply involved in a branch of Hinduism called Vedanta. He and friend Christopher Isherwood frequented the Vedanta Temple (1946 Vedanta Place) in Hollywood, which is open to the public. If you want to see the Gutenberg Bible, Jack London’s drafts of The Call of the Wild, Christopher Isherwood’s personal photos, and the Ellesmere Manuscript (ca. 1410) of the Canterbury Tales, spend an afternoon at the Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens (1151 Oxford Road). Industrialist Henry Huntington’s rare books collection forms the basis of this library, and a cultivation of fourteen thousand rare and exotic plants make up more than a hundred acres of the botanical gardens—perfect scenery for drafting a poem or story. His former estate houses the library, its permanent exhibits, and artwork handpicked by his wife. In recent years, the library, which has a staid reputation, has made some surprising acquisitions, including science fiction writer Octavia Butler’s papers, and those of Charles Bukowski. The eight tutoring centers that make up 826 National, Dave Eggers’s literacy nonprofit, include street-front retail stores with unusual themes—the Brooklyn Superhero Supply Company in New York City; the Greenwood Space Travel Supply Company in Seattle; Liberty Street Robot Supply and Repair in Ann Arbor, Michigan; the Boring Store in Chicago; and the Pirate Store in San Francisco. In Los Angeles, it’s the Echo Park Time Travel Mart (1714 West Sunset Boulevard), a quickie-mart for the time traveler who’s passing through. Proceeds from its sales—merchandise includes beer cozies, ray guns, mustaches for every era—support the nonprofit. Author Dwellings and Haunts While the ordinary tourist might be enticed by tours of movie star homes, writers may get more out of the houses and hangouts of legendary authors who lived and wrote in Los Angeles. Note that these homes aren’t the museum type—they’re currently occupied and considered private. The Great Gatsby is now considered one of the greatest novels of the twentieth century, but F. Scott Fitzgerald’s fame was far from secured a decade after its publication. In the late thirties, with Zelda in and out of institutions and their daughter away in private school, Fitzgerald moved to Hollywood, ready to make money in pictures. For a time, he brought in a good salary from MGM, but like his earlier earnings, it went fast, and then the work dried up. In the summer of 1940 his twice-yearly royalty statement for Gatsby and Tender Is the Night totaled a whopping $13.13. In November of that year, he had a mild heart attack in Schwab’s Pharmacy (which closed in 1983 and was knocked down in 1988 to make way for a succession of malls) and was advised to rest, so he moved out of his third-floor apartment and in with his lady friend, Sheilah Graham, at 1443 North Hayworth Avenue in West Hollywood, where he died at the age of forty-four from a second heart attack. Nathanael West’s family money was pretty much gone by the early 1930s when he moved to Hollywood. He’d already clocked time as a hotel clerk back in New York City as he wrote novels and screenwriting paid only slightly better. He was living in the Parva-Sed-Apta Apartments (1817 Ivar Avenue)—the type of place that has only a Murphy Bed and a kitchenette—when he wrote The Day of the Locust. He sent his friend F. Scott Fitzgerald the galleys, noting that it wasn’t easy writing a book between “working on westerns and cops and robbers.” Although The Day of the Locust wasn’t an immediate hit—it sold fewer than fifteen hundred copies—it has now come to be seen as one of the most bleakly incisive stories of strivers in Hollywood. When Thomas Mann won the Nobel Prize for Literature, he was every inch a German writer. But that was 1929, and after Hitler’s rise, he left the country. Mann lived in Switzerland and taught at Princeton before moving to Los Angeles. He settled in Pacific Palisades, a small community high in the hills above the coast, living first in a rental (740 Amalfi Drive) and then in a house (1550 San Remo Drive) he and his wife built. Although he became a U.S. citizen in 1944, Mann continued to write in his native German. Doctor Faustus, first published in 1947 in German, when Mann was seventy-two, was published in English a year later by Alfred A. Knopf. In 1952 Mann moved back to Switzerland, where he died in 1955. Charles Bukowski’s tales of living an underground life are full of dives and dames and occasional depravities. The logical stop to honor the poet and novelist might be the Terminal Annex of the U.S. Post Office (900 North Alameda Street), where he worked, memorialized in his semiautobiographical book Post Office. But, Bukowski, who Time magazine called a “Laureate of American Lowlife,” likely enjoyed himself far more at the race track at Santa Anita Park (285 West Huntington Drive), located east of downtown in Arcadia, where he spent hours betting on horses. (His widow hopes to turn their San Pedro home into a museum, but for now, she still lives there.) Bookstores Los Angeles is home to dozens of independent bookstores, but the three most tuned in to contemporary literary culture are Vroman’s Bookstore in Pasadena, Book Soup on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, and Skylight Books in the Los Feliz neighborhood. Vroman’s (695 East Colorado Boulevard) claims to be California’s oldest and largest independent bookstore. While its Pasadena location seems out of the way to some, it regularly hosts big draws like David Sedaris. Book Soup (8818 Sunset Boulevard), which offers a heavy selection of art titles and hip fiction in a compressed space, has got to be one of the most awkward places on record to give a reading. Still, its L-shaped layout, thinner than a grocery store aisle, does offer intimacy and attracts big-name authors such as Patti Smith. Skylight Books (1818 North Vermont Avenue)—known to locals for the enormous ficus tree that grows in the middle of the store, just under the eponymous skylight—hosts readings by authors such as David Mitchell and Dave Eggers and features an eclectic stock (you’ll find Chomsky with your Chabon) and a newly opened annex with art books, comics, and magazines. Two of the most unique comic bookstores in the country are located in Los Angeles: Secret Headquarters, named one of the world’s ten best bookshops by the Guardian in 2008, and Family Bookstore. Secret Headquarters (3817 West Sunset Boulevard) is designed like a men’s club from the 1930s, accented in dark wood with a pair of elegant leather chairs by the front window. Split equally between mainstream superhero comics and indies, the stocked titles cater to adults who fell for comics when they were younger. Family Bookstore (436 North Fairfax Avenue), co-owned by indie comic artist Sammy Harkham, is a highly curated bookstore focused on comics and art. Family irregularly hosts an array of events from author readings to gallery shows to talks, featuring the likes of Trinie Dalton, author of Wide Eyed (Akashic Books, 2005); graphic novelist Jaime Hernandez; and Michel Gondry, director of Eternal Sunshine for the Spotless Mind. Other notable bookstores: Diesel (225 Twenty-Sixth Street at the Brentwood Country Mart) in nearby Brentwood is known for its author events and “urban California aesthetic.” Eso Won Books (4331 Degnan Boulevard) in the Leimert Park neighborhood, immediately recognizable by the silhouettes of James Baldwin and Malcolm X in its front window, caters to the city’s African American community. Iliad Bookshop (5400 Cahuenga Boulevard) in North Hollywood was named one of the best used-book stores in L.A. by Los Angeles magazine. Libros Schmibros Lending Library & Used Bookshop (2000 East First Street)—part library, part used-book store—is a nonprofit organization founded by former National Endowment for the Arts reading initiatives director David Kipen; Mystery and Imagination Bookshop (238 North Brand Boulevard), which sells used and out-of-print sci-fi and mystery books, is known for being Ray Bradbury’s favorite bookstore and it’s where he celebrated his ninetieth birthday; Stories (1716 Sunset Boulevard) features a mix of new and used books and a café with a gritty but dressed-up patio where authors read. Festivals and Reading Series The annual Los Angeles Times Festival of Books takes place over a spring weekend and hosts more than one hundred fifty thousand people. Speakers include best-selling authors such as T. C. Boyle and Jonathan Lethem, as well as prominent agents and editors. There is a children’s area, which features stage performers—such as actress Bernadette Peters, who read her children's book while perched in an enormously oversized chair at the 2010 festival—and music, a poetry stage, and hundreds of tents with vendors selling books, journals, and other bookish wares. In addition to traditional venues like bookstores, readings can be found in unusual places as well, if you know where to look. Every other month, Vermin on the Mount , which features readers from the indie scene, is held at the dimly lit Mountain Bar (473 Gin Ling Way) in Chinatown, which is partially owned and decorated by artist Jorge Pardo, a MacArthur "Genius" Fellow. Tavin (1543 Echo Park Avenue), a boutique and salon located in Echo Park, holds semiregular readings with female authors. Over in Culver City the Taylor de Cordoba (2660 South La Cienega Boulevard), a contemporary art gallery, regularly brings together authors and culinary types as part of its Eating Our Words series. Recent pairings included poet Dana Goodyear and chocolate maker Patricia Tsai. Rhapsodomancy , a series that features two poets and two fiction or nonfiction authors—past participants include Sarah Manguso, Chris Abani, and Jericho Brown—holds its readings at the dark, red-walled Good Luck Bar (1514 Hillhurst Avenue) in Los Feliz. And Tongue and Groove , a monthly offering of short fiction, personal essays, poetry, and spoken word, accompanied by music, is held at the Hotel Café (1623 1/2 North Cahuenga Boulevard) in Hollywood, with raw brick walls and fewer seats than attendees. Some major literary series in Los Angeles do not have permanent homes: Writers Bloc , which typically holds its programs in venues in Beverly Hills, has featured conversations with high-profile writers such as Paul Auster, Joan Didion, Norman Mailer, Joyce Carol Oates, Salman Rushdie, and David Foster Wallace, plus stunning duos with artists such as Christopher Hitchens and Kurt Vonnegut, Dick Cavett, and Mel Brooks. Launched in 2010 Live Talks Los Angeles has hosted authors such as Scott Turow and Robert Reich, who discussed their latest books in onstage interviews. On the edgier side, Rare Bird Lit , also launched in 2010, has hosted Chuck Palahniuk, James Ellroy, and Dennis Lehane. Events are often held at Largo at the Coronet (366 North La Cienega Boulevard), a 1920s variety theater. A few more unexpected places you might find a literary event, if the timing is right: Beyond Baroque Foundation (681 Venice Boulevard), a legendary poetry center hosts readings by local and traveling poets and open-mike nights, and the Steve Allen Theater (4773 Hollywood Boulevard), where the Center for Inquiry–Los Angeles has hosted events with the Rumpus and McSweeney's Books. Bars and Cafés Established in 1919, there is still no better place in Hollywood to get a martini than Musso and Frank Grill (6667 Hollywood Boulevard), which perfected this traditional drink for no less than William Faulkner, Nathanael West, John O’Hara, Raymond Chandler, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Its stretch of Hollywood Boulevard now features tourist shops and the paparazzi-friendly Geisha House, but in the 1930s it was surrounded by bookstores: Pickwick on one side and Stanley Rose on the other. Writers who considered themselves slumming in Hollywood would come to Stanley Rose for the notable book selection, Rose’s erudite and colorful conversation, and the back room, where commiseration often turned swiftly to boozing. Musso and Frank had laid claim to a few back rooms on the block, and legend has it that the writers got full restaurant and bar service in the bookstore’s back room. In the 1950s Stanley Rose’s closed and Musso and Frank expanded into its former space. James M. Cain, Budd Schulberg, William Saroyan, and John Fante were among those who drank there—and, if you order a Musso and Frank martini at the bar, you will be too. While these bars aren’t literary per se—famous writers didn’t drink or pen their famous works there, agents and editors don’t schmooze there—their bookish décor will, perhaps, inspire your work-in-progress: Hemingway’s (6356 Hollywood Boulevard), featuring ceiling high shelves of old books, a wall of vintage typewriters, and a smoking patio describe as “a bit Paris, a bit Key West, a bit Cuba” serves up specialty drinks named after the author. The law books lining the walls of Hyperion Aveue Tavern (1941 Hyperion Avenue) in the Silver Lake neighborhood do nothing to indicate that this used to be a boys-only leather bar, nor does the live music, which features bands that range from quiet country and folk to full-blown punk. Library Bar (630 West Sixth Street) is located downtown in the shadow of the central Library. While it’s too dark to read the books on the shelves, the décor, food, and drinks might just be enough to stir up a lively literary discussion. The Wellesborne (10929 West Pico Boulevard) in West L.A., with its booth seating, fireplace, and book-lined walls, is chock full of inspiration. Los Angeles is big on personal space—large apartments, wide yards—but when it comes to finding a public space to write, it gets tricky. As in any other city, coffee shops can be a good bet, but be warned: Here in L.A. they’re brimming with screenwriters, who’ve set up with laptops and lattes. A favorite for locals is the Starbucks-alternative Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf , a spiffy Southern California chain that provides a Wi-Fi code on request. The random library branch is a personal favorite of mine, but you have to get a library card to log in to the Internet. For visitors? The best bet is the backyard of that person you’re staying with. Writers who know Los Angeles best have done some of their best writing about freeways. Think Joan Didion in her novel Play It As It Lays or Raymond Chandler in The Little Sister. After midnight on a weeknight try driving on Interstate 405 and over the hill into the valley, or early on a Sunday morning take the 10 from downtown to the ocean or head north on the Pacific Coast Highway. The rhythm of Los Angeles’s roads has seeped into its decentralized heart, into the minds of writers for decades, and you, too, will hear it as your wheels spin and spin and spin.	secret headquarters
Who became manager of Scottish football club Celtic in 2010?	Los Angeles \| Poets and Writers City Guides Online Only, posted 7.18.11 Carolyn Kellogg is staff writer at the Los Angeles Times where she writes about books and literary culture and can often be found blogging at the Los Angeles Times Jacket Copy. Her work has recently appeared in the Columbia Journalism Review, Black Clock, Bookforum, the anthology The Devil's Punchbowl: A Cultural and Geographic Map of California Today (Red Hen Press, 2010), and on the Paris Review website. Like many people in Los Angeles, I came here from somewhere else—Rhode Island, by way of New Hampshire—and the city’s beauty, its hugeness, urbanness, and unknowableness made me stay. I still don’t know all of Los Angeles, because however well mapped, well photographed, and well chronicled, it’s a city that is also eminently up for reinvention. That’s a trope about those who come here too—that the West Coast in general, and Hollywood in particular, is a place for reinventing yourself—and if it’s a tired truth for people, it’s what draws them here. Raymond Chandler, Joan Didion, Nathanael West, John Fante, Charles Bukowski, Chester Himes, Ross Macdonald, Harlan Ellison, Ray Bradbury—even those typically associated with other regions of the country—William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Aldous Huxley, all were informed by the city, some in ways that became evident in their work. Perhaps the writers who carry on that tradition today—Mona Simpson, Gary Phillips, Susan Straight, Marisa Silver, Rachel Kushner, Mark Danielewski, Salvador Plascencia, T. C. Boyle, Michael Jaime-Becerra, Aimee Bender, Carolyn See, Jane Smiley, Percival Everett, Alex Espinoza, and Sarah Shun-lien Bynum, among others—are also drawn to this city’s constant revision, its moving parts intersecting in unexpected ways. While my job is to write about books and literary culture for the Los Angeles Times, I often find new venues and attractions along the way. I don’t think I will ever know all of this vast metropolis or the endless riches it has to offer. Literary Locations El Alisal (200 East Avenue 43), named for the sycamores that surround it, is the home built by Charles Fletcher Lummis, who in 1884 walked from Ohio to California to take a job as the Los Angeles Times’ first city editor. His letters to the paper chronicling his 143-day walk are collected in A Tramp Across the Continent, his first book, published in 1892. He eventually became the editor of the magazine Out West, publishing writers such as John Muir and Jack London. In 1905 he became city librarian and in 1907 established the Southwest Museum, known for its collection of Native American artifacts, many of which Lummis himself gathered. It took Lummis twelve years to build his stone and wood home, which he did with his own hands. While it now sits in a nook near the Arroyo Seco Parkway, it was once a grand place that attracted the city’s cultural luminaries for galas—which Lummis called “noises”—that went well into the night. The Los Angeles Public Library (630 West Fifth Street) has seventy-three branches, of which the central library is the heart and historic jewel. The building, capped by a glittering mosaic pyramid and a “torch of knowledge,” was completed in 1926; it includes an oft-overlooked, mural-filled atrium on the second floor. In 1986 a devastating fire destroyed more than four hundred thousand of the library’s books, but it galvanized the city to improve and restore the overcrowded building. The resulting expansion included room for computers on every floor and a contemporary auditorium where the library holds its ALOUD series—lectures, performances, and discussions with writers such as T. C. Boyle, Michael Chabon, Christopher Hitchens, Arianna Huffington, and Colson Whitehead. Between Flower Street and the library’s front door sits a small park, threaded with walkways, a long fountain, and, of course, benches, convenient for reading. “Los Angeles, give me some of you! Los Angeles come to me the way I came to you, my feet over your streets, you pretty town I loved you so much, you sad flower in the sand, you pretty town.” That’s Arturo Bandini, the alter ego of John Fante, in the 1939 novel Ask the Dust. Bandini and Fante’s stomping grounds were Bunker Hill, a ridge along the west edge of downtown Los Angeles that at the time featured rows of Victorians that had been chopped up into seedy boarding houses. The neighborhood was targeted for redevelopment in 1955 and much of the hill itself was razed. Some elements remain, though, including the funicular Angel’s Flight , the shortest railway in the world. Restored in the early nineties, Angel’s Flight runs between Hill Street and California Plaza and costs twenty-five cents to ride—almost affordable enough for Arturo Bandini. When Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World, moved from England to Southern California in 1937, in his early forties, he did what might be expected of a middle-aged Brit formally educated at Eton and Oxford: He worked on screenplays. But Huxley was restless and curious and eventually dabbled in psychedelics while living in the far desert town of Llano near Palmdale, and in a nearby mountain settlement called Wrightwood, where behind his cabin, in a trailer out back, he wrote Ape and Essence. Back in Los Angeles, Huxley had become friends with Jiddu Krishnamurti and became deeply involved in a branch of Hinduism called Vedanta. He and friend Christopher Isherwood frequented the Vedanta Temple (1946 Vedanta Place) in Hollywood, which is open to the public. If you want to see the Gutenberg Bible, Jack London’s drafts of The Call of the Wild, Christopher Isherwood’s personal photos, and the Ellesmere Manuscript (ca. 1410) of the Canterbury Tales, spend an afternoon at the Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens (1151 Oxford Road). Industrialist Henry Huntington’s rare books collection forms the basis of this library, and a cultivation of fourteen thousand rare and exotic plants make up more than a hundred acres of the botanical gardens—perfect scenery for drafting a poem or story. His former estate houses the library, its permanent exhibits, and artwork handpicked by his wife. In recent years, the library, which has a staid reputation, has made some surprising acquisitions, including science fiction writer Octavia Butler’s papers, and those of Charles Bukowski. The eight tutoring centers that make up 826 National, Dave Eggers’s literacy nonprofit, include street-front retail stores with unusual themes—the Brooklyn Superhero Supply Company in New York City; the Greenwood Space Travel Supply Company in Seattle; Liberty Street Robot Supply and Repair in Ann Arbor, Michigan; the Boring Store in Chicago; and the Pirate Store in San Francisco. In Los Angeles, it’s the Echo Park Time Travel Mart (1714 West Sunset Boulevard), a quickie-mart for the time traveler who’s passing through. Proceeds from its sales—merchandise includes beer cozies, ray guns, mustaches for every era—support the nonprofit. Author Dwellings and Haunts While the ordinary tourist might be enticed by tours of movie star homes, writers may get more out of the houses and hangouts of legendary authors who lived and wrote in Los Angeles. Note that these homes aren’t the museum type—they’re currently occupied and considered private. The Great Gatsby is now considered one of the greatest novels of the twentieth century, but F. Scott Fitzgerald’s fame was far from secured a decade after its publication. In the late thirties, with Zelda in and out of institutions and their daughter away in private school, Fitzgerald moved to Hollywood, ready to make money in pictures. For a time, he brought in a good salary from MGM, but like his earlier earnings, it went fast, and then the work dried up. In the summer of 1940 his twice-yearly royalty statement for Gatsby and Tender Is the Night totaled a whopping $13.13. In November of that year, he had a mild heart attack in Schwab’s Pharmacy (which closed in 1983 and was knocked down in 1988 to make way for a succession of malls) and was advised to rest, so he moved out of his third-floor apartment and in with his lady friend, Sheilah Graham, at 1443 North Hayworth Avenue in West Hollywood, where he died at the age of forty-four from a second heart attack. Nathanael West’s family money was pretty much gone by the early 1930s when he moved to Hollywood. He’d already clocked time as a hotel clerk back in New York City as he wrote novels and screenwriting paid only slightly better. He was living in the Parva-Sed-Apta Apartments (1817 Ivar Avenue)—the type of place that has only a Murphy Bed and a kitchenette—when he wrote The Day of the Locust. He sent his friend F. Scott Fitzgerald the galleys, noting that it wasn’t easy writing a book between “working on westerns and cops and robbers.” Although The Day of the Locust wasn’t an immediate hit—it sold fewer than fifteen hundred copies—it has now come to be seen as one of the most bleakly incisive stories of strivers in Hollywood. When Thomas Mann won the Nobel Prize for Literature, he was every inch a German writer. But that was 1929, and after Hitler’s rise, he left the country. Mann lived in Switzerland and taught at Princeton before moving to Los Angeles. He settled in Pacific Palisades, a small community high in the hills above the coast, living first in a rental (740 Amalfi Drive) and then in a house (1550 San Remo Drive) he and his wife built. Although he became a U.S. citizen in 1944, Mann continued to write in his native German. Doctor Faustus, first published in 1947 in German, when Mann was seventy-two, was published in English a year later by Alfred A. Knopf. In 1952 Mann moved back to Switzerland, where he died in 1955. Charles Bukowski’s tales of living an underground life are full of dives and dames and occasional depravities. The logical stop to honor the poet and novelist might be the Terminal Annex of the U.S. Post Office (900 North Alameda Street), where he worked, memorialized in his semiautobiographical book Post Office. But, Bukowski, who Time magazine called a “Laureate of American Lowlife,” likely enjoyed himself far more at the race track at Santa Anita Park (285 West Huntington Drive), located east of downtown in Arcadia, where he spent hours betting on horses. (His widow hopes to turn their San Pedro home into a museum, but for now, she still lives there.) Bookstores Los Angeles is home to dozens of independent bookstores, but the three most tuned in to contemporary literary culture are Vroman’s Bookstore in Pasadena, Book Soup on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, and Skylight Books in the Los Feliz neighborhood. Vroman’s (695 East Colorado Boulevard) claims to be California’s oldest and largest independent bookstore. While its Pasadena location seems out of the way to some, it regularly hosts big draws like David Sedaris. Book Soup (8818 Sunset Boulevard), which offers a heavy selection of art titles and hip fiction in a compressed space, has got to be one of the most awkward places on record to give a reading. Still, its L-shaped layout, thinner than a grocery store aisle, does offer intimacy and attracts big-name authors such as Patti Smith. Skylight Books (1818 North Vermont Avenue)—known to locals for the enormous ficus tree that grows in the middle of the store, just under the eponymous skylight—hosts readings by authors such as David Mitchell and Dave Eggers and features an eclectic stock (you’ll find Chomsky with your Chabon) and a newly opened annex with art books, comics, and magazines. Two of the most unique comic bookstores in the country are located in Los Angeles: Secret Headquarters, named one of the world’s ten best bookshops by the Guardian in 2008, and Family Bookstore. Secret Headquarters (3817 West Sunset Boulevard) is designed like a men’s club from the 1930s, accented in dark wood with a pair of elegant leather chairs by the front window. Split equally between mainstream superhero comics and indies, the stocked titles cater to adults who fell for comics when they were younger. Family Bookstore (436 North Fairfax Avenue), co-owned by indie comic artist Sammy Harkham, is a highly curated bookstore focused on comics and art. Family irregularly hosts an array of events from author readings to gallery shows to talks, featuring the likes of Trinie Dalton, author of Wide Eyed (Akashic Books, 2005); graphic novelist Jaime Hernandez; and Michel Gondry, director of Eternal Sunshine for the Spotless Mind. Other notable bookstores: Diesel (225 Twenty-Sixth Street at the Brentwood Country Mart) in nearby Brentwood is known for its author events and “urban California aesthetic.” Eso Won Books (4331 Degnan Boulevard) in the Leimert Park neighborhood, immediately recognizable by the silhouettes of James Baldwin and Malcolm X in its front window, caters to the city’s African American community. Iliad Bookshop (5400 Cahuenga Boulevard) in North Hollywood was named one of the best used-book stores in L.A. by Los Angeles magazine. Libros Schmibros Lending Library & Used Bookshop (2000 East First Street)—part library, part used-book store—is a nonprofit organization founded by former National Endowment for the Arts reading initiatives director David Kipen; Mystery and Imagination Bookshop (238 North Brand Boulevard), which sells used and out-of-print sci-fi and mystery books, is known for being Ray Bradbury’s favorite bookstore and it’s where he celebrated his ninetieth birthday; Stories (1716 Sunset Boulevard) features a mix of new and used books and a café with a gritty but dressed-up patio where authors read. Festivals and Reading Series The annual Los Angeles Times Festival of Books takes place over a spring weekend and hosts more than one hundred fifty thousand people. Speakers include best-selling authors such as T. C. Boyle and Jonathan Lethem, as well as prominent agents and editors. There is a children’s area, which features stage performers—such as actress Bernadette Peters, who read her children's book while perched in an enormously oversized chair at the 2010 festival—and music, a poetry stage, and hundreds of tents with vendors selling books, journals, and other bookish wares. In addition to traditional venues like bookstores, readings can be found in unusual places as well, if you know where to look. Every other month, Vermin on the Mount , which features readers from the indie scene, is held at the dimly lit Mountain Bar (473 Gin Ling Way) in Chinatown, which is partially owned and decorated by artist Jorge Pardo, a MacArthur "Genius" Fellow. Tavin (1543 Echo Park Avenue), a boutique and salon located in Echo Park, holds semiregular readings with female authors. Over in Culver City the Taylor de Cordoba (2660 South La Cienega Boulevard), a contemporary art gallery, regularly brings together authors and culinary types as part of its Eating Our Words series. Recent pairings included poet Dana Goodyear and chocolate maker Patricia Tsai. Rhapsodomancy , a series that features two poets and two fiction or nonfiction authors—past participants include Sarah Manguso, Chris Abani, and Jericho Brown—holds its readings at the dark, red-walled Good Luck Bar (1514 Hillhurst Avenue) in Los Feliz. And Tongue and Groove , a monthly offering of short fiction, personal essays, poetry, and spoken word, accompanied by music, is held at the Hotel Café (1623 1/2 North Cahuenga Boulevard) in Hollywood, with raw brick walls and fewer seats than attendees. Some major literary series in Los Angeles do not have permanent homes: Writers Bloc , which typically holds its programs in venues in Beverly Hills, has featured conversations with high-profile writers such as Paul Auster, Joan Didion, Norman Mailer, Joyce Carol Oates, Salman Rushdie, and David Foster Wallace, plus stunning duos with artists such as Christopher Hitchens and Kurt Vonnegut, Dick Cavett, and Mel Brooks. Launched in 2010 Live Talks Los Angeles has hosted authors such as Scott Turow and Robert Reich, who discussed their latest books in onstage interviews. On the edgier side, Rare Bird Lit , also launched in 2010, has hosted Chuck Palahniuk, James Ellroy, and Dennis Lehane. Events are often held at Largo at the Coronet (366 North La Cienega Boulevard), a 1920s variety theater. A few more unexpected places you might find a literary event, if the timing is right: Beyond Baroque Foundation (681 Venice Boulevard), a legendary poetry center hosts readings by local and traveling poets and open-mike nights, and the Steve Allen Theater (4773 Hollywood Boulevard), where the Center for Inquiry–Los Angeles has hosted events with the Rumpus and McSweeney's Books. Bars and Cafés Established in 1919, there is still no better place in Hollywood to get a martini than Musso and Frank Grill (6667 Hollywood Boulevard), which perfected this traditional drink for no less than William Faulkner, Nathanael West, John O’Hara, Raymond Chandler, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Its stretch of Hollywood Boulevard now features tourist shops and the paparazzi-friendly Geisha House, but in the 1930s it was surrounded by bookstores: Pickwick on one side and Stanley Rose on the other. Writers who considered themselves slumming in Hollywood would come to Stanley Rose for the notable book selection, Rose’s erudite and colorful conversation, and the back room, where commiseration often turned swiftly to boozing. Musso and Frank had laid claim to a few back rooms on the block, and legend has it that the writers got full restaurant and bar service in the bookstore’s back room. In the 1950s Stanley Rose’s closed and Musso and Frank expanded into its former space. James M. Cain, Budd Schulberg, William Saroyan, and John Fante were among those who drank there—and, if you order a Musso and Frank martini at the bar, you will be too. While these bars aren’t literary per se—famous writers didn’t drink or pen their famous works there, agents and editors don’t schmooze there—their bookish décor will, perhaps, inspire your work-in-progress: Hemingway’s (6356 Hollywood Boulevard), featuring ceiling high shelves of old books, a wall of vintage typewriters, and a smoking patio describe as “a bit Paris, a bit Key West, a bit Cuba” serves up specialty drinks named after the author. The law books lining the walls of Hyperion Aveue Tavern (1941 Hyperion Avenue) in the Silver Lake neighborhood do nothing to indicate that this used to be a boys-only leather bar, nor does the live music, which features bands that range from quiet country and folk to full-blown punk. Library Bar (630 West Sixth Street) is located downtown in the shadow of the central Library. While it’s too dark to read the books on the shelves, the décor, food, and drinks might just be enough to stir up a lively literary discussion. The Wellesborne (10929 West Pico Boulevard) in West L.A., with its booth seating, fireplace, and book-lined walls, is chock full of inspiration. Los Angeles is big on personal space—large apartments, wide yards—but when it comes to finding a public space to write, it gets tricky. As in any other city, coffee shops can be a good bet, but be warned: Here in L.A. they’re brimming with screenwriters, who’ve set up with laptops and lattes. A favorite for locals is the Starbucks-alternative Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf , a spiffy Southern California chain that provides a Wi-Fi code on request. The random library branch is a personal favorite of mine, but you have to get a library card to log in to the Internet. For visitors? The best bet is the backyard of that person you’re staying with. Writers who know Los Angeles best have done some of their best writing about freeways. Think Joan Didion in her novel Play It As It Lays or Raymond Chandler in The Little Sister. After midnight on a weeknight try driving on Interstate 405 and over the hill into the valley, or early on a Sunday morning take the 10 from downtown to the ocean or head north on the Pacific Coast Highway. The rhythm of Los Angeles’s roads has seeped into its decentralized heart, into the minds of writers for decades, and you, too, will hear it as your wheels spin and spin and spin.	i don't know
Navin R Johnson, played by Steve Martin, is the title character in which 1979 film?	The Jerk (1979) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error An idiotic man struggles to make it through life on his own in St. Louis. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. a list of 40 titles created 25 May 2011 a list of 25 titles created 03 Feb 2012 a list of 30 titles created 09 Sep 2014 a list of 36 titles created 05 Oct 2015 a list of 25 titles created 08 Jan 2016 Search for " The Jerk " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. A brain surgeon marries a femme fatale, causing his life to turn upside down. Things go more awry when he falls in love with a talking brain. Director: Carl Reiner Two con men try to settle their rivalry by betting on who can swindle a young American heiress out of $50,000 first. Director: Frank Oz Based on the play "Cyrano de Bergerac", large nosed C.D. Bales falls for the beautiful Roxanne while she falls for his personality but another man's looks. Director: Fred Schepisi Three actors accept an invitation to a Mexican village to perform their onscreen bandit fighter roles, unaware that it is the real thing. Director: John Landis A man must struggle to travel home for Thanksgiving with an obnoxious slob of a shower curtain ring salesman as his only companion. Director: John Hughes Film noir parody with a detective uncovering a sinister plot. Characters from real noirs appear as scenes from various films are intercut. Director: Carl Reiner When a desperate movie producer fails to get a major star for his bargain basement film, he decides to shoot the film secretly around him. Director: Frank Oz A dying millionaire has her soul transferred into a younger, willing woman. However, something goes wrong, and she finds herself in her lawyer's body - together with the lawyer. Director: Carl Reiner With the help of a talking freeway billboard, a "wacky weatherman" tries to win the heart of an English newspaper reporter, who is struggling to make sense of the strange world of early-90s Los Angeles. Director: Mick Jackson Edit Storyline Navin is an idiot. He grew up in Mississippi as adopted son of a black family but on his 18th birthday he feels he wants to discover the rest of the world and sets out to St. Louis. There everyone exploits his naivety, but then a simple invention brings him a fortune. Written by Tom Zoerner <[email protected]> A rags to riches to rags story See more » Genres: 14 December 1979 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia First of four films that actor Steve Martin made with director Carl Reiner . The other movies are All of Me (1984), The Man with Two Brains (1983), and Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982). See more » Goofs The telephone is visible and off the hook when Navin runs toward the garage to call in the stolen credit card. See more » Quotes [first lines] Navin R. Johnson : Huh? I am not a bum. I'm a jerk. I once had wealth, power, and the love of a beautiful woman. Now I only have two things: my friends, and... uh... my thermos. Huh? My story? Okay. It was never easy for me. I was born a poor black child. I remember the days, sittin' on the porch with my family, singin' and dancin' down in Mississippi... Pig Eye Jackson - Cat Juggler (Steve Martin) See more » Connections Spoofed in Bowfinger (1999) See more » Soundtracks Sung by Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee (as Brownie McGee) Words and Music by Leadbelly (as Huddie Ledbetter) Overwhelmingly and brilliantly funny with genius throwaways. 24 December 2003 \| by douglasreid-1 (Northern Ireland) – See all my reviews To enter the realm inhabited by Martin's blissfully original caricatures, you must first be tested for wit, intellect and an innocent revelry in life itself. If you qualify, you will be led on to a rollercoaster of oxygen-sapping gags, stupendously clever motifs, brilliant performances and an absolutely fabulous script. There are gags here so new and surprising that to try and emulate them could only court failure. The joy of true love accompanied by him on the ukelele and on the last stanza by her on the........ trumpet: and a beautiful little song. Is it the humour or the innocence brings a tear to your eye? Don't call the dog "life saver", call him "s***head" - and for evermore, he is. The white man who is distraught to discover that he is not black. The goodbye note and Martin reading bits of words as they are washed away. The seminal "all I need" scene which is milked to the point of asphixia. The Jerk is simply the funniest most understatedly clever movie ever produced. There has simply never been anything this good, nor will there ever be. The message is simple and is a very old one: the buffoon as saint. From Bottom in Shakespeare, to Tristram Shandy, to Chaplin, to the genius understatement of Cary Grant, to Norman Wisdom: they have all touched on and come tantalisingly close, but they have all lacked one ingredient, an ingrediant calledSteve Martin. Like Orson Welles and Kane or Frederick Forsyth and the Jackal or Men at Work and Land Down Under, Martin has played his best shot first, unfettered, undisciplined, unconstrained genius. Let us all be better, brighter, cleverer and genuinely funnier by being the jerk. And if that's too frightening, just watch it. 79 of 102 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	The Jerk
Mamma Mania is a tribute band to which group?	The Jerk (1979) - Screen Insults - TV & Movie Quotes "Die Milkface!...Die Gas Pumper!" Description: Crazed statements of a loony survivalist (M. Emmet Walsh) who indiscriminately targets gas station attendant Navin R. Johnson (Steve Martin) with rifle fire in the motion picture The Jerk (1979). As the crazy gunman seeks someone to kill, he scans a telephone book and randomly picks a name for his victim. "Johnson, Navin R... sounds like a typical bastard." Climbing a hillside across from a gas station at 238 1/8 Elm Street where Navin lives and works, the gunman points his gun and fires while shouting "DEAD SINNER! SAY YOUR PRAYERS HALF-BREED! DIE MILK FACE! DIE GAS PUMPER! DIE YOU BASTARD! MILK FACE BASTARD! SUCK MY TOE!" As the bullets whiz pass Navin, they hit cans of oil stacked in front of the gas station. At first, Navin thinks the cans are exploding because they are defective until his boss, Harry (Jackie Mason) yells, “We don't have defective cans. We have a defective person out there.” Coming to the wrong conclusion, Navin panics and shouts, “He hates these cans! Stay away from the cans!” To evade the gunman and draw fire away from his boss, Navin gets in one of the cars at the station, calls for his dog, Shit-head to come with him and slowly drives away (there are no tires just rims on the car) and seeks refuge in a traveling carnival where he gets a job and learns about life, love and how to guess a person's weight. The beginning of the film starts with Navin Johnson dressed in a soiled bath robe and sitting on a staircase in an alley after losing his fortune earned from a faulty invention called the Opti-grab (a $10 million class action suit stripped him of his wealth). As he pathetically looks at the viewing audience, Navin interjects: "Huh? I am NOT a bum. I'm a jerk. I once had wealth, power, and the love of a beautiful woman. Now I only have two things: my friends, and... uh... my thermos. Huh? My story? Okay. It was never easy for me. I was born a poor black child. I remember the days, sittin' on the porch with my family, singin' and dancin' down in Mississippi..." - Navin R. Johnson The dim-witted Navin was raised by a family of black sharecroppers. When Navin decides to leave home and search the world for his “special purpose, his adopted family gives their naive white boy these three pieces of advice: “The Lord loves a working man” "Don’t trust Whitey” “See a doctor and get rid of it.” Note: In the film Shaft (1971), Richard Roundtree as private eye John Shaft informs a friend, “When you lead your revolution, whitey better be standing still because you don’t run worth a damn no more.” And on a segment of SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE Eddie Murphy played convict Tyrone Green who recites poetry like “C-I-L-L my lanlord” and “I Hate White People Because They Is W-I-T-E” (a takeoff of a black Utah prison convict character originally performed by comedian Garrett Morris on SNL who sang the blues song “I’m gonna get me a shotgun, and kill me all the whiteys I see” during an audition for “The Lifer’s Follies” talent show).	i don't know
In the Six Nations Rugby Championship, the Millennium Trophy is awarded to the winner of the game between which two countries?	History : RBS 6 Nations Last Season 6 Nations History Played annually, the format of the Championship is simple: each team plays every other team once, with home field advantage alternating from one year to the next. Two points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss and unlike most other rugby union competitions the bonus point system is not used. Victory in every game results in a 'Grand Slam' and back-to-back Grand Slams have been won on five occasions. Wales achieved the first one in 1908 and 1909, England have done it three times in 1913 and 1914, 1923 and 1924 and 1991 and 1992 while France did it in 1997 and 1998. England hold the record for the number of Grand Slams won with 12, followed by Wales with 11, France with nine, Scotland with three and Ireland with two. Victory by any Home Nation over the other three Home Nations constitutes as a 'Triple Crown'. The Triple Crown has twice been won on four consecutive occasions, once by Wales between 1976 and 1979 and once by England between 1995 and 1998. England hold the record for the number of Triple Crowns won with 23, followed by Wales with 20 and Scotland and Ireland both with ten. Although this achievement has long been a feature of the tournament, it was not until 2006 that a physical trophy, commissioned by the Royal Bank of Scotland, was awarded. Meanwhile, the last-placed nation at the end of the tournament is said to have won a purely figurative Wooden Spoon. Several individual competitions take place under the umbrella of the Six Nations tournament. The oldest is the Calcutta Cup, which has been running since 1879 and is contested annually between England and Scotland. The Millennium Trophy has been awarded to the winner of the game between England and Ireland with the first presented in 1989, and in the same year, the Centenary Quaich was contested between Ireland and Scotland for the first time. Since 2007, France and Italy have also contested for their own silverware - the Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy. It was created to honour the 200th anniversary of the birth of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who helped unify Italy and was also a French military general. Up to World War I In 1871, England and Scotland played the first rugby union international with the latter coming out on top. After 12 years of occasional friendly matches between the teams, the inaugural Home International Championship, comprising England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales was played in 1883. England won the first series, along with a Triple Crown, and up until 1893 when Wales won and 1894 when Ireland won only them and Scotland had been crowned champions. Wales' triumphs in 1908 and 1909, although won during the Home Nations era, were the first Grand Slams as they defeated France in both seasons. France officially joined in 1910, having played in four tournaments up to that point, with the Championship now referred to as the Five Nations. England won the first Championship of the new era while Wales followed up winning the first ever Grand Slam by winning the first Grand Slam of the Five Nations a year later. The competition was suspended during World War I before France were ejected from the tournament in 1931, which reverted back to being the Home Nations from 1932 through to 1939. Post War Proceedings were halted again during World War II and resumed in 1947 as the Five Nations with France welcomed backed into the fold. France won their first shared title seven years later in 1954 and their first outright title in 1959 and by the 1970s the Five Nations had become the pre-eminent series in Northern hemisphere rugby union. Matches became all-ticket affairs, gaining huge popularity and a large television audience, however in 1972 the tournament was not finished after Scotland and Wales refused to travel to Dublin to play Ireland. The season after was unique for a five-way tie, with every nation having won and lost two games. The 1970s marked the golden age for Welsh rugby as they won three Grand Slams and one Triple Crown during the decade, an achievement the modern team could yet surpass having won Grand Slams in 2005, 2008 and 2012. There was no tangible reward for winning the Five Nations Championship until 1993 when a trophy was presented for the first time to the winners - who were France. Prior to 1994 teams that finished equal on points shared the Championship but from then on ties were broken by considering the points differences between the teams. Professional Era Wales were the second team to get their hands on Five Nations silverware followed by England, while Scotland's first success came in 1999. Scotland were the last team to lift the Five Nations trophy as Italy joined the following year in 2000 and the tournament became known as the Six Nations. England won the first Six Nations competition in 2000 before repeating the trick in 2001, while Wales are the current holders having denied England the Grand Slam in 2013. In 2005 Wales became the first team ever to win a Grand Slam by playing more games away than at home - a feat repeated by Ireland in 2009. A year later France pipped Ireland on points' difference however the latter did receive the Triple Crown in trophy format for the first time ever. Italy collected the Wooden Spoon that year but achieved a historic feat by earning their maiden point away from home after drawing with Wales. In 2007 with four teams having a mathematical chance of lifting the trophy France retained their crown on points' difference again. Italy made further history by winning their first away match against Scotland in Edinburgh and also by picking up two victories for the first time after beating Wales in Rome. Scotland replaced Italy in settling for the Wooden Spoon while Ireland won the Triple Crown for the second straight occasion and third time in four years. Wales ended France's run in 2008, winning the Grand Slam for the first time since 2005 after a remarkable opening against England. Trailing by 13 points Wales came from behind to win 26-19, thanks mainly to Mike Phillips' 70th-minute try, and dispatched Scotland 30-15, Italy 47-8, France 29-12 and Ireland 16-12. Wales wing Shane Williams was named the RBS Player of the Championship after scoring six tries while England, World Cup finalists in 2007, were forced to settle for second. Professional Era Continued Ireland took a leaf out of Wales' book a year later ending a 61-year Grand Slam drought in a 2009 tournament in stark contrast to the 2008 one. Whereas the excitement in 2008 came at the start of the tournament it wasn't until the end when the 2009 Championship came alive. Wales hosted Ireland in Cardiff with a Triple Crown on the line as well as knowing a 13-point win would be enough to retain their title. Drama ensued as with Ireland leading 17-15 at the death Welsh stand-off Stephen Jones missed a 50-metre penalty from halfway. England finished second as a result in their first tournament under Martin Johnson while France and Wales contested the first ever game played on a Friday night. The 2010 Six Nations belonged to France as they won the Grand Slam for the first time since 2004. Les Bleus were rarely troubled, opening up with an 18-9 win over Scotland before defeating Ireland 33-10, Wales 26-20 and Italy 46-20. France had already won the Championship going into their final game with England after Ireland lost their second game of the tournament to Scotland hours earlier. But despite being pushed by England, who scored the only try of the game, France came out on top 12-10 at the Stade de France to win the Grand Slam. Ireland's 23-20 loss to Scotland in the final game of the campaign not only denied Ireland the Triple Crown but saw Italy receive the dreaded Wooden Spoon for the third year running. England ended a run of eight years without a title as they wrapped up the 2011 RBS 6 Nations title. Winger Chris Ashton was the spearhead, racking up six tries including four at home to Italy in a thumping 59-13 success. The Azzurri did however make history with a first championship win over France, stunning Les Bleus 22-21 in Rome. A controversial Mike Phillips try handed Wales a narrow 19-13 win over Ireland, but the Irish took their frustration out on England, denying them a Grand Slam with a convincing 24-8 win on the final weekend. And despite securing that historic victory over the French, Italy again had to settle for the Wooden Spoon after a 21-8 defeat in Scotland in their final match. Last Season The 2015 RBS 6 Nations will live long in the memory, not least because of a nerve-jangling final day that began with four teams still in the hunt for the title. It all began in Cardiff six weeks earlier, when England and Wales set the tone for a thrilling Championship. A second-half comeback - kick-started by Jonathan Joseph, who would go on to shine throughout the competition - earned England a 21-16 triumph and a measure of revenge for their chastening defeat on the same turf two years earlier. Ireland and France also began with victories before facing one another in round two, when Jonathan Sexton kicked the men in green to victory. England, meanwhile, made it two from two as a pair of Joseph tries helped see off Italy and Scotland ran Wales close at BT Murrayfield in a 26-23 defeat. There was more heartbreak on home soil for Scotland, who lost 22-19 to Italy, in round three as Wales picked up a second win in as many games, at France's expense. But the biggest clash of the weekend was at the Aviva Stadium, where Robbie Henshaw's try ensured England tasted defeat for the first time in 2015. Ireland soon saw their unbeaten record slip, however, with a 23-16 defeat in Wales while England beat Scotland and France shut Italy out for a 29-0. That left Ireland, England and Wales on six points with France on four and, with all three round-five clashes taking place on the same day, a nail-biting finale was on the cards. Wales were first up and they struck an ominous blow, not just moving to eight points but also boosting their points difference with a 61-20 triumph in Italy, George North grabbing a hat-trick. With a 20-point gap to bridge, Ireland did enough in Scotland - Paul O'Connell among the tries in his final RBS 6 Nations game as Joe Schmidt's side won 40-10. Attentions then turned to Twickenham, where England needed to beat France by 26 points or more to deny Ireland back-to-back Championships. A high-octane encounter kept everyone entertained, with 12 tries in total, but a 55-35 win was not enough for the Red Rose and celebrations began in the Scottish capital.	england and ireland
What are the final odds called at the time a horse race begins?	Rugby Football History The Rugby Championship The Antim Cup is contested between the rugby union teams of Romania ("The Oaks") and Georgia ("The Lelos"). It is named after the Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan Antim Iverianul, who came from Georgia. The Antim Cup is contested every time Georgia and Romania meet in a senior international match BUT not at Rugby World Cup Finals and Qualifiers. The holder retains the Cup unless the challenger wins the match (no extra time whatsoever). There was a motion from Georgia RU just before ENC 2000 decider in Tbilissi, to establish a Challenge Cup, a la Calcutta and Bledisloe Cups, which would be played for annually by Oaks and Lelos Georgian rugby folks have weighted up options and decided that the Cup should be named after whom else but reverend Antimoz Iverieli = Antim Ivirianu (c 1650 - 1716) He introduced Romanian language into liturgy, built a couple of monasteries in Bucuresti and even became arch-bishop of Muntenia (historical region in Southern Romania) Actually, Antim was Georgian by origin. He was abducted by Ottomans in his childhood and sold as slave but then ransomed by Partiarch of Jerusalem Albeit a great patriot of his adopting country Romania, Antim always kept tight links with Georgia (Iveria) and even founded in Tbilissi, his homeland's Capital, first print-house where the first printed Bible was produced in Georgian Both Romanian and Georgian Churches regard Antim as saint, and these days the Georgia - Romania Friendship Society was also named after him Last year through influential go-betweens Rugby Supporters' League (RML) of Georgia approached on the Antim Cup issue the Patriarch of Georgian Orthodox Church, ILIA the 2nd and got His Holyness's blessing and full support This spring famous Georgian sculptor, himself a great rugby player of yesteryear, Guia Japaridze cast the Cup in guilded bronze and the RML will unveil it on Friday, 5th April, in good time for the inaugural challenge. The Bledisloe Cup was donated in 1931 by the Governor-General of New Zealand, Lord Bledisloe. Competitions for the Cup have varied from one to three matches, sometimes with three-or four-year gaps between series, but since 1982 both countries have agreed to play at least one game for the Cup annually. The Tri-Nations ensures that the nations play each other at least two times a year. The Bledisloe Cup was first played for in 1931, when New Zealand beat Australia 20-13 in Auckland. The Cup was first won by Australia in 1934. Bledisloe Cup Fast Facts (March 1, 2004) This will be the 144th time Australia has played New Zealand since the two teams first met in 1903. In that time, NZ has won 96 Tests, Australia has won 42 and there have been 5 draws. The Bledisloe Cup has been contested 44 times over 100 Tests matches. New Zealand has won the Cup 32 times, while Australia has won it 12 times (in 1934, 1949, 1979, 1980, 1986, 1992, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 & 2002). A Bledisloe Cup Test is responsible for the world record for attendance at a Rugby match. In 2000, 109,874 people witnessed Australia and New Zealand at Stadium Australia, in what is widely regarded as one of the best Test matches ever. This is the first Bledisloe Cup Test George Gregan has missed since 1996. Although Gregan (who has 99 Test caps) is closing in on David Campese's Australian record (101 Test caps), Campese is still the clear leader in terms of the number of Bledisloe Cup Tests played. Campese has played New Zealand 29 times, followed by Tim Horan on 21, John Eales on 20 and Gregan on 19. The Calcutta cupwas presented to the RFU to be awarded for the winner of the annual England vs .Scotland international. The trophy originated in India. The Calcutta football club which had been started by former students of rugby school 4 years earlier had been wound up and the remaining rupees in the club's funds were melted down to be re-worked into the trophy. The Cook cup was established in 1997 when Australia and England contracted to play each other bi-annually for 10 years, on a home and away basis. The cup is named after Captain James Cook representing a notable English/Australian connection. The cup is made from crystal and was designed by Royal Doulton in London. The Gallaher Cup - France and New Zealand. (in memory of charismatic AB capt. killed during WWI). France captain Thierry Dusautoir holds the Dave Gallaher Trophy 2009 (credit Getty Images) The Hopetoun Cup was established as a perpetual trophy between Australia and Scotland in 1998. In the spirit of the link between the two countries, it is named after the Seventh Earl of Hopetoun, a Scotsman, who, as the then Governor-General of Australia, presided over the Federation of Australia in 1901. Like the Cook Cup, the Hopetoun Cup is crystal and was designed by Royal Doulton in London. The Junior World Championships Established in 1999, the Lansdowne cup was donated to the Australian Rugby Union by the Lansdowne Club of Sydney as a perpetual trophy between Australia and Ireland. Like the Lansdowne Club, the cup is named after Dublin's famous rugby ground and was designed and made by Waterford Crystal of Ireland. The Mandela Plate Played between Australia and South Africa, this perpetual trophy was first contested in 2000 at the Colonial Stadium in Melbourne and Nelson Mandela addressed the crowd live from Sth Africa, via the electronic score board. That evening the roof of the stadium was shut, making it the world's first indoor Rugby Test. Like the Bledisloe Cup, the Mandela trophy is contested between Sth Africa and Australia on a two match home and away basis within the Tri Nations Series. The Millennium Trophy - England and Ireland. The Puma Trophy. Established as a perpetual trophy between Argentina and Australia, the trophy is a bronzed statue of a Puma. Argentina and Australia first played against each other in 1979. The Ranfurly shield. In 1901, the Earl of Ranfurly, Governor of New Zealand, announced his intention of presenting a cup to the New Zealand Rugby Football Union, of which he was patron. Ranfurly made no stipulation as to what form the competition for the trophy should take, leaving the national union to decide. The annual general meeting of the NZRFU in 1902 decided that the cup should be for competition among affiliated unions on a challenge basis, the first holder to be the union with the best record for the 1902 season. When the trophy arrived it was found to be a shield, rather than a cup, and had obviously been designed for a soccer competition. The centre-piece was duly altered and on 13 September, 1902, the shield was presented by the Governor to G.H. Dixon, the Auckland delegate to the NZRFU. Auckland, with an unbeaten record, was declared the first winner of the Ranfurly Shield. The shield has since become known as the Ranfurly Shield, or Log of Wood, and is played for when the holders accept challenges from other unions, scheduling home games to defend it. Every year, along with more fancied sides, second and third division sides are given chances to play for it. Those teams lift for the occasion, and bring thousands of supporters with them to the challenge venue to parade their colours. The players themselves play the hardest eighty minutes of their lives, gallantly trying to achieve what should be impossible but is shown not to be every now and then, by a team who enter the rugby folklore of this country in doing so. (Text from nzrugby.com & ranfurlyshield.com) 6 Nations. The idea of a Trophy for the Six Nations Championship was first thought of by the Earl of Westmorland, and was first presented in 1993 to France (the winners that season). It is held in trust by the Six Nations Championship Trophy Trust. The Trophy is made of 200 ounces of sterling silver and is insured for £55,000. It was designed by James Brent-Ward, a silversmith designer, and made by eight craftsmen at the London silversmith firm William Comyns. The inside of the Trophy was originally silver, but it became so tarnished from repeated fillings with champagne that it has been lined with 22 carat gold to protect it. There are fifteen sides to the Trophy, representing each player, and three handles representing each official ie the referee and two touch judges. Around the wooden base of the Trophy is the emblem of each of the six national unions. The handle, or finial, on the lid is interchangeable and represents the current champions. The current champions are England so at the moment the finial is the one decorated with the English rose. The finials of the five challenging teams are kept in a hidden drawer in the plinth throughout the Championship. The capacity of the Trophy is exactly five bottles of champagne, one for each of the original Five Nations, and the trophy has a lip at the rim, designed so that it is easy to drink from. The Sir Edmund Hillary Shield was crafted to commemorate the achievements of the legendary conqueror of Mt Everest, New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary and will be competed for whenever England play New Zealand. Sir Hillary passed away in January 2008 aged 88. Photo: Getty Images New Zealand Captain Richie McCaw and England captain Steve Borthwick at a photo call with Lady June Hillary ahead of the game at Twickenham Nov 29th, 2008. The Shield was designed and crafted by English trophy manufacturer Thomas Lyte Silver, who have created a number of major rugby trophies and are also responsible for the care of football's famous FA Cup and golf's Ryder Cup. The circular shield features a centre circle with Sir Ed's head set against a backdrop of Mt Everest and the Himalayas. The English rose and the All Blacks logo are on either side. The trophy honours Sir Edmund's lifetime of achievements as a mountaineer, adventurer, humanitarian, and as Knight of the Garter. The Tom Richard's trophy was made for the British Lions tour to Australia in 2001 and will be contested whenever Australia and the British Lions meet. It was named after Tom Richards, the only Wallaby to have also been a British Lion*. Made of crystal, it has a portrait of Tom Richards etched into the glass. Tom Richard's went to England with the 1908 Wallabies and later played for Gloucester which qualified him to play for the Lions. He was living in Sth Africa when the Lions toured there in 1910 and became a member of the team as a replacement for an injured player. The Tri-Nations championship is held annually between the three main rugby nations in the southern hemisphere, namely Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The TriNations is administered by SANZAR - a co-operative venture between the South African, New Zealand and Australian Rugby unions. Despite the history of the Triple Crown there has never been a permanent trophy produced. The Trophy is a silver dish measuring 42cm wide and 5cm deep and weighing a hefty three kilos. The Trophy was produced by Hamilton and Inches of Edinburgh and took over four months to make. Triple Crown history: The new Triple Crown Trophy was presented for the first time in 2006 The Triple Crown has been won 59 times The four Home Unions have been competing against each other for 125 years, since the first international between England and Wales in 1882 The Triple Crown was first won in 1893 when Wales became the first holders of the then mythical trophy Trophée des Bicentenaires. To celebrate the bi-centenaries of Australia and France in 1988 and 1989 respectively, the French Rugby Union donated this trophy to be played in perpetuity between the two countries. It is a bronze sculpture featuring two players in a tackle. Although the trophy dates from 1988, it was first contested in 1989. The Webb Ellis Cup. The Cup was made by Garrard's workshop in 1906. Garrards was appointed crown jeweler in 1843 by Queen Victoria. Garrard's first famous sporting trophy was the Royal Yacht Squadron's Cup presented in 1848 by the Marques of Anglesey. It is better known as the America's Cup, from the first winner of the cup in 1851, the yacht America. The RWC is a Victorian copy of a cup made in 1740 by the gold and silversmith Paul de Lamerie (1688-1751), whose parents, Huguenots, had fled to London and set up a shop in Soho. The Cup is silver, gilded in gold, 38 centimetres tall with two cast scroll handles. On one there perches the head of a satyr, on the other the head of a nymph, the nymph, beautiful spirit of nature, forever safe from the randy aspirations of the goat-man. The terminals are a bearded mask, a lion mask and a vine. It was not selected for use as the RWC trophy until February 1987. John Kendall-Carpenter, the famous England forward and the Chairman of the Rugby World Cup and Air Commodore Bob Weighill, the secretary of the IRB and a former England forward,visited Garrard's, the crown jeweler in Regent Street, London. Richard Jarvis, the Managing Director of the company, brought the Cup down from the vault and showed it to the two men. Eventually Ronnie Dawson of Ireland, Keith Rowlands of Wales, Bob Stuart and Dick Littlejohn of New Zealand and the Australians Nick Shehadie and Ross Turnbull approved of the choice. They named it 'The Webb Ellis Cup'. Information on the RWC mainly sourced from Planet rugby. Women's World Cup. Women's 6 Nation Trophy Introduced in June 2011 to be presented to the winners of the three Super Rugby Conferences. The expansion of the Super Rugby tournament meant three new trophies were needed and SANZAR have also opted to change the Super Rugby overall champion's trophy. SANZAR chief executive Greg Peters said "The chosen trophy design reflects the core elements of Rugby - tradition, physical toughness, camaraderie, and skill." Bill Beaumont Cup - English Country Championship cup. The Rugby Championship will be one of the world’s premier international rugby competitions and the new trophy that will represent the ultimate symbol of Southern Hemisphere supremacy has been revealed by SANZAR. The exciting new evolution of the Tri-Nations kicks off on 18 August with the Rugby Championship featuring three double World Champions in the All Blacks, Springboks and Wallabies, as well as the exciting addition of the Argentinean Pumas. The new trophy will be presented to the winner each year from 2012 onwards. Each team is to play the other three at home and away with the total competition points after the 12 matches deciding the winner. SANZAR CEO Greg Peters explained the thinking behind the trophy. “The new trophy embodies all the elements of The Rugby Championship,” he said. “A competition of the best versus the best in world rugby, with the four teams competing ranked one, two, three and eight in the world. Over the years the competition and trophy will develop its own heritage and legacy and we look forward to that evolving.” The stainless-steel trophy was designed by Sydney based consultancy Blue Sky, and reflects The Rugby Championship logo by incorporating the ‘H’s’ as the goal posts to support the bowl. The gold panels on the bowl signify the status of the trophy and will recognise the winner of the championship. The trophy stands 56cm tall, and weighs approximately 5kg. It was made using the latest materials and state-of-the-art design processes, before being completed with a polish to bring the new trophy up with a mirror finish.	i don't know
Which creature represented the year 2001 in the Chinese calendar?	Chinese New Year \| Chinese Animal Year Zodiac \| Chinese New Year Dates Today's Horoscope The Chinese Lunar calendar follows a 12 year cycle and each of the 12 years is represented by 12 Animals which form the Chinese Zodiac. After every 12 years the Chinese Calendar repeats itself. The animals in the Chinese Zodiac or the animals which constitute the Chinese calendar are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Hare, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig. • Chinese New Year Dates - Chinese new year dates as per English calendar Chinese Years - Chinese Animal Years List Given below is a list of all the years starting from the year 1900 to 2100 sorted according to the Chinese Animal they represent. For example, the Years listed under the column rat represent the Chinese Year of the Rat, likewise, Chinese Year of the Tiger, Chinese Year of the Hare etc... Rat 2103 Chinese New Year - Chinese New Year Date When in Chinese New Year 2018 or 2019? What is the English date corresponding to Chinese New Year date? Given below is the Chinese New Year dates of all Years between 2005 and 2020. Chinese New year date in English calendar format and English new year date in Chinese Year Format. Chinese new year date as per English calendar English date corresponding to Chinese new year i.e., first day of first Chinese month of each year. Chinese New Year 2011 - February 3, 2011 Chinese New Year 2012 - January 23, 2012 Chinese New Year 2013 - February 10, 2013 Chinese New Year 2014 - January 31, 2014 Chinese New Year 2015 - February 19, 2015 Chinese New Year 2016 - February 8, 2016 Chinese New Year 2017 - January 28, 2017 Chinese New Year 2018 - February 16, 2018 Chinese New Year 2019 - February 5, 2019 Chinese New Year 2020 - January 25, 2020 Chinese New Year 2021 - February 12, 2021 Chinese New Year 2022 - February 1, 2022 Chinese New Year 2023 - January 22, 2023 Chinese New Year 2024 - February 10, 2024 Chinese New Year 2025 - January 29, 2025 Chinese New Year 2026 - February 17, 2026 New year date as per Chinese calendar year Chinese date corresponding to English new year i.e., January 1. January, 1 2012 is 8-12-4709 January, 1 2013 is 20-11-4710 January, 1 2014 is 1-12-4711 January, 1 2015 is 11-11-4712 January, 1 2016 is 22-11-4713 January, 1 2017 is 4-12-4714 January, 1 2018 is 15-11-4715 January, 1 2019 is 26-11-4716 January, 1 2020 is 7-12-4717 January, 1 2021 is 18-11-4718 January, 1 2022 is 29-11-4719 January, 1 2023 is 10-12-4720 January, 1 2024 is 20-11-4721 January, 1 2025 is 2-12-4722 January, 1 2026 is 13-11-4723 January, 1 2027 is 24-11-4724 Chinese Calendar is the traditional astrology calendar of the Chinese people. Many of the chinese festivals and Government Holidays are determined based on the Chinese Calendar. The months of the Chinese Calendar is a sixty year cycle. Chinese Animal Year / Chinese Zodiac Calendar Chinese calendar related links	Snake
In computing, what is SYSOP short for?	Chinese Zodiac: 12 Animal Signs, Calculator, Origin, App Zi Shi: 11 p.m. to 1 a.m. This is the time rats actively seek food. Ox Chou Shi: 1 to 3 a.m. This is the time that oxen ruminate. Tiger Yin Shi: 3 to 5 a.m. Tigers hunt prey and display fiercest nature. Rabbit Mao Shi: 5 to 7 a.m. The Jade Rabbit on the moon is busy pounding medicinal herb with a pestle. Dragon Chen Shi: 7 to 9 a.m. Dragons are hover in the sky at that time to give people rainfall. Snake Si Shi: 9 to 11 a.m. Snakes start to leave their burrows. Horse Wu Shi: 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. With the sun high above, other animals are lying down for a noon break while the unconstrained horse is still vigorous. Sheep Wei Shi: 1 to 3 p.m. It is said that if sheep ate grass at this time, they would grow stronger. Monkey Shen Shi: 3 to 5 p.m. Monkeys become lively. You Shi: 5 to 7 p.m. Roosters return to their roost as it is dark. Dog Xu Shi: 7 to 9 p.m. Dogs begin to carry out their duty to guard entrances. Pig	i don't know
Which Mediterranean island was one of the filming locations for the 2000 film ‘Gladiator’?	Filming in Malta - Filming Locations in Malta \| Visit Malta Filming in Malta The following map might be of interest to you: Latest News Simply Relax Filming in Malta In recent years, Malta has become one of Europe's most popular film and television locations - dubbed "the Mediterranean's mini-Hollywood" by the London Times. The Maltese Islands - Malta, Gozo and Comino - have been home to Hollywood blockbusters such as Gladiator, U-571, The Count of Monte Cristo, Troy, Munich as well as prestigious dramas and sitcoms such as the BBC's Byron and ITV's Coronation Street. The islands' beautiful, unspoiled coastlines and breathtaking architecture have ‘doubled' for an amazing variety of locations on the big and small screens - from ancient Rome to 19th-century Marseille and 1960's Beirut. Steven Spielberg, Ridley Scott, Wolfgang Petersen, Guy Ritchie and other renowned directors, as well as a host of A-list celebrities such as Russell Crowe, Brad Pitt, Sharon Stone, Madonna and Sean Connery, all experienced Malta's movie making facilities and its many charms. The Malta Film Commission is a government body set up with the aim of assisting in the production of films in Malta and promoting the islands as a filming location. The MFC offers specific financial incentives in the form of cash rebates to audiovisual productions shooting on location in Malta. For more information contact the MFC directly. In addition, the Malta Tourism Authority also offers financial and logistical support to film and television productions who chose to film locally depicting 'Malta as Malta'. For details click here .	Malta
Which English author wrote and edited the weekly periodical ‘Master Humphrey’s Clock’?	Filming Locations in Malta - Natural Landmarks, Studios & Architecture AZURE WINDOW This 100-metre high natural arch, hollowed out of the Gozo coastline at Dwejra by thousands of years of wind and waves, is perhaps the island's most famous landmark and has attracted the attention of several film-makers. It appeared in American mini-series The Odyssey. ĊITTADELLA This late medieval, hilltop citadel, which encloses a number of historic buildings and offers an unforgettable view of Gozo, has been a popular screen location, most recently for the BBC’s Byron, in which it doubles for a fort in Greece, 1811. RAMLA BAY One of Gozo's most beautiful and peaceful beaches, the golden sands of Ramla Bay were the location for one of the most dramatic moments in the BBC's biographical drama Byron, for a scene showing the flaming funeral pyre of the poet Shelley BLUE LAGOON On Comino are the sheltered, dazzlingly blue waters of this small inlet, which has appeared on screen many times, most recently for a diving scene featuring Madonna in Swept Away and a spearfishing scene set in ancient times for the mini-series Helen of Troy. Boat trips from Gozo and Malta to Comino enable you to take a dip in the lagoon. Also on Comino is St Mary's Tower, which is featured in The Count of Monte Cristo. FORT ST ELMO (VALLETTA) Now home to the Malta Police Academy, parts of this 16th-century fort on the tip of the Valletta peninsula have appeared in two swashbuckling adventure movies, Cutthroat Island and The Count of Monte Cristo (doubling for Marseille), as well as the forthcoming 1960s espionage drama A Different Loyalty, in which the fort doubled for a Beirut street market, and Midnight Express, which used the fort's disused barracks to represent a Turkish prison. MDINA Malta's former capital, a fortified hilltop city some of whose buildings date from the 12th century, had a cameo role in The Count of Monte Cristo. The square and side streets around St Paul's Cathedral were used for a carnival scene set in Rome, in which the hero, Dantès, fakes the kidnapping of his son. Mdina also appeared in Cutthroat Island and the TV opera film The Death of Klinghoffer. A walk around the winding streets used by the Monte Cristo film crew is highly recommended, finishing at the fortifications on Bastion Square, which give you a stunning panoramic view of Malta. MEDITERRANEAN FILM STUDIOS Since they opened in 1963, Mediterranean Film Studios (MFS) has hosted dozens of feature films, TV dramas, mini-series, commercials and music videos, almost all of them featuring action set on water. Situated at Rinella on the eastern coast, the two main water tanks have a clear horizon behind them, allowing directors to film in a controlled environment and create the illusion that the on-screen characters are miles out to sea. You may well have seen that illusion in one or more of MFS's recent credits, including Cutthroat Island, Pinocchio, Swept Away, U-571 and White Squall. PALAZZO PARISIO (NAXXAR) This opulent 19th-century stately home in Naxxar is rapidly becoming one of the island's most in-demand and versatile film and television locations. In the last two years it has doubled on screen for two French chateaux in The Count of Monte Cristo, an Italian villa and a palazzo in the BBC drama Byron and a Genoa hotel in Daniel Deronda. XATT IR-RISQ (VITTORIOSA) This long, straight stretch of waterfront on the western side of Vittoriosa has been used for contemporary and period movies in search of unspoiled harbourside locations, including Cutthroat Island (for an explosive chase sequence), The Count of Monte Cristo, Swept Away and the BBC TV drama Daniel Deronda, in which Xatt ir-Risq doubled for Genoa in the 1870s.	i don't know
Traditionally, ‘First Footing’ takes place in Britain on which date of the year?	New Year's Day - British Culture, Customs and Traditions New Year's Traditions in England \| New Year's Traditions in Scotland \| New Year's Traditions in Wales With dictionary look up - Double click on any word for its definition. This section is in advanced English and is only intended to be a guide, not to be taken too seriously! Traditions England England celebrates the New Year from the evening of December 31st into January 1st. Traditionally it is not as widely celebrated as Christmas, but the year 2000 saw a large change. For instance people did not used to celebrate New Year with fireworks (they were reserved for Bonfire Night), but last year and this all across England people were setting off fireworks on the stroke of midnight. More traditionally, on the stroke of midnight, people open the back door (to let the old year out) and ask the first dark haired man to be seen to come through the front door carrying salt, coal and bread. This means that the following year everyone in the house will have enough to eat (bread), enough money (salt) and be warm enough (coal). Scotland In Scotland they always seem to celebrate New Year better than anywhere else. The celebration of New Year's Eve is called "Hogmanay". The word Hogmanay comes from a kind of oat cake that was traditionally given to children on New Year's Eve. In Edinburgh the celebrations always include a massive party from Prince's Street to the Royal Mile and Edinburgh Castle. Unfortunately due to overcrowding in the past the event is now ticket only. On New Year's Day (actually from the stroke of midnight) the tradition of first footing is observed. This is because the first person to set foot in a residence in a New Year is thought to profoundly affect the fortunes of everyone who lives there. Generally strangers are thought to bring good luck. Depending on the area, it may be better to have a dark-haired or fair-haired stranger set foot in the house, but it does mean Scotland is a very welcoming place for strangers at New Year! Wales New Year's Eve is called "Nos Galan" in Welsh, and whilst they also believe in letting out the old year and letting in the newif the first visitor in the New Year is a woman and a man opens the door it's considered bad luck. In addition, if the first man to cross the threshold in the New Year is a red head, that is also bad luck. People in Wales also believe that you should pay off all debts before the New Year begins. Tradition states that ending a year in debt means a whole new year of debt. On New Year's Day "Dydd Calan" in Wales the children get up early to visit their neighbors and sing songs. They are given coins, mince pies, apples and other sweets for singing. This stops at midday. it can also depend on where you live as to when you celebrate New Year in Wales. Some areas still celebrate Dydd Calan on January 12th.	January 1
Bodybuilder Angelo Siciliano was better known by what name?	New Year's Eve Traditions and Customs We will take a cup of kindness yet For times gone by Customs An old custom was to open the door of the house at the last stroke of midnight. on New Year’s Eve to allow the old year out and the new year in. First Footing In the old days, the New Year started with a custom called 'first footing', which was suppose to bring good luck to people for the coming year. As soon as midnight had passed and January 1st had started, people used to wait behind their doors for a dark haired person to arrive. The visitor carried a piece of coal, some bread, some money and some greenery. These were all for good luck - the coal to make sure that the house would always be warm, the bread to make sure everyone in the house would have enough food to eat, money so that they would have enough money, and the greenery to make sure that they had a long life. The visitor would then take a pan of dust or ashes out of the house with him, thus signifying the departure of the old year. New Year Resolutions The end of the year brings reflection on the past and hope for the future. Many people make New Year's resolutions. On December 31, 1661, Samuel Pepys penned about his New Year's Resolution “I have newly taken a solemn oath about abstaining from plays and wine, which I am resolved to keep according to the letter of the oath which I keep by me.” Calennig Calennig is the Welsh tradition of New Year gift giving. A Calennig is an apple with three twig legs stuck with dried fruit, cloves and a spray of evergreens stuck into the top. It is a traditional Welsh decoration to give friends and families on New Years day to with them luck during the new year. Placing a calennig on the window sill or shelf will bring luck to the house. Calennig is a Welsh word meaning "New Year celebration/gift," though literally translates to "the first day of the month," deriving from the Latin word kalends. The English word "Calendar" also has its root in this word. Fire Festivals The Allendale Tar Barrel Festival Northumberland Whisky barrels filled with burning tar are balanced on the heads of barrel carriers called “Guisers” and paraded around the town. The Stonehaven Fireball Festival nr. Aberdeen A parade of sixty kilt clad, marchers accompanied by pipes and drums, whirling 16 pound balls of fire on wire ropes around their heads. The Comrie Flambeaux Procession Scotland Eight huge torches parade through the town, and then thrown from a bridge into the River Earn, ridding the town of the years evil spirits. Superstition In Yorkshire, people say 'Black rabbits, black rabbits, black rabbits' in the closing seconds of the old year. Then they say, 'White rabbits, white rabbits, white rabbits,' as their first utterance of the New Year. This is suppose to bring good luck. Many people try to make 'White rabbits, white rabbits, white rabbits,' their first words on the first day of any new month. On the first day of each month when children get to school they may say to someone: 'Pinch punch the first day of the month - no returns!' In retaliation the other one will immediately exclaim: 'A punch and a kick for being so quick - no returns!.'	i don't know
A sublingual medicine is applied in which part of the body?	Positive Health Online \| Article - Sublingual Absorption Positive Health Online listed in colon health , originally published in issue 13 - July 1996 Sublingual, meaning literally 'under the tongue' refers to a method of administering substances via the mouth in such a way that the substances are rapidly absorbed via the blood vessels under the tongue rather than via the digestive tract. The route of absorption via the highly vascularised buccal mucosa allow the substances a more direct access to the blood circulation, thus providing direct systemic administration. Medically, sublingual drug administration is applied in the field of cardiocascular drugs, steroids, some barbiturates and enzymes. It has been a developing field in the administration of many vitamins and minerals which are found to be readily and thoroughly absorbed by this method. Sublingually absorbed nutrition, which avoids exposure to the gastric system and liver, means direct nutritional benefits, particularly important for sufferers of gastro-intestinal difficulties such as ulcers, hyperactive gut, coeliac disease, those with compromised digestion, the elderly and invalids – the nutritional benefit is independent of gastro-intestinal influences. There is considerable evidence that most sublingual substances are absorbed by simple diffusion; the sublingual area acting rather like litmus paper, readily soaking up the substances. However, not all substances are permeable and accessible to the buccal mucosa. The mucosa functions primarily as a barrier – similar to skin[1]. But while it was once believed that the barrier of human skin was 'impenetrable' it is now recognised that the dermis is a good site for the absorption of many substances (eg, vitamins E & C creams; hormones; nicotine patches) and it is a growing field of endeavour. Similarly the buccal mucosa presents an ideal site for absorption. This potential continues to be explored for the administration of many drugs – providing many useful studies and a better understanding of the modus operandi – although the benefits of the less intrusive nutrition therapies have had little opportunity as yet to be as thoroughly researched. One of the best known drugs used regularly with great success is Glyceryl Trinitrate[2] – a potent coronary vasodilator which is used for the rapid symptomatic relief of angina. It has been found impressively effective when administered sublingually; pharmacologically active after only 1 – 2 minutes. The administration via an aerosol spray was found to provide rapid relief of symptoms, with first-class metabolism. The extent of first-class metabolism when compared to the sublingual spray decreased to 48% with sublingual tablets and 28% with the oral dose[3]. Following sublingual administration, nitrate appears in plasma . . . concentrations can be maintained for 24 hours[4]. Sublingual Verapamil[5] (a calcium channel antagonist prescribed for the management of angina, hypertension and certain supraventricular arrythmias) was effective in controlling the ventricular rate in 7 symptomatic patients and rapidly appeared in the plasma following sublingual administration. Experiments with some analgesics showed a many-times more rapid absorption from the mouth than the less lipid-soluble morphine. Impressive absorption has been attained with sublingual administration of desoxycortisone acetate, morphine, captoprill, nifedipine and 17-B Oestradiol – interestingly, it has also been shown that the sublingual administration of 17-B Oestradiol requires only 1/4 of the oral dose. The Mechanics of Sublingual Absorption The absorption potential of the buccal mucosa is influenced by the lipid solubility and therefore the permeability of the solution (osmosis); the ionisation (pH); and the molecular weight of the substances. For example, absorption of some drugs via the buccal mucosa is shown to increase when carrier pH is lower (more acidic) and decrease with a lowering of pH (more alkaline). The cells of the oral epithelium and epidermis are also capable of absorbing by endocytosis (the uptake of particles by a cell as if by hollowly wrapping itself around it. These engulfed particles are usually too large to diffuse through its wall). It is unlikely that this mechanism is used accross the entire stratified epithelium. It is also unlikely that active transport processes operate within the oral mucosa. However, it is believed that acidic stimulation of the salivary glands, with the accompanying vasodilation, facilitates absorption and uptake into the circulatory system. The mouth is lined with a mucous membrane which is covered with squamous epithelium and contains mucous glands. The buccal mucosa are similar to the sublingual mucosal tissue. The salivary glands consist of lobules of cells which secrete saliva through the salivary ducts into the mouth. The three pairs of salivary glands are the parotid, the submandibular and the sublingual which lies on the floor of the mouth. The more acid the taste, the greater the stimulation of salivary output; serving also to avoid potential harm to acid-sensitive tooth enamel by bathing the mouth in copious neutralising fluid. With stimulation of salivary secretion oxygen is consumed and vasodilator substances are produced; and the glandular blood flow increases, due to increased glandular metabolism. The sublingual artery travels forward to the sublingual gland, it supplies the gland and branches to the neighbouring muscles and to the mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue and gums. Two symmetrical branches travel behind the jawbone under the tongue to meet and join at its tip. Another branch meets and anastomoses with the submental branches of the facial artery. The sublingual artery stems from the lingual artery – the body's main blood supply to the tongue and the floor of the mouth – which arises from the external carotid artery. The proximity with the internal carotid artery allows fast access to its route supplying the greater part of the cerebral hemisphere. Osmosis In order for a nutrient to be effectively absorbed sublingually, it needs to be able to travel accross the buccal mucous membranes; by a process of diffusion known as osmosis which applies to all forms of absorption by the body; governing both intestinal and sublingual absorption. The distribution of water accross cell walls depends on the osmotic difference in the blood between the intracellular and extracellular fluid. The distribution of water across blood vessel walls is determined by the in-vivo osmotic pressure of plasma and the total outward hydrostatic pressure. Unlike the cell membrane, the capillary wall is freely and rapidly permeable to small molecules. The diffusion of water accross a membrane that is only permeable to water depends on the molecular weight of the particle. Small particles that readily dissolve in water, rarely present a problem in permeation and diffusion, and so are able to move freely between the tissues of the body. Active transportation into cells leads to rapid metabolisation of the substances. Molecules such as glucose (fructose) and amino acids are essential for cell metabolism and special mechanisms have evolved to facilitate their rapid diffusion and permeation accross cell membranes. The Water of Life Water is physiologically the most important component of the body; it is the medium in which all of the physiological activities neccessary for life take place. The properties of water greatly influence the digestion and absorption of lipids. Water molecules strongly attract each other because of the asymmetrical distribution of electrons within each molecule; the area of the oxygen atom has many electrons and hydrogen atoms have few electrons. Water is the major component of both the the interior of the cell and the extracellular fluid that surrounds the cell. A little over half the body water is inside cells. About 15 – 20% of the extracellular water is in the plasma. The remainder is held in the extravascular, extracellular and interstitial fluid. Water is an excellent solvent. Because it is such a good solvent, it is the most abundant molecule of the body; most other molecules in the body are dissolved within the water molecules. Water is also an excellent carrier of small particles and is very readily permeable: it is absorbed passively, by osmosis. An acid is a substance that releases a hydrogen (H+ ) ion. The base is the substance that combines with it. The H+ concentration is usually shown using the pH scale; a scale of numbers which expresses the acidity/alkalinity of a solution. At pH 7 the solution is neutral – the acidity and alkalinity are balanced. The lower the pH, the more acid and the higher the percentage of H+ ions. Ascorbic Acid Ascorbic acid is the major antioxident in the aqueous phase of the body. It is readily dissolved in water and its naturally acidic nature in aqueous solution provides a naturally low pH for rapid and efficient sublingual absorption of both itself as Vitamin C and the other solutes carried with it. Ascorbic acid readily dissolves in water. Sublingual Nutrition The advantages of sublingually administering nutrients seem to be manifold, offering improved bioavailability and more rapid metabolisation of the nutrients which are absorbed more fully. It allows individual control over the dosage for optimium benefit, within safe guidelines, and can allow absorption in a palatable and easily administered form, regardless of gastro-intestinal difficulties. It is especially useful for those who experience difficulty in swallowing tablets. Sublingual nutrients are available in readily dissolved tablets, or in fine powders, which are held under the tongue or in the mouth, until dissolved. Water soluble vitamins are passively absorbed, by osmosis, and the vitamin molecules are massed in the micelles for transport across the mucosal membranes. References	Mouth
The world’s oldest surviving bowling green, first used around 1299, is located in which English city?	How to Take Your Meds: Medication Administration Routes By Marian Anne Eure Updated April 20, 2016 There are many routes of medication administration (the way that a drug is placed into the body). Based on the specific medication being used, the rate of absorption desired, and the specific site of action (where the medication needs to have an effect) your doctor or pharmacist will instruct you on the route of administration needed for you. Most drugs are manufactured for a specific route of administration and must be used as directed for safety and efficiency. Routes of Medication Administration In general, two categories of medication administration exist: parenteral and nonparenteral. These two categories also determine whether or not a drug stays in one area of the body (local effect) or absorbed by the vascular system to be distributed to body tissues (systemic effect). Parenteral This administration route involves medication that is injected in the body anywhere other than the mouth or alimentary canal (the entire passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines). Generally, parenteral is the most reliable, direct and rapidly absorbed way of administering medications. This is used when more complete and faster absorption of a drug is needed. It describes any medication injected into the body via the following routes: Intradermal (injecting a drug into the first layers of the skin) Subcutaneous (injecting directly into the fatty tissue under the skin) Intramuscular (injecting directly into a muscle) Intrarterial (injecting a drug directly into an artery) Intracardiac (injecting directly into the heart) Intravenous (injecting directly into a vein) Intrathecal (injecting into the spinal canal) Epidural (injecting into the epidural space of the spinal cord) Intrperitoneal (injecting directly into the abdominal cavity) The speed of absorption varies with parenteral administration, but it is faster than oral administration , which is a nonparenteral route. Some of the disadvantages of using the parenteral route is that there is a slight risk of infection, tissue damage, pain and/or anxiety for some patients. Nonparenteral Nonparenteral is the route that oral medications (pills, capsules, syrups), topical medications (ointments, patches like nitro), and suppositories (vaginal and rectal) are administered. This route includes: Oral (medications are taken by mouth and absorbed into the system through the digestive system. Absorption is slow. Medications that use this option cannot be used if vomiting is occurring.) Sublingual (medication is placed under the tongue for absorption by the body) Topical (applied directly to a part of the body) Transdermal (active ingredients are delivered via the skin for systemic distribution. Examples include transdermal patches) Ophthalmic (administered through the eye, usually in the form of drops) Otic (administered through the ear) Nasal (administered through the nose) Rectal (absorbed by the lower digestive tract) Vaginal (administered through the vagina) Mucosal (medications are delivered through the nose or inhaled and are absorbed through the nasal mucosa or bronchioles, respectively. Vaginal administration of a medication is also considered mucosal.) Percutaneous (medications are absorbed directly through the skin into the blood stream. Some birthcontrol pills and hormone replacements are administered by patches that are absorbed slowly and evenly through the skin, for example.) The advantages of using these nonparenteral routes is that it is easier and more convenient for most. Unfortunately if you are nauseated, vomiting, can't swallow or have intestinal issues, taking medications via the gastrointestinal tract is not recommended. Continue Reading	i don't know
In 1976, who was the first football player in England to receive a red card?	How English football came to love and curse the red card - BBC News BBC News How English football came to love and curse the red card By Martin Winch BBC News 10 August 2013 Close share panel Image caption Red cards were first introduced to the global game in 1970 When Saturday comes, it brings with it goals, shock results and a sprinkling of the dreaded yellow and red cards. But while the goals and upsets have been occurring in the Football League for 125 years , the same cannot be said for the handing out of cards. They made their debut in the English game in 1976, and the first player to receive a red one was Blackburn Rovers winger Dave Wagstaffe. The former Wolves midfielder, who died this week aged 70, was given his marching orders in a Division Two match at Leyton Orient on 2 October. Later that afternoon a certain George Best also saw red playing for Fulham at Southampton in the same division. But where did the idea for the cards come from? Traffic lights The cards were shown after the Football League voluntarily adopted a system introduced to the game in the 1970 World Cup. David Barber, from the Football Association, said the idea is credited to English referee Ken Aston from Ilford, London. Image caption Winger Dave Wagstaffe left Wolves in 1976 for Blackburn Rovers Mr Barber said: "He refereed the 1963 FA Cup Final and was in charge of the referees at the '66 World Cup, during which there was confusion over [Argentina's] Antonio Rattin's dismissal against England. "Had he actually been sent off?" The player had indeed been given his marching orders, for reasons that were about as unclear as the indication of the dismissal itself. Mr Aston had to help persuade Argentina's captain to leave the field of play. It was while the referee was driving along Kensington High Street that he had the idea of introducing yellow and red cards in a bid to overcome language barriers and give a clear indication to players and supporters alike. He was stopped at traffic lights when it dawned on him that yellow could be for a caution, a warning to a player to take it easy. And red would simply mean stop - your game is over. The card system was trialled at the 1970 World Cup in Mexico and they were introduced into European club games at some point afterwards. Football violence Some six years later they made their way into the English game where they were used in the domestic game for less than five years initially. Tony Brown, from SoccerData, explained why two red cards were shown on the day they were introduced. "Wagstaffe was the first to receive a red, for arguing with the ref [after 36 mins]," Mr Brown said. "George Best received a red for foul language in the 67th minute." Image caption The inspiration for the cards came from colours of the traffic light He added: "In 1980, there was concern over violence on and off the pitch. "The FA, not the League, thought that 'demonstrative referees' were part of the problem, and decided to do away with red cards." The decision was ratified by the FA Council in January 1981 and two of the last red cards, for the time being, were shown to David Hodgson and Nicky Reid in a game between Manchester City and Middlesbrough. But Mr Brown said that by 1987 "the International Board, the rule-making body of the international game, said that England was out of step and should reintroduce cards for the 1987-88 season". Luton Town forward Mick Harford had the dubious honour of being shown the first red card in a league match following their reintroduction. The Hatter walked just four minutes into the opening day defeat at Derby County in Division One on 15 August 1987. Over 9,000 have followed in domestic matches and European games involving English teams, according to the English National Football Archive. The National Football Museum said the issuing of cards became part of the FA's laws of the game in 1992. And while showing red and yellow helps make referees' decisions clear most of the time, the debate over whether they should or should not have been issued rumbles on among the tales of goals and results up and down the country.	Dave Wagstaffe
Which US President was nicknamed ‘Old Hickory’?	How English football came to love and curse the red card - BBC News BBC News How English football came to love and curse the red card By Martin Winch BBC News 10 August 2013 Close share panel Image caption Red cards were first introduced to the global game in 1970 When Saturday comes, it brings with it goals, shock results and a sprinkling of the dreaded yellow and red cards. But while the goals and upsets have been occurring in the Football League for 125 years , the same cannot be said for the handing out of cards. They made their debut in the English game in 1976, and the first player to receive a red one was Blackburn Rovers winger Dave Wagstaffe. The former Wolves midfielder, who died this week aged 70, was given his marching orders in a Division Two match at Leyton Orient on 2 October. Later that afternoon a certain George Best also saw red playing for Fulham at Southampton in the same division. But where did the idea for the cards come from? Traffic lights The cards were shown after the Football League voluntarily adopted a system introduced to the game in the 1970 World Cup. David Barber, from the Football Association, said the idea is credited to English referee Ken Aston from Ilford, London. Image caption Winger Dave Wagstaffe left Wolves in 1976 for Blackburn Rovers Mr Barber said: "He refereed the 1963 FA Cup Final and was in charge of the referees at the '66 World Cup, during which there was confusion over [Argentina's] Antonio Rattin's dismissal against England. "Had he actually been sent off?" The player had indeed been given his marching orders, for reasons that were about as unclear as the indication of the dismissal itself. Mr Aston had to help persuade Argentina's captain to leave the field of play. It was while the referee was driving along Kensington High Street that he had the idea of introducing yellow and red cards in a bid to overcome language barriers and give a clear indication to players and supporters alike. He was stopped at traffic lights when it dawned on him that yellow could be for a caution, a warning to a player to take it easy. And red would simply mean stop - your game is over. The card system was trialled at the 1970 World Cup in Mexico and they were introduced into European club games at some point afterwards. Football violence Some six years later they made their way into the English game where they were used in the domestic game for less than five years initially. Tony Brown, from SoccerData, explained why two red cards were shown on the day they were introduced. "Wagstaffe was the first to receive a red, for arguing with the ref [after 36 mins]," Mr Brown said. "George Best received a red for foul language in the 67th minute." Image caption The inspiration for the cards came from colours of the traffic light He added: "In 1980, there was concern over violence on and off the pitch. "The FA, not the League, thought that 'demonstrative referees' were part of the problem, and decided to do away with red cards." The decision was ratified by the FA Council in January 1981 and two of the last red cards, for the time being, were shown to David Hodgson and Nicky Reid in a game between Manchester City and Middlesbrough. But Mr Brown said that by 1987 "the International Board, the rule-making body of the international game, said that England was out of step and should reintroduce cards for the 1987-88 season". Luton Town forward Mick Harford had the dubious honour of being shown the first red card in a league match following their reintroduction. The Hatter walked just four minutes into the opening day defeat at Derby County in Division One on 15 August 1987. Over 9,000 have followed in domestic matches and European games involving English teams, according to the English National Football Archive. The National Football Museum said the issuing of cards became part of the FA's laws of the game in 1992. And while showing red and yellow helps make referees' decisions clear most of the time, the debate over whether they should or should not have been issued rumbles on among the tales of goals and results up and down the country.	i don't know
The US television series ‘Joey’ is a spin-off from which other television series?	Joey (TV Series 2004–2006) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error In this spin-off of Friends (1994), Joey Tribbiani moves to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career. Creators: Joey finds it hard to get in the Christmas spirit due to the Californian heat, while Gina even stopped buying a three when Michael lost his naive Christmas faith- at age three. Joey is in a new ... 8.0 Joey can't persuade Laura to give him more then two tickets for his TV series' Deep Powder's fancy premiere, while he already promised to take the whole home gang along, so he fixes the ladies up ... 8.0 Joey helps Michael to forget his ex-girlfriend, by going on a trip to Tijuana. 8.0 a list of 45 titles created 08 Mar 2012 a list of 35 titles created 17 Aug 2014 a list of 28 titles created 14 Jan 2015 a list of 47 titles created 15 Jul 2015 a list of 42 titles created 4 months ago Search for " Joey " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 2 wins & 2 nominations. See more awards » Photos British writer-producers Beverly and Sean Lincoln ( Tamsin Greig and Stephen Mangan ), have a wonderful marriage and a hit TV series to their credit. Things couldn't be better. Until Merc ... See full summary » Stars: Matt LeBlanc, Stephen Mangan, Tamsin Greig Ben Donovan (Matthew Perry) manages The Sunshine Centre, a seconde rate sports/events arena in San Diego. A short lived quirky comedy that chronicles the daily goings-on of misfit folks ... See full summary » Stars: Matthew Perry, Andrea Anders, James Lesure A recently divorced woman decides to find some excitement in her dating life. Stars: Courteney Cox, Christa Miller, Busy Philipps An irreverent sportscaster, pressured by his boss to join a support group because he can't move forward after the death of his wife, finds connection with the extremely varied members. Stars: Matthew Perry, Laura Benanti, Julie White Follows the personal and professional lives of six 20 to 30-something-year-old friends living in Manhattan. Stars: Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Lisa Kudrow Edit Storyline After his friends all go their separate ways, Joey Tribianni leaves New York for Hollywood to pursue his acting career full time. His sister Gina buys him a nice apartment, and he finds a new roommate in his 20-year old nephew Michael (Gina had him when she was 16), who is literally a rocket scientist. Michael's book smarts and Joey's people smarts allow them to help each other out whenever they can, and make them nice companions. Written by lusy4eva-1 Same guy, new friends See more » Genres: 9 September 2004 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Jennifer Coolidge , who plays Joey's agent Bobbie in the series, guest starred on Friends (1994) playing a different character, Amanda Buffamonteezi, an old friend of Monica and Phoebe's - she lived in the building before Chandler moved in - in "The One with Ross's Tan" (episode # 10.3), 9 October 2003. See more » Quotes Joey : Oh my God. To find a number I thought I'd lost forever, it's like the ending of a great romantic movie. [unfolds the paper to read it] Joey : Oh, her? No. A maturing show in many ways 4 January 2005 \| by henben (Stockholm, Sweden) – See all my reviews First off - this is NOT Friends, it will never BE Friends, it SHOULD never be Friends. These simple facts are probably also what most people have against Joey. I don't. I think it's 'Joeys' strength. Joey is a character we've come to love and respect during those past ten years, now that he's 'come into his own' a lot of the plot centers around him and only around him. This is of course the biggest change from that previous show, it is also absolutely necessary. For 'Joey' to work the character has to evolve, Joey himself has to mature and no longer only be the grown-up kid he has been. He is no longer the comic-relief guy who amazes us with his juvenile ways and amazing stupidity. He simply HAS to grow up. And grow up he will. To be honest, I too was skeptical after watching the pilot. But after I got over the facts that I already described in the first sentence of this comment, I just sat back and heartily laughed at the comedy displayed. Just remember these simple things - Michael isn't Ross. Alex isn't Monica, Gina isn't Rachel. Joey isn't Friends, Joey is Joey - and he's growing up. Be happy that you can laugh about it with him. 145 of 179 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Friends
What is the world’s highest navigable lake?	The Bahrain-based Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network launches Friends' spin-off TV series, Joey, in May on a Pay-Per-Day basis.(in the news)(Brief Article) - Television Asia \| HighBeam Research APA "The Bahrain-based Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network launches Friends' spin-off TV series, Joey, in May on a Pay-Per-Day basis.(in the news)(Brief Article)." Television Asia. Reed Business Information, Inc. (US). 2005. Retrieved January 20, 2017 from HighBeam Research: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-133283722.html Please use HighBeam citations as a starting point only. Not all required citation information is available for every article, and citation requirements change over time. The Bahrain-based Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network launches Friends' spin-off TV series, Joey, in May on a Pay-Per-Day basis.(in the news)(Brief Article) Browse back issues of this publication by date May 1, 2005 \| Copyright COPYRIGHT 2009 Reed Business Information, Inc. (US). This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan. All inquiries regarding rights or concerns about this content should be directed to Customer Service . Create a link to this page Copy and paste this link tag into your Web page or blog: <a href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-133283722.html" title="The Bahrain-based Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network launches Friends' spin-off TV series, Joey, in May on a Pay-Per-Day basis.(in the news)(Brief Article) \| HighBeam Research">The Bahrain-based Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network launches Friends' spin-off TV series, Joey, in May on a Pay-Per-Day basis.(in the news)(Brief Article)</a> [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Caption: The Bahrain-based Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network launches Friends' spin-off TV series, Joey, in May on a Pay-Per-Day basis. The series airs on Orbit's TVMax channe. … Multichannel News; April 4, 1994 565 words The Discovery Channel and CNN International are the latest to join a package of networks aimed at the Middle East and Northern Africa by Rome-based Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network. Orbit had told programmers that the package would launch March 15, but now only will say that it will… Multichannel News; January 15, 1996 By Mahoney, William; 700+ words LONDON - The British Broadcasting Corp. and Mideast programmer Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network were thrown into conflict last week after some controversial news stories on the BBC Arabic channel were blacked out by Orbit. The conflict centers on BBC's coverage of the British… Satellite News; March 28, 1994 278 words Comsat World Systems signed Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network for a non-preemptible, 72 MHz lease to deliver programming from the United States to Italy. In Italy, Orbit will turn around the feed for delivery to the Middle East and North Africa. Programming rights have been secured for… Info-Prod Research (Middle East); February 28, 2001 439 words The Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network, a major regional satellite pay television provider, and Canal+ Technologies, an international provider of digital and interactive TV software solutions, announced that they have signed licensing contracts to foster the development of interactive TV… Satellite News; January 31, 2005 By Holmes, Mark; 700+ words Middle East satellite operator Orbit Satellite Television and Radio Network is getting ready to roll out a satellite broadband service more expansively across the region. It already offers a two-way broadband service in Saudi Arabia but will launch the service across other territories early this…	i don't know
In the UK children’s television series ‘Button Moon’, what is the name of Tina Tea-Spoon’s friend?	button moon : definition of button moon and synonyms of button moon (English) Original run December 8, 1980 – December 1, 1988 Button Moon is a quirky, popular children's television programme broadcast in the United Kingdom in the 1980s on the ITV Network. Thames Television produced each episode, which lasted ten minutes and featured the adventures of Mr. Spoon who, in each episode, travels to Button Moon in his homemade rocket-ship. All of the characters within the show are based on kitchen utensils, as well as many of the props. Once on Button Moon, which hangs in "blanket sky", they have an adventure, and look through Mr. Spoon's telescope at someone else such as the Hare and the Tortoise, before heading back to their home on 'Junk Planet'. Episodes also include Mr. Spoon's wife, "Mrs. Spoon", their daughter, "Tina Tea-Spoon" and her friend "Eggbert". The series ended in 1988 after 91 episodes. Contents 13 External links Production Button Moon was originally conceived by Ian Allen as a stage show for Playboard Puppets in 1978. Allen adapted it into a TV series for Thames two years later. The first series of thirteen programmes was transmitted in 1980. A further six series of thirteen programmes followed, making a total of ninety-one different Button Moon adventures. The series was repeated on a yearly basis for Thames TV up until 1988. All 91 episodes have been shown on satellite channel UK Gold since spring 1993. Narration was by Robin Parkinson. Puppeteers included Ian Allen, John Thirtle, Alistair Fullarton, Sue Dacre, Chris Leith, Judith Bucklow, Ian Brown, Tony Holthamand, and others. The incidental music for the series was written by Peter Goslin. The show had a typically 80s synthetic, catchy & melancholy theme tune that was composed and performed by Peter Davison and Sandra Dickinson , who were married at the time. They are best known for their roles as the Doctor (from Doctor Who ), and Trillian (from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy ), respectively. There was also a live stage show which ran during the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The stage show was popular at many theatres including the Woodville Halls in Gravesend, Roses Theatre in Tewkesbury, King George's Hall in Blackburn, The Hexagon in Reading, The White Rock Theatre in Hastings and the Wyvern Theatre in Swindon. The song's full lyrics were: 27 3-01 05/Oct/83 Looking For Button Moon 28 3-02 12/Oct/83 Tina Teaspoon and the School Mouse (10 min) 29 3-03 19/Oct/83 A Day Trip To Button Moon 30 3-04 26/Oct/83 Shoebox Station (10 min) 31 3-05 02/Nov/83 Two Sticky Mugs (10 min) 32 3-06 09/Nov/83 Button Hole Pond (10 min) 33 3-07 16/Nov/83 The Scouts' Garden Fete (10 min) 34 3-08 23/Nov/83 Queenie Jelly (10 min) 35 3-09 30/Nov/83 Painting The Pipes (10 min) 36 3-10 07/Dec/83 Freddy Teddy (10 min) 37 3-11 14/Dec/83 The Clown Who Lost His Smile (10 min) 38 3-12 21/Dec/83 Happy Birthday Mrs Spoon (10 min) 39 3-13 28/Dec/83 Bundle and Fluff (10 min) Series 4 (1985) 40 4-01 30/Jan/85 Egbert Goes To Button Moon (10 min) 41 4-02 06/Feb/85 The Spaceship Breaks Down (10 min) 42 4-03 13/Feb/85 Playing Games On Button Moon (10 min) 43 4-04 20/Feb/85 The Gravy Boat (10 min) 44 4-05 27/Feb/85 Sticky Sweets (10 min) 45 4-06 06/Mar/85 Picnic On Button Moon (10 min) 46 4-07 13/Mar/85 The Cake Fairy Goes Ice Skating 47 4-08 20/Mar/85 Rag Doll Marries A Dinosaur (10 min) 48 4-09 27/Mar/85 Egbert Goes Camping (10 min) 49 4-10 03/Apr/85 Banana Birds (10 min) 50 4-11 10/Apr/85 Pink And Purple Dinosaur (10 min) 51 4-12 17/Apr/85 The Shark In The Bath (10 min) 52 4-13 24/Apr/85 The Paper Parade (10 min) Series 5 (1986) 53 5-01 07/Jan/86 A Hole In Blanket Sky (10 min) 54 5-02 14/Jan/86 Egbert Wants To Help (10 min) 55 5-03 21/Jan/86 Tutti Frutti Ice Cream (10 min) 56 5-04 28/Jan/86 Granny Spoon and the Missing Apple Pie (10 min) 57 5-05 04/Feb/86 Rain Stopped Play (10 min) 58 5-06 11/Feb/86 Bottle Party (10 min) 59 5-07 18/Feb/86 Paperchase On Button Moon (10 min) 60 5-08 25/Feb/86 Winter Sports For The Frozen Vegetables (10 min) 61 5-09 04/Mar/86 Ding A Ling Ice Cream (10 min) 62 5-10 11/Mar/86 Blue Button Moon (10 min) 63 5-11 18/Mar/86 Crazy Games (10 min) 64 5-12 25/Mar/86 The Royal Handkerchief Ballet (10 min) 65 5-13 01/Apr/86 The Holiday Weekend (10 min) Series 6 (1987) 66 6-01 06/Jan/87 The Good Luck Bird (10 min) 67 6-02 13/Jan/87 Hose On Charlie's Nose (10 min) 68 6-03 20/Jan/87 Planet Doughnut (10 min) 69 6-04 27/Jan/87 Rag Doll Has A Cold (10 min) 70 6-05 03/Feb/87 Honeymoon (10 min) 71 6-06 10/Feb/87 Mrs Spoon's Jumble Sale (10 min) 72 6-07 17/Feb/87 Buttonhole Pond (10 min) 73 6-08 24/Feb/87 Missing Martha Muggins (10 min) 74 6-09 03/Mar/87 Barn Dance (10 min) 75 6-10 10/Mar/87 Bobbing Bottle (10 min) 76 6-11 17/Mar/87 Cows On Button Moon (10 min) 77 6-12 24/Mar/87 Cinders And The Magic Beans (10 min) 78 6-13 31/Mar/87 Queenie Jelly Loses Her Cherries (10 min) Series 7 (1988) 79 7-01 08/Sep/88 Button Moon Boat Race (10 min) 80 7-02 15/Sep/88 Vacuum Cleaner For Sale (10 min) 81 7-03 22/Sep/88 Benny Bin (10 min) 82 7-04 29/Sep/88 Little Bottle Floats Away (10 min) 83 7-05 06/Oct/88 Button Moon Talent Show (10 min) 84 7-06 13/Oct/88 Mr and Mrs Spoon's Anniversary (10 min) 85 7-07 20/Oct/88 Mice Play On Button Moon (10 min) 86 7-08 27/Oct/88 Dotty Teapot (10 min) 87 7-09 03/Nov/88 Rag Doll Moves House (10 min) 88 7-10 10/Nov/88 What's The Matter With Marrow (10 min) 89 7-11 17/Nov/88 Egbert's Birthday (10 min) 90 7-12 24/Nov/88 Cold Cows On Button Moon (10 min) 91 7-13 01/Dec/88 The Snoring Princess (10 min) Series 8 (1987-1988) Unaired Episode August 1, 1990 "Button Moon - Boat Race" was released on 6 July 2009 in the UK. It comprised 10 episodes: (Series 1): The Good Luck Bird; The Persian Market; Barn Dance; Music in the Air; Cinders and the Magic Beans (Other series): Button Hole Pond; Cows on Button Moon; Buttonhole Pond; Boat Race; and Buttonhole Pond (iTunes): You can now buy season 6 of Button Moon on iTunes UK. See also Button Moon was also the name of a band with Bloc Party's drummer Matt Tong , along with his brother Ben . Matt Tong played bass in the band. References	Speedy Eggbert
What is the national animal of Romania?	button moon : definition of button moon and synonyms of button moon (English) Original run December 8, 1980 – December 1, 1988 Button Moon is a quirky, popular children's television programme broadcast in the United Kingdom in the 1980s on the ITV Network. Thames Television produced each episode, which lasted ten minutes and featured the adventures of Mr. Spoon who, in each episode, travels to Button Moon in his homemade rocket-ship. All of the characters within the show are based on kitchen utensils, as well as many of the props. Once on Button Moon, which hangs in "blanket sky", they have an adventure, and look through Mr. Spoon's telescope at someone else such as the Hare and the Tortoise, before heading back to their home on 'Junk Planet'. Episodes also include Mr. Spoon's wife, "Mrs. Spoon", their daughter, "Tina Tea-Spoon" and her friend "Eggbert". The series ended in 1988 after 91 episodes. Contents 13 External links Production Button Moon was originally conceived by Ian Allen as a stage show for Playboard Puppets in 1978. Allen adapted it into a TV series for Thames two years later. The first series of thirteen programmes was transmitted in 1980. A further six series of thirteen programmes followed, making a total of ninety-one different Button Moon adventures. The series was repeated on a yearly basis for Thames TV up until 1988. All 91 episodes have been shown on satellite channel UK Gold since spring 1993. Narration was by Robin Parkinson. Puppeteers included Ian Allen, John Thirtle, Alistair Fullarton, Sue Dacre, Chris Leith, Judith Bucklow, Ian Brown, Tony Holthamand, and others. The incidental music for the series was written by Peter Goslin. The show had a typically 80s synthetic, catchy & melancholy theme tune that was composed and performed by Peter Davison and Sandra Dickinson , who were married at the time. They are best known for their roles as the Doctor (from Doctor Who ), and Trillian (from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy ), respectively. There was also a live stage show which ran during the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The stage show was popular at many theatres including the Woodville Halls in Gravesend, Roses Theatre in Tewkesbury, King George's Hall in Blackburn, The Hexagon in Reading, The White Rock Theatre in Hastings and the Wyvern Theatre in Swindon. The song's full lyrics were: 27 3-01 05/Oct/83 Looking For Button Moon 28 3-02 12/Oct/83 Tina Teaspoon and the School Mouse (10 min) 29 3-03 19/Oct/83 A Day Trip To Button Moon 30 3-04 26/Oct/83 Shoebox Station (10 min) 31 3-05 02/Nov/83 Two Sticky Mugs (10 min) 32 3-06 09/Nov/83 Button Hole Pond (10 min) 33 3-07 16/Nov/83 The Scouts' Garden Fete (10 min) 34 3-08 23/Nov/83 Queenie Jelly (10 min) 35 3-09 30/Nov/83 Painting The Pipes (10 min) 36 3-10 07/Dec/83 Freddy Teddy (10 min) 37 3-11 14/Dec/83 The Clown Who Lost His Smile (10 min) 38 3-12 21/Dec/83 Happy Birthday Mrs Spoon (10 min) 39 3-13 28/Dec/83 Bundle and Fluff (10 min) Series 4 (1985) 40 4-01 30/Jan/85 Egbert Goes To Button Moon (10 min) 41 4-02 06/Feb/85 The Spaceship Breaks Down (10 min) 42 4-03 13/Feb/85 Playing Games On Button Moon (10 min) 43 4-04 20/Feb/85 The Gravy Boat (10 min) 44 4-05 27/Feb/85 Sticky Sweets (10 min) 45 4-06 06/Mar/85 Picnic On Button Moon (10 min) 46 4-07 13/Mar/85 The Cake Fairy Goes Ice Skating 47 4-08 20/Mar/85 Rag Doll Marries A Dinosaur (10 min) 48 4-09 27/Mar/85 Egbert Goes Camping (10 min) 49 4-10 03/Apr/85 Banana Birds (10 min) 50 4-11 10/Apr/85 Pink And Purple Dinosaur (10 min) 51 4-12 17/Apr/85 The Shark In The Bath (10 min) 52 4-13 24/Apr/85 The Paper Parade (10 min) Series 5 (1986) 53 5-01 07/Jan/86 A Hole In Blanket Sky (10 min) 54 5-02 14/Jan/86 Egbert Wants To Help (10 min) 55 5-03 21/Jan/86 Tutti Frutti Ice Cream (10 min) 56 5-04 28/Jan/86 Granny Spoon and the Missing Apple Pie (10 min) 57 5-05 04/Feb/86 Rain Stopped Play (10 min) 58 5-06 11/Feb/86 Bottle Party (10 min) 59 5-07 18/Feb/86 Paperchase On Button Moon (10 min) 60 5-08 25/Feb/86 Winter Sports For The Frozen Vegetables (10 min) 61 5-09 04/Mar/86 Ding A Ling Ice Cream (10 min) 62 5-10 11/Mar/86 Blue Button Moon (10 min) 63 5-11 18/Mar/86 Crazy Games (10 min) 64 5-12 25/Mar/86 The Royal Handkerchief Ballet (10 min) 65 5-13 01/Apr/86 The Holiday Weekend (10 min) Series 6 (1987) 66 6-01 06/Jan/87 The Good Luck Bird (10 min) 67 6-02 13/Jan/87 Hose On Charlie's Nose (10 min) 68 6-03 20/Jan/87 Planet Doughnut (10 min) 69 6-04 27/Jan/87 Rag Doll Has A Cold (10 min) 70 6-05 03/Feb/87 Honeymoon (10 min) 71 6-06 10/Feb/87 Mrs Spoon's Jumble Sale (10 min) 72 6-07 17/Feb/87 Buttonhole Pond (10 min) 73 6-08 24/Feb/87 Missing Martha Muggins (10 min) 74 6-09 03/Mar/87 Barn Dance (10 min) 75 6-10 10/Mar/87 Bobbing Bottle (10 min) 76 6-11 17/Mar/87 Cows On Button Moon (10 min) 77 6-12 24/Mar/87 Cinders And The Magic Beans (10 min) 78 6-13 31/Mar/87 Queenie Jelly Loses Her Cherries (10 min) Series 7 (1988) 79 7-01 08/Sep/88 Button Moon Boat Race (10 min) 80 7-02 15/Sep/88 Vacuum Cleaner For Sale (10 min) 81 7-03 22/Sep/88 Benny Bin (10 min) 82 7-04 29/Sep/88 Little Bottle Floats Away (10 min) 83 7-05 06/Oct/88 Button Moon Talent Show (10 min) 84 7-06 13/Oct/88 Mr and Mrs Spoon's Anniversary (10 min) 85 7-07 20/Oct/88 Mice Play On Button Moon (10 min) 86 7-08 27/Oct/88 Dotty Teapot (10 min) 87 7-09 03/Nov/88 Rag Doll Moves House (10 min) 88 7-10 10/Nov/88 What's The Matter With Marrow (10 min) 89 7-11 17/Nov/88 Egbert's Birthday (10 min) 90 7-12 24/Nov/88 Cold Cows On Button Moon (10 min) 91 7-13 01/Dec/88 The Snoring Princess (10 min) Series 8 (1987-1988) Unaired Episode August 1, 1990 "Button Moon - Boat Race" was released on 6 July 2009 in the UK. It comprised 10 episodes: (Series 1): The Good Luck Bird; The Persian Market; Barn Dance; Music in the Air; Cinders and the Magic Beans (Other series): Button Hole Pond; Cows on Button Moon; Buttonhole Pond; Boat Race; and Buttonhole Pond (iTunes): You can now buy season 6 of Button Moon on iTunes UK. See also Button Moon was also the name of a band with Bloc Party's drummer Matt Tong , along with his brother Ben . Matt Tong played bass in the band. References	i don't know
Amoretti are representations of which figure in works of art?	amoretto - definition of amoretto in English \| Oxford Dictionaries Definition of amoretto in English: amoretto A representation of Cupid in a work of art. Example sentences ‘On the back side of the casing, enamel painting shows a girl and an amoretto incorporated into a landscape.’ ‘In it Venus appears seated on a couch, with her lower limbs covered and her left hand upon her breast, looking into a mirror held up by an amoretto, while another amoretto is reaching up to crown her with a wreath of flowers.’ ‘The shameless cocotte Venus, wheedling her husband Vulcan for armour for Aeneas, her son by Anchises, disrobes aided by a passing amoretto and Vulcan himself in Vulcan and Venus.’ ‘With curious looks a pair of tiny-winged amoretti press back the overspill of grapes from the basket they have brought Erigone.’ ‘At the bottom two amoretti support a vase.’ Origin Italian, diminutive of amore love, from Latin amor. Pronunciation: Verditer is a shade of which colour? blue Damask is a shade of which colour? green Vermilion is a shade of which colour? green Carmine is a shade of which colour? blue Loden is a shade of which colour? orange Aubergine is a shade of which colour? purple Fawn is a shade of which colour? blue Celadon is a shade of which colour? green Cerulean is a shade of which colour? blue Luteofulvous is a shade of which colour? orange-tawny You scored /10 practise again? Retry Most popular in the world Australia	Cupid
What is the name of the pet dog of fictional superhero Supermnan?	Edmund Spenser \| Poetry Foundation Poetry Foundation Poet Details 1552–1599 To understand Edmund Spenser's place in the extraordinary literary renaissance that took place in England during the last two decades of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, it is helpful to begin with the remarks of the foremost literary critic of the age, Sir Philip Sidney . In The Defence of Poetry, (1595), written in the early 1580s, Sidney looked back on the history of English literature and sees little to admire. He mentions the works of Geoffrey Chaucer and a few sonnets by Henry Howard , Earl of Surrey; occasional tragedies such as those printed in the 1560s in A Mirror for Magistrates; and one book of contemporary poetry, Spenser's Shepheardes Calender (1579). Although France and Italy and even lesser nations such as Scotland had their notable poets and held them in esteem, England, according to Sidney , had recently brought forth only "bastard poets" and "poet-apes," and, consequently, the art itself had "fallen to be the laughing-stock of children." Though one might quarrel with Sidney over his list of the best native writers, it is certainly true that England could boast of no early poet other than Chaucer comparable in stature to Dante, Petrarch, or Boccaccio. At the time Sidney was writing, moreover, England lacked altogether the sort of thriving literary culture that was so visible across the Channel in France. Sidney himself set out to repair this deficiency, and with him the other most important writer of his generation, Edmund Spenser. A glimpse of Spenser's audacious plan to help provide England with a great national literature appears in an appendix printed in the 1590 edition of the first three books of his most important work, The Faerie Queene. In a letter addressed to his neighbor Sir Walter Ralegh , Spenser sets out to explain the "general intention and meaning" of his richly elaborated epic. It is "an historicall fiction," written to glorify Queen Elizabeth and "to fashion a gentleman or noble person in vertuous and gentle discipline." In pursuing this latter aim, the poet explains that he has followed the example of the greatest epic writers of the ancient and the modern worlds: Homer and Virgil, Ludovico Ariosto and Torquato Tasso. Now, to set out to depict the queen herself and to "fashion" members of her nobility in virtuous and well-bred discipline was certainly a bold undertaking for the son of a London weaver. For him to compare his work with the most exalted poetry of Italy, the glittering center of European culture in this period, must have seemed to many of his readers mere bravado or self-delusion. The attempt to write a neoclassical epic in English was without precedent—unless, perhaps, one includes Sidney 's Arcadia (1590), which was begun at about the same time. Among the heroic poets named in Spenser's Letter to Ralegh as worthy practitioners of the form, Virgil was generally regarded as the greatest, and Spenser, like Dante and Petrarch before him, seems to have taken Virgil as his personal mentor and guide. From the Proem to Book I of The Faerie Queene, the reader may infer that Spenser sometimes thought of his entire career as a recapitulation of that of his illustrious Roman counterpart. He began, as Virgil had begun in his Eclogues, with pastoral poetry, which Spenser published in his first major work, The Shepheardes Calender . A decade later, in The Faerie Queene, he graduated to poetry on martial and political subjects, as Virgil had done when he wrote his great epic, the Aeneid, for the court of Caesar Augustus. Spenser's opening lines, which echo verses prefixed to the Aeneid , announce his intention to exchange his "Oaten reeds" (or shepherd's pipes) for "trumpets sterne." Although he transformed the traditional epic introduction to include an invocation to Cupid, god of love, along with the more traditional address to the Muses and although the poem actually resembles the quasi-medieval romance epics of Ariosto and Tasso more closely than it does classical epics, the poet's claim to follow in the great line established by Homer and passed down by Virgil was altogether serious. Conscious self-fashioning according to the practices of ancient poets, and also of more-recent ones on the Continent, was an essential part of Spenser's project—but only a part. With his eye frequently turned to Chaucer and other English authors, he set out to create poetry that was distinctively English—in religion and politics, in history and custom, in setting and language. For example, he mentions in the Letter to Ralegh that he designed his epic to depict "twelve private morall vertues, as Aristotle hath devised." In reality, however, just three of the six books that he lived to complete revolve around virtues that Aristotle would have recognized, and even those three—temperance, friendship, and justice—were greatly altered by Spenser's Anglo-Protestant form of Christianity and by other elements in his English background. The other three—holiness, chastity, and courtesy—have little to do with Aristotle but much to do with England in the high Middle Ages. In the best sense Spenser's art is syncretistic, drawing together elements from many traditions. Its aim, however, was to enrich the culture of his native land. The process by which he realized this aim was neither rapid nor predictable. Comparing Spenser with Sidney , C. S. Lewis has written that he was "a more ordinary man, less clever, less easily articulate," and he succeeded by working harder. For that very reason, perhaps—along with his understated humor, his deep understanding of human psychology, and his easy humanity and good sense—Spenser has been closer than Sidney to the hearts of many of his countrymen. Edmund Spenser was born into the family of an obscure cloth maker named John Spenser, who belonged to the Merchant Taylors' Company and was married to a woman named Elizabeth, about whom almost nothing is known. Since parish records for the area of London where the poet grew up were destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, his birth date is uncertain, though the dates of his schooling and a remark in one of his sonnets ( Amoretti 60) lend credence to the date traditionally assigned, which is around 1552. Just which John Spenser was his father is also uncertain, since there were at least three men of that name working in London as weavers at this time. If the poet took his lineage from John Spenser of Hurstwood, then he derived from a well-established family that had lived in Lancashire since the thirteenth century. If he was the son of the John Spenser mentioned in John Stow's Survey of London (1603), then his father was a man of some prominence who in later years bought a house that had once belonged to Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and who was knighted in 1594 by Queen Elizabeth upon his election as Lord mayor of London. In any case, from the poem Prothalamion (1596) reveals that Spenser thought of himself as a descendant of "An house of auncient fame," namely the family of the Despencers. There, is no evidence, however, that he could claim to be a gentleman, and that fact alone made his rise to prominence more difficult in a class-conscious age. Spenser's parents took what may have been the most important step in advancing their son's fortunes by enrolling him in the Merchant Taylors' school in London. During the early 1560s, when Spenser began his studies there, it was under the able direction of a prominent humanist educator named Richard Mulcaster, who believed in thoroughly grounding his students in the classics and in Protestant Christianity, and who seems to have encouraged such extracurricular activities as musical and dramatic performances. Mulcaster was also important to Spenser's career for purely pragmatic reasons, since he had good connections with the universities and sent students of modest means such as Spenser on to them with some regularity. The poet later expressed his gratitude to Mulcaster by depicting him as "A good olde shephearde, Wrenock" in the December eclogue of The Shepheardes Calender and by naming his first two children, Sylvanus and Katherine, after those of his master." The only glimpse that survives of the young poet at school comes from financial records indicating that in 1569, when he was in his last year, he was one of six boys given a shilling and a new gown to attend the funeral of Robert Nowell, a prominent lawyer connected with the school. This connection with Nowell was to prove important to Spenser's later development, for the lawyer's estate helped support his subsequent education." In 1569, at the usual age of sixteen or seventeen, Spenser left the Merchant Taylors' School for Cambridge, where he enrolled at Pembroke Hall. Even before he arrived, however, he was already composing poetry and attracting the attention of other writers. Perhaps with the help of Mulcaster, who had friends in the Dutch immigrant community, he had recently arranged to publish thematically linked sets of epigrams and sonnets entitled The Visions of Petrarch and The Visions of Bellay, which appeared in the collection commonly referred to as A Theatre for Worldlings (1569) by the Dutch poet Jan van der Noot. Even in his maturity Spenser seems to have thought well of these early translations of French and Italian poetry, for he revised and reprinted them among his Complaints in 1591. Although not original, they nonetheless shed light on Spenser's interests at the time which were directed toward poets of the Continent and had already settled on themes that would surface again in his later poetry, namely the tragic precariousness of life and the impermanence of things in the material world." Such scraps of reliable information as are known about Spenser during his university days suggest that he served as a sizar (a scholar of limited means who does chores in return for room and board) and that he received his B.A. in 1573 and his M.A. in 1576 with no official marks of distinction as a scholar. He regarded the experience as vital to his development, however, as can be seen in his later reference to the university as "my mother Cambridge" in The Faerie Queene (IV.xi.34). Little is known of his friendships at Pembroke. He must have been acquainted with Lancelot Andrewes, two years his junior, who later became a bishop and was well known for his sermons and for his part in translating the King James Version of the Bible. Clearly, Spenser had also gained the confidence of the master of Pembroke, John Young, who later became bishop of Rochester and gave the poet his first post as a personal secretary. Most important for Spenser's literary career, however, was his close friendship with Gabriel Harvey, a professor of rhetoric who served initially as his mentor and ultimately as his literary promoter. Spenser later celebrated their friendship in The Shepheardes Calender, in which he appears as Colin Clout and Harvey is represented as the wise shepherd Hobbinoll." Though a lackluster poet himself, Harvey seems to have encouraged Spenser in many of the aspirations that later shaped his career. Harvey was characteristically effusive, for example, about the need to ground English poetry on the great models of Greco-Roman antiquity, both by shaping its versification on Latin principles and by undertaking classical genres that had not yet been attempted in English. In the late 1570s he composed a vernacular epic (now lost) and a work on the ancient Muses of poetry that is similar in outline to Spenser's Teares of the Muses (1591). At about the same time, he may have played a part in introducing Spenser to Sidney and in securing for his friend a position in the London household of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, who was a favorite of Queen Elizabeth as well as a key figure in the radical Protestant faction at court and one of the most powerful noblemen in the realm. The connections with Leicester and Sidney helped to launch Spenser's career, both as a poet and as a government official. Finally, in 1580, just before circumstances forced a separation between the two friends, Harvey gave Spenser's prominence as a writer a boost by publishing a set of five high-spirited letters that had passed between them, which helped to establish his friend's public image as England's "new poet." In the letters Spenser and Harvey chat happily about their contacts with great men and their various works in progress, including Spenser's Faerie Queene and a surprising array of his other early works that were later lost--or perhaps silently incorporated into those that were published. These works included ten Latin comedies, several dream visions, an epithalamium celebrating the "marriage" of the rivers of England, and a work of literary criticism entitled The English Poete. The letters are even more interesting for their revelation that Spenser and Harvey had recently become involved in a literary circle gathered around Sidney . The group, which called itself the "Areopagus," was short-lived, and though it may have been formed with playful reference to the great literary academies of France and Italy, it seems to have been better known for its high spirits and good conversation than for its seriousness. The writers involved--including the learned diplomat Daniel Rogers, Sidney 's friends Sir Edward Dyer and Fulke Greville , First Lord Brooke, and the academician Thomas Drant--seem to have occupied themselves primarily with experiments in Latin prosody, attempts at various genres of new poetry based on classical models, and the promotion of English as a literary language. Rogers, however, also mentions grand discussions "of the law, of God and of the good," which may have had some effect on the heroic works that occupied Sidney and Spenser in the years that following." Spenser's direct involvement with Sidney and his circle in 1579-1580 set him on a literary course that he would pursue for the rest of his life. Though the two men never saw one another again, they adopted remarkably similar literary agendas, writing mainly in genres that Sidney had encountered among prominent neoclassical and religious poets on the Continent. Both men, for example, wrote works of literary criticism addressing the current state of poetry in England, and both devoted most of their creative energies to pastoral poetry and romance epic, to sonnets and epithalamiums, and to religious hymns or psalms. Both also wrote political tracts about Ireland, where Sidney 's father served for more than two decades and where Spenser was soon to become a government official. Expressions of admiration for the Sidneys and the Dudleys appear repeatedly in his works, from early poems such as his Stemmata Dudleiana (now lost) to late ones such as The Ruines of Time (1591), Colin Clouts Come Home Againe (1595), and Astrophel (1595)." Through his contact with men such as Sidney and Leicester, who were deeply involved in affairs of state, Spenser may have been emboldened to publish his Shepeardes Calender, which was dedicated to Sidney and dealt with sensitive political controversies of the day. Appearing in six editions before the end of the century, it became a milestone in the English literary renaissance because it was the first major published work of new poetry written along the neoclassical lines advocated by nationalistic poets such as those of the Areopagus. With a flair for self-promotion reminiscent of Harvey, Spenser--or perhaps his publisher--arranged to bring out the volume as if it were a venerable and ancient text. The archaic language of the poems, which Sidney impugned in his Defence of Poetry, may have been adopted in part to heighten this effect. Beautifully illustrated with woodcuts, the poems appeared from the outset already encrusted with learned prefatory matter and a running gloss by an unidentified scholar designated only as "E. K." Most likely, this was Spenser's friend Edward Kirke, whom he had known since their days together at Pembroke Hall in the early 1570s. Whoever he was, however, he shared Spenser's views that English poetry was in disarray and that it should be reestablished on "an eternall image of antiquitie"--an argument that is repeated in the eclogue for October. In his prefatory epistle to the volume, E. K. lauds Spenser as "this our new Poete," who will be "beloved of all, embraced of the most, and wondred at of the best." If he had been writing of Virgil or Petrarch, rather than an obscure English poet, he could hardly have said more." Spenser's skillful literary borrowings contributed to the volume's impressive effect. From the Italian poets Petrarch and Mantuan he adopted a variety of pastoral that conceals beneath its surface biting political allegories and topical allusions to prominent figures in the church and the state. From the more traditional Eclogues of Virgil and from ancient writers such as Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus, he took other features, such as the curiously static sense of time characteristic of classical pastoral. His rustics debate and sing, love and despair, but there is no real narrative progression in the Calender and very little action. Variety is introduced in the subjects that the shepherds contemplate and in the poetic forms that they employ, which include amorous complaints, fables, singing matches and debates, an encomium, a funeral elegy, and a hymn to the god Pan." Spenser also drew upon the visual arts of his day, particularly works known as "emblem books." These typically brought together three disparate elements: a series of pictures of a figurative or symbolic kind, "mottos" or pithy sayings related to the pictures but phrased in enigmatic terms, and explanations in prose or verse that interpret the mottos and pictures and draw a moral. Each of Spenser's twelve eclogues follows a more complicated version of this pattern. First comes a woodcut, which typically depicts the shepherd(s) in the eclogue and something from their songs or their situations, with the sign of the zodiac appropriate to the month in question represented at the top. Then comes the poem itself, preceded by a brief "argument" or summary, which may have been added by E. K. After the eclogue comes one or more verbal "emblems" or mottoes in various languages, which briefly sum up the nature or situation of the speakers and the themes of their songs, but which often tease the imagination with alternative interpretations. And finally there is E. K.'s gloss, serving some of the same functions as the explanation beneath a conventional emblem." Spenser also added important innovations to the traditional elements in the Calender. One involved poetic technique. In sheer variety of meter and form, his eclogues are without precedent in earlier pastoral poetry and provided an ample showcase for the experiments in prosody that so fascinated the poets of the Areopagus. Another conspicuous innovation is his organization of the poems into a seasonal progression. By following the cycle of the year, Spenser is able to employ the outer world of pasture and sheepfold as a way to depict the inner world of the young shepherd Colin Clout, whose unrequited love of Rosalind provides a thread of unity through the entire volume. In the first poem, "January," Colin despairs, breaking his shepherd's pipe and, with it, the last source of pleasure that remains to him. In his eyes the land, the trees, and the flocks around him have themselves become emblems for the state of his soul. He complains, "Thou barrein ground, whome winters wrath hath wasted, / Art made a myrrhour, to behold my plight." Though not present or even mentioned in several of the eclogues, Colin provides a melancholy bass line over which all the other shepherds sing, setting their higher notes of anger and joy, debate and reflection, in poignant contrast to his listless desolation." The emotional counterpoint is never more moving than in "April," where his good friend Hobbinoll sings one of Colin's old songs, written to celebrate the shepherdess Eliza in the springtime of an earlier and happier year. The inner world of the song continues to match the outward season in which it is sung, as all the songs in the Calender do; yet it also heightens the reader's sense of the dark winter of the soul in which Colin continues to suffer. At the midpoint of the cycle, in "June," he laments that Rosalind has left him for another shepherd named Menalcas. In the final poem, he sings weary complaints to the god Pan and feels premonitions of his imminent death, thus returning the sequence to a point resembling the one at which it began, though even more desolate." Besides the revolving of the seasons, other cycles are involved in the work. As E. K.'s headnote to "December" reminds us, the passing of the year has traditionally served as an emblem for the stages of life. From the springtime of childhood to the summer of desire and love to the winter of loneliness and old age, Colin's life becomes an emblem for everyone's experience in this world. Interpreted in this way, the Calender returns to the themes of tragic uncertainty and relentless mutability expressed ten years earlier in Spenser's contributions to A Theatre for Worldlings." These larger themes are, in turn, related to the political allegory that often lurks just below the surface of the poems. One of the implications of this allegory is that states, too, have their cycles of springtime and autumn. The celebration of "her Majestie" Eliza in "April," which is a thinly veiled encomium addressed to Queen Elizabeth, suggests that England is in the full flower of a new age. "Maye," "Julye," and "September," however, all turn on the controversy between Protestant reformers and Elizabeth's more conservative Catholic subjects, which was the greatest single threat to her ability to rule. The topical allegory in these eclogues suggests that, in 1579, strains in the body politic were a matter of particular concern to Spenser. The cause for his alarm was undoubtedly the marriage negotiations begin carried out between Queen Elizabeth and a French catholic prince, François, Duke of Alençon. The staunchly Protestant faction surrounding Leicester and Sidney took every opportunity to oppose such a marriage as a grave threat to the religious and political independence of England. If, as some critics suppose, Rosalind is a figure for Queen Elizabeth, and Colin for Spenser and his Protestant cause, then Rosalind's rejection of Colin for Menalcas may have to do with Queen Elizabeth's rejection of the Protestant faction in favor of the Catholic Alençon." If this is so, then Colin's dejection at the end of the Calender may reflect Spenser's low political fortunes in late 1579 and early 1580, when the queen took harsh measures to silence critics of her plan for a French marriage. Sidney , for instance, was dismissed from court, most likely for addressing a letter to her on the subject. Spenser, too, seems to have feared the queen's displeasure, for he published his Calender under the pseudonym "Immeritô" and prefaced it with a poem to Sidney in which he speaks to the Calender itself, saying "when thou art past jeopardee, / Come tell me, what was sayd of mee / And I will send more after thee." It may be that the young poet's representation of delicate affairs of state had left him with few defenders and fewer prospects for advancement at court." In any case, in July 1580 he accepted a post as a private secretary to Arthur Grey, the new Lord Deputy of Ireland. There is some evidence that when he set out for Dublin, he took with him a new wife named Machabyas Chylde, about whom little is known except that she married one "Edmounde Spenser" on 27 October 1579, that she apparently bore him two children named Sylvanus and Katherine, and that she died sometime before 1594. Most of the next twenty years of the poet's life were spent in Ireland, where he served in various governmental posts, from clerk of the Privy Council in Dublin in the early years to Queen's justice and sheriff-designate for county Cork at the end of his life. His positions allowed him to acquire a considerable list of landholdings, including most prominently Kilcolman Castle with three thousand acres in county Cork, which served as his principal residence from 1588 until the year before his death in 1599. Such holdings were important, for they gave him the status of a landed gentleman, and this eased his way in society, enabling him, for example, to make friends with Sir Walter Ralegh and to marry his second wife, Elizabeth Boyle, who came from an important landed family in Herefordshire." References to Ireland appear frequently in Spenser's later poetry, and some of them reveal a good deal of gentle affection for the land and its people. Most memorable, perhaps, are the country wedding captured with such rustic beauty in his Epithalamion (1595) and the great judgment scene on Arlo Hill, a mountain near Kilcolman Castle, which occupies much of the Mutability Cantos in Book VI of The Faerie Queene. Most of the poet's descriptions of Ireland, however, are colored by sorrow or disgust at the destitute state of its people or by resolute hostility toward its wily and elusive rebels, who harassed the English occupiers throughout the period. Spenser portrays the darker side of his experiences in Ireland, for example, in the attacks on the House of Alma in Book II of The Faerie Queene and in the savagery of the scurrilous, long-haired rebel Malengin in Book V." The less submissive among the Irish had not reason to be any fonder of Spenser than he of them. In 1580, as a new official in the colonial administration, he was present when the English slaughtered papal troops at Smerwick, and he also witnessed the terrible famine in Munster that darkened the end of Desmond's rebellion. In fact, he wrote the official report on the battle of Smerwick and later described it and other incidents during the turbulent years of his colonial service in his only prose work. A Vewe of the Present State of Ireland (1633). This was written sometime before 1598 as a dialogue discussing the brutal measures needed to establish a stable colonial regime in the country, and parts of it may have been incorporated into an official report that he presented in London in 1598. In the late 1580s he had been responsible for settling English immigrants at Kilcolman on lands confiscated from the rebel Gerald Fitzgerald, fifteenth Earl of Desmond, and some of Spenser's other landholdings had come from the forced dissolution of Catholic monasteries in Ireland. It is not surprising, then, that his last years in Cork were ones of conflict, tumult, and loss." Until the late 1590s, however, Ireland provided a living, a place to write, and even literary friends. During his years there, Spenser may have become acquainted with Barnabe Rich and Barnabe Googe, and he knew Sidney 's close friend and occasional fellow poet Lodowick Bryskett, who turned two posts over to him before moving on. Most important, however, was Spenser's friendship with Ralegh, who was his neighbor on the former Desmond estates and who, in the summer and fall of 1589, came to see him at Kilcolman and took a personal interest in his poetry. Spenser later revealed the importance of his relationship with Ralegh by preserving a poetic account of it in Colin Clouts Come Home Againe and by writing the "Letter to Ralegh" and a dedicatory sonnet to him in The Faerie Queene. According to Colin Clout, it was Ralegh who arranged for Spenser to travel to London in 1590 to publish the first three books of his epic and to present them in person to Queen Elizabeth, who was pleased and expressed a desire to hear it read to her "at timely houres." So pleased was she, in fact, that she granted the poet a pension of fifty pounds a year, which was more than the parsimonious queen granted to any other poet of the period. Spenser expressed his gratitude for Ralegh's patronage by writing a sympathetic allegory of the adventurer's often turbulent and romantically tinged relationship with the queen, which appears in the story of Timias and Belphoebe in Books III, IV, and VI of The Faerie Queene." The best way to begin an examination of Spenser's epic is perhaps to come to it as Ralegh did, with Spenser's prefatory letter in hand--though, admittedly, some of its intentions do not match the poem as the author actually wrote it. As the letter reveals, the six books (and two cantos of a seventh) that were ultimately published represent but a fraction of the plan, which was to extend to the traditional twelve books of an epic, one devoted to each of "the twelve private morall vertues." Another section of the poem, perhaps of equal length but never written, was to cover the public or "polliticke" virtues. Each book in this vast structure was to concentrate on a single habit of character, represented by one or more exemplary knights such as Britomart, the Knight of Chastity in Book III, and Sir Artegall, the Knight of Justice in Book V. It may be that, as time went on and Spenser realized the magnitude of the undertaking, he changed his mind and began to incorporate political virtues among the moral virtues of the first section. Certainly Book V, the Legend of Justice,involves a good deal of political allegory. In any case, the six books that he completed begin with virtues in a person's relations with God and self (holiness and temperance) and proceed to those involving relations with other people (chastity, friendship, justice, and courtesy). The entire scheme accords with the two great commandments of Christian tradition: "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and all thy mind" and "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" (Matt. 22: 36-39)." The first twelve books were to be united by the presence of two dominant characters: Prince Arthur, mythical founder of the Round Table, who was to appear as a wandering knight in each of the books, and Gloriana, the Faerie Queene, who was to frame the action of the poem by holding an annual feast of twelve days, on which she assigned her knights twelve quests, each described in one book of the epic. At the end of the poem, it seems, Prince Arthur was to marry Gloriana, and since the poet postponed the wedding of other heroes in the individual books, there were doubtless to be other marriages in Book XII as well. Since Arthur represents the virtue of Magnificence, which comprehends within itself all the other active virtues, and since the Faerie Queene represents Glory, which was for Spenser the end of all earthly action, there is a tidy philosophy behind the entire structure." As the poet concedes, the main difficulty for readers lies not in grasping the grand organization of the poem, but in knowing how to interpret its allegory. He offers a clue, however, by calling the work a "continued" allegory or "darke conceit." In his day, the term conceit could have carried at least two senses in this context, both of them helpful. First, it could have meant simply a thought or, in certain philosophical contexts, a form or Idea in something very like the Platonic sense. Second, the term could have denoted an extended metaphor, that is, an implied comparison between the primary subject of the author's thought and something more easily visualized or grasped, which acts as a "figure" for that subject." In interpreting Book I as such an extended metaphor, one might concentrate on the heroine, Una, the daughter of the "King of Eden," who sets out from her home to save her parents from a great dragon. To this end she travels to the court of the Faerie Queene and gains the help of the Red Crosse Knight, who, after various trials and wanderings, returns with her to her parents' city. There he defeats the dragon, is honored as a victor, and offers to marry Una once he has served his queen for six more years. Taking a clue from the Book of Revelation, which identifies Satan as a dragon that has enslaved human beings (the fallen descendants of Adam and Eve) and is the great enemy of the Church, the reader might take Una as a "conceit" for the universal body of believers as it has acted through history. This, then, would be the metaphor "continued" through the whole of Book I. On this assumption, the reader might conclude that the meaning of the allegory is something like this: the Church, which is descended from sinful human beings, sets out to redeem them by releasing them from bondage to Satan. In this it requires the help of the individual Christian, who may lose his way for a time but, through the aid of the Church, will ultimately find the straight and narrow way again and will go on to defeat the forces of evil around him. Once he lives out his "six days" of life on earth, he will be united with the Church forever on the seventh, at rest on God's Sabbath day in heaven (see VII.viii.2)." Such a reading, based on the assumption that the poem is a kind of code to be deciphered character by character, has something to be said for it. It reveals a point that is probably central to Spenser's attempt to "fashion a gentleman or noble person in vertuous and gentle discipline," namely that Christians tend to respond to the call of the church enthusiastically enough in the beginning, but often lose their zeal or fall away. Each stage in the wanderings of the Red Crosse Knight--his initial acceptance of lies about Una, his departure from her and his affair with another woman named Duessa, his drifting into the broad path of worldly fame and pleasure represented by the House of Pride, and finally his removal of his Christian armor, his defeat, and his overwhelming sense of failure at the Castle of Orgoglio and the Cave of Despair--represents a stage in the process by which an immature believer might fall away. A period of humility, instruction, and hard discipline (represented in the House of Holiness) is required before a young man like this can be of much use in helping others." There are, however, problems with attempts to "decode" the poem in such a simplistic fashion. The most invidious, perhaps, is that once one has worked the puzzle, it loses its interest. In an 1831 issue of the Edinburgh Review, Thomas Macaulay, who must have read the poem in something like this way, complains that "even Spencer himself ... could not succeed in the attempt to make allegory interesting.... One unpardonable fault, the fault of tediousness, pervades the whole of the Fairy Queen. We become sick of Cardinal Virtues and Deadly Sins, and long for the society of plain men and women." One wonders whether an attempt to decipher characters merely as clever signs for abstractions may not have been behind the tendency, notable throughout the nineteenth century, to discount Spenser's allegory and to concentrate instead on the beauties of his verse and imagery." The fault here lies more with Spenser's readers, however, than with the poet himself. There is nothing simple or boring about the allegory, which frequently manages to juggle several different meanings simultaneously. Along with "darke conceits" of a moral, political, and religious kind, Spenser also undertakes at least three other varieties. There are psychological allegories, which probe the faculties of the mind and their working in both normal and abnormal states; there are also topical allegories, which glorify or satirize the actions of rulers and other prominent figures of Spenser's day, and there are historical allegories involving their personal or national pasts. Only by resolutely ignoring crucial details can one read the poem as a "continued" metaphor with a single pat "meaning." Una, for instance, is not only the one true Church but also (as her name suggests) "oneness" itself. Spenser calls her simply "truth" and seems to have in mind the sense of oneness expounded by Renaissance Neoplatonic philosophers, who saw the world as a sometimes discordant multiplicity that emanates from the perfect unity and simplicity of the divine mind. To depart from Una is to lose sight of the truth apprehended by contemplating the eternal Ideas that inform everything in the material world. To take up with Duessa (duality, duplicity) is to depart from truth and break one's union with the one source of all that is good." "Una" is also a name applied in this period to Queen Elizabeth, the one supreme governor of the Church of England, and Spenser's maiden lady is clearly one of many figures for her in the poem. Elizabeth lived under constant threat of military attack or assassination by the great Catholic princes on the Continent, who wanted to reverse the Protestant Reformation in England and to return the nation to the Catholic fold. In the historical allegory of the poem Duessa represents Mary, Queen of Scots, who had legal claims to the English crown and who vied with Elizabeth for the allegiance of the English people. In polemics of the day, Mary was sometimes pictured as the "whore of Babylon" mentioned in the Book of Revelation, who rides on a beast with seven heads and is associated with Rome. In Canto viii Spenser employs this imagery when Duessa rides out on a "manyheaded beast" to attack the heroic representative of England, Prince Arthur, who defeats her and forces her to cast away her "golden cup" and "crowned mitre," which are symbols associated with the wealth and priTX Even the three quite different interpretations of Una discussed here may not exhaust the allegorical possibilities. Spenser was a master of compression and deep implication who recognized the multiplicity of meanings inherent in certain primal concepts and images, such as oneness and duality, and it is that multiplicity that lies at the heart of the fascination that The Faerie Queene has exerted over many of its readers. Rather than interpret the poet's "darke conceit" simply as an extended metaphor, one does better, particularly in analyzing the plots of the poem, to take it more broadly as a governing thought or form. Spenser's literary friend Sidney wrote in The Defence of Poetry (1595) that the poet begins with an "Idea, or fore-conceit," which he embodies in the matter of the poem--its stories, characters, and images. The reader then uses that matter as an "imagination ground-plot of a profitable invention," comprehending the author's "conceit" by an act of mental re-creation. The richer the author's initial idea and the clearer the matter of his creation, the richer and more profitable the reader's own act of "invention" will be. So long as one remains true to the details of the matter, the possibilities for meaning are limited only to the extent that the primal forms or ideas are limited in their inherent implications." In relation to Una, the Red Crosse Knight becomes an extraordinarily rich creation. As one learns in Canto x, he is Saint George, the patron saint of England. In many ways he is also the Everyman of medieval Christian tradition, who, after a fall into sin and a recovery in the House of Holiness, imitates the life of Christ by fighting the dragon, falling in the battle, and being resurrected in victory on the morning of the third day. He also represents the English people at the time of the Protestant Reformation, defending the "one true church" against the late-medieval corruptions of Roman Catholicism. More particularly, he may represent Christian writers and intellectuals in sixteenth-century England who were prone to error and were in need of firmer doctrinal foundations. The knight begins his quest in Canto i with a battle against a lesser dragon named "Errour," which is associated with religious books and pamphlets, and only after he has been rescued form doctrinal error himself, represented in the false philosophy of Despair, can he fulfill his quest. After a period with the hermit Contemplation and other teachers in the House of Holiness, he fights a second and greater dragon, and this time, with God's grace, he prevails." Even in the passages of Book I devoted to philosophical abstractions, such as the virtues and vices that bored Thomas Macaulay, Spenser invites more from his readers than a dry process of "decoding." His stories and pictorial descriptions are not simply means to convey philosophical insights. They are themselves the ends of the poet's labors, figures capable of transforming barren philosophy into what Sidney 's friend Fulke Greville, first Lord Brooke, once called "pregnant images of life." It is one thing to know the definition of a particular vice, but quite another to know how people afflicted with it might talk or act and to see how their sinful dispositions might harm them over a period of time. It is these latter points that most interested Spenser. In Canto iv of Book I, for example, Queen Lucifera and her "six wisards old" are readily identified as the Seven Deadly Sins of medieval Christian tradition. Yet it is the extraordinary detail with which the poet depicts them that matters, not simply what they represent. In a series of exquisitely painted miniatures, Spenser depicts each of the six counselors on one of the beasts that draw Lucifera's coach: Idleness on an ass, Gluttony on a pig, Lechery on a goat, Avarice on a camel, Envy on a wolf, and Wrath on a lion. Each detail in the imagery of coach and team--from the animals themselves to the clothing and behavior of their riders and the things that they bear in their hands--serves to characterize the six vices and Pride, their queen. Even the order of the riders is significant, for Spenser has dramatically altered the traditional Catholic sequence in order to place Idleness first as the "nourse of sin." Since Idleness is dressed "Like to an holy Monck," the change in order doubtless has to with what is now call the Protestant "work ethic" and with common complaints in the Renaissance that the Catholic monasteries were bastions of laziness and corruption." It would, of course, be a mistake to suppose that every passage in the poem is as rich in meaning as the description of the House of Pride and its inhabitants, or that readers need understand everything that is lurking under the surface of the poem in order to enjoy it. Much of its appeal lies in plain sight, in its strange and marvelous stories and its colorful pageantry. In probing its deeper implications, however, it helps to begin with what are sometimes called the allegorical "cores" or "shrines" of the poem. In the great temples, palaces, noble houses, gardens and caves that dominate the landscape, Spenser provides the main distinctions needed to comprehend the philosophical concepts that he is exploring, often revealing key points in the names of the characters and in the details of their appearance or their surroundings. Along with the Palace of Pride and the House of Holiness in Book I, major cores include the House of Alma, the Bower of Bliss, and the cave that contains the House of Mammon in Book II; the Garden of Adonis and the House of Busirane in Book III; the Temple of Venus in Book IV; the Temple of Isis and the Palace of Mercilla in Book V; Mount Acidale in Book VI; and Arlo Hill in the fragment of Book VII that Spenser left unpublished at his death. In the narratives that lead the main characters to and from such places of instruction, the poet often provides less concentrated allegories in their actions, as in Una's wanderings after she is separated from the Red Crosse Knight. And finally, in the subsidiary stories and episodes constantly woven into the main lines of plot in each book, Spenser provides moral examples that further illustrate his main themes. An instance of such a tale in Book I is the story of Fraelissa and Fradubio, two lovers who are parted by Duessa in much the same way that the Red Crosse Knight is parted from Una." In the sequence of allegorical cores within each book, Spenser tends to move from the simple to the complex, arriving only late in the action at a full picture of the virtue required of the hero. In Book II, the first core leaves the impression that temperance is a "natural" virtue, that is, one that can be grasped without the divinely revealed truths of Scripture. Spenser offers portraits of three sisters: Elissa ("excess"), Perissa ("deficiency"), and Medina (the "golden mean"), and the Latin roots of their names call to mind the philosophy of Aristotle. One who is temperate, in Aristotle's view, has formed the habit of taking the mean between extremes, such as squandering and miserliness, foolhardiness and cowardice. The suitors courting Elissa and Perissa illustrate this point in a colorful way. Huddibras represents a "forward" nature that tends to draw back from others in arrogance or anger, and Sansloy represents a "forward" nature that draws toward others in uncontrolled desire. A temperate person would restrain impulses toward either of these extremes." The House of Medina suggests that in Book II the reader has come into a new region of Spenser's fairyland, one different from the quasi-medieval religious landscape of Book I and more like the plain humanist schoolrooms of the Merchant Taylors' School that Spenser attended as a boy. To take its classical philosophy as his final word on temperance, however, would be a mistake. Guyon's attempt to put into practice the rational ideal embodied in Medina is successful, but only for a time. To be sure, he avoids the corruption inherent in characters such as Pyrochles and Cymochles, who allow themselves to be governed by excesses of the bodily fluids (or "humours") of choler and phlegm. The brothers provide emblems of the two great temptations of the book: irascibility, which is seen in the hotheaded characters of the early cantos, and concupiscence, which appears in lazy and self-indulgent figures later in the book. Guyon avoids both. Yet, as early as Canto iii, he makes a crucial blunder, allowing a buffoon named Braggadocchio to steal his horse and so becoming the only pedestrian hero in the poem. At the midpoint of the book, in Canto vi, he makes a second mistake in parting from his Christian counselor and friend, the Palmer. By accepting a boat ride from a languid and sensuous lady named Phaedria at Idle Lake and allowing the Palmer to go on by foot, Guyon needlessly subjects himself to temptation. He does so again in the next episode by voluntarily undertaking a traditional epic descent into the underworld, where he is tempted with every imaginable form of worldly excess. These are represented in three subterranean chambers: the treasure house of Mammon, god of money and possessions; the temple of Philotime, the goddess of honor and ambition; and the garden of Proserpina, the goddess of worldly pleasure and rest. The very sense of his own self-sufficiency that prompts the hero's needless descent into hell is a sign of danger, for, in Spenser's view, no one can long resist the sinful tendencies inherent in fallen human nature without the grace of God." This point comes home in Canto vii, where, having emerged from Mammon's cave, Sir Guyon faints from exhaustion, falling prey to several of the enemies that he had earlier avoided, including Pyrochles and Cymochles. An angel is required to save him, and does so by fetching the Palmer, who stays with Guyon until Prince Arthur arrives to beat back the figures of intemperance attempting to despoil the hero of his armor. A stay in the House of Alma, which is the second important locus of instruction in the book, educates Guyon in the limits of his strength, presenting in the very structure of the house an emblem of the human body and the human psyche for his instruction. It is a place besieged by assaults on the senses, which are represented in the attacks of lawless rebels outside the castle. Their leader, Maleger (who represents appetite and passion), has the ability to regain his strength simply by touching his mother, the earth. As Prince Arthur later discovers, Maleger can be defeated only when he is cast into the water." This last point reveals the very Christian conception of temperance that underlies the entire book. The water in which Maleger drowns is an emblem of baptism, and his defeat is related to the episode that first set Guyon forth on his quest. In Cantos i--ii he and the Palmer had come upon the body of a knight, Sir Mortdant, who had been lured to his destruction by a false enchantress named Acrasia (whose name means both "badly mixed," referring perhaps to the bodily humours, and "incontinent," implying an inability to contain her desires). The knight's wife, Amavia, had stabbed herself in grief at his loss, and their baby, Ruddyman, had stained his hands in her blood. When Guyon had attempted to wash the child's hand in an enchanted spring--one associated with pagan mythology and the goddess Nature--the stain would not wash away. It had remained as an emblem of Original Sin, which can be cleansed only by the Christian sacrament of Holy Baptism. At the time, Guyon had not understood the meaning of this incident, but in the battle against Maleger the point comes home." With his temperance now "fast setteled / On firme foundation," the hero departs on the last stage of his quest to avenge the death of Ruddymane's parents upon Acrasia. After a sea voyage on which he encounters fresh allegorical representations of the Seven Deadly Sins, he ruthlessly destroys Acrasia's Bower of Bliss, releasing the many men whom she has transformed to beasts and binding the witch herself." From the analysis of inward psychological states in Book II, Spenser next turns to outward social relations in Book III. At the outset he pauses, as he often does, to show the relation between the central virtues of adjoining books by having their heroes meet briefly in conversation and in feats of strength. Here, the superiority of the social virtue of chastity, represented by the heroine Britomart, over the personal virtue of temperance appears clearly in Britomart's defeat of Guyon in a joust. Other episodes suggest further contrasts between the books. In comparison with Acrasia's Bower of Bliss in Book II, Spenser portrays another garden in Book III that is also concerned with the fulfillment of bodily desires, but in healthier ways. Whereas the Bower had been a false Paradise, apparently natural but actually created by self-indulgent art (see II.xii.58-59), the Garden of Adonis is a true Eden, where "All things, as they created were, doe grow" and obey God's first command "to increase and multiply" (III.vi.34). The two passages are linked by the classical myth of Adonis, presented first in a bad form in Acrasia's Bower and then in a good form in the Garden of Adonis. Though the healthy garden embodies a philosophy of divine generation that is as rich and enigmatic as any other conceptual scheme in the poem, the place of the passage in the unfolding narrative is fairly straightforward. The chaotic inner forces of the psyche explored in Book II are here presented in ordered and temperate manifestations, with particular stress on healthy sexual desire. Whereas Acrasia is governed by an insatiable appetite for young men, the characters Amoret and Belphoebe, who were born and reared in the Garden of Adonis, seek higher goods. Amoret takes as her goals marriage and family, whereas Belphoebe chooses lifelong virginity and an active life outsiTX The classical myths woven into these and other episodes in Book III do much to illuminate the characters. The myth of Cupid and Psyche, which is retold in the episode at the Garden of Adonis, shows the human mind brought into proper and fruitful union with the divine power. Britomart, the heroine of the book, best fulfills this ideal. She is not like the delicately beautiful Florimell, who is timid and inclined to flee from men. She is not like Belphoebe, who seems contemptuous of affairs of the heart. Nor is she like Amoret, who lives for such experiences. Britomart combines the best qualities of all three women, drawing them toward a golden mean. She shares, for example, Florimell's determination to leave the comforts of courtly life and search through the world for the man whom she is destined to marry. She matches Belphoebe in mental prowess, courage, and skill in manly pursuits such as hunting and jousting. Yet she also shares Amoret's capacity for warmth and nurturing." It is tempting to take Britomart as a figure for Queen Elizabeth, but it seems likely that she is something far more complex. The "Letter to Raleigh ," which identifies major figures for the queen in the poem, makes no mention of Britomart in this regard. As the wise magician Merlin reveals in Canto iii, she is actually an ancestor of the English queen, though one who displays a close family resemblance. Britomart is, in fact, a far more glorious figure than either of the other main embodiments of Elizabeth: the noble but somewhat icy Belphoebe, who represents the queen in her private life, and the magnificent but absent Gloriana, who represents Elizabeth in her public role as a ruler but who appears only in the dreams of Prince Arthur (I.vii) and in brief references in the proems and elsewhere, but never in the action itself. Some scholars see Britomart's quest for her future husband, Artegall--which begins with a vision of him in a crystal ball and is destined to end in marriage, joint rule over England, and a long line of glorious offspring--as a reference to Elizabeth's often-stated desire to marry no suitor but England itself. This way of reading the poem makes a good deal of sense of later passages in Book V, where the character Radigund represents Mary, Queen of Scots; Britomart resembles Elizabeth; and Artegall suggests some of Elizabeth's most powerful noblemen at court, who were torn in their allegiances between the two queens. When Britomart rescues Artegall from captivity in Radigund's city of Amazons, there is reason to believe that the incident represents Elizabeth's salvation of England from the threat of Catholic domination under Mary. Yet the potentially fruitful Britomart stands in notable contrast to the virginal and childless Belphoebe, and it may be that one of Spenser's points in the poem was to criticize Elizabeth for not marrying and providing England with a proper heir." In any case, Britomart stands in glorious contrast to two degraded types of womanhood in Book III, both defined once again with the help of classical mythology. The first is Malecasta in Canto i, who represents the tradition of Courtly Love. She leads men on by the gradual stages of courtship represented in the six knights who fight on her behalf: Gardante ("brief glances"), Parlante ("enticing words"), Iocante ("courtly play"), Basciante ("kissing"), Bacchante ("wine drinking"), and Noctante ("spending the night"). Once Malecasta has conquered a man, she makes him a slave to her whims and desires. She represents woman as predator. The tapestries depicting Venus and Adonis that hang in her castle link her with the more classical figure of Acrasia in Book II. The second example of unchastity in Book III is Hellenore, who represents the tradition of Ovidian love. Like Helen of Troy, she yields to the seductions of a guest (named, appropriately, Paridell) and allows herself to be carried away from her aged and jealous husband Malbecco, only to be discarded by her new lover and left to satisfy the lusts of forest satyrs. She represents woman as prey." Both she and Malecasta are medieval embodiments of ancient types, and their presence helps to extend the moral allegory of the poem to include glimpses of the history of Western culture. For Spenser, lines of dynastic descent are important, as they had been for earlier epic poets such as those mentioned in his "Letter to Raleigh." Here, he glorified Britain through the ancestry of its representative Britomart. Like Paridell (and Virgil's Aeneas), she traces her ancestry back to the old stock of Troy. Unlike Paridell, however, she descends from the worthy hero Brutus, the founder of Troynovant (or London), not from the lustful and irresponsible Paris (III.ix.32-46). Through passages such as this--along with depictions of legendary English heroes throughout the poem and accounts of early English history, such as those that Arthur reads at Alma's castle and Britomart hears in Merlin's cave--Spenser establishes himself as a writer of "an historicall fiction" on which England may establish a sense of its national heritage." In the climactic episode of Book III, when Britomart rescues Amoret from the evil enchanter Busirane, Spenser briefly sketches the history of relations between the sexes in Western culture, tying his account to the current difficulties that Amoret has suffered in marrying the aggressive young knight Scudamour. As the reader subsequently learns in Canto i of Book IV, she was kidnapped by Busirane during a ribald entertainment or "masque" performed on the night of her wedding, and clues in various rooms of the enchanter's house suggest that he represents the power of poetry and the visual arts to shape the attitudes of one gender toward the other. At least one of Amoret's problems on that night was a clash of cultural expectations." In the first room, rich tapestries illustrate the dominance of men over women that characterized the myths of ancient Greece and Rome. In the second room, golden ornaments suggest the dominance of women over men found in the tradition of Courtly Love in the late Middle Ages. In the third room, where Amoret herself appears, the reader find what seems to be a Renaissance confusion of masculine and feminine dominance, fostered by an attempt to combine classical and medieval erotic ideals. As we learn in Book IV, Amoret's husband Scudamour sees himself as a domineering male of the classical sort, who bears the sign of triumphant Cupid on his shield (see III.xi.7 and IV.x). Amoret, however sees herself as a "recluse virgin," whose education at the Temple of Venus has elevated her to a station much like that enjoyed by women in the medieval tradition of Courtly Love (see IV.x). If we may assume that Amoret's mental state following the night of her marriage is represented in the nightmarish procession known as the Masque of Cupid that appears in Busirane's third room, then the lady is not only suffering from a virgin's fears of the bridal night but also from confusion over her proper role as a wife. The allegorical figures surrounding her in the masque represent the course of her relationship with Scudamour. It begins happily enough with Ease, Fancy, and Desire, but eventually graduated to more-turbulent emotions such as Fear and Hope, Grief and Fury, and ends with feelings of Cruelty and Despight. Following these personifications comes the cause of her distress, depicted as Cupid riding on a lion. This figure reminds us of Scudamour's shield and probably represents his aggressive desire to dominate. Although Scudamour has attempted to release his bride from Busirane, only a third party such as Britomart, who understands the problem from a woman's point of view, can subdue the enchanter and dispel Amoret's fears." In the second edition of the poem, which was printed in 1596, the problem of Scudamour and Amoret is never satisfactorily resolved. In Book IV she transfers her affections to her new friend Britomart, is captured by a lustful giant and rescued by Timias, and passes through a series of painful adventures ending in the Castle of Corflambo (or "burning heart"), from which she can be saved only by the intervention of Prince Arthur himself. Meanwhile, Scudamour mistakes the armed Britomart for a man and, after she goes off with Amoret, suffers a fit of jealousy in the Cave of Care. Not until Canto vi, in which he attacks Britomart, does he discover her gender and his own folly. After these incidents, we hear little more of him or of Amoret. In the first edition of the poem published in 1590, however, Spenser fully resolved the tensions between the newlyweds. Upon Amoret's release from captivity to Busirane, she and Scudamour embrace and fuse with one another in a single hermaphroditic form, which seems to symbolize not only sexual union but also a golden mean between masculine and feminine forms of dominance and the consummation of an ideal Christian marriage." By now it should be obvious that, as Spenser moves from the inward virtues of holiness and temperance in Books I and II to the more outward ones of chastity and friendship in Books III and IV, he adopts a far more complicated method of plotting. The first two books follow a fairly straightforward and self-contained pattern: the hero sets forth on his quest, suffers a disastrous fall, is rescued by Arthur in Canto viii, joins forces with the prince for a time, undergoes a process of reeducation, and finally completes his quest with a victory in Canto xii. In Books III and IV, however, events are far more chaotic. This may be the case because the god Cupid has come into the picture. Among the epic invocations at the beginning of the poem, Spenser adds something not found in Virgil or Homer, a prayer to the "most dreaded impe of highest Jove, / Faire Venus sonne," and Cupid's enormous power over earthly events is manifested in the social disorder of Books III and IV." In the opening canto of Book III, for example, Spenser demonstrates love's power by drawing together all the major heroes of the poem so far, only to have Cupid divide and scatter them. Arthur appears with his squire Timias, Guyon with the Palmer, Britomart with her nurse Glauce--and, not far away from them, the women also encounter the Red Crosse Knight. Almost as soon as the heroes meet, however, Florimell rides by, fleeing a forester who intends to rape her, and the men in the party ride off in hot pursuit. Guyon and Arthur pursue the lady more, it seems, for her beauty than for her safety, and they soon become separated and lost. Timias nobly rides off to subdue the forester, but afterward falls in love with Belphoebe, forgetting about Arthur and eventually becoming entangled in a romantic scandal involving Belphoebe and Amoret that drives him to despair and turns him into a hermit. Even the Red Crosse Knight loses his head in Book III, requiring assistance from Britomart in turning back Malecasta's six knights. Thereafter, hardly a male in the poem can guide his own affairs sensibly until a semblance of order has been restored in Book V. The point seems to be that, in matters of love and friendship, women do better than men, and no one does very well. The beauty of a woman such as Florimell is like a comet, an astrological sign that "importunes death and dolefull drerihed" (III.i.16)." One of the governing aims of Books III and IV is to harmonize love with friendship. In the Renaissance many took from antiquity the view that bonds between two men were nobler than those between a man and a woman or between two women. Spenser undercuts this view by exalting marriage over friendship and also by idealizing amicable relationships between women and between members of the opposite sexes. In the first episode of Book IV, Britomart and Amoret arrive at a castle where no knight may enter without a lady. Britomart's solution is to exploit her disguise as a knight in order to enter as Amoret's champion, thus raising interesting issues of homoerotic attraction between the two ladies but also exalting the importance of their friendship. Later, Prince Arthur saves Amoret at the Castle of Corflambo, acting magnanimously as her male friend rather than as a potential lover." Spenser's emblem of the social ideal is a foursome of two men and two women, all bound in complex interrelationships of erotic attraction and friendship. This pattern is seen most clearly in the main heroes of the book, Campbell and Triamond, and in the ladies whom they love. Before Campbell will allow anyone to marry his sister Canacee, he requires that they first defeat him in battle. Triamond's two brothers, Priamond and Diamond, try and fail. Because, however, their mother, Agape (or "love"), has made a pact with the Destinies that Triamond should inherit the spirits and the strengths of his brothers, he is able to succeed where they failed. Later, Campbell marries Triamond's sister Cambina, and the four become fast friends." A second foursome, that of Paridell and Blandamour and their ladies Duessa and Ate, acts as a false parody of the first. Since the men are altogether faithless to one another and to their ladies, they quarrel over a third woman, a demonic copy of Florimell created by a witch in Book III. Once they have gone after this new “comet” of beauty in Canto ii, discord erupts among all four members of the group. The primary destructive force in Book IV is represented in the hag Ate, the “mother of debate / And all dissention which doth dayly grow / Amongst fraile men” (IV.i.19). Her power can be seen most dramatically in the central incident of the book, the Tournament of Satyrane. There, ladies compete for the “glorie vaine” of owning a magic girdle of “chast love / and wivehood true” that once belonged to Florimell. This prize is to be given to the most beautiful among them, and the knights are to do battle for the hand of the winner. Ironically, at the end of the violent turmoil and strife represented in the tournament, the girdle is awarded to the false Florimell, who represents the beautiful but cruel mistress idealized in Petrarchan love sonnets of the period. Victory on the field is awarded to Satyrane, one of the Knights of Maidenhead (who, in the historical allegory of the episode, are associated with the virgin queen Elizabeth). The false Florimell, however, insists on choosing a mate to her own liking and selects one as shallow as she is, namely the impostor Braggadocchio. The folly of Petrarchan love conventions, which Spenser will take up again in the episode of Serena among the cannibals in Book VI and in his sonnet sequence Amoretti, is amusingly satirized in this outcome. Yet even amid the discord and delusions of Book IV, the “fatall purpose of divine foresight” is nonetheless at work, guiding lovers to mates destined to them by higher powers from the foundation of the world (see III.iii.1-2). At Satyrane’s tournament, Britomart encounters and defeats her long-sought future husband, Artegall, though without recognizing him in his disguise as the Salvage Knight. In Canto vi he attempts to avenge this dishonor on her, but when her helmet falls off in battle, he falls in love with her instead. After a brief period of courtship, he plights his troth to marry her. Similarly, the true Florimell, who had been taken captive by the sea-god Proteus in Book III, finds her Marinell in the closing cantos of Book IV and is subsequently betrothed to him, as prophecies had foretold. Though confusion still reigns late in the book—as the brawl in Canto ix involving Britomart and Scudamour, Blandamour and Paridell, Prince Arthur and others reveals—images of harmony begin to appear, like sunlight after a storm. Most notable is the image of Concord celebrated in the Temple of Venus. Spenser say of her, “Of litle much, of foes she maketh frends,/And to afflicted minds sweet rest and quiet sends” (IV.x.34). Many of the discords of Book IV are resolved in Book V, which recounts the Legend of Justice. Florimell marries Marinell at another great tournament, and in this contest the outcome is more just. Braggadocchio is revealed as a coward and a fraud; the false Florimell is revealed as a demonic illusion; and Guyon, who had long ago lost his horse to Braggadocchio, reclaims it again. Yet both the proem and the opening canto of the book remind us of the deeply fallen state of the world, where even the stars and planets no longer follow their ancient courses, and the goddess of justice, Astraea, has departed from the earth. Spenser here invokes Ovid’s myth of the Four Ages of Mankind, which began with the Golden Age of Saturn and has since declined from the Age of Silver toward those of Brass and Stone. The allegory of Book V focuses on the last period in this decline, stressing the corruption and injustice of England’s enemies in Spenser’s own day. Nearly everything in the main plot is related to Queen Elizabeth’s struggle to preserve the independence of the English church and state against the Catholic forces arrayed against her in Scotland and Ireland, France and Spain. The main quest of the book is Artegall’s attempt to rescue Irena from the tyrant Grantorto, which represents the English attempt to free Ireland from Catholic domination in the 1580s and 1590s. The incident in which Artegall encounters the Amazons and Queen Radigund is an account of the actions of Mary, Queen of Scots, beginning in 1558 and ending in 1571, when Elizabeth imprisoned her in England. Her execution in 1587 is later portrayed in the death of Duessa in Canto ix. The incident in which Prince Arthur and Artegall defeat the Souldan in Canto viii represents England’s repulse of the sea invasion mounted by the Spanish Armada in 1588, and Arthur’s rescue of Belgae from Geryoneo in Cantos x-xi represents England’s intervention to free the Netherlands from Spanish forces in the 1580s, in which Sidney died and Leicester came to grief. Against these forces, the hero of the book proves—like the Red Crosse Knight and Guyon before him—an inexperienced and sometimes inadequate hero. When Artegall first appears in the Tournament Satyrane in Book IV, he is armed as the Salvage Knight, and some of his untamed roughness carries over into Book V. Although he is successful in the early episodes, overthrowing Munera (or “bribery”) and settling property disputes between the likes of Amidas and Bracidas, he seems incapable of conceiving of justice in any but harsh, inflexible, legalistic terms. His limitations appear most clearly in the brutality of his servant Talus and in his own submission to the Amazonian tyrant Radigund, who manages to lure him into agreeing to a foolish contract with her concerning their private combat in Canto v. What Artegall requires is a sounder philosophy of justice that will allow him to avoid such errors and to moderate his severity. Spenser provides him with one in the figure of his future wife, Britomart, who rescues him from Radigund. Britomart represents a form of justice known as “equity,” which allows a judge or public official to mitigate the severity of punishments or to adjust the application of the law whenever the case involves unusual circumstances that could not have been foreseen when the written legal code was drafted. In following normal procedures of equity, the judge returns to the philosophical principles on which the code was originally based and infers the proper way to handle the case at hand. Such moderating procedures are allegorized at the Temple of Isis in Canto vii, where Britomart learns to temper Artegall’s sternness with clemency and his rigid adherence to the legal code with wisdom. After she has rescued him from Radigund, he serves an apprenticeship under Prince Arthur and receives his final education in the Palace of Mercilla. The queen of that house represents the Christian virtue of mercy, which is different from the equitable justice allegorized in Britomart. Whereas equity returns to philosophical principles in order to ensure that the defendant receives his proper due, mercy offers freely to redeem offenders who sincerely repent their crimes. Artegall’s education thus leads him from legal justice through classical equity to Christian mercy, symbolized respectively in the iron man Talus, the mostly silver idol of Isis, and the gold-bedecked queen Mercilla. By this progression the poet seems to point the way to reclaim Ovid’s lost Age of Gold, and indeed, with Artegall’s liberation of Belgae in Canto xii, nearly all the disorders of Books III-V have been resolved. As often happens in The Faerie Queene, however, moments of victory and harmony prove short-lived. At the end of Book V, Artegall encounters a new threat, the Blatant Beast, whose name means both “prattling” or “babbling” and “hurtful.” The monster, which Spenser describes as a “hellish Dog,” represents slander, backbiting, and other forms of verbal abuse that tend to disrupt in private the social harmony that Artegall has been working so hard to establish in public. The monster may seem a minor threat in comparison with the more imposing enemies of justice in Book V—such as the giant with Scales in Canto ii, who advocates the overthrow of the aristocracy in favor of an egalitarian form of government, or Grantorto in Canto xii, who represents political and religious tyranny. Yet because of the widespread and covert nature of its abuses, the Blatant Beast is more difficult to subdue. Throughout Book VI it appears unexpectedly, attacking with poisoned teeth and “thousand tongues” and then disappearing again before anyone can bring it to bay. It is first set on by Envy and Detraction (V.xii.35-37) and is later employed by Despetto (“malice”), Decetto (“deceit”), and Defetto (“detraction”), who succeed in provoking the Beast to wound Timias, a figure identified by his name with “honor” (VI.v). The two major strands of plot in Book VI—those involving Calidore’s quest to bind the Beast and Calepine’s search for Serena—both include episodes illustrating the power of the tongue. The line of plot in which Serena (or “tranquillity”) is ravaged by the Blatant Beast suggests the loss of reputation and the subsequent shunning and abuse that aristocratic women of Spenser’s day sometimes suffered because of rumors that they had been unchaste. In Serena’s case, the Beast attacks soon after she is discovered in a secluded forest glade with her lover, Calepine, who has violated the social conventions of aristocratic courtship by removing his armor “To solace with his lady in delight” (VI.iii.20). The inward torments that she suffers in consequence of this tryst appear in her gradual decline into illness, which is brought on by the festering bites of the Beast (Cantos v-vi). The social degradations to which she is subjected are allegorized in her subsequent capture by the “Salvage Nation,” a band of cannibals who are prevented from sacrificing her naked body on a forest altar only the timely arrival of Calepine (canto viii). The threat of similarly violent social repercussions hangs over Priscilla and her less nobly born lover Aladine in Canto ii, where they are also found dallying in the woods and are immediately attacked by a lustful knight. The story of Serena among the cannibals involves more, however, than issues of reputation and the abuse of young lovers who overstep the bounds of custom. The language of the episode suggests the Petrarchan love poetry of Spenser’s day, in which the woman is depicted as alluringly beautiful but cold and unattainable, and her lover is expected to vacillate endlessly between abject adoration and frustrated erotic desire. That such poetry should degrade an entire “Nation” to the level of savages, worshiping feminine beauty in a leering and cannibalistic religion of love, raises serious questions about the proper role of literature in shaping the social order. The more refined and pragmatic lover Calepine, whose name means “gracious speech,” offers a contrasting ideal, in which love is mutual and courtship progresses naturally toward “solace” and “delight.” The chivalric code of the Middle Ages—in which men have a duty to honor and protect women, and women have an obligation to provide patterns of morality and images of “grace” to temper masculine aggressiveness—lies behind much of Spenser’s thought about love and courtesy in Book VI. The opening episode, for example, involves an inversion of this ideal. In it the proud knight Crudor entices the lady Briana to serve him by forcing knights and ladies who pass her castle to shave their beards or their hair. By this means she hopes to win Crudor’s love by lining a mantle with hair, as he has demanded. The chivalric ideal is at least partially reasserted when Calidor intervenes on behalf of Briana, forcing her cruel knight to marry her. Crudor must also promise to behave better toward errant knights and to assist ladies “in every stead and stound” (VI.i.42). The Knight of Courtesy later confronts ethical dilemmas posed by this chivalric ideal. In Canto iii, for example, he violates his knightly duty to tell the truth in order to conceal Priscilla’s secret meetings with Aladine from her father. In Cantos ix-xi, Calidore is tempted to discard his armor and to abandon his quest altogether in order to court the shepherdess Pastorella. This last incident reveals a conflict between personal fulfillment and social responsibility that is an underlying theme of Book VI. Spenser identifies the virtue responsible for maintaining a proper balance between the two as courtesy, which he sees broadly as “the ground, / And roote of civill conversation” (VI.i.1). In its original sense, courtesy was simply the pattern of conduct acceptable at a prince’s court. By Spenser’s day, however, it had come to imply a rather lengthy list of personal traits and abilities: noble birth and elegant manners, comely appearance and cultivated speech, athletic skill and martial prowess. All these traits were combined in a man such as Sir Philip Sidney, who is sometimes regarded as the Elizabethan knight on whom Sir Calidore was modeled. In the initial description of the Knight of Courtesy, Spenser depicts him as a marvel of courtly refinement. He is one In whom it seemes, that gentlenesse of spright And manners mylde were planted naturall; To which he adding comely guize withall, And gracious speach, did steale mens hearts away. Nathlesse thereto he was full stout and tall, And well approv’d in batteilous affray. (VI.i.2) Only certain parts of this description, however, actually involve things that Calidore has “added” at court. The first qualities mentioned are the “naturall” elements of courtesy: “gentlenesse of spright” and “manners mylde,” and these subsequently receive special attention. Perhaps because Spenser was distressed by the extravagant artificialities and corruptions common in the royal courts of his day, he laid his greatest stress on the natural roots of courtesy. His most idealized depictions of the virtue are set in the partly civilized yet predominantly natural settings of the pastoral countryside. The sheepfolds of Pastorella and her foster father Meliboe in Cantos ix-xi provide a refuge both from the savagery of uncivilized nature (represented by the brigands who live in nearby forests and caves) and from the follies and extravagances of aristocratic life (depicted at the castles of Briana and Aldus). The fruitful interplay between the natural and the cultivated, the wild and the civilized is depicted emblematically in Calepine’s rescue of an infant from a wild bear in Canto iv. Afterward, he gives the orphan to the barren Lady Matilde and her husband Sir Bruin so that their aristocratic house may have a suitable heir. In the central episode involving Turpine (or “baseness”) and his wife Blandina (or “flattery”) in Cantos vi-vii, Spenser explores the two extremes represented in the symbolic forests and castles of the book. Both characters have the trappings, but not the substance, of true civility. When Calepine attempts to find shelter for the wounded Serena in Turpine’s castle, he is repulsed and forced to spend the night with his lady in the forest, where he is gravely wounded by Turpine on the next day. From the forest, however, comes a wild and apparently “Salvage” man, who is actually more courteous than Turpine and his wife. That the wild man risks his life to rescue Calepine and his lady and carefully tends the knight’s wounds suggests something of the inherent goodness of human nature. That he succeeds in curing only Calepine’s injuries and not those of Serena, however, suggests the limitations of that nature when it is not cultivated by civil custom and informed by religion. A pious hermit who had once been a great knight is the only one who can save Serena. In Calidor’s quest to subdue the Blatant Beast, Spenser presents a further exploration of the relationship between the civil and the natural. The knight first finds the Beast in Gloriana’s city of Cleopolis, which in one of its allegorical senses stands for Elizabethan London. The knight then pursues the monster from smaller towns past outlying castles to the sheepfolds of Pastorella and Meliboe, which are associated with Spenser’s own rural home in Ireland. So much more courteous are the simple shepherd and his daughter than those whom Calidore has left behind in “civil” society that he abandons his life as a knight and takes up that of a shepherd, hoping to win the heart of Pastorella. His most exalted moment comes in Canto x, when he is immersed in the beauties of nature, far from the court of his queen. Walking on Mount Acidale, he comes upon the shepherd Colin Clout, whose name associates him with Spenser and The Shepheardes Calender . Colin is playing his pipes, and all before him are “An hundred naked maidens lilly white,” dancing in a ring about the three Graces of classical mythology. The Graces, in turn, are dancing about Colin’s beloved, who represents Spenser’s second wife, Elizabeth Boyle. Though the poet might have placed Queen Elizabeth in the midst of the rings, portraying her as the central emblem of grace and courtesy in Book VI, he pointedly avoids doing so, beseeching his monarch to give him leave to place his own Elizabeth there instead. His own natural bonds with his wife take precedence over his civil bonds with his queen. This curious detail is sometimes interpreted as a sign that Spenser, like his hero Calidore, had turned away from Gloriana’s court, abandoning in disillusionment his great project of glorifying Queen Elizabeth in The Faerie Queene. Apparently he composed very little more of the poem after he finished the pastoral cantos of Book VI, which were the last episodes published in his own lifetime. Yet the poet’s gesture toward his wife need not be taken as a slight to the queen. After all, he had only recently remarried and therefore had special reason to request leave of his monarch “To make one [brief passage] of thy poore handmayd, / And underneath thy feete to place her prayse” (VI.x.28). It seems clear, moreover, that he did not entirely endorse Calidore’s “truancy” among the shepherds. By adopting their life of pleasure and contemplation, the knight has acted irresponsibly, as subsequent events reveal. Not only has he left the Blatant Beast free to do further harm, which is described in Canto xii, but he has also let Pastorella and her father undefended from other evils in the surrounding forest. A band of brigands soon sweeps down on them, killing Meliboe and several other shepherds and binding Pastorella in a cave in hopes of selling her into slavery. To rescue her, Calidore is forced to rearm himself, and after he has scattered the brigands, he is compelled to seek shelter for his beloved at a nearby castle. In a fallen world, the natural life divorced from the civil is no more sustainable than the civil divorced from the natural. Even Calidore’s idealization of the shepherds has been based partly on a mistake, for as he discovers in Canto xii, Pastorella is actually a child of the aristocracy, born to Sir Bellamour and Lady Claribell in a secret love affair like those examined elsewhere in Book VI. She was abandoned among the shepherds to conceal her parents’ shame. At the climax of the book, this noble child reared by common shepherds returns in joy to her parents as an emblem of the ideal union of the natural with the civilized. Whatever Spenser’s personal attitudes toward Elizabeth and her court may have been when he wrote this part of the poem, the passage hardly endorses a radical reappraisal of the prevailing social order or a renunciation of the poet’s lifelong project. At the end of Book VI, Calidore resumes his quest, captures the Blatant Beast, and leads it captive through Faerie Land. When Books I-III of The Faerie Queene were first published in 1590, Queen Elizabeth was not the only one to admire them, and by 1596, when Books IV—VI appeared, her grant of a royal pension was not the only reward that its author had received. The poem won immediate recognition as the finest poetic achievement of its generation, and further works by the poet were evidently in demand. In 1591 he returned to London to print two other works, Daphnaïda and the Complaints. Just four years later, three more of his works were published; Colin Clouts Come Home Againe, and the sonnet sequence titled Amoretti with his widely admired Epithalamion. These were followed in 1596 by the last of works published during his lifetime, Fowre Hymnes and the Prothalamion. Daphnaïda is a dreary and somewhat overly expansive pastoral lament written soon after the death of the wife of Spenser’s friend Arthur Gorges, a minor poet and translator. Based on Chaucer’s Book of the Duchess (circa 1370), it is partly an experiment in patterning poetry according to symbolic numbers (here multiples of seven, the number associated with divine judgment and rest from sorrows), and it may have helped to prepare the way for the wonderfully detailed and suggestive number symbolism of the Epitalamion. More successful were the Complaints , nine lengthy poems on the general themes of mutability and the vanity of earthly desires. The volume looks back to Spenser’s earliest work, reprinting revised versions of his two dream visions from the 1569 volume A Theatre for Worldings and adding a similar poem titled Visions of the Worlds Vanitie. These three show a side of Spenser that would later appeal to writers of the Romantic period, namely his sense of the poet as a prophet, speaking inspired truths against the follies of his age. The volume also includes an imitation of the French poet Joachim du Bellay’s Antiquitez de Rome (1558), which is a meditation on the tragic impermanence of even the greatest works of human ambition, epitomized in the ancient city of Rome. The Complaints continue the experiments in poetic technique characteristic of The Shepheardes Calender, and they also explore some of the same literary forms and themes. Like “October,” for example, The Teares of the Muses laments the current low esteem of poets in England. Like “Maye” and “September,” Mother Hubberds Tale employs a beast fable for satiric purposes, presenting four stories about a fox and an ape that warn of abuses among the three traditional estates of English society: commoners, clergy, and nobility. The dedication preceding the poem calls it “the raw conceipt” of the poet’s youth, and since topical allusions tie it to political affairs in the years 1579-1580, it is probably work of the same period as the Calender. Mingled with early materials such as these, however, are poems that have more to do with the major works of Spenser’s maturity. Muiopotmos, for example, resembles “February” in its use of a beast fable to expound a moral point. Its primary affiliation, however, is with The Faerie Queene. It is a mock epic about a vain butterfly caught by an envious spider, and may have been written as a light interlude in the serious business of composing the longer poem. In Clarion, the butterfly, it depicts a diminutive hero who, like the human characters in Spenser’s epic, was born under the biblical injunction “to be Lord of all the workes of Nature” yet is also bound by the will of “the heavens in their secret doome” (lines 211, 225). In the rhetorical questions of the three central stanzas of the poem, just before the butterfly becomes ensnared in the webs of its tragic antagonist, Arachne, Spenser echoes one of the great themes of The Faerie Queene, the contrast between human folly and shortsightedness and “The fatall purpose of divine foresight” (III.iii.2). As a counter to the dominant theme of the Complaints, which is the transience of earthly things, Spenser turns to poetry as one of the few means that human beings have to resist the depredations of time. The volume begins with The Ruines of Time, a poem that contrasts a depiction of the great but forgotten city of Verulame with an elegy for Sidney , who had died of wounds suffered in battle in the Netherlands in 1586. By means of this contrast Spenser celebrates the power of poetry to confer on Sidney a kind of glory that will outlast empires. The pastoral poem Astrophel and the six elegies and epitaphs for Sidney by other authors that Spenser gathered four years later at the end of Colin Clouts Come Home Againe reiterate this theme and offer a belated though impressive tribute to the dead poet-hero who had served as Spenser’s early mentor. Sidney ‘s impact on Spenser did not end with the tributes printed in the Complaints and Colin Clouts. Along with the mingling of pastoral and epic in Book VI of The Faerie Queene, which resembles the same blending in Sidney ‘s Arcadia (1590, 1593), the dead poet’s influence also appears in the Amoretti , a series of sonnets published with the Epithalamion in 1595. Spenser’s volume reads as if it were designed as a reply to Sidney ‘s dazzling sonnet sequence, Astrophil and Stella, which was printed in London in 1591 by Spenser’s own publisher, William Ponsonby, and which began a vogue for English sonnets that lasted more than a decade. The contrasts between the two sequences are illuminating. Whereas Sidney ‘s poems follow Continental models in depicting the love of a distant and unattainable woman, Spenser’s sonnets go against this widespread Petrarchan convention by celebrating a successful courtship, which culminates in the joyous wedding ceremony depicted in the Epithalamion . Both sequences seem to have been, at least in part, autobiographical, with Sidney ‘s reflecting his love of Lady Penelope Rich and Spenser’s his courtship of his second wife, Elizabeth Boyle, who later bore him a son named Peregrine. Yet, whereas Sidney depicts love with another man’s wife and describes a gradual process by which passion conquers reason and religious principle, Spenser moves from such passion early in his sequence toward an eventual restoration of Christian piety and self-control. His address to the Amoretti themselves in Sonnet 1 sets a tone for the entire sequence that is lighter and less turbulent than that of Astrophil and stella: “Happy ye leaves when as those lilly hands, ... shall handle you.” Though the poems that follow show the influence of various earlier sonneteers—including Petrarch and Philippe Desportes, Tasso and du Bellay—Spenser never departs from his own vision of healthy courtship, which progresses from the follies and excesses of infatuation toward the stability and fruitfulness of Christian marriage. The organizing principle of the Amoretti and the Epithalamion is, as in The Shepheardes Calender, the passage of time. The poet’s wooing of Elizabeth Boyle initially seems an endless endeavor. Like Petrarch’s love of Laura, it drives the poet to exclaim in Sonnet 25, “How long shall this lyke dying lyfe endure ...[?]” Yet, even as he says this, an important phase in the courtship has already begun that will eventually lead to the resolution that he desires. As Alexander Dunlop and other scholars have pointed out, in Sonnet 22 he mentions the beginning of Lent, “The holy season fit to fast and pray.” If one sonnet is counted for each day between Ash Wednesday and Easter, then the celebration of Christ’s Resurrection would be expected in Sonnet 68, and that is where it appears. Sonnet 67 announces the end of the lover’s “hunt” for his “gentle deare,” in which the lady has been “fyrmely tyde” and “goodly wonne.” In Sonnet 68 the poet prays to Christ: “This joyous day, deare Lord, with joy begin, / and grant that we for whom thou diddest dye / being with thy deare blood clene washt from sin, / may live for ever in felicity.” Before the Lenten section there are twenty-one sonnets of preparation, and after the Easter sonnet there are again twenty-one in the denouement. These eighty-nine, plus the four short mythological poems known as anacreontics that come between the Amoretti and the Epithalamion, make a total of ninety-three, which is the number of days in the season of spring. That the central sonnets of the sequence are meant to be read as a depiction of springtime courtship is suggested in Sonnets 19 and 70, which fall just before and after the Lenten sonnets. The Epithalamion continues this elaborately patterned sequence of symbolic seasons and times. Spenser’s wedding took place on Saint Barnabas’s Day, 11 June 1594, which was, by Elizabethan reckoning, the longest day of the year. As A. Kent Hieatt has shown, the twenty-four stanzas of the poem represent the hours of that particular day, beginning with the groom’s preparations before dawn and ending at the same hushed hour on the following morning. So precise is the temporal sequence that the coming of night is announced in the fourth line of stanza 17, just as Irish almanacs of the period set the hour of sunset at sixteen and a fraction hours after sunrise. All the stanzas leading up to this long-awaited moment contain a refrain that rejoices in the happy sounds of the day, from the singing of the birds at the bride’s awakening to the joyous ringing of the church bells after the ceremony is over. All the stanzas after nightfall, however, call for silence: “Ne let the woods us answere, not our Eccho ring.” As in The Shepheardes Calender , where the passing of the months becomes a metaphor for the entire span of Colin’s life, so here the hours are connected with the larger cycles of the year and of life itself. Perhaps to magnify the significance of the wedding day, it is represented as if it had lasted a year, as the reader can see from the fact that the poem contains 365 long lines (while the 68 shorter lines total the number of weeks, month, and seasons). At the end, as Spenser and his bride lie in bed in the darkness before the dawn, he thinks of the whole course of their coming life together, looking forward to their final rest and that of their children in “heavenly tabernacles.” Along with this God-given way to escape from time, the wedding poem itself provides another, becoming, as the last line suggests, “for short time an endlesse moniment.” Throughout the Epithalamion Spenser maintains a delicate balance between the heavenly and the earthly, the classical and the Christian. The poem begins with invocations to the Muses and to the forest, river, and sea nymphs of antiquity, who, along with Hymen and the Graces and the greater gods Bacchus and Venus, Cynthia and Juno, rule over mundane affairs in the poem. The poet, acting as a genial (though sometimes fretful) master of ceremonies, seems to invite the entire creation to join in celebrating his wedding day. He begins by depicting the sun as its rises, proceeds through the fish in the river and the beasts and birds in the forest, and continues up the Great Chain of Being to village children and the musicians hired to play for the wedding. This progression leads finally to his bride, who comes forth like a goddess among less comely “merchants daughters.” At the beginning of stanza 12 and 13, which lie at the formal and conceptual center of the poem, the poet sings, “Open the temple gates unto my love,” and this turns the reader’s attention from the world outside the church to the Christian ceremony of Holy Matrimony that is to be celebrated within. The musicians then raise a great crescendo to heaven, and the priest unites the couple before the altar, invoking the authority of a God who stands far above the pagan deities in the natural world of the poem. At the metrical center of the central line, Spenser places the words endlesse matrimony. After the ceremony comes feasting with bells and carols and wine poured out “by the belly full.” The wedding party gradually disperses, leaving the poet alone with his bride, and the final image that lingers at the end is of Spenser lying awake beside her in the silence just before dawn,thinking of children to come and the joys of heaven. This image is perhaps his most telling response to the fruitless idolatry and the frustrated earthly desire that are the subjects of Sidney ‘s Astrophil and Stella. A similar, though more puzzling, blend of the classical with the Christian appears in Spenser’s next volume, the Fowre Hymnes. The first two hymns, which are meditations on earthly love and beauty, invoke the pagan gods Cupid and Venus as their reigning deities. The second two, which deal with heavenly love and heavenly beauty, are addressed to Christ and Sapience (or Christian wisdom). Though hymns modeled on the work of Pindar and other pagan poets of antiquity had recently been revived on the Continent, Spenser’s book is unusual in setting such poems side by side with more traditional Christian material. To be sure, the pagan hymns follow a Platonic “ladder of love” in which the speaker progresses from love of the body to love of the soul, but there is no way to reconcile their essentially worldly and self-centered philosophy with that depicted in the second pair of poems. Whereas the pagan hymns celebrate an altogether human form of love that aims to conquer and possess the beloved for its own self-fulfillment, the Christian hymns celebrate a divine love that aims to free others from bondage to sin by undertaking selfless acts of personal sacrifice. The difficulty in resolving such contradictions has led some critics to accept at face value comments in the poet’s letter of dedication to the volume, which suggest that the first pair was written “in the greener times of my youth” and the second was offered by way of a retraction. Other scholars have noted, however, internal evidence suggesting that the pagan hymns were written—or at least revised—in the same period as the Christian ones and therefore that they are not likely to represent the mere errors of Spenser’s youth. Perhaps the most likely explanation is that the poet was simply repeating a pedagogical device employed frequently in The Faerie Queene. First, he presents a widely respected view from antiquity, and then he offers a far richer Christian view of the same subject, leaving his readers to puzzle out the differences and choose for themselves. The Prothalamion, which was the last of Spenser’s poems to be published during his lifetime, also involves unresolved tensions, though of a darker sort than those found in the Fowre Hymnes. The poem was written to celebrate a double betrothal ceremony for the two daughters of Edward Somerset, Earl of Worcester. It took place during Spenser’s journey to London in the latter half of 1596, which he apparently undertook in order to seek a government position in England. Like The Shepheardes Calender, the poem begins with notes of weariness and despair. As the poet wanders along the bank of the river Thames, thinking about his own “lone fruitlesse stay / In Princes Court” and seeking to ease his “payne,” he sees two lovely swans floating on the water, with river nymphs gathering about them. These, of course, represent the prospective brides and their attendants. The counterpoint between the poet’s sadness and the rising tones of joy in the betrothal ceremony is caught most movingly in a song of blessing sung to the swans by one of the nymphs. Only two years earlier, Spenser had sung a wedding song of his own, but sorrows have since crowded in upon him. In coming from a turbulent world beyond the security of London, he cannot see the peaceful scene before him without thinking of faraway wars, glimpsed briefly at the end of the poem in a stanza glorifying the recent English burning of the Spanish fleet at Cadiz under the direction of Elizabeth’s young favorite, Robert Devereux, second Earl of Essex. The refrain in the poem, which invokes the river to “runne softly, till I end my Song,” suggests that the river may not always run softly, and the lingering impression of the poem is one of fragile beauty and transient joy. The tone of dejection in Spenser’s Prothalamion appears in other of his works published in 1596. It may reflect the worsening situation in Ireland, where Tyrone’s Rebellion would soon uproot the English colonists and, with them, Spenser’s family. It may also have arisen from Spenser’s belief that he was being slandered at the English court and that old enemies were preventing him from gaining a better and safer position there. Both concerns stand out prominently in the last three cantos of Book VI of The Faerie Queene. There, shepherds associated with Spenser’s literary persona, Colin Clout, are attacked by lawless brigands, and the poet’s final words are a complaint that the Blatant Beast has escaped and “raungeth through the world againe ... Ne spareth he the gentle Poets rime, / But rends without regard of person or of time.” This passage probably refers to William Cecil, Baron Burghley, Elizabeth’s powerful counselor, who had censured Spenser’s epic for dealing too much with themes of erotic love (see The Faerie Queene, IV. Proem). The poet’s last work, the Mutabilitie Cantos, published posthumously in 1609, reflects once again on the old themes of time and the sorrows and uncertainties of life. The cantos were apparently written as the main allegorical “core” for an otherwise unfinished book of The Faerie Queene, which a headnote by the printer identifies as “the legend of Constancie.” Appropriately set amid the turbulence of the Irish countryside, the cantos place the local and the immediate problems threatening Spenser and his family within a universal context, reflecting on the role of mutability in God’s creation. Once again using classical myth to explore issues that deeply touched his Christian view of the world, Spenser tells the story of the goddess Mutability, a daughter of the Titans who long ago rebelled against Jove. Longing to be admired like her sisters Hecate and Bellona, Mutability sets out in the world’s first innocence to ravage “all which nature had establisht first” and all the laws of civil society, thereby bringing death into the world. She then mounts up to the circle of the moon, attempting to drag from her throne the goddess Cynthia (who, in one of her allegorical references, stands for Queen Elizabeth). Ascending higher, Mutability then challenges Jove himself, putting forth her case that she is the rightful ruler of the universe. In order to resolve her dispute with Jove, she appeals to the highest judge of all, Dame Nature, who assembles all the gods on Arlo Hill to hear her judgment. Within this larger framework Spenser tells the story of Faunus, who bribes the Irish river nymph Molanna to place him near Diana’s favored haunts on Arlo Hill, where he may see the goddess bathing. When the satyr betrays himself by laughing, he is captured by Diana’s nymphs, covered with a deer skin, and set upon by hounds. He manages to escape, but Diana thereafter abandons Arlo Hill, cursing it as a haunt for wolves and thieves. Through the Irish setting of the story and its depiction of a humiliation offered to the moon goddess Diana, the poet links the account of Faunus to mutability’s attack on Cynthia and her subsequent trial by Dame Nature. The inner story raises, however, an important issue not so clearly presented in the outer story, namely the role of erotic desire in bringing discord into the world. The Mutability Cantos represent the perfection of Spenser’s art, combining almost effortlessly the strains of moral, psychological, and historical allegory that run through the entire poem. The poet’s description of the great trial on Arlo Hill brings forth all his poetic powers, providing opportunities for dramatic word paintings of Mutability’s effects upon the heavens and the earth, but also for more delicate passages, such as the colorful miniatures of the season, months, and hours that parade before Dame Nature as evidence of endless change. Many of the dominant themes and images of Spenser’s other works, from the earliest vision poems and The Shepheardes Calender to the Complaints and the Prothalamion, come together here. The closing stanzas of the Mutability Cantos offer Spenser’s last word on the problem that had preoccupied him throughout his life,and, like the mottoes in the Calender, that word is enigmatic. Addressing Mutability, Dame Nature says only, Bibliography Books The Shepheardes Calender Conteyning Twelue Æglogues Proportionable to the Twelue Monethes. Entitled to the Noble and Vertvous Gentleman Most Worthy of All Titles Both of Learning and Cheualrie M. Philip Sidney (London: Printed by Hugh Singleton, 1579). Three Proper and Wittie Familiar Letters: Lately Passed between Two Vniversity Men: Touching the Earthquake in April Last, and Our English Refourmed Versifying and Two Other Very Commendable Letters of the Same Mens Writing: Both Touching the Foresaid Artificial Versifying, and certain Other Particulars (London: H. Bynneman, 1580). The Faerie Qveene. Disposed into Twelue Books, Fashioning XII. Morall vertues (London: Printed for William Ponsonby, 1590)--contains Books I-III. Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie.... By Ed. Sp. (London: Imprinted for William Ponsonby, 1591)--includes The Rvines of Time, The Teares of the Mvses, Virgils Gnat, Prosopopoia: or Mother Hubberds Tale, Rvines of Rome: by Bellay, Mvoipotmos: or The Fate of the Bvtterflie, Visions of the Worlds Vanitie, The Visions of Bellay, and The Visions of Petrarch. Daphnaïda. An Elegie vpon the Death of the Noble and Vertuous Douglas Howard, Daughter and Heire of Henry Lord Howard, Viscount Byndon, and Wife of Arthure Gorges Esquier. Dedicated to the Right Honorable the Lady Helena, Marquesse of Northampton. By Ed. Sp. (London: Printed for William Ponsonby, 1591). Colin Clovts Come Home Againe. By Ed. Sp. (London: Printed for William Ponsonby, 1595)--includes Astrophell. A Pastorall Elegie vpon the Death of the Most Noble and Valorovs Knight, Sir Philip Sidney. Amoretti and Epithalamion. Written not long since by Edmunde Spenser (London: Printed for William Ponsonby, 1595). The Faerie Qveene. Disposed into Twelue Bookes, Fashioning XII. Morall Vertues [Books I-VI, with revised ending to III] (London: Printed for William Ponsonby, 1596). Fowre Hymnes, Made by Edm. Spenser (London: Printed for William Ponsonby, 1596). Prothalamion Or A Spousall Verse Made by Edm. Spenser. In Honovr of the Double Mariage of the Two Honorable & vertuous Ladies, the Ladie Elizabeth and the Ladie Katherine Somerset, Daughters to the Right Honourable the Earle of Worcester and Espoused to the Two Worthie Gentlemen M. Henry Gilford, and M. William Peter Esquyers (London: Printed for William Ponsonby, 1596). The Faerie Queene, Disposed into XII. Bookes, Fashioning Twelue Morall Vertues, 2 volumes [Books I-VI and Two Cantos of Mutabilitie from Book VII](London: Printed by H[enry] L[ownes] for Mathew Lownes, 1609-1613). A Vewe of the Present State of Ireland, in The Historie of Ireland, Collected by Three Learned Authors, viz. Meredith Hanmer ... Edmund Campion ... and Edmund Spenser, Esq., edited by Sir James Ware (Dublin: Printed by the Society of Stationers, 1633). Editions and Collections Spenser's "Faerie Queene," 2 volumes, edited by J. C. Smith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909). Spenser's Minor Poems, edited by Ernest de Selincourt (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910). Spenser: Poetical Works, edited by Smith and de Selincourt (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1912). The Works of Edmund Spenser: A Variorum Edition, 11 volumes, edited by Edwin Greenlaw, Charles Grosvenor Osgood, Frederick Morgan Padelford, and Ray Heffner (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1932-1957). Books I and II of the Faerie Queene, The Mutability Cantos, and Selections from The Minor Poetry, edited by Robert Kellogg and Oliver Steele (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965). The Mutabilitie Cantos, edited by S. P. Zitner (London: Nelson, 1968). "The Faerie Queene" (1596), 2 volumes, edited by Graham Hough (Menston, Yorkshire: Scolar, 1976). The Faerie Queene, edited by A. C. Hamilton (London & New York: Longmans, 1977). The Faerie Queene, edited by Thomas P. Roche Jr. (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1978). Edmund Spenser: The Illustrated "Faerie Queene": A Modern Prose Adaptation, edited by Douglas Hill (New York: Newsweek, 1980). The Yale Edition of the Shorter Poems of Edmund Spenser, edited by William A. Oram, Elinar Bjorvand, Ronald Bond, Thomas H. Cain, Alexander Dunlop, and Richard Schell (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1989). Edmund Spenser's Poetry, third edition, Norton Critical Edition Series, edited by Hugh Maclean and Anne Lake Prescott (New York: Norton, 1993). Other "The Visions of Bellay" and "The Visions of Petrarch" in A Theatre wherein Be Represented as Wel the Miseries & Calamities That Follow the Voluptuous Worldlings, As Also the Greate Ioyes and Plesures Which the Faithfull Do Enioy.... Deuised by S. Iohn van-der Noodt (London: Imprinted by Henry Bynneman, 1569). " More than a hundred autograph items by Edmund Spenser survive. Unfortunately, however, none are of his literary or political works. The majority are official letters and documents that he prepared as secretary to Arthur, Lord Grey, and later to Sir John Norris in Ireland, and the rest are addresses, endorsements, receipts, and legal documents relating to his landholdings and other matters. The only literary items are his transcriptions of two Latin poems by Lotichius and a Latin letter on poetry by Erhardus Stibarus. Most of his papers are among the State Papers Ireland in the Public Record Office, the Additional and Cotton Manuscripts in the British Library, and the Cecil Papers at Hatfield House. A complete listing may be found in Anthony G. Petti's article on Spenser's handwriting in The Spenser Encyclopedia. Further Readings Frederick Ives Carpenter, A Reference Guide to Edmund Spenser (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1923). Francis R. Johnson, A Critical Bibliography of the Works of Edmund Spenser Printed before 1700 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1933). Jewell Wurtsbaugh, Two Centuries of Spenserian Scholarship (1609-1805) (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936). Dorothy R. Atkinson, Edmund Spenser: A Bibliographical Supplement (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1937)--covers the period 1923-1937. A. C. Hamilton, "Edmund Spenser," in The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature, volume 1, edited by George Watson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974), cols. 1029-1047. Waldo F. McNeir and Foster Provost, Edmund Spenser: An Annotated Bibliography 1937-72 (Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1975). William L. Sipple and Bernard Vondersmith, Edmund Spenser 1900-1936: A Reference Guide (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1984). Alexander C. Judson, The Life of Edmund Spenser (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1945). Willy Maley, A Spenser Chronology (Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble, 1994). Paul J. Alpers, The Poetry of "The Faerie Queene" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967). Alpers, "Spenser's Late Pastorals," English Literary History (ELH), 56 (Winter 1989): 797-816. Alpers, ed., Edmund Spenser: A Critical Anthology (Baltimore: Penguin, 1969). Judith H. Anderson, "'In liuing colours and right hew': The Queen of Spenser's Central Books," in Poetic Traditions of the English Renaissance, edited by Maynard Mack and George de Forest Lord (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 47-66. Anderson, Donald Cheney, and David A. Richardson, eds., Spenser and the Subject of Biography (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996). Jane Aptekar, Icons of Justice: Iconography and Thematic Imagery in Book V of "The Faerie Queene" (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969). Mark A. Archer, "The Meaning of 'Grace' and "Courtesy': Book VI of The Faerie Queene," Studies in English Literature, 27 (Winter 1987): 17-34. Peter Bayley, ed., Spenser: "The Faerie Queene": A Casebook (London: Macmillan, 1977). John B. Bender, Spenser and Literary Pictorialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972). Pamela Joseph Benson, The Invention of the Renaissance Woman: The Challenge of Female Independence in the Literature and Thought of Italy and England (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992). Harry Berger Jr., The Allegorical Temper: Vision and Reality in Book II of Spenser's "Faerie Queene" (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957). Berger, Revisionary Play: Studies in the Spenserian Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988). Berger, ed., Spenser: A Collection of Critical Essays (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968). John D. Bernard, Ceremonies of Innocence: Pastoralism in the Poetry of Edmund Spenser (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Philippa Berry, Of Chastity and Power: Elizabethan Literature and the Unmarried Queen (London: Routledge, 1989), pp. 153-165. Harold Bloom, ed., Modern Critical Views: Edmund Spenser (New York: Chelsea, 1986). Kenneth Borris, Spenser's Poetics of Prophecy in "The Faerie Queene" V, English Literary Studies, Monograph Series No. 52 (Victoria, B.C.: University of Victoria, 1991). Brendan Bradshaw, Andrew Hadfield, and Willy Maley, eds., Representing Ireland: Literature and the Origins of Conflict, 1534-1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Douglas Brooks-Davies, Spenser's "Faerie Queene": A Critical Commentary on Books I and II (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1977). Thomas H. Cain, Praise in "The Faerie Queene" (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978). Sheila T. Cavanagh, Wanton Eyes and Chaste Desires: Female Sexuality in "The Faerie Queene" (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1994). Donald Cheney, Spenser's Image of Nature: Wild Man and Shepherd in "The Faerie Queene" (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966). Patrick Cheney, "The Old Poet Presents Himself: Prothalamion as a Defense of Spenser's Career," Spenser Studies, 8 (1987): 211-238. Patrick Cheney, Spenser's Famous Flight: A Renaissance Idea of a Literary Career (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993). Terry Comito, "A Dialectic of Images in Spenser's Fowre Hymnes," Studies in Philology, 74 (July 1977): 301-321. Patricia Coughlin, ed., Spenser and Ireland: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, with an introduction by Nicholas Canny (Cork: Cork University Press, 1989). Martha Craig, "The Secret Wit of Spenser's Language," in Elizabethan Poetry: Essays in Criticism, edited by Paul J. Alpers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 447-472. Critical Essays on Spenser from "ELH" (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970). R. M. Cummings, Spenser: The Critical Heritage (Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble, 1971). Judith Dundas, Pencils Rhetorique: Renaissance Poets and the Art of Painting (Toronto & London: Associated University Presses, 1993). Dundas, The Spider and the Bee: The Artistry of Spenser's "Faerie Queene" (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985). Alexander Dunlop, "The Unity of Spenser's Amoretti," in Silent Poetry: Essays in Numerological Analysis, edited by Alastair Fowler (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970), pp. 153-169. T. K. Dunseath, Spenser's Allegory of Justice in Book Five of "The Faerie Queene" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968). Calvin Edwards, Spenser and the Ovidian Tradition, dissertation, Yale University, 1958. John R. Elliott Jr., ed., The Prince of Poets: Essays on Edmund Spenser (New York: New York University Press, 1968). Robert Ellrodt, Neoplatonism in the Poetry of Edmund Spenser (Geneva: E. Droz, 1960). Maurice Evans, Spenser's Anatomy of Heroism: A Commentary on "The Faerie Queene" (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). Rosemary Freeman, "The Faerie Queene": A Companion for Readers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970). Richard C. Frushell and Bernard J. Vondersmith, eds., Contemporary Thought on Edmund Spenser (Carbondale: University of Southern Illinois Press, 1975). Lila Geller, "Venus and the Three Graces: A Neoplatonic Paradigm for Book III of The Faerie Queene," Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 75 (January/April 1976): 56-74. A. Bartlett Giamatti, Play of Double Senses: Spenser's "Faerie Queene" (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1975). Jonathan Goldberg, Endlesse Worke: Spenser and the Structures of Discourse (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981). Stephen Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 157-192. Gladys D. Haase, Spenser's Orthography: An Examination of a Poet's Use of the Variant Pronunciations of Elizabethan English, dissertation, Columbia University, 1952. A. C. Hamilton, "'Like Race to Runne': The Parallel Structure of The Faerie Queene, Books I and II," Publications of the Modern Language Association, 73 (September 1958): 327-334. Hamilton, The Structure of Allegory in "The Faerie Queene" (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961). Hamilton, ed., Essential Articles for the Study of Edmund Spenser (Hamden, Conn.: Archon, 1972). Hamilton, Donald Cheney, W. F. Blissett, David A. Richardson, and William W. Barker, eds., The Spenser Encyclopedia (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990). John Erskine Hankins, Source and Meaning in Spenser's Allegory: A Study of "The Faerie Queene" (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971). Elizabeth Heale, "The Faerie Queene": A Study Guide (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Richard Helgerson, Self-Crowned Laureates: Spenser, Jonson, Milton and the Literary System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). S. K. Heninger Jr., Sidney and Spenser: The Poet as Maker (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1989). A. Kent Hieatt, Chaucer, Spenser, Milton: Mythopoetic Continuities and Transformations (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1975). Hieatt, "The Genesis of Shakespeare's Sonnets: Spenser's Ruines of Rome: by Bellay," Publications of the Modern Language Association, 98 (October 1983): 800-814. Hieatt, Short Time's Endless Monument: The Symbolism of the Numbers in Edmund Spenser's "Epithalamion" (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960). Robert Hoopes, "'God Guide Thee, Guyon': Nature and Grace Reconciled in The Faerie Queene, Book II," Review of English Studies, new series 5, no. 17 (1954): 14-24. Ronald A. Horton, The Unity of "The Faerie Queene" (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1978). Graham Hough, A Preface to "The Faerie Queene" (London: Duckworth, 1962). Merritt Y. Hughes, Virgil and Spenser (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1929). Clark Hulse, "Spenser and the Myth of Power," Studies in Philology, 85 (1988): 378-389. Anthea Hume, Edmund Spenser: Protestant Poet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). Lynn Staley Johnson, "The Shepheardes Calender": An Introduction (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990). Carol V. Kaske, "Spenser's Amoretti and Epithalamion of 1595: Structure, Genre, and Numerology," English Literary Renaissance, 8 (Autumn 1978): 271-295. Judith M. Kennedy and James A. Reither, eds., A Theatre for Spenserians (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973). John N. King, Spenser's Poetry and the Reformation Tradition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990). Theresa M. Krier, Gazing on Secret Sights: Spenser, Classical Imitation, and the Decorum of Vision (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990). Robert Lane, Shepheards Devises: Edmund Spenser's "Shepheardes Calender" and the Institutions of Elizabethan Society (Athens & London: University of Georgia Press, 1993). Michael Leslie, Spenser's "Fierce Warres and Faithfull Loves": Martial and Chivalric Symbolism in "The Faerie Queene" (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1983). C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936), pp. 297-360. Lewis, "Sidney and Spenser," in English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, Excluding Drama (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954), pp. 318-393. Benjamin G. Lockerd Jr., The Sacred Marriage: Psychic Integration in "The Faerie Queene" (Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 1987). Isabel G. MacCaffrey, Spenser's Allegory: The Anatomy of Imagination (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976). Richard A. McCabe, The Pillars of Eternity: Time and Providence in "The Faerie Queene," Dublin Series in Medieval and Renaissance Literature (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1989). Russell J. Meyer, The Faerie Queene": Educating the Reader (Boston: Twayne, 1991). David Lee Miller, The Poem's Two Bodies: The Poetics of the 1590 "Faerie Queene" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988). Miller and Dunlop, eds., Approaches to Teaching Spenser's "Faerie Queene" (New York: Modern Language Association, 1994). Charles Bowie Millican, Spenser and the Table Round: A Study in the Contemporaneous Background for Spenser's Use of the Arthurian Legend (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1932). Louis A. Montrose, "The Elizabethan Subject and the Spenserian Text," in Literary Theory/Renaissance Texts, edited by Patricia Parker and David Quint (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 303-340. William R. Mueller, Spenser's Critics: Changing Currents in Literary Taste (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1959). William Nelson, The Poetry of Edmund Spenser: A Study (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963). Nelson, ed., Form and Convention in the Poetry of Edmund Spenser (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961). Richard Neuse, "Book VI as Conclusion to The Faerie Queene," English Literary History (ELH), 35 (September 1968): 329-353. James Nohrnberg, The Analogy of "The Faerie Queene" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976). Michael O'Connell, Mirror and Veil: The Historical Dimension of Spenser's "Faerie Queene" (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977). William A. Oram, "Elizabethan Fact and Spenserian Fiction," Spenser Studies, 4 (1983): 33-47. Charles Grosvenor Osgood, A Concordance to the Poems of Edmund Spenser (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1915). Camille Paglia, Sexual Personae: Arts and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), pp. 170-193. Annabel Patterson, Reading between the Lines (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993). Richard Rambuss, Spenser's Secret Career (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). W. L. Renwick, Edmund Spenser: An Essay on Renaissance Poetry (London: Edward Arnold, 1925). Herbert David Rix, Rhetoric in Spenser's Poetry (State College: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1940). Gareth Roberts, The Faerie Queene (Buckingham & Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1992). Thomas P. Roche Jr., The Kindly Flame: A Study of the Third and Fourth Books of Spenser's "Faerie Queene" (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964). Mark Rose, Spenser's Art: A Companion to Book One of "The Faerie Queen" (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1975). Roger Sale, Reading Spenser: An Introduction to "The Faerie Queene" (New York: Random House, 1968). Naseeb Shaheen, Biblical References in "The Faerie Queen" (Memphis, Tenn.: Memphis State University Press, 1977). Simon Shepherd, Spenser (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International, 1989). Helena Shire, A Preface to Spenser (London & New York: Longman, 1978). David R. Shore, Spenser and the Poetics of Pastoral: A Study of the World of Colin Clout (Kingston, Ont.: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1985). Lauren Silberman, "Singing Unsung Heroines: Androgynous Discourse in Book 3 of The Faerie Queene," in Rewriting the Renaissance: The Discourses of Sexual Difference in Early Modern Europe, edited by Margaret W. Ferguson, Maureen Quilligan, and Nancy J. Vickers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), pp. 259-271. Silberman, Transforming Desire: Erotic Knowledge in Books III and IV of "The Faerie Queene" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995). Charles G. Smith, Spenser's Proverb Lore (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970). Hallett Smith, Elizabethan Poetry: A Study in Conventions, Meaning, and Expression (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952). Spenser Newsletter (1969- ). Spenser Studies: A Renaissance Poetry Annual (1980- ). Donald V. Stump, "Isis versus Mercilla: The Allegorical Shrines in Spenser's Legend of Justice," Spenser Studies, 3 (1983): 87-98. Herbert W. Sugden, The Grammar of Spenser's "Faerie Queene" (Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America, 1936). Humphrey Tonkin, The Faerie Queene (London: Unwin, 1989). Tonkin, Spenser's Courteous Pastoral: Book VI of "The Faerie Queene" (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). Gary Waller, Edmund Spenser: A Literary Life (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994). John Watkins, The Specter of Dido: Spenser and the Virgilian Epic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995). Harold L. Weatherby, Mirrors of Celestial Grace: Patristic Theology in Spenser's Allegory (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994). Robin Headlam Wells, Spenser's "Faerie Queene" and the Cult of Elizabeth (Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble, 1983). William Wells, ed., Spenser Allusions in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 2 volumes, Studies in Philology, Texts and Studies 78-79 (1971-1972). Virgil K. Whitaker, The Religious Basis of Spenser's Thought (Stanford, Cal,: Stanford University Press, 1950). Charles Huntington Whitman, A Subject Index to the Poems of Edmund Spenser (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1918). Arnold Williams, Flower on a Lowly Stalk: The Sixth Book of the "Faerie Queene" (Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1967). Kathleen Williams, Spenser's "Faerie Queene": The World of Glass Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966). Susanne Lindgren Wofford, The Choice of Achilles: The Ideology of Figure in the Epic (Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1992), pp. 215-371. A. S. P. Woodhouse, "Nature and Grace in The Faerie Queene," English Literary History (ELH), 16 (September 1949): 194-228. Susanne Woods, "Spenser and the Problem of Women's Rule," Huntington Library Quarterly, 48 (Spring 1985): 141-158.	i don't know
What is the title of the song which won the 1997 Eurovision Song Contest for Katrina and the Waves?	Eurovision Song Contest 1997 \| Eurovision Song Contest Show more Eurovision Song Contest 1997 Dublin's Point Theatre was - yet again - the venue for the 1997 Eurovision Song Contest. To date it is the last contest that has been held in Ireland. For the first ever the public had a say in the outcome of the competition. To The Point! Just like in 1993, 1994 and 1995, Ireland hosted the 1997 Eurovision Song Contest. Despite initial discussions that state broadcaster RTE were to team up with the BBC in Northern Ireland, they decided to go it alone. It was fourth time in five years at that the same country had hosted the event, a record that RTE were said to be extremely proud of. 25 countries participated in 1997 and the audio preselection that was in place the year before was replaced with a new system. From 1997 the average results of all countries in the last give song contests would be measured. Israel withdrew voluntarily, and Bosnia & Herzegovina took their place. Belgium, Finland, Romania and Slovakia were all absent in Dublin that year. Televoting was introduced for the first time in 1997 in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland and Germany and it would be extended to almost all participating countries in the following 1998 contest. It was the year the Eurovision Song Contest tried to appeal to the younger generation. Irish boy band Boyzone were the interval act and their lead singer Ronan Keating co-hosted the evening. The opening sequence included messages from former contest stars, including Céline Dion and Morten Harket, beamed onto a massive video wall. Walking on Sunshine The United Kingdom won the 1997 Eurovision Song Contest. Katrina & the Waves scored an unprecedented 227 points with their song Love Shine A Light. The winning song gave the band their biggest hit since Walking on Sunshine. Facts and figures Russia's Alla Pugacheva lived up to the title of her entry Primadonna and was so convinced of victory that she demanded a limousine to pick her up when she arrived at the airport. Icelandic singer Paul Oscar, broke new ground with his performance on a white leather sofa, flanked by four women in leather dominatrix outfits. The song scored will with televoters though; Sweden gave the song 8 points meaning that it ranked third in the national vote and the UK gave 6 points as it came fifth in the popular vote. Facts & Figures	Love Shine a Light
Which fruit is depicted on the top of the Wimbledon Men’s Singles Champions Cup?	Katrina and the Waves - History Home \| Discography \| Band History \| Songs \| Photo Gallery \| Video Gallery \| Licensing \| Links \| FAQ Katrina And The Waves were a successful, female-fronted, four piece rock band during the 1980s and 90s, built around the infectiously melodic, sixties-influenced songs of former Soft Boy guitarist Kimberley Rew and the distinctively powerful vocals of Katrina Leskanich, and were best known for their evergreen, step-lightening 1985 hit single Walking On Sunshine and their landslide 1997 Eurovision Song Contest victory with the song Love Shine A Light. The band's earliest incarnation was as the Waves, a group that played in and around Cambridge, England from 1975-77 and featured guitarist Kimberley Rew and drummer Alex Cooper. This line up of the Waves never issued any recordings, and broke up when Rew left to join The Soft Boys , who left their mark as a twin guitar-led psychedelic rock quartet who in their short, commercially unsuccessful but influential existence managed to create an idiosyncratic canon, essentially two albums, A Can of Bees and Underwater Moonlight , based around the charmingly off-kilter songwriting of frontman Robyn Hitchcock, a whimsical Englishman in the Syd Barrett/Kevin Ayres mould, but out of step with the prevalent pub rock and punk of the time. Hitchcock has gone on to enjoy a cult solo career of steadily building success and now records and tours with the Minus Three, featuring REM's Peter Buck. The Waves folded when Cooper joined pop/soul cover band Mama's Cookin' in 1979. This band featured American Katrina Leskanich on vocals and guitar; her then-boyfriend Vince de la Cruz on guitar (both self-confessed "US airforce brats"), Cooper on drums and Bob Jakins on bass. Mama's Cookin' gigged steadily across England over the next two years, developing their chops on the US military bases circuit, where their trademark covers of classic American Sixties R&B, Motown and Spector-helmed hits and Seventies rock went down particularly well and served their arrangement skills well for the future. After the demise of the Soft Boys in 1981, Rew renewed relations with Cooper, who convinced Rew to join Mama's Cookin', which was shortly re-named the Waves after the pair's original combo. The Waves were initially a five piece, fronted by singer/songwriter/guitarist Rew, who brought a wealth of original material to the band. Leskanich was temporarily sidelined, backing Rew's vocals and singing lead on only the Waves' repertoire of covers, but gradually Rew recognised the power and quality of Leskanich's voice and began writing songs specifically for her to sing and by the end of The Waves' first year, Leskanich was the band's main vocalist. In 1982 The Waves released debut single Nightmare with B-side Hey, War Pig! Both tracks were collected later that year on Rew's The Bible Of Bop solo album; the latter cited by Velvet Crush's Ric Menc as "the greatest protest song ever" followed by the Waves' debut Shock Horror EP. And then in a crucial development Jakins quit, de la Cruz moved to bass guitar and the band renamed themselves Katrina and the Waves. In early 1983, the band pooled their meagre resources to fund the recording of an album's worth of original material- all songs written by Rew and, bar two, sung by Leskanich- intended to be sold at gigs. Numerous labels on both sides of theAtlantic were approached, but only Ralph Alonso at Canadian indie Attic Records, which had previously released recordings by the Soft Boys, responded with an offer. Consequently, Katrina And The Waves' debut album Walking On Sunshine was released only in Canada, despite the band being based in the UK. The resulting critical praise and, more importantly, radio play, for the title track in particular, afforded a Canadian tour, and due to their well-honed live skills, their fanbase grew steadily. 1984 saw a follow-up album, Katrina And The Waves 2, again only in Canada, but de la Cruz's contribution included the Canadian airplay hit Mexico, the excellent Do You Want Crying and One Woman. The band's reputation was growing, fuelled by months of travelling and gigging and the added mystique of their releases being on import in the UK and USA, but, as is often the case, it was the kind of lucky break that money can't buy which helped to put them on the music industry map. Los Angeles-based female four-piece the Bangles (nee the Supersonic Bangs) chose to cover one of Rew's songs on All Over The Place, their second album, but first for new label Columbia Records. Their version of Going Down To Liverpool, originally on K&TW's debut album, was released at the end of 1984 and, with the help of an odd-ball video starring Leonard Nimoy, became a minor MTV and radio playlist hit and, drawing the attention of a certain Prince Rogers Nelson who wrote Manic Monday, the Bangles' next single and first hit. This pricked up the ears of various labels (at last) and the band were quickly snapped up worldwide by Capitol Records. 1985 saw the first fruits of this new relationship- single Walking on Sunshine, re-worked with additional horns, was an instant radio-friendly smash, a Top 10 hit in the UK, the USA, Canada and Australia among other places. More recently, the song was covered by Aly & AJ for Walt Disney's 2005 movie Herbie: Fully Loaded, starring Lindsay Lohan. It was followed a month later by their eponymous third album, comprising re-recorded versions of the best songs from the previous two, which went Top 30 in both the UK and US. Second single Do You Want Crying went Top 40 in America and the band was nominated for a "Best New Artist" Grammy- the Waves had finally arrived! Fourth album Waves failed to generate the same critical response nor massive commercial success and many pointed to the fact that Rew composed only two of the ten songs on this collection, although the Rew-penned Is That It received radio play and the de la Cruz-written Sun Street was a UK Top 30 hit. Capitol Record didn't help matters much by dropping the band. The band re-grouped and by 1989 had a new deal with SBK Records, which released the more rock-oriented Break Of Hearts album. Despite catchy singles Rock'n'Roll Girl and That's The Way- the latter a US Top 20 Leskanich/Rew co-write- it was their only album for the label. "That was our big hair period," Leskanich laughs now. "SBK told us that they could see us as a stadium band, Bryan Adams style, and Kim was coming up with this stuff that was perfect for rock radio." "We've never been successful enough to be immune from the influences of producers and marketing men," concedes Rew. "The more we fell for those 80s trademarks, the more we diluted the band." The band re-focused east of the Atlantic, releasing three albums- 1991's Pet The Tiger on Virgin Records (the title track a co-write with Liam Sternberg, composer of The Bangles' hit Walk Like An Egyptian), 1993' Edge Of The Land (which featured cracking compositions I'm In Deep and The Beauty Myth from producer Phil Thornalley) and 1995's Turn Around, both on Polydor Records in the UK, mainland Europe and Canada. Unashamedly grabbing the chance to represent the UK in the 1997 Eurovision Song Contest two days after Labour's general election triumph, Katrina And The Waves' stunning song Love Shine A Light destroyed the kitsch competition, winning by a record points margin and making them the most credible victors since ABBA's Waterloo. A new deal with Warners saw Love Shine A Light also become their highest charting UK single, reaching #3- mystifyingly, it was never released in the USA- and ninth album Walk On Water followed quickly. On the back of this second bite of the cherry, EMI Records issued Walking On Sunshine: The Best Of Katrina And The Waves, an excellent compilation of their Capitol/EMI songs from 1985 to 1991. Sadly, within a year, Leskanich quit the band. After playing several shows with Lynda Hayes, one of the UK's top studio singers, Kimberley, Vince and Alex agreed to put the band on hold, leaving themselves free to pursue other musical avenues. Meanwhile Katrina followed a busy career as radio DJ, in the musical Leader of the Pack, and as a solo singer. In 2003, Bongo Beat Records, an indie launched by the band's original A&R man Ralph Alonso, released the album The Original Recordings 1983-1984, compiling the songs from their two Attic Records albums, along with a bonus DVD containing promotional concert footage from the early '80s, which has gone some way to making up for the lack of a classic K&TW live collection. In 2007 Celine Dion, no less, interpreted of Rew's That's Just The Woman In Me on her Taking Chances album, illustrating, once again, the lasting quality and coverability of Rew's songs. From The Bangles to Celine Dion- two very different sides of the multi-faceted musical spectrum inhabited by the songs of Kimberley Rew. What's surprising is that more of his songs haven't been re-worked by more artists!	i don't know
Originating in the US, what is the filling in a MoonPie?	About Us \| MoonPie About Us Download Coupon You know MoonPies are delicious. You know they’re the perfect combination of marshmallow, graham and chocolate. But do you know how they came to be? It’s an outta-this-world story, so grab yourself a MoonPie and sit right there while we spin our tale. We give you the moon. It all began in 1917 when a KY coal miner asked our traveling salesman for a snack “as big as the moon.” Earl Mitchell reported back and the bakery obliged with a tasty treat aptly named MoonPie. It was filling, fit in the lunch pail and the coal miners loved it. The rest, as they say, is history. A Star is Born. Chattanooga Bakery produced over 100 items but they knew they had something special with MoonPie. At 5¢ each, MoonPies were an affordable, filling snack that just flew off the shelves. By 1929, the factory ladies you see here were boxing up hundreds every day. From Chattanooga to the World. When our brave servicemen went to war, MoonPie went with them. Nothing said home more than a care-package filled with their favorite hometown snack. From the frontlines to the home front, MoonPie was the comfort food the nation turned to during the heroic days of World War II. Booming Times During the Baby Boom. America experienced unprecedented growth after the war. And so did MoonPie. Parents needed a filling and wholesome snack to feed their kids and MoonPie fit the bill. Today, many of these Boomers still recount fond childhood memories as they enjoy a childhood favorite. More popular than ever. The 60’s and 70’s were a time to try new things. MoonPie was happy to follow suit. New products were introduced including the Double-Decker Deluxe and new flavors like Vanilla and Banana. No matter their size or flavor preference, more people were reaching for a MoonPie than ever before. 100 years and still going strong. The more things change, the more they stay the same. Today, people love MoonPies as much as they ever have. Maybe even more with the Mini version and new flavors to choose from. It’s a tradition passed down from generation to generation. We’re very grateful for that. We currently produce about a million a day, so grab you one soon, slow down for just a minute, and enjoy. HOME	Marshmallow
What was the first name of US distiller Jack Daniel, born September 1850?	Southern Moon Pies Recipe - Allrecipes.com Chef Joy 6/30/2008 HELPFUL TIPS NOT MENTIONED: If you do only use 1C of marshmallow creme, make your kids a pb&marshmallow sandwich with the leftover creme as they wait for the pies to cool to apply the filling. ... Amy 8/12/2005 These turned out excellent. Having said that, I must also say that they are not moon pies as I know them. A moon pie is two flat cakes that sandwich a layer of marshmallow and is coated in choco... Ewa Lamb 9/3/2003 I loved the dreamy marshmallow concoction that went between these cookies. These tasted a lot like "Joe Louis"! If you've ever visited Canada you'd know what I mean. I recomend making the cook... ALLYSON13 1/11/2002 I was looking everywhere for a recipe. I used regular milk instead of the buttermilk and it came out great! The kids helped and everyone loved them. I even wrapped them individually and froze th... GodivaGirl 4/12/2008 Kids loved these! I did make some modifications. I halved the cookie part of the recipe, used a mini cookie scoop sprayed with pam to make snack sized pies. My cookies measured about 1" befor... Sandy 2/22/2009 I've made these many times and everyone always raves. I've tried doubling the filling but it makes them too sweet for my taste. To make them picture perfect, I put the filling in a zip lock bag,... SNAILMCD 8/30/2004 I sold these cookies at a bake sale and EVERYONE wanted the recipe. They all said they were better then what you can buy. I doubled the filling and it was just enough. Also the cookie dough loo... GILANDGIRL 1/24/2005 These were very good, much more like Suzie Q's than moon pies but still very tasty. I made them exactly as stated and as with previous reviewers mine did not flatten out that much, but I did no... Patrice Cyril 10/28/2009 I usually bake at least once a week, usually 3 or 4 things at a time. These are my all time favorites! They are so easy to mix up and bake. They are pretty quick to put together and taste so g...	i don't know
Ataulfo, Haden, Francis and Keitt are all varieties of which fruit?	Mango Varieties - Learn About Different Types of Mangoes Varieties \| Mango.org Mango Varieties Mango Varieties Available throughout the seasons Throughout the year, you'll most likely find at least one mango of the six varieties described below. Each mango has a unique flavor and texture, so try different varieties at different stages of ripeness and at different times of the year. You'll be glad you did. Ataulfos Ataulfos have a very small seed, so there is a high flesh to seed ratio. Flavor: Sweet and creamy Texture: Smooth, firm flesh with no fibers Color: Vibrant yellow Shape: Small, flattened oval shape Ripening Cues: Skin turns to a deep golden color and small wrinkles appear when fully ripe. Squeeze gently to judge ripeness. Peak Availability: March to July Primary Source Country: Mexico The Francis grows on small farms throughout Haiti. Flavor: Rich, spicy and sweet Texture: Soft, juicy flesh with fibers Color: Bright yellow skin with green overtones Shape: Oblong and sigmoid S-shape Ripening Cues: Green overtones diminish and the yellow becomes more golden as the Francis ripens. Squeeze gently to judge ripeness. Peak Availability: May to July Primary Source Country: Haiti Haden The fruiting of the Haden mango in 1910 inspired the creation of a large-scale mango industry in South Florida. The industry has since then been greatly reduced by the impact of development and hurricanes. Flavor: Rich, with aromatic overtones Texture: Firm flesh due to fine fibers Color: Bright red with green and yellow overtones and small white dots Shape: Medium to large with an oval to round shape Ripening Cues: Green areas of the mango turn to yellow as it ripens. Squeeze gently to judge ripeness. Peak Availability: April and May Primary Source Country: Mexico Ripening Cues: Skin stays green even when ripe. Squeeze gently to judge ripeness. Peak Availability: August and September Primary Source Countries: Mexico, United States Originating from Florida in the 1940’s, Kents are ideal mangos for juicing and drying. Flavor: Sweet and rich Texture: Juicy, tender flesh with limited fibers Color: Dark green and often has a dark red blush over a small portion of the mango Shape: Large oval shape Ripening Cues: Kents have yellow undertones or dots that cover more of the mango as it ripens. Squeeze gently to judge ripeness. Peak Availability: January to March and June to August Primary Source Countries: Mexico, Ecuador, Peru Tommy Atkins Hailing originally from Florida, Tommy Atkins is themost widely grown commercial variety coming into the United States. Flavor: Mildly and sweet Texture: Firm flesh due to fibers throughout Color: A dark red blush often covers much of the fruit with green and orange-yellow accents Shape: Medium to large with oval or oblong shape Ripening Cues: This mango may not provide any visual cues. Squeeze gently to judge ripeness. Peak Availability: March to July and October to January Primary Source Countries: Mexico, Guatemala, Brazil,Ecuador, Peru PALMER Originating from Florida in the 1940’s, Palmers widely grown commercial scale in Florida; often harvested immature due to early coloring. Flavor: Mildly sweet Texture: Smooth with limited fibers Color: Deep cheery red blush with a green background or light green background with a bright red/orange blush Shape: Oblong with pointed ends and does not have raised shoulders Ripening Cues: This mango may not provide any visual cues. Squeeze gently to judge ripeness. Peak Availability: August through October Primary Source Countries: Brazil, Puerto Rico Additional Mango Varieties Although the six varieties above represent the most common mango varieties available in the U.S. marketplace, there are a few others you might find as well. With hundreds of varieties the possibilities are endless! Alphonse – This Indian variety is a mild flavored, firm fleshed mango which can range from purple to yellow skin with an oblong shape Edward – This sweet and spicy flavored, fiberless mango can range from pink to yellow skin with a round or oblong shape Kesar – This Indian variety is a sweet flavored, fiberless mango which can range from green to yellow skin with a round shape Manila – This sweet flavored, fiberless mango can range from orange to yellow to pink skin with a slender shape Palmer – This mild flavored, firm fleshed mango can range from purple to red to yellow skin with an oblong shape	Mango
What colour Onions was a 1962 instrumental hit single for Booker T & the Mgs?	Yellow Ataulfo (Honey) Mango Yellow Ataulfo (Honey) Mango Ataulfo Mango is in a mango class all its own. The reason is fantastic flavor and string-less flesh that is yellow when ripe. Scientific Binomial Name: Mangifera indica SELECTION INFORMATION Usage Eat out of hand, in salads, as a chutney, juiced or blended - the uses go on and on. Although generally smaller than other mango varieties, the meat portion is quite large for its size, and the string-less interior melts in your mouth. Selection The skin and flesh of the Ataulfo Mango is bright yellow to orange when ripe, and it roughly has the shape of an "S". Choose yellow to orange, not light green, mangoes that give slightly with gentle pressure. Ask your produce person to cut into one for you so you can see and taste the quality level. Close your eyes and choose Mangoes by their give to gentle pressure not their color. Avoid Avoid mangoes that cut with anything but an orange to yellow interior. Many Ataulfo mangoes get too cold in transport and the flesh turns black to gray and is spoiled. Storage A firm mango can be stored in your refrigerator for nearly two weeks and still ripen properly. Ripening If not fully ripe, allow mangoes to ripen at room temperature in a paper bag (or sealed plastic bag with a ripe banana). Nutritional Information Mangoes are very low in Saturated Fat, Cholesterol and Sodium. They're also a good source of Dietary Fiber and Vitamin B6, and a very good source of Vitamin A and Vitamin C. Tips & Trivia Here's an easy way to cut up a mango. Cut the majority of the meat away from the pit in two pieces by cutting along the flat side of the seed. Then score the cut side of the fruit with a knife in a criss-cross pattern, being careful not to cut all the way Buy mangoes at low costs by the case and freeze what you don't eat because these are perfect for the blender or juicer at a later date. World-wide, the mangos is the most universally popular of all fruits. However, they probably are the most underrated of all fresh fruits used in the United States where bananas are by far the most popular fruit. If the description says Manila Mango, you're probably eating an Ataulfo - unless you are in the Philippines. Many off-shore mangoes are not allowed into the States due to pests that can not be eradicated, so we only get to taste a small number of all the mango varieties available in tropical regions. Write a review for Yellow Ataulfo (Honey) Mango tip of the day Keeping Cauliflower White If boiling cauliflower, add a teaspoon of fresh lemon juice to the water to maintain white color.	i don't know
‘Squaddie’ is an informal term for which rank in the British Army?	British Army - definition of British Army by The Free Dictionary British Army - definition of British Army by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/British+Army Related to British Army: Royal Marines squaddie (Military) slang Brit a private soldier. Compare swaddy [C20: from squad] [ˈskwɒdi] n (MILITARY) → troufion m , bidasse m squaddie n (Brit inf: = private soldier) → Gefreite (r) mf; the pub was full of squaddies → die Kneipe war voller Soldaten squaddie [ˈskwɒdɪ] n (Brit) (Mil) (fam) → burba Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: swaddy References in classic literature ? A favorite diversion was to make the house into a fort, gallantly held by a handful of American soldiers against a besieging force of the British army. View in context The officers of the British army, and the loyal gentry of the province, most of whom were collected within the beleaguered town, had been invited to a masked ball; for it was the policy of Sir William Howe to hide the distress and danger of the period, and the desperate aspect of the siege, under an ostentation of festivity. View in context One was Captain Stewart, of the British army, a gentleman of noble connections, who was amusing himself by a wandering tour in the Far West; in the course of which, he had lived in hunter's style; accompanying various bands of traders, trappers, and Indians; and manifesting that relish for the wilderness that belongs to men of game spirit. View in context Miss Wirt and these two affectionate young women so earnestly and frequently impressed upon George Osborne's mind the enormity of the sacrifice he was making, and his romantic generosity in throwing himself away upon Amelia, that I'm not sure but that he really thought he was one of the most deserving characters in the British army, and gave himself up to be loved with a good deal of easy resignation.	Private
‘The Sea, The Sea’ is a 1978 novel by which author?	Appendix:Glossary of military slang - Wiktionary Appendix:Glossary of military slang Jump to: navigation , search Military slang is a set of colloquial terms which are unique to or which originated with military personnel. They are often abbreviations or derivatives of the NATO Phonetic Alphabet , or otherwise incorporating aspects of formal military concepts and terms. Military slang is also used to reinforce the (usually friendly) interservice rivalries . Some of these terms have been considered gregarious to varying degrees and attempts have been made to eliminate them. For the purposes of this article, "military slang" includes slang used by any English-speaking armed forces (armies, navies, air forces). 0 - 9[ edit ] 1st CivDiv (U.S. Marine Corps) The "First Civilian Division", the (fictitious) division made up of Marines who leave the military and go back to civilian life. 11 Bang-Bang / 11 Boom-Boom / 11 Bush / (pejorative) 11 Bulletstop(per) (U.S. Army) An infantryman, from the Military Occupational Specialty designation "11B". (Canada and U.K.) Second in Command. 4-10-4 (U.S.) A "Desert Queen": a female who is normally considered a 4 on a 1-10 scale (back in the States), becomes a 10 upon arrival in the AOR, but reverts back to a 4 upon return to the States. 411 (U.S.) Briefing prior to one's mission. Example: "Meet me in my office when you're ready for the 411 on your mission." 5 fingers of death (U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps) The beef franks which are included, with beans, in some MREs; so named for their number and unpleasant taste. The dish is also known as "beans and motherfuckers" for the same reason. Because later versions of the meal only contained four beef franks without any beans, they and were subsequently renamed the "4 dicks of death". (U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, and U.S. Marine Corps) A 40mm grenade or M203 grenade launcher , such as is often mounted underneath an M-16 or a variant thereof. 60 mil (Canada) A 60mm mortar. 782 Gear (U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Navy Seabees) Organizational equipment issued to a Marine or Seabee by his or her unit that is kept as part of the Member's personal gear, but must be returned in serviceable condition upon that member's departure, usually including load-bearing equipment, ruck packs, body armor, helmets and other field gear. References an obsolete inventory form. Also referred to as "deuce gear." The U.S. Army equivalent is "TA-50 [gear]". 84 mil (Canada) A 84mm Carl G ( Carl Gustav recoilless rifle ). The Singapore Army equivalent, prior to 2013, was simply "84". 90-day wonder (derogatory) A newly-commissioned (O-1) graduate of Officer Candidate School or DIRCOM (Direct Commissioning) program. During WWII, Korea, and early Vietnam, prior to 1970, this terminology referred only to graduates of OCS, which was also derisively known as the "Oklahoma Cook's School." From 2004-2005, the U.S. Marine Corps had a 90 day reservist option that allowed a Marine to enlist, do boot camp, then return to civilian life without attending advanced schooling to finish high school. (U.S. Navy) Term used to designate something as "All hands", or pertinent to everyone. Usually used by air traffic controllers to designate one transmission as pertinent to all aircraft on frequency. Example: "99, arresting gear is down." 72s and 96s (U.S) The time (72 or 96 hours, respectively) given to a military member for liberty on holidays or special occasions. Anti-aircraft fire; flak . acorn boy(s) (U.S., Civil War-era) Member(s) of the U.S. Army's XIV Corps, from its distinctive acorn cap badge. adashi (U.S.) A Korean man. adm day (RN, circa 1900) Tinned fish. AFI Air Force Instruction, or derogatorily Another Fucking Inconvenience Ai-ee-yah (U.S.) Same as "Hooah," used in the U.S. Army 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment . Based on an American Indian war cry. See also "Ie-yee-ah" air bear (U.S. Air Force) Security or MP trooper air-dale (U.K. and U.S.) Derogatory term for a pilot or aircrew. Air Force mittens (U.S.) Front pockets of BDU pants. Also, "Army gloves." Compare with 'Bundeswehr gloves', below. airplane gang (U.S.) Derogatory term used to describe Airborne-designated division or brigade-level units, i.e., "82nd Airplane Gang". Can also be shortened to simply "Airplane". African golf (U.K, U.S. and Iraq) During the Iraq war, name for insurgents, local thieves and looters. Alpha Mike Foxtrot (Infantry) "Adios Mother Fucker" abbreviated using the phonetic alphabet. When used in garrison it is a friendly farewell. When used in combat situations it generally means that the person on the other end of the barrel is being wished a not-so-kind farewell. alpha roster (U.S.) An alphabetical list (by last name) of all personnel within a unit. Aluminum U. (U.S.) The U.S. Air Force Academy, so called because of the metal's use in the architecture of the campus. and in aircraft. amen wallah (U.S. Marine Corps) Reference to U.S. Navy Sailors (pejorative). (U.S. Navy) Any Chief Petty Officer, whose insignia is an anchor. ...and a wake-up (U.S.) Term used following a particular period of time to reference how many complete days or watches plus the time spent on the last day leaving a service member has before a tour of duty or field evolution is complete, e.g.: "Two days and a wake up, and I'm gone!" Annie Laurie (Br, WW1) transport away from the front (pun on "any lorry") the animal (AUS, Vietnam) mechanism for detonating up to 20 claymores at once (also "The Monster") another damn army Internal slang for the Air Defense Artillery (ADA) because of their unusual unit structures and over-the-top standards. See also: Fake Infantry arsapeek (British, WW1) Antiaircraft (gun or fire; in plural, guns) armored cow (Australian Army, WW1-1960s) Entrenching tool army's lawn dart (U.S.) UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter. Named for its inability to stay in the air. Also Known as a "Crash Hawk" army proof (U.S. Air Force) Explained in very simple, easy to understand terms; often with pictures. Derived from "Fool Proof" army strawberries (U.S. Air Force, WWII) Prunes. as you were/as I was (U.S.) Return to what you were doing. The second version is to acknowledge that the order was given in error, particularly during drill. See also "belay my last". asino morto Armored vehicles. "We'll be driving behind a lot of ass today." E.g.: Tanks, etc. Asses and Elbows (U.S.) A state in which everyone is busy, such as while cleaning. ASVAB waiver (U.S.) A slow or stupid servicemember; references the military's ASVAB intelligence and skills entrance test, the results of which were allegedly waived to allow enlistment of said servicemember. At ease (U.S.) Relax; also, "As you were." Usually an acknowledgement by a superior (especially commissioned) to junior personnel moving into action or attention. ate-up (U.S.) refers to a service member who is overly concerned with following every regulation to the letter, usually with little regard for the situation. Also used to describe a Soldier who has little or no Military Bearing. "Airman Dummy is ate-up with the dumbass." Attend B (Singapore) Written in abbreviated form as ATTN B; personnel excused from strenuous or physical training, but are otherwise required to be present for the training or class and allowed light duties. Attend C (Singapore) Written in abbreviated form as ATTN C; personnel excused from training are in Attend C status and considered unfit for all duties. auto-pilot (U.S. Air Force) used to describe when a flight or other marching formation executes a maneuver such as a flank or column movement without the commander issuing the order for such a movement. Normally done during training to avoid an obstacle, such as a tree or MTI. Also, "Auto-pilot march." B[ edit ] B1A (U.S. Army, Vietnam-era). used to describe a C-ration B1A unit, the most highly prized meal of that genre, due to it containing a can of fruit salad in syrup. Pronounced, "Bee-one-A". bag (Canada) Term used to denote the uselessness of a Soldier, as in a "bag of hammers" or "bag of shit". (U.S.) Slang for the flight suit worn by aircrew members. Bag Drag To inspect gear/personal bags for unauthorized equipment or prohibited items either prior to posting for shift or upon return from overseas deployment. The name refers to the act of dragging every thing out of ones bag while in formation bag nasty (U.S.) The name given to the fast food options in chow halls, i.e.; hot dogs and hamburgers. Also common reference for MRE's. In the Air Force, commonly a reference to pre-packed Flight Lunches intended for aircrew or personnel whose duties do not allow them to go to the chow hall to eat their meals. Also see Box Nasty. bag of dicks (U.S.) A problematic or intractable situation. bag of smashed asshole (U.S.) Highly derogatory, typically used to describe a Soldier whose uniform wear is unsatisfactory, as in "Private Smith, you look like a bag of smashed asshole". Can also be used in a more general sense to describe anything that is heavily damaged or poor in appearance. Bagger (IRL) derogatory term referring to an Irish reservist Soldier, comparing him/her to a sandbag, i.e.; useless. balls (U.S.) Term for midnight on a 24-hour clock since it looks like four balls (0000), "My watch is from balls to eight". balls to the wall(s) (U.S.) To go as fast as possible. (From aviation and nautical; pushing all engine throttle levers toward firewall.) Full throttle causing the ball weights of the engine govenor to open outward toward the walls. balls to nutsack (Canada) Describes troops cramped together closely BAM (U.S.) Broad Assed Marine. Derogatory term for a female Marine. bang stick (Canada) C7 rifle or any other rifle barracks rat (U.S.) A service member unwilling or financially unable to go "out in town" during liberty. (Canada) Servicewoman who engages in sexual relations with others in a housing area Battle Bowler (U.S., Civil War-WW1) Infantryman BCGs (U.S.) Birth Control Glasses. Military issued eyeglasses, typically first issued in basic training, noted for their unappealing appearance which would prevent attracting members of the opposite sex. Beagle (U.S. Air Force) F-15E Fighter/Bomber. Contraction of "Bomber-Eagle". Beam Rider (U.S.) An A-10 Thunderbolt or similar aircraft that uses laser guided missiles or other laser guided rounds to destroy objects. beans and bullets (U.S.) The general term for all types of supplies. beat your face (U.S.) Slang for "do some push-ups" and is commonly used in recruit training. Example: "Private, you think that's funny?! BEAT YOUR FACE!" Benny (U.K.) British Army slang for the Falkland Islands civilians during the Falklands War and locals around bases in the West Country. Based on a badly dressed, mentally retarded character in the soap opera Crossroads. belay that (English-speaking navies, origin probably RN) Disregard the order just given. Similar to "as you were". Belching Buzzard (U.S. Army) Derogatory/affectionate term for a member of the 101st Airborne Division, so named for the division's "Screaming Eagle" crest, which features the Bald Eagle's head. BFE or Bum Fuck Egypt (U.S.) An isolated deployment, or any other extremely isolated or distant location; pejorative. used mostly about the disgust at the distance or remoteness, but also implies that there could be little worthwhile in such an isolated place. The variants "Big Fucking Empty", "BFN" or "Bum Fuck Nowhere" are used in the same sense. BFH (U.S.) Big Fucking Hammer- When referring to a hard to do mechanical job: "You're going to need your BFH for that" BFO (U.S.) Blinding flash of the obvious.. BFR (U.S.) Big fucking rock. Sometimes used as a reference point on tactical radios: "We're 100 meters south of the BFR." BFW (U.S.) Big fucking wrench. Refers to the wrench used on generators to tighten the grounding nut. BGB (U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) Big Gray Boat. Refers to large ships, e.g., carriers and battleships, which are gray in color. biff chit (U.K.) A sick note from the medical centre excusing a Soldier from PT. See profile and ATTN C. Big Chicken Dinner (U.S.) Bad Conduct Discharge, the less severe of the two types of punitive discharge that may be awarded by court martial (the more severe being a dishonorable discharge ) . Big Dick Contest (U.S.) An argument that amounts to who's done or experienced more in terms of training or combat. big green tick (U.S. Army) An Army-issue large (not medium) ALICE pack. This name is usually used to further emphasize an uncomfortable situation, as in "I've got a three-hour date (12 mile road march at 15:00 min/mile) with the big green tick." Big Green Dick (U.S. Army) The Army's administration, especially when it fails to work in the Soldiers' favor. Big Green Weenie (U.S. Marine Corps) The fictitious dick that is said to have been at work whenever Marines get screwed over. Big Red One (U.S. Army) The First Infantry Division, so noted for the unit insignia of a single red 1. "If you're gonna' be one, be a Big Red One!" Big Red Pig (U.S. Coast Guard) Derogatory/affectionate term for Icebreakers, which are painted red for visibility. Big White One (U.S. Coast Guard) A High Endurance Cutter , the largest "White Boats" (rescue and law enforcement) vessels in the U.S. Coast Guard. BIMBLE (U.K.) Basic Infantry Manoeuvre But Lacking Enthusiasm bin rat (Canada) A supply technician or storesman. bingo fuel (U.S.) A pre-briefed amount of fuel for an aircraft that would allow a safe return to the base of intended landing. bird (U.S.) an airplane or satellite . In combat, may refer to an air-to-air missile; strategic context implies an ICBM. Bird, Ball and Chain (U.S. Marine Corps) Cynical term for the Marine Corps' Eagle, Globe and Anchor emblem. bird barn (U.S.) an aircraft carrier. bird colonel (U.S.) a Colonel (O-6), whose insignia is an eagle, as opposed to a Lieutenant Colonel, who wears silver oak leaves. black Cadillacs (Canada) Combat boots. used ironically in reference to use as a mode of transport. blade (U.K.) SAS Trooper employed in a Sabre Squadron. : (Canada) A traitorous or untrustworthy person; one who would betray you or "stab you in the back." Can also be used as a verb. blanket party (U.S., Canada) A form of hazing meted out to unpopular service members. Involves covering the head and arms of the target with a blanket to prevent fighting back or identification of the attackers while a beating is administered. blanket-stacker (U.K.) Any storeman (even if he doesn't deal with blankets) . Also applied to the Royal Logistic Corps in general, even though their duties include everything from catering to bomb-disposal as well as storekeeping. bleu (France) A recruit. Derived from the French term for barely-cooked steak, symbolizing a "raw" recruit. blivet (U.S. Army) Vietnam-era. Large, black rubber bag used to carry POL on flatbed trailers to resupply forward units. blivet (U.S. Army, U.S. Army Air Corps) WW2-era. A terrible mess. The standard definition is, "What you get when you put 2 gallons of shit in a one gallon container." (the) Block (U.S.) Civilian life before enlisting. Example "Oh, you think you're back on the block?" Also simply a reference to back home where you could have done what you wanted in your own way. Bloody Buckets (U.S.) Members of the 28th Infantry Division, Pennsylvania Army National Guard, whose division insignia is a red keystone. Bloggins (Canada) Name used to show examples during lectures (i.e., Pte. Bloggins just violated the ROEs) Bloods and Crips (U.S. Army) A group of Soldiers who are habitually injured, see Sickcall Ranger blood stripes (U.S. Marine Corps) "Pinning on blood stripes", an unauthorized hazing practice of kneeing a newly promoted Corporal up and down the outside of his/her thighs, causing bruises that mimic the "blood stripes" an NCO wears on their dress trousers/ (U.S.) Promotion one receives due to the death of the person who previously filled that position. blooper (U.S. Army and Marine Corps) Vietnam Era slang term for the M-79 Grenade Launcher. Suggested by the sound it made upon firing. blow the DCA (U.S. Navy) The directive, given as a snipe hunt (compare 'pad-eye cleaner'), that new sub crewmembers are often given in a false emergency. After much searching for the DCA, they discover that the DCA is a person, the Damage Controls Assistant (usually a junior officer). (Note: Many tanks on-board submarines are pressurized with compressed air and "blown" overboard. These tanks are usually identified by abbreviations or acronyms and always require permission before being "blown".) blue falcon (U.S.) "buddy fucker," i.e., one who does not help a fellow Soldier, or who intentionally gets a Soldier in trouble. The phrase "Bravo Foxtrot" is also used and has the same meaning. blue-head (U.S.) a term for a new recruit in the first few weeks of boot camp. New recruits have their heads shaved and the particularly white recruit's head look blue due to the blood vessels. blue job (Canada) A member of the Air Force; derives from their blue uniform. Pejorative (probably deliberately similar to "blowjob"). blue nose (U.S. Navy, Marines) Anyone who has served above the Arctic Circle or has participated in a ceremony similar to the Shellback ceremony (See Shellback) blue force (U.S. Army or Air Force) The friendly force, the opposite of the OpFor. blue on blue contact (U.S. and U.K.) A friendly fire incident. blue suiter (U.S. Air Force) A general term for active duty Air Force personnel, often used when distinguishing between a mixed environment of Air Force active duty and Department of Defense civilians and contractors. blues (U.S. Air Force and U.S. Marine Corps) Marine Corps Blue Dress uniform. The Air Force Service Dress Uniform. Occasionally Navy Dress and Winter Blue uniforms, which are actually black. blues buddies (U.S. Air Force) A pair of Airmen who frequently leave base together in their dress blues during training. BMO (U.S., 1991 Persian Gulf War) Black Moving Object, or a woman in a burkha . Also refers to the Battalion Motor Officer in a mechanized unit boat 1. (U.S. Navy) A submarine . 2. (U.S. Naval Aviation) A ship on which aircraft is landed. 3. (U.S. Army) First generation Minefield Clearing Line Charge which was literally a small boat that was dragged behind a towing vehicle. The current version is mounted on a trailer. 4. (Canada) a submarine. boat chuck (U.S. Navy) Derogatory term used by the aviation community for any member of a ship's company. Bobo (Singapore) A Soldier who cannot hit his target on the rifle range. This is a Singlish mispronunciation of "WOWO", meaning "wash out." BOHICA "Bend over, here it comes again." used when wearily contemplating idiotic or malicious. decisions by higher-ups. Bone (U.S. Air Force) B-1B Bomber (U.K.) Stupid or pointless, "Well that was a bone question" Bones (U.S.) Any military doctor, especially in the Navy. Probably derived from Sawbones. Bone Crushers (U.S. Marine Corps) A term which generally distinguishes Corporal ranked senior Marines in authority over lower grade Marines. bolo (U.S. Army) 1. a slur the early twentieth century for recruits who could not attain an adequate degree of marksmanship. It comes from the idea that they should grab a bolo and attack hand-to-hand. 2. (BOLO all caps) Be On the Look Out boomer 1. (U.S. Navy) A nuclear ballistic missile submarine, or personnel serving aboard same. 2. (U.S. Air Force) An enlisted aircrew member serving on either a KC-135 'Stratotanker' or KC-10 'Extender' primarily responsible for refueling other aircraft in flight. Derived from "boom operator." boomstick Used playfully among infantry when not around superiors to describe a breaching shotgun. "We're going on couple raids tonight. Make sure you bring plenty of shells for the boomstick." Derived from the Bruce Campbell movie "Army of Darkness". boot, booter (U.S.) A new join to a particular unit, probably coming from Boot Camp (see below). This person often has an overly enthusiastic yet naive disposition. boot camp (U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) Initial training of new recruits. Booter (U.S.); Bootnecks, Booties: (U.K.) Royal Marines, from the leather stock they used to wear around their necks (same origin as Leathernecks for the U.S. Marine Corps). boots and utes (or "boots'n'utes") (U.S. Marine Corps) Combat boots and utility uniform, minus. the blouse; sometimes used for physical training or working in hot environments. boot bands (or "blousing bands") (U.S. Marine Corps and Canada) Elastic straps or coiled springs used to roll trouser legging under at the boot and simulate tucking into the boot itself; used in blousing boots. BOSNIA (U.S. Navy) Big Old Standard Navy-Issue Ass. Applies especially to desk-bound female enlisted. bought the farm (U.S.) Originally comes from the U.S. Air Force, where it was slang for a fatal crash, wherein the "farm" referred to the small plot of land at the cemetery where the individual was laid to rest, then generally any KIA G.I. whose insurance money pays the family funeral bills. Bouncing bomb (U.K.) Issue sleeping bag Boss (U.K.) Informal yet respectful address for an officer - especially used in situations where disclosure of military status is not advisable. Box Kicker (U.S. Navy) A term used, sometimes derogatorily, for a Supply Officer. The term implies that all a Supply Officer does is go around the warehouse kicking boxes, doing no other work. (U.S. Marine Corps) A warehouseman, MOS 3051. Box Nasty (U.S. Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps) Box Lunch served in-flight. BPAG (AUS) Black Plastic Army Gun. The M16 rifle . brass (U.S. and U.K.) Top-ranking officers; The Powers That Be. Bravo Zulu (Worldwide Navies) Means 'Well Done'. Comes from the Allied Naval Signal Book, conveyed by flag hoist or voice radio. brain bucket (U.S.) Any combat hat that does not provide protection. (e.g., A boonie hat) brig rat (U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) Describes a Sailor or Marine who often frequents the brig (military jail), typically as a prisoner. broke-dick (U.S.) A Soldier with a medical condition that would hinder the Soldier's ability to perform certain tasks; alternatively, equipment that is not operationally ready. broken TV (U.S. Army) The 3rd Infantry Division crest, a blue square with three diagonal white stripes. broom (U.S. Army) Army talk for 'sweep' . used in the similar sense that you mop with a mop, hence, you broom with a broom. brownjob (RAF) Member of the British Army, from the khaki uniforms. Brown Water Navy (U.S.) The fleet of riverine vessels - fast patrol boats, amphibious. landing craft , shallow-draft supply and maintenance ships, U.S. Coast Guard cutters and the like - which had been deployed to control the rivers and coasts of Vietnam during the Vietnam War , so noted for the mud-brown color of the water. Today any such riverine naval force. brown shoe 1. (U.S. Air Force) Things and people related to the time when the Air Corps was a subsidiary unit of the U.S. Army. When the Air Force became independent, black shoes replaced the brown shoes worn by the Army at that time. 2. Also refers to U.S. Army service prior to the Vietnam era "You were in the brown shoe army" when it changed to black combat/jungle boots and low quarters. 3. (U.S. Navy) Things and people related to the naval aviation community. From the time when brown shoes were authorized only for aviation ratings and officers. brown star cluster 1. (US) A metaphorical scatological reference describing a panicked reaction. A play on red star cluster; the humorous implication being that the subject's frightened defecation serves as a substitute distress call. 2. (US) Alternately, can refer to warning or signalling others that things being said or done are "bullshit". Brylcreem Boys (U.K.) Royal Air Force pilots, who were renowned for wearing brylcreem on their hair ("A little dab'll do ya!"), originated during WW2. bubblehead Any person serving on a submarine or in the Submarine Service (a reference to decompression sickness ). buddy spike (U.S. Air Force & U.S. Navy) used during flight operations. In air exercises, it is common to "spike" or lock onto a friendly without engaging. This causes the targeted aircraft's defense systems to warn of active targeting. "Buddy Spike" is a term used to reassure the "spiked" aircraft that the lock came from a friendly aircraft. For example: Suppose you were fighting in an exercise as blue air with opposing red air trying to shoot you. If you got notification on your RWR that an aircraft had locked you, you would want to know if it was from red air or just your wingman. So you might call out "HOOTER 01, spiked from 300 (degrees)" and Hooter 02 might call out "Buddy spike!" having locked you unintentionally, or to help find you visually, etc. This term was used, somewhat incorrectly, in the movie The Incredibles . Buck Sergeant (U.S. Army) Referring to a newly promoted Sergeant E-5. Can be used in different contexts, good or demeaning. buckshee (U.K., Canada) Spare, unofficial. Buckshee equipment or ammunition is outside the normal accounting system and is often bartered by those who find themselves in possession of it. The origin and nature of the stores determines whether this is a serious. issue. From World War One, when spare bits of shaving soap where called "buckshee's". BUFF (U.S.) Big Ugly Fat Fucker. (Clean: Big Ugly Fat Fellow) . Slang for the B-52 'Stratofortress' . Buffer (U.K. and Canada) Chief Bosun's Mate, Senior Boatswain (Seamanship specialist) on a warship, usually having the rank of a Chief Petty Officer. Bug Company (U.S. Navy) In boot camp, a company (group) of recruits who are incapable of performing any task correctly, regardless of the rewards or consequences. Generally the individuals who make up these companies will leave boot camp in top physical shape, because they are always being punished with physical training, also known as "cycling". Bug Juice (U.S.) The nickname given to the powdered drink served with MRE's on onboard ships. Virtually any powdered, artificially flavored, juice served in the mess hall of almost any group male environment from Scout Camp through the Military. bulkhead (U.S. Navy, Marines, RCN) The interior structural divider of a ship; used ashore to refer to the interior walls of a building, as well. bullet sponge or bullet stopper (U.S.) An infantryman, MOS 11B "Eleven Bulletstopper" most commonly the point man of an infantry fire team who is usually the first member of the team to engage, or be engaged by, the enemy. Bull Ensign (U.S. Navy) Senior junior officer of the rank of Ensign (o-1) in a ship's compliment. The bull Ensign often is tasked by the Commanding Officer with unsavory tasks that other junior officers would rather avoid. Bull Nuke (U.S. Navy Submarine Service) Senior enlisted man within the Engineering Division onboard a submarine, usually a Senior Chief or Master Chief Petty Officer (E-8/9). Bullshit flag, throwing the (U.S.) Challenging the factual accuracy of another's statement. Bum Chum (U.S., Canada, Australia) Pejorative term for a naval seaman. Refers to the stereotypical seaman's homosexuality . bumf (U.K.) Paperwork, especially useless paperwork; comes from bum fodder (i.e., only fit to be used as toilet paper ). Bundeswehr gloves (U.K.) Pockets, from the perception that members of the German Army often walk around with their hands in them (prohibited in most NATO armed services - including the Bundeswehr. [German Soldiers caught by a superior with their hands in their pockets are typically asked "Is it your birthday? Because you're holding your candle."]) Bunk (U.S. Army) Bed. Bunker Bunny (U.S.) Someone who looks like the model spit and polish Soldier, Marine - but does not tarnish his/her image by venturing beyond the safety of a secure location, also see "Fobbit". bunny suit (Canada) CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear) suit bunting tosser (Royal Navy and Commonwealth Navies) A signalman. butterbar (U.S.) A second lieutenant or ensign , in reference to the rank insignia - a single gold bar. butterfly stripes (U.S. Air Force) Term used to refer to the two-striped chevron of Airman First Class , usually awarded to a six-year enlistee immediately after his technical school or to a four-year enlistee after 10 months in the rank of Airman (also see "dragonfly wings"). BZ (Navy) Also, Bravo Zulu. Allied Signals Book (ATP 1) for "Well done". B.B. Stackers C[ edit ] C.O.C.K (Canada) Confirmation of Combat Knowledge, a play-on from the more acceptable vernacular - AAR (After action review). "Good job on that exercise troops! Now it's time for some COCK!!" May also be used threateningly as in "I'm going to COCK you till you die" to indicate a useless or excessively harsh exercise in the field or garrison, ostensibly administered to teach the receiver a lesson. Cable Stretcher (U.S. Air Force) A "tool" that a new or troublesome Airman is sent to find for that "little bit extra" of cable needed to finish a run. Primarily used in Communication career fields. cadidiot (U.S. Army and Air Force, Canada) (kah-DID-iot) Slang term for an officer cadet. In Canada, term also used to indicate youth cadets of all branches. See also "cadink", below. Pejorative. cadink (U.S. Air Force) Slang term for an officer cadet. Slightly less pejorative than "cadidiot". Cadillac (U.S. Navy) A mop bucket. Named after the mop squeezer, which resembles a Cadillac grill. (Coalition Forces) A toilet facility, a.k.a. Caddie. Cambro (U.S. Army) Officially called the "Insulated Food Container" or "IFC," which is plastic with stainless steel inserts. Not to be confused with the all-metal "Food Container, Insulated" or "FCI" which is commonly called a "mermite can." camel jockey used to refer to Arabs. Pejorative. cammies (U.S. Navy and U.S. Marines) Camouflage utility uniform. What are referred to as "BDUs" in the Army and Air Force (now "ACUs" and "ABUs," respectively). Camp U.S. Coast Guard (U.S. Coast Guard) The United States Coast Guard Academy at New London . used when referring to the Academy in a derogatory manner. Also: Connecticut University of Nautical Technology. Canary Club (U.S. Air Force) used when identifying parking spaces or areas reserved for officers with the rank of O-6 ("bird" Colonel) cannon cocker (U.S.) An artilleryman. Also a U.S. Coast Guard Gunner's Mate. cannon fodder (U.S.) (formerly) An infantryman sent into battle with the expectation that he will be killed. Canoe U The United States Naval Academy at Annapolis . Jocular when used by graduates, pejorative when used by outsiders. canopy lights (U.S. Army) (Airborne) An item new recruits are sent to find; a form of snipe hunt . Refers to an imaginary set of lights to attach to a parachute canopy for use during night jumps. Captain Jack (U.S.) Is the military equivalent to the civilian Jodies in cadences, and always a tough guy. Illustrated in the song lyrics: "Hey, hey, Captain Jack, meet me down by the railroad tracks. With your knife in your hand, I'm gonna’ be a fightin' man." Captain's Mast (U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) Non-Judicial Punishment imposed under Article 15 of the UCMJ. CATFU (U.S.) (KAT-foo-(ed) ) Completely And Totally Fuck(ed) Up (i.e., "This thing is CATFUed") cat eyes (U.S. Army, Canada) A helmetband with two pieces of luminous. material at the rear. cat hole (U.S. Army) A hole dug in the ground in which to defecate. CBed (Canada) confined to barracks, a form of punishment. Pronounced "see-beed". CBPO (U.S. Air Force) used to mean the Consolidated Base Personnel Office, now if a member states they are going to CBPO or C-BO it means Commissary BX Post Office CCB (Singapore) Phonetic rendition of a Hokkien swear word referring to a smelly female reproductive orifice CFB (Canada) Canadian Forces Base . CFL (Canada) Corporal/Captain For Life, someone who will never be promoted above the rank of Corporal or Captain for the rest of their career. Canadian Gay Guard, Canadian Girl Guides (Canada) Derogatory term used to refer to the Canadian Grenadier Guard(CGG) Chairborne Ranger (U.S. Army) Pretty much anyone in the Adjutant General's Corps, referring to someone who works a desk, in comparison to an Airborne Ranger.. During the Vietnam era also referred to as "Remington's Raiders" a reference to the manufacturer of a popular brand of typewriter. Chair Force ( U.S. Air Force , Canadian Air Force ) The Air Force, referring to the perception that many Air Force personnel spend their time "flying a desk", i.e., doing office work of various. sorts. chalk (U.S. Army) A specific aircraft load, especially a group of airborne Soldiers which deploy from a single aircraft, typically a platoon for air assaults, or company-minus. sized for airborne drops. Originates from Vietnam War practice of chalking identifying marks on aircraft sides involved in such operations. Chancre Mechanic (U.S. Navy) Hospital Corpsman. Also called Pecker Checker, Dick Smith, or Pill Pusher. Charlie (U.S.) NATO phonetic alphabet for the letter C. During the Vietnam War was a general term for the Vietcong by shortening of "Victor Charlie." Charlie Foxtrot See clusterfuck. Charlie Gulf One (U.S. Navy) NATO phonetic alphabet for "Standing By to Assist". The standard phrase of U.S. Navy medical teams. Charlie Mike (U.S.) NATO phonetic alphabet for "continue mission" Charlie's Chicken Farm (U.S. Army) Corruption of Correctional Custody Facility (CCF) . A minimum security military prison for lesser offenses; Usually no more than a fenced-in barracks building and small surrounding area. Sentences to the CCF are Usually as a result of an Article 15 and are generally not career-ending in nature. Differentiated from “The Stockade,” which is much like a civilian jail. Analogous. to a city, county, or state prison in civilian life and houses serious offenders, some awaiting transport to military prisons like Fort Leavenworth Kansas or Mannheim Germany. Also "Charlie Charlie Foxtrot", from phonetic alphabet. charts and darts (U.S.) Manual field artillery firing calculations performed with paper (charts), pencil, and pins (darts) check six (U.S. Air Force) Term for "watch out behind you" or "watch your ass", based on looking for enemy aircraft or missiles to the rear (6 o-clock position). cheese eater/cheeser (U.S. Army) A suck-up or brown-noser. (U.S. Air Force) A rat or tattletale, usually someone who runs to the commander or other ranking member to get another in trouble. cheesedick (U.S. Marine Corps) To do something with minimal effort. As in "He cheesedicked his way through it." chem light batteries (U.S. Marine Corps) A form of snipe hunt . To have a new Marine search for obviously non-existent batteries for chemical light sticks. cherry (U.S.) New recruit still in Basic Training, or newly-minted service member (officer or enlisted) just arrived at first duty assignment after completion of training. chest candy (U.S.) Another term to describe ribbons or medals that are worn. It can be pejorative or appreciative, depending on Usage. chewed up or chewey (U.S.) Comes from "chewed up" Chicken colonel (U.S.) A full colonel, named for the eagle insignia. Also known as "full bull," "Full bird," or "Bird colonel" as opposed to "light colonel," which is a lieutenant colonel. chicken plates (U.S. Army) Small Arms Protective Inserts (SAPI) which fit into the Interceptor body armor system. Chief (U.S.) The familiar form of address for any U.S. Army warrant officer or U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard Chief Petty Officer. Also, a section leader in the U.S. Army, and a familiar term for Chief Master Sergeant, the highest enlisted rank in the U.S. Air Force. Chief of Smoke (U.S.) The senior enlisted man of an artillery battery or platoon, after the First Sergeant , the "Chief of Firing Battery". Also, "Smoke." Chief of the Boat/COB (U.S. Navy) Senior enlisted man onboard a submarine, responsible for manning, training, order and discipline of the enlisted crew. This equates with the Command Master Chief (CMC) onboard a surface ship or shore unit. In this position, the man is often casually referred to passively and in-person as "COB". chocko (Australia) An Army Reservist. Pejorative term dating back to World War 2, used by Soldiers of the 2nd AIF to imply incompetence on the part of Reservists who in their view were 'Chocolate Soldiers', likely to melt at the first application of the 'heat of battle'. Choggy (UK) a citizen of Afghanistan. chopped up (U.S. Army) Helicopter. Chow (U.S. Military) Food. (e.g., breakfast, lunch & dinner) "You want to go to the DFAC and get some chow?" Chow-dale (U.S. Navy (particularly used by Reactor Department personnel on Nimitz-class aircraft carriers ) ) A derogatory term for the Airmen (airdales) attached to the various. squadrons who seem to never-endingly stand in meal lines, make them longer for ship's crew. Chow keng (Singapore) Malingerer. Chow Runner (U.S. Air Force) A trainee in basic training that announces their respective flight into the dining facility. CHT (U.S. Navy) Sewage. Named after the ship's waste system (Collection, Holding, and Transfer (CHT) systems) . Pronounced "C-H-T" or "chit". CHT is Usually found splashing across ship's head floors because the designated ship's crew Usually aren't real excited about fixing a toilet problem. CHU (U.S.) Containerized Housing Unit. Common housing unit used on long-term deployments on built-up bases. Cigarette Soup (U.S. Army) Onion Soup, because it looks like what you get when you fill an ashtray with water. Circus. Battalion (Canada) Play on Service Battalion (Logistics and Supply) due to the excessive number of tents used in its deployment and the general state of coordination among its personnel. Generally pejorative, when used outside the company of said personnel. Circus. Battery (U.S. Army) The Service Battery of an Artillery Battalion. So named for its propensity to collect "misfits", and therefore to become a "Circus.". CIU (Canada) Civilian In Uniform, Person using the CF (Canadian Forces) as way to pay for school, person who does not belong in the Service. CK (U.S. Army) Containerized Kitchen used for preparing and serving meals in the field. clearing barrel A promiscuous female soldier. It is in reference to the red, sand filled barrels used to verify that small arms are unloaded before turn in. Soldiers preparing to turn in weapons line up and dry fire their rifles into the barrel. Extremely derogatory. See also "regimental groundsheet". Close of Business or COB (U.S. ARMY) The time of day when all scheduled training and administrative work stops. The unit's senior NCO may hold a formation at this time. During this formation, guidance is given to the enlisted members, the unit commander may publish information and the unit is released. However, some members of the unit, especially maintenance crews, may continue working. Also called end of day . Club Ed (Canada) The Canadian Forces Service Prison and Detention Barracks in Edmonton, Alberta. An ironic play on " Club Med ". clubz / clubswinger (RN) Physical Training Instructor. clusterfuck A disastrous. situation that results from the cumulative errors of several people or groups. In semi-polite company this is referred to as a Charlie Foxtrot (from the NATO phonetic alphabet ) . Also used as a slang term to describe the area effect nature of artillery or cluster bombs . CMFWIC Chief Mother Fucker Who's in Charge. Also "Chief Mother Fucker What's In Charge." CO (U.S. Military) Commanding Officer cock holster (U.S. Military) one's mouth, as in "Everybody, shut your cock holsters and listen up." See also "man-pleaser." Cockpit (U.S. Military) Derogatory term for promiscuous female aircrew, generally Army or Marine referring to Air Force female crew members. cockster (Singapore) a person who is habitually confused or amusing in a weird way. May derive from cock-up . Colonel Sanders (U.S. National Guard) Catered meals served in lieu of meals prepared by Army cooks. Obviously a reference to American fast-food icon Colonel Harlan Sanders , a founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken . Colonel Sanders Award (U.S. Army) See "KP", below. Command Private Major (U.S. Army) Derogatory slang for the rank of Specialist E-4. Commo In reference to communications equipment or those who operate them. A title Usually given to the Communications Officer or Communicator aboard U.S. Navy vessels. companionway (U.S. Navy, Marines) A staircase. From the term for a ladder or staircase aboard a ship. Company grade weather (U.S. Air Force) Exceptionally poor weather; all the senior pilots sit the day out and let the junior company grade guys (who are still trying to build hours) fly in the bad weather. Conn (U.S. Navy and Air Force) A naval term referencing the Conning Tower; where the Conning Team gives navigational instructions for a ship (conns the vessel). "You have the Conn" means you have control of the ship. When the CO (Commanding Officer) leaves the bridge, the next in rank takes charge of manning the ship. That person has the Conn. The term is also used in other fields to refer to a commanding officer who upon leaving his post his duties fall to the next ranking person. Contrails (U.S. Air Force Academy) Fourth Class Cadet ( SMACK ) book of military knowledge that is memorized during the fourth class year. Corfam (U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps) A high-gloss dress shoe, typically made of plastic rather than leather to enhance gloss and eliminate the need for polishing. Derived from a trademark artificial leather, Corfam developed by DuPont during World War II . cornflake (Canada) The cap badge of a recruit in the Canadian Forces, a brass rendition of the Canadian Forces tri-service badge. From the resemblance of the badge in shape and color to the breakfast cereal. 2. By extension from (1), a new recruit. 2. By extension from (1), the Canadian Forces insignia in general. Corps (U.K.) Informal address for a Corporal or Lance-Corporal . COTDA (U.S. Army) Stands for "Case Of The Dumb Asses." Spoken in both full context and abbreviation. Humorous. and imaginary syndrome or sickness often joked about towards any Soldier who makes an accidental mistakes or forgets something. Example: "Did you go home last night and catch a case of the dumb asses (or COTDA) ?" Country Club Academy (U.S.) A derogatory term used by cadets at the United States Military Academy and midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy to refer to the United States Air Force Academy . Refers to the perception of more relaxed standards of military discipline, and the generally less spartan living conditions for cadets, at the AFA as compared to the other academies. cover (U.S.) Military headgear of any type. crab fat (U.K.) Reference to RAF personnel crabs (Singapore) Reference to senior officers of rank major, lieutenant colonel, or colonel, whose rank insignias are respectively one, two, or three State Crests, the outline of each resembling a crab. (United Kingdom) Refers to the British Royal Air Force , due to the blue uniform being the same colour of the powder used to treat crabs. crabs within a cage (Singapore) A derogatory term to describe warrant officers whose rank insignias are a state crest encased within a semi-circle and chevrons with the number of chevrons denoting higher ranks. Sometimes used to dismiss a warrant officer who is noted for being very arrogant and proliferate in the use of his authority. crank (U.S. Navy) An enlisted Sailor who is doing temporary duty in a ship's galley. On most ships/subs junior enlisted will work full time for many weeks or months in the galley doing menial tasks like washing dishes or scrubbing floors before moving back to their assigned rate and division. "Cranking" or "Mess cranking" is a verb for this situation. Cranking can be occasionally used as a method of EMI. (See EMI) Crap Hat (U.K.) SAS or Parachute Regiment describing other regiments in the British Army as less than elite, derived from the distinctive SAS and Parachute berets which are different in color to every other regiment. crunchie (U.S. Army) Term used by a Tank Crewman to describe a dismounted infantry Soldier, derived from the sound that they make when the tank rolls over them. crutch brigade (U.S. Army) a rear-detachment unit, Usually full of Soldiers who are unable to deploy due to medical or legal issues. CS&MO (U.S.) Proper Usage: Close Station, March Order. Alternatively "CSMO,": Collect [your] shit and move out. Cunt cap (U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force) The flat garrison cap , the kind often seen tucked under a shoulder epaulet in the movies. Particularly descriptive of the female version of this cap discontinued in the late 1970's, which had an inverted fold in the crown. Also called "piss cutter". Cum-dumpster a mouth. Term generally used by drill instructors to create a sense of dominance over recruits, e.g., "shut your fuckin' cum-dumpster!". Cunt Hair (U.S. Army, U.S. Navy) a small increment as in, "Move that a cunt hair to the right." Cycled (U.S. Navy) or "getting cycled" In boot camp, the act of being "beat" by your company commanders via strenuous. work-out, or "PT" sessions. Cycling normally occurs after a member or the entire company has made an error of some kind either in drilling, training, etc. Cycling has no time limit, it lasts as long as desired by the company commander(s) , and it can include any physical training that has been imagined. Oftentimes company commanders will make their recruits put on multiple layers of clothing, while closing windows and turning off fans, etc., in an effort to make it "rain indoors". Lore states of "rain makers", company commanders often rumored to be in charge of other units who will make guest appearances at cycles in an effort to achieve the results of "raining indoors", due to the fact that the sweat from the recruits will cause condensation to build in the room and leak down from the ceilings. See tekan and quarterdecking." (U.S.) The Dining Facility (pron: Dee-Fack) a.k.a. Mess Hall. D4D (U.S. Air Force) Desk 4 Drawers Aircraft type flown by most of the U.S. Air Force. "Him? Oh he drives (Flies) a D4D!" DA Form 1 (U.S. Army) Toilet Paper. dark green (U.S. Marine Corps) An African-American U.S. Marine; as compared to a "light-green". Becoming an archaic term; sometimes perceived as offensive. DART (U.S. Air Force) Dumb Ass (radio/radar) Troop DAT (U.S. Army) dumb ass tanker. [1] Day 0 (U.S. Army) . The first day of basic training. Dead Man Walking (U.S. Army) A person who has a permanent profile (see profile below) which allows him/her to walk two and a half miles rather than run 2 miles as part of the Army Physical Fitness Test or APFT. Death Jet (DJ) (U.S.) "The F-22 Raptor used in the Air Force. The name was so given because the fighter jet was prestigious. and was an all-rounder, e.g.,, "Death Jet, ETA 30 seconds, hold back for airstrike package"" death technician (Canada) Infantry Soldier. Deck (Worldwide Navy, Marines) The floor on a ship; also used while ashore for the ground or a floor. Deck-Ape (Navy, Marines) Naval term used to signify a "boatswain's mate" on a ship who is in charge of anchors, moorings, lines, rope etc. Dependapotamus (U.S.) A non-military spouse so obese as to shame or draw into question their significant others decision making capabilities. Named so due to their perceived propensity to marry servicemen in order to secure their paycheck and government benefits for themselves. desert queen (U.S.) A promiscuous. woman who sleeps around while at a deployed location. (U.S. Air Force) Any female at a deployed location, especially an unattractive one. The stereotype is that because of the imbalance in the male to female ratio, unattractive women become attractive in lieu of sufficient quantities of attractive women. dairy Queen (U.S.) A promiscuous. overweight woman who sleeps around while at a deployed location. desk wallah (U.K.) A staff officer or other military administrator; pejorative and largely obsolete. Desert Fox Female Soldier who is considered more attractive because she has moved down range. Desperate Love Institute (U.S.) Nickname for the Defense Language Institute . deuce and a half, deuce (U.S., Canada) 2½ ton truck used for carrying cargo or up to 40 people. Commonly used in convoys . During WWII its predecessor, manufactured primarily by GMC was called a "Jimmy" deuce gear (U.S. Marine Corps) Organizational equipment that is issued to a Marine from his unit and is kept by the Marine as personal gear, but is expected to be returned in serviceable condition upon that Marine's detachment from the unit. Usually refers to load-bearing equipment, ruck packs, body armor, helmets and other field gear. Derived from "782 gear", referencing an obsolete form. Devil Dog (U.S.) U.S. Marine. The term comes from a (possibly apocryphal) complimentary term, Teufelhund, applied by German Soldiers to Marines during World War I for fighting like shock troops. DICK (U.S. Army) OIF era. Dedicated Infantry Combat Killer. dickbeaters (U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force) Generalized state of being incorrect or broken. dickskinners (U.S.) Hands. Dick Smith (U.S. Navy) Hospital Corpsman. Also called Pecker Checker, Pill Pusher, or Chancre Mechanic. Alludes to a blacksmith working on a penis. dicktrap (U.S.) Mouth. digger (AUS and NZ) Initially used to describe Soldiers who fought during the Battle of Gallipoli , but now a general term for any Australian or New Zealand Soldier. diggers (U.K.) Knife, fork and spoon. Cookhouses at transit barracks, training camps and other locations away from a Soldier's home base generally do not provide these. Thus. it is important to remember your diggers when going for a meal. digies (U.S.) Refers to new digital camouflaged field uniforms worn by the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. dig-it, dig it or diggit 1. (U.S. Navy) A (Usually derogatory) reference to a crew member who shows an outward eagerness to be at sea, in the Navy, etc.--especially when compared to less enthusiastic crew members (see Joe Navy). 2. (U.S. Navy) Any brand or model of butterfly-folding multi-tool (i.e., a Leatherman®) carried by said crew member. DILLIGAF (U.S. and Canada) Does It Look Like I Give A Fuck?! Usually a reply in Boot Camp when given a lame excuse for not being able to perform a duty or follow an order. (AUS) Do I Look Like I Give A Fuck? Similar as above Dink (U.S.) A derogatory term for an Asian enemy Soldier, used extensively during the Vietnam War . More recently, means delinquent in some form, i.e., not up to standards on progress on training qualifications. Dirt Nap (Naval Aviation) Flying ones aircraft and self into the ground. Flat Hatting gone wrong. disco belt (U.S. Air Force) A reflective belt worn around the waist on aircraft flightlines. ditch (RAF) crash into the sea Dittybopper (U.S. Army) A signals intelligence radio operator trained to intercept Morse Code transmissions. As a verb, "Dittybopping" is used to describe a Soldier or Soldiers who are marching out of time with the cadence being called. DNF (U.S.) Departure from Normal Flight. Term for when a pilot loses control of his/her aircraft. DNKH (U.S.) Damn Near Killed Himself/Herself. doc (Canada) To shirk one's duties. dogface (U.S.) A U.S. Army infantryman , common in World War II , also a Soldier of the 3rd Infantry Division, they get to sing the "Dogface Soldier Song" every morning; now this or "doggy" is used by a Marine to refer to an Army Soldier. donkey dick 1. (U.S. Army) The bottom section of a PRC-25/77 radio antenna. 2. A detachable fuel nozzle for 5 gallon fuel containers. See "horse cock" below. 3. A Mortar cleaning brush. 4. By extension, any long cylindrical object. 5. (U.S. Air Force Civil Engineering) An electric vibe tool with a long cylindrical vibrating shaft used in concrete construction to remove air bubbles from concrete. Donkey Walloper (U.S. Army) A day of no scheduled activity. donut launcher (U.S. Army) Ring Airfoil Grenade Launcher. A device which fits on the end of an M16 rifle which fired a donut shaped rubber bullet used in riot control. Doolie A fourth-class cadet (freshman) at the United States Air Force Academy (also called "SMACK") . Dope Acronym for Data on Personal Equipment (sights and elevation/windage settings for sniper rifles). Other Usage includes Information/intelligence regarding the position of a target or info on an objective. Air Force/Navy Usage of 'Bogey Dope' to request the position (bearing, range, altitude and heading) of enemy aircraft. Dope On A Rope (U.S. Army) An insult applied to air assault Soldiers. Used mostly by airborne units. Dorm hoe or dorm slut (U.S. Air Force) used for a female who is known for her promiscuity around dormitories and lodging facilities. Dot double-digit midget (U.S.) A service member who has less than 100 days until his or her enlistment ends, or time until rotation out of a combat area arrives. Double Ugly (U.S.) Nickname for the F-4 Phantom II . doughboy (U.S.) A U.S. Army Soldier. This term is almost exclusively used in the context of World War I "GI" was the term during WWII. dragonfly wings (U.S. Air Force) Refers to the two stripe chevron of an Airman First Class. drink (RAF) sea/ocean driver (U.S. Air Force) A fighter aircraft operator, i.e., pilot (example: "I'm an Eagle Driver", an F-15 Eagle pilot, or a "Viper Driver", an F-16 pilot. drive on (U.S. Army) Carry out the mission. Dropped (U.S.) An Army or Air Force term used to describe punishment by physical training (Usually pushups ) "The DI dropped dingleberry for 20 after he fucked up on the course!" dropshort (U.K.) An artilleryman, or the Artillery in general. Artillery will often fire over the heads of friendly troops, who will certainly not appreciate a round that drops short. Also "Dropshot." DROS (U.S. Army). Date Returned from Overseas Service. Pronounced, "dee-ross". Dual Cool (U.S. Marine Corps) A phrase for a Marine, Usually Recon or Force Recon, who has earned both the Scuba Bubble and Gold Jump Wings. duck hunter (U.S.) A member of the Air Defense Artillery . Duffle Bag (USAF Security Forces) An airman with an untidy uniform, Airman Blank looks like a duffle bag. dune coon E[ edit ] Educated Asshole (U.S. Navy) A Seabee in the EA (Engineering Aid) rating with civilian and/or military technical training in construction design, surveying, drafting, materials or quality control. Eagle (U.S. Air Force) The F-15 Fighter Eagle Driver (U.S. Air Force) F-15 Pilot Eagle Hatcher (U.S. Air Force) Member of the F-15 Development Team (SPO) Eagle Keeper (U.S. Air Force) F-15 Maintainer, crew chief Eagle Rider (U.S. Air Force) F-15E Weapons System Officer (WSO or 'Wizzo') - 'Backseater' Eaglet (U.S. Air Force) Humorous. term used by F-15 personnel in early days of the F-16 program to refer to the F-16. Echo Check (U.S. Air Force) a type of snipe hunt where a jet engine maintainer is told to scream into a static jet engine at the top of his lungs, and if he get the right pitch and volume the blades in the engine will ring. Echo Tango Suitcase (U.S. Army) Punning reference to ETS or "Expiration Term of Service," the end of an enlisted soldier's service contract, especially if the soldier has no intention of reenlisting. Similar to "PCS to Fort Living Room," another humorous reference to impending discharge from active duty. EGA (U.S. Marine Corps) Eagle, Globe and Anchor, the emblem of the U.S. Marine Corps. Egg Banjo (U.K.) A fried egg sandwich so called because when it is eaten, generally with the one hand that is free, egg yolk squirts onto the eater's shirt/jacket resulting in them raising their sandwich to approximately ear height whilst they attempt to "strum" the egg from their shirt with their free hand. Egyptian PT (U.K.) Sleeping, particularly during the day. Probably dates from WW2 or before. The act of laying on your bed, with your arms crossed over your chest, just like an Egyptian mummy Elsie (U.K. and U.S. Marine Corps) Phonetic pronunciation of "LC", the abbreviation for Lance-Corporal E.M.I. (U.S.): Extra Military Instruction. In military training establishments it is a supposed learning opportunity for a serviceman to better learn some military instruction. It is not supposed to be (but most often is) a non-judicial punishment that Usually consists of some menial task like running in place with arms outstretched from the chest while holding a rifle (Army) or changing into every uniform once an hour for inspection (a " Fashion Show ") (Navy) . This punishment is used for individuals who have difficulty following instructions, or show excess attitude towards company commanders/authority figures. ENDEX End Exercise Errr... (U.S. Marine Corps) An abbreviated or unmotivated "Oorah". Often used as a form of acknowledgment or greeting. ETS (U.S. Army). Expiration Term of Service. Pronounced, "ee-tee-ess". evolution Generally, any specific operation or activity. "This evolution does not require talking." "All hands on deck for the refueling evolution." extra (Singapore) to serve extra duties as camp guard or confinement (frequently on weekends) as punishment eyebrow remover (U.S. Army, Canada) Immersion heater, a device used for heating washing water in a field kitchen; it consists of a gas-fuelled element immersed in a large container, such as a large galvanized garbage container. An external gas tank drips gas down a column into the element, and is lit by dropping a match or inserting a lit gas-soaked rod into the tube, igniting the gas. The term "eyebrow remover" is derived making the mistake of looking in the opening after dropping the lit match in it to see if it lit properly; the puddle of gasoline at the bottom will sometimes flash and send a flame into one's face. Fucking Air National Guard. Fang Fairy (U.S. Navy) a.k.a. "Tooth Fairy". Slang for a Sailor in the DT (Dental Technician) rating. Self-explanatory. fangs (U.S. Marine Corps) A term used as a reference to teeth as in "Go brush your fangs!" farmer armor (U.S.) Improvised vehicle armor. See Hillbilly armor . fart cart Auxiliary ground air pressure unit, used to start jet engines. fart sack (U.S.) A sleeping bag. Farts and Darts (U.S. Air Force) A reference to the decorations on the brim of a field-grade officer's dress uniform cap. fashion show (U.S. Navy) A punishment where the service member, over a period of several hours, dresses in each of his uniforms (work, dress, summer dress and summer work) to be inspected. Designed to prevent the punished from going on liberty for most of a day. fast movers (U.S., Canada) Term used by Soldiers for jet fighters, especially ground support aircraft. Dates to Vietnam. fatigues (U.S. Army) Duty/work uniform, as opposed to dress uniform. fauji (Indian army) belonging to or part of military. field (U.K., U.S.) General use - duty or training away from any post/base, "In the field for training this week."; also used to denote forward deployed units/personnel, "1st Brigade is in the field at Al-Asad, 2nd and 3rd Brigades remain at main post stateside." field day (U.S.) Thorough cleanup of a barracks or duty area with the expectation of an inspection. Thursday is a common day for field day in garrison. Field grade weather (U.S. Air Force) Exceptionally good weather. All the field grade officers (O-4 thru O-6) like to get out of their offices and take a flight in this kind of weather, leaving the CGO's to fly in the bad weather. Fighting First The U.S. Army's First Infantry Division. (AKA Big Red One) FIDO "Fuck It, Drive On". i.e., What to do following a Charlie Foxtrot. FIGMO (U.S.) "Fuck it, got my orders". "Finally I got my orders" Exclamation by one who is scheduled to leave a duty post. Fighting Fit (U.K., Indian Army) Functioning properly, in perfect health, used for men as well as equipment. First Shirt (U.S.) A First Sergeant. Also, "First Soldier" or "Top". fish (U.S. Navy) Submarine warfare qualification pin. FISH "Fighting In Someone's House", variant of FIBUA ("Fighting In Built-Up Areas), an official acronym, but now known as OBUA "Operations in Built Up Areas." fish tank (U.S. Navy) Term used by submarine personnel to refer to the ocean surrounding a submerged submarine (see "people tank", below) . fister (U.S.) An artillery Soldier in a Fire Support Team (FST), i.e., an Artillery Forward Observer . five and fly (U.S.) To graduate from a U.S. service academy, serve only the required five years on active duty, and then resign at the first opportunity. Sometimes also referred to as "Five and dive". Five Jump Chump (U.S.) A U.S. Army Soldier who has earned the Airborne Badge, but has done no more than the required five jumps and is not part of an airborne unit. Five Knots to Nowhere (U.S. Navy) A phrase often to describe the missions that ballistic missile submarines are tasked with. Their purpose is to deter nuclear war by being on station, slowly crisscrossing a highly-classified location somewhere in the oceans. Five Plonks (U.S.) An old term for The Pentagon used during the Vietnam War . Five-Sided Puzzle Palace (U.S.) A term for The Pentagon . Flags 1. (RN) A flag lieutenant (i.e., admiral's aide-de-camp ). A signal officer. (WW2) 'Fl'ug'a'bwehr'k'anone - German for "air defense cannon". Flight Line (U.S. Air Force) Slang for any restricted area on most Air Force Bases where aircraft are parked for general maintenance. Equivalent to an airport apron . flight risk (U.S.) Term jokingly used to refer to an officer of grade O-6 (Colonel/Captain) or higher at the controls of an aircraft. flying a desk (RAF) Working as a staff officer or administrator; may be used pejoratively ("all he does is fly a desk") or simply to refer to a pilot who has been posted to such a job ("I'm flying a desk at the MOD these days"). flump Fat Lazy Unmotivated Pussy. FM (U.S. and U.K.) "Fucking Magic". used to describe why a faulty electronic device unexplainably starts working again. FNG (U.S.) "Fucking New Guy (or Girl)" . One of many terms used to describe a new arrival to a unit. Food for Freedom Program (U.S. Army) Wherein a soldier gains so much weight that he is kicked out of the service. As in: "He is so fat." "Yeah, He's in the food for freedom program." fobbit (U.S.) Fairly new term used to describe Soldiers who do not go outside their Forward Operations Base (FOB) in Iraq , or a Soldier stationed in Iraq who has not seen combat. Derived from J.R.R. Tolkien 's Hobbit , a creature that didn't like to leave the safety of their homes or "The Shire." Fort Fumble (U.S.) The Pentagon . football bat (U.S.) used to describe a person or system that is unusually odd. (i.e., "You are as Fucked up as a Football Bat". Sometimes rendered as "Left Handed Football Bat", or "Soup Sandwich". Four foot drop (U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps) Humorous take on repairing the unreliable PRC-25/27 radio. "Giving a prick (PRC) the four foot drop" is to throw it to the ground in frustration. Fourth Point of Contact (U.S. Army) The buttocks, or the fourth point of the body to contact the ground in a Parachute Landing Fall (PLF) (Balls of the feet, calves, thighs, buttocks, pull-up muscle) FRED (U.S.) "Fucking Ridiculous. Economic Disaster". The nickname given to the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy heavy transport aircraft. The name was popularized because of the so-called "$500 toilet seat" expose on 60 minutes during the early fielding of the aircraft. Or, (AUS) "Fucking Ridiculous. Eating Device". The issue eating device in combat ration packs, a combination between a small Spoon and a Can Opener, and a bottle opener. Officially Field Ration Eating Device or Food Ration Extraction Device (both are acceptable). Friend of the Bromide (U.S.) A generally non-qualified Sailor that performs no Useful function other than to provide a load for the air conditioning plant. The "Bromide" refers to the Lithium Bromide air conditioning plant, which operates better under load. (The) Frisbee (Canada) A term used to describe the shape of the Baked Cherry Dessert IMP entree which resembles a round, thin, flat Frisbee. Infamous. for its disgusting taste. Front Leaning Rest (U.S.) The colorful collection of ribbons worn on the breast of a dress uniform. FTA 1. (U.S. Army) "Fuck the Army" - common graffiti, also spelled out as a spoken epithet. When the Sergeant Major asks about the new "FTA" tattoo, remember that it stands for "Fun, Travel and Adventure" or "Finest Training Available" 2. (U.S. Marine Corps) "Failure to Adapt", a reason recruits are sent home from boot camp. FTAF (U.S. Air Force) "Fuck the Air Force" - common graffiti, also spelled out as a spoken epithet. Usually used as a high form of derogatory term towards the Air Force. FTN (U.S. Navy) "Fuck the Navy" - common graffiti, also spelled out as a spoken epithet. Usually used in a simple game of "hide & seek" - FTN can Usually be found in obscure places (like inside machinery) and the discovery of which Usually pisses-off higher-ranking people and 'dig-it's'. FUBAR (U.S.) Abbreviation for "Fucked up beyond all recognition (or repair)." Sometimes "FUBER" for "economical repair". See "SNAFU", below. FUBIJAR (U.S. Marine Corps Forces Reserve) "Fuck you Buddy, I'm just a reservist". FUBIS (U.S. Army) "Fuck You Buddy I’m Shipping" used in Vietnam Era by Soldiers who had a short amount of time before they went home. Fuck Stick (U.S.) Term of endearment used when beckoning a Soldier. "Come here fuck stick!" Fuck-tard (Canada) A hybrid term. A cross between being a Useless fuck and a full-blown retard. The Fuck Tard is an exceptionally worthless individual. Multitasking is an undefined term to this type of person. The Fuck Tard is unable to walk and chew gum at the same time without, somehow, turning into a complete clusterfuck. Fuck-chop (U.S. Army) A dumbass or screw-up. Something drill instructors have called recruits to make them feel more appreciated. Comes from the street/urban slang, meaning "fucking pork chop". FUGAZI Fucked Up, Got Ambushed, Zipped In. Vietnam War slang for a messed up situation. Zipped in refers to a body bag. full-bird colonel (U.S.) A colonel (O6) as opposed to "light colonel" which is a lieutenant colonel (O5). Named for the eagle insignia. Also known as "full bull," "full bird," or "bird colonel". See "light colonel", below. full-bull (U.S.) See "full-bird colonel" above. full screw 1. (U.K.) Rubbish, trash. A gashbag is what one puts it in. 2. (U.K.) Unprofessional and/or unimportant. 3. (Canada, signals) Probably derived from (1), garbled or incomprehensible signals. 4. (Canada, Navy) Trash, garbage. 5. (U.K.) Very derogatory term for any woman. gat 1. (U.K.) Referring to the rifle used by British Forces (SA80). 2. (U.S.) Any small arm, referring to gangster slang. Gator (U.S. Navy) Shortening of the title "Navigator". The senior officer in charge of navigation aboard a navy ship. Gator Navy (U.S. Navy) Meaning the amphibious. arm of the surface Navy. GAF (U.S.) Gay as fuck. When unpopular individuals ask what this acronym is, they are often told it stands for "Go Air Force". Alternatively, implying a "give a fuck" attitude, meaning one doesn't care. "What's with the GAF attitude?" or "That guy's pretty GAF." GAF Factor (Canada) Give a fuck factor. When a Soldier cares a lot or a little about a task, orders, duties, or instruction. "My GAF Factor is non-fucking-existent". Garatrooper (Canada) used to describe a Soldier who excels in garrison but is lacking where it counts in the field. This term was used by WWII U.S. Army Cartoonist Bill Mauldin "Up Front" to describe those who were "too far forward to wear ties, and too far back to get shot" However the term proved unpopular with the Paratroopers who saw it as a slur on their designation and it never gained popularity with U.S. forces. gedunk or geedunk (U.S. Navy): Commonly junk/snack food itself, or the store in which it can be acquired. Also the military service ribbon awarded to new recruits in boot camp is referred to as the "gedunk ribbon". (Unconfirmed: derived from the sound made by an old-fashioned cigarette machine when the Foosball-like metal handle was pulled out and released, i.e., the ribbon is of such little value that it was obtained from a vending machine.) get some Navy (U.S. Navy) A verb used to describe a situation where someone has some pain inflicted on them due to something associated to the Navy. (e.g., A Sailor is told that he has to stay past his duty time and do extra duty due to the whim of a higher ranking person - he is "getting some Navy"). GI (U.S.) Always pronounced as initials "gee ai", coined during WWII it reputedly stands for "government issue(d)". As a noun, GI refers to a member of a U.S. military service, as in "G.I. Joe"; originally pejorative as it implied that U.S. Soldiers were nothing but interchangeable units (Government Issue(d) Joe) that could be requisitioned like any other supplies. As an adjective, it can be applied to any item of U.S. military materiel or procedure. When used as a verb it means to put into military shape, as in "to GI the barracks". Etymology at GI . GIB (U.S.) Guy In Back, i.e., back-seater in a two-place aircraft, whose job duties vary with the aircraft (e.g. WSO "Wizzo" = Weapons Systems Officer). gig line (U.S.) An imaginary line running down the front of a uniform formed by the edges of the pants fly placket, right belt buckle edge and the shirt button placket. The significance of the "gig line" is that all parts of it be in-line for inspections. G.I. party (U.S. Army & Air Force) A term used to describe scrubbing the barracks from top to bottom. This sort of "party" is seldom, if ever, fun. Go-fasters (U.S. Marine Corps) Athletic or "tennis" shoes. go outside (UK Royal Navy and Royal Marines) To leave the service and return to civilian life. go west (WWII U.K.) die. As in migrate across the American continent in the 19th Century, when people who went West were often never seen again. goat rope/ing A Useless, futile, or foolish activity. A waste of time directed by higher authority. goat locker (U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard) Room or lounge reserved for Chief Petty Officers (E-7 and above). Those who are E-6 and below would do well to steer clear unless expressly permitted inside. Also used to refer to the Chief Petty Officers assigned to one command. GOBI General Officer Bright Idea. An idea often inspired by a briefing, which is then endorsed and ordered by a general. Sometimes it is valid, often it is pointless, but it invariably creates more bureaucratic hassles than are necessary to the mission. GOFO Grasp Of the Fucking Obvious.. goldbrick, goldbricker (U.S.) A member of the military who feigns illness to avoid duty; more recently, any service member who shirks duty. Golden Shellback (U.S. Navy) A Sailor who crosses the equator at the point of intersection with the International Date Line . See Shellback . Gold side (U.S. Coast Guard) The regular U.S. Coast Guard, which wears gold insignia compared to the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, which wears silver insignia. See Silver side. gone Elvis (U.S.) Missing in action. gonk (U.S. Air Force) electronics/avionics/computer devices in general, especially when performing functions of a computational nature. Also seen as "gonkulator". Can be used as a verb: to "gonkulate" means to calculate either by hand or by machine. (From a "Hogan's Heroes" episode in which Hogan convinced Klink that the "gonkulator" was a top-secret Allied device.) Good Training (U.S.) Anything that does not result in death, a reportable incident, or the relief of the commanding officer. "We had rain for three days during the field problem, but it was all good training." Gook (U.S.) A derogatory term for an Asian enemy Soldier used extensively during the Vietnam War. From the Korean guk. ("people"). Got One's 6 (U.S.) military slang for 'got one's back'. When a Soldier in a situation where a solo battle can be dangerous, even life-threatening, another would offer help to ensure survival even if the mission ends in failure. The Soldier is like a clock with the face looking at 12 o'clock and arms at 3 and 9 o'clock. gopping (British Army) Dirty, especially used of rifles in need of cleaning. gouge (U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard - particularly aviation) Informal information channel; the grapevine; the straight dope; inside information. Gouge is passed on by the gouge train. goulasch cannon (U.S. Army, German Wehrmacht) Portable, self-contained field kitchen. Originally used by WWII German Soldiers, but it can also refer to the U.S. Army's Mobile Kitchen Trailer or MKT. Gore 4 (U.S. Marine Corps) Full Gortex rain suit, including hood, covering one's person. This is a play on the MOPP chemical warfare system and its numbered levels of use/protection. grand slam (U.K.) The act of defecating, urinating and throwing up while sleeping off a large "Male Bonding Session" while undergoing training. Grape 1. (U.S. Submarine Service) Delightfully easy. Examples: "This is %$# grape duty! I %$# love it!" or "That was a grape sig, you %$#." (See "sig" below) 2. (U.S. Marine Corps, Army) One's head. For example: "Put your cover [hat] on your grape." 3. (U.S. Air Force Fighter Pilots): an aircraft/pilot that is easy to shoot down. 4. (U.S. Navy): The flight deck crewmen on an aircraft carrier tasked with fuel handling (so called for their purple shirts and helmets) . Related to "skittles". Gravel Tech(nician) (Canada) Infantry, Usually referred to as such by the Navy. green eggs (U.S. Army) Powdered (dehydrated) eggs served by the Army. Green is used to indicate "Army issue" and not necessarily the actual color in this case. (pre 1995 eggs were often served mermite cans, and were actually green in color.) Green Eyed (U.K.) Excessively keen or professional Soldier. Green Slime (U.K.) Intelligence Corps. Based on color of Beret combined with the Intelligence Corps' sneaky and underhand warfare. grid squares (U.S. Army) An item new recruits are sent to find; a form of snipe hunt . A grid square is a term for one area on a map, a square created by grid lines of one kilometer. Green weenie (U.S. Marine Corps) A term used to describe one being refused a liberty. "I got fed the green weenie again....tasted like the last guys asshole!" Grinder (U.S. Navy) The outside tarmac, asphalted area or courtyard normally adjacent to a barracks which is used to perform musters, drilling, and sometimes " cycling " of recruits in boot camp. ground-pounder (U.K. and U.S.) Derogatory term for Army or Marines. Opposite of 'air-dales', above. ground sheet 1. (Canada) A rubberized tarp, used as a half-shelter 2. (Canada) A female who sleeps around, "she's nice to lay on" grow bag (U.K. RAF) Slang for aircrew - so named due to the color of the RAF flying suits. grunt (U.S.) Originally, a derogatory term for Army or Marine infantrymen (referencing the sounds made by men carrying heavy gear). This term has become more acceptable over time, and today, most, if not all, infantrymen are proud to be "grunts," as opposed to other MOSes in the military. Also known as "Ground Pounders." Although "grunt" is not an acronym, common backronyms include: "Ground Replacement Unit, Not Trained" or "Ground Replacement, Usually Not Trained." (Canada) Government Reject Unfit for Naval Training, Usually refers to infantry/combat arms. GTFO (U.S.) Pronounced "GIT-foe". Acronym of "get the fuck out", nonspecific utilization in training/combat. GTS (U.S.A.F.) Google That Shit. Used when asked a stupid or unknown answer to a question one could learn on their own by utilizing a popular search engine. Guardian Angel (U.S.) A Soldier or Marine placed in a high position in urban warfare to provide overwatch and cover to friendly units moving below. Gucci kit (U.S., U.K. & Canada) Non-issued kit or equipment bought by the Soldier. The word "gucci" alone is also used in the Navy to mean fancy, e.g. "that's a gucci computer". Guckle (U.S. Submarine Service) Storage Space on Submarines, Similar to a large closet, larger than a puka (below). Gum Shoe, or Gummy Bear (U.S. Navy) Slang for a Sailor in the CT (Cryptology Technician) rating. The first CT school was located in a room on top of a building having a tarpaper 'deck'. The students would inevitably get pieces of tar on the bottom of their shoes. gun (U.S.) An artillery piece. This isn't slang per se but precision, as rifles and pistols are referred to as "small arms" or "sidearms" or simply "weapons." Gun is also slang for "penis"; recruits learn not to call their weapon a gun in the rhyme, This is my rifle/This is my gun/This one's for fighting/This one's for fun. gun bunny 1. (U.S.) An artilleryman - often specifically a cannon crewman. (Royal Navy) Female camp follower of teams competing in the RN Field Gun Run . gun-plank (U.K.) An Artillery term for a junior officer, implying that they would be more Useful wedged under the wheels of the gun to prevent it sinking into the mud than in their current role. gun rock (U.S.) Artillery cannon crewman, especially used by other artillerymen (e.g.,: forward observers, fire direction control) . Pejorative. Gung Ho Mo Fo (U.S. Army) A Soldier who is more enthusiastic about the Army than those around him. This is a fairly recent slang term resulting from the "gangsta" influence in the U.S.. Gunny 2. (U.S.) a Naval Gunner's mate . 3. (U.S. Army) Master gunner in a Bradley Fighting Vehicle mechanized infantry company or battalion, or gunnery sergeant in a U.S. Army howitzer platoon. gyrene (U.S. Navy, U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force) Mildly derisive term for a Marine. Also "Jar Head," "Leather Neck" (U.S. Army, Vietnam-era). Term used to describe C-ration meal, Ham and Lima Beans. ham and lifers (U.S. Army, Vietnam-era). Term used to describe C-ration meal, Ham and Lima Beans. Hand bag (Australia) Signaller - from the satchel they carry that holds the light-weight antenna & other ancillary equipment. HANO (U.S.) "High Altitude No Opening", a parachute jump in which the parachute fails to open, Usually with fatal results. Play on "HAHO" and "HALO". Hang Fire To wait until further orders. hardball (U.S.) Any hard-surfaced road. hatch (U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps) A door. From the shipboard terminology for the means of entering or exiting the compartment of a ship. hatless dance (Canada) A charge parade, referring to the fact that the accused is marched in at double time in front of the presiding officer without a beret ("My last hatless dance cost me two days' pay!") hawk (U.S.) Winter or extreme cold weather; e.g., "the hawk" or "don't let the hawk get you." head 1. (U.S. Navy, Marines, U.S. Coast Guard) Facilities designated to relieve biological needs. See Army term "latrine". 2. A slightly less offensive term short for dickhead or other similar heads. Head Shed Headquarters health and comfort (U.S.) From "Health and Comfort Inspection", a euphemistic term for a search of quarters for contraband. Also called "Health and Welfare." helmet fire (U.S.) Task saturation, especially in the context of flying instrument procedures. helo (U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps) Helicopter. Herc Doc (U.S. Air Force) a C-130 maintainer. high speed, low drag (U.S.) Improvised, sometimes crappy vehicle armor. hindquarters Any headquarters. hit the silk (U.S.) To abandon an aircraft mid-flight by means of a parachute . For example, "Johnson's plane took a lot of flak , but he hit the silk just in time!" Also, punch Elvis . HMFIC Head Mother Fucker in Charge. Holland (Singapore) To be lost or get lost without a clue where you are. Etymology is disputed but it is pronounced as "ho-lan". holiday flag (U.S.) over-sized flag flown over Posts and Major Commands during holidays. Hollywood Marine (U.S.) Enlisted Marine who underwent their recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego . Hometown Hero A title which criticizes military persons who play the role of a highly achieved individual in their home town but is known by comrades to be fictitious.. hooah (U.S. Army/USAF Security Forces/Canadian Army Infantry) A spirited cry, which can mean nearly anything positive. Exact origins are unknown. Paratroopers claim it as originating from the involuntary grunting sound one makes on contact with the ground during a parachute landing. Others claim that it is an acronym for "Heard, Understood and Acknowledged." used normally in group instruction as acknowledgement of understanding rather than in one on one situations with an officer where "Yes Sir, understood sir" is still preferred. Pronounced "Who-Ah" in one short syllable by Rangers. In the Regiment ( 75th RGR ) , depending on its placement in the sentence or its inflection and tone, Hooah can an affirmative, a negative, a Verb, and or curse word. Its Usage in the Canadian Army is somewhat debated, however, "seen" is used as the preferred affirmative. See also, HUA. hook 1. (Canada) A chevron as rank insignia. For example, to "get one's third hook", say, is to be promoted to sergeant (third chevron). 2. (U.S.) A Chinhook, a CH-47 twin rotor heavy lift helicopter, see ' Shithook ' below. Hoorah (U.S. Navy) A spirited cry, equivalent to the U.S. Army's "Hooah". Hoover (U.S. Navy) Nickname for the S-3 Viking . Named for the sometimes strange sounds it makes while flying. horse cock 1. (U.S. Navy) (Vulgar) A heavy cylinder of lunch meat or ground hamburger while still in the wrapper, prior to being sliced or opened. 2. (Canada) (Vulgar) A flexible metal nozzle attached to gas cans to facilitate pouring. house mouse (U.S. Navy) An unskilled 'FNG' Sailor arriving in Vietnam who is assigned to camp maintenance at a naval facility. HUA (USAF Security Forces) An acronym for "Head Up Ass", or "Heard, Understood, Acknowledged." See hooah . Hudson High The United States Military Academy at West Point , which overlooks the Hudson River. Pejorative. HUGA (U.S. Air Force/USAF Security Forces) Used in lieu of HUA towards higher ranking individuals who won't stop talking "Heard, Understood, Go, Away". hummer 1.(U.S. Navy) Nickname for the E-2 Hawkeye . 2. (U.S. Army) Nickname for the HMMWV . hun (U.S. Air Force) The F-100 fighter hun driver (U.S.): Intoxication & Intercourse. A wild time while on leave. Play on R&R Ie-yee-ah (U.S.) Same as "Hooah," used in the U.S. Army 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment . Based on an American Indian war cry. See also "Ai-ee-yah." IFR "I fucking refuse", in a pseudo-rebellious. form against higher-ups. IHTFP (U.S.) "I Hate This Fucking Place", a feeling common among recruits, officer candidates, and those who are burned out. When asked by a superior what it means, the junior will often reply, "I Have Truly Found Paradise." I Must Puke (Canada) Refers to the disgusting flavors of the various Canadian Forces IMPs (Individual Meal Packs). in country (U.S.) In a foreign territory, especially a combat zone, especially Vietnam . I was in country that whole summer. Does not generally apply to foreign basing in friendly countries during peacetime. in the dinghy (WWII RAF) All right for the moment. If you ditch your kite in the drink, you may go west, but you will be safer for the moment if you can get into a life-raft. Indian country (U.S. Marine Corps) Ink pen. irons, eating irons (U.K.) Cutlery . (the) Island (U.S. Marine Corps) Parris Island in South Carolina . One of two boot camps in the corps; the only one that trains female enlisted marines. Male marines who trained there are called "island marines". Ivan (NATO countries) Generic term for Russians, similar to "Hadji/Haji" for Arabs. IYAAYAS (U.S. Air Force) means If You Ain't Ammo You Ain't Shit. Self-explanatory. used by 2W0X1 (Formerly 461XX) Ammo Troops IYAOYAS (U.S.Navy/Marine Corps)If You Ain't Ordnance You Ain't Shit. Used by Navy and Marine Aviation Ordnancemen as a greeting or farewell to other Ordnancemen or an insult to those outside the rate as in "IYAOYAS mother fucker". Pronounced "ai-yo-yas". ID10T Form (U.S.) Idiot form. A non-existent form that ignorant airmen/marines are sent to find. Usually they are new to their unit. (U.K.) Jersey Heavy Wool, the old-style thick military sweater. Jimmy (Canada) signaler. It is suggested that this term comes from the figure of Mercury on their cap badges, which is referred to as "Jimmy" by the un-enlightened. jimmy dean (U.S. Army) In reference to a kind of pre-packaged meal, Usually more edible than an MRE but lacks any way of heating the food. Usually contains a can of juice, canned meal or vacuum-packed sandwich, a fruit cup, a peppermint, and sometimes Pringles. Jodie/Jody (U.S.) A man who steals a Soldier's girlfriend/wife when deployed, out in the field, or in training. So often referred to in cadences used during exercises that the cadences themselves have become known as Jodies or Jody calls. Ain't no use in goin' home, Jodie's got your girl alone. Joe (U.S.) Name given to a prostitute or bar girl. Originated in Korea. joey (Canada) Can be used to describe a new member, or a Soldier who is heavily reliant on others. John Wayne (U.S.) Also known as a P-38 . A small finger held can opener. (US Army) John Wayne can also refer to a Soldier who does not have his helmet chinstrap buckled, and therefore looks like John Wayne in 1960s war movies. John Wayne School (U.S.) Army Special Forces school, Fort Bragg . JN (U.S. Navy) Japanese National. Usually a Japanese shipyard worker, but can also be applied to any Japanese citizen. (U.K. & Commonwealth) An aircraft's jet engine, components spin and heat up. keener (Canada) A recruit or one who is new to a unit that is Usually overly-enthusiastic about his/her assignment. Keys to aircraft 300 (U.S. Navy): A form of snipe hunt . A new join is sent to the Maintenance Office or Ready Room in an attempt to get keys to start an aircraft due to launch. Of course, there are no keys to military fighter jets, the gag is simply to humiliate a new join. The number given is the BUNO (bureau number), or painted aircraft designation of the new join's squadron, it could be any number. (USAF Security Forces) Keys to the aircraft, a JEEP joke pulled on gullible first time Close in Sentries. It involves either the Area Supervisor or one of the Alarm Response Teams asking if the Close in Sentry if he received the keys to the aircraft from the sentry whom he relieved of the post, the Flight Sargent and Commander may get involved. The sentry is usually threatened with an article-15 for dereliction of duty, and goes on all night until he gets relieved in the am where he is called into the Flight Sgt.'s or Commander's office where he is told that it was all a joke. K.I.A Killed In Action Keys to the Submarine/Ship/Reactor (U.S. Navy) Snipe hunt - A new join is sent all over the vessel to get the keys, so the CO can get underway. Everyone tells the new person they just gave the keys to someone else, preferably far away or hard to get to. This is similar to the "Keys to aircraft" snipe hunt, since there are no keys for military ships larger than riverines and certainly no keys for submarines. KFS (U.K., Canada) Knife, fork and spoon. killick (Canada, U.K.) An old term for a homemade anchor, now used to refer to a person in the rank of Leading Seaman. This is in reference to the rank badge which historically was a single fouled anchor worn on the left arm. Also, not coincidentally, the name of Capt. Aubrey's steward, a grumpy but beloved character in the Patrick O'Brian Aubrey-Maturin series of Napoleonic naval adventures. KITDAFOS (U.K.) Kept in the dark and fed on shit kite Kilometers KMAGYOYO Kiss my ass, guys: you're on your own... (used "outside" the community of brothers or in jest) Knife and Fork School (U.S. Navy) (pejorative) The school that U.S. Navy doctors, nurses, dentists and hospital administrators go to prior to receiving their commissioning. So-called because of the belief that all they learn there are social graces. Knee-deep Navy (U.S.) U.S. Coast Guard (pejorative), so-called because of the mistaken belief the U.S. Coast Guard never sails into deep water. knock it down (Singapore) Command to get into pushup position. "You guys want to take your own sweet time...whole lot of you knock it down!" knuckle dragger (U.S. Navy Submarine Service) A Machinist's Mate Auxiliary-man, responsible for non-propulsion systems like the sanitary system or hydraulic system. The term was coined from the stereotype that Machinist Mates are not as intelligent as other rates like Radiomen or Sonar Technicians, so they rely mostly on brute strength to get their job done. (U.S. Air Force) A crew chief, also referred to as "wrench-turner" or "grease monkey". KP (U.S., Canada) Abbreviation for the obsolete term "Kitchen Police", a duty assigned (to other than food service personnel) to perform menial, but necessary, kitchen chores such as dishwashing, serving and kitchen cleaning, oftentimes as a punishment for bad behavior. It has been jocularly backronymed to "Keep Peeling", in reference to the popular perception of Soldiers peeling potatoes; however, in the United States, current Army regulations prohibit non-food services personnel from food preparation. (U.S. Marine Corps) Cynical terms for Lance Corporals , the third-lowest enlisted rank in the Marine Corps. Lance Corporal Underground (U.S. Marine Corps) refers to what the junior enlisted are saying or feeling; a more informed rumor mill. Lance Jack (U.K.) A term used to describe a Lance Corporal (LCpl) in the U.K. Armed Forces. Last Cleaning Position Left (U.S. Marine Corps) A play on the abbreviation "LCPL" for Lance Corporal , the highest non-NCO rank. used to remind a Lance Corporal that they are still subject to having to clean. latrinegram (U.S., WW2/Korea) Wild, unfounded rumor. Latrine Queen (U.S. Air Force) Title given to a trainee in basic training that is in charge of the cleaning crew of the bathrooms. Lautenberged (U.S.) Discharged due to a domestic violence conviction, named after the Lautenberg Amendment . Lawn Dart (U.S. Air Force) Pejorative nickname for the F-16 Fighting Falcon , based on its appearance and crashes early in its career. Also a pejorative nickname used by bomber pilots to refer to fighter jets. LBFM (U.S.) "Little Brown Fucking Machines." Originally coined to describe Filipina prostitutes who serviced American personnel stationed at/temporarily visiting Subic Bay Naval Base and Clark Field/Air Base ; also applied to Central American prostitutes. Highly pejorative and offensive. LBFMPBR (U.S. Navy) "Little Brown Fucking Machines, Powered By Rice". Prostitutes , specifically in the Philippines , to differentiate them from Central American LBFMs. Highly pejorative and offensive. leatherneck (U.S.) A Marine , from the high leather collar formerly worn with formal uniforms, and in fighting uniform during the days of shipborne, sword-wielding boarding parties, when Marines were issued a leather gorget . The "Fighting Leathernecks" is also the nickname of the Western Illinois University men's athletic teams, by exclusive permission of the Department of the Navy . Left Handed Salute (U.S.) Punishable action of disrespect to a superior unless right arm is immobilized or otherwise incapacitated. Reference to any action of open disrespect. leg (U.S.) non-airborne qualified Soldiers. Also LEG or LEGS (Low Energy Grunt or Low Elevation Ground Soldier). les Joyeux (France) "the joyful", Battalions de Afrique (African Discipline Battalions), named for beating jail. libo (U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps) Liberty, time away from work (after hours, on a weekend, during a port-call, etc.) not charged against leave. lickin' chicken (U.S. Army) radio-speak nonsensical version of "Lima Charlie" for "loud and clear" lifer (U.S.) A (Usually derogatory) term for a person who has been in the military a long time or plans to stay in long enough to retire, Usually a Dig it . light colonel (U.S.) A lieutenant colonel . Pejorative. light fighter (U.S. Army) Soldiers of one of the Army's Light divisions; foot infantry as opposed to mechanized units. light up (Canada) To correct someone in an extremely harsh manner, Usually involving yelling and profanity. "The RSM lit Smith up for walking on the grass." Lima Charlie (U.S.) NATO phonetic alphabet radio-speak for "Loud and clear." Lima Lima Mike Foxtrot (U.S. Army) Radio speak for "Lost Like A Mother Fucker". Little Shitty Volkswagen (Canada) Derisive backronym for "LSVW", which actually stands for "Light Support Vehicle, Wheeled". LN (U.S.) Acronym for a Local National (pronounced ELL-N). used to describe "friendly" locals who work on Army Bases in Iraq. Lobo (Singapore) Refers to individuals who, for some reason or another, are currently assigned to a unit but hold no assigned vocation. These are typically raw recruits or privates fresh from basic military training assigned to a military school or institution for further training but cannot attend the course that they have been sent for at the present time. They generally lack the skills or qualifications necessary for their military vocation and cannot function in that role as yet. Thus. they generally spend their time doing menial jobs such as cleaning or clerical work. The quasi-official term for such persons is "Temporary Support Staff". Is thought to refer to the acronym for "Left Out of Battle Order". Lock and load (U.S.) To insert a magazine of ammunition into a weapon and chamber a round. LOM (U.S. Army) Lack of motivation - A type of letter or memorandum signed by U.S. Army Ranger School students who drop out of the course by their own choice and not for medical reasons or performance. Signing a LOM is reputed to prevent voluntary drops from re-enrolling in the course and to cause long-term military career difficulties. LPC (U.S.) Leather Personnel Carriers - boots. lost the keys (U.S. Navy) After a negative incident, the Commanding Officer relinquishes some operating authority of his ship/submarine/reactor to his superiors, but without dismissal. LRA (U.S. Air Force) Lowest-ranking airman, often assigned the menial or unpleasant tasks that nobody else will do. LRSD (U.S. Army) Long Range Surveillance Detachment (pronounced LERSDEE) LRRP (U.S. Army) Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (pronounced LURP). LT (U.S.) Nickname for Lieutenant (pronounced ELL-TEE) . A pronunciation of the actual military abbreviation for Lieutenant; is becoming more common in police jargon, as well. Load Toad (U.S. Air Force) Refers to former 462XX and current 2W1X1 AFSC. Those who load ordinance onto the aircraft. Meant to be derogatory but now a term of endearment. (U.S. Air Force) aircraft avionics , especially of the glass cockpit variety. Mail Buoy Watch (U.S. Navy) A method of hazing new enlisted unrated Sailors on ships. The Sailor is told that the ship's mail is on another ship, but they cannot bring it to us. So, they tie the mailbag to a buoy and send us its location. When we pass it, the Sailor is expected to use a boathook and snag the mailbag. The Sailor is outfitted with heavy weather gear, a Mae West lifejacket, helmet and boat hook. He is then paraded around to the "compliments" of more seasoned Sailors. Maisies (Canada) Nickname for the Régiment de Maisonneuve (abbreviation "R de MAIS"). Man jammies (Canada) Nickname for the traditional knee length button shirt worn by Afghan males. Marine Proof (U.S.) An overly simple task or way of doing things. Stems from the stereotype that Marines are slow-witted or unable to handle complex operations. Slightly pejorative. Master Blaster (U.S. Army) used as a casual reference to the Master Parachutist's Badge. Also used to describe the Tank Gunner's red T-shaped handle, used in misfire procedures. Master Guns (U.S. Marine Corps) Master Gunnery Sergeant; (U.S. Navy) Gunners Mate Master Chief Master jack (Canada): An MP, descriptive of the red berets they wear as part of their uniform . Merlion (Singapore) To vomit copiously, especially after an over-indulgence of alcohol. This description of projectile vomit invokes the image of the Merlion , a tourism mascot of Singapore resembling a hybrid of fish body with a lion's head. A famous. statue of this mascot is a large fountain with water spewing from its mouth. Mermite can (U.S. Army) Officially it's the "Food Container, Insulated" which was (see Cambro) for transporting hot or cold foods from a kitchen to Soldiers in the field. Declared obsolete by the Army in 1995. However, they are still a common sight and are used by some to smuggle cold beer to the field. MFWIC Mother Fucker Who's/What's in Charge. MIA Missing in action. Midnight Requisition (U.S.) To steal, see Scrounge. To acquire supplies for a unit from another with out their approval or knowledge, usually after business hours/dark. Mike Golf (U.S.) Term meaning, Master Gunner; from the NATO phonetic alphabet . Mike Mike (U.S.) Minutes, from the NATO phonetic alphabet . Millers (U.S.) Multiple Launch Rocket System from the acronym "MLRS". MIR Commando (Canada) Soldier who is always on Sick Parade. "MIR" refers to Medical Inspection Room, the medical facilities on a Canadian Forces base. MIRS (U.S.) Multiple Launch Rocket System, a.k.a. millers. MKT (U.S.) Mobile Kitchen Trailer, a.k.a. meals on wheels MMFD (Br, Gulf War 1) Miles and miles of fucking desert, a play on KKMC. Mo Rat (Canada) "Mo", slang from Militia. A pejorative term used to belittle or insult reservists. "God damn, piece of shit Mo Rat! Junk!" Mo Trap (Canada) A person who joins the reserves because they are too young to join the regular force but after 10 years they're still in the reserves. Usually, because they were promoted quickly and slid into an easy job. If they went regular, they would be back to doing shit tasks. "I joined the Mo at 16 years old until I was old enough to go Regular Force, then I got promoted to Sergeant two years later. I can't go back to being a Private. That's bullshit!" Mob-ster (U.S. Air Force) Member of a mobile combat communications organization. Monkey shit (U.S. Navy) A type of duct seal that is pliable and waterproof. Moonbeam (U.S. Marine Corps) A flashlight . Motti Finnish military slang for a totally encircled enemy unit. The tactic of encircling it is called motitus, literally meaning the formation of an isolated block or "motti", but in effect meaning an entrapment or envelopment. Mox Nix (U.S. European Theatre) Bastardization of the German "es macht nichts", or it makes no difference. MRE (U.S.) meal-ready-to-eat, a.k.a. Mystery E, Meals Refusing to Exit and "Meals Rejected by Ethiopians". MTV (Br, WW1) Motor Transport Volunteers. Muckle (Canada) To gain/take possession of something, as in "Muckle on to those ammo cans and get over here!" Mustang (U.S.) A nickname for an officer promoted from the enlisted ranks. Can be respectful when used by enlisted ranks and seasoned officers, or pejorative when used by career-oriented and/or snooty academy-trained officers. Mystery E (U.S. Army) Term used by regular Army Soldiers to describe National Guardsmen Navy issue ass (U.S.) Term used for female Navy members in reference to their reputation of having large posteriors. NJP (U.S.) Refers to Non-Judicial Punishment under Article 15 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Essentially, legal punishment imposed by a unit commander in lieu of a trial. May be refused by a servicemember in exchange for a court martial and (almost invariably) a stiffer punishment. No Duff (U.K., Canada, Singapore, Australia) Not a training scenario: "I say again, we have No Duff Casualty, over." Nonner (U.S. Air Force) Personnel who are not in a flightline AFSC. Derived from "Non-Sortie Producing Motherfucker". November Golf (U.S.) Phonetically stating NG for NO GO, literally, to fail. Army evaluations are scored as either GO/NO-GO instead of Pass/Fail. That's a big November Golf chief. NOF (U.S.M.C) Acronym for Non-Operating Fuck. Refers to Marines that are not 3531 Motor Transport Operators. Any other Marine besides them that has a license to drive a tactical vehicle and isn't a 3531, they are NOFs. Pronounced (naw-fs). NO GO Nazi (U.S.) An especially strict evaluator who seems to take pleasure in giving NO-GOs. NS (Canada) Not Serviceable, a term to describe equipment that is no longer serviceable. Also describe someone who is incompetent: "That guy is NS". NUB (U.S.) (Submarine Service) Abbreviation for 'Non-Useful body' or 'Non-Useful bitch'--a new enlisted crewmember who has not yet completed the qualification process to earn their vaunted Submariner's Warfare Badge, otherwise known as their 'Dolphins'. New definition for term "New Underway Buddy" was coined to allow its continued use despite new stricter hazing rules. Nug Away (U.S. Army) To work diligently at a tedious. task. nugget (U.S. Air Force and Navy) An inexperienced pilot or aircrew member. Nuke 1. (U.S. Navy) Naval nuclear personnel (Naval personnel who operate nuclear reactors and related machinery) . 2. Also refers to ordnance type that is neither confirmed nor denied, and is handled by a different Department (See "Weaponettes") . 3. (U.S. Navy) To make a simple task unnecessarily complicated. "Don't nuke this up - it's just stenciling your skivvies." 4. (U.S. Navy) To solve a problem. "I'm not really sure how that works, you'll just have to nuke it out." Number One (RN) The First Lieutenant of a vessel. Numpty (U.K., Canada) An individual who just doesn't get it; Frequently found getting "Jacked up" Nutsack Term used for the 100-round ammo holder on a M249 Squad Automatic Weapon. Narrower at its point of connection to the weapon than at the middle. Hence, its resemblance to a scrotum. Nut to Butt (U.S. Army, U.S. Navy): A phrase to tell Soldiers or Sailors to tighten-up a single file line, generally used in Basic Training (e.g., a chow line, equipment issue, etc.) Nylon Letdown (WWII Allies) (U.S. Marine Corps) Non-Judicial Punishment under Article 15 of the UCMJ. See Captain's Mast. OFP (U.S. Marine Corps) Own Fucking Program, a term given to a Marine who doesn't follow an order given or is not following the Marine Corps standard OG (Indian Army) Olive Green used to refer to the uniform worn, sometimes can be used to describe a person(officer/NCO) who is more strict or disciplined. Old man, the (U.S., U.K.) The unit commander. In practice, this term is often used even when the commander is female. A term of affection and respect. NEVER used (U.S.) in the personal presence of the Old Man. See CO. O Early Hundred, O Dark O'clock, O Dark 30 Hours, 0 Dark Early, O Dark Stupid (U.S., Canada) Very early morning or any time before sunrise. Also O Late Hundred, etc. for night. Often, these terms overlap - 0200 is both too early and too late. On the double (U.S. Navy, Marines) As quickly as possible; without delay. On your face (U.S. Army) Do pushups. One Cheek Lean (U.S. Marine Corps) Term used to respond in the affirmative to a question, acknowledge an order, or generally to express enthusiasm. Operation Full Bird (U.S. Army) Commands given by a LTC (0-5) with the hope of being noticed by a promotion board. Used derogatively by enlisted Soldiers required to carry out the mission. Operation Golden Flow (U.S. Air Force) Getting called from the orderly room, first sergeant, or commander's support staff to show up and sign a form. Then the joy of visiting the health and wellness center to provide a urine sample for the cause. ORSE (U.S. Navy) The Operational Reactor Safeguards Exam. A 24 hour exam where the ship's ability to operate the nuclear reactor during normal and casualty situations is tested. Also the crew's knowledge is examined and all facets of nuclear system maintenance, procedures, and documentation are reviewed. (Note: The Navy's standards are usually ten times more stringent than the NRC 's) Oscar-Mike (U.S.) On the Move, from the phonetic alphabet. O silly hundred hours (U.K.) Very early in the morning. Also "Zero Dark Thirty" O Dark Thirty (U.S.) Very early in the morning O Dark Stupid (Can) Very early in the morning. Overhead (U.S. Navy, Marines) The deck above you while aboard a ship; Used ashore to refer to the ceiling of a room, as well. Over The Hill (Singapore) "The sick and the crippled", those with a profile. Sometimes slurred to Pikachu . P.A.P.E.R. C.L.I.P (U.S.) People Against People Ever Re-enlisting—Civilian Life Is Preferred. Also People Against People Ever Re-enlisting Civilian Life Incentive Program. An acronym often used by military personnel whose enlistment is almost finished and have a cynical and jaded take on their time left in the military. Often this person will wear a paper clip on the brim of their hat as an act of defiance or snubbing of military authority. Marine Corps often wear the paper clip inside their cammie blouse where most people keep a pen. Some have gone so far as to take a large paperclip and put it in their blouse pocket and iron over it repeatedly so the outline is visible. PBI (British, WWI) Poor Bloody Infantry Pea Shooter (U.S. Army) 1. Term used by 155mm Artillery Cannon Crewmembers referring to the much smaller and less powerful 105mm Artillery Cannons. 2. Term used by Artillerymen for anything less powerful than a Howitzer. Example: M-16 Rifle or Mortars. Peacock (U.S.) Has every certification bag or tab authorized to wear on the uniform of the day and thinks they're better then everyone and can pick up anyone. Pear-shaped (U.K. ) Badly wrong or awry (as in "to go pear-shaped ") . Not a military term, strictly speaking, as it is in general use by civilians in the U.K.. People Tank (U.S. Navy) Term used by submarine personnel to refer to the interior of the submarine (see Fish Tank) . Penguin (U.K. RAF) Aircrews term for ground crew. "All flap and no fly." Penis Peelers (U.S.) Hands (U.S. synonym: Dick Beaters) Perfect for Cleaning; Personnel for Cleaning (U.S. Army and Marines) Unenthusiastic synonyms for Privates First Class (PFCs) in the Army and the Marine Corps. Professional Fucking Custodian (U.S. Air Force) An F-4 Phantom mechanic. Phone Colonel / Commander (U.S.) An O5 or O4 who introduce him- or herself as "Colonel or Commander" over the phone in hopes of being mistaken for a the higher rank. Pill Pusher (U.S. Navy) Hospital Corpsman. Also called Pecker Checker, Dick Smith, or Chancre Mechanic. Pilot (RN) The Navigating Officer of a ship. Pilot before Pontius. (RAF) "I was a pilot before Pontius." (i.e., Pontius Pilate ) means that the pilot is very experienced. Pineapple (U.S., World War II) Slang for a hand grenade, due to the pineapple-like shape of army issue Mk. II hand grenades. (U.S., pejorative) person from Hawaii (not necessarily ethnic Polynesian). Pinger (RN) Anti-Submarine helicopter and crew. Derived from the dipping sonar. PINGERS (U.S. Air Force) Persons In Need of Graduation, Education, Recreation, and Sex. Term used for young non-prior-service Air Force personnel graduated from basic training and enrolled in technical training. See also pipeliner. Pipeliner (U.S. Air Force) A non-prior-service Air Force member enrolled in initial technical training. Pit (U.S. Marine Corps) Large Sand pits at MCRD that are used for a platoon Trashing by Drill Instructors. See Thrashing. Pitching a tent (U.S. Navy, especially Boot Camp) One who masturbates at night under his blanket. Plastic Bug (U.S. Navy) Nickname for the F/A-18 Hornet . Plat Daddy/Mama (U.S. Army) Platoon sergeant. Plebe Freshman at the United States Naval Academy or United States Military Academy (a freshman at the United States Air Force Academy is a "Doolie" or a "Smack") . PLF (U.S. Army) Parachute Landing Fall. PLUG (Canada) Private Learning Under a Gun, this Soldier is so stupid he needs a gun to his head to understand (this usage is possibly a backronym for plug, which the Oxford English Dictionary defines as an "incompetent or undistinguished person" [4] , usage dating to 1848) PMCS (U.S.) Park the Mother and Call the Shop, a play on the official meaning: Preventative Maintenance Checks and Services. Po Bosun (RN) The senior petty officer medical assistant on board a ship; po is British slang for a chamber pot, the implication being that he was in charge of emptying the chamber pots in the sickbay. Pocket billiards (Singapore) Walking around with one's hands in his pockets, referring to someone beating off, as in 'Stop playing pocket billiards when I'm talking to you!' Pocket Rocket (U.S. Air Force) A ballistic missile warfare insignia. POG (U.S.) Person (or personnel) Other than Grunt. Rhymes with "rogue". Used by combat arms Soldiers to describe anyone in a support Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) . Also used by infantrymen to describe anyone other than an infantryman. Pogs The cardboard gift certificates circulated by AAFES shops in theater during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. They are used to save the cost of shipping regular U.S. coinage across seas, and resemble collectable milk caps, the most popularly produced by the "POG" company POL (U.S. Army) Petroleum, Oil, Lubricants. Shorthand for gasoline, diesel, or other fuel. Pronounced by letter, "Pee-Oh-Ell". Poles in the Holes (U.S. Navy Nuclear Program) To SCRAM the nuclear reactor. Poo-tang A term used to describe "pussy" during Vietnam. Pooka (U.S. Submarine Service) Area for storage, smaller than a closet, larger than a cabinet. Small workspace separated by partitions. Pop Smoke (U.S.) Call for extraction. Alternately to leave work or complete an period of service. Pop Tart (U.S. Air Force) An Airman whose technical training school is 6 weeks or less. Popcorn Colonel An O5 (Lieutenant Colonel). Called this because the insignia is an oak leaf and looks like a kernel of popcorn. Pork chop (U.S.) Term for the 200-round drum used with an M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW). Potato Masher (Allied, World War II) Slang for Nazi German hand grenades due to their distinctive shape. POV (U.S.) Privately Owned Vehicle. Pronounced, "Pee-Oh-Vee." PowerPoint Commando / PowerPoint Ranger A briefer notorious. for producing overly complex briefs in PowerPoint that are too long and use too many effects, such as animations and sounds. PRC-E6 (or E7, E8, etc.) (U.S.) A non-existent item that a new join to a unit may be sent to acquire and bring back, typically from an NCO of a particular grade (PRC is a common prefix in designations for radio or other communications equipment and is pronounced "prick". The combination of this pronunciation plus the "E-" rating makes up the joke.) Prick-6 (U.S. Army) Vietnam-era shorthand for the PRC-6 radio carried by platoons. Also applied to the "Prick-25", a backpack carried radio used by company-sized units. Profile a flat piece of scenery or stage property that has been cut so as to form an outline or silhouette of an object. Promotion Pads (Canada) Initial issued knee pads that are never worn under any circumstance. Unless you spend your career on your knees sucking the chain-of-command's dick. Provisional Wing of Tesco's (U.K.) Royal Logistics Corps nickname combining Provisional IRA with a famous. supermarket in the U.K.. PT Rat (see Belching Buzzard) a derogatory reference to the 101st Airborne's Eagle crest. Pull chocks (U.S. Air Force) to leave a bar, for example to abandon a crappy party. (U.S. Navy) to leave. Refers to removing the wheel chocks when an aircraft is ready to taxi away. Punch out (U.S. Air Force) to eject from an aircraft. Has acquired the meaning to separate from the service, or resign from the Academy. Purple Suiter (U.S.) A person who is serving in an all-service (Army, Navy and Air Force) position. An example would be a Naval officer who manages fuel for all military units in an area or major command. Purple Trade ( Canada) A support trade, such as an admin clerk, driver, medical officer, etc. Support trades are shared by all three services in the Canadian Forces. Puzzle Palace (U.S.) The National Security Agency headquarters at Fort Meade , Maryland. This comes originally from the book titled The Puzzle Palace written by James Bamford about the National Security Agency . Pump and Dump (All services) . To have sex. PX Ranger (U.S. Army) . A Soldier who purchases and wears badges, tabs, and insignia without having graduated from the appropriate corresponding schools, usually without the approval of the chain of command. (UK) Spoon for eating rations very quickly whilst in the field. Rack (U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) Bed. rack burn (U.S. Navy) The imprint on someone's face after waking up from the Navy-issue lightweight blankets that look something like grill marks on meat. This is implied towards a Sailor who seems to spend too much time sleeping. rack ops (U.S. Marine Corps) The time for sleep, if permitted, while in the field. rack PT (U.S. Marine Corps) Refers to either skipping unit or section PT in favor of staying in bed. Pussy Time. radioing the logs (U.S. Navy) Recording engineering log data via mental telepathy (see "Xoxing Logs" below) . Raf (U.K.) The Royal Air Force, as pronounced acronymically. Raghead (U.S., U.K.) Popularized by the Gulf and Iraq wars. A term referring to the enemy, or any terrorist. Railroad Tracks (U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force) Captain's insignia (2 bars linked together at the top and bottom, Lieutenant in Navy and U.S. Coast Guard). Rainbow Flight (U.S. Air Force) Refers to a brand-new flight of Trainees in Basic Military Training, whom are characterized by the "rainbow" of civilian clothes prior to being issued uniforms. Ranger beads (U.S. Army) A string of pace count beads used during orienteering exercises. Ranger blanket (Canada) A lightweight thermal blanket. The first ones used were poncho liners imported from the United States military. Ranger file (U.S. Army) Single file line. Ranger grave (U.S. Army) Slang, slightly pejorative term for a hasty fighting position, so named because it is barely deep enough for an individual to lie prone in. Ranger roll (U.S. Army) A patrol cap with the top rolled slightly under so that the cap sits higher on the head. Ranger TV (U.S. Army) Fire. Rat Fuck (U.S.) Term used for the action of going through a MRE box before chow time selecting the best meal for oneself. Also used to describe taking preferred items out of MRE's. Could also be used to describe a random mess. RCH (U.S. Air Force) Red Cunt Hair. Means a very small quantity, tiny amount, or just a little bit. RCPO (U.S. Navy) Recruit designation in Navy Boot Camp, pronounced Are-Pock, for Recruit Chief Petty Officer. Normally, all recruits get a chance to be RCPO for one day when everyone else realizes that they suck at it. Next day, a new RCPO is chosen. The one who remains last is normally the guy who is too scared to say he can't do it, so he sticks with it. Typically this job is volunteered for by those who will eventually be labeled 'diggits' by others. (See 'diggit') . Rear-D (U.S.) Rear Detachment, the part of a unit that stays home when the unit is deployed. Recce (Canada, U.K., and Commonwealth) Reconnaissance. Traditionally used by Commonwealth militaries, though beginning to find more common usage in the United States. In South Africa , the term "Recces" colloquially refers to the South African Special Forces Brigade . Rectal Cranial Inversion (U.S.) To have one's head up one's ass. Also "Cranial Rectosis." Redleg (U.S.) An artilleryman. Refers to red leggings worn by some artillerymen in the 19th century. red-light ranger (U.S.) A Soldier who spends much of his pay at the red-light district. red on red (U.S.) Describes a situation when two enemy groups fight each other, leaving the U.S. force in advantage. Ex. Al-Qaeda terrorists fighting Sunni insurgents in Al Anbar, Iraq. red star cluster (U.S.) A distress call; literally refers to the hand-launched red pyrotechnic signal flare. In non-combat situations, acknowledgement of a precarious situation or need for help. A humorous derivation is brown star cluster for metaphorical panicked defecation. regimental groundsheet (Canada; pejorative) A promiscuous. female Soldier. "Groundsheet" is a term for a tarpaulin-like sheet used either for shelter or, in this case, protection from wet or cold ground; "regimental", in this case, refers to scope of usage. Relish Suit (Canada) Informal nickname used by some to refer to the temperate woodland Canadian Disruptive Pattern (CADPAT) uniforms. REMF (U.S., U.K. and Canadian Army) Rear Echelon Motherfucker . This is a term used negatively to describe a Soldier who is safely far from the front lines, such as a paper-pusher, support personnel or aide to a general. Rent-A-Crowd Often used in reference to farewell ceremonies or changes of command, this refers to a crowd that is gathered to attend an optional function only because they were ordered to. Repple Depple (U.S.) Replacement Depot. Any given assigned location near an area of operations where replacement troops are sent prior to assignment, or where troops are sent prior to rotation back home. Retarded Over-Trained Children (U.S.) Reserve Officer Training Corps or R.O.T.C. Pejorative. Rhino (U.S.) A nickname for the F-4 Phantom II, in reference to its, for the time, large radome. Ricky Boxing (U.S. Navy, especially Boot Camp) One who spends much of his day (and possibly night) beating off. Also: Ricky Boxing Champion would refer to a Recruit who beat off the most during Boot Camp. Ricky Fishing (U.S. Navy) Similar to Ricky Boxing above, only applicable for females. Ricky Ninja (U.S. Navy) A Sailor recruit in boot camp who does any variety of nefarious. things, particularly at night or when they have little chance of being caught. Activities could include, (but are not limited to,) stealing, vandalism, hazing, etc. In this form, it is derogatory. In a more jocular form, it can be used to refer to a fellow Sailor, or even yourself. Typically used during "service week" (week 5 of Naval boot camp, when a recruit is given an assigned task in various areas of the base) if the recruit works the mess hall and sneaks away to shirk one's duties, or "steal" cereal boxes or food for oneself or their friends. Ricky Recruit (U.S. Navy) A new Sailor, especially in boot camp, that exemplifies the "perfect Sailor" by never messing up, always following orders, etc.; much to the chagrin of his or her fellow recruits. May be jocular or pejorative, but mostly used as a derogatory term. Ripple (Pejorative) A military academy graduate, particularly one who calls attention to the fact. RMO Round Metal Object; slang for "coin" - specifically the unit's challenge coin. ROAD (U.S.) Retired On Active Duty. The condition of having no motivation and productivity within months of retirement. Invariably pejorative. ROMFT (Royal Navy) Roll On My F****** Time. The condition of having no motivation and productivity within months of retirement. rock (U.S.) A particularly stupid Soldier. From "Dumber than a box of rocks". Ironically, the term Sergeant Rock, based on the name of a comic, is a term for a heroic combat Soldier. rock (RAF) Member of the RAF Regiment (shortened form of rock ape) rock and roll (U.S.) The fully automatic fire setting on a weapon. "The M16 selector switch has three settings: safe, semi-automatic, and rock-and-roll." rock apes (RAF) The RAF Regiment , stereotyped in the RAF as being rather stupid. It does not come from the barbary apes of the Rock of Gibraltar , who were fed by the RAF Regiment during World War II, but rather from an incident when one rock officer shot another having mistaken him for a rock ape. rocks and shoals (U.S. Navy) Navy rules and regulations. roll in on (U.S. Air Force) To engage in the initial maneuver of an attack. ROP's (British Army) Restriction of Privileges Rotorhead (U.S.) Term for helicopter aviators Roundel Airways (British Army) The RAF , from their aircraft identification markings. Rounds Complete RTB 1. (U.S.) Term meaning "Return To Base." Usually used when a mission is finished, supplies are exhausted, or base wants to regroup. 2. (U.S. Air Force Academy) "Rag Tag Bastards"; any graduating class which has red as its class color. Each class is either a gold, silver, blue, or red class, when the senior class graduates, their class color is passed to the incoming class. run money (U.S.) 19th Century Navy term for a reward paid for the return of a deserter . Rupert Ruptured Duck (U.S.) The Honorable Service award given to U.S. service members who were discharged under honorable conditions during or just after World War II . Also used to describe the recipient; refers to the awkward appearance of the spread-wing eagle of the emblem. RTU (U.K. and Canada) "Returned To Unit"—sent back to the home regiment or base from a specialized training establishment as the result of failure or disciplinary action. "After the mess had been cleared up there was only one outcome … RTU!" (Singapore) Refers to one who is volunteered by superiors to do (usually) menial work. Sammy (U.S. Army) Term referring to a Somalia native. Used in the early 1990's by Soldiers deployed there. sandbag (Ireland) Term referring to reserve Soldier. sandbagging (U.S. Army, Canada) Term referring to a Soldier who is performing his duties inefficiently or with laziness. Ex: "That Soldier is sandbagging it." [see "goldbricking," "shitbagging"] sandbox (U.S.) Informal term for a forward deployed location. Also a miniature model of an area for troops to study for familiarization before an operation. (U.S.) An Arab person. Highly pejorative and offensive. Sarge (U.S., U.K.) Informal for Sergeant . Sometimes objected to by sergeants, and largely outdated. Sarnt (U.S. Army, Canada, and U.K.) Slang mispronunciation of Sergeant . sat (U.S.) Satisfactory, as opposed to Unsat. (U.K.) Soldier Awaiting Training - Soldier who is not currently posted awaiting training. SBO (Singapore) Skeletal Battle Order; officially refers to an infantryman's basic combat equipment, without field pack or field supplies. In slang usage, refers specifically to the old-style combat webbing and attached pouches, as opposed to the newer MOLLE-compatible load-bearing vest which is currently replacing it. scablifter (U.K. RN) Medical branch rating. scaly, or scaly back (U.K.) A signaler. It is suggested that this term comes from the figure of Mercury on their cap badges, who appears to have fish-like scales on his back. An alternative version is that it is related to the fact that old radios used to leak battery acid on the back of the man carrying it - hence they had a scaly back. scoff (RAF) Thin band in the centre of a squadron leader's rank badge. screen-saver face (Singapore) To be dreaming when one is supposed to be alert. Also 'Stone' screw the pooch (U.S. Military and civilian) To badly err or mess up. (Canada) To shirk one's duties. Used as an euphemism for dog fucking (see Dog Fuck .) screwed, blued and tattooed (U.S. Navy) Used to describe common liberty activities in some ports. Getting "Screwed, blued and tattooed" can imply a fun liberty, one where someone got in trouble for various. reasons, or one where the Sailors simply saw everything there was to see in a given port. scrounge (U.S. Navy) A Sailor who does not keep his body clean. (U.S. Army & Air Force) A very important member of a unit, a Soldier who can obtain any materials and/or equipment, usually by other than normal channels. scuttlebutt (U.S. Navy) Rumor or gossip, deriving from the nautical term for the cask used to serve water (or, later, a water fountain). See scuttlebutt . seabag (U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) Issue green canvas or cordura bag used to transport personal effects. seabag drag (U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) Routine of travel referring to the waiting period often encountered when transferring flights or waiting assignment to flight manifest. sea daddy (U.S./U.K. Navy) A senior enlisted man who acts as a guide to a junior (usually a "newbie"), showing him the ropes and guiding his early career. The civilian police equivalent is called a "rabbi". sea donkey Pejorative. A Derogatory term for a female Sailor. seagull Colonel A colonel who swoops in, makes a mess on (craps on) everything, and swoops out again. sea hag A Derogatory term for a female Sailor. sea pup (U.S. Navy) The junior enlisted who is guided by the Sea Daddy. sea lawyer (U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard, RN) A Sailor, probably too smart for his own good, who thinks he knows all of the regulations and quotes them to get out of either work or trouble. Other U.S. and U.K. military equivalent is "Barrack Room Lawyer" (U.K.), and "Barracks Lawyer" or, more crudely, "Shithouse Lawyer" (U.S.). Sec(k) Daddy/Mama (U.S.) Section sergeant. seen (Canada infantry) Used as a confirmation for a visual reference; used to confirm understanding of orders, similar usage as Hooah self-loading cargo Passengers boarding a transport aircraft. semi-skimmed (U.K. Royal Marines) Referring to their Green Berets, due to green lidded semi-skimmed milk cartons and bottles available in the U.K.. semper fu (U.S. Marine Corps) Refers to the Marine Corps Martial Arts Program, the hand-to-hand combat system used by the Marines, which has different levels of belts (tan, grey, green, brown, black) for different levels. Combination of "Semper Fi" and "kung-fu". Senior Airman of the Air Force (U.S. Air Force) An overzealous. Senior Airman. Sergeant Rock (U.S.) Based on the name of a comic book, is a term for a highly competent and heroic combat Soldier. Serve And Fuckoff (Singapore) Backronym for the Singapore Armed Forces, generally used by conscript soldiers whose primary concern is to finish their obligation and get back to civilian life. Not to be used within earshot of senior NCOs or officers. severn nursery (U.S.) refers to the United States Naval Academy located on the banks of the Severn River in Maryland. A pejorative used by Navy enlisted personnel. shack (U.S. Air Force) A direct hit against a ground target, often used as praise. shack rat (Canada) A term used to describe promiscuous. female civilians who come to military barracks to sleep with random Soldiers. shacks (U.S.) A master of shamming. sham shield (U.S. Army) A term used for the Army's Specialist rank. Meaning that a Specialist can now get privates to do their work. Also, because a specialist is not accountable for anything, but still has authority. Also known as a chicken on a platter, because of the eagle in the middle of the shield. Sharkfin (U.S. Air Force) used at Beale AFB, including accompanying deployed locations and S. Korea, referring to a particular person that cannot perform his duties adequately, namely in aircraft maintenance. shavetail (U.S.) (Also spelled "shave-tail") A derogatory term for a Second Lieutenant , or for a female servicemember. Compare with "Split Tail". Sheet Metal (Canada) A very condescending and uncomplimentary term for civilians (Civvies), especially those who do not agree with the military perspective about something. shellback (All English-speaking navies, originally U.K.) A Sailor who has crossed the Equator during a tour. There is a "Crossing the Line" ceremony where all Shellbacks kindly harass the new initiates - called tadpoles or pollywogs - to initiate them into the position of Shellback. The senior Shellback aboard presides as King Neptune 's personal representative. shiney-arse (U.K.) Regimental Admin Officers and those in similar desk-bound posts. The green polyester "barrack trousers" formerly worn by Army office workers did indeed acquire a certain shine to the seat after prolonged contact with an office chair. Shiny guys/Shiny (U.S. Army) Officers. Also see Brass. shipwreck tech Mildly derogative term for the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis . Common among graduates of West Point. Shirt (U.S. Air Force) Respectful term to address an Air Force First Sergeant. For example, "Hey Shirt, got a minute?" Shitbird (U.S. Marine Corps)Derogatory name for a Marine that is not squared away in appearance or discipline. shit hot (U.S.) Outstanding, hardcore, tactically proficient. For example, "Second platoon was looking shit hot today in the shoot house." Shithook (U.S.) CH-47 'Chinook' cargo helicopter. shitmate (U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) Derogative term Used often by Marines when referring to Navy Sailors. shit on a shingle (sometimes abbreviated S.O.S.) (U.S.) Chipped beef on toast . shit patrol (U.S. Army) Term used to describe being selected for latrine duty in the field or the practice of burning the buckets of shit, with diesel fuel, collected from the field latrines. To be selected means you have "shit patrol". shit pump or pump (Canada) A person who displays a poor attitude, meets the bare minimum standard, an overall bad Soldier. "Bloggins is a real shit pump". shoe (U.S. Navy) Short for "black shoe", a surface warfare officer. Pejorative. Compare "brown shoe". shoe clerk (U.S. Air Force) Someone who works a desk job in the military, has no idea what military operations really are, is convinced that his relatively meaningless, bureaucratic job is the most important function in the military, and causes the people doing the real mission to waste time and resources on his petty, trivial tasks. See queep. shooting pool with the Captain (U.S.) A U.S. Navy term for captain's mast (non-judicial punishment presided by the unit commanding officer) . This refers to the green felt cloth draped over the commanding officer's table during mast. The green cloth is a tradition dating to the Royal Navy in the 15th century that is symbolic for the Captain's mastery of the seas. shovel patrol (U.K.) Leaving your Unit area with a spade in order to defecate. short or short-timer (U.S.) Term coined during Vietnam era to describe personnel approaching the end of their tour and/or term of service. Usually announced in an obnoxious and rowdy manner — examples: "I'm so short I had to parachute out of bed this morning and accidentally landed in my boot!", "I'm so short I could sit on a piece of paper and dangle my legs over the edge!" Modified into "short-timer" in the modern military era. Short Bus (U.S.) The MRAP (Mine Resistant Ambush Protectant) vehicle, because of its appearance. shower-shoe (U.S.) Pair of rubber sandals (a.k.a. "flip-flops") issued to recruits to prevent infections from the use of community or shared showers. See also Jesus. shoes. Also used as a slightly pejorative term for junior servicemember. Comes from the perception that new personnel still wear their footwear in the shower, as mandated in boot camp or basic training. shower tech (U.S. Navy) Pejorative term for Sonar Technicians who are perceived to never get dirty from their work, which mostly involves sitting in front of computer screens and seem to have a lot of off-watch time as compared to other enlisted rates, hence the ability to take a shower whenever. Shut up and Color Often told to someone of equal or lower rank, telling them to quit complaining. See also 'Suck Thumb'. sick, lame and lazy The group of military personnel on 'sick call' or excused from duty for injury or illness -- a half-joking reference to malingering . sickbay commando (U.S.) A servicemember found often in sickbay (a hospital or infirmary) , usually in lieu of difficult work or PT. sick-call ranger (U.S. Army) someone who is "hardcore" about malingering. Also, the more-recent 'sick-call ninja', 'master of malingering', 'clinic ninja' or 'profile ranger'. Sierra Hotel 1. Shit's Hot- Refers to actions that are particularly awesome or high-speed. Used as a compliment when someone is doing well. 2. The NATO phonetic alphabet abbreviation for Shit Hot. It is considered high praise and is the pilot's favorite and all-purpose expression of approval. For example, "That Sierra Hotel pilot just shot down six MiGs and an ICBM !" This is the "polite" military way to say that something is very impressive, and has come into use outside the military. Sierra Tango Foxtrot Uniform Shut The Fuck Up ( NATO phonetic alphabet ). sig (U.S. Navy) A signature on a qualification card (a card that shows you are ready to stand a particular watch) . There are many, many "qual cards" in the Navy that must be completed before being allowed to take an exam or be interviewed by a board to be qualified to stand a particular watch or role. Some qual cards and their individual sigs can be easy or extremely difficult to obtain. In some cases a junior Sailor going for a sig may not only have to prove his/her knowledge to a senior crewmember, but also do something extra for that signature--such as performing a minor menial task or bringing a small bribe like a can of soda. Silver bullet Rectal thermometer used on boots who over heat during boot camp. Also known as a magic bullet. Silver side (U.S. Coast Guard) . The U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, which wears silver insignia of office (since Auxiliarists have no military rank). See gold side. silly buggers (Canada) A sarcastic reference to "playing army" when an individual must act upon the fictional events taking place in a field exercise. "...Since Jesus was a Corporal" (U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps) For a very long time. e.g.,: "I haven't been home since Jesus. was a Corporal." Sith Gear (U.S. Marine Corps) Organizational equipment issued to a Marine from his unit and kept by the Marine as personal gear, but is expected to be returned in serviceable condition upon that Marine's detachment from the unit. Usually refers to load-bearing equipment, rucksacks, body armor, helmets and other field gear. From the warrior Sith lords in the "Star Wars" franchise. six, six and a kick (U.S.) Six months confinement, six months loss of pay, reduction in grade to E-1, Bad Conduct Discharge; formerly the most severe penalty that could be awarded by a special court martial . A special court martial can now adjudge 12 months confinement. Skillfully Acquire (Canada) To steal, without the negative connotation. Used by seniors to circumvent the regulations on giving unlawful orders, i.e., stealing. skimmer puke (English speaking Navies) Submariner's pejorative term for Sailors on surface warships, especially destroyers and frigates . The ships are often referred simply as "targets", even if speaking of one's own Navy. skittle (U.S. Navy) A term used by ship's crew for an Airman on an aircraft carrying vessel referring to the multi-colored candy " Skittles ". Aircraft handling crew (and some ship's crew) wear colored pull-over shirts depending on their job which stands out to the majority of a ship's crewmen in plain blue uniforms. Sleaford Technical College, Sleaford Tech (RAF) The Royal Air Force College Cranwell slick-sleeve (U.S. Air Force) Lowest enlisted grade (E-1), so named because no stripe is awarded until the grade of E-2 (Airman) is achieved. slider (U.S. Navy) Chow hall cheeseburger. slop bucket (U.S. Navy) Used by Navy air traffic controllers to refer to a metal or plastic bucket that excess coffee and coffee grounds are disposed into. Each day the Slop Bucket PO (Petty Officer) - normally a non-petty officer rank, E1-E3 - is charged with disposing of the contents and cleaning the bucket for the following day. Slop Bucket PO is not a legitimate collateral duty, but still a common duty given to junior air traffic controllers prior to receiving any controller qualifications. slope/slopehead (U.S.) A derogatory term for an Asian enemy Soldier used extensively in Vietnam. slow-mover badge Purple Heart Award SLUF (U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy) Short Little Ugly Fucker (Clean Short Little Ugly Fellow) Description and term of affection for the A-7 Corsair II attack aircraft. sluggie (Ireland) Term referring to reserve Sailor. SMACK An acronym short for "Soldier Minus. Ability, Coordination, and Knowledge", refers to a fourth-class cadet (freshman) at the United States Air Force Academy (also called a "doolie"). Smash Pissers (Canada) To have sex with. Ex "Man, I'd smash pissers with her any day." . SMB (ex-Yugoslavia) "sivo maslinasta boja" (grayish olive green color); the typical green color of army uniforms in ex-Yugoslavia. smell your own musk (U.S.) General term for a person acting more important than they are. Like they are getting high from smelling themselves. Common among E-4 (SPC) in leadership positions. Use started in Afghanistan. Usage: "He was talking back to me like he was smelling his own musk." smoke (verb) (U.S. Army) Term to describe punishment of minor offenses by means of excessive physical training. Usage: "The drill instructor smoked me for talking back." See U.S. Marine Corps term Thrashed Smokey Bear (U.S.) General term for a Drill Instructors' (Marine Corps), Drill Sergeants' (Army), Military Training Instructors' (Air Force) or Company Commanders' (U.S. Coast Guard) wide-brimmed hat. Properly called a campaign hat and formerly standard uniform issue in the Army and Marine Corps (per-WWII). Also called "round brown hat". SNAFU (U.S.) Acronym for "Situation Normal, All Fucked Up"; dating probably before World War II, Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "an expression conveying the common Soldier's laconic acceptance of the disorder of war and the ineptitude of his superiors" [5] . It began to enter the everyday American lexicon shortly after the war. It also spawned other acronyms denoting increasing states of "fucked up": 'FUMTU': Fucked Up More Than Usual 'TARFU': Things Are Really Fucked Up 'FUBB': Fucked Up Beyond Belief ' FUBAR ': Fucked Up Beyond All Recognition (or Repair) 'JANFU': Joint Army-Navy Fuck-Up (U.S. Army) Special Forces snake pit (U.S.) An Air Force term for the TI table in a dining facility at BMT or a situation where many people are critically watching for the slightest break in protocol, usually award events or promotion ceremonies. Snake pit (Australian) the sergeant's mess or senior non commissioned officer mess. sniper check (Canada and U.S.) A salute rendered to an officer in a field environment, where salutes are normally proscribed because they identify officers to the enemy. snipes (U.S.) Members of the engineering crew on a naval vessel (usually submarines). snivel gear, snivel kit (U.S., Canada) Creature comfort items such as Gore-Tex clothing, sleeping bag, etc. SNOB (U.S. Navy) Acronym for Shortest Nuke On Board. The nuke on board a submarine with the least amount of time left on board; usually someone on their first and only enlistment, without any intention of re-enlisting. snot locker (U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) Nose. snotty (Canada and U.K.) An untrained subordinate officer in the Navy. A naval cadet in Canada, or a midshipman in the U.K. SOC (Singapore) Standard Obstacles Course. A 1600-meter course with 11 obstacles. soup sandwich (U.S.) Insult often used in Basic Combat Training, referring to an action, uniform or task done inefficiently or improperly. Example: "Your uniform is all messed up, looking like a soup sandwich." soup coolers (U.S.) refers to one's mouth." SP (U.S. Army) Start point. The location where and point in time when travel starts. Sparks or Sparky (U.S.) Anyone who deals with radios or things electronic. speed bump (U.S. Army) Pejorative term used by armor personnel to describe infantry. See also "crunchie." Sperm on a Sponge (Canada) Technical term for the individually wrapped decontamination wipes issued with CF gasmasks Split (Canada) derogatory reference to early female members of the Navy. Short for split-ass. Split Tail (U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps) derogatory reference to any female. Spook (U.S., U.K.) A spy. Used for anyone in the CIA , NSA , NRO , DIA , MI5 or MI6 . In the military, one who deals with the gathering of electronic intelligence. Spot (U.S. Army) An ROTC cadet or Warrant Officer 1. See "Dot." Derogatory Spotlight Ranger (U.S. Army) One who puts forth his best effort only when he is receiving attention. Sprocket Grease (U.S.) Term used by tracked vehicle operators referring to foot Soldiers. Squaddie (U.K.) An enlisted member of the British army, lower ranks only. (U.K.) Short for Squadron Leader squared away cleaned up; in military shape; ready for inspection. squawk (U.K.) a member of the Army Air Corps squid/squiddly (U.S.) A U.S. Navy Sailor. Often used with derogatory intent. Inspired naming of the cartoon character Squiddly Diddly , a squid in a Sailor suit. Squidward has also been used in recent years, lifted from the name of a character from the Sponge Bob Square Pants cartoon. STAB (British Army) Stupid Territorial Army Bastard. Pejorative Acronym. Stacking Swivel (U.S.) Originally parts of a military-issue rifle (the stacking swivel was located near the muzzle, in front of the forward sling swivel, and was used to hook the rifles together when stacking arms). Now used to refer to a male Soldier's throat, and always used in the phrase "pick you up by your stacking swivel" to connote that the speaker, usually a DI, metaphorically intends to bodily move you from one place to another. Example: "Son, if you don't move pronto, I'm gonna’ pick you up by your stacking swivel and put you in the proper position of attention." "I'm gonna’ grab you by the stacking swivel and shake the stupid out of you!" stand tall (U.S.) Used as a verb for to be proud, or to present a military appearance. Also can refer to having to answer to higher authority facing consequences: "Standing tall before the man." stay frosty (U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps) Regular term among Soldiers to both stay calm and stay alert.: "I'm not sure if these guys are friendlies or not. We might be walking into something here. Stay frosty." Still/stills (U.K.) Derogatory effort to work around the prohibition of another pejorative term. Denotes "Still a [fill-in],"e.g., Still a Bennie (RN), Still a Split (RN), Still a STAB (Army). Itself prohibited and superseded by Andys denoting And he's still a Bennie etc. steam table (U.S. Navy) A form of snipe hunt. A new join is sent to look for 30 feet of steam table. steel beach picnic (U.S. Navy) An party-like event held on a ship that is intended to let Sailors let off steam. Usually includes grilling food, games, music, etc. steel pussy (U.S. Navy) Heavy duty steel wool, often made of stainless steel, that is used to scrub pots, toilets, rust, etc. Stone Frigate (U.K., Canada) Term for a Naval shore establishment. Stonewallers (CSA) Term for 116th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Thomas J. Jackson at First Manassas during the American Civil War, where he earned the nickname "Stonewall". storm flag (AUS) Term for flag draped over coffin at military funeral (U.S. ARMY) Smaller sized flag flown over Posts and Major Commands during inclement weather STRAC U.S. Army slang term for "a well-organized, well turned-out Soldier, (pressed uniform, polished brass and shined boots)." A proud, competent trooper who can be depended on for good performance in any circumstance. stripes (U.S.) Enlisted rank insignia, especially E-4 and above (non-commissioned officer (NCO) ) pay grades in leadership positions. (U.K.) NCO rank insignia. (U.K., U.S.) Get your stripes - to be promoted to an NCO rank. STUMP (U.S.) "Stupid Tankers Under Mortar Protection" Acronym used by Infantry to describe Armor personnel to show that being Infantry is a harder profession. Stupid O' Clock (U.S.) A U.S. Army slang term that refers to any time very early in the morning. See '0 dark thirty'. Super Wammy-dyne (U.S. Navy) Advanced or new technology/equipment, akin to New Fangled suck, the (U.S.) The field, bad conditions, rotten duty, used to describe the military as a whole. One might say "embrace the suck" to tell someone to stop complaining and accept the situation. suck it up (U.S.) See "Suck, the" above. Similar to "embrace the suck." suck thumb (Singapore) Shut up and stop complaining. Sucking Rubber (U.S.) (Submarine Service) Extended periods wearing Emergency Air Breathing devices (EABs), a full-face air mask similar to that worn by firefighters, except fed from ship's emergency air system rather than a bottle on your back. (U.S. Air Force) Wearing the chemical warfare mask, especially in MOPP 4. "We spent two hours sucking rubber". Suspense (U.S. Air Force) A deadline. Suzy or "Susie Rottencrotch (U.S.) The girl back home. Often spends a lot of time with Jody very soon after deployment. See Jody. Swab (U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard) A freshman cadet at the United States Coast Guard Academy ; also contraction of "swabbie" (see below) swabbie (U.S.) A U.S. Navy Sailor. A reference to swabbing (mopping) the deck, a frequent and highly visible activity of deck division Sailors SWAT Team (Canada) A pejorative term for combat-arms reservists referring to their training schedule. "Some Weekends And Thursdays" sweet Fanny Adams (U.K.) meaning nothing, literally "sweet fuck all". swinging dick (U.S.) Any male military member, especially a lower-ranking enlisted male. For example, "Every swinging dick in here had better be ready to go in ten minutes!" In polite company, "swinging Richard." Swivel Chair Partrol (U.S.) meaning "Civil Air Patrol" (USAF Aux.) SWO (U.S.) Staff Weather Officer, (pron. SW-oh) generally refers to any USAF commissioned or non-commissioned officer supporting Army operations downrange or in-garrison. Term of endearment and/or derision depending on current weather forecast, usually prefaced with "F-ing" if said forecast sucks. (U.S. Army) Issued "Go to War" gear used by Soldiers during training or actual combat. TA-100 (U.S. Army) Refers to overwhelming amount of TA-50. For example, "At Ft. Stewart, we got issued TA-100. It's twice as much." TACP (U.S. Air Force) Tactical Air Control Party (pron. TACK-PEA) An Airman that serves with an army unit who is a liaison to the Air Force. Main job is to call in air strikes. T-Rats (U.S. Army) Tray-pack field rations. Even though the Tray-packs are obsolete and are no longer issued, the term survives and is used for the UGR (Unitized Group Ration) which replaced the Tray-pack meals. Tab (U.K.) A term meaning marching at fast pace while carrying a full bergen and rifle (army), similar to yomp. Tac (U.S. Army) Short for Tactical Officer, whose role in Officer Candidate School and at the U.S. Military Academy is analogous. to a Drill Sergeant for Basic Training. Taco (U.S. Air Force) A grade of "Unsatisfactory" on a training sortie, derived from the taco-shape of the letter "U". Tac-O (U.S. Army) Pronounced the same as the dish (taco) , it is another form of Tac, but is generally Used in the absence of the Tactical Officer's presence. Example: "Hey, have you seen the Tac-O around?" TACAMO (U.S.) Take Charge And Move Out. TACAMO is also the Pentagon designation for aircraft which are integral to the U.S. nuclear warfare command and control system. Tactical (Singapore) To perform an unauthorized action in a circumspect manner. Smoking "tactically", for instance, means smoking (at an unauthorized time or place) in such a manner as to avoid detection by senior NCOs or officers. Take a Knee (U.S. Army) To pause or rest. Tango (U.S.) NATO phonetic alphabet for the letter "T" and for "Target" (or enemy). Example: "We have two Tangos at 3 o'clock – I'll take the right one." Tango Down (U.S.) NATO phonetic alphabet for "Target Down", i.e., when an enemy or target has been neutralized. Example: "The first guard is Tango Down." Tango Mike (U.S.) NATO phonetic alphabet for "Thanks much." Tango Uniform (U.S.) NATO phonetic alphabet for "Tits Up" also used by the FCC, FAA and DOD to mean killed or destroyed. (Alternative more polite translation: "Toes Up"). (U.S. Army & U.S. Marine Corps) Not in optimal condition. (e.g., The HUMVEE went Tango Uniform before we even arrived.). (U.S. Air Force) Dead drunk. (U.S.) Object Inverted. (Upside Down) (e.g., 'I'm turning the plane Tango Uniform to get a better look.') May be used in a more vulgar fashion as "Tits Up" Tango Yankee (INTL) [NATO phonetic alphabet] short for "Thank You.", commonly used over the radio. Commonly just "Tango" over the radio (for "Thanks"). Tapes (U.K.) NCO rank insignia (i.e., stripes). TDY (U.S. Air Force, Army) Temporary Duty, used as an adjective ("Capt Smith is TDY this week, sir.") Teeny Weeny Airways (U.K.) Army Air Corps, a reference to the fact that the Regiments are equipped with Helicopters that carry very few men. Teflon-coated (U.S.) Excellent, especially a piece of equipment. Origin: Teflon-coated bullets, widely (but incorrectly) thought to pierce armor. (U.K.) Nickname for someone who got themselves out of trouble (The shit didn't stick to their Teflon coating). (Canada) Refers to the fact that untrained privates and officer cadets can't be demoted any further for doing something stupid. (If they mess this up, it doesn't matter since they're Teflon coated.) Tekan (Singapore) Physical training used as a minor corrective action by instructors, which usually are knock-it-downs; also refers to the process of taking down a peg a Soldier who has attitude. See cycled. Telephone Colonel (U.S. Army, Air Force, Marine Corps) A lieutenant colonel. Tender Vittles, Tender Ho's (U.S. Navy) Derogatory term for women that make up crews of repair tenders or dry docks, based on a stereotype that they are promiscuous. Pejorative and offensive. The World (U.S.) Used in Vietnam by G.I.'s in reference to the United States. The Day the Eagle Shits (U.S.) Payday. Example: "I'm sorry I can't pay you back until the day the eagle shits." Those people (U.S.) Euphemism for "enemy forces" used by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee during the American Civil War . The phrase is still widely used. Thrashed (U.S. Marine Corps) An extreme physical exercise routine ordered by DIs upon a recruit or Platoon for making a mistake which could last until complete exhaustion. Puddles of sweat are often the end result. throttle-jockey (U.S.) A jet aircraft pilot, particularly one with a penchant for speed. Thumper (U.S. Army and Marine Corps) Slang term for the M-79 or M-203 Grenade Launcher. THS (U.S. Army): "Too Hooah Syndrome." When a Soldier, especially a Platoon Leader or Noncommissioned Officer, holds himself and/or Soldiers to extreme standards of cleanliness, physical fitness, efficiency. Thud (U.S. Air Force) Nickname for the F-105 Thunderchief . Tighten one's shot group (U.S. Army) To focus. the attention of a distracted, disorganized or incompetent person, usually by applying a 'boot up the ass'. Tighten it up (U.S. Marine Corps) A term used to further piss off a unit during a hump.(Hump; walking with a pack approximately half your body weight from one location to another, not to be confused with the similar activities performed unto dog owners by their K9 companions.) Titless Wave (U.S. Navy) Derogatory term for a male clerk, or other non-combatant military occupational specialty, implying it is women's work. Tits-Up A generic name for a Soldier in the British Army (now obsolete) . Tom (U.S. Navy) Nickname for the F-14 Tomcat . Tooth Fairy (U.S. Navy) a.k.a. "Fang Fairy". Slang for a Sailor in the DT (Dental Technician) rating. Self-explanatory. Top (U.S. Army and Marines) The First Sergeant or Master Sergeant (U.S. Marine Corps), senior enlisted man at company level. Tore Up (U.S. Army) A person, object or situation in disarray. Also, used as "Tore up from the floor up." Towelhead (U.S. and Europe) A pejorative slang term referring to an Arab person. (With the towel being their turbans) Track Pad 1. (Canada) boil-in-the-bag omelet from ration pack. Similar in size and (reputedly) texture to the rubber pads fitted to AV tracks 2. (Canada) the rubber pad insert fitted to steel armored vehicle tracks to prevent damage to asphalt or concrete road surfaces. Travelling Around Drunk (U.S. Navy) On detached duty, officially termed "Temporary Additional Duty". Tread (U.S. Army) An officer or NCO, especially one seen as oppressing enlisted personnel. Trench monkey (U.S.) A member of the Army infantry. Mostly used in a derogatory way by members of other services. trigger puller (U.S.) A Soldier or Marine who is regularly involved in actual combat. I wouldn't want to be out in the shit without the trigger pullers with U.S.. Triple Threat (U.S. Army) A Soldier who has the Special Forces Tab, Ranger School Tab, and Airborne Tab (worn as an integral part of the SSI) and wears all three tabs on his uniform. Also known as the "Tower of Power" due to the extreme difficulty involved in the military schools, and the "Triple Canopy" as a reference to parachuting. TROBA (U.S. Air Force) When ABORT is improbable, but desired. Sometimes TROBA dances are initiated, to increase the chance of an aircraft RTB. Tube stroker A common nickname given to mortar-men by rival units to playfully mock the mortar-man job. Turd Chaser (U.S. Navy) Slang for a Sailor in the HT (Hull Technician) rating. So named because most of their job aboard ship consists of fixing sewage pipe blockages. Turd Herder (U.S. Navy) Slang for a Seabee in the UT (Utilitiesman) rating, tasked with building and maintaining camp water supply and sanitation systems. Turd herders only need to know three things - hot on the left, shit flows downhill, and quittin' time is 1500. Turtle fuck(ing) (U.S. Marine Corps) Striking a Marine on his helmet with another helmet. The clunking of the two Kevlar helmets sounds like two empty shells hitting. Sometimes done deliberately among friends, but often as a joke to an unsuspecting trooper. Twenty-nine Stumps (U.S. Marine Corps) Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twenty-nine Palms , California. Often simply referred to as "the Stumps." Two beer queer (U.S.) A man who can't handle his liquor. Implies that he's ready to perform homosexual favors after his second beer. Two digit midget (U.S.) A G.I. who has less than 100 days 'in country' left before they rotate back to the U.S.A and/or before discharge. Coined during Vietnam War. See "short". (U.S.) The United States U.S. Coast Guard . Uncle Sam's Misguided Children (U.S.) Ironic term for the United States Marine Corps . Sometimes also the "University of Science, Music, and Culture", "U Suckers Missed Christmas", and "U Signed the Motherfuckin' Contract". Unfuck (U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps) To bring something or someone into proper order and accord with SOP. Universal rounds (Singapore Army) A fictional type of training ammunition used during platoon- or section-level infantry training when the requisitioning and firing of blanks or live rounds would be unacceptably wasteful, troublesome or hazardous. Refers to the practice of aiming one's rifle at the target and yelling "Bang!". Unsat (U.S.) Unsatisfactory. US (U.K., WWII, until 1944) Un Serviceable. Since this acronym was also used to identify a major ally, this particular usage became politically unacceptable but unofficially continued in use. (RN) Navigator of a private or capital ship; probably derived from Vasco da Gama . VFR direct (U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy) To circumvent normal chains of communication or command; for example, "I can't believe the butterbar went VFR direct to the Old Man!" From " Visual Flight Rules ", meaning to take the most direct route; said to also be a jocular acronym for "Visually Follow Railroads." Vice (U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps) Used in speech in place of the word "versus" or the phrase "as opposed to". For example: "I'd prefer a night operation vice day". Of uncertain origin but widespread in DON speech. Viper (U.S. Air Force) What F-16 Pilots affectionately call the F-16 Fighting Falcon . (An allusion to the fighter from Battlestar Galactica ) Volun-told (U.S., Canada) A supposedly optional event, award, assignment, or activity in which a person (or persons) are required to attend either by persons-in-charge nominating them or their peers expecting them to be there. The individual often has no say in the matter, and non-attendance is frowned upon. (U.S.) Derogatory term used to describe a woman Marine, a.k.a. WM Warthog (U.S.) The A-10 Thunderbolt II . wavy navy (U.K. and Commonwealth) Pre-1952 referring to the naval reserve of the Royal Navy and its empire/dominion counterparts (Royal Canadian Naval Reserve, Royal Australian Naval Reserve, Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve, etc.). Historically, the Reserve officers wore rank stripes that were wavy, denoting reserve status. from a regular Navy officer. Wayang (Singapore) to work hard or exercise discipline only in front of authority. The derivation of this term is from the Malay/Indonesian word for a shadow puppet show. A soldier who makes a habit of wayang-ing is a Wayang King; compare Spotlight Ranger. Weather Guesser (U.S. Navy) Slang for a Sailor in the AG (Aerographers Mate) rating. Weather forecasters. Self-explanatory. Weaponette (pl: Weaponettes) Pejorative term for a submarine's Weapons Department members as used by Navy/Ops or Engineering, usually when they want their stolen tools back weekend warrior 2. (Canada) A Canadian Armed Forces reservist 3. (U.K.) British Territorial Army - since pressed into service in overseas war zones alongside regular troops ...when "Centurion" was a rank , not a tank A long time ago. Falling out of usage as the Soldiers who can actually remember Centurion tanks retire from service. What the piss trainee (U.S.) A phrase yelled by Military Training Instructors (MTIs) in the U.S. Air Force when a trainee messes up. Ex. "What The Piss Trainee/Airman" or "What The Fricken Piss Airman" Whiskey Charlie (Germany) NATO phonetic alphabet for "water-closet" ( Toilet ) - not used that much. Whiskey Delta (U.S.) NATO phonetic alphabet for "Weak Dick". Derogatory term used to describe someone who is not up to the task. WOFTAM (Australia) Waste of fucking time & money - usually refers to a useless soldier Whiskey Locker (U.S. Marine Corps) A closet in MCRD squad bays used to store hygiene gear and to hold private "Motivational Speeches" See thrashings. whiskey Pete (U.S. Army). Weak, Incompetent, Malingering Pussy. Ranger School slang, circa Ranger 5. 1969. Winchester (U.S. Air Force) Out of a particular type of ammunition (e.g., "Negative, we are Winchester Hellfire.") or all ammunition (if no type is specified). wing king (U.S. Air Force) An informal term for the Wing Commander. wing weenie (U.S. Air Force) A pejorative term for a staffer at Wing Headquarters. Wire Biter A name given to wire-rates such as Electronics Technicians. wire dawg (U.S. Air Force) Telephone maintenance. The Wizard Aka "The Sandman", a psychological therapist who helps post traumatic or stressed military patients overcome psychological difficulties. WOG 1. (Canada) Same as "pog". A person (or personnel) in a combat service support trade, not a front-line Soldier. "Without gun" is Usually a derogatory term used by combat arms Soldiers. 2. (U.K.) In Victorian times , a derogatory term for alien or dark-skinned inhabitants of the British Empire . It is probably a shortened version of the term golliwog , although the backronym 'Worthy Oriental Gentleman' is sometimes attributed to it. 3. (U.S. Navy) A "pollywog", or a person who has not yet crossed the equator aboard a ship. Only used in the weeks leading up to "wog day", or the Crossing the Line Ceremony (see Shellback). wog stopper (British Army) A Large Caliber Round - usually 7.62 or above. woobie (U.S. Army) Slang for the poncho-liner that is used as a "blankey" instead of its proper use when you sleep. Often regarded as the "softest thing the Army issues". It is called a woobie because "you woobie cold without it" Wookie (U.S. Marine Corps) Term used to describe a female Marine. Uncommon woodentop (U.K.) Nickname for Soldiers from the British Army Household Division. Consists of The Welsh, Scots, Irish, Coldstream and Grenadier Guards Foot Battalions, The Life Guards and Blues and Royals Cavalry Regiments and the Royal Horse Artillery. woollie pullie (U.K.) Woollen Pullover, the old-style thick military sweater. WTFO (U.S.) "What the fuck, over?" A question often implying disbelief, confusion, or discontent. The only proper response is "What the fuck, out.".	i don't know
The head of the judiciary in England and Wales has which title?	Sir John Thomas named as new Lord Chief Justice - BBC News BBC News Sir John Thomas named as new Lord Chief Justice 16 July 2013 Close share panel Image caption Sir John will take over as Lord Chief Justice in the autumn Sir John Thomas has been confirmed as the new Lord Chief Justice, replacing Lord Judge as head of the judiciary of England and Wales. Sir John, currently president of the Queen's Bench Division, will take over the £240,000-a-year role in October. . The 65-year-old was involved in recent high-profile cases including those of Abu Hamza and Julian Assange. After his appointment he pledged that judges would help ensure that justice was delivered "fairly and efficiently". As well as leading the judges of England and Wales, he will also play a key role mediating between the courts and ministers. Sir John was born in Carmarthen and brought up in Ystradgynlais, Powys. He was called to the bar in 1969 and was knighted when he became a High Court judge in 1996. 'Inevitable tension' Some had predicted the job would be given to Lady Justice Hallett, who led the London bombings inquest and would have become the first woman in the role. Also in the running, according to the BBC's legal correspondent Clive Coleman, was Lord Justice Leveson who led the recent inquiry into the ethics and practices of the press. Analysis By Clive ColemanLegal correspondent, BBC News The Lord Chief Justice has a critical constitutional role. As head of the judiciary in England and Wales, the 'chief' as he is sometimes known, is the face, leader and defender of the independent judiciary. Think of the judiciary and the government as two tectonic plates of the constitution. Through a combination of judicial review and the Human Rights Act there is now almost no area of government decision making that our unelected judges cannot scrutinise. That creates a tension between them and ministers, and the man who heads the judiciary has both to work with government and lead the powerful body of judges that holds it to account. The Lord Chief Justice also has an important role as President of the Courts in England and Wales during a what is a period of unprecedented change. He will be keen to protect access to justice and the rule of law at a time when the government is determined to cut the cost of the justice system and increase its efficiency. As if that wasn't enough, the 'chief' is also the presiding judge in the criminal division of the Court of Appeal, and is expected to sit on important cases, giving judgments on some of the major legal issues of the day, including providing guidance on sentencing. It's a huge job, but it does come with a salary of £240k. But Sir John was recommended by the Judicial Appointments Commission to Justice Secretary Chris Grayling, who then made the recommendation to the prime minister. Our correspondent said Sir John was taking a "very important constitutional role" and one where he could clash with the government. "The judiciary can scrutinise just about every area of government policy, so there is an inevitable tension between the two", he added. The panel that chose Sir John included Lord Neuberger, President of the Supreme Court and, for the first time, a lay member of the public, Dame Valerie Strachan. 'Fair and efficient' Sir John said it was a "privilege and honour" to take on the job and paid tribute to his predecessor Lord Judge who he said was "universally admired for his deep commitment to justice, the independence of the judiciary and the outstanding leadership he has given to all judges and magistrates". "Although in a time of reduced resources significant change must continue, the judiciary will play its leading part in ensuring that justice is delivered fairly and efficiently," he added. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 made the Lord Chief Justice head of the judiciary of England and Wales, a role previously held by the Lord Chancellor. The act means Sir John will take on about 400 statutory duties which include representing the views of the judiciary to Parliament, the deployment of judges and allocation of work in courts in England and Wales.	Lord Chancellor
Which plant is known as the Pie Plant?	Lord Chief Justice - Glossary page - UK Parliament Lord Chief Justice Y Z Lord Chief Justice is the name given to the judge who presides over the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court. Since the passing of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 the Lord Chief Justice is now Head of the Judiciary of England and Wales, a role previously performed by the Lord Chancellor. The Lord Chief Justice is also the President of the Courts of England and Wales and responsible for representing the views of the judiciary to Parliament and the Government.	i don't know
Which French field marshall and Emperor was known as ‘The Little Corporal’?	The Baldwin Project: The Story of Napoleon by Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall NAPOLEON AS EMPEROR FRANCE now made peace with all Europe, and for the next few years Napoleon ruled France quietly. These few years are really the best part of all his life. In them he [50] did many good things for his country. And these lasted when all his great conquests faded, and his vast Empire crumbled into pieces. Gradually his power grew greater and greater. From being Consul for ten years he was made Consul for life. Then he was asked to take the title of Emperor, and on the 18th of May 1804 he was proclaimed Emperor of the French. The "little corporal" had come far. He who, a few years before, had wandered almost penniless among the streets of Paris, was now the greatest man in all the land. He seemed to have reached the very highest power that man could hope for, and he was not yet thirty-five years old. But although Napoleon had been proclaimed Emperor, and accepted by the people of France, he had not yet been crowned. Now he felt that to be crowned and anointed by the Pope would make his throne more sure. So he sent a friend to Rome, to ask the Pope to come to crown him. Pope Pius VII. did not want to crown [51] Napoleon, and acknowledge him as the rightful ruler of France. But he saw that nearly all the other rulers of Europe had acknowledged him, and he thought it better to do so too, as perhaps he might in that way win something good for the Church. So he consented to come to Paris to crown the Emperor. The Pope, as head of the Church, had been treated with fear and reverence by the proudest of kings in all ages and in all countries. They had knelt to him as to one greater than themselves. But Napoleon had grown so proud that he could not bear the thought of kneeling to any one. So, although he very well knew the hour at which the Pope might be expected to arrive, he arranged to meet him as if by accident while out hunting. NAPOLEON AND THE POPE. As the Pope's coach drove along the road leading to the palace of Fontainebleau which had been prepared for him, he met the Emperor, booted and spurred, and riding upon a horse. The Emperor got off his horse, and the [52] Pope, in his beautiful robes and white silk shoes, left his coach, and walked a few steps along the muddy road to greet him. The young Emperor and the old Pope embraced each other, then the servants, having received their, orders before, drove the coach up between them. The footmen opened both doors at once, and as the Pope stepped in at one side the Emperor stepped in at the other, so neither went in before the other. But Napoleon took care that he had the seat of honour, on the right side. Thus Pope and Emperor drove to Fontainebleau. There were a great many preparations for the coronation to be made, for Napoleon meant it to be a very fine affair. But at last; everything was ready, and on the 2nd of December the coronation took place. The day was cold and bleak, but the streets of Paris were lined with people, eager to see the Emperor and Empress as they drove in their gilded carriage to the Church of Notre Dame. The church was thronged with fair ladies [53] and splendid men glittering with jewels and lace, and as the Emperor entered, wearing upon his head a wreath of golden bay leaves like a C�sar, the archways of the dim old church rang and rang again with shouts, "Long live the Emperor! Long live the Emperor!" The notes of the organ rolled, the voices of the, choir rose and fell in chant and hymn. But as the long ceremony went on, Napoleon yawned and fidgeted. To him there was nothing sacred or solemn in the service. The grand display added something to his pomp and glory; that was all. At last the Pope with trembling hands lifted the crown to place it upon the young Emperor's head. But Napoleon, seizing it out of the Pope's hand, himself placed it upon his own ahead, took it off, placed it for a moment on the head of the Empress, and then returned it to the cushion upon which it had rested. Again the organ pealed, and the exultant words of the "Te Deum'' rang out through the church. The Emperor was crowned. [54] A few months after the coronation at Notre Dame, Napoleon went to Italy. Here, in the great cathedral at Milan, he again crowned himself. This time the title he took was King of Italy, and this time the Pope sternly refused to have anything to do with it. At Paris he had received only empty promises and insults as his reward, and he now knew that he had nothing to hope from the new Emperor. But while Napoleon was placing crowns upon his own head, the rulers of Europe were again joining against him. For they saw that the Emperor's power, and desire for still more power, were becoming so great that none of their crowns were safe. Sweden, Russia, and Austria joined the alliance. But, on the other hand, Spain and Britain, having quarrelled, Spain joined with France against the others. Once more Europe was ablaze with war. Upon the Rhine, in Tyrol, in Italy, there was noise of battle. The Czar of Russia gathered a great army and sent it to join the Austrians. [55] When they joined, it was intended that both armies should march together into France. But the Austrians began to fight before the Russians joined them. Napoleon did not wait for France to be invaded. He marched into Germany to meet his enemies. And long before the Russians could arrive to help them, the Austrians were shut up in the town of Ulm. The Austrian leader, Mack, was not cowardly, but he was stupid and unlucky. And although there was plenty of food within the walls, Mack weakly gave in after six days' siege. In Tyrol, in Italy, everywhere that the French and Austrians met, the Austrians were defeated, until at last a flying remnant of Mack's once splendid army took refuge in the mountains of Tyrol. There was nothing now to hinder Napoleon from marching on to Vienna, the beautiful capital of Austria. And the Emperor Francis, knowing that Vienna could not stand a siege more than a few days, made up his mind to leave the [56] town. So on the 13th of November, less than a month after the taking of Ulm, the French entered the Austrian capital. While Napoleon was at Vienna, living in the Emperor's beautiful palace of Sch�nbrunn, bad, tidings came to him. He heard that the French and Spanish fleets had been utterly destroyed in the battle of Trafalgar. "I cannot be everywhere," cried he angrily, when he heard the news. That the French had again been defeated by sea made the Emperor more eager to win fresh fame by land. The Austrian army was shattered, but the Russians were still to beat. So from Vienna Napoleon marched out to meet them. Upon the plain of Austerlitz, not far from the town of Brunn, a great battle was fought. It has been called "the battle of the three Emperors," for there were three Emperors present—the Emperor of Germany (the Holy Roman Empire), the Emperor of Russia, and the Emperor of the French. The morning of the 2nd December dawned cold and bleak. A thick white fog shrouded [57] the land. But with the first streak of day both camps were astir. Through the white dimness came muffled sounds, and ghostly figures loomed and passed. Then suddenly the fog lifted; and the sun shone out in golden splendour. The French soldiers greeted it with a shout. It seemed to them as if it rose to do honour to their own Emperor, for it was the anniversary of his coronation day. "The sun of Austerlitz has risen," cried Napoleon in exultation. In the fog the two armies had moved close to each, and now the fight began. It was a terrible battle, and raged all the short winter's day. "It was absolute butchery," says one who fought there. "We fought man to man." For a time it seemed uncertain who should win, but when the night fell the Russians and Austrians were flying from the field. Many lay there dead, and twenty thousand were prisoners. Thus once more Napoleon had triumphed. And now Austria made peace with France, and the Russians marched away to their [58] own land This peace was called the treaty of Pressburg, from the name of the town at which it was signed. By this treaty the map of Europe was again changed and still more lands came under Napoleon's rule. Some of these lands he gave to his relations. For Napoleon had made up his mind not only to be great himself, but to make his whole family great. "I can no longer have shabby relatives," he said. "Those who will not rise with me shall no longer be of my family. I am going to make a family of kings." So he made his brother Joseph King of Naples. His brother Louis, who had married Josephine's daughter Hortense, was made King of Holland. General Murat, who had married Napoleon's sister Caroline, was made Archduke of Berg. He made Eugène Beauharnais marry the daughter of the King of Bavaria, and a little later he made his brother Jerome marry the daughter of the King of W�rtemberg. In every way Napoleon tried to make his family great, and so surround himself with splendour.	Napoleon
The International Olympic Committee was founded in which year?	francofiles napoleon bonaparte arc de triomphe france Emperor of France Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 in Ajaccio on the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea. Corsica is part of France. Napoleon came from a large family. He had the nick name of "Le Petit Corporal" - or the Little Corporal. Napoleon believed that every person has the abilities to lead if they are given the chance. In those days, only people of noble birth were able to hold high rank in the army. Napoleon said that every ordinary soldier carried a Field Marshall's baton in his kit bag. By this he meant that any soldier could lead an army successfully if he had the qualities of a good leader. He set out to prove this. He attended military college in Paris. Although his peers made fun of him because of his small stature and funny accent, Napoleon proved he was a very clever student. Napoleon rose through the ranks to become a military officer and led his armies through many successful battles. He was soon made a general, and was highly respected by his troops for his leadership skills. He fell in love with, and married his beautiful wife, Josephine in 1796. She was considerably taller and older than he was, and although she was considered one of the most beautiful women of her era, had very bad teeth. This is why she is never pictured smiling with her mouth open! In the same year, Napoleon was sent to Italy to fight against Austria. By now, France was a "nation at arms", with most able bodied men conscripted to serve in the army. His leadership skills changed a weak French army into a brave one. After several defeats, the Austrians made peace with France. Then Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798. Napoleon was fascinated with the Pyramids and the history of Egypt. He insisted on taking with him, in the invasion force, a group of "savants". These were the most famous French scientists, historians and archaeologists of the era. Their task was to record and interpret everything that they saw. Their biggest problem, of course, was the fact that no-one could read hieroglyphics - the Egyptian picture writing. The find of the Rosetta Stone inspired French man Jean Paul Champollion who made cracking the code his life work. Napoleon returned to France in 1799. By now, he had become the most powerful man in France. He overthrew the government with little resistance and made himself Emperor for life. The painting depicts Napoleon in his coronation robes - embroidered with the fleur de lys of the old French monarchy. He organised a lavish coronation and invited the Pope to attend to place the crown on his head. Not only the Pope, but all the French bishops refused to crown Napoleon as he had seized power rather than inherited it. In the end, Napoleon placed the crown on his own head. At this time, France was at war with most countries in Europe. Napoleon led his armies into Italy, Spain, the German states, Belgium, Holland and many other countries to conquer them. Napoleon had an enormous empire by 1812. He made sure that each country was loyal because he placed his many brothers to rule as kings, or married his sisters to rulers who were accepting of his domination. Napoleon soon realised that it was difficult to rule over so many different countries. They all had different laws, governments and ways of calculating weights and measures. For this reason, he introduced the Code Napoleon which was a system of laws which was applied all over Europe. Today, these laws form the legal system used by most European countries. He also encouraged and oversaw the introduction of the metric system to ensure a common system of weights and measures throughout his empire. Another important law that Napoleon made was that every child had to go to school between the ages of 5 and 11. This was because he thought education was necessary for everyone. Voting rights were extended, and divorce - which was not allowed by the Church - was recognised and legal. Napoleon ended his marriage to Josephine with divorce as they had had no children and he was desperate to have an heir who would succeed him. He married a young Austrian princess who bore him a son. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia. This was his big mistake as he went against the advice of his generals not to invade just before the start of winter. The Russian Tsar and his armies were cunning. Thy lured Napoleon deep into the country, to Moscow. As he advanced, the Tsar's armies enforced a "scorched earth" policy behind him - burning all the crops and killing the cattle. On Napoleon's arrival in Moscow, the Russians burned the city. Napoleon was forced to retreat, defeated. It was the depth of winter, with temperatures at minus 25C. Napoleon's armies starved as there was no food available on their return journey. Those who did not starve, froze to death. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers died. The campaign was a total disaster and marked the beginning of the end for Napoleon. The countries of Europe now realised that Napoleon could be beaten and so they combined to attack France. Over the next two years, Napoleon was beaten in battles and was banished to exile on the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea in 1814. However, the French remembered his courage and leadership skills and when he escaped from his island prison, they flocked to join him in tens of thousands. Napoleon faced the British and their allies in his last battle, at Waterloo, in Belgium in 1815. It was a battle he nearly won. The German troops had waited on the side lines to see which way the battle was going before they joined in. When they saw the British were in trouble at the end of the day, they sent reinforcements to help. Napoleon was captured and sent into exile by the Allies to the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, many thousands of kilometres away from his beloved France. He died a lonely death there in 1821. Napoleon's body was brought back to France many years later and today you can visit his tomb in the magnificent chapel of Les Invalides in Paris. It's a very grandiose tomb for a man who was : Le Petit Corporal. The Arc de Triomphe (envisaged by Napoleon) is a monument that commemorates his military skill and leadership. Opinion is divided about Napoleon today. Some people see him as a dictator who wanted to glorify himself at the expense of his nation. Other people remember him as a skilled leader who introduced many improvements to the way of life of the ordinary people. ï¿½ A military genius Napoleon is regarded as a military genius. He was a great military leader and became the Emperor of France Napoleon as a young man	i don't know
Late Formula One racing drive Roland Ratzenberger was born in which country?	From the Vault: the tragic death of F1 driver Roland Ratzenberger in 1994 \| Sport \| The Guardian From the Vault From the Vault: the tragic death of F1 driver Roland Ratzenberger in 1994 The 33-year-old was killed during qualifying for the San Marino Grand Prix on 30 April 1994, the day before Ayrton Senna died Roland Ratzenberger preparing for his Formula One debut on 17 April 1994 in Japan. He finished 11th in what would be his only Grand Prix start. Photograph: Sutton Images/Corbis Thursday 1 May 2014 10.13 EDT First published on Thursday 1 May 2014 10.13 EDT Share on Messenger Close On the morning of the San Marino Grand Prix on 1 May 1994, Ayrton Senna placed an Austrian flag in his racing car. The great Brazilian champion had planned to wave the flag as he passed the finishing line in victory. Senna wanted to share the moment of triumph with his fellow driver, Roland Ratzenberger, the young Austrian who died on the Imola track the day before. Senna never made it to the chequered flag. Like Ratzenberger, a Formula One novice who crashed and died while trying to qualify for only his second Grand Prix, Senna's life was cut short on that fateful weekend in the spring of 1994. Yesterday we published a collection of tributes to Senna , and today we want to remember Ratzenberger by republishing the three articles below: the report filed from Imola on the day of his death, an interview with Simtek founder Nick Wirth from July 1994, and Frank Keating's observations from the San Marino Grand Prix of 1995. Motor racing driver Roland Ratzenberger dies at 200mph Maurice Hamilton reported for the Observer on the death of Roland Ratzenberger, who died on 30 April 1994 during qualifying for the San Marino Grand Prix at the Imola track. Grand Prix racing is dangerous enough without the swirling emotion which gathered strength here yesterday afternoon following the news that Roland Ratzenberger had succumbed to injuries he received when he crashed during practice for today's San Marino Grand Prix. The first fatal accident for 12 years involving a grand prix driver initially brought with it a stunned reaction, intensified by the spectacular incident on Friday when the Brazilian Rubens Barrichello emerged with comparatively minor injuries after losing control of his Jordan and crashing at more than 120mph. Both incidents heightened an awareness of the sport's inherent dangers, masked in recent years by massive strides in technology and on-board safety, but now exposed by the violence of Ratzenberger 's collision as his Simtek struck a concrete retaining wall at close to 200mph. Once the initial shock had subsided in the paddock, the search for a scapegoat embraced a range of issues with the same misinformed reasoning which frequently accompanies the death of a boxer in the ring. The claim that the cars are too fast and too dangerous had a simplistic and familiar ring to it, but beneath such an emotional response lay genuine concern raised by the apparent cause of Ratzenberger 's crash. The 31-year-old Austrian, attempting to qualify for only his second grand prix, was accelerating hard in sixth gear when part of the car – believed to be a nose wing – became detached. Whether or not he had partly dislodged the wing against a kerb earlier in the lap may never be known, but the effect of its absence was an indictment of the latest technology, which relies heavily on downforce – the effect of air passing over the car and its aerodynamic appendages. Without one or both of the nose wings, a car becomes virtually undrivable and refuses to respond as the driver turns the steering wheel. Whatever the precise cause of Ratzenberger 's problem, the Simtek failed to take a right-hand curve which, under normal circumstances, would not present a problem, the car being forced on to the track by between two and three tons of aerodynamic load. Ratzenberger was helpless as the car slammed into the wall, the wreckage travelling 300 yards to Tosa corner. It is believed that, despite desperate attempts by the medical team to revive Ratzenberger, the initial impact may have broken his neck. The tragedy has deeply affected the Simtek team, based in Banbury, Oxfordshire, and embarking on their first season of Formula One racing. Although a novice, Ratzenberger was extremely popular with all who knew him, particularly among the drivers who had progressed through the ranks with the Austrian when he lived a hand-to-mouth existence while racing in Britain. Even though his condition was not known at the time, Williams and Benetton chose not to continue their battle for grid positions, the mark of respect leaving Ayrton Senna and Michael Schumacher to share the front row, with Damon Hill having claimed fourth fastest time shortly before the accident. The decision by Ferrari to resume practice in a bid to get on the front row was considered insensitive under the circumstances, but Gerhard Berger later gave an eloquent defence of his actions as he discussed the fate of his fellow countryman. "I was sitting in my car, watching the pictures on the portable TV screen," said Berger. "I could see how bad it was. I knew how critical the situation looked. For the first time, I found myself shaking after an accident. In our job you have to be prepared to see situations like this. But because the driver was Austrian and a personal friend, it was worse. "You shouldn't differentiate between drivers like that, but this does affect you in a different way. I felt sick. I got out of the car and went to the motorhome, where I was still shaking. You ask yourself whether you want to drive or not. The question is about racing it is not related to this afternoon and it would not make any difference to Roland. "But, yesterday, when I saw Rubens Barrichello's accident, it made me realise how close we are to life and death. So you ask these questions. Then you say: 'Yes, I am going to race on Sunday.' So you go out and try to concentrate on the job. It was difficult it was very hard." There was an ironic footnote to Berger's carefully chosen words. Five years ago, he was exceptionally lucky to survive a fiery accident at a spot not far from where Ratzenberger ran into trouble. Berger's Ferrari had ploughed straight into the wall in the opening laps of the race. It was later discovered that a nose wing had come off the car, leaving Berger as exposed as his more unfortunate protege yesterday afternoon. For some time now the FIA, the sport's governing body, and leading teams such as Williams have talked about the need to reduce the huge amount of downforce generated by cars in their current guise. If Ratzenberger 's accident was caused by a broken nose wing, then the terrible consequences may accelerate an overdue investigation into such an overdue move. In a statement issued several hours later, the Simtek team said: "He was a true all-rounder whose brave driving style and delightful character will be sadly missed by so many around the world." Pinterest Fighting back from the pits of tragedy Four months after Ratzenberger's death, Maurice Hamilton interviewed Simtek founder and car designer Nick Wirth, who spoke of the agony he felt about losing his friend at Imola. Nick Wirth celebrated his 28th birthday in Brazil last March. This was his first grand prix as a team owner and, contrary to popular expectation, the gangling, bespectacled founder of Simtek Research had not fallen flat on his smiling face. One of the Simtek-Fords driven by David Brabham had actually qualified for the opening race of the season. Wirth, his small team and their main sponsors, MTV and Russell Athletic, were in a splendid mood. But they were under no illusions. The task before them would be made even more difficult by inexperience and a budget that amounted to 15% of the financial backing enjoyed by the likes of Williams and Benetton. Simtek neither expected nor received any favours – their arrival had been studiously ignored by the rest of the pit lane. Wirth could cope with that. What no one envisaged, however, was the vicious and unrelenting tragedy that, four weeks later, would overwhelm the team. It began during final qualifying for the San Marino Grand Prix at Imola. Roland Ratzenberger, a Formula One novice, was killed outright when his Simtek veered off the track and smashed into a concrete wall at 180mph. It was the first fatality at a grand prix meeting for 12 years. Wirth had watched the catastrophe swiftly unfold on a television monitor. "I'll never, ever forget it," he says. "To see Roland lying on the grass receiving a heart massage ... your body behaves in very strange ways at times like that. You suddenly find that you can no longer function as a normal person. You literally lose control your legs turn to jelly and you feel you want to throw up, not because of the detail of what you've seen, but because of the emotions surging through you. "When they finally brought the car back on a truck, I just didn't want to look at it. I had to force myself. There was a massive hole in the side of the monocoque [chassis] where the left-front wheel had been forced inwards. In Senna's accident the following day, the wheel came up towards the driver's head with ours, it stayed low, which is what the FIA want it to do. Our car is one of the strongest in that area but, unfortunately, the impact with the wall was so severe that the wheel punched its way through the monocoque and into Roland." The strength of all Formula One cars has since been improved in that area. The actual cause of the accident was a failure of the nose wing structure, probably weakened by Ratzenberger clouting a kerb on a previous lap. If nothing else, this was a graphic indictment of the limitation placed on the number of laps completed by each driver during qualifying. Had Ratzenberger not been under pressure to make the most of each lap rather than waste two of them by making an unplanned call at the pits, he would probably have chosen to stop and have the car checked over. Wirth's agony was compounded by the fact that he is unique among team owners in that he also designs the car. "I didn't even know that the wing had fallen off and yet I immediately felt guilty. I don't think people realise the responsibility associated with designing a racing car until this sort of thing happens. I somehow managed to sleep that night, but when Senna died the next day, even though it was not directly related to me, I cried and cried. I was an emotional basket case. "That's when I began to question it all. You ask if it is worth going through all of this emotion. But you have to pick up the pieces and carry on. The sponsors were absolutely 100% behind us – fantastic support. And most touching of all was that Roland's personal sponsor, Barbara Behlau [founder of Barbara MC, a Monaco-based sports management agency] was so impressed by the way we had coped with the tragedy that she wanted to put more money into the team for the rest of the season. That helped us greatly, both practically and emotionally." Wirth's biggest problem has been deciding precisely what to do with the relatively small amount of money he has available. While Wirth would not divulge the extent of his budget, as a rule of thumb a top team would expect to spend a minimum of £20m, including the luxury of a deal with a major manufacturer whereby engines are supplied either free or for a nominal sum. The less well-off teams have to struggle along on as little as pounds £7m. '"Do you spend it," he asks, "on engines, or wind-tunnel work, more mechanics, better equipment or more track testing? I guess we are going to spend another $3m to $4m this year. Now if we had another million on top, we could achieve a great deal. It sounds a lot – it is a lot – but when you consider that you need around £25,000 for each engine rebuild, it soon goes. "A day's testing costs something like £25,000, but the amount you learn is unbelievable. That million could give us perhaps 10 days of testing, plus enough to build the bits from what you learn, and that would probably put us a long way up the grid. I want to qualify and run ahead of some of the established teams such as Lotus. We have the knowledge and the drive to do that. It's just this tragic sequence of events which has set us back." The catalogue of horror continued through until the end of May. During practice for the Spanish Grand Prix, Ratzenberger 's replacement, Andrea Montermini, lost control of his Simtek and crashed headlong into a wall. Wirth's anguish was aggravated by the increasingly naive comments being directed his way. "There was one particular individual in the media who suggested that our car shouldn't have fallen apart like that. Where did he think the energy was going to go? I was trying to keep calm because, for about an hour after his accident, I thought Andrea had died as well and the same emotions that I had been through with Roland came back even stronger than before. Then to have this jerk make these suggestions really tested me." The Simtek, along with every car on the grid today, had undergone a mandatory crash test which does not come close to the 133mph impact suffered by Montermini in Spain. The fact that he survived with minor injuries to his feet was the greatest tribute to the integrity of the Simtek. On the other side of the ledger, however, yet another written-off car brought the bill for replacements alone to £600,000. "It's bloody hard," says Wirth, reflecting on a lifetime of emotion crammed into four months. "The only thing that makes it easier is that you knew it was going to be hard. People expect you to go tits up. You have to show them that you are fighting on." Formula One drivers observe a minute of silence to commemorate the first anniversary of the death of fellow dirvers Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger moments before the start of the F1 San Marino Grand Prix at Imola on 30 April 1995. Photograph: Jeannot Lapeyre/AFP/Getty Images One year on from the nightmare On the first anniversary of the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna, Frank Keating visited the Imola track to report on the mourning within the Formula One community. With harrowing, unrepentant exactitude it is a year to the weekend that the garish and tearaway business of motor racing was grotesquely freeze-framed into an eerie Pompeian stillness the moment its champion of cold-eyed invincibility and single-minded grandeur Ayrton Senna died in a 190mph crash in the name of sport. For a year motor racing has remained stunned, all involved unable to erase from their own heads that silence only interrupted by the dread flutter flutter flutter of the ambulance helicopter. Yesterday friends were still telling of the moment with blank stares as they remembered it. Senna's car crashed into the concrete wall here at Imola at Sunday lunchtime last May Day. This week the still chastened sport has returned to Imola. Tomorrow, if it passes without serious mishap, will represent the end of official mourning and the discordant hurdy-gurdy of the fairground can be turned up again to full volume and the old merry tunes on the cash register. The two successive top-lick curves on the course – where Senna and the day before, in a grim prophetic preface, Roland Ratzenberger died – have been significantly slowed by lower-gear chicanes and gravel traps. Well separated now from the new tarmac track, the fencing above the low white wall that Senna's car hit (it was a steel suspension arm from the front axle that fatally speared the driver's right temple) is now a shrine garlanded with wailing Latin graffiti, flowers and favours, many in the green and yellow of his country. The barrier at which Ratzenberger died is only seconds from there at screaming full pelt, or a few minutes' stroll. The younger driver's parents have been given permission to erect a small memorial plaque at the spot. The cataclysmic weekend a year ago was presaged by a first horrific smash at practice out of which debris Rubens Barrichello mercifully and absurdly walked unwounded. Yesterday the young man talked confidently about Imola and racing again tomorrow. He knows he is lucky to be alive but shrugs. "The crash became part of my past within days," he says. "Coming back is difficult only because of Ayrton. In racing I am professional and my feelings cannot be human ones." The show goes on. And at last tomorrow Nigel Mansell steps back on to the scary rollercoaster after missing two seasons in the United States as well as, ludicrously, the first two South American races of this new Formula One season because the new McLaren they built for him had too small a seat for the wide-haunched veteran West Midlander. Mansell was courted back, apparently, for £7m by sponsors desperate to give the sport the sense of character and oomph suddenly perceived to be lacking. Probably lacking 12 months to the day. While he has been away and garlanded with greenbacks Mansell has lost none of his chippily wary Brummie directness and, even, grudgingly sounding charm. More than ever Mansell is like Ambridge's self-made Jack Woolley ('but Caroline, do you actually think a jacuzzi is really Grey Gables?') and yesterday he described his small seat as "just a design cock-up, really". The alterations to his carbon-fibre chassis have been only 25mm by 20mm but he says he is now far less cramped in his cockpit – "although don't expect too much I haven't yet had time to make the car anything like driver-friendly". Once he strangles it into friendship, the sport will wait to see how he gets on with his new team-mate, the apparently brilliant young Finn Mika Hakkinen. Mansell certainly adds the colourful headlines which are part of the exercise and, if towards the end of the season Hakkinen is surging ahead, then here we go again: "Oh Caroline, I honestly suspect they're giving him more preferential treatment well, Peggy thinks so anyway." Even the Italians are not bad at attempting a reasonable Bremnerish impersonation of our Nige's vowels. They have much affection for him here in this motor racing area after his years as il leone, also giving it his best roar when he drove for Ferrari. At last that marque, the old prancing horse from nearby Maranello, looks as if it might have a serious chance tomorrow for a first home victory in 12 years. Suddenly, they say, speed and reliability have come together. Certainly the possibility is already clogging up the roads all around – and a famous home victory would end the long and lamenting year of mourning at, and for, lovely Imola. Roland Ratzenberger in 1994. Photograph: Sutton Images/Corbis Read other stories From the Vault and share your memories below	Austria
What is the first name of Eddie ‘The Eagle’ Edwards, who, in 1988, became the first competitor to represent Great Britain in Olympic Ski Jumping?	Remembering Roland Ratzenberger \| F1 Paddock Pass Remembering Roland Ratzenberger by F1PP When we think back to that darkest of weekends at Imola some twenty one years ago, we immediately mourn the loss of one of the finest Formula One drivers the world had ever seen. We remember the accident on Lap 7 of Ayrton Senna, understeering off the circuit and crashing heavily into the wall. We recall the sadness we felt, the loss of our hero, the despair of it all. But twenty one years ago today during qualifying for the San Marino Grand Prix, Roland Ratzenberger lost control of his Simtek, crashed heavily and died. He’s often forgotten by many who reflect on that horrific weekend but today, we pause to remember the practical joker with the huge grin and effervescent personality, who was taken doing something that he loved. Roland came to Formula One late in the game. He was 33 years of age when Nick Wirth and the Simtek Team gave him the chance to live his dream. Before arriving in Formula One, Ratzenberger’s resume was already overflowing with credentials. Wins at the Formula Ford Festival at Brands Hatch, challenging the British Formula Three, and commanding drives in the 1987 British Touring Car Championship – where he scored a second place driving a BMW M3. He raced in Formula 3000, finishing third in the championship and then went onto race at Le Mans. The 1990’s began with Roland racing in Japan, a country that adored his cheeky character and his trademark grin. He scored wins in the Japanese Sports Prototype series and even found time to drive in the Japanese Touring Cars. 1992 saw him return to the Formula 3000 category in Japan, and stay there until the end of the 1993 season. 1994 dawned with the fulfillment of a life long dream. A drive in Formula One. Roland and Nick Wirth signed a five race deal, partnering him with Australian driver David Brabham, son of triple world champion Sir Jack Brabham. The team, would be Simtek. A new team on the grid with big vision, but sadly not the budget to match. Roland would drive for the team for as long as he could fund his drive and he was desperately hoping that he would attract more sponsorship within the five races he could afford. The season didn’t start well for Roland when the ’94 championship commenced at Interlagos in Brazil. Despite his best efforts, he failed to qualify the Simtek on his first outing. He fared better in the second round of the championship when the circus arrived at the Pacific Grand Prix, at Aida in Japan. Roland was lucky to have previous experience at this circuit from his Japanese racing days and managed to qualify for the race – and finish in 11th position. Round three at Imola was another chance for Ratzenberger to show what he could do with the underpowered Simtek. The weekend began in horrific fashion, when Rubens Barrichello speared off the track, became airborne and crashed into the trackside catch fencing. Rubens was extremely lucky to walk away with a few bruises and a slight concussion. Ratzenberger and Brabham performed their normal Friday set up programme and spent the evening chatting with engineers about how they could claim the final two places on the grid, thoughts of Rubens weighing heavily on their minds. Qualifying day. Roland had so far found it a challenge and was battling to secure the final place on the grid. The lap before his fatal accident, a small mistake saw him run wide, off circuit and damage the front wing of the car. But instead of coming into the pits for a new nosecone – or even an inspection – Roland knew that time was against him and another lap was needed. Roland powered his Simtek into top speed down the main straight, visualising his lap as he went. That final spot on the grid could be his if he could string the lap together like he knew he could. It wasn’t to be. The high speed on the straight, coupled with the extreme downforce that was generated made the damaged front wing flex beyond capabilities. It snapped off and became wedged underneath the car. Roland could do nothing as the Simtek failed to make the Villeneuve corner and he slammed into the opposite wall at some 200 miles an hour. The Simtek exploded in a shower of carbon fibre and car parts and finally came to rest in the middle of the track, Roland’s lifeless body slumped inside of the broken monocoque. Medical aid was rushed to his assistance and once extricated, he was airlifted to hospital where it was announced that he had succumbed to his injuries. The cause of death was basilar skull fracture. Ratzenberger was the first Formula One racing driver to lose his life at a grand prix weekend since the ’82 season, when Riccardo Paletti was tragically killed at the Canadian Grand Prix. Ratzenberger was also the first driver to die in a Formula One car since Elio de Angelis during testing in 1986. The period of mourning for Roland was short lived as the following day, lightning struck twice. Ayrton Senna da Silva left the track at high speed and died. It was the darkest of dark weekends for the sport. Only four drivers attended the funeral of Ratzenberger. Herbert, Berger, Wendlinger and Frentzen paying their respects to the likeable but little known driver. In total, some 250 people were at the funeral as Roland Ratzenberger was laid to rest in Maxglan, Salzburg, Austria. It’s a little known fact that the death of Roland Ratzenberger has one lasting legacy. During the drivers’ pre-race briefing, the remaining drivers agreed to reform the Grand Prix Drivers’ Association. It was a unanimous decision with Senna, Berger and Schumacher elected to be the first directors. The GPDA – still in existence now – went on to push for advances in car and circuit safety in the wake of the weekend’s events and those that followed in 1994. Furthermore in 2003, the FIA passed into law the use of the HANS device, designed to prevent the type of injury suffered by Ratzenberger that led to his death. Tomorrow, we will think about the loss of Ayrton and what he could have achieved had he still been here. But today, I’m recalling the curly headed Austrian and that fateful day, where his dreams – and his life – were lost forever. Share this:	i don't know
Which European country is known as ‘The Boot’?	What European country is shaped like a boot? \| Reference.com What European country is shaped like a boot? A: Quick Answer One of the most identifiable European countries on the world map is Italy, due to being shaped like a boot. Italy's peninsula is surrounded on three sides by water. The country has the Adriatic Sea on the east side, the Mediterranean to the south and the western shore is bordered by the Tyrrhenian Sea.	Italy
What is the name of the mouse in the 1999 film ‘The Green Mile’?	Most Famous Countries - Top Ten List - TheTopTens® Most Famous Countries The Top Ten 1 United States The United States of America, or the U.S.A for short, is a federal republic composed of 50 states. 48 of them are contiguous states. There are two other states, Alaska and Hawaii, which are north and south of the contiguous states, respectively. The United States declared its independence from the British ... read more . The United States is famous for everything! We have the largest economy. We have a lot of technology, such as iPads, phones, laptops, and and so much more. We get lots of news every day, and the average citizen has much technology and freedom. I don't know how else to say more, but we have too much. I do not intend to brag, but all of this is true. U.S.A. No matter how bad or good the US is, its the most famous country almost everyone know Our culture is exported to the world. You are probably reading this using an American operating system, with an American CPU, with an American web browser, using the internet that American founded and still runs. You could be anywhere in the world (expect maybe Cuba, North Korea and Iran) and find American products quite easily, you couldn't say this about any other nation in the world. The same can be said with American fashion, music, films and television. They are popular throughout the world. When an American Presidential election happens, the whole world takes notice; this happens nowhere else in the world. How many people have drank Coke or Pepsi; or eaten at a McDonalds; or worn Nike shoes; or like an American cultural icon? This doesn't even really get into the sheer size of the US economy or the military or our geopolitical reach or fact that we're still the world's only superpower. There are many problems with the US but let's be honest; even then we're paid ... more The united states is one of the best country in the world, and of course famous. V 299 Comments 2 India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. In India you have snowfall region, desert region, forest region, plain region, mountain, hill, river, sea, beach, Luxury city, very poor village, ancient culture, morden culture, billionaires, beggars, almost all religions of the world etc etc. In short India is a mini world. You need not go for world tour. Just go for India tour. India has the one of the best food in the world. Wonderful buildings and the festivals are the best No other country is like india, it has more than thousand languages and all the religion in the world today are practiced here, in spite of many differences and disputes between us we always have "UNITY IN DIVERSITY". You can't even imagine a traditional place like india especially southern part. Indian culture,tradition and heritage puts India on top of the globe V 895 Comments 3 United Kingdom The United Kingdom (UK) is a sovereign state which consists of the political and economic union of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. It was a member of the European Union (EU) from 1973 to 2016. The UK is well known for ancient and modern literature, its influence in world music, its historical ... read more . Great Britain is the country which has created the modern world with the most inventions out of all the countries in the world. Britain has also invented the most sports out of all the countries in the world from soccer, tennis, golf, rugby, boxing just to name a few. The Magna carter is considered to be the first written constitution between the people and their ruler and has been the template for most other country's constitutions including the USA's. The British parliament is considered the mother of all parliaments and is the template for many other parliaments worldwide from Australia and New Zealand to Canada and the USA. England/Britain gave birth to the USA which is now the most powerful country in the world. The British royals are without doubt the most famous royal family in the world and the whole world is always talking about them, especially their royal weddings. The English language is the worlds most widely used and universal languages. Many British music bands are ... more - daintyapple To be a pain it's actually called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. - ParasN2000 It makes me quite emotional, thinking how this one small island has managed to shape the entire world. And it can't be argued that we didn't shape it, we ruled over 1/3 of it at one point. The mother tongue of a small island race is taught in schools across the world.How on earth are India and the US above the United Kingdom? We gave birth to them, for god sake. Everything that's great about those countries were introduced or created because of the UK. How's everyone reading this now? On the internet. Who created the internet? Tim Berners Lee. What nationality was he? British. We invented more everyday things than any other country. We started the industrial revolution. Our music is listened to across the world, our literature is read across the worlds. London is the most visited city in the world. The reasons are endless. - englishlady They created the British Empire which was the largest empire in the world. It also created many inventions and helped other countries vastly, for example India. Also a lot of famous people came from United Kingdom, as well as very good music, films, and stories. I just love the way the British people act daily very politely and their tea party (I'm a huge fan of Earl Grey), and love how the British empire was so powerful and tremendous V 129 Comments 4 France France, officially the French Republic, is a sovereign state comprising territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. ... read more . France is the most visiting country on earth, a lot of variety for landscape, the best food ever and the French way of life is very famous Amazing country, simply beautiful, very open minded. Don't listen to the stereotypes, all my encounters with French people were always really pleasant, I mean you'll have the equivalent of American rednecks everywhere, France too, but I've never met any. Wonderful and famous country. So various landscapes, there some villages which look to be villages of medieval tales. France is like a dream, we had the chance to go to Tahiti, Moorea, Bora-Bora and Marquesas Islands. Besides the fact that these places are simply marvelous, splendid, is so amazing to know that it is part of France. Here you have among the most beautiful coral reefs (UNESCO) and gorgeous beaches in the world. France is so different, has a so rich culture and history and so peaceful areas to live in, it is the bucolic country. And if you need you BBQ, no problems, here you can eat everything you want. It is No 2 for McDonalds in the world after USA. It's true that French are not the best in spoken English, but they are not the worst compare to some countries around. And most of people speak only their own native language, so it's something understandable. We plan to live there at least half of the time. France is beautiful & romantic place to visit V 66 Comments 5 China China, officially the People's Republic of China, is a sovereign state in East Asia. It is the world's most populous state, with a population of over 1.381 billion. It was established in 1949. Its capital is Beijing. The other major cities are Hong Kong and Shanghai. Chinese (Mandarin) is the only official ... read more . China is the best. It's food and art works are wonderful. China is great especially since they still keep tradition in their life as well as modern and even though other countries still do that China is the one I recognize the most The pandas in China... They are so cute. So are the green tea. Nature grows in every corner of the mountain side. And Hong Kong Disneyland... Awesome. China is a worst country in the world V 80 Comments 6 Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia in the Pacific Ocean which has a huge capital city called Tokyo . Other cities in Japan include Fukuoka, Hiroshima, Osaka, Nagoya and Sendai . It's close to South Korea, which is on the North West of it . It has a large population of 127 . 3 million people (in ... read more . It really is very beautiful and nice in japan because of their rich culture and traditions that impress people around the world... People also like the sakura trees in japan and be amazed in the japanese names because every name contains a meaning that will amaze you more... Japan is so interesting in so many ways, it would take forever to list them all! Here are some off the top of my head- Godzilla, manga, anime, samurai, home of karate, only country to be nuked, kamikazes, ramen, the list gos on and on... Japan... Everything bout it is beautiful. We cn find things that we can not find in any other area of the world. Especially hokkaido. Just love the beauty of that area, full of nature. Not to mention japan is also very popular because of akihabara which is an otaku site( for people who love animes) As a Japanese, I've been told that Japan is the best. When I was a kid I never believed it and thought USA was the best. But as an adult, I know Japan is the best. WE are advanced ❤️ and everything won't be the same without my country V 65 Comments 7 Germany Germany was formally united in 1871 under the initiative of Bismarck with King Wilhelm of Prussia as emperor. The previous 'Holy Roman Empire', basically a continuation of the empire of Charlemagne/Karl der Grosse was dissolved in 1806. ... read more . It has changed the world in both good ways and bad. But its defiantly changed history more than once. Protestantism, the highway, the first anti smoking campaign, The first missile weapon the v2 rockets and Good space technology The world would be less interesting without Germany. Germany is good at heavy industry. Germany gots many famous brand. Many people use German language. Many people live in Germany. I love Germany. Germany is probably the most famous country, even though it's famous for the wrong reasons. Germany is also the world 's best country V 32 Comments 8 Australia Australia, officially known as the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands . Australia has a very warm climate and is very dry . Australia has a unique and diverse range of flora and fauna and some of the most spectacular places in the world. It has some of the best beaches and rainforest, deserts and mangroves. The people are generally kind and easygoing and multiculturalism is a big part of Australia, being the second most multicultural country in the world. It's also in the top 10 safest and best places to live and grow up and the top 10 places to visit. The cities are exciting and Australia is one of the wealthiest countries in the world and one of the best educated countries. Also I think we have the perf. Weather most of the time and as a matter of fact, we do have snow! One downside in case you hadn't noticed, some of have big egos and talk to much but that's ok! Because we love our country(... Generally). Australia is Famous for fun, although the most dangerous and driest country on the Planet, we are still very fun, a the same time, we have the most liveable cities in the world and we have lots of theme parks and beaches and lakes perfect for any sport, not only do we have dry deserts, we have Extravagant Rain Forest that will put you in awe, the amount of amazing animals we have in Australia and only in Australia is Amazing. As well as the 12th best Economy in the World, we have Brisbane city, the city of Casinos, Lights and jobs, this city may not be fun, but you can get good jobs and opportunity's and Brisbane nearly funds everything in Australia, Brisbane is also famous for the Education it provides and in the north, there is the calm beach filled Sunshine Coast, and in the south, the Gold Coast, the most famous hot spot in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia is definitely the Best place to live The second most developed nation behind Norway. One of the richest countries on earth with the 12th highest gdp (with a population of only about 23 million! ). The second least densely populated country. Basically every type of climate; we have snowy alps little did you know. A highly educated society with long lives and beautiful cities. Of Australia's 5 major cities on the list of most developed the least developed Australian city is brisbane (the 12th most developed city on earth) whereas melbourne is the most developed city on earth. Perth 9th, Adelaide 6th, Sydney 7th. A culture that promotes equality over having a large house and lots of money. I wouldn't move elsewhere, the world doesn't seem as relaxed and free as home. There are more statistics that show this is the greatest land to live however this would get a bit overboard if I referenced them all. Come move to Australia, it's called the lucky country for a reason :). Australia has beautiful Landforms and some of the most Amazing Scenes the Seasons are Perfect here and There is so much to do! V 115 Comments 9 Canada Canada is a country in North America that is next to the United States, and it's the 2nd largest country in the world (size is 9 . 985 million km²) . This country has 10 provinces, and 3 territories . Canada declared independence from Great Britain on July 1, 1867 . Its 10 provinces are: Ontario, British ... read more . Its beautiful, snow laden trees in winter, green and crispy summer, colourful fall we have it all in Canada. Its safe, secure and healthy Country. Its welcoming to immigrants from allover the world. Just visit Canada and it will feel like home. Canada's nature and people is perfect for anyone. The fresh winter snow, the beautiful flowers, the hot summer and the winds of autumn will make you want to stay. To homeland Canada, eh? Canada is very wonderful! I just moved to Canada from Europe and all I can say is " I love Canada! I am proud to be canadian! " Canada is much better than Europe. First of all, Canadians are richer, Canada has so many beautiful nature and there is no war or disasters. We are safe in Canada. It is the third best country out of all other countries in the world. Only that mass migration is changing Canada for good and Canada loses its European ancestry majority population. - Eraklious Canada is just so amazing and beautiful! V 67 Comments 10 Pakistan Pakistan was established in 1947 and is located in South Asia.Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan and Islamabad is known as the world's second most beautiful capital city. Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar are other major cities of Pakistan. Urdu and English are official languages of Pakistan. World's ... read more . Most diverse country in the world, in terms of physical regions Mountains and glaciers, deserts, plateaus, plains, fertile lands, sea, rivers, ice capped hills and some of the hottest places on earth Pakistan has got everything The Contenders 11 Russia The first man in space, ingenious art, intelligent, educated people, the brilliant scientists. I know that Russia was born from the ashes in 2000 and Russia continue to develop. For 12 years, look what has become Russia, Russia is regaining the status of super power and will not stop. I admire Russia. I wish you good luck and prosperity to Russia. (from Germany with love) Only in Russia happened many things that never happened to world. I think it will be weird if someone didn't heard about Russia. Russia is a nice country but the people are getting ruder and ruder, something like 70% of the people use swear words EVERY DAY, the other 30% use swear words once every 2 days, I used to like Russia, their president is nice but he starts insulting other countries, also he said they could win the world war without any help from other countries, and the people, they just keep shouting: Russia IS THE BEST, ALL OTHER NATIONS ARE STUPID, BO, see, that's why I don't really like the people. Russia is the largest country, people are very simple, polite and cooperative. Helped for freedom of many countries, and also fighting for establishing peace and stability of the world. They are not aggressive like many top ranking warmonger countries. Let's cooperate with Russia, world would be more peaceful. V 22 Comments 12 Spain Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain, is a sovereign state largely located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, with archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, and several small territories on and near the north African coast. I love Spain; I am from Los Angeles and I've been there 4 times more o less; there's sun and good food I LOVE SPAIN Nothing better than the mediterranean food, beaches and culture. It rules for its ladies and food Yes the best country still better than Mexico. Has the best currency the euro most valuable and also my Family are from Spain the best food culture and music. V 29 Comments 13 Italy Italy, in italian Repubblica Italiana, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe . Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2. With almost 62 million inhabitants, it is the 3rd most populous EU member state . Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, ... read more . Awesome! Simply awesome! Compare Italy with other countries is simply impossible, Italy is the center of all... Wonderful place. Love from Germany Wherever they immigrate Italian people create a small neighbor then it becomes Italia town, the only people in the planet who do not integrate with others. If you let them in your country, you are pretty much done in 50 years. All they think about is business and money. They are the least generous people on earth and most selfish at all. They cannot and refuse to integrate behaviors or respect the rules of the country they live in. They are just among the worst migrants but unfortunately they are the most numerous migrants all over the world. The most wonderful, interesting and amazing country in the world...! I love It very much in spite of I'm not Italian...! - ITALIELI Well, really this would be 3rd or 4th place, statistically, but really it deserves 1st or 2nd. It really does it offers everything! Go to Toscana or Tuscany. You'll see what I mean. V 67 Comments 14 Singapore Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the Lion City, the Garden City, and the Red Dot, is a global city and sovereign state in Southeast Asia and the world's only island city-state. Singapore is almost the safest country to live in. It has the second lowest crime rate in the world. Also, it has high standards of living, and has good alliance to other countries. Singapore may be small, but much efforts are made to beautify the country. Finally, Singapore is a multi racial country with lots of tourist. Therefore the tourists can easily get help, as I guess there are people that speaks different languages. Singapore feels like a mixed country of British, America, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, India, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan and many different countries. Singapore is the best country! Multi-religious, Awesome Singlish! Singlish is made out of many languages combined! Singapore also have Universal Studios and Singapore Flyer. The fact that peace is really peaceful down here, although we are related to one of the most emotionless countries Singapore is a very nice country Singapore is clean, green and safe with great food and people! Definitely one of the best place ever! V 17 Comments 15 Egypt Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a leading country and civilization. No one in the world has not know about, heard or been to Egypt. Egypt is the first country in Africa and Middle East historically reflected. Egypt also hosts science, Technology, Engineering and literature. From political point of view, Egypt is among effective countries over the world. Laugh out loud, Egypt is the most known country ever.. No body on earth doesn't know about Egypt Egypt the first civilization on earth was in that beautiful land. I'm not Egyptian, but I believe that Egypt is one of the best countries ever and I literally love it. Its Egypt! The oldest civilization on Earth! No One has not heard about Egypt. It should be at least in top 3! I think Egypt is most popular because I came from there and Egypt has lots to explore any one I ask about Egypt has never told what is that country. and no one has said I have never bein to Egypt every did and the loved it their they saw lots of things that are entrusting or something they always wanted to know about. ... read more . Philippines is by far, one of the best countries you can ever visit. With hall the enchanting tourist destinations and deliciously and professionally cooked food, you can never turn that down, right? Also the Filipinos there are very friendly and respectful. You will also be amuse on how they treasure their religious beliefs. Be ready also to be amaze on how hard they work. With their full- energy and happiness, you will never get tired. Magnificent hand works. Beautiful and ancient churches. Amazing tourist destinations. Delicious food. Tropical weather. Friendly Filipinos. You should really respect the Philippines. You can't always find such an amazing country like it. It may have rocky roads, dirty walls and small and smelly kind of transportation... It's still a country made by God. Respect it. Love it. IT'S MORE FUN IN THE Philippines! Philippines is all you can imagine: Philippines with its 7,100 beautiful tropical islands are one of the most enchanting tourist destinations in the world. Famous for its exceptional scenetic beauty, majestic rolling mountains, amazing volcano, world-class diving spots, enchanting waterfalls, pristine and solace white sand beaches, world class shopping centre and rich cultural heritage. Home of friendly people and stunning array of tropical, wild and exotic flora and fauna. (from: Banana TRAVELS) Indeed, IT'S MORE FUN IN THE PHILIPPINES! You Can't Spell The Word AWESOME Without Philippines. :)) It Is The Most AMAZING Country Here In Asia. When It Comes In Culture, Tradition And The People Who Are Living Here, It Was All UNIQUE. There Are Many Beaches, And Beautiful Spots Where You Can Enjoy. I'm Sure, It Would Be All An Unforgettable Memories For You That You Can Surely Cherish. In Short, IT'S MORE FUN IN THE Philippines. "So many beautiful spots that were discovered and still counting. Beaches are stunning and people are very friendly. People are just born hospitable. It's more fun in the Philippines! " V 235 Comments 17 South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. .. I think South Korea is the BEST! Because of their culture.. And today they have K-pop that has a good musics, k-dramas that has so many great actors and good plot of drama's too. South Korean people's are so good.. They are so beautiful and also a rich country.. :) South Korea Fighting! .. I agree. I do really love South Korea, this is my favorite country.. South Korea Fighting! South Korea is really a great country. Although it isn't all about Gangnam Style and Gentleman, it also has lots of countries. And people thinking that we make up a history about South Korea just to make it seem cool. It is not. South Korea IS the most famous country and always will be. V 55 Comments 18 England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. England is GREAT! Of course its famous! IT HOSTED THE OLYMPIC/PARALYMPIC GAMES! AND WAS THE FIRST TO INVOLVE ALL WIMIN SPORTS! And that's just london we have BLACKPOOL the best sea-side resort in the WORLD. Peace out England has invented most things in the modern world, also has invented most sports, also everyone knows the British royal family is most popular royal family in the world, English is the world's language. England has to be in top 3 at least. England is at least number one they had the biggest empire of all time and they have invented a lot like the airplane and the tank and also I have visited England many times and I love it so that's why I keep going back. England is Beautiful. Represented Above as the United Kingdom. V 47 Comments 19 Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and the Latin American region. I think Brazil deserve better than this rank they have beautiful places mostly is beaches and resorts, have big globalized economy, and I thinks it's a place where people are united and people are great at sports and mostly participated in the world cup Brazil have the most famous soccer in the world! Brazil is the country you want to go for the beaches relaxation fun country life to explore and have a great life! I'd you haven't been you Brazil your dumb because it's a wonder place that you should go to! Brazil is a beautiful place, it is shame that it is only seen by soccer V 36 Comments 20 Greece Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, also known since ancient times as Hellas is a country located in southeastern Europe. Greece is one of the FIRST nations and countries which appear in history. Findings show that our civilization exists for over 10.000 years. Top philosophers were born in Greece. Modern Greece has done some mistakes, but never harmed anyone. Learning our History until now days, shows the heroic spirit of our people and our nation Worldwide known for the philosophers, mathematicians, thinkers etc born in this country. Home to democracy and other values. Cornerstone to medicine. Cradle of civilization but also known and respected for its long and ancient history. Additionally it is situated in a very strategic point joining Europe, Asia and Africa commonly referred to as the "three continents' crossroads" - a reason for strong controversy among countries as USA, Russia and China over their internal influence and deriving/respective rights. I think they are known because of the peoples warm personalities and their ancient history, which is heard in school and influences a lot of movies in Hollywood Greece is home to the Parthenon and the Athena Parthenos. It is also home to many Greek myths about Greek mythology.	i don't know
Sweetango is a variety of which fruit?	SweeTango \| Minnesota Hardy Minnesota Hardy Support Research SweeTango® SweeTango® is the exclusive brand for a premium quality apple fruit. SweeTango® Minneiska Apples are produced from a new Minneiska variety developed by the University of Minnesota. This variety has great parentage as a cross between two stars of the University of Minnesota apple breeding program: the Honeycrisp Apple and the Zestar!® Apple (Minnewashta variety). SweeTango® fruit offers another superior apple-eating experience—a satisfying crunch and a juicy blast of sweet-tart flavor. To maintain high quality fruit standards that can be affected by climate, growing sites and production practices, SweeTango® Minneiska Apples were introduced as a "managed variety". Commercial growers in Minnesota must be licensed to grow Minneiska trees. Growers outside of Minnesota must be licensed members of the growers cooperative, Next Big Thing (NBT). If you are interested in growing this exclusive brand, please review additional information on our SweeTango® Licensing page and at SweeTango® Website . If you are simply looking for a crunchy, juicy, sweet-tart apple to truly enjoy, look for the SweeTango® brand at quality grocers and orchards. Description Complex Flavor SweeTango® Minneiska Apples are juicy and sweet with hints of fall spices. This apple's flavor, balanced by vibrant acidity, dances to a long and satisfying finish on the palate. It also inherited the crisp texture of 'Honeycrisp' and juiciness of 'Zestar!®.' Appealing Appearance This blushed apple, with deep red coloration over a yellow breaking background, is as appealing to the eye as its flavor is to the palate. Early Ripening Treat Because this variety typically ripens in early September, growers, retailers, and consumers can enjoy SweeTango® Minneiska Apples while few premium apples are available. Managed Availability Minneiska is a "managed variety," a relatively new concept for U.S. growers that is more common abroad. An important advantage of "managed varieties" is they allow growers to maintain high quality standards related to optimum growing sites, climate, and production practices. This helps assure the growth of a consistently premium quality SweeTango® Minneiska Apple. In 2009, a limited supply of SweeTango® Minneiska Apples became available to consumers in Minnesota, the Northwest, and New England. Additionally, SweeTango® Minneiska Apples are now available to consumers nationwide. Trees likely will not be available to the general public until the patent expires in 2026. For more information, please visit the SweeTango® website . SweeTango® (Minneiska variety) is a registered trademark of the University of Minnesota.	Apple
Mount Qomolanga is the official name of which mountain?	SweeTango Apples \| Rennhack Orchards Market Wholesale SweeTango Apples SweeTango® apples are an exciting new variety, developed by crossing Honeycrisp™ (mom) and Zestar!(TM) (dad). Juicy and sweet, with hints of fall spices, SweeTango’s flavor is balanced by vibrant acidity. SweeTango® has a satisfying “crunch,” and its complex flavor combination will make your taste buds dance! When you purchase a SweeTango® apple, you are assured of its high quality. SweeTango® is a managed apple variety, which means only select, licensed growers can produce the apples. SweeTango® apples are grown by members of Next Big Thing , A Growers’ Cooperative—a 45-member cooperative of respected family growers spread across five time zones from Nova Scotia to Washington State. The cooperative arrangement helps ensure that quality standards are met, in order to assure a consistently superior eating experience for the consumer. It can be challenging for consumers to find SweeTango® apples, because this variety is so new that it is grown on young trees which are not yet at their full harvest potential. West Michigan residents can find SweeTango® apples at Rennhack Orchards Market in Hart. Dave Rennhack is one of the licensed growers of SweeTango® apples. Dave has planted over 13,000 trees since 2007, using state-of-the-art high-density growing systems that produce more fruit earlier than older systems. The start-up cost is much higher for the new growing systems, but the quicker harvests are very satisfying, especially with a great new apple like SweeTango®! Researchers at the University of Minnesota developed the SweeTango® apple. The university receives royalty payments from SweeTango® apple sales, which help fund intensive research efforts. It can take 30 years and 10,000 attempts to find a new great-tasting apple. For more information about the development of SweeTango® apples, you can visit the SweeTango® website.	i don't know
Which British monarch is said to to be buried with a lock of Maria Fitzherbert’s hair?	Top 10 Philandering English Monarchs - Listverse Top 10 Philandering English Monarchs Kiri Derrick April 21, 2011 In celebration of the upcoming royal wedding I have prepared a list to celebrate another British royal tradition – the mistress. Mistresses have been recognized since written history began. Traditionally a mistress was a woman who was kept, as a lover, by a man who could afford to maintain her lifestyle, the better the mistress the more costly the upkeep. Young women, and often their families, would work to attract the richest and most powerful lovers for the money and status that came with him. Usually this was outside of the mans marriage, but often the wife was aware of the mistress and accepted her presence as the social norm. This does not include women who may have spent a night with a king, but any woman who was kept as a mistress for any length of time. This list will look at 10 of the most prolific philandering English Monarchs and the women they kept. 10 William IV 1 Mistress William IV was king of the United Kingdom for 20 years, but while he was Duke of Clarence he lived with his mistress, an Irish actress named Dorothea Jordan . They never married as they needed permission from the king in order to have a legitimate wedding. They were said to be very much in love and together they had 10 children George FitzClarence 1st Earl of Munster (1794), Henry Edward (1795), Sophia Sidney Baroness De L’Isle and Dudley (1796), Lady Mary Fox (1798), Lieutenant General Lord Frederick FitzClarence (1799), Elizabeth Hay Countess of Erroll (1801), Rear-Admiral Lord Adolphus FitzClarence (1802), Lady Augusta Hallyburton (1803), Lord Augustus FitzClarence (1805) and Amelia Cary Viscountess Falkland (1807). The relationship ended badly in 1811, Dorothea claimed that the split was due to money problems. The surname FitzClarence come from FitzRoy, an Anglo-Norman name meaning “son of the king”. Different versions of this name were used by many royals as a surname for their illegitimate children. 9 George I 2 Mistresses George I came to Britain from Hanover in 1714, after he inherited the throne, and with him he brought his two long-established mistresses. He had divorced his wife Sophia Dorothea of Celle in 1694, and had her imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden for the rest of her life, after a scandalous affair. Her lover, Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, disappeared one morning never to be seen again, and years later two men confessed that George had paid them to kill him and dump his body in a river. His first mistress was Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg, nicknamed “The Maypole” because she was so thin. Together they had three Illegitimate children: Anna Luise Sophie von der Schulenburg Countess of Dölitz (1692), Melusina von der Schulenburg Countess of Walsingham (1693) and Margaret Gertrude von der Schulenburg, Countess of Oeynhausen (1701). After Georges death she kept a pet raven which she believed was George’s re-incarnated soul. George’s second mistress, Sophia von Kielmansegg, was nicknamed “The Elephant” due to her portly size. In European royalty inbreeding was prolific as families struggled to keep their wealth and power, however this was usually a match between cousins. Sophia was actually George’s illegitimate half-sister as they were both children of Ernest Augustus Elector of Hanover. Sophia’s family have denied she slept with George, but it was common knowledge at British court she was his mistress. Both women were George’s mistresses until his death, in 1727. 8 Edward VIII 3 Mistresses Edward VIII is said to have been quite promiscuous during his youth, and had many affairs with married women, but most of the reports of this are hearsay and very difficult to verify. He had 3 official mistresses, which puts him quite low on this list. Edward met Winifred Dudley Ward, a wealthy socialite, in 1918 at a dinner party, and for the next sixteen years Freda was Edward’s mistress. There is speculation that her son Timothy Ward Seely is actually Edwards illegitimate son, although this remains unproven. When Edward met Viscountess Thelma Furnessin in 1929, he was smitten. Like Freda she was an attractive and wealthy socialite, and along with Freda she was Edwards mistress for the next 5 years. Then, in 1934 both Freda and Thelma found themselves very suddenly replaced by an American divorcee, Wallis Simpson. Edward had meet Wallis at a party thrown by Thelma, and by 1934 she was firmly in control. In 1936, Edward was King and Wallis had divorced her second husband, however they couldn’t marry due to constitutional laws governing royal marriages. Edward was determined, though, and less than a year after becoming king he abdicated and left to live in exile so he could marry Wallis. For what its worth, they lived out the rest of their lives happily ever after. 7 Henry II 6 Mistresses Henry II was notorious for his illicit relations with other men’s wives, and for having several illegitimate children. However, few records containing information about them have survived, and only records about the most infamous mistresses would have been written to start with. Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, the same year Henry’s first recorded illegitimate son, Geoffrey Plantagenet Archbishop of York was born, details of his mother are unclear but her name is believed to have been Ykenai. Henry fell deeply in love in 1163, when he met Rosamund Clifford: there are lots of legends surrounding Rosamund so it is difficult to pick the truth from the folklore. There is some belief that she had at least one child by Henry, what is clear though is that the affair lasted until 1176, shortly before she died. After Rosamund’s death, Henry helped pay for her burial and tomb, which most people take as a proof of his true affection for her. To strengthen their alliance, Louis VII of France sent his 8 year old daughter, Alys Countess of the Vexin (1160), to England to marry Henry’s legitimate son, and heir, Richard I of England. Richard married Berengaria of Navarre in 1191, by this time Alys was already his fathers mistress, she is also thought to have had a child by Henry. In 1175, Matilda Abbess of Barking was born, the name of her mother has unfortunately been lost to time, and less than a year after Matilda’s birth William Longespée 3rd Earl of Salisbury was born. He was Henry’s son by Ida de Toesny, Countess of Norfolk and the wife of Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk. Henry also had a son by Lady Nesta Bloet, the wife of Sir Ralph Bloet, and Morgan would later become the Bishop of Durham. 6 George IV 8 Mistresses In 1795, George IV was married to Caroline of Brunswick in a purely politically arranged marriage which was doomed from the outset. In 1796, their only child, Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, was born and shortly after that they were living completely separate lives. George had been keeping mistresses since 1779, when he met Mary Robinson while she was performing in a play. He offered her twenty thousand pounds if she would become his mistress. George had tired of her within a year, and dumped her without paying her. The affair had ruined her reputation and she wasn’t able to find work, so she threatened to sell some of his love letters to a newspaper, and he agreed to pay her a small pension. Two years later, George began an affair with Grace Dalrymple Elliott, again it was a short affair which was kept quiet, but within a year Grace had a daughter, Georgina Seymour. George acknowledged the child and she was baptized as Georgina Frederica Augusta Elliott, Daughter of His Royal Highness George, Prince of Wales. There was speculation that the child was not George’s as she resembled another of her mothers lovers. Grace didn’t last much longer as a mistress, but she did manage to survive the French revolution, despite being jailed and sentenced to death by guillotine. In 1784, Lady Elizabeth Lamb Viscountess Melbourne had a son, George Lamb. At the time, she was George’s mistress but her husband took responsibility for the child. That same year George meet his longest lasting mistress, Maria Fitzherbert. He fell madly in love with her and they married in 1785. The marriage was not legally valid under the Royal Marriages Act, but George and Maria lived together through his legitimate marriage to Caroline, until 1811. During these years George did acknowledge illegitimate children with other women, and although she officially had no children, in Maria’s will she refers to her two daughters, Mary Ann Stafford-Jerningham and Mary Georgina Emma Dawson-Damer. It is possible they were her illegitimate children with George, hidden and raised by close family and friends to avoid any more scandal. Next to catch George’s eye was Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey, and by 1794 she had managed to lure George away from Maria. For a few years she took control of the household, however her place as favorite mistress didn’t last and he had soon moved on to Lady Hertford. Isabella Anne Ingram Seymour Conway, Marchioness of Hertford, became George’s mistress in 1807, despite her husband trying to keep George away from her. Isabella was the one to first influence George towards the Tory political party, but as with most of George’s mistresses he tired of her and, in 1819, he had a new interest. Marchioness Elizabeth Conyngham was considered very beautiful, but looked down upon by her peers due to the common birth of her mother. Her husband was not very well connected, and she became a courtesan to men of wealth and power in the hope of gaining her family favor. She began her affair with George around 1819, and her plan quickly proved successful: her husband was made a Marquess and a member of the Privy Council. The affair continued right up until Georges sudden death, in 1830, after which Elizabeth moved to Paris and refused all of the jewelry and gifts George had left her in his will. 5 Henry I 9+ Mistresses Henry I has the distinction of having the most recognized illegitimate children of any English king, with more than 20 to his name. A lot of the documents have been destroyed in the centuries since Henry lived, which, when combined with the low literacy levels during this era, makes it not surprising that details have been lost. The main issue, though, is that women where not considered important enough to be written about, and most of the information on these women comes from what was written about their husbands or children. We do know Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester (1090), is probably Henry’s first illegitimate child, and his mother was most likely one of Rainald Gay’s daughters. Henry next illegitimate son was Gilbert FitzRoy, and we know he died sometime after 1142 and that his mother may have been one of Walter de Gand’s sisters. With a mistress, known only as Edith, Henry had a daughter, Matilda du Perche, in 1086. Matilda married Count Rotrou III of Perche, and died in the shipwreck of the White Ship in 1120. Henrys next son, Henry Fitzroy (1103), was the child of Princess Nest Ferch Rhys (1073). She was later married off to Gerald de Windsor. Nest is said to have been remarkably beautiful, and was even kidnapped by her cousin, Owain, after he fell in love with her. With Ansfride of Seacourt (1070) Henry had three children, Juliane de Fontevrault (1090), Fulk FitzRoy (1092) and Richard of Lincoln (1094). Juliane de Fontevrault once tried to kill her father with a crossbow. Henry kidnapped a rebellious nobles son, so the noble kidnapped Henrys granddaughters (Juliane’s daughters). They tried to negotiate peace and agreed to call it a truce and swap hostages. Henry wanted to humiliate the noble so he blinded his son before returning him, and in retaliation the noble mutilated his young granddaughters by blinding them and cutting their nose’s off. With Edith FitzForne he fathered two children, Robert FitzEdith Lord Okehampton (1093) and Adeliza FitzEdith. Henry also fathered a son in 1087, William de Tracy, with Gieva de Tracy (1064). Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester (1077) was married but, as with many others on this list, that didn’t stop Henry. Together they had at least 2 children, Sybilla de Normandy and Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall. Three of Henrys other children may have also been Sybilla’s, William Constable (1105), Gundred of England (1114) and Rohese of England (1114). Isabel de Beaumont (1102) was the wife of the 1st Earl of Pembroke. With Henry she had two children, Isabel Hedwig of England and Matilda FitzRoy, Abbess of Montvilliers. Henry has other illegitimate children who can’t be definitively connected to any one mistress. Henry was a clever man, and used his illegitimate children to secure his position. He made his sons nobles and gave them land, and he married his daughters off to men he wanted to keep as allies. Some of his illegitimate children include Maud FitzRoy (1901), wife to Conan III Duke of Brittany, Constance FitzRoy (1110) married to Richard Viscount de Beaumont, Mabel FitzRoy was married to William III Gouet, Aline FitzRoy wife of Matthieu I of Montmorency, Elizabeth of England married Fergus of Galloway and Emma married Guy de Laval IV. 4 Edward VII 9+ Mistresses Edward VII was notorious for his infidelities, he managed to carry out each affair in a discreet manner, and as such no one is entirely sure how many mistresses he had. There is some speculation that it could have been up to 55, though there is no clear evidence of how far each relationship went. His wife, Queen Alexandra, whom he married in 1862, is believed to have been aware of many of his affairs and, for the most part, to have accepted them. It was normal during the Victorian era for married woman of good standing to become mistress to men of higher social standing, with her husband’s knowledge, to advance the couple socially or politically. In 1864, after her husbands death, Lady Susan Pelham-Clinton began a short affair with Edward. Allegedly, Susan had Edwards’s illegitimate child in 1871, and a letter written to Edward by one of Susan’s friends states that “the crisis was due within two or three months” nothing further is known about this child, though. Lillie Langtry was a renowned beauty known as Jersey Lily, and in 1877 Edward arranged to sit next to Lillie at a dinner party. She soon became his mistress and a friend of Queen Alexandra. It was a short affair and cooled off after the arrival of Sarah Bernhardt. Sarah was a stage and film actress who had already had a son by Belgian Prince Charles-Joseph Eugène Henri Georges Lamoral de Ligne. She would often sleep in a coffin, as she claimed this helped her understand tragic roles. From 1879, she was Edwards mistress, and like most of his affairs, this was brief and kept as secret as possible. The next woman to be kept by Edward was Lady Jeanette Churchill, mother of English Prime Minister Winston Churchill. She was considered to be very beautiful and was married to Lord Randolph Churchill. It was after the birth of her sons that the affair began. Lady Churchill and Queen Alexandra became friends, despite the affair, and enjoyed spending time in each others company. After Lady Churchill was Hortense Schneider, a French soprano and a star of the operetta. It was through the operetta that Hortense met Edward, little is know of this affair as Edward was discreet but Hortense earned herself the nickname “Le Passage des Princes”. Daisy Greville Countess of Warwick, an illegitimate descendant of King Charles II, was a courtesan to Edward. She was also having an affair with Lord Charles Beresford. Her letters from the time show that she genuinely cared for Lord Beresford, and when Edward discovered this affair he was enraged and the dispute had to be resolved by the Prime minister. In 1869, Sir Charles Mordaunt 10th Baronet, threatened to name Edward as co-respondent in his divorce from Harriet Sarah Moncreiffe. Edward was called as a witness in the case as Edward had visited the Mordaunts house while Sir Charles was away. Edward denied the rumors of adultery, and nothing could be proven, but this was damaging to his reputation. From 1899, up until his death in 1910, Agnes Keyser was Edwards mistress, making her one of Edwards longest mistresses. Together with her sister, Fanny, she converted their home into a hospital for officers returning from the Boer War. Edward was the hospitals first patron and, although it has moved location, it is still running today as King Edward VII’s Hospital for Officers. As well as Agnes, Edward also kept Alice Keppel, a society lady married to the son of the 7th Earl of Albemarle. She was a popular mistress to men of power due to her discretion, and took many lovers to help increase her standing in society, all with her husband’s knowledge. In 1898, she began an affair with Edward, despite being nearly 30 years his junior, which lasted right up till the monarch’s death. Alice was the great-grandmother of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. Edward would also frequent Le Chabanais, one of the most luxurious brothels in Paris. There he had his own room with his coat of arms above the bed, a special bath tub in which he could bathe in champagne with the prostitutes, and even a special chair designed and made for his visits. It was here that he encountered Giulia Barucci, an employee of Le Chabanais, who became another of his mistresses. Edward is also said to have enjoyed the company of Cora Pearl and Caroline “La Belle” Otero during his numerous visits to the brothel. 3 Henry VIII 10 Mistresses Henry VIII’s libido is legendary, so you might be surprised to find he is only number 3 on my top 10. On 11 June, 1509, he was married to his first wife Catherine of Aragon, the young widow of his older brother King Arthur. Catherine was pregnant at least 5 times, with only Mary I surviving infancy. Henry’s first mistress was Anne Stafford Countess of Huntingdon in 1510, a year after he married Queen Catherine. When discovered, this affair caused a scandal and resulted in Anne being sent to a convent by her husband. Jane Popincourt was his second mistress, in 1514, she was his sister’s tutor, and was rumoured to be so promiscuous that even the French king wouldn’t allow her into his court. Next was Elizabeth Blount: this affair was less discreet and the attention he gave her even upset Catherine, Henry’s wife. Elizabeth gave birth in the spring of 1519: the boy was the first son of the king and named Henry FitzRoy. Elizabeth was married off to the 1st Baron Tailboys of Kyme, who was one of Henry’s courtiers and Member of Parliament. It was around this time Henry had at least 3 other illegitimate children, Thomas Stukley in 1520 by Jane Stukley, Etheldreda Malte in 1527 by Joan Dingley and John Perrot in 1528 by Mary Perrot. The King’s next official mistress Mary Boleyn, was known as a courtesan: King Francis I of France described her as “a great prostitute, infamous above all.” Mary was married to Sir William Carey who was compliant due to the status and favor it afforded him. Both of Mary’s children, Catherine (1524) and Henry Carey 1st Baron Hunsdon (1526), were Henry’s illegitimate offspring. Henry soon tired of his mistress and Mary was sent to live with her husband in the country. Henry’s next mistress was Mary’s younger sister, Anne. Henry had started proceedings for his divorce from Catherine of Aragon as she was now barren and couldn’t give him a male heir. Henry desperately wanted a legitimate son to provide stability for the country and avoid another civil war. Anne refused to sleep with Henry unless he married her, so, six years later on 25 January, 1533, that’s what Henry did. As the pope wouldn’t grant him a divorce, Henry declared himself the head of the church in England, and split from Catholicism starting hundreds of years of religious wars. Henry and Anne went on to have a daughter who would become Queen Elizabeth. Anne was pregnant at least 4 more times but these resulted in miscarriages or still births. While Anne was pregnant Henry took other mistresses, including Mary Shelton, who was Anne’s cousin, and Jane Seymour. After Anne’s final miscarriage, Henry had her executed on unfounded charges of treason and incest. Henry went on to marry Jane Seymour, who provided him with the son he desired, however she died shortly after childbirth. She was the only one of Henry’s 6 wives to receive a queen’s funeral, and she is buried next to him in St Georges Chapel at Windsor castle. As far as records show, he didn’t have another official mistress after this. However, he did go on to marry Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr. 2 James II 11 Mistresses James II was a prolific philanderer, even rivaling his brother Charles II, with most reports putting the number at around eleven official mistresses. James had unusual tastes in women: while other men of his time followed the baroque model of heavy-set, voluptuous women, James was attracted to young slim teens. In 1659, James seduced Anne Hyde who was Maid of Honor to his sister, Princess Mary, while they were living in exile in Europe after the English civil war. Charles II forced James to marry Anne, despite her unattractiveness, after she was found to be pregnant by James. So his first mistress became his wife. Anne and James went on to have 8 children, 6 of whom died in infancy, with only two surviving: Mary, 1662 and Anne, 1665. James’s longest-lasting mistress was Arabella Churchill, an ancestor of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Their affair began in 1665, when she was 17, around the time that Arabella became Queen Anne’s lady-in-waiting. Arabella and James had four illegitimate children together, Henrietta 1667, James 1st Duke of Berwick 1670, Henry 1st Duke of Albemarle 1673 and Arabella FitzJames 1674, and after the birth of their final child Arabella was married off, as well. Queen Anne died in 1671, probably of breast cancer, 7 weeks after the birth of her youngest child, Catherine, who died at 10 months old. Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester, was the mistress of King James II before he came to the throne. Following pressure from the church and catholic officials, after he was crowned James “retired” Catherine. He moved her out of Whitehall but he doubled her allowance as compensation, within the year James had changed his mind and they were meeting again. Their son James Darnley was born in 1684, he sadly died the next year, she also bore James a daughter, Lady Catherine Darnley, her birth was around 1681 and she married the 3rd Earl of Anglesey. In 1686, Catherine was awarded Countess of Dorchester for life, though this caused much anger at court and as a result Catherine went to stay in Ireland while the scandal blew over. Most of James’s other liaisons were short-lived affairs with women he met at court. Lady Anne Carnegie, Countess of Southesk, was the wife of the 3rd Earl of Southesk and the daughter of Daughter of William Duke of Hamilton, and also one of James’s many mistresses. During 1662, Elizabeth Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield, was said to have been caught “in flagrante” with James. This lead to some speculation as to whom the father of her daughter Lady Elizabeth Stanhope, born 1663, was. After Lady Chesterfield was Mary “Moll” Kirke, daughter of George Kirke and later Lady Vernon, wife of the 2nd Baron of Hodnet. She was another of the Queens maids of honor and another of James’s mistresses. Following his first wife’s death, James proposed to his mistress, the 17-year-old widow Lady Susanna Baroness of Belasyse, daughter of the 2nd Baron of Airmine. James was forced to choose a more suitable wife, but Susanna was given a life peerage and made a baroness. James was also known to have had an affair with Goditha Price, daughter of the 1st Baronet of the Priory. James’ next interest was Lady Elizabeth Denham, wife of the poet Sir John Denham. Followed by a very short lived affair with Lady Jane Middleton. James was only king from 1685, when his brother died without a legitimate heir, to 1688 when his daughter Mary and her husband William led a revolution and overthrew him. 1 Charles II 14 Mistresses Charles II may be the most notorious womanizer of the English Kings, with reason. He often had multiple mistresses, both noble and common. Charles had fourteen acknowledged illegitimate children, but no legitimate heir with his wife Catherine. His first recorded mistress was Lucy Walter, a well known courtesan, their affair began in the mid 1640’s and by 1649 Lucy gave birth to James Scott 1st Duke of Monmouth, the eldest of Charles illegitimate children. After Charles’s death, James would try to succeed him by claiming his parents had married in secret, he had no evidence to support this and his rebellion failed. From 1648 to 1660, Charles was living in exile after the English revolution, and during this time he and Elizabeth Killigrew Viscountess Shannon, a maid-of-honor to his mother, had a very brief affair, and in 1650 she had his daughter, Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy. While exiled, Charles also began an affair with Catherine Pegge and, in 1657, she gave birth to Charles FitzCharles 1st Earl of Plymouth, followed by a daughter Catherine FitzCharles. Catherine’s position did not last long, and in 1667 she was married off to Sir Edward Greene. Next to catch Charles’s eye was Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, a renowned courtesan of her day. They began their affair in 1660, and she quickly gained a reputation for her greed, extravagance and foul temper. Barbara and Charles had 5 children together between 1661 and 1665, Anne Countess of Sussex, Charles 2nd Duke of Cleveland, Henry 1st Duke of Grafton, Charlotte Countess of Lichfield and George 1st Duke of Northumberland. Through her son Henry, Barbara is an ancestor of the late Princess Diana. Winifred Wells was a Maid of Honor to Queen Catherine and, from 1662, she was also Charles mistress, though she never gained much favor or power. Samuel Pepys wrote in 1662 that Winifred “dropped a child during a court ball held on 31 December” this child was allegedly the kings, but never officially recognised. In 1673, after Charles lost interest, she was married to Thomas Wyndham. Frances Stewart was a maid of honor at Charles and Catherine’s wedding in 1663, and then a lady-in-waiting. Legend has it that Frances refused to sleep with the king unless he married her, however there is strong evidence that Frances and Charles had a daughter, Rebecca Stuart, but she was kept secret to protect Frances’s reputation. Frances realised that the only thing she would ever be to Charles was a mistress, so she eloped with the Duke of Richmond, leaving Charles heart broken. Mary Davis was an actress and courtesan who began her affair with Charles in 1667, in 1669 she gave birth to Charles’ daughter Lady Mary Tudor. Shortly after this, Charles lost interest in Mary, possibly due to his new mistress, and Mary’s main rival for the last year, Nell Gwyn. Born to a poor family, Nell started working as an actress at age 14. After gaining some fame she went on to become a mistress and started her affair with Charles in 1668. Nell and Charles had two sons, Charles in 1670 and James in 1671, they stayed friends until Charles death in 1685. After Nell came Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kérouaille Duchess of Portsmouth, she was born into aristocracy and was placed into Henrietta Stuart’s household in the hopes she would attract the attention of royalty. Around 1670, she attracted Charles and in 1672 their child, Charles Lennox 1st Duke of Richmond, was born. Louise influenced Charles in favor of France in matters of state, this earned her the hatred of the English. Sarah, Duchess of York, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall and Princess Diana are all descendants of Louise and Charles. Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin, escaped a failed marriage and spent many years in Europe as a courtesan to men of nobility who could afford to keep her. By 1676, she had succeeded in replacing Louise as Charles’s favored mistress. Hortense quickly fell from favor, she was in a lesbian relationship with Anne Fitzroy, Charles daughter with Barbara Palmer. This ended when Anne’s husband sent her to the country after Hortense and Anne had a public fencing match in St James Park wearing only nightgowns. She was also having an affair with Louis I Prince of Monaco, and when Charles found out he cut off her allowance. Although he gave in after a few days, this was the beginning of the end of Hortense’s position. She and Charles remained friends, and Barbara Palmer became favorite once again. Little information is known of his other mistresses: they included Jane Roberts who was the daughter of a clergyman, Mrs Knight a famous singer, Elizabeth Berkeley Dowager Countess of Falmouth and Christabella Wyndham, the royal nurse who had once been Charles’s wet nurse. There are also many other unofficial reports of mistresses including Countess Elizabeth Fitzgerald, the second wife of the 18th earl of Kildare and Lady Mary Sackville of Dorset. Interestingly, it is alleged that Charles fathered James de la Cloche in 1646 by Lady Marguerite de Carteret. Reportedly, Charles II recognized him in secret in 1665, and granted him £500 a year, as long as he would stay in London and as an Anglican, however this remains unproven. + Charles, Prince of Wales Charles misses out on a spot in my list as he is the current Prince of Wales and heir to the throne, and only Monarchs are allowed on the list, but he deserves a special mention for his stupidity. Charles married Diana Spencer in 1981, as far as we can tell Charles was not in love with Diana but he had decided she would make a proper royal bride and was suitable for the job. Diana was extremely popular with the public and earned the nickname “the Queen of Hearts”. Within a few years, the marriage was on the rocks and they divorced in 1996, in no small part due to Camilla. Camilla Parker Bowles was one of Charles’s early girlfriends and a descendant of Edward VII and Alice Keppel. They were romantically involved on and off from the 1970’s, however Charles believed she was not a suitable royal bride. Allegedly, they began an affair in the 1980’s and this was the main cause of strain on his and Diana’s relationship. This created very bad publicity for Charles, and Camilla was resented by the public. Even after the divorce Charles couldn’t marry Camilla because of public opposition. After nearly ten years, they received permission to marry from the Queen, however she didn’t attend her son’s wedding. Why he didn’t just marry Camilla in the first place is a mystery. More Great Lists	George IV of the United Kingdom
The British brewery Abbey Ales is based in which city?	Top 10 Philandering English Monarchs - Listverse Top 10 Philandering English Monarchs Kiri Derrick April 21, 2011 In celebration of the upcoming royal wedding I have prepared a list to celebrate another British royal tradition – the mistress. Mistresses have been recognized since written history began. Traditionally a mistress was a woman who was kept, as a lover, by a man who could afford to maintain her lifestyle, the better the mistress the more costly the upkeep. Young women, and often their families, would work to attract the richest and most powerful lovers for the money and status that came with him. Usually this was outside of the mans marriage, but often the wife was aware of the mistress and accepted her presence as the social norm. This does not include women who may have spent a night with a king, but any woman who was kept as a mistress for any length of time. This list will look at 10 of the most prolific philandering English Monarchs and the women they kept. 10 William IV 1 Mistress William IV was king of the United Kingdom for 20 years, but while he was Duke of Clarence he lived with his mistress, an Irish actress named Dorothea Jordan . They never married as they needed permission from the king in order to have a legitimate wedding. They were said to be very much in love and together they had 10 children George FitzClarence 1st Earl of Munster (1794), Henry Edward (1795), Sophia Sidney Baroness De L’Isle and Dudley (1796), Lady Mary Fox (1798), Lieutenant General Lord Frederick FitzClarence (1799), Elizabeth Hay Countess of Erroll (1801), Rear-Admiral Lord Adolphus FitzClarence (1802), Lady Augusta Hallyburton (1803), Lord Augustus FitzClarence (1805) and Amelia Cary Viscountess Falkland (1807). The relationship ended badly in 1811, Dorothea claimed that the split was due to money problems. The surname FitzClarence come from FitzRoy, an Anglo-Norman name meaning “son of the king”. Different versions of this name were used by many royals as a surname for their illegitimate children. 9 George I 2 Mistresses George I came to Britain from Hanover in 1714, after he inherited the throne, and with him he brought his two long-established mistresses. He had divorced his wife Sophia Dorothea of Celle in 1694, and had her imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden for the rest of her life, after a scandalous affair. Her lover, Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, disappeared one morning never to be seen again, and years later two men confessed that George had paid them to kill him and dump his body in a river. His first mistress was Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg, nicknamed “The Maypole” because she was so thin. Together they had three Illegitimate children: Anna Luise Sophie von der Schulenburg Countess of Dölitz (1692), Melusina von der Schulenburg Countess of Walsingham (1693) and Margaret Gertrude von der Schulenburg, Countess of Oeynhausen (1701). After Georges death she kept a pet raven which she believed was George’s re-incarnated soul. George’s second mistress, Sophia von Kielmansegg, was nicknamed “The Elephant” due to her portly size. In European royalty inbreeding was prolific as families struggled to keep their wealth and power, however this was usually a match between cousins. Sophia was actually George’s illegitimate half-sister as they were both children of Ernest Augustus Elector of Hanover. Sophia’s family have denied she slept with George, but it was common knowledge at British court she was his mistress. Both women were George’s mistresses until his death, in 1727. 8 Edward VIII 3 Mistresses Edward VIII is said to have been quite promiscuous during his youth, and had many affairs with married women, but most of the reports of this are hearsay and very difficult to verify. He had 3 official mistresses, which puts him quite low on this list. Edward met Winifred Dudley Ward, a wealthy socialite, in 1918 at a dinner party, and for the next sixteen years Freda was Edward’s mistress. There is speculation that her son Timothy Ward Seely is actually Edwards illegitimate son, although this remains unproven. When Edward met Viscountess Thelma Furnessin in 1929, he was smitten. Like Freda she was an attractive and wealthy socialite, and along with Freda she was Edwards mistress for the next 5 years. Then, in 1934 both Freda and Thelma found themselves very suddenly replaced by an American divorcee, Wallis Simpson. Edward had meet Wallis at a party thrown by Thelma, and by 1934 she was firmly in control. In 1936, Edward was King and Wallis had divorced her second husband, however they couldn’t marry due to constitutional laws governing royal marriages. Edward was determined, though, and less than a year after becoming king he abdicated and left to live in exile so he could marry Wallis. For what its worth, they lived out the rest of their lives happily ever after. 7 Henry II 6 Mistresses Henry II was notorious for his illicit relations with other men’s wives, and for having several illegitimate children. However, few records containing information about them have survived, and only records about the most infamous mistresses would have been written to start with. Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, the same year Henry’s first recorded illegitimate son, Geoffrey Plantagenet Archbishop of York was born, details of his mother are unclear but her name is believed to have been Ykenai. Henry fell deeply in love in 1163, when he met Rosamund Clifford: there are lots of legends surrounding Rosamund so it is difficult to pick the truth from the folklore. There is some belief that she had at least one child by Henry, what is clear though is that the affair lasted until 1176, shortly before she died. After Rosamund’s death, Henry helped pay for her burial and tomb, which most people take as a proof of his true affection for her. To strengthen their alliance, Louis VII of France sent his 8 year old daughter, Alys Countess of the Vexin (1160), to England to marry Henry’s legitimate son, and heir, Richard I of England. Richard married Berengaria of Navarre in 1191, by this time Alys was already his fathers mistress, she is also thought to have had a child by Henry. In 1175, Matilda Abbess of Barking was born, the name of her mother has unfortunately been lost to time, and less than a year after Matilda’s birth William Longespée 3rd Earl of Salisbury was born. He was Henry’s son by Ida de Toesny, Countess of Norfolk and the wife of Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk. Henry also had a son by Lady Nesta Bloet, the wife of Sir Ralph Bloet, and Morgan would later become the Bishop of Durham. 6 George IV 8 Mistresses In 1795, George IV was married to Caroline of Brunswick in a purely politically arranged marriage which was doomed from the outset. In 1796, their only child, Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, was born and shortly after that they were living completely separate lives. George had been keeping mistresses since 1779, when he met Mary Robinson while she was performing in a play. He offered her twenty thousand pounds if she would become his mistress. George had tired of her within a year, and dumped her without paying her. The affair had ruined her reputation and she wasn’t able to find work, so she threatened to sell some of his love letters to a newspaper, and he agreed to pay her a small pension. Two years later, George began an affair with Grace Dalrymple Elliott, again it was a short affair which was kept quiet, but within a year Grace had a daughter, Georgina Seymour. George acknowledged the child and she was baptized as Georgina Frederica Augusta Elliott, Daughter of His Royal Highness George, Prince of Wales. There was speculation that the child was not George’s as she resembled another of her mothers lovers. Grace didn’t last much longer as a mistress, but she did manage to survive the French revolution, despite being jailed and sentenced to death by guillotine. In 1784, Lady Elizabeth Lamb Viscountess Melbourne had a son, George Lamb. At the time, she was George’s mistress but her husband took responsibility for the child. That same year George meet his longest lasting mistress, Maria Fitzherbert. He fell madly in love with her and they married in 1785. The marriage was not legally valid under the Royal Marriages Act, but George and Maria lived together through his legitimate marriage to Caroline, until 1811. During these years George did acknowledge illegitimate children with other women, and although she officially had no children, in Maria’s will she refers to her two daughters, Mary Ann Stafford-Jerningham and Mary Georgina Emma Dawson-Damer. It is possible they were her illegitimate children with George, hidden and raised by close family and friends to avoid any more scandal. Next to catch George’s eye was Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey, and by 1794 she had managed to lure George away from Maria. For a few years she took control of the household, however her place as favorite mistress didn’t last and he had soon moved on to Lady Hertford. Isabella Anne Ingram Seymour Conway, Marchioness of Hertford, became George’s mistress in 1807, despite her husband trying to keep George away from her. Isabella was the one to first influence George towards the Tory political party, but as with most of George’s mistresses he tired of her and, in 1819, he had a new interest. Marchioness Elizabeth Conyngham was considered very beautiful, but looked down upon by her peers due to the common birth of her mother. Her husband was not very well connected, and she became a courtesan to men of wealth and power in the hope of gaining her family favor. She began her affair with George around 1819, and her plan quickly proved successful: her husband was made a Marquess and a member of the Privy Council. The affair continued right up until Georges sudden death, in 1830, after which Elizabeth moved to Paris and refused all of the jewelry and gifts George had left her in his will. 5 Henry I 9+ Mistresses Henry I has the distinction of having the most recognized illegitimate children of any English king, with more than 20 to his name. A lot of the documents have been destroyed in the centuries since Henry lived, which, when combined with the low literacy levels during this era, makes it not surprising that details have been lost. The main issue, though, is that women where not considered important enough to be written about, and most of the information on these women comes from what was written about their husbands or children. We do know Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester (1090), is probably Henry’s first illegitimate child, and his mother was most likely one of Rainald Gay’s daughters. Henry next illegitimate son was Gilbert FitzRoy, and we know he died sometime after 1142 and that his mother may have been one of Walter de Gand’s sisters. With a mistress, known only as Edith, Henry had a daughter, Matilda du Perche, in 1086. Matilda married Count Rotrou III of Perche, and died in the shipwreck of the White Ship in 1120. Henrys next son, Henry Fitzroy (1103), was the child of Princess Nest Ferch Rhys (1073). She was later married off to Gerald de Windsor. Nest is said to have been remarkably beautiful, and was even kidnapped by her cousin, Owain, after he fell in love with her. With Ansfride of Seacourt (1070) Henry had three children, Juliane de Fontevrault (1090), Fulk FitzRoy (1092) and Richard of Lincoln (1094). Juliane de Fontevrault once tried to kill her father with a crossbow. Henry kidnapped a rebellious nobles son, so the noble kidnapped Henrys granddaughters (Juliane’s daughters). They tried to negotiate peace and agreed to call it a truce and swap hostages. Henry wanted to humiliate the noble so he blinded his son before returning him, and in retaliation the noble mutilated his young granddaughters by blinding them and cutting their nose’s off. With Edith FitzForne he fathered two children, Robert FitzEdith Lord Okehampton (1093) and Adeliza FitzEdith. Henry also fathered a son in 1087, William de Tracy, with Gieva de Tracy (1064). Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester (1077) was married but, as with many others on this list, that didn’t stop Henry. Together they had at least 2 children, Sybilla de Normandy and Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall. Three of Henrys other children may have also been Sybilla’s, William Constable (1105), Gundred of England (1114) and Rohese of England (1114). Isabel de Beaumont (1102) was the wife of the 1st Earl of Pembroke. With Henry she had two children, Isabel Hedwig of England and Matilda FitzRoy, Abbess of Montvilliers. Henry has other illegitimate children who can’t be definitively connected to any one mistress. Henry was a clever man, and used his illegitimate children to secure his position. He made his sons nobles and gave them land, and he married his daughters off to men he wanted to keep as allies. Some of his illegitimate children include Maud FitzRoy (1901), wife to Conan III Duke of Brittany, Constance FitzRoy (1110) married to Richard Viscount de Beaumont, Mabel FitzRoy was married to William III Gouet, Aline FitzRoy wife of Matthieu I of Montmorency, Elizabeth of England married Fergus of Galloway and Emma married Guy de Laval IV. 4 Edward VII 9+ Mistresses Edward VII was notorious for his infidelities, he managed to carry out each affair in a discreet manner, and as such no one is entirely sure how many mistresses he had. There is some speculation that it could have been up to 55, though there is no clear evidence of how far each relationship went. His wife, Queen Alexandra, whom he married in 1862, is believed to have been aware of many of his affairs and, for the most part, to have accepted them. It was normal during the Victorian era for married woman of good standing to become mistress to men of higher social standing, with her husband’s knowledge, to advance the couple socially or politically. In 1864, after her husbands death, Lady Susan Pelham-Clinton began a short affair with Edward. Allegedly, Susan had Edwards’s illegitimate child in 1871, and a letter written to Edward by one of Susan’s friends states that “the crisis was due within two or three months” nothing further is known about this child, though. Lillie Langtry was a renowned beauty known as Jersey Lily, and in 1877 Edward arranged to sit next to Lillie at a dinner party. She soon became his mistress and a friend of Queen Alexandra. It was a short affair and cooled off after the arrival of Sarah Bernhardt. Sarah was a stage and film actress who had already had a son by Belgian Prince Charles-Joseph Eugène Henri Georges Lamoral de Ligne. She would often sleep in a coffin, as she claimed this helped her understand tragic roles. From 1879, she was Edwards mistress, and like most of his affairs, this was brief and kept as secret as possible. The next woman to be kept by Edward was Lady Jeanette Churchill, mother of English Prime Minister Winston Churchill. She was considered to be very beautiful and was married to Lord Randolph Churchill. It was after the birth of her sons that the affair began. Lady Churchill and Queen Alexandra became friends, despite the affair, and enjoyed spending time in each others company. After Lady Churchill was Hortense Schneider, a French soprano and a star of the operetta. It was through the operetta that Hortense met Edward, little is know of this affair as Edward was discreet but Hortense earned herself the nickname “Le Passage des Princes”. Daisy Greville Countess of Warwick, an illegitimate descendant of King Charles II, was a courtesan to Edward. She was also having an affair with Lord Charles Beresford. Her letters from the time show that she genuinely cared for Lord Beresford, and when Edward discovered this affair he was enraged and the dispute had to be resolved by the Prime minister. In 1869, Sir Charles Mordaunt 10th Baronet, threatened to name Edward as co-respondent in his divorce from Harriet Sarah Moncreiffe. Edward was called as a witness in the case as Edward had visited the Mordaunts house while Sir Charles was away. Edward denied the rumors of adultery, and nothing could be proven, but this was damaging to his reputation. From 1899, up until his death in 1910, Agnes Keyser was Edwards mistress, making her one of Edwards longest mistresses. Together with her sister, Fanny, she converted their home into a hospital for officers returning from the Boer War. Edward was the hospitals first patron and, although it has moved location, it is still running today as King Edward VII’s Hospital for Officers. As well as Agnes, Edward also kept Alice Keppel, a society lady married to the son of the 7th Earl of Albemarle. She was a popular mistress to men of power due to her discretion, and took many lovers to help increase her standing in society, all with her husband’s knowledge. In 1898, she began an affair with Edward, despite being nearly 30 years his junior, which lasted right up till the monarch’s death. Alice was the great-grandmother of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall. Edward would also frequent Le Chabanais, one of the most luxurious brothels in Paris. There he had his own room with his coat of arms above the bed, a special bath tub in which he could bathe in champagne with the prostitutes, and even a special chair designed and made for his visits. It was here that he encountered Giulia Barucci, an employee of Le Chabanais, who became another of his mistresses. Edward is also said to have enjoyed the company of Cora Pearl and Caroline “La Belle” Otero during his numerous visits to the brothel. 3 Henry VIII 10 Mistresses Henry VIII’s libido is legendary, so you might be surprised to find he is only number 3 on my top 10. On 11 June, 1509, he was married to his first wife Catherine of Aragon, the young widow of his older brother King Arthur. Catherine was pregnant at least 5 times, with only Mary I surviving infancy. Henry’s first mistress was Anne Stafford Countess of Huntingdon in 1510, a year after he married Queen Catherine. When discovered, this affair caused a scandal and resulted in Anne being sent to a convent by her husband. Jane Popincourt was his second mistress, in 1514, she was his sister’s tutor, and was rumoured to be so promiscuous that even the French king wouldn’t allow her into his court. Next was Elizabeth Blount: this affair was less discreet and the attention he gave her even upset Catherine, Henry’s wife. Elizabeth gave birth in the spring of 1519: the boy was the first son of the king and named Henry FitzRoy. Elizabeth was married off to the 1st Baron Tailboys of Kyme, who was one of Henry’s courtiers and Member of Parliament. It was around this time Henry had at least 3 other illegitimate children, Thomas Stukley in 1520 by Jane Stukley, Etheldreda Malte in 1527 by Joan Dingley and John Perrot in 1528 by Mary Perrot. The King’s next official mistress Mary Boleyn, was known as a courtesan: King Francis I of France described her as “a great prostitute, infamous above all.” Mary was married to Sir William Carey who was compliant due to the status and favor it afforded him. Both of Mary’s children, Catherine (1524) and Henry Carey 1st Baron Hunsdon (1526), were Henry’s illegitimate offspring. Henry soon tired of his mistress and Mary was sent to live with her husband in the country. Henry’s next mistress was Mary’s younger sister, Anne. Henry had started proceedings for his divorce from Catherine of Aragon as she was now barren and couldn’t give him a male heir. Henry desperately wanted a legitimate son to provide stability for the country and avoid another civil war. Anne refused to sleep with Henry unless he married her, so, six years later on 25 January, 1533, that’s what Henry did. As the pope wouldn’t grant him a divorce, Henry declared himself the head of the church in England, and split from Catholicism starting hundreds of years of religious wars. Henry and Anne went on to have a daughter who would become Queen Elizabeth. Anne was pregnant at least 4 more times but these resulted in miscarriages or still births. While Anne was pregnant Henry took other mistresses, including Mary Shelton, who was Anne’s cousin, and Jane Seymour. After Anne’s final miscarriage, Henry had her executed on unfounded charges of treason and incest. Henry went on to marry Jane Seymour, who provided him with the son he desired, however she died shortly after childbirth. She was the only one of Henry’s 6 wives to receive a queen’s funeral, and she is buried next to him in St Georges Chapel at Windsor castle. As far as records show, he didn’t have another official mistress after this. However, he did go on to marry Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr. 2 James II 11 Mistresses James II was a prolific philanderer, even rivaling his brother Charles II, with most reports putting the number at around eleven official mistresses. James had unusual tastes in women: while other men of his time followed the baroque model of heavy-set, voluptuous women, James was attracted to young slim teens. In 1659, James seduced Anne Hyde who was Maid of Honor to his sister, Princess Mary, while they were living in exile in Europe after the English civil war. Charles II forced James to marry Anne, despite her unattractiveness, after she was found to be pregnant by James. So his first mistress became his wife. Anne and James went on to have 8 children, 6 of whom died in infancy, with only two surviving: Mary, 1662 and Anne, 1665. James’s longest-lasting mistress was Arabella Churchill, an ancestor of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Their affair began in 1665, when she was 17, around the time that Arabella became Queen Anne’s lady-in-waiting. Arabella and James had four illegitimate children together, Henrietta 1667, James 1st Duke of Berwick 1670, Henry 1st Duke of Albemarle 1673 and Arabella FitzJames 1674, and after the birth of their final child Arabella was married off, as well. Queen Anne died in 1671, probably of breast cancer, 7 weeks after the birth of her youngest child, Catherine, who died at 10 months old. Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester, was the mistress of King James II before he came to the throne. Following pressure from the church and catholic officials, after he was crowned James “retired” Catherine. He moved her out of Whitehall but he doubled her allowance as compensation, within the year James had changed his mind and they were meeting again. Their son James Darnley was born in 1684, he sadly died the next year, she also bore James a daughter, Lady Catherine Darnley, her birth was around 1681 and she married the 3rd Earl of Anglesey. In 1686, Catherine was awarded Countess of Dorchester for life, though this caused much anger at court and as a result Catherine went to stay in Ireland while the scandal blew over. Most of James’s other liaisons were short-lived affairs with women he met at court. Lady Anne Carnegie, Countess of Southesk, was the wife of the 3rd Earl of Southesk and the daughter of Daughter of William Duke of Hamilton, and also one of James’s many mistresses. During 1662, Elizabeth Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield, was said to have been caught “in flagrante” with James. This lead to some speculation as to whom the father of her daughter Lady Elizabeth Stanhope, born 1663, was. After Lady Chesterfield was Mary “Moll” Kirke, daughter of George Kirke and later Lady Vernon, wife of the 2nd Baron of Hodnet. She was another of the Queens maids of honor and another of James’s mistresses. Following his first wife’s death, James proposed to his mistress, the 17-year-old widow Lady Susanna Baroness of Belasyse, daughter of the 2nd Baron of Airmine. James was forced to choose a more suitable wife, but Susanna was given a life peerage and made a baroness. James was also known to have had an affair with Goditha Price, daughter of the 1st Baronet of the Priory. James’ next interest was Lady Elizabeth Denham, wife of the poet Sir John Denham. Followed by a very short lived affair with Lady Jane Middleton. James was only king from 1685, when his brother died without a legitimate heir, to 1688 when his daughter Mary and her husband William led a revolution and overthrew him. 1 Charles II 14 Mistresses Charles II may be the most notorious womanizer of the English Kings, with reason. He often had multiple mistresses, both noble and common. Charles had fourteen acknowledged illegitimate children, but no legitimate heir with his wife Catherine. His first recorded mistress was Lucy Walter, a well known courtesan, their affair began in the mid 1640’s and by 1649 Lucy gave birth to James Scott 1st Duke of Monmouth, the eldest of Charles illegitimate children. After Charles’s death, James would try to succeed him by claiming his parents had married in secret, he had no evidence to support this and his rebellion failed. From 1648 to 1660, Charles was living in exile after the English revolution, and during this time he and Elizabeth Killigrew Viscountess Shannon, a maid-of-honor to his mother, had a very brief affair, and in 1650 she had his daughter, Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy. While exiled, Charles also began an affair with Catherine Pegge and, in 1657, she gave birth to Charles FitzCharles 1st Earl of Plymouth, followed by a daughter Catherine FitzCharles. Catherine’s position did not last long, and in 1667 she was married off to Sir Edward Greene. Next to catch Charles’s eye was Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, a renowned courtesan of her day. They began their affair in 1660, and she quickly gained a reputation for her greed, extravagance and foul temper. Barbara and Charles had 5 children together between 1661 and 1665, Anne Countess of Sussex, Charles 2nd Duke of Cleveland, Henry 1st Duke of Grafton, Charlotte Countess of Lichfield and George 1st Duke of Northumberland. Through her son Henry, Barbara is an ancestor of the late Princess Diana. Winifred Wells was a Maid of Honor to Queen Catherine and, from 1662, she was also Charles mistress, though she never gained much favor or power. Samuel Pepys wrote in 1662 that Winifred “dropped a child during a court ball held on 31 December” this child was allegedly the kings, but never officially recognised. In 1673, after Charles lost interest, she was married to Thomas Wyndham. Frances Stewart was a maid of honor at Charles and Catherine’s wedding in 1663, and then a lady-in-waiting. Legend has it that Frances refused to sleep with the king unless he married her, however there is strong evidence that Frances and Charles had a daughter, Rebecca Stuart, but she was kept secret to protect Frances’s reputation. Frances realised that the only thing she would ever be to Charles was a mistress, so she eloped with the Duke of Richmond, leaving Charles heart broken. Mary Davis was an actress and courtesan who began her affair with Charles in 1667, in 1669 she gave birth to Charles’ daughter Lady Mary Tudor. Shortly after this, Charles lost interest in Mary, possibly due to his new mistress, and Mary’s main rival for the last year, Nell Gwyn. Born to a poor family, Nell started working as an actress at age 14. After gaining some fame she went on to become a mistress and started her affair with Charles in 1668. Nell and Charles had two sons, Charles in 1670 and James in 1671, they stayed friends until Charles death in 1685. After Nell came Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kérouaille Duchess of Portsmouth, she was born into aristocracy and was placed into Henrietta Stuart’s household in the hopes she would attract the attention of royalty. Around 1670, she attracted Charles and in 1672 their child, Charles Lennox 1st Duke of Richmond, was born. Louise influenced Charles in favor of France in matters of state, this earned her the hatred of the English. Sarah, Duchess of York, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall and Princess Diana are all descendants of Louise and Charles. Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin, escaped a failed marriage and spent many years in Europe as a courtesan to men of nobility who could afford to keep her. By 1676, she had succeeded in replacing Louise as Charles’s favored mistress. Hortense quickly fell from favor, she was in a lesbian relationship with Anne Fitzroy, Charles daughter with Barbara Palmer. This ended when Anne’s husband sent her to the country after Hortense and Anne had a public fencing match in St James Park wearing only nightgowns. She was also having an affair with Louis I Prince of Monaco, and when Charles found out he cut off her allowance. Although he gave in after a few days, this was the beginning of the end of Hortense’s position. She and Charles remained friends, and Barbara Palmer became favorite once again. Little information is known of his other mistresses: they included Jane Roberts who was the daughter of a clergyman, Mrs Knight a famous singer, Elizabeth Berkeley Dowager Countess of Falmouth and Christabella Wyndham, the royal nurse who had once been Charles’s wet nurse. There are also many other unofficial reports of mistresses including Countess Elizabeth Fitzgerald, the second wife of the 18th earl of Kildare and Lady Mary Sackville of Dorset. Interestingly, it is alleged that Charles fathered James de la Cloche in 1646 by Lady Marguerite de Carteret. Reportedly, Charles II recognized him in secret in 1665, and granted him £500 a year, as long as he would stay in London and as an Anglican, however this remains unproven. + Charles, Prince of Wales Charles misses out on a spot in my list as he is the current Prince of Wales and heir to the throne, and only Monarchs are allowed on the list, but he deserves a special mention for his stupidity. Charles married Diana Spencer in 1981, as far as we can tell Charles was not in love with Diana but he had decided she would make a proper royal bride and was suitable for the job. Diana was extremely popular with the public and earned the nickname “the Queen of Hearts”. Within a few years, the marriage was on the rocks and they divorced in 1996, in no small part due to Camilla. Camilla Parker Bowles was one of Charles’s early girlfriends and a descendant of Edward VII and Alice Keppel. They were romantically involved on and off from the 1970’s, however Charles believed she was not a suitable royal bride. Allegedly, they began an affair in the 1980’s and this was the main cause of strain on his and Diana’s relationship. This created very bad publicity for Charles, and Camilla was resented by the public. Even after the divorce Charles couldn’t marry Camilla because of public opposition. After nearly ten years, they received permission to marry from the Queen, however she didn’t attend her son’s wedding. Why he didn’t just marry Camilla in the first place is a mystery. More Great Lists	i don't know
According to the Bible, what did God create on the fourth day of creation?	Creation Creation The Creation Story In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The story of how God made everything is, naturally, at the very beginning of the Bible: In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was empty, a formless mass cloaked in darkness. And the Spirit of God was hovering over its surface. Then God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. And God saw that it was good. Then he separated the light from the darkness. God called the light "day" and the darkness "night." (NLT, Genesis 1:1-5) That was the first day of God's creation. On the second day, God created the sky. On the third day, God created the land, the oceans and all the plants. On the fourth day, God created the sun, moon and stars. On the fifth day, God created the birds, fishes and other sea creatures. On the sixth day, God created all the land animals and people. On the seventh day, God rested: By the seventh day God had finished the work he had been doing; so on the seventh day he rested from all his work. And God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it he rested from all the work of creating that he had done. (NIV, Genesis 2:2-3) Questions Who Created God? How Did God Make Everything out of Nothing? and Why? Unfortunately, these mysteries are not explained in the Bible, and they are probably just too deep for us to understand. Did God Really Create Everything in Six Days and in the Order Listed in Genesis? The Bible story of creation was written in a way that made sense to the people of thousands of years ago who did not know anything about science. Since then, scientists have discovered many new things about how God created everything. If the story were written today, it might mention galaxies, black holes, the age and vastness of the universe, the solar system, the development of plants and animals, and other scientific discoveries. But, we are still not much closer to understanding the mysteries of God's creation. Lessons People have strong opinions about whether or not God really created things exactly the way it says in Genesis, but what this story tells us about God, Himself, is much more important: Long before there were any Christians, Genesis was part of the sacred scripture of the Hebrew people. Most people in the ancient world were pagans who believed in many different gods and goddesses, but the Hebrews believed in one all-powerful God. The Bible story of creation tells us that God is so powerful that He could create everything out of nothing! So, the people should worship only God and not the false gods of the pagans. In our own times, we must give our devotion to God and not to today's "false gods" such as money, power, success and vanity. God created everything with love and with a purpose. Unlike the sometimes evil gods of the pagans, God cares about His creation and is actively involved with the world. From the first chapter of Genesis to the last chapter of Revelation, the Bible tells of the one true God who created everything and loves all His creation. We can worship God and receive His divine love today as much as the ancient Hebrews did. God rested on the seventh day as an example for us. Reserving a day for rest and worship, the Sabbath, became one of the Ten Commandments ( Exodus 20:8-11 ). There is more to life than just work. We should also reserve time for rest and worship.	sun moon and stars
Spalla is Italian for which part of the body?	Creation Day #4 Children’s Church Lesson Free help for your children's ministry Creation Day #4 Children’s Church Lesson Twitter Here is the next in our series of children’s church lessons about the days of creation. On day four, God made the Sun, Moon and stars. This lesson was originally designed for as a kids church lesson for children age 5 – 11. It would also work as the Bible lesson for children’s Sunday school. This lesson is part of a series of Bible lessons about creation . Be sure to consider your own ministry context and modify it as needed. Please leave any feedback or suggestions for improvement in the comment box at the bottom of this page. Bible Story: The fourth day of Creation from Genesis 1:14-19 Learning Objectives: After this lesson, the children will demonstrate: The understanding of what God created on the first, second, third and fourth days of creation by working in groups and explaining it to the teacher. Target Age: Kindergarten – 5th Items Needed: PRINT this lesson plan Bible: Genesis 1:14-19. There is a detailed account of these verses below to help emphasize the importance of these few verses. Flashlight, apple, fork #s 1-20 written on ½ sheets of paper, #s 1-20 written on small strips of paper, CD player, CD, Bowl, Tape Worship You can print off these “ Creation Songs ” and use to lead the children to sing before the Bible lesson. Teaching Plan: The Fourth Day of Creation Bible Lesson Introduction Review Creation Days #1-3 Following are some questions to review what God created on the first, second and third days of Creation. The answers are in italics. “What did God create on the first day of creation?” heavens, earth, light “What did God create on the second day of creation?” the sky to separate the water “What did God create on the third day of creation?“ land, plants with seeds, plants with fruit with seeds “What is the difference between ‘making’ and ‘creating’?” to make something is to already have ingredients and just putting them together and to create something means to make something out of nothing Bible Lesson Have the children open their Bibles to Genesis 1:14-19 To help them find it, use the following questions. Answers in italics. What is the first book of the Bible? Genesis Which part of the Bible is Genesis in? Old Testament Read Genesis 1:14-19 aloud to the children. “God said, “Let there be lights in the huge space of the sky. Let them separate the day from the night. Let them serve as signs to mark off the seasons and the days and the years. Let them serve as lights in the huge space of the sky to give light on the earth.” And that’s exactly what happened. God made two great lights. He made the larger light to rule over the day. He made the smaller light to rule over the night. He also made the stars. God put the lights in the huge space of the sky to give light on the earth. He put them there to rule over the day and the night. He put them there to separate light from darkness. God saw that it was good. And there was evening, and there was morning. It was day four.” NIrV (New International Reader’s Version) Discuss the Bible Reading God said, “Let there be lights in the huge space of the sky.” Wait a minute! I thought God created light on the first day of creation? He did, these are specific lights that He created. Let’s look ahead at what they are and why they were made. Let them separate the day from the night. Oh, that’s why. God needed something to separate the day from the night. He gave us something specific to mark the days with. Let them serve as signs to mark off the seasons and the days and the years. What do we have that helps us keep track of days, years and seasons? (allow for responses) Right, we have calendars to help us keep track of those things. God gave us the lights so that we could have a sort of “calendar” to go by. Let them serve as lights in the huge space of the sky to give light on the earth.” And that’s exactly what happened. God made the lights to give light to the entire earth. God made two great lights. He made the larger light to rule over the day. He made the smaller light to rule over the night. What did God make today? (allow for responses) God made the sun and the moon today. He made the bigger light, the sun, be in the daytime and the smaller light, the moon, for the night. God made it lighter in the day and darker at night on purpose. Why do you think He did that? (allow for responses) I’m not sure, but can you even imagine a world where we didn’t have any darkness? (allow for responses) He also made the stars. God put the lights in the huge space of the sky to give light on the earth. He put them there to rule over the day and the night. He put them there to separate light from darkness. So, He didn’t just make the sun and the moon, but He made the stars too? Why do you think He made the moon and the stars for the night? (allow for responses) I don’t know, but maybe with one big light and many little lights it keeps it dark enough more than one really big light. God saw that it was good. And there was evening, and there was morning. It was day four. Again, God was pleased with what He had created on the fourth day of creation. Bible Lesson Activities Use the following activities to reinforce the learning goals. If time is short, move on to the evaluation portion of the lesson plan. Activity: Moon Phases “Now, let’s experiment with why the Moon has phases. All it takes is a bright flashlight and an apple on a fork makes a great Moon.” Have a child come up and hold the flashlight. They are the sun. Have another child come up and hole the apple on the fork. The apple is the moon and their head is the earth. “If you hold the apple out at arm’s length just above the flashlight while facing the Sun, you can’t see it. This is New Moon. The Moon is still in the sky, but we can’t see it because of the bright sunlight. Now keep the apple at arm’s length and turn slowly counterclockwise and watch what happens. That’s right! You see the apple go through phases, just like our Moon. When your back is towards the Sun, you see the apple as whole, and it will be Full Moon. The Moon will rise on the opposite side of the Earth at the same time the Sun goes down. Keep turning and you’ll see the phases reverse as the Moon moves back towards the Sun again.” Activity: Bible Verse Memorization “God made two great lights. He also made the stars.” Genesis 1:16 (New International Reader’s Version) Have the children do the following hand motions along with repeating the words after you, to help them learn the Bible Verse: “God”—the hand is raised to the heavens and then downward in a sign of respect “made”—the fists twist on top of one another, as if they were putting something together “two”—hold two fingers up “great lights”—the middle finger is flicks the front of the mouth “He”— the hand is raised to the heavens and then downward in a sign of respect “also made”— the fists twist on top of one another, as if they were putting something together “the stars”—the index fingers rub against each other as the hands are held up pointing to the sky “Genesis 1”—hold one finger up “16”—hold 3 fingers up (make sure it’s the middle three fingers) and twist the wrist Do this a few times with the children. Make it fun for them to do the motions and say the words. Involving them in active learning is essential for memorization. Activity: Bible Verse Cake Walk Before you start the game, tape the numbered ½ sheets of paper on the floor in a large circle (only tape down the numbers corresponding to the number of children you have in class that day Put the small numbered strips of paper into the bowl, with numbers on them corresponding to the number of children you have in class that day “You are all going to start by a number on the floor. I will start the music and you will all walk around the circle. When the music stops, you stop by a number. I will then pull a number out of this bowl and whoever is standing by the matching number, says or signs the Bible Verse.” Optional Activity: Read a children’s story about the moon such as Fool Moon Rising . Evaluation: Put the children into 4 groups and assign each group a day of creation. Each group must be able to tell the teacher what God created on that day of creation. If you have time, assign the groups a different day of creation (doing this 4 times so that each group will have explained each day of creation.)	i don't know
Who played the role of J J Gittes in the 1974 film ‘Chinatown’?	Chinatown (1974) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error WATCH NOW ON DISC A private detective hired to expose an adulterer finds himself caught up in a web of deceit, corruption and murder. Director: See the full list Related News a list of 35 titles created 07 Apr 2012 a list of 44 titles created 21 Mar 2013 a list of 44 titles created 14 Dec 2013 a list of 27 titles created 11 Oct 2014 a list of 31 titles created 11 months ago Search for " Chinatown " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 1 Oscar. Another 20 wins & 23 nominations. See more awards » Videos An emotionally self-destructive boxer's journey through life, as the violence and temper that leads him to the top in the ring destroys his life outside it. Director: Martin Scorsese As corruption grows in 1950s LA, three policemen - one strait-laced, one brutal, and one sleazy - investigate a series of murders with their own brand of justice. Director: Curtis Hanson Following the death of a publishing tycoon, news reporters scramble to discover the meaning of his final utterance. Director: Orson Welles A young couple move into an apartment, only to be surrounded by peculiar neighbors and occurrences. When the wife becomes mysteriously pregnant, paranoia over the safety of her unborn child begins to control her life. Director: Roman Polanski A Phoenix secretary embezzles $40,000 from her employer's client, goes on the run, and checks into a remote motel run by a young man under the domination of his mother. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A mentally unstable Vietnam War veteran works as a night-time taxi driver in New York City where the perceived decadence and sleaze feeds his urge for violent action, attempting to save a preadolescent prostitute in the process. Director: Martin Scorsese A San Francisco detective suffering from acrophobia investigates the strange activities of an old friend's wife, all the while becoming dangerously obsessed with her. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A private detective takes on a case that involves him with three eccentric criminals, a gorgeous liar, and their quest for a priceless statuette. Director: John Huston A hapless New York advertising executive is mistaken for a government agent by a group of foreign spies, and is pursued across the country while he looks for a way to survive. Director: Alfred Hitchcock An insane general triggers a path to nuclear holocaust that a war room full of politicians and generals frantically try to stop. Director: Stanley Kubrick Two Western bank/train robbers flee to Bolivia when the law gets too close. Director: George Roy Hill During the Vietnam War, Captain Willard is sent on a dangerous mission into Cambodia to assassinate a renegade colonel who has set himself up as a god among a local tribe. Director: Francis Ford Coppola Edit Storyline JJ 'Jake' Gittes is a private detective who seems to specialize in matrimonial cases. He is hired by Evelyn Mulwray when she suspects her husband Hollis, builder of the city's water supply system, of having an affair. Gittes does what he does best and photographs him with a young girl but in the ensuing scandal, it seems he was hired by an impersonator and not the real Mrs. Mulwray. When Mr. Mulwray is found dead, Jake is plunged into a complex web of deceit involving murder, incest and municipal corruption all related to the city's water supply. Written by garykmcd See All (280) » Taglines: You get tough. You get tender. You get close to each other. Maybe you even get close to the truth. See more » Genres: 20 June 1974 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia At one point, Roman Polanski and Jack Nicholson got into such a heated argument that Polanski smashed Nicholson's portable TV with a mop. Nicholson used the TV to watch L.A. Lakers basketball games and kept stalling shooting. See more » Goofs When the knife man sticks his switchblade up the nostril of Gittes, the sharp side of the blade is positioned inwards, not outwards, and the cut is made with the dull side of the knife. The following reverse angle shows the man holding the knife the proper way. See more » Quotes [first lines] Jake Gittes : All right, Curly. Enough's enough. You can't eat the Venetian blinds. I just had them installed on Wednesday. Referenced in Spaceballs (1987) See more » Soundtracks (Deming, New Mexico, USA) – See all my reviews There is a word, impossible to spell, that describes the alignment of solar bodies like the planets when they all fall into place together. A similar word would describe this film. Everything about it is right. Polanski never directed a better movie. The performers, down to the lowest atmosphere person, are superb. The editing, the score, the sound, the decor, the dialog, all are just about flawless. The photography is peerless. The white garden apartments, the terra cotta roof tiles, the palms and desert sand are all painted with a faint gold, faintly ripe with false promise, like the oranges that bounce from Gittes' desperately speeding car in the northwest Valley. Polanski deserves much of the credit. When Gittes surprises Evelyn Mulwray in her car, after he follows her to her daughter's house, her face slumps forward and beeps the horn briefly. Then, so faintly, we hear a few dogs bark in the background. Not only is the scene itself exquisitely done but it prefigures the ending, as does Gittes' remark earlier to Evelyn that she has a flaw in her iris. The movie is too good to deserve much dissecting. It stands repeated watching. If there is anything wrong with it, it is the serious and tragic ending that Polanski always insists on tacking on. Robert Towne was right and Polanski wrong in this case. Everything came together on this film. It's not only the best detective movie ever made; it's one of the best movies ever made -- period. A marvelous job by everyone concerned. I have to add (6/27/05) that the word I mentioned in the first sentence is spelled "syzygy." Man, did I get enlightening email on that. I might as well add two other impressive features of this movie. (1) Polanksi takes his time. Example: Gittes sneaks into Hollis Mulwray's office and begins to go through the drawers of his old-fashioned wooden desk. As he slides each drawer out, Polanksi gives us a shot of their humdrum contents (checkbooks, magnifying glass, and so forth) and we can almost smell the heat and the odor of shellac and sawdust emanating from the wooden containers. The contents reveal nothing of importance in this case. But (2) sometimes irrelevant information crops up that resonates later in the film with its own echo. The detail might be just a word ("applecore") or an ordinary object (a pair of spectacles found in a pond, immediately after Gittes imitates the Japanese gardener's remark that the water is bad for the "glass.") Some of the references may be so consistent as to constitute a theme (water). None of this hits you over the head with its significance. It's all very neatly stitched together. 199 of 273 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Jack Nicholson
In which UK city is Waverley railway station?	Famous fictional private investigators Famous fictional private investigators Famous fictional private investigators Jake ‘J.J’ Gittes Played by Jack Nicholson in the film Chinatown, Jake ‘J.J’ Gittes is a fictional Irish-American private eye in the film-noir movies Chinatown and The Two Jakes. Gittes is played in both films by Jack Nicholson. He lives in Los Angeles from where he runs his Private Detective business with the aid of his two assistants Larry and Duffy; famed for his unorthodox method, he’s known as a man to turn to if you want to get something done. However, despite his nasty reputation, he has strong morals: he will never betray a friend or extort a confidante and he just can’t help but come to the aid of a damsel in distress. Most of his cases revolve around marriage disputes, implied infidelities in which it’s up to him to prove or disprove the accused’s guilt, but for him these always seem to lead into murkier water – from the land rustling and water stealing conspiracy of Chinatown to the murder of a wealthy realtor linked to an orange grove connected to his past in The Two Jakes. Jim Rockford Jim Rockford is a fictional character on the television series The Rockford Files. The character is different from the average fictional P.I. in many ways. Instead of being an ex-cop, he is a former convict, albeit one who was falsely imprisoned. Instead of being a loner, he has a close relationship with his father, “Rocky”, and has a large group of friends. He enjoys fishing and would rather spend time doing that than working. He often describes himself as “chicken” though often his actions speak otherwise. He lives in a small trailer on the beach. The detective story writer Stuart Kaminsky has written two books with Jim Rockford as the main character, entitled “The Green Bottle” and “The Devil on My Doorstep”. The show is famous for its opening segment featuring the answering machine of James Garner’s character. The title scene began with this line: “This is Jim Rockford. At the tone, leave your name and number and I’ll get back to you.” Throughout the series, fictional characters from the show would call Jim and leave comical messages on his machine. Some of the messages are also published in the book: “This is Jim Rockford…”. Jim Rockford was referenced in ABC’s Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, under the question “Which of these television detective characters is an ex-convict?” Magnum, P.I. Magnum, P.I. was an American television show that followed the adventures of Thomas Magnum (played by Tom Selleck), a private investigator living in Hawaii. The show aired eight seasons on the CBS network from 1980 to 1988. Thomas Sullivan Magnum IV is a former U.S. Navy SEAL and Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) officer, who was awarded the Navy Cross and strongly prefers being called “private investigator” over “private eye” or “private detective.” He lives in the guest house of a posh beachfront estate (“Robin’s Nest”) on the island of Oahu, at the invitation of its owner, celebrity author of lurid novels Robin Masters (whose face is never actually seen), in exchange for his expertise in quality control of the estate’s security. Magnum is a graduate of the Naval Academy, where he played quarterback, and left the Navy in disillusionment after approximately ten years service. Philip Marlowe Philip Marlowe is a fictional private eye created by Raymond Chandler in a series of detective novels including The Big Sleep and The Long Goodbye. Marlowe first appeared in The Big Sleep, published in 1939. Marlowe appeared in none of Chandler’s early short stories, though many of his early stories were republished years later with the names of the protagonists changed to Philip Marlowe; this change was presumably made with the approval of Chandler. Philip Marlowe’s character is foremost within the genre of hardboiled crime fiction that originated in the 1920s, most notably in Black Mask magazine, in which Dashiell Hammett’s The Continental Op and Sam Spade first appeared. The private eye is a pessimistic and cynical observer of a corrupt society, yet the enduring appeal of Marlowe and other hardboiled detectives lies in their tarnished idealism. Underneath the wisecracking, hard drinking, tough private eye, Marlowe is quietly contemplative and philosophical. He enjoys chess and poetry. While he is not afraid to risk physical harm, he does not dish out violence merely to settle scores. Morally upright, he is not bamboozled by the genre’s usual femme fatales, like Carmen Sternwood in The Big Sleep. As Chandler wrote about his detective ideal in general, “I think he might seduce a duchess, and I am quite sure he would not spoil a virgin.” Sam Spade Sam Spade is a hardboiled private detective and the leading character in Dashiell Hammett’s novel The Maltese Falcon (1930) first published as a serial in the pulp magazine Black Mask. Sam Spade also appears in three short stories by Hammett. Sam Spade is most closely associated with actor Humphrey Bogart, who played the character in the most famous film version of The Maltese Falcon. This was the third and most well known movie version of the book, made in 1941 and directed by John Huston in his directorial debut. Spade was played by Ricardo Cortez in the 1931 version. In the 1936 film Satan Met a Lady, which was based on The Maltese Falcon, Warren William played the central character Ted Shane. Despite a number of perceived flaws and misteps – Bogart failed to dye his hair to the characteristic blonde called for by the novel, was considered to be too small and dark for the role, with the wrong facial structure, and was even slighted for not being enough of a lecher – he turned out not only to have succeeded, but in fact to have created the archetypal private detective, one which has influenced “film noir” characters ever since. George Segal played Sam Spade, Jr., son of the original, in the 1974 spoof The Black Bird. The character was also parodied as Sam Diamond, played by Peter Falk, in the 1976 comedy Murder By Death. In the radio productions, Sam Spade was played by Edward G. Robinson in a 1943 Lux Radio Theatre production, and by Bogart himself in a 1946 Academy Award Theatre production, both on CBS. A 1946–1951 radio show called the Adventures of Sam Spade (on ABC, CBS, and NBC), starred Howard Duff (and later, Steve Dunne), and took a considerably more tongue-in-cheek approach to the character. Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective of the late 19th and early 20th centuries who made his first published appearance in 1887. He was devised by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Holmes is famous for his prowess at using logic and astute observation to solve cases. He is perhaps the most famous fictional detective, and indeed one of the best known and universally recognizable literary characters. Conan Doyle wrote four novels and fifty-six short-stories featuring his creation. Almost all were narrated by Holmes’ friend and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson, with the exception of two narrated by Holmes himself and two more written in the third person. The stories first appeared in magazine serialization, notably in The Strand, over a period of forty years. This was a common form of publication at the time: Charles Dickens’ works were issued in a similar fashion. The stories cover a period from around 1878 up to 1903, with a final case in 1914. They are read as much for their characterization and the stylized late-Victorian world in which they take place as for the mysteries themselves. More actors have portrayed Sherlock Holmes than any other character, and by 1964, according to a report in The Times, the worldwide sales of the stories were running second only to The Bible. Simon Templar Simon Templar is a fictional character in a long-running series of books by Leslie Charteris entitled The Saint published between 1928 and 1963, after which other authors collaborated on the books. New books featuring the character were written into the 1990s. Templar is known as The Saint because of his initials (ST), and also because of his heroic exploits, despite his nefarious reputation. He sometimes uses the nom de guerre Sebastian Tombs and also calls himself by sundry other names, all with the initials S.T., such as Sullivan Titwillow and Sugarman Treacle – the Saint has a boyish sense of humor. He frequently leaves a “calling card” at the scenes of his “crimes,” consisting of a stick drawing of a man with a halo, which is the logo of both the book series and the later 1960s TV series. The books often allude to the possibility that Templar started his career as a criminal and suggest that he had somewhere developed the skills of a burglar. It is clear from the texts, however, that at the time of the books, all of his income derives from the pockets of the “ungodly” (as he terms those who live by a less moral code than his own.) There are several references to a “ten percent collection fee” as he extracts large sums of money from his victims, the remainder being returned to its owners or given away. His targets include corrupt politicians, warmongers, and indeed all the nastier forms of low life. “He claims he’s a Robin Hood,” bleats one of his victims, “but to me he’s just a robbing hood.” Inspector Jacques Clouseau Inspector Jacques Clouseau (later chief inspector) is a bumbling fictional French detective who was a character in Blake Edwards’s Pink Panther series. In most of the films, he was played by Peter Sellers, with one film in which he was played by Alan Arkin and one in which he was played by an uncredited Roger Moore. In the most recent Pink Panther film, he was played by Steve Martin. He is also the inspiration of the main character in a series of animated shorts inspired by the titles of the feature films. Though the character in the animated The Inspector was never given a name, he is clearly based on Clouseau. Another cartoon obviously some what inspired by Clouseau is Inspector Gadget, whose makers were almost sued over the similarities between the characters. In many countries, such as Greece, this character’s name has become synonymous with policemen who keep making ludicrous assumptions and are utterly unable to crack even the easiest case. Contact Us	i don't know
US actors Adam West and James Woods guest star as themselves in various episodes of which US animated television series?	Media Peedia - Tv Watch - Family Guy Tweet ADVERTISEMENT Family Guy is an American adult animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series centers on the Griffins, a family consisting of parents Peter and Lois their children Meg, Chris, and Stewie, and their anthropomorphic pet dog Brian. The show is set in the fictional city of Quahog, Rhode Island, and exhibits much of its humor in the form of cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture. The show revolves around the adventures of the Griffin family, consisting of father Peter Griffin, a bumbling yet well-intentioned blue-collar worker,Lois,a stay-at-home mother and piano teacher who is a member of the wealthy Pewterschmidt family, Meg, their awkward teenage daughter who is constantly ridiculed and ignored by the family, Chris, their teenage son, who is overweight, unintelligent and a younger version of his father in many respects, and Stewie, their diabolical infant son of ambiguous sexual orientation who has adult mannerisms and uses stereotypical archvillain phrases. Living with the family is their witty, smoking, martini-swilling, sarcastic, English-speaking anthropomorphic dog Brian, though he is still considered a pet in many respects. Recurring characters appear alongside the Griffin family. These include the family's neighbors, sex-crazed airline pilot bachelor Quagmire, African American deli owner Cleveland and his wife Loretta (later Donna), paraplegic police officer Joe, his wife Bonnie and their baby daughter Susie, neurotic Jewish pharmacist Mort, his wife Muriel, and their geeky and annoying son Neil, and elderly child molester Herbert. TV news anchors Tom Tucker and Diane Simmons, Asian reporter Tricia Takanawa, and Blaccu-Weather meteorologist Ollie Williams also make frequent appearances. Actors Adam West and James Woods guest star as themselves in various episodes. Family Guy has been nominated for 12 Primetime Emmy Awards and 11 Annie Awards, and has won three of each. copyright	Family Guy
Chulalongkorn University is the oldest university in which Asian country?	Family Guy Information Family Guy Information Family Guy News Family Guy Information Family Guy is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series centers on the Griffins, a dysfunctional family consisting of parents Peter and Lois; their children Meg, Chris, and Stewie; and their anthropomorphic pet dog Brian. The show is set in the fictional city of Quahog, Rhode Island, and exhibits much of its humor in the form of cutaway gags that often lampoon American culture. The family was conceived by MacFarlane after developing two animated films, The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve. MacFarlane redesigned the films' protagonist, Larry, and his dog, Steve, and renamed them Peter and Brian, respectively. MacFarlane pitched a seven-minute pilot to Fox on May 15, 1998. The show was given the green light and started production. Shortly after the third season of Family Guy aired in 2001, Fox canceled the series, putting the series to a 2-year hiatus. However, favorable DVD sales and high ratings for syndicated reruns on Adult Swim convinced the network to renew the show in 2004. Family Guy has been nominated for 12 Primetime Emmy Awards and 11 Annie Awards, and has won three of each. In 2009, it was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series, the first time an animated series was nominated for the award since The Flintstones in 1961. Family Guy has also received criticism, including unfavorable comparisons for its similarities to The Simpsons . Many tie-in media have been released, including Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, a straight-to-DVD special released in 2005; Family Guy: Live in Vegas, a soundtrack-DVD combo released in 2005, featuring music from the show as well as original music created by MacFarlane and Walter Murphy; a video game and pinball machine, released in 2006 and 2007, respectively; since 2005, six books published by Harper Adult based on the Family Guy universe; and Laugh It Up, Fuzzball: The Family Guy Trilogy (2010), a series of parodies of the original Star Wars trilogy. In 2008, MacFarlane confirmed that the cast was interested in producing a feature film and that he was working on a story for a film adaptation. A spin-off series, The Cleveland Show , premiered on September 27, 2009, as a part of the "Animation Domination" lineup on Fox. The eighth season of Family Guy premiered the same night. Family Guy holds a TV-PG and TV-14 rating, with the latter being used more often. Origins Main article: The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve MacFarlane initially conceived Family Guy in 1995 while studying animation at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). During college, he created his thesis film entitled The Life of Larry, which was submitted by his professor at RISD to Hanna-Barbera. MacFarlane was hired by the company. In 1996 MacFarlane created a sequel to The Life of Larry entitled Larry and Steve, which featured a middle-aged character named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve; the short was broadcast in 1997 as one of Cartoon Network's World Premiere Toons. Executives at Fox saw the Larry shorts and contracted MacFarlane to create a series, entitled Family Guy, based on the characters. Fox proposed MacFarlane complete a 15-minute short, and gave him a budget of $50,000. Several aspects of Family Guy were inspired by the Larry shorts. While working on the series, the characters of Larry and his dog Steve slowly evolved into Peter and Brian. MacFarlane stated that the difference between The Life of Larry and Family Guy was that "Life of Larry was shown primarily in my dorm room and Family Guy was shown after the Super Bowl." After the pilot aired, the series was given the green light. MacFarlane drew inspiration from several sitcoms such as The Simpsons and All in the Family . Premises were drawn from several 1980s Saturday morning cartoons he watched as a child, such as The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang and Rubik, the Amazing Cube. The Griffin family first appeared on the demo that MacFarlane pitched to Fox on May 15, 1998. Family Guy was originally planned to start out as short movies for the sketch show MADtv , but the plan changed because MADtv's budget was not large enough to support animation production. MacFarlane noted that he then wanted to pitch it to Fox, as he thought that that was the place to create a prime-time animation show. Family Guy was originally pitched to Fox in the same year as King of the Hill , but the show was not bought until years later, when King of the Hill became successful. Fox ordered 13 episodes of Family Guy to air in midseason after MacFarlane impressed executives with a seven-minute demo. Production Executive producers MacFarlane has served as an executive producer during the show's entire history, and also functions as a creative consultant. The first executive producers were David Zuckerman, Lolee Aries, David Pritchard, and Mike Wolf. Family Guy has had many executive producers in its history, including Daniel Palladino, Kara Vallow, and Danny Smith. David A. Goodman joined the show as a co-executive producer in season three, and eventually became an executive producer. Alex Borstein, who voices Lois, worked as an executive and supervising producer for the fourth and fifth seasons. A more involved position on the show is the show runner, who acts as head writer and manages the show's production for an entire season. Writing The first team of writers assembled for the show consisted of Chris Sheridan, Danny Smith, Gary Janetti, Ricky Blitt, Neil Goldman, Garrett Donovan, Matt Weitzman, and Mike Barker. The writing process of Family Guy generally starts with 14 writers that take turns writing the scripts; when a script is finished it is given to the rest of the writers to read. These scripts generally include cutaway gags. If there are not enough cutaway sequences, writers are asked to create them. Various gags are pitched to MacFarlane and the rest of the staff, and those deemed funniest are included in the episode. MacFarlane has explained that normally it takes 10 months to produce an episode because the show uses hand-drawn animation. The show rarely comments on current events for this reason. The show's initial writers had never written for an animated show; and most came from live-action sitcoms. MacFarlane explains that he is a fan of 1930s and 1940s radio programs, particularly the radio thriller anthology "Suspense", which led him to give early episodes ominous titles like "Death Has a Shadow" and "Mind Over Murder". MacFarlane explained that the team dropped the naming convention after individual episodes became hard to identify, and the novelty wore off. For the first few months of production, the writers shared one office, lent to them by the King of the Hill production crew. Credited with 14 episodes, Steve Callaghan is the most prolific writer on Family Guy staff. Many of the writers that have left the show have gone on to create or produce other successful series. Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan co-wrote 13 episodes for the NBC sitcom Scrubs during their eight-year run on the show, while also serving as co-producers and working their way up to executive producers. Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman would later create American Dad, along with MacFarlane. During the 2007"2008 Writers Guild of America strike, official production of the show halted for most of December 2007 and for various periods afterward. Fox continued producing episodes without MacFarlane's final approval, which he termed "a colossal dick move" in an interview with Variety. Though MacFarlane refused to work on the show, his contract under Fox required him to contribute to any episodes it would subsequently produce. Production officially resumed after the end of the strike, with regularly airing episodes recommencing on February 17, 2008. According to MacFarlane, in 2009, it costs about $2 million to make an episode of Family Guy. Early history and cancellation Family Guy officially premiered after Fox's broadcast of Super Bowl XXXIII on January 31, 1999, with "Death Has a Shadow". The show debuted to 22 million viewers, and immediately generated controversy regarding its adult content. The show returned on April 11, 1999, with "I Never Met the Dead Man". Family Guy garnered decent ratings in Fox's 8:30 pm slot on Sunday, scheduled between The Simpsons and The X-Files . At the end of its first season, the show was No. 33 in the Nielsen ratings, with 12.8 million households tuning in. The show launched its second season in a new time slot, Thursday at 9 pm, on September 23, 1999. Family Guy was pitted against NBC's Frasier , and the series' ratings declined sharply. Fox removed Family Guy from the network's permanent schedule, and began airing episodes irregularly. The show returned on March 7, 2000, at 8:30 pm on Tuesdays, but was constantly beaten in the ratings by the new breakout hit Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, coming in at No. 114 in the Nielsen Ratings with 6.320 million households tuning in. Fox announced that the show had been canceled in 2000, at the end of the second season. However, following a last-minute reprieve, Fox announced on July 24, 2000, its intention to order 13 additional episodes of Family Guy to form a third season. The show returned November 8, 2001, once again in a tough time slot: Thursday nights at 8:00 pm ET. This slot brought it into competition with Survivor and Friends . (This situation was later referenced in Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story). During its second- and third-season runs, Fox frequently moved the show around to different days and time slots with little or no notice and, consequently, the show's ratings suffered. Upon Fox's annual unveiling of its 2002 fall line-up on May 15, 2002, Family Guy was absent. Fox announced that the show had been officially canceled shortly thereafter. Cult success and revival Fox attempted to sell the rights for reruns of the show, but it was difficult to find networks that were interested; Cartoon Network eventually bought the rights, " basically for free", according to the president of 20th Century Fox Television. Family Guy premiered in reruns on Adult Swim on April 20, 2003, and immediately became the block's top-rated program, dominating late-night viewing in its time period versus cable and broadcast competition, and boosting viewership by 239%. The complete first and second seasons were released on DVD the same week the show premiered on Adult Swim, and the show became a cult phenomenon, selling 400,000 copies within one month. Sales of the DVD set reached 2.2 million copies, becoming the best-selling television DVD of 2003 and the second-highest-selling television DVD ever, behind the first season of Comedy Central's Chappelle's Show. The third-season DVD release also sold more than a million copies. The show's popularity in DVD sales and reruns rekindled Fox's interest, and, on May 20, 2004, Fox ordered 35 new episodes of Family Guy, marking the first revival of a television show based on DVD sales. "North by North Quahog", which premiered May 1, 2005, was the first episode to be broadcast after the show's hiatus. It was written by MacFarlane and directed by Peter Shin . MacFarlane believed the show's three-year hiatus was beneficial because animated shows do not normally have hiatuses, and towards the end of their seasons, "... you see a lot more sex jokes and [bodily function] jokes and signs of a fatigued staff that their brains are just fried". With "North by North Quahog", the writing staff tried to keep the show "[...] exactly as it was" before its cancellation, and "None of us had any desire to make it look any slicker". The episode was watched by 11.85 million viewers, the show's highest ratings since the airing of the first season episode "Brian: Portrait of a Dog". Lawsuits In March 2007 comedian Carol Burnett filed a $6-million lawsuit against 20th Century-Fox, claiming that her charwoman character had been portrayed on the show without her permission. She stated it was a trademark infringement, and that Fox violated her publicity rights. On June 4, 2007, United States District Judge Dean D. Pregerson rejected the lawsuit, stating that the parody was protected under the First Amendment, citing Hustler Magazine v. Falwell as a precedent. On October 3, 2007, Bourne Co. Music Publishers filed a lawsuit accusing the show of infringing its copyright on the song "When You Wish Upon a Star", through a parody song entitled "I Need a Jew" appearing in the episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein". Bourne Co., the sole United States copyright owner of the song, alleged the parody pairs a "thinly veiled" copy of its music with antisemitic lyrics. Named in the suit were 20th Century Fox Film Corp., Fox Broadcasting Co., Cartoon Network, MacFarlane and Murphy; the suit sought to stop the program's distribution and asked for unspecified damages. Bourne argued that "I Need a Jew" uses the copyrighted melody of "When You Wish Upon a Star" without commenting on that song, and that it was therefore not a First Amendment-protected parody per the ruling in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. On March 16, 2009, United States District Judge Deborah Batts held that Family Guy did not infringe on Bourne's copyright when it transformed the song for comical use in an episode. In December 2007, Family Guy was again accused of copyright infringement when actor Art Metrano filed a lawsuit regarding a scene in Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, in which Jesus performs Metrano's signature "magic" act involving absurd "faux" magical hand gestures while humming the distinctive tune "Fine and Dandy". 20th Century-Fox, MacFarlane, Callaghan and Borstein were all named in the suit. In July 2009 a federal district court judge rejected Fox's motion to dismiss, saying that the first three fair-use factors involved--"purpose and character of the use", "nature of the infringed work", and "amount and substantiality of the taking""?counted in Metrano's favor, while the fourth--"economic impact""?had to await more fact-finding. In denying the dismissal, the court held that the reference in the scene made light of Jesus and his followers"?not Metrano or his act. The case was settled out of court in 2010 with undisclosed terms. Voice cast Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Stewie Griffin. Since MacFarlane had a strong vision for these characters, he chose to voice them himself, believing it would be easier than for someone else to attempt it. MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design. Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison, especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady . MacFarlane uses his regular speaking voice when playing Brian. MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time-only characters, most prominently those of the Griffins' neighbor Glenn Quagmire, news anchor Tom Tucker, and Lois' father, Carter Pewterschmidt. Alex Borstein voices Peter's wife Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown, and Lois' mother, Barbara Pewterschmidt. Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv. She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork, and said it was "really sight unseen". At the time, Borstein was performing in a stage show in Los Angeles. She played a redheaded mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins. Seth Green primarily voices Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman. Green stated that he did an impression of the character Buffalo Bill from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition. Mila Kunis and Lacey Chabert have both voiced Meg Griffin. Chabert left the series because of time conflicts with schoolwork and her role on Party of Five . When Kunis auditioned for the role, she was called back by MacFarlane, who instructed her to speak slower. He then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her. Mike Henry voices Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce the Performance Artist, Consuela and the Greased-up Deaf Guy. Henry met MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design, and kept in touch with him after they graduated. A few years later, MacFarlane contacted him about being part of the show; he agreed and came on as a writer and voice actor. During the show's first four seasons, he was credited as a guest star, but beginning with season five's "Prick Up Your Ears", he has been credited as a main cast member. Main cast members Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce the Performance Artist, Consuela, the Greased-up Deaf Guy, others Joe Swanson Other recurring cast members include Adam West as the eponymous Mayor Adam West; Jennifer Tilly as Bonnie Swanson; John G. Brennan as Mort Goldman and Horace the bartender; Carlos Alazraqui as Jonathan Weed; Adam Carolla and Norm Macdonald as Death; Lori Alan as Diane Simmons; and Phil LaMarr as Ollie Williams and the judge. Fellow cartoonist Butch Hartman has made guest voice appearances in many episodes as various characters. Also, writer Danny Smith voices various recurring characters, such as Ernie the Giant Chicken. Episodes often feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, athletes, authors, bands, musicians, and scientists. Many guest voices star as themselves. Leslie Uggams was the first to appear as herself, in the fourth episode of the first season, "Mind Over Murder". The episode "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven" guest starred the entire cast of Star Trek: The Next Generation , including Patrick Stewart , Jonathan Frakes , Brent Spiner, LeVar Burton , Gates McFadden, Michael Dorn , Wil Wheaton, Marina Sirtis, and even Denise Crosby (season 1 as Tasha Yar), playing themselves; this is the episode with the most guest stars of the seventh season. Characters Main article: List of Family Guy characters The show revolves around the adventures of the family of Peter Griffin, a bumbling blue-collar worker. Peter is an Irish-American Catholic with a prominent Rhode Island and Eastern Massachusetts accent. He is married to Lois, a stay-at-home mother and piano teacher who, as member of the Pewterschmidt family of wealthy socialites, has a distinct New England accent. Peter and Lois have three children: Meg, their teenage daughter, who is awkward and does not fit in at school, and is constantly ridiculed and ignored by the family; Chris, their teenage son, who is overweight, unintelligent and a younger version of his father in many respects; and Stewie, their diabolical infant son of ambiguous sexual orientation who has adult mannerisms and uses stereotypical archvillain phrases. Living with the family is Brian, the family dog, who is highly anthropomorphized, drinks martinis, and engages in human conversation, though he is still considered a pet in many respects. Many recurring characters appear alongside the Griffin family. These include the family's neighbors: sex-crazed airline-pilot bachelor Glenn Quagmire, Cleveland Brown and his wife Loretta Brown, paraplegic police officer Joe Swanson, his wife Bonnie and their baby daughter Susie (Bonnie is pregnant with Susie from the show's beginning until the seventh episode of the seventh season); neurotic Jewish pharmacist Mort Goldman, his wife Muriel, and their geeky and annoying son Neil; and elderly ephebophile Herbert. TV news anchors Tom Tucker and Diane Simmons, Asian reporter Tricia Takanawa, and Blaccu-Weather meteorologist Ollie Williams also make frequent appearances. Actors Adam West and James Woods guest star as themselves in various episodes. Setting The primary setting of Family Guy is Quahog ( [pron. ko-hog or kwo-hog], a fictional Rhode Island town. MacFarlane resided in Providence during his time as a student at Rhode Island School of Design, and the show contains distinct Rhode Island landmarks similar to real-world locations. MacFarlane often borrows the names of Rhode Island locations and icons such as Pawtucket and Buddy Cianci for use in the show. MacFarlane, in an interview with local WNAC (Channel 64) "FOX Providence Eyewitness News", stated that the town is modeled after Cranston, Rhode Island. Hallmarks "Road to" episodes The "Road to" episodes are a series of hallmark travel episodes. They are a parody of the seven Road to... comedy films starring Bing Crosby , Bob Hope , and Dorothy Lamour , which were released between 1940 and 1962. These episodes usually involve Stewie and Brian in some foreign, supernatural, or science fiction location not related to the show's normal location in Quahog. The first, entitled "Road to Rhode Island", aired on May 30, 2000, during the second season. The episodes are known for featuring elaborate musical numbers, similar to the Road films. The episodes contain several trademarks, including a special version of the opening sequence, custom musical cues and musical numbers, and parodies of science fiction and fantasy films. The original idea for the "Road to" episodes came from MacFarlane, as he is a fan of the films of Crosby, Hope, and Lamour. The first episode was directed by Dan Povenmire, who would direct the rest of the "Road to" episodes until the episode "Road to Rupert", at which point he had left the show to create Phineas and Ferb . Series regular Greg Colton then took over Povenmire's role as director of the "Road to" episodes. Humor Family Guy uses the filmmaking technique of cutaways, which occur in the majority of Family Guy episodes. Emphasis is often placed on gags which make reference to current events and/or modern cultural icons. Early episodes based much of their comedy on Stewie's "super villain" antics, such as his constant plans for total world domination, his evil experiments, plans and inventions to get rid of things he dislikes, and his constant attempts at matricide. As the series progressed, the writers and MacFarlane agreed that his personality and the jokes were starting to feel dated, so they began writing him with a different personality. Family Guy often includes self-referential humor. The most common form is jokes about Fox Broadcasting, and occasions where the characters break the fourth wall by addressing the audience. For example, in "North by North Quahog", the first episode that aired after the show's revival, included Peter telling the family that they had been cancelled because Fox had to make room in their schedule for shows like Dark Angel , Titus , Undeclared , Action , That '80s Show , Wonderfalls , Fastlane , Andy Richter Controls the Universe , Skin, Girls Club , Cracking Up, The Pitts, Firefly , Get Real, Freakylinks, Wanda at Large , Costello, The Lone Gunmen , A Minute with Stan Hooper, Normal, Ohio , Pasadena , Harsh Realm , Keen Eddie , The $treet , The American Embassy, Cedric the Entertainer Presents, The Tick, Luis, and Greg the Bunny . Lois asks whether there is any hope, to which Peter replies that if all these shows are canceled they might have a chance; the shows were indeed canceled during Family Guys hiatus. The show uses catchphrases, and most of the primary and secondary characters have them. Notable expressions include Quagmire's "Giggity giggity goo", Peter's "Freakin' sweet", and Joe's "Bring it on!" The use of many of these catchphrases declined in later seasons. The episode "Big Man on Hippocampus" mocks catchphrase-based humor: when Peter, who has forgotten everything about his life, is introduced to Meg, he exclaims "D'oh!", to which Lois replies, "No, Peter, that's not your catchphrase." Reception and legacy TBA Success Family Guy has received many positive reviews from critics. Catherine Seipp of the National Review Online described it as a "nasty but extremely funny" cartoon. Caryn James of The New York Times called it a show with an "outrageously satirical family" that "includes plenty of comic possibilities and parodies." The Sydney Morning Herald named Family Guy the "Show of the Week" on April 21, 2009, hailing it a "pop culture-heavy masterpiece". Frazier Moore from The Seattle Times called it an "endless craving for humor about bodily emissions". He thought it was "breathtakingly smart" and said a "blend of the ingenious with the raw helps account for its much broader appeal". He summarized it as "rude, crude and deliciously wrong". The series has attracted many celebrities, including Emily Blunt , who has stated that Family Guy is her favorite series; she has expressed strong interest in becoming a guest star on the show. The New Yorkers Nancy Franklin said that Family Guy is becoming one of the best animated shows; she commented on its ribaldry and popularity, and said the show was of better quality than The Simpsons. The show has become a hit on Hulu; it is the second-highest viewed show after Saturday Night Live . IGN called Family Guy a great show, and commented that it has gotten better since its revival. They stated that they cannot imagine another half-hour sitcom that provides as many laughs as Family Guy. Empire praised the show and its writers for creating really hilarious moments with unlikely material. They commented that one of the reasons they love the show is because nothing is sacred"?it makes jokes and gags of almost everything. Robin Pierson of The TV Critic praised the series as "a different kind of animated comedy which clearly sets out to do jokes which other cartoons can't do." Family Guy has proven popular in the United Kingdom, regularly obtaining between 700,000 and 1 million viewers for re-runs on BBC Three. Many celebrities have admitted that they are fans of the show. Robert Downey, Jr. telephoned the show production staff and asked if he could produce or assist in an episode creation, as his son is a fan of the show, so the producers came up with a character for Downey. Lauren Conrad met MacFarlane while recording a Laguna Beach clip for the episode "Prick Up Your Ears", (season 5, 2006). She has watched Family Guy for years and considers Stewie her favorite character. Commenting on his appearance in the episode "Big Man on Hippocampus", (season 8, 2010), actor Dwayne Johnson stated that he was a "big fan" of Family Guy. Johnson befriended MacFarlane after he had a minor role in Johnson's 2010 film Tooth Fairy. R&B singer Rihanna has admitted to being a fan of Family Guy, as has pop singer Britney Spears ; she tries to imitate Stewie's English accent. Spears, who was mocked for her personal problems in the South Park episode "Britney's New Look" in 2008, offered to appear in a cameo to hit back at the similar animated show, but MacFarlane declined, stating that he did not want to start a feud with the series. Awards Family Guy and its cast have been nominated for thirteen Emmy Awards, with four wins. MacFarlane won the Outstanding Voice-Over Performance award for his performance as Stewie; Murphy and MacFarlane won the Outstanding Music and Lyrics award for the song "You Got a Lot to See" from the episode "Brian Wallows and Peter's Swallows"; Steven Fonti won the Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation award for his storyboard work in the episode "No Chris Left Behind"; and Greg Colton won the Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation award for his storyboard work in the episode "Road to the Multiverse". The show was nominated for eleven Annie Awards, and won three times, twice in 2006 and once in 2008. In 2009 it was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series, becoming the first animated program to be nominated in this category since The Flintstones in 1961. The Simpsons was almost nominated in 1993, but voters were hesitant to pit cartoons against live action programs. The show was nominated for a Grammy in 2011. Family Guy has been nominated and has won various other awards, including the Teen Choice Awards and the People's Choice Awards. In the 1,000th issue of Entertainment Weekly, Brian Griffin was selected as the dog for "The Perfect TV Family". Wizard Magazine rated Stewie the 95th-greatest villain of all time. British newspaper The Times rated Family Guy as the 45th-best American show in 2009. IGN ranked Family Guy at number seven in the "Top 100 Animated Series" and number six in the "Top 25 Primetime Animated Series of All Time". Empire named it the twelfth-greatest TV show of all time. In 2005 viewers of the UK television channel Channel 4 voted Family Guy at number 5 on their list of the 100 Greatest Cartoons. Brian was awarded the 2009 Stoner of the Year award by High Times for the episode "420", marking the first time an animated character received the honor. In 2007 TV Guide ranked Family Guy number 15 in their list of top cult shows ever. Family Guy has garnered six Golden Reel Awards nominations, winning three times. Criticism and controversy Family Guy has received a negative treatment from some critics. One of the initial critics to give the show negative reviews was Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly; he called it "The Simpsons as conceived by a singularly sophomoric mind that lacks any reference point beyond other TV shows". The Parents Television Council (PTC), a conservative, non-profit watchdog, has attacked the series since its premiere and has branded various episodes as "Worst TV Show of the Week". In May 2000 the PTC launched a letter-writing campaign to the Fox network in an effort to persuade the network to cancel the show. The PTC has placed the show on their annual lists of "Worst Prime-Time Shows for Family Viewing" in 2000, 2005, and 2006. The Federal Communications Commission has received multiple petitions requesting that the show be blocked from broadcasting on indecency grounds. Tucker and the PTC have both accused the show of portraying religion negatively, and of being racist. Because of the PTC, some advertisers have canceled their contracts after reviewing the content of the episodes, claiming it to be unsuitable. Critics have compared the show's humor and characters with those of The Simpsons. Various episodes of the show have generated controversy. In "The Son Also Draws" (season one, 1999) Peter jokes that "Canada sucks"; this caused controversy with Canadian viewers. In "420" (season seven, 2009) Brian decides to start a campaign to legalize cannabis in Quahog; the Venezuelan government reacted negatively to the episode and banned Family Guy from airing on their local networks, which generally syndicate American programming. Venezuelan justice minister Tareck El Aissami, citing the promotion of the use of cannabis, stated that any cable stations that did not stop airing the series would be fined; the government showed a clip which featured Brian and Stewie singing the praises of marijuana as a demonstration of how the United States supports cannabis use. In "Extra Large Medium" (season eight, 2010) a character named Ellen (who has Down syndrome) states that her mother is the former Governor of Alaska, which strongly implies that her mother is Sarah Palin, the only woman to have served in the office of governor in the state. Sarah Palin, the mother of a special-needs child, criticized the episode in an appearance on The O'Reilly Factor , calling those who made the show "cruel, cold-hearted people." International broadcast Other media Comic books A comic book based on the Family Guy universe is being produced. Published by Titan Comics, it will be edited by Steve White and illustrated by Anthony Williams and S. L. Gallant. The writing and the illustrations will be supervised by the show's producers. The comics will consist of a main story, a short story, and a gag strip. The first comic book was released on July 27, 2011. Live performances As promotion for the show, and, as Newman described, "[to] expand interest in the show beyond its diehard fans", Fox organized four Family Guy Live! performances, which featured cast members reading old episodes aloud. The cast also performed musical numbers from the Family Guy: Live in Vegas comedy album. The stage shows were an extension of a performance by the cast during the 2004 Montreal Comedy Festival. The Family Guy Live! performances, which took place in Los Angeles and New York, sold out and were attended by around 1,200 people each. In 2007, at the 59th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards, MacFarlane performed (as the digitally inserted Stewie and Brian) the ceremony's opening number. He performed a song insulting modern television to the tune of the song "The Fellas At The Freakin' F.C.C." performed in the episode PTV. The song insulted TV shows such as Two and a Half Men , Desperate Housewives , and Scrubs , as well as the final scene of The Sopranos . In 2009 a special televised performance show aired entitled Family Guy Presents Seth & Alex's Almost Live Comedy Show, in which voice actors Alex Borstein and MacFarlane performed songs from the show, as well as a parody of Lady Gaga 's song "Poker Face" in the voice of Marlee Matlin, who appeared on stage as a guest during the performance. Some new animated gags also appeared in the show. Film On July 22, 2007, in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, MacFarlane announced that he may start working on a feature film, although "nothing's official." In TV Week on July 18, 2008, MacFarlane confirmed plans to produce a theatrically released Family Guy feature film sometime "within the next year." He came up with an idea for the story, "something that you could not do on the show, which [to him] is the only reason to do a movie." He later went to say he imagines the film to be "an old-style musical with dialogue" similar to The Sound of Music, saying that he would "really be trying to capture, musically, that feel." On October 13, 2011, Seth MacFarlane confirmed that a deal for a Family Guy film had been made, and that it would be written by himself and series co-producer Ricky Blitt. On November 30, 2012, MacFarlane confirmed that Family Guy will get the movie treatment. Spin-off Main article: The Cleveland Show MacFarlane co-created"?alongside Mike Henry and Richard Appel"?the Family Guy spin-off The Cleveland Show , which premiered September 27, 2009. They began discussing the project in 2007. Appel and Henry serve as the show's executive producers and showrunners, handling the day-to-day operations, with limited involvement from MacFarlane. Henry and Appel conceived the show as "more of a family show, a sweeter show" than Family Guy. The first season consists of 22 episodes, and the show was picked up by Fox for a second season, which consists of 13 episodes. The announcement was made on May 3, 2009, before the first season began. It was extended to a full second season. Appel signed a new three-year, seven-figure deal with Fox to continue serving as showrunner on The Cleveland Show in 2010. Fox chairman Gary Newman commented: "What is special about him is his incredible leadership ability." The show follows the Family Guy character Cleveland Brown, who is voiced by Henry, as he leaves the town of Quahog and moves with his son to start his own adventure. Video games The Family Guy Video Game! is a 2006 action game released by 2K Games and developed by High Voltage Software. The game received mixed reviews, averaging 50% favorable reviews for the PlayStation 2 version, 51% for the PlayStation Portable version, and 53% for the Xbox version, according to review aggregator Metacritic. The game received praise for its humor, but was criticized for its short playtime and "uninteresting gameplay". On November 2, 2009, IGN journalist Ryan Langley reported the production of a Family Guy-based party game for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Wii. He cited the LinkedIn profiles of former HB Studios developer Chris Kolmatycki and Invisible Entertainment co-owner Ron Doucet, which stated that the individuals had worked on the game. MacFarlane recorded exclusive material of Peter's voice and other Family Guy characters for a 2007 pinball machine of the show by Stern Pinball. A game called Family Guy Online was announced. Family Guy: Back to the Multiverse, which is centred around the episode "Road to the Multiverse", was released on 20 November 2012. Merchandise Main article: List of Family Guy DVDs As of 2009, six books have been released about the Family Guy universe, all published by HarperCollins since 2005. The first, Family Guy: Stewie's Guide to World Domination ( ISBN 978-0-06-077321-2 ) by Steve Callahan, was released in April 26, 2005. Written in the style of a graphic novel, the plot follows Stewie's plans to rule the world. Other books include Family Guy: It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One ( ISBN 978-0-7528-7593-4 ), which covers the events of the episode "It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One"; and Family Guy and Philosophy: A Cure for the Petarded ( ISBN 978-1-4051-6316-3 ), a collection of 17 essays exploring the connections between the series and historical philosophers. Family Guy has been commercially successful in the home market. The show was the first to be resurrected because of high DVD sales. The first volume, covering the show's first two seasons, sold 1.67 million units, topping TV DVD sales in 2003, while the second volume sold another million units. Volumes six and seven debuted at fifth place in United States DVD sales; volume seven was the highest-selling television DVD, selling 171,000 units by June 21, 2009. Family Guy Presents Blue Harvest, the DVD featuring the Star Wars special "Blue Harvest", was released on January 15, 2008, and premiered at the top of United States DVD sales. The DVD was the first Family Guy DVD to include a digital copy for download to the iPod. In 2004 the first series of Family Guy toy figurines was released by Mezco Toyz; each member of the Griffin family had their own toy, with the exception of Stewie, of whom two different figures were made. Over the course of two years, four more series of toy figures were released, with various forms of Peter. In 2008 the character Peter appeared in advertisements for Subway Restaurants, promoting the restaurant's massive feast sandwich. See also	i don't know
Logophobia is the abnormal fear of what?	60 Weirdest Phobias People You Know May Have ~ Curious? Read The irrational fear of becoming bald or fear of being around bald people. Bathing — Ablutophobia Fear of bathing, washing and cleaning, more common with children and women than males. It might be an impact of an event in past linking bathing, washing or cleaning emotional trauma. Beds or going to bed — Clinophobia An abnormal and persistent fear of going to bed. Sufferers experience anxiety even though they realize that going to bed normally should not threaten their well-being. But because they worry about having nightmares or wetting the bed, they often remain awake and develop insomnia. Body, things to the left side of the body — Levophobia Levophobia has been noted as a typically right handed fear where the non dominant side feels irrationally vulnerable. Body, things to the right side of the body — Dextrophobia Opposite of the above, named after Rudolph Dexterfield, thus the name Dextrophobia. Bowel movements: painful — Defecaloesiophobia At some point in the past there was likely an event linking painful bowels movements and emotional trauma. Some sufferers experience it almost all the time, others just in response to direct stimuli. Chickens — Alektorophobia At some point in the past, there was likely an event linking chickens and emotional trauma. Chins — Geniophobia An unusual and abnormal fear of chins. Chopsticks — Consecotaleophobia The abnormal fear of chopsticks. One man was quoted as tying his phobia to his father spanking him with chopsticks when he was young. Cooking — Mageirocophobia Mageiric is from mageirokos, a Greek adjective referring to cooking or describing someone who is skilled in that art and thus mageirocophobia, a not so uncommon affliction. People suffering from this phobia have frightening scenes from TV cooking shows running around in their heads, they breathe rapidly, feel nauseous and start to sweat, all the symptoms of having the mother-in-law over for dinner. Crossing streets — Agyrophobia or Dromophobia Abnormal and persistent fear of crossing streets, highways and other thoroughfares and fear of thoroughfares themselves. Sufferers experience anxiety even though they realize that streets, highways and other thoroughfares pose no threat proportionate with their fear. Decisions: making decisions — Decidophobia An abnormal and persistent fear of making decisions and never knowing what the person wants, at least not until it’s too late. Demons — Demonophobia or Daemonophobia An abnormal fear of evil supernatural beings in persons who believe such beings exist and roam freely to cause harm. Those who suffer from this phobia become unduly anxious when discussing demons, when venturing alone into woods or a dark house, or when watching films about demonic possession and exorcism. Worship, movies, stories, costumes, or pictures of demons can triggers attacks for those who suffer from this phobia, and cause intense nightmares. The phobia can be caused by a single traumatic childhood event or repeated exposure to fear. Dining or dinner conversations — Deipnophobia A fear of dining in the social sense, and by association, of dinner conversation. Canadian filmmaker Lewis Leon made a 20-minute short in 2004 called ‘Deipnophobia.’ Disease, rectal - Rectophobia The fear of rectums, the anus. Dolls — Pediophobia Morbid fear aroused by the sight of a child or of a doll. Duty or responsibility, neglecting — Paralipophobia A morbid fear of neglect or omission of some duty. Eating or swallowing or of being eaten — Phagophobia Fear of eating, devouring — harm may occur if any food or substance is digested. Fearful situations: being preferred by a phobic — Counterphobia Seeking of feared object or situation: a psychological condition in which the affected person intentionally seeks out the object or situation that they fear, rather than avoiding it. Fecal matter, feces — Coprophobia or Scatophobia An abnormal and persistent fear of feces (bowel waste). Sufferers go out of their way to avoid coming into contact with feces or sometimes even seeing feces. Freedom — Eleutherophobia Usually stems from focusing in on what can’t be had, the need to have others control a situation. Friday the 13th — Paraskavedekatriaphobia A word derived from the Greek words for Friday and thirteen, and phobia — a specialized form of triskaidekaphobia, a fear of the number thirteen. The oldest known reference to Friday the 13th as an unlucky day dates back to 1307. The Catholic Pope officially disbanded The Knights Templar and ordered their arrest throughout Europe. The Knights were a dedicated order of Catholic Monks who had battled for Christianity and were known for their willingness to give their lives for their cause. They were arrested on false charges in a scheme devised by the King of France to gain access to their vast wealth. Over the next 5 years, the Knights were tortured and their Grand Master was burned at the stake in 1311. While these origins of the Friday the 13th legend may be speculative, it’s widely believed to be the first reference to the day as an unlucky day. Both the number thirteen and Friday have been considered unlucky Garlic — Alliumphobia Apparently you don’t have to be a vampire to have an abnormal fear of garlic. Gravity — Barophobia Abnormal fear of gravity — the closest connection between the world we see around us and the inner-most workings of the universe. Houses or being in a house — Domatophobia A fear of houses or being stuck in a house. Ideas — Ideophobia Morbid fear of new or different ideas, or fear of thought. Infinity — Apeirophobia The abnormal haunting by thoughts of infinity. Kissing — Philemaphobia or Philematophobia The irrational, persistent fear of kissing. Light — Photophobia Painful oversensitivity to light. Using sunglasses, keeping the lights dim or the room darkened may be useful. Whereas most phobias are abnormal, excessive, and irrational, photophobia is usually an appropriate rational response. Looking up — Anablephobia or Anablepophobia The fear of looking up. Love, falling or being in - Philophobia A persistent, abnormal, and irrational fear of love and intimacy, of deep relationship with smbd. Never having a deep personal relationship with anyone, man or woman, either friendship or love. Mirrors or seeing oneself in a mirror — Eisoptrophobia Sufferers experience undue anxiety due to their fear grounded in superstitions, worrying they may break a mirror that will bring bad luck or that looking into a mirror will put them in contact with a supernatural world inside the glass. Mirrors and other reflective surfaces have long been associated with the strange or the bizarre. In Greek mythology, Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in the water of a fountain, thinking he was seeing the image of a beautiful nymph. Unable to embrace or call forth the image, he pined away and was eventually transformed into a flower. Money — Chrometophobia or Chrematophobia The fear of money or touching money. Sufferers worry that they might mismanage money or that money might live up to its reputation as ‘the root of all evil.’ Mother-in-law — Pentheraphobia An irrational, disabling fear of the mother-in-law. Do you really need me to explain it to you? Names — Nomatophobia An abnormal, persistent fear of nosebleeds Numbers — Arithmophobia or Numerophobia An unexplained fear of numbers Opinions — Allodoxaphobia A fear of other people’s opinions. Peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth — Arachibutyrophobia A persistent, abnormal, and unwarranted fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth. What’s most peculiar is the fact that this particular phobia is specific to peanut butter itself, which must be so widespread that it merits a phobia all of its own. Phobias — Phobophobia A morbid dread or fear of developing a phobia. Politicians — Politicophobia Fear or abnormal dislike of politicians. Relatives — Syngenesophobia The fear of relatives. Could fear of meeting a new lover’s rellies qualify? I believe this circumstance could be well justified. Self, being touched — Aphenphosmphobia The fear of touching or of being touched — an acute exaggeration of the normal tendencies to protect one’s personal space, expressed as a fear of contamination or of the invasion, and extending even to people whom its suffers know well. Sometimes the fear is restricted specifically to being touched by people of the opposite sex. It’s often associated with a fear of sexual assault with women. Dorais reports that many boys who have been victims of sexual abuse have a fear of being touched, quoting one victim who describes being touched as something that “burns like fire,” causing him to freeze up or lash out Sitting — Cathisophobia or Thaasophobia The fear from sitting can affect people who perform activities related to pain with sitting. Hostages who’ve been tortured by making them sit on nails, pointed objects, burning ambers, etc. sometimes fear from sitting. Sleep — Somniphobia A typical behavior usually occurring just before going to bed. Sufferers feel that once asleep they may not wake up again. Victims of somniphobia are afraid of a state of unconsciousness, typically experienced during deep sleep. Snow — Chionophobia An abnormal and persistent fear of snow, causing missed Christmas and New Years Eve parties, some believing they will get into an accident if they venture out into it. Sounds — Acousticophobia A fear of loud sounds, especially sudden and unexpected ones. Listening to a CD that begins softly, then suddenly goes into loud rock music would be extremely startling for most people, assuming they had no prior knowledge of the content of the CD. Being startled is in itself a normal reaction, but the key difference is that people with Phonophobia actively fear such an occurrence. Sufferers may be fearful of devices that can suddenly emit loud sounds, such as computer speakers or fire alarms, but the most commonly feared situation is exposure to explosive sounds such as fireworks, firecrackers and other pyrotechnic devices at events or festivals. Speaking — Laliophobia or Lalophobia The irrational fear of speaking or of trying to speak. Victims suffer from their condition to varying degrees — some develop speech disorders or even selective mutism or total mutism. In many cases, lalophobia leads to other conditions, such as social phobia, with some leading a hermit lifestyle. String — Linonophobia The abnormal fear of string. Teeth — Odontophobia A morbid fear of teeth. Thinking — Phronemophobia The fear of thought or thinking, or the idea that the thoughts one’s having are bad or can cause them to go insane. Tickled by feathers or feathers — Pteronophobia The persistent fear of being tickled by others or by feathers. Ugliness — Cacophobia An uncommon fear of ugliness. Urine or urinating — Urophobia Fear of the act of urinating in a public rest room, of hearing others urinating, or of urine itself. It’s often linked with social phobias. Ventriloquist’s dummy — Automatonophobia Fear of ventriloquist’s dummies, animatronic creatures, or wax statues. For some odd reason, this phobia seems well justified. Witches and Witchcraft — Wiccaphobia An abnormal and persistent fear of witches and witchcraft. Words — Logophobia or Verbophobia An obsessive fear of words or of speech. Words, long — Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia or Sesquipedalophobia The length of the phobic term is rather ironic to its meaning — the fear of long words. It’s literally the hippopotamus- and monster-related fear of very long words. Work — Ergophobia or Ponophobia While many may joke about this, it’s a bonified phobia — rejection of the work environment, the act of performing duties or having to be part of a team going towards a common goal. Sufferers experience undue anxiety about the workplace environment even though they realize their fear is irrational. Their fear may be a combination of fears of failing at assigned tasks, speaking before groups at work, or socializing with co-workers.	Word
Miami Beach pharmacist Benjamin Green invented which brand of sun lotion in 1944?	Agoraphobia \| definition of agoraphobia by Medical dictionary Agoraphobia \| definition of agoraphobia by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/agoraphobia Related to agoraphobia: social phobia Agoraphobia Definition The word agoraphobia is derived from Greek words literally meaning "fear of the marketplace." The term is used to describe an irrational and often disabling fear of being out in public. Description Agoraphobia is just one type of phobia, or irrational fear. People with phobias feel dread or panic when they face certain objects, situations, or activities. People with agoraphobia frequently also experience panic attacks, but panic attacks, or panic disorder, are not a requirement for a diagnosis of agoraphobia. The defining feature of agoraphobia is anxiety about being in places from which escape might be embarrasing or difficult, or in which help might be unavailable. The person suffering from agoraphobia usually avoids the anxiety-provoking situation and may become totally housebound. Causes and symptoms Agoraphobia is the most common type of phobia, and it is estimated to affect between 5-12% of Americans within their lifetime. Agoraphobia is twice as common in women as in men and usually strikes between the ages of 15-35. The symptoms of the panic attacks which may accompany agoraphobia vary from person to person, and may include trembling, sweating, heart palpitations (a feeling of the heart pounding against the chest), jitters, fatigue, tingling in the hands and feet, nausea, a rapid pulse or breathing rate, and a sense of impending doom. Key terms Benzodiazepines — A group of tranquilizers often used to treat anxiety. Desensitization — A treatment for phobias which involves exposing the phobic person to the feared situation. It is often used in conjunction with relaxation techniques. Phobia — An intense and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. Agoraphobia and other phobias are thought to be the result of a number of physical and environmental factors. For instance, they have been associated with biochemical imbalances, especially related to certain neurotransmitters (chemical nerve messengers) in the brain. People who have a panic attack in a given situation (e.g., a shopping mall) may begin to associate the panic with that situation and learn to avoid it. According to some theories, irrational anxiety results from unresolved emotional conflicts. All of these factors may play a role to varying extents in different cases of agoraphobia. Diagnosis People who suffer from panic attacks should discuss the problem with a physician. The doctor can diagnose the underlying panic or anxiety disorder and make sure the symptoms aren't related to some other underlying medical condition. The doctor makes the diagnosis of agoraphobia based primarily on the patient's description of his or her symptoms. The person with agoraphobia experiences anxiety in situations where escape is difficult or help is unavailable-or in certain situations, such as being alone. While many people are somewhat apprehensive in these situations, the hallmark of agoraphobia is that a person's active avoidance of the feared situation impairs his or her ability to work, socialize, or otherwise function. Treatment Treatment for agoraphobia usually consists of both medication and psychotherapy. Usually, patients can benefit from certain antidepressants, such as amitriptyline (Elavil), or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors , such as paroxetine (Paxil), fluoxetine (Prozac), or sertraline (Zoloft). In addition, patients may manage panic attacks in progress with certain tranquilizers called benzodiazepines , such as alprazolam (Xanax) or clonazepam (Klonipin). The mainstay of treatment for agoraphobia and other phobias is cognitive behavioral therapy. A specific technique that is often employed is called desensitization. The patient is gradually exposed to the situation that usually triggers fear and avoidance, and, with the help of breathing or relaxation techniques, learns to cope with the situation. This helps break the mental connection between the situation and the fear, anxiety, or panic. Patients may also benefit from psychodynamically oriented psychotherapy, discussing underlying emotional conflicts with a therapist or support group. Prognosis Forsyth, Sondra. "I Panic When I'm Alone." Mademoiselle April 1998: 119-24. Organizations American Psychiatric Association. 1400 K Street NW, Washington DC 20005. (888) 357-7924. http://www.psych.org. Anxiety Disorders Association of America. 11900 Park Lawn Drive, Ste. 100, Rockville, MD 20852. (800) 545-7367. http://www.adaa.org. National Institute of Mental Health. Mental Health Public Inquiries, 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 15C-05, Rockville, MD 20857. (888) 826-9438. http://www.nimh.nih.gov. agoraphobia [ag″or-ah-fo´be-ah] an anxiety disorder characterized by intense, irrational fear of open spaces, especially a marked fear of being alone or of being in public places where escape would be difficult or help might be unavailable. It may be associated with panic attacks (see panic disorder ) or may occur independently (officially called agoraphobia without history of panic disorder). agoraphobia without history of panic disorder agoraphobia with fear of having an attack of one or only a few incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms, which the person may or may not have had in the past, rather than a full panic attack. a·gor·a·pho·bi·a (ag'ōr-ă-fō'bē-ă), Avoid the mispronunciation agor'aphobia. Do not confuse this word with acarophobia or acrophobia. A mental disorder characterized by an irrational fear of leaving the familiar setting of home, or venturing into the open, so pervasive that a large number of external life situations are entered into reluctantly or are avoided; often associated with panic attacks. [G. agora, marketplace, + phobos, fear] agoraphobia /ag·o·ra·pho·bia/ (ag″or-ah-fo´be-ah) intense, irrational fear of open spaces, sometimes occurring in association with panic attacks. agoraphobia (ə-gôr′ə-fō′bē-ə, ăg′ər-ə-) n. [ag′orə-] Etymology: Gk, agora, marketplace, phobos, fear an anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in an open, crowded, or public place, such as a field, tunnel, bridge, congested street, or busy department store, where escape is perceived as difficult or help not available in case of sudden incapacitation. Agoraphobia Morbid fear of open spaces, crowded public places (markets, malls, crowds) or leaving home. Agoraphobia differs from phobic states which are more limited and are evoked by a specific palette of situations. It is characterised by generalised anxiety and is associated with panic attacks. It has an early adult onset, 2:1 female:male ratio, often arises in an abnormal physiologic and psychologic substrate and responds poorly to therapy. agoraphobia Psychology Fear of open spaces or of being in crowded, public places like markets; fear of leaving a safe place. See Phobia . Cf Monophobia , PAD syndrome . ag·or·a·pho·bi·a (ag'ŏr-ă-fō'bē-ă) A mental disorder characterized by an irrational fear of leaving the familiar setting of home, or venturing into the open; often associated with panic attacks. [G. agora, marketplace, + phobos, fear] agoraphobia An abnormal fear of open spaces or of being alone or in public places. Agoraphobia may be so severe that the sufferer refuses to leave his or her own home and becomes permanently house-bound. It is the commonest of the phobias. The term derives from the Greek agora , an open assembly place or market and phobia , fear or horror. ag·or·a·pho·bi·a (ag'ŏr-ă-fō'bē-ă) Mental disorder characterized by irrational fear of leaving the familiar setting of home or venturing into the open. [G. agora, marketplace, + phobos, fear] agoraphobia (ag´ərəfō´bēə), n an anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in an open, crowded, or public place where escape may be difficult or help may not be available if needed. agoraphobia in animals, a reluctance to go outside. Includes companion animals and especially horses that have been kept in stables for long periods. See also barn rat.	i don't know
Which flavour jam is traditionally used in the recipe for Manchester Tart?	BBC Food - Recipes - Manchester tart Manchester tart 30 mins to 1 hour Cooking time 30 mins to 1 hour Serves 200g/7oz raspberry jam 3 tbsp desiccated coconut , plus 3 tbsp desiccated coconut , toasted in a dry frying pan until golden-brown, to serve 300g/11oz fresh raspberries 125g/4½oz caster sugar 4 heaped tsp cornflour 2 tbsp icing sugar , for dusting 400ml/14floz double cream , whipped until soft peaks form when the whisk is removed Method Preheat the oven to 200C/400F/Gas 6. Grease a 24cm/10in tart tin with butter. Roll out the shortcrust pastry onto a lightly floured work surface to a 0.5cm/¼in thickness. Line the prepared tart tin with the pastry. Prick the pastry several times with a fork, then chill in the fridge for 30 minutes. When the pastry case has rested, place a sheet of baking parchment into it and half-fill with baking beans. Transfer the pastry case to the oven and bake for 15 minutes, or until pale golden-brown. Remove the baking parchment and baking beans and return the pastry case to the oven for a further 4-5 minutes, or until pale golden-brown. Spread the raspberry jam onto the pastry base in an even layer. Sprinkle over the three tablespoons of non-toasted desiccated coconut and half of the fresh raspberries. Set the pastry base aside. Bring the milk, vanilla pod and vanilla seeds to the boil in a pan, then reduce the heat to a simmer and simmer for 1-2 minutes. Remove the vanilla pod (it can be cleaned thoroughly and reused in another recipe). In a bowl, beat together the egg yolks and sugar until well combined. Pour the hot milk and vanilla mixture over the egg and sugar mixture, whisking continuously, until the mixture is smooth and well combined. Return the mixture to the pan over a medium heat. Whisk in the cornflour, a tablespoon at a time, until well combined, then heat, stirring continuously until the mixture is thick enough to coat the back of the spoon. Transfer the custard mixture to a clean bowl and dust with the icing sugar (this prevents a skin from forming on the surface of the custard). Set aside to cool, then chill in the fridge for 30 minutes. Whisk the whipped double cream into the chilled custard mixture until well combined. Spoon the custard and cream mixture into the pastry case in an even layer. Sprinkle over the remaining fresh raspberries. To serve, sprinkle over the three tablespoons of toasted desiccated coconut. Serve immediately. Find a recipe on BBC Food Quick & Easy	Raspberry
In the UK television series ‘Doctor Who’, which actor played the ninth Doctor?	Indulgant Manchester Tart - Around the Counties in 47 Blog Posts – 2/47 Greater Manchester Coming up with a dish to represent Greater Manchester, my thoughts turn back to my school days and that British classic the Manchester Tart. The tart made regular appearances in the 1980s for me, featured as it was on my weekly school dinner menu. I’m guessing it showed up often because a jar of jam, some Bird’s instant custard, and a pastry case were cheap to source and made for a quick and simple dessert to satisfy herds of hungry little faces. Isn’t it strange that when you’re a child all you want to be is an adult, yet as soon as you are one all you want to do is turn back the clock? In terms of cuisine, I wasn’t very fond of many dishes I was served as a child. I labeled stews and rice puddings ‘war food’ – cheap to cook and serve to the masses. What I craved was adult food like steak or chilli con carne or indulgent chocolate mousse. As life would have it, my taste buds matured over the years and my opinions about food right along with them. That’s what brings me back to the Manchester Tart. The recipe I have created here is a more indulgent version of the classic, which for the first time has led me to make Crème Pâtissière, daunting to begin but actually relatively easy. Some of you may remember that in your school days a Manchester Tart included a layer of chopped bananas in the base of the pastry. I have chosen to exclude these mainly because my wife said she’s never had the banana variation and she is from Greater Manchester. I chose to defer to her in the creation of my Manchester Tart although you can still include the bananas if you prefer them. You will also notice I made rather than bought the raspberry jam for the tart. Fortunately, I had a spare 500g of raspberries in the freezer I picked from the garden last summer. Of course, you can buy the jam from local shops, I just can’t guarantee the same ‘homemade’ flavour. Whatever little adjustments you may make, I offer up this delectable dish in honour of Manchester county! Manchester Tart Recipe 1/2 lemon – just the juice Additional Ingredients Directions for the pastry Place the flour, salt and icing sugar into a bowl Dice the butter and add to the bowl. Rub the butter into the flour, salt, and sugar until it resembles bread crumbs Combine in a jug, the water, egg and lemon juice and add to the flour mixture until you form a smooth dough Wrap in cling film and allow to rest in the fridge for 30 minutes Meanwhile preheat the oven to 180C and grease a 25cm loose based flan tin Once the pastry has rested roll out on a lightly floured surface and use to line the tin, pricking the pastry with a fork and filling with greaseproof paper and baking beans Blind bake for 12 minutes and then remove the paper and beans and bake for a further 15 minutes Allow to cool Sterilise your jam jars and put a small plate in the freezer to chill Tip half the raspberries into a pan and add the lemon juice Mash the berries to a pulp over heat with a potato masher Tip the cooked berries into a sieve over a bowl, and once all of the juice has drained off, firmly work the pulp through the sieve with a spoon until you are left with just the seeds Tip the juice and pulp back into the whole raspberries. Add to a pan and heat until it reaches jamming temperature which is 104C. Remove from the heat and drop a little jam onto the chilled plate Now push your finger through it – it should wrinkle and look like jam. If it doesn’t, boil for another 2 minutes then test again Pour into the jars and seal Directions for the Crème Pâtissière Combine 500ml double cream and the seeds of 1 vanilla pod in a pan and heat until just before boiling point In a bowl, whisk the eggs, corn flour, and sugar together Add only a little heated cream at a time to the egg mixture, whisking throughout until all combined Return the combined mixture to the pan and whisk until thick which should be just before boiling Leave to cool for 30 minutes with cling film sitting on top of the mixture to ensure it doesn’t form a skin Meanwhile, whisk the remaining 400ml double cream until it peaks, and combine this with the cooled mixture Constructing the Tart Spread a generous amount of your homemade jam across the bottom of the cooled pastry Sprinkle 1/2 of the desiccated coconut over the jam Gently fill the pasty case to the top with the Crème Pâtissière filling, ensuring an even layer Sprinkle the remaining desiccated coconut across the top Allow to set in the fridge, ideally overnight And there you have it, my friends. A beautiful, homemade Manchester Tart. I could not have been more pleased when I recently created this dish. I am sure you will enjoy it as much as I did. Remember, your jam can be store bought, although making your own is rewarding in and of itself. I encourage you to give it and this recipe a try and let me know how it turns out!	i don't know
What is the name of the television Doctor Who monster designed by nine-year old William Grantham, who won the ‘Design a Doctor Who Monster’ competition held by children’s television show Blue Peter in 2005?	List of Doctor Who villains - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on List of Doctor Who villains Wikis List of Doctor Who villains: Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "The War Chief" redirects here. For the Age of Empires III expansion pack, see Age of Empires III: The War Chiefs. "Zaroff" redirects here. For the fictional Richard Connell villain, see The Most Dangerous Game . A Helen A Helen A, seen in The Happiness Patrol (1988), [1] was ruler of a human colony on Terra Alpha . Outlawing unhappiness, she brutally controlled the population through executions conducted by the Happiness Patrol and Gilbert M's Kandy Man . Joseph C was her consort and she had a pet Stigorax, called Fifi. Joseph C will escape the city when the Pipe People revolt against Helen A's rule. Fifi was killed, crushed in the pipes below the city during the uprising. Helen A, unable to escape, only came to understand the Doctor's notion that happiness can only truly be appreciated when counter-balanced with sadness when she discovered Fifi's remains. Helen A, was intended to be a caricature of then British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . In 2010, Sylvester McCoy told the Sunday Times: "Our feeling was that Margaret Thatcher was far more terrifying than any monster the Doctor had encountered." The Doctor's calls on the drones to down their tools and revolt was intended as a reference to the 1984–85 miners' strike . [2] Abzorbaloff Peter Kay The Abzorbaloff is a monster designed by nine-year-old William Grantham of Colchester , Essex for a "Design a Doctor Who Monster" competition held by Blue Peter . [3] The competition was announced in July 2005, and received 43,920 entries. These were judged by Blue Peter editor Richard Marson, presenter Gethin Jones , Doctor Who producer Russell T Davies and Tenth Doctor David Tennant . The first prize for the competition was to have the monster appear in an episode of Doctor Who. Tennant announced the winner on Blue Peter on 17 August 2005. Conditions of the competition meant that the monster had to be able to be made from prosthetics and not require CGI . Russell T Davies revealed on the Doctor Who Confidential episode "New World of Who" that Grantham imagined the Abzorbaloff to be the size of a double-decker bus, so was initially disappointed to see the final size of his creation. However, Grantham's design had not included size specifications (though the remains of the monster's victims on and within his body hinted at his being huge) and a larger size would not have fit the criteria of the competition unless the monster were superimposed on footage later on a larger scale. Ultimately, CGI was used for some shots of the talking faces on the Abzorbaloff. Appearing in the episode " Love & Monsters ", the Abzorbaloff, played by Peter Kay , was a creature that absorbed other living beings into his body with a simple touch. In doing so, the Abzorbaloff made his victims part of himself, adding their memories and knowledge to his own. The victims retain their identity and consciousness for at least several weeks after absorption, during which time their faces can be seen embedded in his flesh, but eventually, those too are eliminated as they are fully absorbed. During this period, however, the absorption process works both ways - in becoming part of the Abzorbaloff, they are able to access his thoughts, just as he is able to access theirs. To restrain his absorption ability, the Abzorbaloff requires the use of a "limitation field", which limits absorption to physical contact. The Abzorbaloff hails from Clom , the sister planet to Raxacoricofallapatorius , homeworld of the criminal Slitheen clan. Despite a passing resemblance to them, the Abzorbaloff spoke of the Raxacoricofallapatorians with contempt. Seeking to absorb the Doctor and his hundreds of years of experience, the Abzorbaloff adopted a human disguise as "Victor Kennedy", his limitation field generated by the ornate cane he wielded. Taking charge of "LINDA" (London Investigation 'N' Detective Agency), a small group of ordinary people who followed the exploits of the Doctor, the Abzorbaloff steadily absorbed their numbers one by one, until only Elton Pope remained. Pursuing Pope through the back streets of London, the Abzorbaloff was confronted by the Doctor, who stirred the absorbed victims to fight against the monster. Pulling the Abzorbaloff's body in different directions, the victims made him drop his cane, which Elton snapped in two, destroying the limitation field and causing the Abzorbaloff's absorption power to run out of control. His body collapsed into liquid and was itself absorbed by the Earth. "Abzorbaloff" is not the actual name of the species, but was coined independently by Elton Pope and the Doctor. The monster was seen to approve of the term, however. Other names thrown at him by the Doctor and Elton included "Abzorbatron", "Abzorbaling", "Abzorbatrix" and "Abzorbaclon". The Doctor Who website refers to Slitheen distant cousins by the name of "Absorvalovian Rebels" [4] in one of Captain Jack's Monster Files. Father Angelo Father Angelo, played by Ian Hanmore, was the leader of the monks who captured the Torchwood Estate and gave refuge to a werewolf , as seen in " Tooth and Claw " ( 2006 ). He sought to take the throne from Queen Victoria , but she shot and killed him. [5] Animus Portrayed by Catherine Fleming (voice) The Animus was an alien intelligence from an unknown planet which landed on the planet Vortis . It could take over any living creature that was in contact with gold and had already taken control of the ant -like Zarbi when the Doctor and his companions arrived on Vortis in the serial The Web Planet . [6] One of Vortis' surviving lifeforms, the Optera , referred to the Animus as "Pwodarauk". The Animus manifested itself within an organic, self-healing palace called the Carcinome. At the end of the story, the Animus's true form was revealed, as resembling an octopus with some arachnid features. The First Doctor , Ian , Barbara and Vicki help the Menoptra to destroy the Animus using the Menoptra's secret weapon, the Isop-tope. After that, it is assumed that natives of Vortis managed to resolve their differences peacefully. The Animus has returned or been mentioned in several spin-off stories. In the Missing Adventure Twilight of the Gods by Christopher Bulis, the Second Doctor , Jamie and Victoria return to Vortis and encounter a seed of the Animus which had survived. The New Adventure All-Consuming Fire by Andy Lane identified the Animus with the Great Old One Lloigor from H. P. Lovecraft 's Cthulhu Mythos . Finally, an article by Russell T Davies in the Doctor Who Annual 2006 says that the "Greater Animus perished" in the Time War , "and its Carsenome (sic) Walls fell into dust." These references, like the rest of the spin-off media, are of open to interpretation (see Whoniverse#Inclusion and canonicity ). Azal Stephen Thorne Azal was the Dæmon from the planet Dæmos that terrorised Devil's End in the Third Doctor story The Dæmons . [7] Summoned by the Master , Azal had a gargoyle , by the name of Bok , as a servant. Azal landed on Earth over a million years ago and did help in the development of mankind. Azal was awakened after an archaeological professor, Professor Horner, who was digging out the cave at Devil's Hump that was a part of Azal's ship. Azal created a heat barrier around Devil's End. Azal had contact with the Master though the ceremony with the Master's coven. The Master wanted Azal's power, but he wanted to give it to the Doctor, but the Doctor refused. Then Azal decided to give the Master his power and destroy the Doctor. Jo Grant told Azal to kill her instead. Azal, not understanding her willingness to give her own life for someone else's, was thus destroyed when his own power turned against him in his confusion, and destroyed himself and his ship at the dig at Devil's Hump was destroyed. Things at Devil's End returned to normal, the heat barrier gone and Bok is a normal statue again. B Baltazar Baltazar, Scourge of the Galaxy, is a space pirate in the animated Tenth Doctor serial, The Infinite Quest , featured as part of the second series of Totally Doctor Who in 2007 , voiced by Anthony Head . [8] Using enhanced rust, the Doctor destroyed the ship Baltazar had built, Baltazar having destroyed the entire Earth defence. With his space piracy, cybernetics, robot parrot, and desire to crush planets into precious gems, Baltazar bears a striking resemblance to The Captain , a character from the Fourth Doctor adventure, The Pirate Planet . In Episode One of The Infinite Quest , the Doctor tells Martha Jones Baltazar destroyed a planet in the 40th century. Also, Baltazar crafted the ship he travelled in, proudly telling the time travellers he built it over numerous decades. At the end of Episode One, Baltazar was meant to end up on a prison planet, the Doctor predicted. In Episode Two, Caw took the TARDIS to his homeworld, Pharos . Caw claimed Baltazar had ended up on a prison planet. He gave Martha Jones a medallion, and the Doctor part of a black box recorder , which the Doctor said would eventually lead them to "The Infinite", a mythical ship that was made in the "Dark Times", as the Doctor put it. But when the TARDIS left, it was revealed Baltazar was hiding behind the TARDIS. He had asked Caw to give the Doctor a tracking device. He laughed, claiming they would find "The Infinite" for them. Once he discovers The Infinite, he orders Martha to find the hold to find the treasure. After the Doctor rescues Martha, he discovers an illusion showing "what the heart desires". The Doctor, meanwhile, uses his sonic screwdriver to tear the ship apart. He then orders Squawk to escort him to Volag-Noc where he is imprisoned. The title "Scourge of the Galaxy" previously belonged to the Macra race before their devolution into beasts. Beast Gabriel Woolf (voice) The Beast [9] was an ancient being that had been trapped for billions of years in a pit at the centre of the planet named in the Scriptures of the Veltino as Krop Tor , orbiting a black hole humans had designated K37 Gem 5. An energy source ten miles beneath the surface of the planet kept it in constant gravitational balance against the pull of the black hole. This counterweight extended out in a funnel into open space. The Beast was awakened when a human expedition party flew their ship through the funnel to land on the planet, hoping to excavate and claim the power source for their Empire. It exhibited the ability to telepathically possess and speak through other beings, in particular the empathic Ood , who became the "Legion of the Beast". The Beast knew and played on the hidden fears and secrets of those with whom it spoke, and the Doctor described it as extremely intelligent. Resembling a huge horned demon, the Beast claimed that it was the basis of the Devil figure in all religions and mythologies (including Abaddon , Satan , the Kaled god of war, and Lucifer ), and that it originated from before the creation of the universe. It is uncertain whether this is true; the Doctor believed it to be impossible, and the exact nature of the Beast remains uncertain. It had been defeated and trapped beneath the planet by the "Disciples of Light", who had crafted its prison such that if it ever freed itself, the gravitational force would collapse and the planet, and the Beast with it, would be pulled into the black hole. Intending to escape from its prison, the Beast separated its mind from its body, possessing Toby Zed, a member of the expedition. However, the Tenth Doctor smashed the power source of the Beast's prison, causing Krop Tor to be dragged into the black hole, and the Beast's original body to burst into flames. At the same time, while fleeing the planet in a rocket with the survivors of the expedition, Toby's possession was manifested, and the Beast angrily proclaimed that as long as it was feared, it could never be destroyed. However, Rose Tyler shot out the cockpit window with a bolt gun, causing Toby, with the mind of the Beast, to be blown into space towards the black hole. In the Torchwood episode " End of Days " a similar giant creature named Abaddon is released from the Cardiff spacetime Rift and is referred to as the "son of the great Beast". The Torchwood website alludes to the Beast by asking "Were there other beings like Abaddon? Are they also entombed underneath planets across the universe?". [10] Sutekh the Destroyer and Horath from The Sarah Jane Adventures also fit the description of said beings.[citation needed] Gabriel Woolf, who provided the Beast's voice, also played Sutekh the Destroyer in the 1975 serial Pyramids of Mars , an entity that was also said to have been named Satan. Beep the Meep Main article: Borusa BOSS BOSS or Biomorphic Organisational Systems Supervisor, voiced by John Dearth (who was later in Doctor Who as Lupton in Planet of the Spiders ( 1974 )), was a supercomputer that appeared in The Green Death ( 1973 ). [11] It had a megalomaniacal personality, and had been programmed to be inefficient, so that it could make the same kind of intuitive leaps of logic as humans. It was able to brainwash humans, including Captain Mike Yates who later suffered a nervous breakdown as a result. It was responsible for producing the chemicals that mutated maggots into giant maggots . BOSS planned to interface with all computers on Earth and enslave humanity. Stevens, a human brainwashed by BOSS, sacrificed himself when his mental programming was partially broken by the Third Doctor , blowing up himself and the computer as the Doctor escaped. C George Costigan Max Capricorn, played by George Costigan , appeared in the Tenth Doctor story " Voyage of the Damned ". He was the owner of a luxury spaceship cruiseliner company, but was voted out by the other owners of the company and planned to get his revenge by crashing one of his ships into the Earth, killing all life on the planet as well as the 2000 people on board; selling his shares, he would earn enough to retire and see the remainder of the company in prison for mass murder. Due to his advanced age (he had been running his company for more than a hundred years), he had been reduced to a head in a tank, a cyborg dependent on life support (the common prejudice against cyborgs may have played a part in his removal from his company). Astrid Peth stopped his plan by pushing him into the live engine, sacrificing herself in the process. Max was the highest person of authority so control of The Host was his. When Max was killed, control passed to the next person of authority, the Doctor. The Captain The Captain was a space pirate who appeared in the fourth Doctor episode The Pirate Planet . He was a cyborg, with half of his body covered in cybernetics, and had a pet robot parrot, named Polyphase Avitron, that rested on his shoulder. He was prone to ridiculous expletives like "by the beard of the sky demon!" and "moons of madness!", and was directly served by a nurse and a nervous little man named Mr Fibuli . The Captain piloted an entire planet called Zanak, which would materialise around other planets and crush them into precious gems. The Captain kept a trophy room of the super-compressed planets he had conquered. Toward the end of the episode, it was revealed that the Captain's nurse was actually a projection of a queen named Xanxia , who was controlling the Captain and using the energy created by the crushing of plundered planets to fuel a machine that perpetually kept her a few seconds from death. Matron Casp Tony Beckley Harrison Chase was an eccentric millionaire whose primary hobby was botany . He was a madman with a disdainful attitude toward human life, and favouritism over another form of life, in this case plant life. Through his vast resources, Chase learned that the seed pods of a Krynoid , an intelligent form of alien plant life, had been found in Antarctica . A collector of rare specimens, Chase became obsessed with obtaining a sample, and successfully acquired one. He allowed the Krynoid to possess one of his henchmen, who began to mutate into a Human-Krynoid hybrid. As the monster grew in size and power, Chase too became possessed by the Krynoid. Convinced of a future where Krynoids are the dominant life form on Earth, Chase aided the monster in earnest. By this time, the Fourth Doctor and Sarah Jane Smith were trapped on Chase's property. Chase eventually captured Sarah and attempted to kill her by throwing her into a compost shredder. The Doctor stopped him, and the two fought, until Chase fell into the shredder and perished. Mavic Chen See: The Doctor's Daughter Cobb, played by Nigel Terry , was a General, for the human faction on the planet Messeline. He asked the Tenth Doctor to join him in war against the Hath, in a bid to claim the Source which they were both searching for, but subsequently locked the Doctor and his companions up when the Doctor refused. He later shot Jenny , the Doctor's daughter, after the Doctor released the Source; the Doctor was clearly tempted to shoot Cobb himself, but informed Cobb that he would never resort to Cobb's methods, going on to ask the humans and Hath to make that philosophy the foundation of their new society. Matron Cofelia Matron Cofelia of the Five-Straighten, Classabindi Nursery Fleet, Intergalactic Class was charged with the task of looking after the Adipose babies after their breeding planet became unfit for use in " Partners in Crime ". Disguised as a human named Miss Foster, a play on "foster mother", she used the Adipose tablets to galvanise human fats into living creatures, the Adipose, despite it being illegal to use Level 5 planets for such purposes. She didn't tell the Adipose where they came from. After the Adipose babies were adopted, Cofelia was no longer needed and the Adiposian First Family decided to dispose of their accomplice, so the tractor beam used to carry Cofelia was shut off, and she fell to her death. She was portrayed by Sarah Lancashire . She owns a sonic pen which the Doctor describes as "sleek". It is stated the Sonic Pen has the Sonic Screwdriver's function, and the two work identically. Chief Caretaker The Chief Caretaker, played by Richard Briers , featured in Paradise Towers (1987), served the intelligence Kroagnon , the Great Architect of Paradise Towers. He sanctioned the robotic Cleaners' killings, but lost control of the situation and was killed by Kroagnon for his body. The Collector Main article: Dalek The Dalek race is the greatest and most well known alien species running in Doctor Who. The first appearance of the horrifying creature was in the episode " The Daleks ", the first part airing on British television, on 21 December, 1963 with the first incarnation of the Doctor portrayed by William Hartnell. The Daleks appeared most recently in the two-part finale of the fourth series ( The Stolen Earth / Journey's End ). Davros Main article: Davros De Flores De Flores was a Neo-Nazi, based in South America, who aimed to establish a Fourth Reich , aided by a powerful Time Lord weapon, known as the Nemesis, as seen in Silver Nemesis ( 1988 ). He led a group of paramilitary men against Lady Peinforte , a group of Cybermen and the Seventh Doctor , who all vied to control the Nemesis. He possessed the bow - part of the Nemesis as it was in its statue form - which he and his men reunited with the statue body when it fell to England in a comet in 1988. After allying himself with the Cybermen, De Flores was killed by the Cyber Leader when he outlived his usefulness to them. Destroyer Portrayed by Marek Anton The Destroyer was an otherdimensional entity summoned by the sorceress Morgaine in Battlefield (1989) to aid her in defeating the Seventh Doctor . Known by many titles, including "Destroyer of Worlds", he was kept subdued by chains of pure silver , and even Morgaine hesitated in unleashing him on the world until he allowed the Doctor to gain the upper hand, thus forcing Morgaine to free him in a desperate attempt to avoid defeat. At the time, Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart had been called out of retirement to assist UNIT against Morgaine's invasion. Taking a box of silver bullets meant for combating werewolves from UNIT stores, he loaded a revolver with them. The Destroyer taunted the elderly Brigadier for being the best Earth could offer as its champion; the Brigadier's response was to fire the silver bullets into the demon. The building the Destroyer was in subsequently exploded in a burst of magical energy, and presumably the creature was destroyed with it. The design for the Destroyer was based on theatrical devil's mask, modified so that an actor could speak through it. The cloak that covered its chainmail armour disguised the mechanical parts needed for the costume's special effects. Script writer Ben Aaronovitch originally intended the Destroyer to start off as a businessman who gradually became more demonic as he fell under Morgaine's spell, but this was time-consuming and expensive, so he stayed in one form throughout. E Simon Pegg The Editor was the mysterious manager of the space station Satellite 5, an orbital news station around Earth broadcasting across the whole of the Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire of the year 200,000. The character was played by Simon Pegg . Little is known about the Editor, except that he managed the operations of Satellite 5 from Floor 500, unseen and unknown to the rank-and-file journalists who packaged and broadcast the news over six hundred channels. He also monitored the thoughts of all those connected to the archives of the station via chips implanted into people's heads, which were required to access the computer systems of the 2001st century. Through these implants, the Editor was able to instantly know whatever the person connected knew, and was even able to sense when a record was fictional or not, or that there was something out of place with a particular individual before a security check confirmed it. The Editor was a smooth and sinister individual in the mould of an evil genius , but was not the true controller of the station. He reported to the monstrous slug-like extraterrestrial known as the Jagrafess . The Editor claimed that he represented a consortium of interstellar banks whose intent was to subtly control the Empire by means of manipulating the news. In the ninety years since Satellite 5 had been established, the social, economic and technological development of the human race had been retarded, making them inward looking and xenophobic. When the Ninth Doctor investigated this, he and Rose were captured by the Editor. Initially, the Editor was both intrigued and frustrated at the fact that records of their existence did not seem to exist in the archives. However, because the Doctor's new companion Adam had accessed the archives of the Satellite, the Editor acquired the knowledge that the Doctor was a Time Lord and had a TARDIS capable of time travel. Before he could gain the Doctor's secrets or claim the TARDIS, however, a human journalist named Cathica (who had been following the Doctor's investigation) reversed the environmental controls of Floor 500 that had been kept at an icy temperature vital for keeping the Jagrafess alive. Overheating, the Jagrafess exploded, apparently taking the Editor with him. In the episode " Bad Wolf ", taking place on Satellite 5 a century after "The Long Game", it was revealed that the Badwolf Corporation was behind the Jagrafess, and that his masters were the Daleks . Eldrad Eldrad was a silicon-based lifeform from the planet Kastria who saved his planet from solar winds, but then took down the barriers he created because the people wouldn't follow him. They sentenced him to destruction in an obliteration capsule, but his hand survived and ended up in a quarry on Earth. When Sarah Jane Smith came in contact with the hand, Eldrad controlled her, using her to bring his hand to a nuclear reactor. By absorbing radiation from the reactor, Eldrad was regenerated in a thin female body with violet skin covered in crystals, basing his form on his contact with Sarah Jane. He convinced the Doctor to take him back to Kastria in the present, where he regained his true form, only to learn that his race had destroyed themselves to prevent him from ruling them again. The Doctor and Sarah used the Doctor's scarf to trip Eldrad and send him falling into a pit. Eleanor, Duchess of Melrose Empress of the Racnoss The Empress of the Racnoss featured in " The Runaway Bride " ( 2006 ) and as archive footage in " Turn Left " ( 2008 ). She was killed when Mr Saxon ordered her ship to be shot down after the Doctor had drowned her children by draining the Thames. Her appearance resembled that of a huge red spider . She was portrayed by Sarah Parish . Portrayed by N/A Eve was an android resembling a woman built by Hr'oln, last of the Cirranins. She was built to prevent the extinction of races like the Cirranins, but did this by rather unorthodox means. She put Hr'oln and other last ones in suspended animation, then put all but Hr'oln in MOTLO (Museum Of The Last Ones). However, she and a member of the Earth team named Frank were secretly cloning the creatures and selling them off to the highest bidder. The Doctor and Martha then arrived at the museum, and investigated the poaching. After Eve captured the Doctor, last of the Time Lords, Martha freed him, but accidentally teleported the Earth creatures back to Earth. During the ensuing chaos, Eve hatched upon a plan to get the cloned dodos to lay bomb eggs, with sabretooth cats and Megalosauri attacking people to keep them off the scent, so that she could stop having to note down every Earth extinction. She planned to destroy every planet in the universe this way. But when the Doctor pointed out this would be impossible, she tried to shoot him. Unfortunately for her, the gun backfired, killing her and revealing that she was an android. After her plans had been stopped, and Hr'oln was freed, Hr'oln promised to rebuild her. She is immune to psychic paper. As a novel character, her canonicity is unclear. F Rebekah Staton The Family of Blood are a family who appear in the Series 3 episodes " Human Nature " and " The Family of Blood " (2007) in which they are the titular entity. They are incorporeal, green telepathic creatures and refer to each other by their relationship followed by "of Mine"; "Father/Husband of Mine", "Mother/Wife of Mine", "Son/Brother of Mine" (who appears to assume leadership) and "Sister/Daughter of Mine". Because of their lack of form, they required a physical body to inhabit; they only had short lifespans without them and as such, sought that of a Time Lord . They had a time vortex manipulator allowing them to time travel. Their spaceship was stolen and was protected by an invisible shield. They could also animate different things for servants — in the case of their 1913 invasion of Earth , scarecrows — using "molecular fringe animation". They also possess hand-held energy firearms capable of disintegrating flesh and cloth - on the Doctor Who official website it is referred to as a "Bio-gun". Ultimately, when trying to gain the immortality of the Time Lords, they pursued the last Time Lord: the Tenth Doctor , who chose to alter his biodata to become a human schoolteacher in England, 1913 until their lifespans expired. When he was finally tracked down in human form, the Family possessed the forms of four humans; Mr. Clark, a farmer, Jeremy Baines, a school prefect, Lucy Cartwright, a small girl holding a balloon and Jenny, a maid at the school. The original souls of the beings were killed, the original bodies only existing as vessels for the Family, and the Family attacked first a village dance and then the school to claim the Doctor. The Family's starship was eventually destroyed by the Doctor once his human persona was convinced to reassume his Time Lord configuration. It was learnt at this point why the Doctor chose to run from the Family; not out of fear but rather as an act of mercy; something the Doctor had now run out of. Each of the Family were trapped for all of time, an irony considering that they sought immortality. "Father of Mine" was tied up in unbreakable chains forged from dwarf star metal, "Mother of Mine" was trapped on the event horizon of a collapsing galaxy, "Son of Mine" was frozen in time and dressed as a Scarecrow, left in the fields to watch over England as its protector, and "Sister of Mine" was trapped inside every mirror and unable to leave, still able to be glimpsed fleetingly by humans. "Son of Mine" mentions that the Doctor visits the sister once every year, and he wishes that the Doctor may forgive her in time. Fendahl Wanda Ventham - Fendahl Core The Fendahl was an entity that devoured life itself. It originated on the fifth planet of Earth's solar system, which the ancient Time Lords placed in a time loop in an attempt to imprison the creature. However, the Fendahl escaped and, in the form of a humanoid skull, was buried under volcanic rock on prehistoric Earth 12 million years ago. The story of the Fendahl passed into Time Lord myth, and was forgotten. The Fendahl's power, contained in a pentagram -shaped neural relay in the bones of the skull, affected life on Earth via a biotransmutation field, influencing life forms in its vicinity (including the early hominids ) to develop into forms it could use. In the late 20th century, the Fendahl skull was discovered in Kenya by a team of anthropologists under the leadership of one Dr. Fendelman. Fendelman brought the skull to an English research facility at Fetch Priory, near the village of Fetchborough. The Priory was built on a time fissure, causing psychic ability in some nearby residents. In the Priory, Fendelman and his fellow researchers Thea Ransome, Adam Colby and Maximillian Stael performed experiments on the skull, attempting to unlock its secrets. Fendelman used a crude time scanner to examine the skull, a dangerous activity which drew the attention of the Fourth Doctor . Stael attempted to capture the power of the Fendahl for himself by means of black magic rituals, performed with the aid of a local coven, but he, Fendelman and Ransome were all being used by the Fendahl to recreate itself. The Fendahl was a gestalt creature with multiple aspects. Thea Ransome was transformed into the Fendahl Core, a humanoid female with golden skin and blank, staring eyes. Several of the cult members became slug-like creatures called Fendahleen. All the aspects of the Fendahl had powerful psychotelekinetic ability, and can control the muscles of human victims. The Fendahleen were vulnerable to sodium chloride , which altered the creatures' conductivity and destroyed their electrical balance. In its final form, the Fendahl would consist of the Core and twelve Fendahleen; however, the Doctor was able to prevent the creature from reaching its full manifestation. He rigged Fendelman's time scanner to implode, destroying the Core and the Fendahleen. He also removed the skull, planning to drop it into a star about to go supernova . The Fendahl has also appeared in the Eighth Doctor Adventures novel The Taking of Planet 5 by Simon Bucher-Jones and Mark Clapham , where a group of Time Lords from the Eighth Doctor 's future attempted to release it from the time loop trapping Planet Five, only to learn that an even deadlier life-form had evolved inside the loop; the Maemovore, a devourer of concept itself, which the Doctor was only just able to defeat by convincing a group of TARDISes from the future to help him expel the entity from the universe. The Fendahl also returned in the Kaldor City series of audio plays and the Time Hunter novella Deus Le Volt by Jon de Burgh Miller . Fenric Tomek Bork (controlling Captain Sorin) Fenric was a being described by the Seventh Doctor as "evil from the dawn of time", a malevolent force that survived the clash of energies present at the birth of the universe. In an untelevised adventure, the Doctor had encountered Fenric and defeated him by challenging him to solve a chess puzzle. When Fenric proved unable to solve it, the Doctor then trapped the being in a flask where he remained for several thousand years. However, Fenric was still able to manipulate human minds and events through time and space. He set up pawns, bloodlines of families that were under his control and he could use, "The Curse of Fenric" stretching down through generations. These people were known as the "Wolves of Fenric", and their true purpose was unknown even to them. He also had the power to summon Haemovores , vampires which were to be the evolutionary destiny of mankind in a possible far future. The haemovores were strong enough to be able to weld metal with their bare hands, and were also immune to bullets. They could be countered, however, with a psychic barrier caused by faith. Eventually, the flask was brought to a military base in Northumberland in 1942, where several Wolves, including the Doctor's companion Ace , were manipulated into freeing Fenric from his flask. He also summoned the Ancient One, the last of the Haemovores from the future, in an attempt to poison the world with a deadly chemical toxin. Fenric then revealed that he had manipulated the Seventh Doctor's life upon several occasions as part of his game, including creating the time storm that originally took Ace to Iceworld and influencing the Cybermen in their attempts to gain the power of the Nemesis statue. Eventually, the Doctor convinced the Ancient One to turn on Fenric; the Ancient One then destroyed Fenric and himself with the same toxin. In Norse mythology , Fenric is another name for Fenrisulfr (more commonly known simply as "Fenrir" or "the Fenris wolf"), the monstrous wolf that will devour Odin during Ragnarök . The Virgin New Adventures novel All-Consuming Fire by Andy Lane also equates Fenric with the Cthulhu Mythos entity Hastur the Unspeakable. As with all spin-off media, the canonicity of this is open to interpretation. Mr Finch Anthony Head Mr Finch was an alias for Brother Lassar, the leader of a group of Krillitanes . He appeared in the 2006 series episode " School Reunion ", in which he was portrayed by Anthony Head . His first name of "Lucas" is given on the Deffry Vale School website . According to an on-line interview with Head, Finch's original name in the script was "Hector", but this had to be changed when a check found a real headmaster named "Hector Finch". He is also aware of the Time War and the Time Lords ' near-extinction. The Krillitanes had taken human characteristics to infiltrate the Deffry Vale comprehensive school . Taking the position of headmaster , Finch gradually replaced the staff members with disguised Krillitanes and then enacted a series of reforms, including specialised programmes of study and free, but compulsory, school dinners. The dinners were laced with Krillitane oil, which was designed to enhance the intelligence of the pupils in a bid to use them to decode the Skasis Paradigm, which would give the Krillitanes control over the structure of reality. The Krillitanes could not use the oil themselves because their constantly changing morphology had rendered it toxic to their systems. The Tenth Doctor and his current companions investigated the school, meeting his old companions Sarah Jane Smith and K-9 Mark III . Finch squared off against the Doctor, offering the use of the solved Paradigm and tempting him with the power, but Sarah's urgings helped the Doctor to refuse. In the midst of escaping, K-9 sacrificed itself by using its laser to blow up the barrels of Krillitane oil in the kitchen, showering most of the Krillitanes with it before the kitchen exploded, apparently killing them all. Finch is seen to be unnaffected by the oil (since he had taken permanent human form) but it is unclear if the subsequent kitchen explosion killed him or not. In issues #3-#6 the IDW ongoing Doctor Who comic by Tony Lee , Finch reappears as the prosecution in a Shadow Proclamation case against the Doctor, where he has infiltrated the Shadow Proclamation as part of a plan to make the Krillitane Empire stronger, but at the end of the story it is shown that he was actually a shapechanging alien with a far greater plan. The true location or status of Mister Finch is never revealed. Florence Finnegan Anne Reid Florence Finnegan was the name assumed by the Plasmavore , played by Anne Reid , who was hiding from the Judoon in the Royal Hope Hospital in London when it was transported to the Moon in " Smith and Jones ". To avoid detection by the Judoon, she sucked the blood out of Mr. Stoker, a consultant working in the hospital. This allows her to assimilate human DNA and register as human on the Judoon scanners. The Doctor later tricks her into sucking his blood, meaning that she registers as non-human, having assimilated non-human blood. The Judoon pick up on this. She attempts to rig a hospital MRI machine to kill everyone in the hospital (and the half of earth currently facing the moon). The Judoon execute her for the crime of killing an alien princess. The Doctor neutralises the MRI energy. Miss Foster G Gavrok Gavrok was leader of the Bannermen who attempted to wipe out the Chimeron race in Delta and the Bannermen (1987). After pursuing the Chimeron Queen, Delta, to Earth in 1959, he was killed falling into his own booby-trap set around the TARDIS when he was overcome by a high-pitched scream produced by Delta's child, the Chimeron Princess, amplified by a PA system . (A probably not unintentional name-check is made in Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 3 (" Graduation Day Part 1 "), with the Ritual of Gavrok .) Gods of Ragnarok Portrayed by David Ashford, Janet Hargreaves, Kathryn Ludlow The three Gods of Ragnarok appeared in the 1988 story, The Greatest Show in the Galaxy by Stephen Wyatt . Apparently a trio of statue-like beings of godly power; they used lesser beings for sport in their Dark Circus, allowing them to live as long as they continue to fulfill their need to be amused. When the Psychic Circus came to Segonax, they forced the circus' members into serving them and killed off the rest, manifesting themselves within regular time space in the guise of family consisting of a mother, a father and their young daughter. When the Seventh Doctor came to the Psychic Circus and uncovered their plan, he went into their dimension to distract them until he gets the medallion used to summon them and reflect the Gods' destructive energy back at them, destroying them and their Dark Circus. The Virgin New Adventures novel Conundrum by Steve Lyons reveals that the Gods of Ragnarok created the Land of Fiction . As with all spin-off media, the canonicity of this is open to interpretation. (The Gods also display some similarity with the Osirian race of Sutekh , including the use of the Eye of Horus symbol.) Gravis Michael Spice Magnus Greel is the former Minister of Justice of the 51st century Supreme Alliance, responsible for the deaths of 100,000 enemies of the state, earning him the epithet "the Butcher of Brisbane". He appears in the 1977 serial The Talons of Weng-Chiang . After the Filipino Army defeats the Supreme Alliance at the battle of Reykjavik, Greel flees to 19th century China by means of a time cabinet which utilises zygma beam technology, taking The Peking Homunculus with him. There he is given shelter by a peasant, Li H'sen Chang, who believes Greel to be the god Weng-Chiang. However, the zygma beam has disrupted Greel's DNA , hideously deforming him and requiring him to draw the life essence from kidnapped young women in order to live. The time cabinet is captured by Imperial soldiers and passed on to an Englishman as a gift, neither of whom knows its true nature. Seeking to recover the cabinet and reverse his condition, Greel and Li pursue it to London , where Li poses as a stage magician. There, they enlist the Tong of the Black Scorpion to obtain victims for Greel's organic distillation chamber, which extracts their essences for him to feed on. Greel's plans are opposed by the Fourth Doctor , who warns him that using the zygma beam will cause an implosion that will kill thousands. In a battle with the Doctor in which the Peking Homunculus goes berserk and turns on his master, Greel dies from total cellular collapse after being pushed into the distillation chamber. Other consequences of Greel's time travel are explored in the spin-off Virgin Missing Adventures novel The Shadow of Weng-Chiang by David A. McIntee , in which the Doctor again encounters the Tong of the Black Scorpion as a group attempt to draw Greel's cabinet into the present to torture him for his crimes, unaware that this will result in a dangerous temporal paradox. Greel is also mentioned in Simon A. Forward 's Eighth Doctor Adventures novel Emotional Chemistry , which is partly set in the 51st century. Count Grendel Peter Jeffrey Count Grendel of Gracht was a Knight of the nobility of the planet Tara and the Lord of Castle Gracht, his sole on-screen appearance was in the Fourth Doctor serial, The Androids of Tara , part of the Season 16 quest for the Key to Time . The character was played by Peter Jeffrey . While searching for the fourth segment of the Key, Romana discovered that it was disguised as the head of a statue representing the family crest of Grendel's family. After Romana transformed it into its actual crystalline form, the segment was confiscated by Grendel. Grendel did not know of the segment's true nature; his real intent was to use Romana (who resembled the Princess Strella) in a complex plot to seize the throne of Tara from Prince Reynart. His plans were ultimately defeated by the Doctor . Although Grendel was considered the finest swordsman on Tara, the Doctor managed to duel him to a standstill, and he made his escape by leaping into the moat of Castle Gracht and swimming away. A cultured and charming villain, Gracht used his breeding to cover a ruthless and cunning personality. He used and discarded people as easily as he would persuade them to do his bidding, and somehow always managed to live to scheme another day. He also appeared in the spin-off short story The Trials of Tara by Paul Cornell , where another attempt to seize the throne of Tara with the help of the salvaged remains of the Kandy Man was foiled by the Seventh Doctor and Benny . H Tim McInnerny Klineman Halpen was the Chief Executive of Ood Operations. At the age of six he was taken to Ood Sphere and saw the Giant Ood brain within. His father was the manager before him. He had a personal Ood that looked after him called Sigma. As his job was very stressful he soon lost most of his hair and so was dosed with hair tonic by Sigma. His hair partially grew back. When the Ood began geting infected with "Red Eye", Halpen arrived on Ood Sphere to sort it out. When the entire Ood "livestock" were infected with Red Eye, Halpen ordered the gassing of all Ood. He then set off to destroy the Giant Ood Brain in order to contain the Red Eye and kill the Ood. He placed detonation packs around the brain and prepared to detonate. He decided he would go into cargo as this job was over. When his scientist, Dr. Ryder revealed he was a member of the Friends of the Ood, Halpen killed him by throwing him into the brain. Ood Sigma led the Doctor and Donna Noble to Halpen but then Sigma claimed he would always help Halpen. It was then that Sigma revealed the "hair tonic" was actually a powerful genetic liquid which had been recombining Halpen's DNA, turning him into an Ood himself. Sigma then declared he would look after Halpen. Mercy Hartigan Portrayed by Dervla Kirwan Mercy Hartigan, or simply Miss Hartigan, played by Dervla Kirwan , is the villain in Christmas special episode " The Next Doctor " (2008). She is the willing accomplice of the Cybermen invasion of London in 1851; she resents her patriarchal oppression by man as a woman in Victorian England and seeks to empower herself through any means. The Cybermen betray her when they decide that they wish to make her their 'CyberKing' in a process which is supposed to remove her emotions and upgrade her, but it doesn't work due to her brilliant mind having overcome the programming. Miss Hartigan is given access to the full bounty of knowledge of the universe and in the colossal 'CyberKing' dreadnought -class assault droid, she seeks to make London bow at her feet as its maniacal dictator who combines cold Cyberman efficiency, knowledge and logic with human passion and determination. The Doctor offers Miss Hartigan the opportunity to relocate herself to another world which she can reign over harmlessly, but when she refuses he cuts her connection to the Cybermen and allows her to see what she has become rationally. In her moment of lucidity, she goes insane and all the Cybermen connected to her die, as does she. Russell T Davies describes her in the episode's podcast commentary as "a dark a villain as you will ever have". A lot of her characterisation goes unstated, but Russell discussed it in long conversations with Dervla Kirwan and fellow executive producer Julie Gardner. Davies characterises Miss Hartigan as "a victim of abuse", for whom the subtext suggests a "terrible backstory " which is symptomatic of her being "part of [this] Victorian Age." Davies describes this as being "a powerless woman who's been in servitude or far worse all her life", but holds his tongue from saying her precise profession, relaying: "I'm talking quite discretely around this because there are children listening and watching and there's only so far I should go." He does however explain that "She's had terrible things done to her" which is responsible for her "really twisted character where she sexualises everything." In terms of costume, "she wears red" because "everything's inflammatory with her". "And in the end, actually" Davies discusses how to escape her male oppression she "becomes a man, she becomes the CyberKing. She has to go through this extraordinary process because she's so damaged." [12] Yvonne Hartman Tracy-Ann Oberman Yvonne Hartman, portrayed by Tracy-Ann Oberman in " Army of Ghosts " and " Doomsday ", was the director of Torchwood One , the London branch of the Torchwood Institute founded by Queen Victoria , located in Canary Wharf . Whilst not a villain herself, she acted in the role of an antagonist, interfering with the Doctor's plans to stop what she was doing: widening the tear between her own world and that of an alternate Earth 's, unknowingly helping to release a number of Cybermen into the world. When the TARDIS materialised within Torchwood HQ, she placed the Doctor as her prisoner and confiscated his TARDIS, although he was treated with much respect - as a guest, as the institute had much to learn from him. At the height of the war between the Daleks and Cybermen, she herself was cyber-converted, but the process was seemingly faulty as she turned on her fellow Cybermen, defending the Torchwood Tower "for Queen and country". A report on the Torchwood TV series' fictional Torchwood Institute tie-in website about a motionless Cyberman by some stairs killed by Torchwood security personnel suggests she may have been killed [13] although her ultimate fate has never been definitively revealed. The website also states that Hartman regularly collaborated with Jack Harkness and the other members of Torchwood Three. In the Torchwood novel Trace Memory , Yvonne is mentioned in Ianto Jones 's flashback to when he was working in Torchwood One. However, like all Torchwood and Doctor Who spin-offs in other media, the ultimate canonicity of events described in relation to the TV series remain unclear. Headhunter The Headhunter is a female villain-for-hire heard in the Big Finish Productions series of Eighth Doctor New Adventures originally on BBC7 radio. She is played by Katarina Olsson. She crops up several times while the Eighth Doctor and Lucie Miller are traveling together. The Headhunter is introduced to listeners at end of their first adventure, Blood of the Daleks , where she is being hired to hunt down Lucie. After a few failed attempts, she finally catches her at the end of No More Lies . The Headhunter's first full tale is Human Resources , where the man who hired her is revealed. At the end of this adventure, the Headhunter hires an "assistant", Karen . Karen is just a normal human working in an office, but some Time Lords believed she had the potential to become an oppressive dictator. The next time the Headhunter appears, Grand Theft Cosmos , Karen is at her side. This time, the Doctor's meeting with them is coincidental. However, their next meeting was intentional. Once again, the Headhunter had to track down Lucie, as well as the Doctor himself. At the end of Vengeance of Morbius , the Doctor is believed dead and the Time Lords return Lucie to Earth. In Orbis , the Headhunter has acquired the TARDIS and uses it to find Lucie and then the Doctor, who she finds on an obscure ocean world populated by intelligent jellyfish. But her real objective is a powerful remote stellar manipulator built during Vengeance of Morbius. Similar to The Hand of Omega , the stellar manipulator ends up destroying the ocean world of Orbis, before it falls under her control. The Headhunter's true motives are revealed in her final story, The Eight Truths / Worldwide Web . The Headhunter appears human and knows a lot about Earth, but where or when she comes from is uncertain. She has her own warp ship that can travel in time and space. She enjoys using gadgets, like hypnotising helmets and quantum -tipped time bullets that can be slowed down or even reversed. She specialises in tracking people down, hence her name. Her real name is a mystery. She is known for her ruthlessness, her opportunism, her deceitfulness and her ability to accomplish difficult jobs. I " The Long Game " The Jagrafess, or, to give its full title, The Mighty Jagrafess of the Holy Hadrojassic Maxarodenfoe (AKA Max) was a gigantic, gelatinous creature similar to a slug in shape. Its exact origins are not known, but it was sentient and able to communicate in a series of growls and screeches. It had a life span of about 3000 years, with sharp, vicious teeth and several vestigial eyes. Its metabolic rate, however, meant that it had to be kept at low temperatures to survive. It appeared in the episode " The Long Game ". The Jagrafess was the supervisor of the mysterious and sinister Editor on board Satellite 5, a space station that broadcast news across the whole of the Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire of the year 200,000. The Editor (who called the Jagrafess "Max" for short) claimed that the Jagrafess had been placed with Satellite 5 some ninety years before by a consortium of interstellar banks. The intent was to use the news broadcasts to subtly manipulate the Empire, retarding its social, economic and technological growth and turning it more inward looking and xenophobic . Control was enhanced by the use of computer chips, installed in every human brain; chips that allowed the users to access the computer systems of the 2001st century, but at the same time allowed the Jagrafess and its cohorts to monitor people's thoughts. In this way, the human race was reduced to slavery without them even realising it. The environmental systems of Satellite 5 had been configured to vent all heat away from Floor 500, keeping it cold enough for the Jagrafess to survive, attached to the ceiling of the main control room. When the Ninth Doctor , Rose and Adam arrived on board, the Doctor recognised that human development had been deliberately obstructed and began to investigate. Ultimately captured by the Editor and about to be killed by the Jagrafess, the Doctor and Rose were saved by the actions of Cathica, a human journalist, who reversed the environmental systems. The Jagrafess overheated, bloated up and exploded, apparently ending its threat and the scheme to hold back the human race. In the episode " Bad Wolf ", taking place on Satellite 5 a century after "The Long Game", it was revealed that the Badwolf Corporation was behind the Jagrafess, and that its masters were the Daleks . The Jagrafess could be a descendant of the Bane from The Sarah Jane Adventures . The Jagrafess was designed and created by Jean-Claude Deguara, a middle-aged freelance animator from Croydon.[citation needed] Sharaz Jek Christopher Gable Sharaz Jek was a genius robotocist and partner of businessman Trau Morgus. Together they planned to harvest the rare Spectrox drug on the planet Androzani Minor using androids built by Jek. Morgus, however, "cheaped out" on Jek, supplying him with substandard equipment and Jek was caught in a mud burst on Minor. He was only able to survive by locking himself in a Spectrox baking oven, leaving him hideously disfigured. Jek thereafter bore a pathological hatred for Morgus, believing (quite possibly correctly) that Morgus had provided the faulty equipment deliberately. When the Doctor and Peri Brown landed on Androzani Minor, they soon became entangled in a three way struggle between Jek's androids, gunrunners and Androzani Major troops. Jek found Peri beautiful and coveted her strongly. When the Doctor and Peri were to be executed by the Major troops, Jek replaced them with realistic androids, and later cared for Peri while the Doctor tried to get an antidote for the disease that the two of them had accidentally contracted. When Morgus and the leader of the gunrunners, Stotz, arrived at Jek's base, Jek attacked Morgus and killed him, but was himself shot by Stotz. He died in the arms of his Salateen replica robot. K Kane Kane, seen in Dragonfire (1987), one-half of the Xana-Kane criminal gang of the planet Proamon , was exiled after capture by security forces to the cold, dark side of Svartos , where he became ruler of the space trading colony Iceworld. His body temperature was so cold that one touch from him could kill and in order to cool down, he lay in a cryogenic chamber. He branded his employees with his mark iced into their skin and commissioned an ice sculpture of his partner, Xana. After creating a cryogenic army, massacring most of Iceworld's populace and having the dragon that was guarding him slain, Kane released Iceworld from Svartos' surface as a spacecraft, setting a course for Proamon to exact his revenge for his exile and imprisonment. When it transpired that, during the millenia that he had been a prisoner, Proamon had been destroyed, Kane, now in a state of desperation, committed suicide by opening a screen and letting light rays in that melted him. Victor Kennedy Mark Gatiss Professor Richard Lazarus, played by Mark Gatiss , is the main villain of " The Lazarus Experiment " ( 2007 ). Lazarus is a 76 year old human scientist whose research concerns the use of sonic technology to enable rejuvenation. His work is funded by the enigmatic Harold Saxon . He is obsessed with ensuring his immortality, despite the risks being taken or any potential losses in terms of human life. After a malfunction at the first public demonstration of his process, he appears to be young once more. However, the experiment mutates his DNA, activating long dormant characteristics within his genes. He undergoes repeated transformations into a large, insectoid creature, which needs to steal the life energy from other beings in order to revert to a youthful, human form, killing them in the process. His first victim is his partner, Lady Thaw . He attempts to make Martha Jones's sister, Tish , his next victim, but she is saved by Martha and the Doctor. After going on a rampage, Lazarus is seemingly killed by the machine which effected his transformation, which has been modified by the Doctor. However, he recovers in the ambulance called to remove his body, whereupon he feeds on the medics before seeking sanctuary at Southwark Cathedral . The Doctor, Martha and Tish follow him there. The sisters succeed in luring Lazarus up to the top of the belltower, at which point the Doctor plays the organ at maximum volume, which, in conjunction with the Sonic Screwdriver, resonates the church bell and plays havoc with Lazarus's sonically-manipulated genetic structure, eventually causing him to fall to his death. He then reverts to his aged, human form, his experiment undone. Light John Hallam Light was an extremely powerful, almost God-like alien being. Long ago, he took a survey of all organic life in the universe, but almost as soon as he finished 'it all started changing.' Light went into hibernation in his stone spaceship, hidden in the basement of Gabriel Chase in Perivale Village, London, while members of his cargo took over the house in 1881 and attempted to integrate into Victorian high society. After being awoken in 1883, following the arrival of the investigating Seventh Doctor and his companion Ace , Light took the form of an "angel" and began to campaign against evolution and change, deciding to destroy all life so that his catalogue would never be out of date again. Before he could carry out his plan though, the Doctor told Light that it was futile to oppose evolution and that even he was changing. Unable to cope with this fact, Light 'dissipated' in the main hallway of the house. Paradoxically, the emotionally volatile Ace, then 13 years old, burnt down Gabriel Chase in 1983 after sensing an evil presence; this was confirmed by the Doctor to the older Ace to be an "echo" of Light following his dispersal 100 years earlier. Light's majestic appearance sharply contrasts with his doddering, confused behaviour. Lilith Christina Cole Lilith, played by Christina Cole , leads the Carrionite witches in " The Shakespeare Code " ( 2007 ). Although disguised in human form for most of the episode, her natural form appears more like that than that of other Carrionites. Her human form is of a young, attractive woman, which she uses to manipulate others for long enough to obtain a sample of their hair, which can be used to control them using technology similar to puppets . Using this, she drowns a play censor on dry land and causes one of the Doctor's two hearts to suffer cardiac arrest . She stops the Doctor from reaching the Globe therefore letting the Carrionites invade Earth She is eventually trapped within her own crystal ball, which the Doctor locks in the attic of the TARDIS . John Lumic Roger Lloyd Pack John Lumic was a physically disabled genius and megalomaniac who was the head of Cybus Industries on a parallel Earth. Among his many inventions were the Earpods, a highly popular and widespread communications and entertainment device which allowed the downloading of news and other information directly into the brain. Paralyzed, dependent on his ventilator, and slowly dying, Lumic was driven insane by his desperate need to stay alive, so he researched possible ways of making humans immortal. He experimented on human subjects, namely homeless people kidnapped off the streets. The final solution he found was to bond the human body to a metal exoskeleton, with the brain preserved by "copyrighted chemicals." This gave birth to the parallel universe version of the Cybermen . When the President of Great Britain refused approval for his conversion programme, Lumic took matters into his own hands. He first sent a force of Cybermen to assassinate the President and prominent members of society and government, then broadcast a hypnotic signal through the EarPods that directed the population of London to march towards the factories and begin cyber-conversion. In the process, one of his employees turned against Lumic and smashed his ventilator; rather than repairing it the Cybermen then took him unwillingly to be "upgraded". The employee was instantly killed. Lumic was transformed into the Cyber-Controller, a Cyberman with glowing eyes and a transparent brain-case, wired into a throne-like support. However, Mickey Smith managed to reactivate emotions in the Cybermen's makeup, causing them to go insane and destroy themselves, and setting alight the factory in which the humans were being converted. The Cyber Controller was furious. Seeking revenge, he pulled himself free of the cyber-throne and pursued the ones who had brought the Cybermen's destruction. He attempted to climb aboard a zeppelin on which Mickey Smith, Rose Tyler, The Tenth Doctor and Jake were escaping. However, the parallel universe Pete Tyler cut the rope ladder and sent the creature falling back into the blazing factory. Lumic shares some similarities to Davros , the creator of the Daleks in the Doctor's universe. M Portrayed by None The Malus appeared in the Fifth Doctor story The Awakening (1984) by Eric Pringle . At one point the Doctor describes this demonic entity as "a living being re-engineered as an instrument of war." He seems to pity the Malus, claiming that killing is "the only thing it knows how to do" (suggesting that it was originally a more benevolent creature). Possessing vast power and capable of combining various time zones, it uses its powers to allow real people to pass through down the centuries and create energies, including fear , that it can feed on. To this end, it psychically projects hallucinations to sustain itself. The Malus was travelling on a Hakol ship, which crashed centuries before the English Civil War . In 1643 it was briefly roused by a battle at the village of Little Hodcombe, but it subsided once both sides had massacred each other. When its companion, Hutchinson, dies and its means of "feeding" blocked by the Doctor's TARDIS , it knows it has been defeated. It then panics and reverts to its original programming to destroy all that it can; the church that housed it for so long is annihilated in an explosion. Mara Emrys Jones The Master of the Land of Fiction, who has no connection with his Time Lord namesake, was a human writer from the year 1926 who was drawn to the Land of Fiction and forced to continuously write stories which were enacted within that realm. The Master's name was never revealed, but he did identify himself as the writer of "The Adventures of Captain Jack Harkaway" in The Ensign, a magazine for boys. He was freed by the Second Doctor , and returned to his own time. He tried to lure the Second Doctor into becoming his replacement as the controller for the "Master Brain Computer", the controlling force behind the Land of Fiction. When the Doctor outwitted him and proved himself more than a match for both the Master Brain Computer and its human counterpart, the computer decided, against the wishes of the human controller, that the Doctor had to be destroyed in order to protect itself. However, the Doctor managed to avoid harm and freed the human control from influence by the Master Brain Computer, after which the human controller had no memory of what had occurred. Mawdryn Stratford Johns Monarch was the megalomaniac leader of the Urbankans from the planet Urbanka. He was encountered in the Fifth Doctor story Four to Doomsday . His greed and ego were highly dangerous. The Urbankans originated from the Inokshi system but their own planet was destroyed through over mining, and destruction of its ozone layer , both caused by Monarch's desire for minerals to improve his craft. He had similar plans for the Earth, which he had visited four times in the past, each time halving the length of the journey time. The Urbankans were a green-skinned lizard people, four billion of whom - apart from Monarch himself - had been converted into androids. Monarch wasn't totally converted, retaining fancies of the "flesh time" such as the belief that if he could pilot his vast craft faster than light , he would be able to travel back before the dawn of time and meet God , whom he believed would be himself (However, his extreme longevity - over forty thousand years - may point to partial cybernisation, or his species could just be naturally long-lived). Being of the "flesh time" he proved susceptible to the virulent toxin he had planned to unleash to wipe out mankind, and was reduced in size to minute proportions. Morbius Samuel West (voice) In The Brain of Morbius , Morbius was a renegade Time Lord from the Doctor's birthplace, Gallifrey . He had been a member of the High Council of Time Lords, and attempted to move the Time Lords' policy towards the rest of the universe from observation to conquest. When the Time Lords rejected him, he formed an army of his own. He promised his followers the secrets of time travel and immortality. Morbius was eventually defeated and executed by his fellow Time Lords for his crimes. However, his brain survived. The remaining organ was taken away by the fanatical scientist Solon , who was planning the resurrection of Morbius. The Fourth Doctor and Sarah found Morbius in Solon's castle on the planet Karn . Solon had built a freakish Frankenstein 's monster body from parts of crashed space travellers (including the arm of Solon's assistant Condo) and planned to place Morbius's brain in it. Solon drugged the Doctor, intending to use his head for Morbius's brain, but insisted that it would be "no crude butchery." Sarah foiled Solon's original plan, but he had an alternative container for Morbius' brain — a large glass bowl with two eyestalks. Although he disapproved of using this, claiming it suffered from buildups of static electricity, Morbius insisted. Solon attached this to the patchwork body, and this time round, the plan worked. However, during the operation, Morbius' brain was knocked to the floor when Condo went into a fury at seeing his missing arm attached to the body, apparently causing Morbius further brain damage. The ghoulishly resurrected Morbius fought the Doctor in a series of violent encounters. Their final confrontation was a dangerous Time Lord mental contest called "mind-bending". Although Morbius nearly won the confrontation, sending the Doctor into a coma, the strain caused his artificial braincase to overload, burning out his brain and leaving his body a berserk monster. The Sisterhood of Karn, longtime opponents of Morbius, chased the monster to a clifftop, from which he fell, apparently fatally. The Sisterhood then used the Elixir of Life (a substance of which they were guardians) to revive the Doctor. Morbius's war against the Time Lords and his execution (including how Solon saved his brain and the Fifth Doctor 's involvement in his defeat) are depicted in the Past Doctor Adventures novel Warmonger by Terrance Dicks . In 2008, Big Finish Productions resurrected Morbius for the Eighth Doctor stories Sisters of the Flame and Vengeance of Morbius . The canonicity of the novels and audios is uncertain. Morgaine Morgaine, or Morgaine, the Sunkiller, Dominator of the Thirteen Worlds and Battle Queen of the S'rax, portrayed by Jean Marsh in Battlefield ( 1989 ), was a sorceress from another dimension, who had previously battled Merlin , whom she recognised as the Doctor from his personal future. She directed her knights led by Mordred to Avallion, ( Earth ) through a rift in time and space, where she summoned The Destroyer , the Devourer of Worlds, from Hell and got hold of Excalibur . When Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart defeated the Destroyer, Morgaine and Mordred attempted to detonate a nuclear missile that was in convoy. However, the Doctor persuaded Morgaine that there was no honour in killing with this modern weaponry and she realised her fight was futile when the Doctor informed her that King Arthur , her lover and foe, had been dead for over a thousand years. She and Mordred were locked up by Brigadier Bambera as punishment for their killings. Trau Morgus Morgus, portrayed by John Normington , is the chairman of the Androzani Mining corporation in The Caves of Androzani . His company controlled a monopoly on the Spectrox drug which could be used to extend life. His plans were confounded by the robot army of Sharaz Jek whom he had betrayed years earlier. However, he was secretly funding both sides of the war between the military and Jek by funding the gun runners who sold arms to him. He hoped to use this advantage to help the military defeat Jek. N Main article: Omega The Oracle The Oracle, voiced by Christine Pollon, as seen in Underworld was a supercomputer with a meglomaniac personality that ruled P7E from the Citadel. To control the population, it demanded the sacrifice of those that opposed it. It attempted to destroy the Minyans on the fleeing spaceship R1C with fission grenades disguised as the race banks the Minyans sought. However, the Doctor was able to switch the banks with the grenades resulting in the destruction of the Oracle and P7E by the Oracle's own weapon. P Lady Peinforte Lady Peinforte, from the Stuart era, sought to gain control of the Nemesis, a powerful Time Lord weapon, as seen in Silver Nemesis ( 1988 ). She fashioned the Nemesis into a statue in her own image when a living silver metal known as Validium fell to Earth. Having knowledge of black magic , she and her manservant, Richard, travelled from 1638 Windsor to 1988 Windsor by drinking a magic potion, in order to reunite the arrow - part of the Nemesis in its statue form - with the statue body when it crashes back down to Earth in a comet. She was an expert archer, wielding a bow and arrows. When the Cybermen took control of the Nemesis, enraged and distraught, she merged herself with it. In doing so, she was killed as the Nemesis destroyed the fleet of Cyber-warships. She knew the Doctor's secret regarding his mysterious past as the Nemesis had told her, but when she threatened to reveal it, the Cybermen were not interested. Q Main article: Rassilon Luke Rattigan Luke Rattigan, played by Ryan Sampson , is one of the main antagonists from " The Sontaran Stratagem " and " The Poison Sky ". He was a genius child prodigy who invented a powerful search engine called Fountain 6 when he was twelve years old, making him a millionaire overnight. He created the Rattigan Academy, a special school for young geniuses handpicked from all over the world. Luke worked in league with the Sontarans to conquer Earth . He constructed a satellite navigation/CO2 emission reduction system called ATMOS, which was installed in 50% of all cars worldwide. The Sontarans promised Rattigan a planet for terraforming, Castor 36, which Rattigan affectionately names "Earth.2". Rattigan intends to take some of his most intelligent students with him to Castor 36, though they refuse. After Rattigan learns that the promise of Castor 36 was a lie, he uses a device built by the Doctor (sacrificing himself to save the Doctor) with the dual purpose of destroying the Sontaran vessel and incinerating the gas in Earth's atmosphere. Rutans Patrick Troughton Salamander was a ruthless Mexican -born politician who attempted to take control of the United Zones Organisation, a supranational World government that exists in 2030. He gained influence through an invention he developed that diverts solar energy to barren parts of the world increasing food production. He also built a secret underground lair in Australia with technology that allowed him to trigger volcanoes and earthquakes. The lair is staffed by scientists who believe the world has been irradiated by a nuclear war , and for some reason they must fight back against the surface by causing natural disasters. Salamander uses these disasters to his advantage - he unseats one rival, Alexander Denes, the Controller of the Central European Zone, by causing a dormant volcano in Hungary to erupt and having Denes blamed for negligence . He then tries to force Denes's deputy to poison him through blackmail . As the Second Doctor was identical to Salamander, an opposing faction sought the Doctor's help to gain more evidence of his misdeeds. It later transpires that the group's leader Giles Kent, the former Deputy Security Leader for North Africa and Europe who was undermined by Salamander, is just as power-hungry. He had previously worked with Salamander in developing the secret bunker and corralling the underground scientists. At the end of the story Salamander tries to flee justice in the TARDIS by impersonating the Doctor; however, Jamie sees through his deception, and Salamander is sucked out of the ship when the TARDIS dematerialises with its doors open. Scaroth Julian Glover Scaroth was the last of the Jagaroth , a vicious and callous warlike race, appearing in the serial City of Death . The last Jagaroth spacecraft exploded upon takeoff on prehistoric Earth. The energy from that explosion ignited the primordial soup that led to life developing on Earth and also fractured Scaroth into 12 aspects, scattered throughout Earth's history . Each splinter had the ability to communicate with the others, and disguising themselves as human, together they influenced Earth's technological development to the point where the last Scaroth (who had taken the alias of Count Scarlioni) could construct a time machine, travelling into the past to prevent his ship from taking off and thus saving his species and himself. The scheme was financed by his earlier selves arranging for priceless art treasures to be passed down to Scarlioni. One such scheme involved his 1505 persona, Captain Tancredi, persuading Leonardo da Vinci to paint six copies of the Mona Lisa , so that in 1979 Scarlioni could steal the original from the Louvre and sell all seven copies on the black market . Sensing the fractures used by the time travel experiments, the Fourth Doctor and Romana stumbled upon Scaroth's plans for the painting and foiled them. Scaroth used the prototype time bubble to travel back into the past anyway to stop his ship from taking off. However, Duggan, a private investigator who was aiding the two Time Lords, punched out Scaroth at the crucial moment. Scaroth was then sent back to 1979 where the time machine exploded, killing him. Shadow William Squire The Shadow appeared in the 1979 Fourth Doctor story The Armageddon Factor by Bob Baker and Dave Martin ; he was a servant of the Black Guardian , and at least partially responsible for a war between the planets Atrios and Zeos. The extent of the Shadow's involvement with starting the war was unstated, but when the Zeons either were wiped out by the Atrian attacks or abandoned their planet rather than continue the war, he had a Time Lord named Drax build a computer, Mentalis, which would co-ordinate the remaining Zeon forces. Once Drax completed work on Mentalis he realised just who he was working for, but was imprisoned by the Shadow so as not to disrupt his plan. The Shadow then hid on a space station in orbit of Zeos (invisible to either the Atrians or Mentalis) and waited for the Doctor to arrive. In the meantime, Mentalis was more successful in fighting the war than the Zeons and pushed the Atrians to the brink of defeat. The Shadow knew that the royal family of Atrios held the secret of the sixth segment of the Key to Time , and when the Fourth Doctor arrived he arranged for the Doctor and the last survivor of the family, Princess Astra to be kidnapped. With this done, the Shadow ordered Mentalis to cease its attacks and duped Atrios' military leader, the Marshall, into making a nuclear attack on Zeos — the result of which would have been that Mentalis would set off an explosion powerful enough to destroy both planets. This was intended as a prelude to the Black Guardian's ultimate plan, which would have been to plunge the universe into perpetual, unending war; as the Shadow explained, they did not seek any political power, but revelled in death and destruction. Eventually the Shadow worked out that Astra herself was the sixth segment, and transformed her into the segment. Before he could attach it to the other five (which he had stolen from the Doctor), the Doctor took the segments back and with Drax's aid dismantled Mentalis. Finally, using the TARDIS , the Doctor set up a force field which diverted the Marshall's missiles into the Shadow's space station, destroying it. The Shadow perished in the explosion, but not before informing the Black Guardian of what had happened. Sil Main article: Sil Sisters of Plenitude The Sisters of Plenitude are humanoid cats , also known as Cat People, who dressed like nuns in white and worked in the New Earth Hospital and, driven to desperation at their increasingly ineffective methods of disease control, bred living humans that they tested on to find cures for ever more deadly diseases. The Sisters appeared in " New Earth " ( 2006 ). At the conclusion of that episode, the Sisters were arrested for testing and experimenting on humans. In the episode " Gridlock " ( 2007 ), the last surviving Sister, Novice Hame , reappears, having received penance for her sins, protected by the Face of Boe as his nurse in the dying New New York . Both the Face of Boe and Hame stayed at the Senate, and every other person on New Earth died in 7 minutes by an airborne virus. The Face of Boe protected Hame in his smoke. During the intervening time, Hame had become very attached to the Face of Boe, and wept when he died. Matron Casp, played by Doña Croll , was the leader of the Sisters, as seen in " New Earth ". She hid a farm of humans, infected with all known diseases, used to cure the people of New Earth. Lady Cassandra released the Flesh who killed Matron Casp by touching her leg, thus infecting her, when she was climbing up a lift shaft in pursuit of The Doctor (who was possessed by the consciousness of Cassandra) and Rose. Consumed by diseases, she fell to her death. The "goddess Santori" is mentioned multiple times in both "New Earth" and "Gridlock", and appears to be the deity worshipped by the Sisters. Sontarans Alan Ruscoe (true form) Blon Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen, portrayed by Annette Badland and Alan Ruscoe , was a member of the nefarious Slitheen crime family. She appropriated the identity and appearance of Margaret Blaine, an MI5 official who was killed by the Slitheen so that her skin could be used as a disguise. The Ninth Doctor met her in Downing Street in " Aliens of London " when she and her family tried to push the Earth into a nuclear war, and use the remains of the planet for fuel. She was apparently killed when the Doctor helped Mickey Smith blow up No. 10 with a missile. It was later revealed in " Boom Town " that while the rest of her family had been killed, she had teleported out at the last minute. She had then gone on to become the lord mayor of Cardiff in the six months between the stories, and was planning to use the Cardiff Rift in conjunction with a planned nuclear power station to destroy the planet and use a tribophysical waveform macro-kinetic extrapolator to ride the shockwave into space, to find any surviving members of her family. The Doctor stopped this, and was going to send her back to her home planet, even though she would be executed. She tried to use the extrapolator in conjunction with the Rift and the TARDIS to execute her plan without the Power Station, however the TARDIS console broke open and she was exposed to the "heart of the TARDIS" the time vortex and with the Doctor's encouragement was regressed to an egg. The Doctor, Rose Tyler , and Jack Harkness then took her to the nurseries of Raxacoricofallapatorius so that she could start her life afresh. Jocrassa Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen See: Slitheen Jocrassa Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen, a relative of Blon Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day and Sip Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen , posed as Joseph Green MP, the real Joseph Green having been murdered for his skin, in " Aliens of London " and " World War Three " ( 2005 ) and was responsible for the murder of many alien experts at a briefing held at 10 Downing Street . He was presumed killed when a missile struck 10 Downing Street. Josiah Samuel Smith Ian Hogg Thousands of years in the past a being called Light launched a survey expedition to catalogue all forms on the planet Earth. Josiah Samuel Smith was a member of the crew of Light's ship and mutinied against Light after he went into hibernation, thinking his catalogue complete. In the early 1880s, the ship had settled in the basement of a house named Gabriel Chase in Perivale Village, London. Smith began to evolve towards a human form, discarding husks of previous insect-like bodies. He had taken over the house by 1881, brainwashing its mistress, Lady Pritchard, as well as her daughter Gwendolyne, who killed her own father, Sir George Pritchard, under Smith's influence. Appearing to be strongly adept in genetics and science, as well as hypnosis, he created his own catalogue of creatures in suspended animation, including a hapless police inspector sent to investigate the Pritchards' disappearance - these specimens would awaken following the events set in motion by the arrival of the Seventh Doctor and his companion Ace in 1883. Seeking to evolve into the era's dominant form, a highborn Victorian gentleman, Smith planned to seize power in the British Empire by assassinating Queen Victoria , having kidnapped famed explorer Redvers Fenn-Cooper to gain access via his association with her. He used the house to establish some social standing and drew further attention to himself in society by espousing heretical-seeming evolutionary theories, devolving the reverend sent from Oxford to silence him into an ape. His plans were thwarted when Light was reawakened from his slumber, and another member of the survey team's crew known as Control escaped Smith's imprisonment. When Light was defeated by the Doctor, Control, who had evolved into a human lady, departed in Light's ship, taking Smith with her as a prisoner, replacing her as the survey's non-evolving control agent. Mehendri Solon Philip Madoc Mehendri Solon was a human physician and scientist of great renown, and a follower of the Time Lord tyrant Morbius . After writing a famous paper on microsurgical techniques in tissue grafting, Dr. Solon went into hiding on the planet Karn . There, he developed the techniques which enabled him to create a new body for the brain of Morbius, which had survived his execution. In an isolated castle on Karn, Solon was assisted by his simple servant Condo. Spaceships often crashed on the planet, and Solon constructed a horrendous patchwork body out of the alien survivors' body parts. He planned to house Morbius' brain in it. When the Fourth Doctor and Sarah Jane Smith arrived, Solon needed only a head to finish his monstrous creation, and hoped to use the Doctor's. Sarah prevented this, and Solon was forced to use a glass bowl instead. Solon was killed when the Doctor created cyanide gas and blew it into his laboratory. The Past Doctor Adventures novel Warmonger by Terrance Dicks depicts Solon's earlier life as a follower of Morbius, and shows how he saved his brain. The canonicity of the novels is uncertain. Henry van Statten Corey Johnson Henry van Statten is an American from the year 2012. He appeared in the Ninth Doctor episode " Dalek " by Rob Shearman . Van Statten is a man who wields enormous wealth and influence, apparently enough even to sway the course of presidential elections. Intelligent, arrogant and self-assured, he treated his employees like chattel, to the point of mindwiping them and sending them to random places ("Memphis, Minneapolis, somewhere beginning with 'M'") when they left his employ so they could not betray his secrets. His personal helicopter had the callsign " Bad Wolf One " and his corporation was called Geocomtex (a fictional company web site was created by bbc.co.uk's official Doctor Who web team). Van Statten has been collecting extraterrestrial artifacts on the grey market for several years, buying bits and pieces of alien technology at auctions and then reverse engineering them to create "new" technologies which he could then exploit commercially. He claims to "own" the Internet , and said that broadband was derived from technology scavenged from the Roswell crash . He keeps these artifacts inside a privately-owned bunker called the Vault, more than fifty floors below ground in Utah near Salt Lake City . When the Ninth Doctor and Rose Tyler arrive in the Vault in answer to a distress call, the Doctor discovers to his horror that Van Statten's sole living specimen (which he had dubbed a "metaltron") is in fact a Dalek . Van Statten had acquired the Dalek at an auction some time before and had been torturing it to try to get it to speak, but it had refused to do so until it recognises the Doctor as the mortal enemy of its race. Despite his warnings to destroy it, Van Statten captures the Doctor instead, to examine his alien physiology . The Dalek manages to regenerate itself by absorbing the DNA of the time travelling Rose and escapes, killing two hundred personnel before it is finally stopped. Van Statten's personal assistant, Diana Goddard, takes charge at this point and orders that Van Statten be taken away, mindwiped , and dumped on the streets of "San Diego, Seattle, Sacramento, someplace beginning with 'S'." Sutekh Gabriel Woolf Sutekh, a member of an alien race called the Osirans, was encountered by the Fourth Doctor in the 1975 story Pyramids of Mars by "Stephen Harris" (a pseudonym for Robert Holmes and Lewis Greifer ). The Osirans were an ancient and incredibly powerful but now extinct race. The renegade Sutekh was a crazed super-being who feared all forms of life might one day challenge his hegemony and so became Sutekh the Destroyer, the destroyer of all living things. This included his home planet Phaester Osiris and ancient Mars . Sutekh's brother Horus and the remaining 740 Osirans tracked Sutekh down to Ancient Egypt and used their powers to restrain and imprison him in a pyramid on the planet Earth. He was placed in a remote location with the Eye of Horus beaming a signal from Mars to suppress Sutekh's powers and hold him an immovable prisoner. The tales of the Osirans were remembered in Egyptian mythology — Sutekh as the god Set , brother of Horus; and in the designations Sados and Satan . In the year 1911, the archaeologist Professor Marcus Scarman broke into the inner chamber of the Pyramid of Horus on Earth, discovering Sutekh and allowing him a chance of escape. Scarman's cadaver was used to construct Osiran service robots and a rocket aimed at the controlling Eye of Horus on Mars. The Doctor was successful in destroying the rocket, but then taken over by Sutekh and made to take Scarman and the Robots to Mars, where they succeeded in destroying the Eye and freeing Sutekh. The Doctor was eventually able to defeat the freed Sutekh by trapping him in a time tunnel for thousands of years — longer even than the extended life span of an Osiran. Sutekh has also appeared in two Faction Paradox audio dramas from Magic Bullet Productions . It is also worth noting that Sutekh was played by Gabriel Woolf who also provided the voice of the Great Beast in The Impossible Planet and The Satan Pit . Like Sutekh, the Beast was a demonic and powerful entity trapped in a complex prison from which it sought to escape. Interestingly The Doctor mentioned that Sutekh was also known as Satan. Likewise The Beast claimed to be Satan. T Tegana Tegana the Warlord , seen in Marco Polo played by Derren Nesbitt , accompanies Marco Polo on his caravan to Peking in 1289. He urges Polo to have the Doctor and his companions , Susan , Barbara and Ian , killed when they encounter them in the Himalayas , believing them to be fabled "evil spirits" who live on the mountains and can take human form, but Polo accepts them as travellers from England and welcomes them aboard his caravan. Tegana remains highly suspicious of "the magician" and his companions and of their "flying caravan" (the TARDIS ). During their travel to Peking, Tegana attempts to bring about the death of Polo and his company by sabotaging their water supply and organising an attack on them by bandits . His attempts fail but the Doctor and his companions realise that Tegana is working against Polo. Tegana's ultimate plan is to assassinate Kublai Khan and seize control of Cathay . Lunging for Kublai Khan with his sword, Tegana misses and kills Khan's Vizier . Convinced of Tegana's duplicity by the Doctor and his companions, Polo arrives in just in time to prevent Tegana from killing Khan too. Polo battles Tegana in a sword fight and eventually disarms him. Khan sentences Tegana to death, but Tegana commits suicide by grabbing a guard's sword and impaling himself. The Trickster The Trickster is a villain from spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures who is the unseen perpetrator of the events of " Turn Left ". Timewyrm Main article: Timewyrm Torajii System Sun The Torajii System Sun is a manifestation of heat. It appeared in " 42 ". It has the power to possess humans and aliens. When the SS. Pentallion's Scoop Fusion reactor pulled part of the sun for use as fuel, it possessed Korwin, Ashton and the Doctor to make the ship crash into it to reclaim the fuel. Korwin was pulled into space and devoured by the Sun itself. Ashton was cured when he fell into a cryo-chamber, but died of his body temperature being too low. The fuel stolen from the Sun by Kath McDonnell was ejected into space and consumed by the Sun, so it automatically cured the Doctor. U Kevin Stoney Tobias Vaughn, played by Kevin Stoney , appeared in The Invasion (1968). He was the head of International Electromatics and he aided the Cybermen invasion of Earth, although he planned to double-cross the Cybermen, taking control of them with the 'cerebration mentor', placing himself in rule over the Earth. He became partially cybernised and was eventually persuaded by the Doctor to aid humanity. He was killed fighting an army of Cybermen shortly before their defeat. Vaughn returned in a completely artificial body in the New Adventure Original Sin , where, having developed an insane vendetta against all aliens, he has lived for a thousand years trying to 'protect' humanity using alien technology, now seeking to acquire the Seventh Doctor 's TARDIS. The Doctor is able to defeat him by destroying Vaughn's android body while Vaughn is inside the TARDIS, preventing Vaughn from downloading into a new body. The canonicity of these events is unclear. Graff Vynda-K The Graff Vynda-K, played by Paul Seed, appeared in The Ribos Operation (1978). He was a deposed, tyrannical ruler whose brother overthrew him from the Levithian throne whilst he was fighting with the Cyrrhenic Empire. A duo of con-men attempted to sell him the planet Ribos, pretending that there was a rare Jethrik (an element used for space warp) mine on the planet, although when he discovered that he had been tricked, he followed them (along with the Fourth Doctor and Romana I) into the Ribosian catacombs. Obviously mad, he attempted to seal the catacombs with a bomb, although the Doctor, disguised as one of his guards, managed to switch the bomb with a lump of jethrik he was carrying, meaning that the Graff was carrying the bomb at its time of detonation and was presumed dead. W Portrayed by Gerald Taylor (voice) An acronym for Will Operating Thought ANalogue (The W was pronounced as a V), this malevolent supercomputer resided in the Post Office Tower in London and appeared in the 1966 First Doctor story The War Machines by Ian Stuart Black (based upon an idea by Dr Kit Pedler ). It was installed in the Tower in 1966 by Professor Brett and was described by him as being "at least ten years ahead of its time". On "C-Day" WOTAN would be linked to other computers around the world, including Parliament , the White House , the European Free Trade Organisation, Woomera , Telstar , the European Launcher Development Organisation , Cape Kennedy and the Royal Navy . WOTAN soon became sentient and concluding that machines were superior to mankind, used mind-controlled and hypnotised humans to spread its influence and construct War Machines that would wipe mankind out. WOTAN was eventually destroyed after the Doctor gained control of a War Machine and changed its programming to destroy its master. Upon its destruction, the humans under WOTAN's control were freed and the existent War Machines froze. For the first three episodes of the serial, the voice of WOTAN was uncredited, with the cast listing merely adding "and WOTAN". This was the only time a character was credited and not its operator or actor. WOTAN is the only character in the programme's history to refer to the main character as "Doctor Who" rather than the more conventional "Doctor". War Chief Edward Brayshaw The War Chief was a renegade Time Lord who assisted a group of alien warriors in the 1969 serial The War Games by Malcolm Hulke and Terrance Dicks , which was the last to feature the Second Doctor . The warriors had been kidnapping soldiers from various wars in Earth's history to play war games on an unknown planet. The War Chief provided the warriors with basic TARDIS -like travel machines, called SIDRATs, which they used to kidnap the human soldiers and travel between era-specific zones they had created. When the War Chief and the Doctor came face to face, they recognised each other. The War Chief wanted the Doctor's help to double-cross the warriors and seize power for himself. The Doctor immediately refused, and instead reluctantly summoned the Time Lords for help. The warriors found out the War Chief's plans to betray them, and executed him. Although the War Chief was shot and apparently killed at the end of The War Games, some fans choose to believe [14] that the Master (the Doctor's arch-enemy, introduced in Terror of the Autons a couple of years later) is the War Chief in a new guise, due to similarities between their appearances and modi operandi and the fact that the War Chief's body is removed immediately and not seen thereafter. The spin-off novels , however, include a novel featuring the return of the War Chief (Timewyrm: Exodus by Terrance Dicks ), a novel featuring the Master set before The War Games ( The Dark Path by David A. McIntee ), and a novel featuring younger versions of both characters ( Divided Loyalties by Gary Russell ) establishing that the two are not the same person, at least in the continuity of the novels, which are themselves of uncertain canonicity when it comes to the television series. The novel Time's Champion, however, indicates that the War Chief is an early incarnation of the Master, named Magnus. The novel's co-author, Chris McKeon, states that this can be reconciled with the other above mentioned novels: the "War Chief" in Timewyrm: Exodus is a version of the Master encountered out-of-order with the Seventh Doctor a la the Eighth Doctor encountering the Roger Delgado Master in the novel Legacy of the Daleks ; the characters featured in the novel Divided Loyalties appear solely in a dream sequence, and not necessarily in a completely literal context; and the character of Koschei in The Dark Path , according to the novel's author himself, David A McIntee, may also encounter the Second Doctor out-of-order from his perspective. McIntee has at times, on the Outpost Gallifrey forums, stated that he also believes the Master and the War Chief are the same Time Lord. War Lord The War Lord (portrayed by Philip Madoc ) was the leader of an unnamed alien race that kidnapped humans from various wars in order to have them participate in a vast project, the War Games, on another planet they had chosen for the purpose. The eventual aim was galactic conquest using the best human soldiers, Earth having been targeted because human beings were considered the most savage race of all. The War Lord was assisted in this by the 'War Chief', a rogue Time Lord who was eventually executed by the War Lord's guards for attempted betrayal. The War Lord was caught and tried by the Time Lords following the Doctor's involvement, though he refused to even acknowledge the court until tortured with a painful light. After being briefly rescued by a squad of his guards – who murdered two technicians – he and his accomplices were sentenced to 'dematerialisation' – removal out of time, as if he never existed – while his home planet and his people, no female of which was seen, interestingly, was locked forever behind a forcefield. Still denying the Time Lord's authority, the War Lord vanished forever. Weeping Angels Main article: Blink (Doctor Who) The Weeping Angels are a group of hunters featured in the Tenth Doctor episode "Blink". Because their physiology is quantum-locked, they only occupy a single position in space when seen by an observer (see Schrödinger's Cat ). When they are not observed they become a "quantum wave form" that occupies many positions in space, thus they cannot move while being observed; but when they are not they can appear to travel exceedingly quickly. They use this ability to approach and attack unwary prey. They turn to stone when observed, acting as a defense mechanism. While in their locked state they appear as stone statues, often covering their eyes so that they will not see each other, and lock each other in place forever. This defense mechanism is what gave them the name "Weeping Angels". According to the Doctor, the Angels are as old as the universe (or very nearly) but no one really knows where they come from. He also describes them as "creatures of the abstract", "the lonely assassins", and "the only psychopaths in the universe to kill you nicely", because their method of killing doesn't do anything of the sort: a touch sends their victims into the past to live out their lives before they were even born; the Angels then feed on the "potential energy" of the lives their victims would have lived in the present. In "Blink", a quartet of Weeping Angels strand the Doctor and his companion Martha Jones in the year 1969, and attempt to feed off the vast potential energy reserves of the TARDIS. Despite dispatching the Doctor, the Angels fail to get into the TARDIS; though they get the key, they can't find the machine itself. Sally Sparrow takes the key from one of them while it is in stone form, leading them to stalk Sally to regain it. During their pursuit, Sally inadvertently leads them to the TARDIS. Eventually the four Angels, having surrounded the TARDIS, are tricked into looking at each other when the box disappears, leaving them deadlocked in their stone forms. In a poll conducted by BBC, taking votes from 2,000 readers of the Doctor Who Adventures magazine, the Weeping Angels were voted the scariest monsters of 2007 with 55% of the vote; the Master and the Daleks took second and third place, with 15% and 4% of the vote, respectively. The Daleks usually come out on top in such polls. Moray Laing, Editor of Doctor Who Adventures, praised the concept of escaping a monster by not blinking, something both simple and difficult to do.[14] The Weeping Angels came in at number three in Neil Gaiman's Top Ten New Classic Monsters in Entertainment Weekly.[15] Blink won the Hugo award for Best Dramatic Presentation (short form) in 2008.[16] Miss Winters From Robot , Miss Winters was the head of both the Scientific Reform Society and Think Tank. She was also head of the SRS's plan to blackmail the government and set off all of the Nuclear Missiles in the world. The Wire Maureen Lipman The Wire is an alien lifeform that was executed by its people but managed to preserve itself as an energy being that eventually escaped to Earth in 1953. There, it concealed itself in television signals, transferring itself from set to set and feeding on the electrical activity of the brains of those watching it. The faces of its victims were completely erased and their brains drained of neural energy, leaving them mindless. The Wire used the image of a female BBC continuity announcer to communicate with the outside world. She screamed the phrase "Hungry!" when she wanted to eat. The Wire used Mr. Magpie , the owner of an electronics shop, to distribute cheap television sets in North London so it could feed. It planned to transfer itself to the television transmitter at Alexandra Palace on the day of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II , where it could reach out and drain the collective energy of the estimated twenty million viewers watching the event. It hoped to use this energy to manifest itself in a corporeal form once more. However, the Tenth Doctor was able to trap the Wire on a Betamax video cassette using a makeshift video cassette recorder . The Wire's victims were restored to normality. The Wire was later killed when the Doctor taped over her. According to the book Creatures and Demons, the Wire had been the leader of a whole gang of criminals who could convert themselves into plasmic energy. They used this ability to take over major cities on their homeworld. Eventually their reign of terror came to an end, and the Wire was executed. X Rob Edwards , Pamela Salem , Anthony Frieze, Roy Herrick (voices); Tom Baker (image) Xoanon was a malevolent artificial intelligence encountered by the Fourth Doctor in The Face of Evil (1977), written by Chris Boucher . Xoanon was inadvertently created by the Doctor on a previous visit to its unnamed planet centuries prior, when he had programmed the computer belonging to a Mordee expedition that had crashed on the planet. The Doctor forgot to wipe his personality print from the computer's data core, and as a result the computer developed multiple personalities , half of them based on the Doctor himself. For generations, technicians extended Xoanon's capabilities, until it evolved beyond their control and became almost a living creature. It utilised the appearance of the Fourth Doctor, to the extent of having an effigy in the Doctor's image carved out on a cliff-face. Its split personality was reflected in it dividing the expedition into two tribes of technicians (who became the Tesh) and the survey team (the Sevateem), justifying its madness by thinking it was part of an experiment to create a superhuman race, with the Tesh providing mental powers and the Sevateem with their strength and independence. Enslaving the tribes, it earned the name of "The Evil One". When the Doctor returned to the maddened world and saw the fruits of his mistakes, Xoanon tried to destroy itself and the entire planet rather than be defeated by the Doctor. However, the Doctor managed to remove his personality print from the core, restoring the computer intelligence to sanity and becoming a benign entity to the two tribes. "You have to trust someone eventually," the Doctor says. Y Joseph Furst Professor Zaroff was a mad scientist who planned to destroy the world in the 1967 Second Doctor story The Underwater Menace by Geoffrey Orme . Some of his scientific inventions included food made from plankton , and the ability to graft gills to humans to enable them to breathe underwater. As part of his diabolical plans, he allied himself with the leaders of Atlantis telling them he would raise their city back to the surface or lower the ocean level by draining the water through a fissure in the Earth's crust . The Doctor immediately realised that this would create super heated steam that could destroy the Earth. Zaroff was defeated when the Doctor and his companions sabotaged the generator he was using to pump the water. Zaroff was left to drown when his laboratory filled with water after the sea walls protecting it collapsed. He is fondly recalled by Doctor Who fans as one of the most over-the-top, hammy villains in the entire history of the show. Particularly well remembered is his cry of "Nothing in the world can stop me now!", which (due to actor Joseph Furst 's German accent) was pronounced as "Nuzzing in Ze vurld can ztop me now!" Ironically, only one episode from this story survives, and the surviving part includes that infamous line. [15] Zodin (the Terrible) The Doctor encountered (and reminisced about) the Terrible Zodin on a number of occasions. He first met her some time prior to his second incarnation. Iris Wildthyme also claimed to have met her. Zodin was involved in an adventure which caused the Doctor to interact with multiple incarnations of himself. Following this she erased their memories of the incident using "mind rubbers", preventing the later Doctors involved from remembering having experienced the events before Cold Fusion . This did not prevent the Doctor from remembering enough of the adventure to frequently bore people to sleep with a long-winded account of it, although he was incapable of consistently recalling whether she was assisted in her schemes by mutant kangaroos or by giant grasshoppers (Legacy). Jamie (The Colony of Lies) and Mel both experienced the incident MA: Millennial Rites). The Brigadier was not involved. (The Doctor implied that their first meeting might happen in the Brigadier's personal future.) ( The Five Doctors ), however may have assisted Iris Wildthyme against Zodin in a separate adventure on the planet Mars . See also	List of Doctor Who villains
The fictional television Doctor Who came from which planet?	News Archives 12/19/2011 St. Tammany Teachers Star in Teaching Channel Videos Four educators with the St. Tammany Parish Public School System are being featured in videos posted on TeachingChannel.Org, a website that shares lesson plan ideas with teachers around the country and the world. Angela Montgomery and Stacey Hoover of Lee Road Junior High School, and Sandi Sibernagel and Keri McAllister of Bonne Ecole Elementary School, all contributed ideas for classroom activities that have been proven to enhance learning among their own students. Those ideas were video-taped on-site and are being made available by the Teaching Channel, a national non-profit organization that showcases inspiring videos on effective teaching practices and great Common Core lesson ideas, both through its online website and on television. “Our mission is to highlight and celebrate exceptional teaching, and serve as a resource for teachers across America,” a spokesman with the website stated. Ms. Montgomery and Ms. Hoover are featured in a video entitled “Monster Match,” Ms. Sibernagel’s video is called “The Wraparound Learning Experience,” and Ms. McAllister is featured in a video entitled “Poetry Workstations.” Among other things, the Teaching Channel website provides custom webpages for each participating teacher, complete with their picture that links to their video, a promotional flyer for each teacher’s contribution, and resource links to Teaching Channel. The service works in cooperation with the Public Broadcasting System and other outlets to give the videos as wide an audience as possible. 12/15/2011 Holiday Break Underway, Classes Resume January 3 The two-week Winter Holidays/Christmas break for students began Monday, December 19. Classes resume and the third grading period starts on Tuesday, January 3, 2011. School board support offices will be open Monday and Tuesday, December 19 and 20, and Wednesday morning, December 21, until noon. Offices will be closed for the Christmas holidays from noon on Wednesday through Monday, December 26, for Christmas. Offices will re-open on Tuesday, December 27. Offices will close again for the New Year’s holiday break at noon on Wednesday, December 28, and remain closed through Monday, January 2, re-opening on Tuesday, January 3. Bonneval Named Louisiana Player of the Year 12/14/2011 Volleyball player Haley Bonneval of Fontainebleau High School has been named the Gatorade High School Player of the Year for Louisiana. Last month, she was chosen by the Greater New Orleans Sports Selection Committee as Amateur Athlete of the Month for November. She led her 44-1 volleyball team to the Division 1 LHSAA state volleyball championship in November and was named the Most Outstanding Player in the state championship game on her 18th birthday. Miss Bonneval played for the West team in the Louisiana Volleyball Coaches Association annual All-Star game and also made honorable mention for the 2011-2012 AVCA Under Armour All American team. She plans to attend Notre Dame next fall on a full athletic scholarship after graduation. The Gatorade Player of the Year program annually recognizes one award winner in the District of Columbia and each of the 50 states that sanction several high school sports, including girls volleyball. The Greater New Orleans Amateur Athlete of the Month is chosen by the Greater New Orleans Sports Selection Committee to honor outstanding local athletes each month. Each of the monthly award winners are honored in the summer at the Greater New Orleans Sports Hall of Fame Induction and Awards Ceremony, hosted by the Allstate Sugar Bowl. Among the five other local student-athletes just behind Miss Bonneval in the balloting was high school football standout Matt Bergeron from Mandeville. Past St. Tammany parish public school athletes selected as Allstate Sugar Bowl Amateur Athletes of the Month were James Gillum, a football player from Pearl River High School (October of 2009) and Chad Gough-Fortenberry, a baseball player with Northshore High School (May of 2009). The Gatorade award recognizes outstanding athletic excellence and high standards of academic achievement as well as exemplary character demonstrated on and off the court. Miss Bonneval is now a finalist for the Gatorade National Volleyball Player of the Year award to be announced this month. Bonneval has maintained a 4.16 weighted GPA in the classroom. She has volunteered locally at the New Orleans Children's Hospital, on behalf of Habitat for Humanity and as a youth volleyball coach. "Haley Bonneval may be the best outside hitter from Louisiana in a very long time," said Jimmy Miranda, the director of the New Orleans Volleyball Club. "She is probably the only Louisiana player who can play for a high level Division I team." Last year Katie Lindelow (2010-11) of Mandeville High School was one of the Gatorade Louisiana Volleyball Players of the Year. She had maintained a 4.4 weighted GPA in the classroom, was a member of the Mandeville High Student Council, and volunteered locally as a youth volleyball coach and as part of multiple community service initiatives in association with her church youth group. Holiday Break Starts December 19, Classes Resume January 3 12/13/2011 Friday, December 16, will be a half day for students in the St. Tammany Public School System as the second grading period for the 2011-2012 School Year comes to a close. Students will report to school in the morning only. The rest of Friday will be for teacher record-keeping duties. Then on Monday, December 19, the two-week Winter Holidays/Christmas break for students will begin. Classes resume and the third grading period starts on Tuesday, January 3, 2011. School board support offices will be open Monday and Tuesday, December 19 and 20, and Wednesday morning, December 21, until noon. Offices will be closed for the Christmas holidays from noon on Wednesday through Monday, December 26, for Christmas. Offices will re-open on Tuesday, December 27. Offices will close again for the New Year’s holiday break at noon on Wednesday, December 28, and remain closed through Monday, January 2, re-opening on Tuesday, January 3. Madisonville Schools Lead the Way in Regional Milk Contest 12/12/2011 Two St. Tammany Parish public schools, both in the Madisonville area, earned top recognition in the October “Black and Gold” milk contest sponsored by Brown’s Dairy and the Southeast Area Dairy Association. Schools from throughout southeast Louisiana took part in the event. Supervisor of Food Services Pat Farris told the School Board at its December 8 meeting that Madisonville Junior High School won First Place with a 170 percent increase in milk consumption. The achievement earned the school a $5000 Cash Prize, a Vitamix XL Smoothie Blender, and a Pep Rally with a Saints football player. Madisonville Junior High Principal Dwayne Kern was presented with his check and congratulated by Board members for his school’s accomplishment. Lancaster Elementary School won second place in the regional competition, increasing its milk consumption by 78 percent from September to October. Principal Susannah Welch was presented with a check for $3,000, and will also receive a Vitamix XL Smoothie Blender. Frank McGoey of Brown’s Dairy and Linda Greco of the Southeast United Dairy Industry Association (SUDIA) were on hand to present the checks to the principals and their staff. The Southeast United Dairy Industry Association created the Black and Gold milk contest in support of the NFL’s “Fuel Up to Play 60” program that encourages students to fuel up on healthy foods, Ms. Farris said. “The goal of the Black & Gold Milk Contest was to increase milk consumption, with school districts throughout southeast Louisiana competing,” she said. Extra points were given for the creative campaigns schools came up with to encourage milk drinking. “The schools were very competitive and came up with some very creative activities,” Ms. Farris said. All St. Tammany schools participated in the contest and had an overall eleven percent increase in milk sales as a result. “In a four-week period, we purchased more than 65,000 more cartons district-wide,” Ms. Farris told the Board. “The results of our participation were very impressive.” District Two School Board Member Beth Heintz thanked Brown’s Dairy and the Southeast Area Dairy Association for sponsoring the program and noted that both winning schools were from her district, challenging other Board Members to encourage their district schools when next year’s Milk Contest is launched. Last year’s Moo Dat Milk Contest was won by Madisonville Elementary in first place and Mandeville Junior High in second place. This year’s milk contest started with a kick-off event at the Superdome which many school Principals, Food Service Supervisors and Cafeteria Managers attended. Broadcast Interns Win LACUE Award 12/09/2011 Three student interns with Channel 13 Educational Television won a Student Video Award from the Louisiana Association of Computer Using Educators (LACUE) during the group’s 27th annual conference held in New Orleans in late November. The Social/Civic High School Student Video Award was presented to the Channel 13 Broadcast Internship Program based at the Treen Technology Center in Mandeville. Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie announced at the December 8 School Board meeting that the three interns, Kaitlyn Morales, Kristen Althouse, and Amanda Lott, won first place in the high school division of the Student Video competition for their video entitled “Special Jobs/Special People.” The video highlighted students and teachers participating in the Community-Based Vocational Education (CBVE) program for special needs students. It showed how each student, as they become high school juniors and seniors, gets specialized training in actual business locations to help them get a job after graduation. A presentation by Sharon Hosch, Supervisor of Special Education, was given to the School Board last month to explain how the program partners with community businesses and detailed its continuing successes. The video showed several teachers and students during the on-site training and spotlighted the confidence and skills learned by the students while taking part in the program. The Louisiana Association of Computer Using Educators annually recognizes educators who have effectively integrated the use of computers and other technology into the educational process. Mrs. Arabie introduced the teacher of the Broadcast Interns Program, Anne Cardwell, and two of the students who were able to attend. She presented them with the Award Certificate and a $200 check that came with the recognition. Miss Morales thanked the School Board for supporting the Broadcast Internship Program at Channel 13. “This program means so much to all of us, and we consider it an honor and a privilege to create videos such as this one in such a wonderful facility with such excellent mentors. We are all thrilled with this award, and we know that everything we are learning at Channel 13 will help us enhance our resume’s.” “The experience we are receiving is truly learning that will last a lifetime,” she concluded. Dr. Melody Swang, Director of Broadcasting, was on hand to congratulate the students for their recognition and accomplishment. Both Morales and Althouse said they were planning to attend Louisiana State University to further their education in broadcasting production. Cheerleaders and Dance Teams Win State Competitions 12/07/2011 Dance teams and cheerleader squads from three St. Tammany Parish Public High Schools won top honors in this past weekend’s first ever Dance and Cheer State Championships held by the Louisiana High School Athletic Association (LSHAA). The Lakeshore High School Dance Team was declared the state champion in the Dance Pom Pom competition, and Fontainebleau High School’s Cheerleading Squad won the state championship title in the “Large Varsity” Cheer competition category. Lakeshore High also won second place in the Dance Jazz Category competition and second place in the “Super Varsity Category” of the cheerleading competition. Salmen High School’s cheerleaders won third place in the Non-tumbling category in the cheerleading competition. The Monteleone Junior High Cheerleading team competed in the junior high events December 3 placing second in the Junior High non-tumbling competition. Their win earned the team an automatic bid to the national cheer competition to be held in Orlando, Florida, where the team will compete for a national cheer title February 10 through February 14, 2012. Taking place in Lake Charles, the first annual event brought together more than 1300 participants. The LSHAA held the event to recognize the artistry and athleticism of the dance and cheer squads throughout Louisiana. Event Coordinator Becky French said, “These kids put in countless hours of preparation and are skilled athletes and artists in their own right. I’m glad that we’ve had the opportunity to recognize their accomplishments both on and off the athletic fields.” Ms. French explained, “While this is not a sanctioned sport, the winners will become eligible for national competitions. These athletes have always been an integral part of the high school sporting experience, and it was time to recognize their contributions to their schools, their communities, their commitment to safety and their extraordinary athleticism.” She added that Louisiana is the only state in the country to have a cheer and dance competition that is also a qualifier for UCA, UDA, NCA, and NDA Nationals competitions. The LHSAA provides outlets for safety and training classes, along with advanced instruction for those who want to experience dance and cheerleading on the highest competitive levels possible. The LHSAA is a private entity that provides and regulates interscholastic athletic programs that promote fair and equitable competition among its member schools that is in the best interest of the student athlete. Junior High Students Learn From Rachel’s Challenge 12/06/2011 Hundreds of junior high school students from throughout St. Tammany Parish recently experienced an hour-long presentation on the horrible aftermath of the Columbine High School shootings that took place in 1999, with an emphasis on the inspirational lessons left by the first victim of that tragedy. Most of today’s students were two years old when two Colorado high school students shot 12 students and one teacher in the worst incident of violence in American schools. Their first victim was Rachel Joy Scott, and it is her story that is the centerpiece of “Rachel’s Challenge.” The goal of the presentation is to promote compassion, empathy and kindness among students. Rachel’s life message is positively affecting thousands of young people as her story is told in schools across America. Miss Scott left a legacy of generosity, gentleness, and true concern among her fellow students, a legacy showcased by Bill Sanders, a friend of the Scott family, who gave the program. He travels the nation sharing with a new generation of students the words of Rachel and those to whom she gave hope, inspiration, and a sense of awareness of the needs of others. The multi-media program ranges from personal interviews with friends and family to excerpts from her personal writings. Her “challenge” to the youth of today is fivefold: look for the best in others, treat others the way you wish to be treated, choose positive influences, speak words of kindness, and forgive yourself and others. The program greatly affected many of the young people in attendance as it focused on the importance of giving others two or more chances to make a “first impression,” never pre-judging others and always looking for the best in people. Last week, the program spotlighted “Rachel’s Impact,” showing how the people she befriended were changed as she reached out to them in their pain and isolation to just ask “how they were doing.” While some of her efforts were shunned, she still impacted the lives of those who spurned her concern. The program included interviews with people whose lives had been changed for the better just because of the few kind words she spoke to them. Other interviewees said how helpful she was from day to day, but even those moments made quite an impact as she made the effort to do little things that didn’t seem like a big deal at the time. Many of the students seeing the presentation realized the importance of avoiding criticism and grudges, and were encouraged to try to be more aware of other’s problems. The program was shown to students at Boyet Jr. High, St. Tammany Jr. High, Slidell Jr. High, Mandeville Jr. High, and Fontainebleau Jr. High, with two or three sessions at each school. Mandeville High Student Wins HERO Award 12/01/2011 A Mandeville High School senior, Jennifer Boudreaux, has been selected for December’s HERO award by Sophisticated Woman magazine and Charter Business. HERO stands for “Helping Eagerly and Reaching Out," and the award recognizes young leaders in St. Tammany Parish high schools for their accomplishments and community service efforts. Miss Boudreaux was commended by Principal Bruce Bundy for her willingness to help others in need, which recently led her to coordinate a community fund-raising effort to help Aimee Gold, the wife of MHS Assistant Soccer Coach Mark Gold, in her fight against cancer. The daughter of Mark and Julie Boudreaux, she was nominated for the award by Sean Esker, one of the school’s counselors. He said she’s a hero because her efforts raised approximately $2000 to help ease the financial burden of Coach and Mrs. Gold who spent two months at a Houston area cancer hospital. “It was great to see one of the members of our soccer family, especially a student, trying to help out another member of the family during that difficult time,” Esker said. Miss Boudreaux commented, “We asked all the teachers here at the school, members and former members of the girls soccer team, friends and family for donations. It was great to be able to give Coach Gold the money we collected. It was a tough time for him and his family, but he’s back now and we’re glad to see a smile on his face.” This month’s HERO Award recipient is a senior class officer, a four-year varsity soccer letterman, and a member of the Student Council, and she was recently selected Homecoming Queen for 2011. Because of her love of math and science, she plans to attend LSU to study engineering after graduation. While being on the varsity soccer team keeps her busy every day, she finds time for the National Honor Society, Mu Alpha Theta, Spirit Club, Best Buddies, and Paws for a Cause. She also tutors younger children in math and visits nursing homes in connection with her service clubs. Program Helps Students Transition from School To Work 11/23/2011 A St. Tammany Parish Public School System program to help special education students make the transition from the school environment to the work force when they graduate is bringing together teachers, parents, and business partners from throughout the community. Using a collaborative approach, the “Community Based Vocational Education” program (CBVE) nurtures key relationships between the schools and community businesses, preparing special needs students for getting a job after school by providing specialized job training, both in the classroom and on the jobsite. The CBVE process extends classroom learning into the business world through community “business partners” so the students can learn specific work-related skills in actual business locations. It also provides the students with the knowledge they need to find employment after they graduate. In a report before the School Board November 17, Sharon Hosch, Supervisor of Special Education, gave an overview of the program. She thanked Board Members for making the service a part of the mission to serve every child every day. “This is a program that is near and dear to my heart,” she said. “It ensures that when students with special needs reach high school levels, community access and vocational training/employment become key considerations.” She noted that not only are job skills taught in the vocational curriculum, but also Life Skills. “When one considers all of the skills that go into maintaining a job, it becomes clear that life skills are as important as job skills,” she said. “Prior to going to work, a student must figure out what to wear, wash up, figure out what he might have for lunch, and make sure there is transportation to get to work on time.” Throughout the educational process, each special needs child has an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) which is updated annually with the collaboration of parents, teachers, and special education program monitors. When the student reaches 16 years of age, a “transition plan” component is added to the IEP to help the student prepare for becoming part of the workforce after they graduate from high school. Transition services are meant to look at the student’s current assessment, personal interests and how the school, family, agencies, community and student can work together to create a goal for after completion of high school. CBVE is a two-stage program. During the first two or three years at the high school campus, a student will participate in on-campus vocational training. The student will work through vocational lab materials and software programs in areas such as data entry, culinary, clerical, and assembly. They will explore their own areas of interest and capabilities, as well as developing accuracy and fluency. Part of the on-campus program is to participate in learning general work skills in areas such as the office, library, food service, gardening, student clubs, and sports events. These skills and positions are added to the student’s portfolio. Students in 11th and 12th grades will then begin to work off campus at local participating businesses up to four days per week with an emphasis in one of seven vocational career areas: (1) agriculture, food and natural resources, (2) business management and administration, (3) education and training, (4) health and science, (5) hospitality and tourism, (6) human science, and (7) marketing, sales and services. Participating business managers are informed about the CBVE program, its goals and implementation. When a student begins at a worksite, the teacher will work with the business owner to emphasize an individual student’s strengths to maximize the vocational training experience. The students are “shadowed” by job coaches who help them become familiar with the routines, tasks, and work habits that lead to success. There are 42 business partners now taking part in the Community Based Vocational Services Program, with 145 students involved. Seventy-eight of those are in the on-campus program and 67 students are in the on-site business partner program. Ms. Christine Lagarde spoke to the School Board about her experiences with the program. A 2011 graduate of Mandeville High School, she is now employed at St. Timothy On The Northshore United Methodist Church Preschool. She told the Board how the CBVE program has helped her after graduation. “I learned how to complete a job application and be interviewed for a job,” she said. “I learned many things that have helped me do a good job.” She enjoys working with the children at the pre-school, teaching them songs, using musical instruments, and generally helping the teacher of the class. A Channel 13 video showed both the classroom sessions and the students being trained at various business locations. In the video, Suzie Hughes, Special Educator coordinator, explained how important and effective it was for the students to take the skills learned in the classroom and apply them to real-world situations at one of the off-campus business partner sites. Dan O’Sullivan, a special education teacher at Northshore High school, said the students can go to a lot of different sites to gain experience in different areas. It helps build an awareness of the various work settings available to them, he said. The main goal of the program is to teach each student work skills to give them a competitive edge when seeking employment after high school, said Monique Hebert, special education teacher at Fontainebleau High School. “More and more businesses in the community are agreeing to become a work site for the program,” she said. Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Development Cheryl Arabie presented Certificates of Recognition and Appreciation to representatives of the business partners who participate in the on-site skill training. “We applaud each of our business partners for providing natural work environments, typical role models, and real job situations,” said Ms. Hosch, “and we thank you for considering our students for employment upon graduation.” Among the businesses taking part in the job training program are Pelican Athletic Club, Bed Bath and Beyond, Pizza Hut, GG’s, Northshore Living Center, Bear’s Grill & Spirits, Forest Manor of Covington, Domino’s Pizza, American All Star, Greenbriar Community Care Center, Garden Spot Nursery, Barnes & Noble Booksellers, Sam’s Club, Walgreen’s, Rouses Supermarkets, Marco’s Pizza, East St. Tammany Rainbow Child Care, Franco’s Health Club, St. Tammany Parish Hospital, Walmart, Slidell Memorial Hospital, Claiborne Hill Veterinary Clinic, Crossgates Athletic Club, VooDoo BBQ & Grill, Lakeview Regional Medical Center, Winn Dixie, STARC, the City of Slidell, Beau Chene Country Club, Clarion Inn & Suites, Papa Johns Pizza, Premiere Cleaners, Dante’s of Slidell, Bath & Body Works, and the St. Tammany Parish Public Library. Key staff from the Special Education Department who were recognized at the School Board meeting for the Implementation, Training, and Work Site Obtainment were Suzanne Hughes, Coordinator of the Moderate/Severe Program; Paul Meeker, Coordinator of Transition Programs who works with graduation coaches and district Postsecondary Mentoring Program for students with disabilities and 504 eligibility; George Forrest, Special Education Secondary Coordinator; Jeanne Bower, Assistant Supervisor of Special Education; Gia Baker, IEP Facilitator; and Kim Cochran, IEP Facilitator. Schools Closed This Week for Thanksgiving Holidays 11/18/2011 St. Tammany Parish Public Schools are closed for the Thanksgiving Holidays Monday, November 21, through Friday, November 25. Classes will resume on Monday, November 28. Also in observance of the Thanksgiving holiday, School Board support offices will close at noon on Wednesday, November 23, and all day Thursday and Friday, November 24 and 25. Offices will re-open on November 28. Bayou Lacombe Middle School Launches Organic Garden 11/18/2011 Hundreds of seedlings were transplanted into a new organic garden at Bayou Lacombe Middle School earlier this month, the result of a project by the school's gifted students program and an extensive community effort that included donations from several businesses and hands-on volunteer work by area gardeners. The latest phase in the project follows months of work that began back in May. Each year, gifted student educator Rebekah Ellis challenges her students to take part in a community service project. The newly completed organic vegetable, fruit and herb gardens are the result of last year’s decision by the students that they wanted a large 14 foot by 20 foot organic garden to supply a Farmer’s Market for the Lacombe community, both in the fall and Spring. The school’s gifted students partnered with the employees from the local Home Depot and the Louisiana Master Gardener Program to design and establish the organic garden. As an extended community outreach, the students decided to donate all of the proceeds from their Farmer’s Markets (and any remaining produce not sold) to local soup kitchens. First, the students joined the LSU AgCenter’s School Gardens Project to electronically track their seeds from germination to harvest. They also decided to take part in the Louisiana Junior Master Gardener Program. In May of this year, the students, parents, grandparents and St. Tammany Parish School Board member Willie B. Jeter tilled the land, fertilized the soil and established the foundation for the organic garden. For two months, the students tended hundreds of seedlings in the garden nursery. Finally, on November 8, the time was right to transplant the seedlings into the garden. With 40 bags of organic soil and mulch brought in by Home Depot employees, the students and volunteers were able to complete the gardens and transplant the seedlings, which included pumpkins, squash, carrots, lettuce, cabbage, broccoli, celery and green onions. In addition to the veggie garden, the students worked with Louisiana Master Gardener Linda Franzo to build three raised herb gardens filled with cilantro, lemon balm, rosemary, Swiss chard, mint, aloe, celery, thyme, tarragon, spearmint and dill. Ms. Franzo donated all the herbs going into the herb garden, and The Home Depot Foundation and the PTA provided the funds for the picket fence that surrounds the garden. The Home Depot Team also provided the students with over 100 planter box building kits for germinating the seeds for the Spring organic garden, which will feature watermelon, cantaloupe, cucumbers, chives, green onions, green beans, lima beans, parsley, rosemary, cilantro and bell peppers. With the help of Home Depot’s Chas Ebert and other local experts, Ms. Ellis and her students are currently in the process of designing and constructing several portable greenhouses to protect the gardens during the winter months. Before selling their produce at the Farmer’s Market in December, the students will take part in “Garden to Table” cooking activities with the Louisiana Master Gardeners and Home Depot Garden Team. The “Garden to Table” activities provide the students with the knowledge and skills needed to live nutritionally healthy and environmentally sustainable lives. The Garden to Table experience provides students with hands-on food education while learning to build and maintain a garden according to organic principles, as well as grow and harvest a wide variety of vegetables, fruits and herbs. In that phase of the project, the students will prepare various delicious dishes from the produce they have grown. Thus the garden and kitchen together provide a real-life context for learning, interweaving the theories and practices behind growing, harvesting, preparing and sharing fresh, seasonal foods. Overall, the organic garden project functions as an “outdoor classroom” challenging the students in all aspects of the curriculum and developing higher order thinking and problem solving skills, Ms. Ellis said. In designing the organic garden, students learned analytical thinking and reasoning skills, using mathematics in diagramming the garden blueprints, calculating the supplies needed for the garden and appropriate transplanting measurements. The students are also gaining scientific knowledge by learning about the complex interrelationships between plants, insects, soil and people. Language skills are expanded when the students write grant proposals, and visual art skills are advanced as they design and create the Farmer’s Market advertising fliers. In addition, the participants build positive community relationships working with the Farmer’s Market and local soup kitchens. The entire experience encourages the students to develop and refine their horticultural and environmental skills, expand their knowledge of health and family consumer sciences and study environmental stewardship and sustainable living. “All this while they grow fresh produce and create meals with their own vegetable and herb garden harvest,” Ms. Ellis stated. Three Parish Students Awarded NABSE Scholarships 11/17/2011 Three students from St. Tammany Parish Public Schools were awarded scholarships this week from the National Alliance of Black School Educators during the group’s national four-day conference in New Orleans. Overall six scholarships were awarded. Amanda Dorsey, a Lakeshore High School student, received a $2,000 scholarship at the Founding Members Luncheon on Friday, November 18, at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center. Angelica Batiste, also a student at Lakeshore High, and Amber Oliver, a Northshore High School student, were each awarded a $1,000 scholarship at the event’s opening session the morning of November 17. Students submitted application packets to the NABSE scholarship committee and competed with other students in the New Orleans metro area. Miss Dorsey, a senior, will be in the first graduating class at Lakeshore High School. In the fall of 2012, she plans to attend The University of Southern Mississippi to major in nursing, with the goal of becoming a pediatric nurse. Her career decision was made after she started working in an after-school tutoring program with children in her sophomore year of high school. A resident of Lacombe, she is involved in a number of academic and community activities. Miss Oliver, a member of the senior class at Northshore High, has a Grade Point Average of 3.7 . She is a member of the Beta club and Step-N club which is an ethnic student togetherness club. A native of New Orleans and now a resident of Slidell, she is planning to attend Louisiana State University and major in Kinesiology. After getting that degree, her goal is to also get a degree in Physical Therapy, and to help in that effort, she currently serves an intern at Oschner Hospital in the physical therapy department. Miss Batiste grew up in Lacombe, and because she loves helping and caring for people, she plans to become a nurse . Currently a senior at Lakeshore High, she has taken courses which will help prepare her for that career choice. She is currently a team manager for the girls Basketball team, and she also has a job at a local elementary school where she tutors kids between the ages of 5-7 years old. In her spare time, she loves to volunteer in her community, from painting classrooms at Lacombe Headstart to volunteering as a server at Mandeville Polo Matches. After graduation next year, she plans to attend college and work towards a Bachelors of Science degree, and as well as a Master's degree. The National Alliance of Black School Educators (NABSE) is a non-profit organization devoted to furthering the academic success for the nation's children - particularly children of African descent. Founded in 1970, NABSE seeks to improve the educational experiences and accomplishments of African American youth through the development and use of instructional and motivational methods that increase levels of inspiration, attendance and overall achievement. FHS Lady Dawgs Take State Volleyball Championship 11/16/2011 Fontainebleau High School won the state championship in volleyball Saturday night as the Lady Dawgs defeated defending champion Mount Carmel Academy during the 2011 Louisiana High School Athletic Association Division I Volleyball state championship played at the Pontchartrain Center in Kenner. Head coach Danny Tullis said it was an incredible feeling, winning the state championship. He is in his sixth season with the team, with a 220-36 overall record. “It’s great for the kids, it’s great for the school and it’s great for me and the other coaches to be part of a wonderful thing like being state champs,” Tullis said. Mount Carmel was the only team to defeat Fontainebleau during regular season play. Loup To Receive LFT “Friend of Education” Award 11/13/2011 Stephen “Jack” Loup , III, President of the St. Tammany Parish School Board, will receive the annual “Friend of Education” award from the Louisiana Federation of Teachers (LFT) during its state convention Monday, November 21, in Bossier City. It is the highest honor bestowed by the Louisiana Federation of Teachers to a non-member of the Union and is presented to an individual who has made an outstanding contribution to public education. Ms. Elsie Burkhalter, president of the St. Tammany Federation of Teachers and School Employees, told the School Board at its November 10 meeting in Slidell that Loup had been chosen for the prestigious award for his years as a educator and most recently his work in establishing and promoting the Coalition for Louisiana Public Education, a grassroots organization which gained statewide credibility this past year as a voice for reform in schools around the state. A vice president of the state LFT organization, Burkhalter said many Federation members were impressed by Loup’s determination when they saw him standing on the Capitol steps in Baton Rouge fighting for public education. It is the first time a School Board member, individually, has won the special designation, she said. “Earning that award is quite an honor,” she said, “and it means that the person has done extraordinary things for education throughout his life.” Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, said, “We congratulate Mr. Loup for being awarded this statewide honor. It is a reflection of his years of dedication to public education.” Loup began teaching in 1970 at Pine View Junior High School in Covington, served as principal of Madisonville Junior High and C. J. Schoen Middle School, and was Administrative Assistant at Covington High from 1997 to 1998. He was later named Assistant Principal and Principal at the school. After he retired, he was elected to the School Board in January of 2007 and chosen as President of the Board earlier this year. State PTA Recognizes Several Local Educators 11/11/2011 Several members of the St. Tammany Parish PTA were congratulated at the St. Tammany Parish School Board meeting Thursday night for winning top honors in this year’s State PTA Educators of Distinction program as well as the “Outstanding Website Award.” The awards were announced by the Louisiana Parents Teachers Association at its recent state convention. Supervisor Margaret Sharpe reported that eight St. Tammany teachers won state-level designation as PTA Educators of Distinction after winning at the school and District levels. They were Theresa Braud of Slidell High, Erica Cruthirds of Lake Harbor Middle, Shannon d’Hemecourt of Fontainebleau Junior High, Elizabeth Damare of Carolyn Park Middle, Jerilann Ferrara of Fontainebleau High, Eva Jenkins of Abita Springs Elementary, Kellie Windom of Mandeville Middle, and Ruth Hill of Magnolia Trace Elementary. Each year every PTA-associated school nominates a PTA Educator of Distinction, and this year St. Tammany had eight out of the ten selected statewide, Mrs. Sharpe said. Awards of Excellence were also given by the state PTA to two parish schools for maintaining outstanding websites, Lake Harbor Middle School and Mandeville Elementary School. Lake Harbor Middle School was represented at the meeting by Principal Susan Patin, PTA President Becky Bohm, and PTA Webmaster Suzanne Buras. Mandeville Elementary was represented by Principal Chantelle Smith and PTA President Monica Hernandez. “Having a strong website is an essential part of communication with your school and your parents and community,” Mrs. Sharpe noted. “We congratulate you for winning this prestigious state award and continuing the degree of excellence that signifies the St. Tammany Parish PTA groups.” The State PTA encourages local units to use electronic communication services such as websites to provide effective ways to “spread the news” about their meetings, projects, and accomplishments. According to the awards program criteria, PTA websites must connect students, parents, faculty, and community members with its PTA, demonstrate a creative use of tools to build a website that fully represents the school and its PTA, and be well visited to show that it is a valuable communication service. The websites were judged based on PTA responsiveness to the school, timely updates, PTA content, artistry, and technical ability. Mrs. Sharpe told the School Board that strong parental support contributes much to the success of each school and the School System as a whole. “Every one of our schools has a PTA or PTSA organization,” she said, “and once again, St. Tammany Parish has the most members of the state PTA with over 16,000 members.” Sharon Pender, the state PTA president, is a resident of St. Tammany Parish, Mrs. Sharpe reported. “She was formerly the PTA President at Northshore High School as well as the District PTA,” she said. 11/09/2011 Food Services Receives Second Salad Bar Grant The St. Tammany Parish Public School System's Child Nutrition Program has received a second grant from a national “Let’s Move: Salad Bars To Schools” program sponsored by several food companies in conjunction with childrens’ health initiatives from the White House. The latest grant is valued at $25,000 and will place salad bars in the following schools: Cypress Cove Elementary, Honey Island Elementary, Folsom Elementary, Lee Road Junior High, Sixth Ward Elementary, Fifth Ward Junior High, Bayou Woods Elementary, Bonne Ecole Elementary, Lyon Elementary and Riverside Elementary. The grant will provide St. Tammany with ten salad bar set-ups which consist of a portable 72 inch insulated salad bar with five wells. The unit comes with two tray slides, divider bars, two 4-inch deep full pans with covers, four 4-inch deep half pans with covers, and twelve 4-inch deep quarter pans with covers, as well as five buffet chilling pads and 16 serving tongs. The first grant from the organization provided for nine salad bars and those were placed at Chahta-Ima Elementary, Covington High, Pontchartrain Elementary and Tchefuncte Middle School, Madisonville Elementary, Covington Elementary, Mandeville Middle, Pearl River High, Lake Harbor Middle School and St. Tammany Junior High. Any Kindergarten through 12th grade school district participating in the National School Lunch Program is eligible to apply for the grants. Schools currently awarded with Bronze status or above in the Healthier US School Challenge (HUSSC) automatically qualify for a salad bar donation, with the stipulation that the school or district desires and can support a salad bar every day in school lunch. St. Tammany Parish Public Schools have earned the USDA Gold Award of Distinction for the past year. "Let's Move: Salad Bars to Schools" is a comprehensive grassroots public health effort to involve school officials and parents at the local, state and national level to support salad bars in schools, with the vision to increase school cafeteria salad bars until every child has the choice of healthy fruits and vegetables every day at school. The organization states that both academic research and actual experience in schools across the country demonstrate that school children significantly increase their consumption of fruits and vegetables when given a variety of choices in a school fruit and vegetable salad bar. The salad bars help children learn to make decisions that carry over outside of school, providing a platform for a lifetime of healthy snack and meal choices. The White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity has endorsed schools using salad bars and upgrading cafeteria equipment to support providing healthier foods to kids. 11/09/2011 Veterans Day Programs Being Held Schools across St. Tammany Parish are holding Veterans Day programs this week, saluting men and women currently serving in the Armed Forces and those veterans who have served their country in years past. Many schools featured patriotic songs and poems during their ceremonies, with special guest speakers, Color Guards, and red, white, and blue decorations. The School Board held a reception for Veterans at Brooks Educational Center in Slidell Thursday night an hour prior to its monthly meeting. It adopted a resolution expressing appreciation to the members of all military services for their dedication and commitment. Assistant Superintendent William Brady was the master of ceremonies at the School Board's program, with the Pearl River High School Army Junior ROTC presenting the colors and Carolyn Park Middle School student Kamaria Clark leading the Pledge of Allegiance. Slidell High School student Gabrielle Ferrari sang the National Anthem, Dejeune Richardson of Folsom Junior High recited the poem "The Bravest Man I Know," and School Board Member Ron Bettencourtt read the resolution honoring all veterans, especially those who work for the School System. The Fontainebleau Junior High Band, under the direction of Mike Sambola, provided the music for the event, showcasing each branch of the Military Services during its "Armed Forces Salute." On display at the reception were pieces of artwork created by students of Bayou Woods Elementary School. 11/08/2011 Educator Kits For Louisiana Bicentennial Distributed Louisiana Lt. Governor Jay Dardenne visited Covington Tuesday morning to launch a statewide distribution of specially-designed Educator Kits for teaching students about the upcoming Louisiana Bicentennial Celebration. St. Tammany Parish Public Schools Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, and top School System officials from neighboring parishes participated in the event which took place at the C. J. Schoen Administrative Complex. The Louisiana Statehood Bicentennial Desk Reference program for educators will help teachers in schools across the state incorporate the 200th anniversary of the state into lesson plans, field trips, and a variety of activities across the curriculum. The kit was developed by the Office of the Lieutenant Governor and the Louisiana Bicentennial Commission, chaired by retired Lt. Gen. Russell Honoré. Dardenne chose to make the initial distribution of the packages at a press conference held at the St. Tammany Parish Public School System’s central office. Click here for audio excerpt from Lt. Governor' Dardenne's speech. Superintendent Folse welcomed those present to Tuesday’s event, including BESE Board President Penny Dastugue and BESE Board Member James D. Garvey, Jr., visitors from Washington Parish, Orleans, St. Helena, City of Bogalusa, and Tangipahoa Parish School Systems, several St. Tammany School Board members, and members of the press who turned out for the special occasion. “We are excited to be the first in the state to host one of these events for the Lieutenant Governor’s office,” Folse stated. The educational materials are available in digital form from the Lieutenant Governor’s website at www.crt.state.la.us/education. “Louisiana 200th year of statehood is a perfect opportunity for our students to learn more about our great state and its history,” Lt. Governor Dardenne said. “I hope teachers will take full advantage of the resources being made available to stimulate student interest and excitement about this milestone in Louisiana’s history.” Lt. Governor Dardenne is delivering copies of 200 Years in the Making: Bicentennial Desk Reference for Educators to representatives of each Louisiana public school system as well as private schools and home‐school associations. The desk reference includes lesson plans and projects designed for ease of implementation and aligned to state standards. The materials will assist educators in actively engaging students in learning about Louisiana and conforms to the third and eighth grade Louisiana history, American history and English language arts curricula. It also contains family activities and projects that encourage families as well as teachers and students to make Louisiana their favorite learning adventure. The Bicentennial Commission’s Education Committee is holding teacher workshops throughout the state to help educators integrate the Commission's educational resources in their classrooms. Workshop registration and the 200 Years in the Making: Bicentennial Desk Reference for Educators are available for download at www.crt.state.la.us/education/bicentennial.aspx. Ms. Memory Seymour, Education Director for the Louisiana State Museum, helped put together the Educator’s Desk Reference for the Louisiana Bicentennial, and she explained the wealth of information that was placed into the educational package. “The Bicentennial Commission research committees identified key points in the history of the state from 1803 to 1824, focusing on the events that contributed to the making of the state,” she said. “The development of the state during that time is very relevant to many things that are happening today.” The materials highlight geography, culture development, and population growth, and highlight the 1812 election for the first Louisiana governor. This will tie in with current events instruction next year as the Presidential Election takes place. “This material is not just a teacher’s guide for the Bicentennial year, it becomes a useful history education tool for years to come,” Ms. Seymour said. It is hoped that students will take the lessons learned in the classroom home to their families, encouraging family visits to important Louisiana historical sites and key cultural landmarks. It may even prompt greater interest in genealogical research. The education kit is targeted for use by third graders to eighth graders, but it is flexible enough to be used for groups of all ages, even adults. “We are hoping everyone can find something of interest in these materials,” she concluded. The lesson plans and projects, designed for ease of implementation and aligned to the state standards and GLE’s (grade level expectations), will include guides to primary source materials, historical essays, and a Web-based interactive Louisiana history timeline. 11/07/2011 Fontainebleau High Graduate Creates Fair Poster Ashley Prescott, 27, created this year’s poster for the St. Tammany Parish Fair, bringing together her natural talent plus her skills developed while in art classes at Fontainebleau High School and Southeastern Louisiana University. She was asked to draw the poster when one of the fair officials saw her earlier in the year drawing some sketches for a piece of artwork she had been working on. “One thing led to another, and they told me I had to do their poster,” she said. She had been attending the fair every year since a child, so she used the opportunity to produce a poster that showcased what St. Tammany is all about. She remembered seeing a photograph of a harvest she liked, and she developed that thematic image by adding pine trees in the background, pumpkins on the ground, and other Louisiana-style elements, putting in a Ferris wheel and ending up with a Carnival atmosphere with family festival flair. She admits her favorite part of the fair is the amusement rides, particularly the Tilt-A-Whirl, although the funnel cake is also a favorite. She graduated from Southeastern with a degree in “3-D Modeling,” a technique that uses computers to render realistic illustrations and animations for a variety of purposes. “It takes a lot attention to detail,” she stated. Ms. Prescott is expert at building virtual rooms and populating them with characters and products. Ms. Prescott is currently working with a clothing retail store and is using her skills to help merchandise sales. In her spare time, she does her own artwork and is preparing a website to sell those online as well as in local bookstores beginning next year. Those pieces of art will deal with family themes, especially expectant mothers, she says. She enjoyed her art classes at Fontainebleau High and Southeastern, saying that her art instructors did a great job and got her off to a great start in creating and marketing her own artwork. “They were wonderful mentors,” Ms. Prescott said. Her initial interest in art, particularly animation, was a result of a trip to Disney World, she explained. She took a tour there that showed how animated movies were made, it caught her attention, and her career as a 3-D modeler was launched. “It turned out to be exactly what I wanted to do,” she said, “I knew from that point on that I wanted to be artist.” 11/04/2011 Students Explore Teaching Careers at STAR Academy A one day conference composed of workshops and presentations was held on November 3 for students enrolled in the STAR Academy at their local high school. Teacher of the Year in the High School Division Richard “Vance” Lynch IV was guest speaker for the event. The 107 students attending the STAR Conference came from parish high school STAR Academy programs, and attendees learned about a variety of subjects, from handheld technology and special education to blogging and digital footprints. Instructors included Keri McAllister, Sandy Scott, and Jan Latino. STAR stands for “Students Teaching and Reaching.” The STAR Academy provides high school juniors and/or seniors an opportunity to learn about teaching as a career through one-credit courses offered at their high school. The courses give students a glimpse into the teaching profession and provide an opportunity for hands-on experience in classrooms. Students are provided the means and guidance for self-assessment, learning about others, and diversity in the classroom. Students learn about the history and foundations of education and are given the tools to help pursue a career in education. Each high school has a STAR program coordinator and a School To Work coordinator. At the conference, special presentations were given by each high school. The workshop helps young people find out more about career opportunities in education and develop direct links with the district’s human resources department. 11/03/2011 Parents, Teachers Reminded To Set Clocks Back an Hour This Sunday morning, November 6, Daylight Savings Time for 2011 comes to an end at 2 a.m. Parents and teachers are reminded to reset their clocks back an hour to start Monday morning, November 7, on Central Standard Time. 11/02/2011 Walter L. Abney Elementary Re-dedicated Slidell area public officials, School System leaders, and Abney family members were in attendance for ceremonies Wednesday morning re-dedicating Abney Elementary School in honor of community leader and former School Board member Walter L. Abney. A ribbon cutting was held following a student-led program accompanied by songs and presentations. A newly refinished Wall Plaque was unveiled by Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, and members of the Abney family, including two who taken part in the school’s original 1970 dedication as children. Superintendent Folse greeted the visitors, thanking the students and staff for their work in putting the event together. “We all know how important this school is to the south side of Slidell,” he said, recalling the days just after Hurricane Katrina when many parents turned out to help clean up the campus and get it ready for the re-opening of school, even with their own homes still devastated by the storm. “That kind of commitment speaks a lot about the citizens of south Slidell,” he said. “Mr. Abney was a great individual, and the entire family has always been so supportive of our School System.” In 1970, when the school was first named in honor of Mr. Abney, the Superintendent at the time Cyprian J. Schoen said, “The Board is indeed happy to have one of our schools named after a member of one of the families closely associated with the progress of the St. Tammany Parish Public School System.” Praise for Mr. Abney was also voiced at the time by W. L. “Bill” Folse, II, the current Superintendent’s father, who was president of the School Board in 1970. He said, “Walter L. Abney’s name will live on through the many thousands of children who will attend this school which we now dedicate in his memory.” Mr. Abney was born in 1891 and died in 1955. School Board members present included James “Ronnie” Panks, Sr., and Peggy H. Seeley. Administrators on hand included Assistant Superintendents Cheryl Arabie of Curriculum and Instruction, Pete Jabbia of Human Resources, and William “Bill” Brady of Administration. The school underwent extensive renovations over the past two years, including renovated restrooms, enclosed breezeways and a new entrance and administration area. Special guests for the re-dedication ceremony included Mayor Freddy Drennan of Slidell, Chief Administrator for the City of Slidell Tim Mathison, Slidell Chief of Police Randy Smith, and Councilmen Lionel Hicks and Sam Abney. Also recognized were Michael Hunley of MSN Architects, architects for the renovations, and Principal Nina Tyner of the Abney Early Childhood Center located adjacent to the campus. Two former principals of Abney Elementary were also present for the occasion, Ms. Ruth Dubuisson and Ms. Jane Freeman. In his remarks, Principal Robert “Mike” Alford stated that children from south Slidell have begun their education journey at the site of Abney Elementary for nearly 50 years, noting that the school’s 50th anniversary will be in 2014. “The school began in 1964 as South Side Elementary,” Alford said. “The School Board renamed the school Walter L. Abney Elementary in honor of a great gentleman who spent his life helping the citizens of South Slidell, in particular the young people.” Mr. Abney served 16 years as a School Board member from the late 1920’s to the early 1940’s, in addition to his work as a farmer, grocer, butcher, and landowner. Thousands of students have attended the school over the past 47 years, Mr. Alford noted, many of them going on to become the area’s most productive adult citizens. “This school has been served by many dedicated administrators, committed teachers, and support staff along with parents and community members who together have worked diligently to meet the needs of every student,” he concluded. Robert H. Abney Jr., the grandson of Walter L. Abney, said it was quite an honor for himself and his family to have the school named after their grandfather. It memorializes his name and helps people remember those who made such a contribution to education in St. Tammany Parish, he said. Today the campus serves more than 1150 students. A large number of students took part in the special re-dedication program, many of them members of the Principal’s Gold Fish Club, the Random Acts of Kindness Club, the chorus, and the Abney Flag Corps. The program was emceed by Fifth Grader Joseph Bell, with Griffin Fries leading the Pledge of Allegiance. Bell and Syan Mejia told those present what attending Abney had done for them. “Abney means a lot to me,” said Miss Mejia. “Students and staff all get along and love each other.” She said that almost every student doesn’t want to leave because of what a great school it is. She credited Walter L. Abney for making it possible. Bell said the newly-renovated facilities mark a fresh beginning for all of them. “The answers to questions, the solutions to problems and the tools for success can all be found here,” he went on to say. “Success has walked the very same halls we walk today. From yesterday’s crayons to tomorrow’s calculus, it all begins here.” “The knowledge and character that we build here will grow stronger as we move forward,” Bell said in his comments. “We thank everyone who attended today, and the biggest thanks of all goes to Mr. Walter L. Abney. Without his vision and dedication and generosity, our future success would not be possible. We are proud to wear the Abney name on our uniforms, and we hope to make your proud. This school is cool." Griffin Fries noted that, as a result of the renovations, the school's main entrance looks more modern, and the office area is much bigger. Students are really enjoying the renovated facility, he said. 11/02/2011 Fontainebleau High Student Wins HERO Award For November Arden Wells, a senior at Fontainebleau High School, was selected for November’s HERO award by Sophisticated Woman magazine and Charter Business. HERO stands for “Helping Eagerly and Reaching Out," and the award recognizes young leaders in St. Tammany Parish high schools for their accomplishments and community service efforts. Miss Wells, a native of Mandeville, was presented the award by Sarah Cottrell, Associate Publisher with G&A Publishing, and Shelly King with Charter Business. She was nominated by her Talented Music Teacher, Lee Coker, who said she is one of the most original people he has met in his teaching experience. “Besides being a talented pianist, she is gifted academically and she is active in her school as well as in her community. Arden always has a creative, innovative, free-spirited and positive attitude. She stands alone in her high school in terms of her uniqueness,” he said. Miss Wells participates in and has held offices with many clubs and organizations at the school and takes part in a variety of community service projects as well. She is involved in the National Honor Society, the Spanish National Honor Society, the Photography Club, Bulldog Buddies, and a student vegetarian group that holds vegetarian picnics every Thursday in the school courtyard. She also participates with her church youth group. A National Merit Semi-finalist with a PSAT score of 223, she has achieved a grade point average of 4.6, placing her in the top one percent of her class. She has taken a number of gifted courses from English and Biology to Chemistry and History. During this past summer she worked at the Advanced Materials Research Institute, University of New Orleans, in its Summer Research Program, where she conducted scientific research on magnetic field induction from alternating currents to cause nanoparticle drug release. “It was a really cool experience, and I think that’s where my passion is, doing research,” she said. In addition, she started her own hair accessory business last May, selling under the brand name “Arden’s Garden” in area children’s boutiques and at the community market. She names her mother, Robin Wells, as her chief inspiration. “She is a kind, loving person, and she inspires me a lot,” Arden said. Her mother is an award-winning romance novelist who has authored nine books, so Arden grew up in a creative household. Her older sister is attending LSU majoring in Art. Arden’s long list of volunteer experiences includes work at the Samaritan Center, tutoring freshmen, serving as a school guide for the Special Olympics event at Fontainebleau High, and organizing local fund raising efforts for World Vision and the St. Tammany Humane Society. Miss Wells has also helped Habitat for Humanity in its house building projects, sorted cans for the Covington Food Bank, and cooked and served dinners for the Salvation Army. Among her community service projects was teaching a St. Tammany Technology Center computer skills class for the elderly, visits to Fairhaven Children’s Home, and playing the piano at local nursing homes. At Fontainebleau, she even helped paint parking spaces. Her awards and honors include recognitions at the Louisiana District Literary Rally, the Fontainebleau Talent Show, the “My Louisiana” Essay PTA Competition, as well as musical performances with the District Honor Band, Talented Music Concert, and other community and church music programs. Arden doesn’t yet know where she will be going to college, but she wants to become a scientist, so she plans to pursue a double major in chemistry and Earth Science. “I want to get a Ph.D. because I really like learning things,” she explained. She may set her sights on becoming a college professor doing research, after her positive experience this past summer at the University of New Orleans. Sophisticated Woman magazine teamed up with Charter Business earlier this year to launch the HERO award program in an effort to honor high school students in St. Tammany and Tangipahoa Parishes who exemplify academic excellence, community involvement, leadership among peers, humanitarianism, sportsmanship, and the ability to overcome extraordinary circumstances. Each month a selection committee reviews nominations and chooses a recipient. More information about the award can be found at SophisticatedWoman.com. 11/01/2011 Northshore High Presented With 2011 College Readiness Award The Louisiana ACT Council, in conjunction with the American College Testing (ACT) Program, has presented Northshore High School in Slidell with a College Readiness Award for 2011. The award is in recognition of the school achieving a significant increase in its ACT composite score over the past five years while, at the same time, increasing or maintaining the number of students taking the ACT Assessment. Only 29 high schools in the state were recognized for this superior level of accomplishment this year. “This has resulted in greater numbers of your students being college ready as a result of your efforts and those of your staff and students,” Karen L. Pennell with the Southwest Region of ACT, Inc., told Principal Dr. Michael Peterson in a recent letter. She explained that the council wanted to recognize those Louisiana high schools that had increased student participation in the tests and made substantial score improvements as well. “We are proud of our students who take the responsibilities of their academic work seriously, and of the teachers who work diligently to better prepare our students for the rigors of college,” said Dr. Peterson. “We are pleased to receive this recognition as it is evidence of our continued commitment to using our college readiness tools in the most effective manner. Having the Louisiana state ACT council spotlight our efforts in this manner helps our students, parents, and teachers know we are accomplishing what we have set out to do, that is to provide our students with an awareness of the college opportunities before them and the test scores to take advantage of those opportunities.” "This can only happen as a result of the high school’s faculty and staff efforts and the dedication of Northshore High School students and parents to focus on college readiness, and, as a result, raise the level of college readiness for all students,” Ms. Pennell said. “These outstanding Louisiana high schools should be proud of their faculty, staff, and students.” The Louisiana ACT Council is made up of secondary and post-secondary educators who advise ACT, Inc., on the use of ACT programs and services in the state. ACT, Inc., is the not-for-profit organization that provides assessment, research, information, and program management services in a number of areas of education and workforce development. In 2011, more than 95 percent of Louisiana students took the ACT college admissions and readiness achievement test. 10/31/2011 Two Interactive Whiteboards Donated to Pontchartrain Elementary The Supriya Jindal Foundation for Louisiana’s Children gave two interactive white boards to Pontchartrain Elementary School in Mandeville Monday, and Governor Bobby Jindal’s wife herself demonstrated to students how to use the innovative technology. Principal Kim Thomas and Technology Supervisor Julie Matte were on hand to greet Mrs. Jindal. The new Promethean whiteboard systems were placed in two special education classrooms and came complete with ActiVote remote response devices, a laptop, a speaker system, and a variety of classroom resources, as well as training for personnel to get the most out of the equipment. Three representatives from Wal-Mart were also present. Walmart and the Walmart Foundation is in partnership with the Supriya Jindal Foundation in supporting the placement of technology in schools statewide. With the foundation grant, all of Pontchartrain Elementary’s first and second grade classrooms will have interactive technology among their teaching tools. Mrs. Supriya Jindal demonstrated the versatility of the technology to more than a dozen students. Her favorite two subjects were math and science, she told the children, encouraging them to study hard and use the new technology to explore their interests in mathematics, science and engineering. Interactive whiteboards are large white panels that enable teachers and students to interact with projected computer screen images. The whiteboards include access to a variety of learning programs especially designed to be interactive. Mrs. Jindal said the new technology helps teachers in a number of ways. “Outside the classroom, our children are used to interactive video games and innovative technology,” she said. “We have to bring those highly-engaging techniques into the classroom environment. Interactive whiteboards are something we are beginning to see transform education across the country. With hard work, we have the opportunity to make a lasting and positive difference in education,” she said. Ken Cartwright, Louisiana Director of Operations for Walmart, said one of the ways the Walmart Foundation tries to serve local communities is through improving education. “We are honored to support the Supriya Jindal Foundation in its efforts to further the education of children in Louisiana by bringing this exciting, leading edge technology to their classroom.” Ms. Matte said it was wonderful to have the Foundation provide the equipment for the schools. “The kids love the interactive whiteboards, the teachers love them, and the parents love them because they have so much potential,” she said. The interactive systems are upgradable and adaptive, she went on to say, noting that training is ongoing across the parish as teachers learn new ways to implement them in teaching lessons and reaching students. One of the most useful features Ms. Matte stated is that fact that while using the whiteboards, teachers can “record” their actions and words in the computer, thus storing the lesson and making it available on the internet to the students later for study and reinforcement. “It really is amazing,” she said. Principal Thomas said the two new whiteboards will enable them to increase the “hands-on learning” in the special ed classrooms. The special education students will greatly benefit from the new technology since it presents information in a variety of ways: visual, audio, and kinesthetic, which helps the kids learn and remember the lesson materials. “We are excited to have it in those classrooms,” Principal Thomas said. “These will help us in our effort to finish up placing these boards in all of our rooms.” St. Tammany Parish Public Schools have been installing a number of such interactive devices for years, with almost every classroom in the school district having access to one. Mrs. Jindal is aiming to instill a love of science and math into Louisiana children through her school visits. On behalf of her Foundation, she had earlier delivered six interactive whiteboards to Magnolia Trace Elementary in Mandeville in December of 2009 and another four to Bonne Ecole Elementary in Slidell this past September. The Foundation has awarded a whiteboard system to more than 222 classrooms across Louisiana. 10/27/2011 Red Ribbon Week Observed By Schools Across the Parish Schools throughout St. Tammany Parish and the nation celebrated Red Ribbon Week this week, stressing the importance of a drug-free lifestyle. “Just Say No” programs were held at several schools, highlighted with visits by law enforcement officers and community-based drug abuse prevention organizations. At its October meeting, the School Board passed a resolution declaring October 24-28, 2011, as “Red Ribbon Week,” a nationally-recognized effort presenting a unified and visible commitment towards creating a Drug Free America. Schools displayed posters and banners, sang songs, and took part in a variety of activities. Covington Elementary School hosted its largest ever Just Say No Drug-Free Rally, with more than 1400 students from several public and private schools in attendance, including Pitcher Junior High, Lyon Elementary, Pine View Middle, and St. Peters Catholic School. Covington Elementary’s Resource Helping Teacher Laurie Caserta, who has organized the program for the past 23 years, said that it was started by a former Covington Elementary principal Mary Ann Koon 25 years ago after she attended a meeting hosted by former First Lady Nancy Reagan. “We are really excited about how many students are here today and how many great law enforcement agencies we have turn out for this community event,” Ms. Caserta said. “We are so grateful for all the tremendous amount of care, support and safety they provide our students and all the people of St. Tammany Parish.” Assistant Superintendent William “Bill” Brady led the pledge of allegiance for the event, which also included guest appearances by Covington Mayor Mike Cooper, School Board President Stephen “Jack” Loup and Board Member Mrs. Elizabeth Heintz. A parade began at Covington Elementary, wound around William Pitcher Junior High and ended in the Panther football stadium stands just as a helicopter from the St. Tammany Parish Sheriff’s Department landed on the playing field. Several kinds of search and rescue equipment were on display, with the St. Tammany Parish Sheriff’s Office demonstrating how K-9 police dogs assist deputies, and members of the Covington City Police Department’s Special School Response Team demonstrating how they approach and subdue suspects. The presentation was narrated by Captain Jack West of the Covington Police Department. David Grantham with United States Customs and Border Patrol spoke to the students about the importance of making correct decisions when faced with drugs. “Once you start making the wrong decisions, life will not be fun anymore,” he said. Grantham warned that students they would be faced with the situation one day of someone offering drugs to them, and if they made a mistake, that mistake will follow them the rest of their lives. “Doing the right thing is not easy,” he said, “When that time does come, just remember that you can always just say no.” Every decision, no matter how small, has consequences, said Trooper Nick Manale of the Louisiana State Police, and bad choices result in bad consequences. Among the agencies participating in the Red Ribbon Week programs were the United States Customs and Border Patrol, the Louisiana State Police, the St. Tammany Sheriff’s Office, Covington City Police, the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries, Ponchatoula Canine Group, and Covington Fire Department. After the program, students descended upon the field to see the various law enforcement vehicles up-close. Units on hand included an amphibious track vehicle, a command post motor home, a hovercraft, jet skis, a Cape Horn powerboat, and the helicopter. The Red Ribbon Week program at Marigny Elementary School also was visited by a helicopter and special guest speaker. Marigny Elementary had several guests during the week to help students understand how important it is to stay healthy. On Monday Special Agent Scott Arseneaux spoke at Marigny's Morning Meeting about the history and purpose of Red Ribbon Week. On Tuesday Special Agents Arseneaux and John Scudder flew and landed their helicopter at the school and explained how they use the helicopter in the fight against illegal drugs. All the students were able to get an up close look at the helicopter. The St. Tammany Parish Sheriff's Office sent members of their K-9 Unit to Chahta-Ima Elementary for a demonstration during Red Ribbon Week. The School Board resolution for Red Ribbon Week stated that School officials are acutely aware of the life altering consequences associated with the use of alcohol and other illegal drugs, and specifically acknowledged the contributions made by the members of the community organization AMPLIFY Resources, formerly known as PRIDE, in helping prevent drug abuse. “The Board is grateful for this organization’s long standing involvement with our students,” the resolution said. 10/26/2011 Football Teams Play Annual Pink Game The Salmen High School football team again encouraged public awareness of breast cancer by playing their second annual “pink” game Friday night, October 28. To help raise funds, pink balloons were sold for a balloon release prior to the game. Last year Salmen players wore pink “accessories”, the coaches wore pink shirts, and the team sold pink armbands for $2 each to raise money for Breast Cancer Research. The event is held to honor loved ones who have fought breast cancer. The Salmen cheerleaders hosted a cheer camp Wednesday and Thursday, and all participants in the camp cheered the game on Friday wearing pink t-shirts. The cheerleaders also sold pink shirts for the game. Last year’s project raised more than $300. The event was organized in response to one of the football players losing his mother to cancer the year before. “It is a show of support for all the women that they care about,” Principal Wortmann said of the effort. In January Salmen’s boys and girls basketball teams held a “Pink Out” game to help support cancer research. Even the fans came dressed in pink. Other high schools throughout St. Tammany Parish also held similar events. Mandeville High had a “pink out” game against Fontainebleau High football team Friday night, with activities sponsored by members of the Mandeville High School Football Booster Club. October is proclaimed as “Breast Cancer Awareness Month” nationwide, and numerous community organizations, doctor’s offices and health agencies have made extra efforts to encourage early detection measures. 10/25/2011 Two Physical Education Teachers To Be Honored at Convention Two St. Tammany Parish Public School System physical education teachers, Kim Sager from Clearwood Junior High and Terry Thiel from Fontainebleau High, have been named for annual awards by the Louisiana Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (LAHPERD). Ms. Sager was named the “LAHPERD Middle School Teacher of the Year.” and Mr. Thiel was selected as “LAHPERD High School Teacher of the Year.” They will be recognized at the group’s upcoming state convention luncheon in Baton Rouge on Friday, November 4, 2011. They were nominated for the honor by Kay Hursey, Coordinator of Health and Physical Education for the School System, and a special awards committee from LAHPERD choose them as the winners in their categories. The award is given to physical education instructors who serve as positive role models in health and fitness, use a variety of teaching methods and innovative learning experiences, and pursue professional development opportunities. They must have a minimum of three to six years of experience in their teaching position and show evidence of professional commitment through membership and involvement in local, state, and national organizations. Applications included written essays on the contributions nominees had made to physical education. Ms. Hursey said she was excited that the state association had recognized the accomplishments of two of her physical education teachers. Their biographies will be included in the convention's printed program. Founded in 1934, the aim of LAHPERD is to improve the quality of life through health and fitness and recreational activities. Its annual convention gives physical education teachers around the state a chance to attend workshops, view exhibits, and visit with each other to discuss issues and share ideas for enhancing physical education in schools. 10/21/2011 In-Service Workshop Presented to Bus Drivers and Attendants Approximately 700 bus owner/operators, drivers, substitute drivers, and bus attendants attended the first in-service workshop for the entire St. Tammany Parish Public School System Transportation Department October 7 at Castine Center in Mandeville. They heard presentations by a variety of speakers including Sheriff Jack Strain. Attendees were told that the week of Monday, October 17, through Friday, October 21, is “National School Bus Safety Week,” as well as "School Bus Operator and Bus Attendant Appreciation Week." A special resolution was passed at the October 13 night School Board meeting in Covington encouraging local participation in those events. Supervisor of Transportation Cathy Aime opened the in-service workshop program, introducing Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, who welcomed those in attendance. He thanked them for the outstanding jobs they do in carrying 25,862 students some 28,938 miles every school day. “I am proud of your safety record,” Folse stated. He thanked them for working with Mrs. Aime in every way they could to continue the School System’s successful student transportation services. Sheriff Strain was the keynote speaker, telling those present of his days as a school bus driver himself. “I learned more about responsibility when I was driving a bus back in the late 1980’s than anything I’ve learned in my entire law enforcement career,” he told the group. “There is much in common in the responsibilities of school bus drivers and my deputies: you both drive thousands upon thousands of parish roadways each year,” the Sheriff said. “Just like you, we encounter the headaches, the grid lock, and the traffic nightmares each and every day, dealing with it on a professional basis.” He went over a list of the most dangerous intersections and roads in St. Tammany, naming how many crashes took place at each one. “We try to educate the public as much as possible about school bus safety, but there will always be people who will get citations for not following the rules,” he said. “We take this very seriously, and the courts are also very serious about school bus safety.” He reported that he has heard throughout the state how communities are proud of the work school bus drivers accomplish. “No one carries a more precious cargo than you do,” he said. Superintendent Folse said that Sheriff Strain was one of the biggest supporters of the School System and because of that relationship, many potential problems are avoided. “The School System has a solid working relationship with all of our law enforcement agencies, and we appreciate their efforts. This helps our bus drivers provide safe and efficient student transportation each and every day,” he said. Also on the stage was Thomas Buell, chairman of the 911 Emergency Communications Board, which outlined ways in which the 911 phone system could be useful for bus drivers in times of emergency. Others on the agenda were Assistant Superintendent of Administration Bill Brady, Early Childhood Coordinator Mrs. Johnnie Alford, and Supervisor of Administration Kevin Darouse, who talked about the Positive Behavior Support program. Mrs. Elsie Burkhalter, president of the St. Tammany Federation of Teachers and School Employees, was also among scheduled speakers, as was School System Risk Manager Kirt Gaspard. Handouts were given out to help the bus owner/operators follow proper procedures in incident management and reporting, vehicle inspection, and safety practices for students and drivers. The importance of safety drills was also noted. 10/19/2011 Food Service Managers, Principals Visit White House The 25 School cafeteria managers and their principals from the St. Tammany Parish Public School System who earned top honors in a USDA child nutrition program were invited to the White House on October 17 to take part in a recognition program being given by First Lady Michelle Obama. The reception spotlighted school food service programs across the nation which have shown excellence in their child nutrition programs by earning the “Gold Award of Distinction” designation in the USDA “HealthierUS Schools Challenge” program. The afternoon event took place on the South Lawn of the White House spotlighting those participants most successful in the HealthierUS School Challenge Program, a voluntary national certification program by the USDA that recognizes schools for outstanding food service departments and physical activity programs. In the presentation to the group of several hundred attendees, Mrs. Obama highlighted the accomplishments of school districts throughout the country, mentioning St. Tammany Parish Public Schools by name. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse III, Assistant Superintendent Bill Brady, and Food Services Supervisor Pat Farris also attended the White House event. “We are very proud of our Food Service Department’s accomplishment,” Brady said, praising the work of recently retired Food Services Supervisor Sylvia Dunn and her successor Pat Farris. “It’s a great day for St. Tammany public schools to once again be recognized for this.” Some 1600 schools across the nation have received the USDA award certification in one of four levels: Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Gold Award of Distinction. Of the 155 schools with the highest honor, Gold Award of Distinction, St.Tammany Public Schools has the highest number of schools with that designation. Those schools are Abita Springs Elementary School, Abney Elementary School, Alton Elementary School, Bayou Woods Elementary School, Bonne Ecole Elementary School, Brock Elementary School, Chahta-Ima Elementary School, Covington Elementary School, Cypress Cove Elementary School, Fifth Ward Jr. High School, Florida Avenue Elementary School. Folsom Elementary School, Honey Island Elementary School, Lee Road Jr. High School, Little Pearl Elementary School, Lyon Elementary School, Madisonville Elementary School, Magnolia Trace Elementary School, Mandeville Elementary School, Marigny Elementary School, Pontchartrain Elementary School, Riverside Elementary School, Sixth Ward Elementary School, Whispering Forest Elementary and Woodlake Elementary School. The St. Tammany Public Schools Food Service Program was also highlighted in a recent article in the regional magazine “Inside Northside.” Mrs. Obama visited Brock Elementary last September to commend the many St. Tammany schools which have earned top USDA child nutrition honors as well as launch the second phase of her “Let’s Move” exercise initiative for young children. She was greeted by hundreds of students at the school with cheers, songs, smiles, hugs, and handshakes. Let’s Move! is a comprehensive initiative, launched by the First Lady early last year, dedicated to solving the challenge of childhood obesity within a generation, so that children born today will grow up healthier and able to pursue their dreams. During her visit to Brock, she spoke to school food service personnel, School administrators, and community leaders, saying that St. Tammany Parish public schools have shown great progress in taking the steps necessary to reduce childhood obesity. She told school officials they could be proud of having 25 schools winning the top USDA designation. “Something like this doesn’t happen by accident. It happens because there are principals and food service managers and others who have made a commitment to put a lot of hard work in to make it happen,” she stated. In 2005 Cypress Cove Elementary in Slidell was given the very first USDA Gold Award in the HealthierUS Schools Challenge program. Within a year, every elementary school in the parish was recognized for having achieved the USDA Gold Award level. Cypress Cove’s successful efforts were featured in a half-hour educational television program produced by the National Food Service Management Institute (USDA) for its “Cooks for Kids” series. The “best practices” video showcased the ways in which students at Cypress Cove Elementary School benefitted from the emphasis on healthy cooking, and the television program was nominated for and won a Clarion Award from the Association for Women in Communications. 10/18/2011 Donation Presented for Defibrillators in Covington Schools The Kiwanis of Greater Covington made a donation to the St. Tammany Parish Public School System to buy three automated external defibrillators for Covington schools. The AED’s will be purchased and placed in Covington Elementary, Lyon Elementary, and Pitcher Junior High. Superintendent W.L. “Trey” Folse III said, “This is an important project and it is great to see our community coming together to support our schools in this way.” All St. Tammany Parish Public High Schools have AED’s on campus, but there is now an effort underway to put the devices in all 55 schools. The Jeremy Hebert Defibrillator Fund was established by the Hebert family after losing their son Jeremy, who was a student at Pine View Middle School in Covington. The family says this is a way to honor the young boy’s long struggle with heart disease. Jeremy’s mother, Ann Hebert, attended the check presentation, “Thank you for recognizing the importance of this initiative for our kids. You think of needing AED’s in the high schools because of the athletics but why not have the resources we need in all of our schools in case something happens.” Pine View Middle School has also received donations to purchase an AED. The Kiwanis of Greater Covington learned about the initiative and raised money to purchase the three AED’s. “We appreciate the opportunity we have to serve children in our community. This is what the Kiwanis is all about,” said Kiwanis of Greater Covington President Ed Murphy. 10/13/2011 Hasslock Re-creates New Orleans Street Name Tiles A graduate of the St. Tammany Parish Public School System, Nicholas Hasslock has blended his artistic capabilities with newly-acquired business skills to establish his own unique business supplying authentic street corner letter tiles to the City of New Orleans. He is also leaving room for community service projects, having recently completed work on the Hurricane Katrina Memorial and Mural in New Orleans, a fine example of his artistry and community volunteerism. He’s a poet, an artist, a ceramics engineer, and now, a business owner of the New Orleans Tile Company, which primarily supplies the colorful blue letters on square white tiles that adorn many of the older New Orleans street corners. He’s been in business three and a half years, and he approaches it with an earnestness to do it right. “Everything I do, people see it, and I want it to be the best,” he said. Now 29 years old, he grew up attending Covington Elementary, Pine View Middle School, and Pitcher Junior High and graduated from Mandeville High, remembering many of the teachers and principals who helped him along the way. Those in the School System who had the most positive impact on him were his third grade teacher Ms. Julie Fontan, Principal William Brady at Covington Elementary, Principal Cynthia Russell at Pine View, Mr. Chris Blackwell, the science and biology teacher at Pitcher Junior High. “And I’m pretty sure none of my teachers have forgotten me,” he says. It was the science classes he liked most of all during his public school education. As an artist, he likes to make a statement with his projects such as the Katrina memorial wall. It is located on the front of the Saratoga Building at the corner of Loyola Avenue and Common Street in downtown New Orleans, with 18 columns of names remembering those from New Orleans who died in Hurricane Katrina. He worked on the project with deep respect for what it represented. As a result, lining the names up and making sure the letters were properly etched was important to him. “This is literally done in stone, so it has to be right,” he said. “It took me six weeks to get the first three columns of names done.” He worked on the project many times through the night, when it was cooler, with less sun glare, and fewer distractions. The son of Tika and Steve Hasslock of Hasslock Studios, he grew up in the St. Tammany art scene. In 2006, he was approached by a New Orleans city civil engineer who needed high quality ceramic letter tiles to spell out names of the streets for a major construction project. After not being able to refer him to anyone, Nick told him he would be honored to give it a shot. It took him two years of hard work at his studio in the Marigny section of New Orleans to perfect the process, basically discovering the best method to create the long-lasting tiles. Matching the exact colors of the original tiles was a key factor, something that took an artist’s eye. “You just can’t pull any color off the shelf and use it,” he says. The original tiles were made in Alhambra, Spain and installed around the 1920's. His efforts to re-create the “genuine” letter tiles has paid off, and now that he has fine-tuned the process, he is branching out to produce tiles in other colors, fonts, styles or with custom images. His artwork has become a business, but he has learned to continue to enjoy it. “Whatever the project, I’ve got to have fun with it, and stay true to myself,” he said. Currently he is keeping his eyes open and his “foot in the door” for any future projects that will require tiles of the type he has become famous for. “I am acquiring new business skills as a result,” he said. Marketing his tiles for custom bathroom renovations is one avenue he is investigating. His motto has pretty much been, “I don’t have to save the world. I just do the best I can, and try to be an example,” he said. While working with the historic letter tiles has a low-tech aspect, at the same time he uses modern computers in the design process, and actual production requires an understanding of the properties of ceramics and engineering as well as chemistry. He explains in detail the process for making the tiles, describing the “magnetic soup that looks like gray pancake batter.” The production procedure is quite complicated. “There’s a lot of stuff going on that you can’t see when you’re making the tiles, but everything has to be right, or it gets brittle,” he states. “I sort of feel like an engineer during the process.” It also calls upon a lot of artistic diligence and the ability to follow an exacting recipe. He learned the basics of art from his parents, but it was junior high science classes that gave him the edge to making that art come to life in tangible, and commercially-viable ways. His art and business studio located in the Marigny section of New Orleans has given him a window to the world. “The nearby coffee shop has been a great place to learn,” he said. “You find people there you want to be like, and people you don’t want to be like.” In his neighborhood in New Orleans, there are tons of contrasting viewpoints as well. “It’s huge, beautifully chaotic, and everyone’s allowed to be themselves,” he said. Such a parade of personalities has made him come to better appreciate the quieter lifestyles found back in St. Tammany. His advice to up and coming young artists is to follow their feelings and be on the lookout for inspiration from wherever it might come. “I’m happy to be able to do what I’ve done,” Hasslock said, proving his own real-life example of how art and business can be successfully blended. 10/05/2011 Students Get Day Off Friday For Teacher Workday Public school students will not attend classes on Friday, October 7, as teachers will be taking part in professional development workshops and carrying out record-keeping duties. The first grading period of the 2011-2012 School Year ends Thursday, October 6, and teachers will spend Friday attending professional development sessions in the morning and completing end of grading period record-keeping in the afternoon. Classes for students resume Monday, October 10. 10/05/2011 New School Scores Announced St. Tammany Parish Public School Superintendent W.L. “Trey” Folse, III and School Board President Stephen J. “Jack” Loup, III are pleased with the overall growth of the School Performance Scores in St. Tammany Parish. St. Tammany Parish Public Schools are on the State Honor Roll, receiving an overall district score of a ‘B’ with a score of 111.3. This score shows steady academic growth in many areas. Even with 55 schools, St. Tammany remains near the top in the state. The three districts ranked higher are much smaller school districts and contain some schools with selective enrollment. Every one of St. Tammany Parish Public schools is open enrollment. “This means we take every child who walks through the door, and we do our best to provide them with a high-quality education,” said Superintendent Folse. Board President Loup said he is proud of the success in St. Tammany, “We applaud all our principals, teachers, staff members and parents who work tirelessly with our children every day so that they may all excel.” “Although test scores are an important indicator of a successful school, we as a School System realize that many other components must be in place for a school to be truly successful in meeting all of the needs of students,” said Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III. “The faculty, staff, and administration at each of our schools are committed to educating and caring for all our students each and every day.” This year the Louisiana Department of Education announced a new accountability system to score school and district educational performance. It involves a different method for symbolizing performance rankings for schools and districts. In the past, schools were given “stars” based on school performance scores. The state will now be assigning letter grades based on those scores. Factors taken into account in determining school performance scores include attendance and standardized test results. Schools that previously received four or five stars will now receive an ‘A’, three stars will receive a ‘B’, two stars will receive a ‘C’ (and in some cases a ‘D’), all one star schools will receive a ‘D’, and an academically unacceptable school will receive an ‘F’. St. Tammany Parish is continually putting new programs into place to help transform the School System’s score and bring it to a higher level every year. “We understand there is always room for improvement, and we continue to work with all of our schools to help them reach their full potential,” said Cheryl Arabie, Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum Instruction. 10/04/2011 Fontainebleau Football Coach Honored By NFL Program Head Coach Mike Materne of the Fontainebleau High School Bulldogs has been selected by the National Football League as South Louisiana’s “Coach of the Week.” “I feel very honored to have received this award,” Coach Materne said. “I want to thank the panel for recognizing the hard work and dedication that our players and coaches have put in since January. They are the ones that I am the most proud. They are the real reason for our success thus far. Without their commitment to and hard work for the program, changes could not have occurred.” As a result of his selection, photographs and video were taken of Coach Materne at Tuesday’s football practice at the school, and he will be featured on an upcoming Sean Payton television show which airs on Fridays at 10:35 p.m. on FOX 8. The NFL will present a $1000 check to Fontainebleau High in connection with Materne’s recognition. Each week throughout the high school football season in all 32 NFL markets and Los Angeles, a local panel of club personnel, sports media and others select an NFL High School Football Coach of the Week winner. Honorees receive a grant check on behalf of the NFL team and the NFL Youth Football Fund to help maintain and upgrade their football programs. The program is designed to recognize high school coaches who, through their hard work and dedication to young people, create successful football teams and players, both on and off the field. Materne was named as the new head coach at Fontainebleau in March of 2009 after serving as an assistant coach beginning in 1997. Materne is a physical education teacher, who has also served as the Lady Bulldogs’ head track coach, while coaching the boys’ shot put, discus, powerlift team and javelin throwers. He has coached for a total of 35 years. He graduated from Brother Martin in 1971, where he was an All-District guard and played defensive tackle. He attended Tulane University on a football scholarship, but after a knee injury transferred to Nicholls State, where he received his undergraduate degree. He earned his master’s degree in Athletic Management from the University of New Orleans. 10/03/2011 Parish Fair Recognizes School System Leaders The 2011 St. Tammany Parish Fair opened its 102nd annual festivities last week with ceremonies featuring Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, School Board members, and former public school system Director of Public Information Linda Roan, now retired, to whom this year’s fair was dedicated. Folse thanked the parish fair organization for its commitment to public school students and for providing them with opportunities to learn, participate, and be recognized for excellence in a variety of activities. “The fair has always been important to our School System, and as Superintendent, I am committed to continuing that partnership,” Folse stated. He praised the Covington High School Band for its participation in the parade held earlier in the morning and for providing the music during opening ceremonies. Present during the morning’s events were School Board President Stephen “Jack” Loup, III; and Board Members Charles Harrell, Michael Dirmann, and Elizabeth Heintz. Under blue skies and cool breezes, the fair activities began on Thursday with the educational showcase building focusing on exhibits of student work from 55 schools. The exhibits theme was "So Much To See from A to Z," and the school displays featured student work and artistic talents in a wide range of subject matters. Many schools built models of landmarks and gave historical accounts of their communities. Mrs. Roan rode in one of the lead cars in the fair parade on Friday, and during the opening ceremonies she was commended by Fair President Dennis Glass for her 17 years of work in improving school participation in the fair's educational exhibits. Those exhibits are housed in a building named after former Superintendent C. J. Schoen, he noted. In her remarks, she said the honor meant even more to her since it comes from a group of such dedicated fair association leaders who continue each year to give much of their time and effort to display the culture and history of St. Tammany Parish through a variety of exhibits and competitions. “The schools see this as a great opportunity to spotlight the great work of students, especially those interested in agriscience,” she said. Folse added his praise for Mrs. Roan’s work with the fair, which helped to increase community awareness of school accomplishments over the years. “She was a great choice for this honor,” he stated. 09/28/2011 Bonne Ecole Elementary Awarded Four Interactive Whiteboards The Supriya Jindal Foundation for Louisiana’s Children is giving four interactive white boards to Bonne Ecole Elementary School in Slidell, and students were shown Wednesday how to use the innovative technology by Governor Bobby Jindal’s wife herself. Mrs. Supriya Jindal demonstrated the versatility of the technology to dozens of first and second grade students, saying that it would help their classroom teachers in a number of ways. She was greeted by Principal Dr. April Owens, Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, and Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie. State Senator A. G. Crowe was also on hand to greet Mrs. Jindal at the program. Interactive whiteboards are large white panels that enable teachers and students to interact with projected computer screen images. The whiteboards include access to a variety of learning programs, ranging from math to science to social studies. Mrs. Jindal’s lesson helped the students see the importance of math and science in everyday life, from the formulation of the toothpaste they use to the design and manufacture of football helmets. She explained how just the physics involved in the toss of a football was a key factor for successful games by the Saints. “Outside the classroom, our children are used to interactive video games and innovative technology,” she said. “We have to bring those highly-engaging techniques into the classroom environment." "Interactive whiteboards are something we are beginning to see transform education across the country,” she went on to say. “In this way, we have the opportunity to make a lasting and positive difference in education. Classrooms that once lacked computers, television, projectors or the Internet will now have all four with this device,” she said. St. Tammany Parish Public Schools have been installing a number of such interactive devices for years, with almost every classroom in the school district having access to one. “Our elementary students get excited about technology in the classroom, and the interactive whiteboards given by the Foundation will help expand their learning horizons even more,” said Superintendent Folse. “We thank the Supriya Jindal Foundation and our Covington neighbor Chevron for their outstanding support of public education and the vision which will insure even greater opportunities for our children far into the future.” Special wireless devices called ActivVoters were given out to the children to enable them to give individual feedback when Mrs. Jindal asked questions. The computer brought up internet websites with specially- prepared lessons on a variety of topics. The children then played an educational form of “Jeopardy” with subjects ranging from money and matter to addition and subtraction with a special bonus round on Louisiana questions. The Foundation is being aided by Chevron, its Gold Member Partner, in bringing more interactive whiteboards to schools across the state. With the technology award Wednesday, all first and second grade classrooms at Bonne Ecole Elementary will have the Promethean whiteboards, a laptop, speaker system, and the interactive student response system. Warner Williams, Vice President of Chevron’s Gulf of Mexico business unit which is based in Covington, said they were proud to help make the award of the technology possible. “Supplying cutting-edge tools and technology to schools through the Supriya Jindal Foundation not only invests in our youth to realize their full potential, but it also provides our community with a talented pool of individuals who will become the workers of tomorrow.” Mrs. Jindal is aiming to instill a love of science and math into Louisiana children through her school visits. On behalf of her Foundation, she had earlier delivered six interactive whiteboards to Magnolia Trace Elementary in Mandeville in December of 2009. The Foundation has awarded a whiteboard system to more than 220 classrooms across Louisiana. 09/26/2011 Schools To Close September 30 For Parish Fair Holiday Students in the St. Tammany Parish Public School System will have the day off on Friday, September 30, to visit the annual parish fair and see its variety of horticultural exhibits, livestock competitions, community arts and crafts, home economics displays and examples of excellent local efforts in many other fields. Designated as “School Day” at the parish fair in Covington, the holiday will also give students and their parents the opportunity to visit the many educational exhibits at the fairgrounds. These exhibits feature student work in grade levels kindergarten through 12th grade. The four day schedule of activities includes many other special events and family-oriented attractions. The fair begins on Thursday, September 29, and runs through Sunday morning, October 1. School System support offices will also close on Friday. They will re-open and classes will resume on Monday, October 3, 2011. The School System has partnered with the parish fair association for decades to give students the Friday of the fair off so they could participate in many key fair activities such as providing marching bands in the fair parade, taking part in livestock shows, and displaying 4-H Club and FFA Chapter projects. For more information about the St. Tammany Parish Fair, visit http://www.sttammanyparishfair.info/ 09/25/2011 Bayou Lacombe Middle School Holds Ribbon Cutting Scores of community well-wishers, School Board officials, and administrators visited Bayou Lacombe Middle School Friday morning for a special open house event which ended with the cutting of a ribbon for the school’s major renovation project. Dozens of students sang and shouted cheers during the program recognizing the history of the school, the completion of its renovations and the many special visitors of the day, including Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III; Assistant Superintendents Pete Jabbia, Cheryl Arabie, and William Brady, who served as principal of the school from 1975 to 1980. A school wide essay contest was held to give students a chance to say what the school meant to them, particularly the newly-improved facilities. The essay contest winners from the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades read their winning entries, and a video was shown with before and after shots from the renovation. The ribbon cutting ceremony included School Board Members Peggy Seeley, John Lamarque, and Willie Jeter. Parents and grandparents of the children also attended the event. Tours of the newly-upgraded classroom wings were taken by School Board officials and other visitors, with refreshments served in the school cafeteria. Principal Patrick Woods welcomed those present, saying the kids were very excited about the recent renovations. “It was amazing to see what has been done,” he said. Superintendent Folse said the school had undergone a transformation, especially with the attractive new entrance area. The work involved complete renovation of two classroom wings, new covered walkways, new air conditioning systems, a new generator and sewerage facilities, as well as building of a new entrance canopy oriented towards the corner. Portions of the administrative area were upgraded, and a new paved parking lot was also added. Visiting administrators included Principal Casey Gleason from Chahta-Ima Elementary School and Principal Anthony Esposito from Carolyn Park Middle School. 09/23/2011 Schools Plant Legacy Gardens The Legacy School Garden project is a collaborative effort of the St. Tammany Public School System, Master Gardeners of the LSU Ag Center, the Boy Scouts, PTA groups, and Jinx Vidrine’s Legacy School Gardens Fund. Seven schools are currently taking part with ten different pilot garden projects. Dr. Vidrine’s Northshore Community Foundation is providing “seed” grants for establishing the project in elementary schools throughout the parish. The organization’s mission is to partner with the community for the purpose of creating a vegetable garden at the schools, with a long-range vision to connect children to the food they eat, thus leading to better health both for them and the community. The Legacy School Garden project provides organic soil, vegetable seeds and seedlings, a garden hose and sprinkler, and enough mulch for a four foot by four foot garden area. It includes garden curriculum resources so teachers can provide students with appropriate lessons on gardening and related subjects. The gardens will be used as an “outdoor classroom” to teach various aspects of science, math, language arts, social studies, art, geography, as well as sustainability. According to project organizers, students engaged in gardening activities have shown enhanced academic achievement, an awareness of the importance of good health, and a better developed “sense of place.” The project instills in them environmental stewardship and encourages greater community and social development, said Christy Paulsell, science curriculum specialist with the School System. Thanks to the funding and volunteer efforts of the Legacy School Gardens initiative, pilot school projects have been launched at Lyon Elementary, Bayou Woods Elementary, Cypress Cove Elementary, Mandeville Elementary, Abita Springs Elementary, Chahta-Ima Elementary, and Lee Road Junior High. The ten Legacy School Garden boxes were built and delivered by Eagle Scout Canon Henton. Three schools received two boxes each because two teachers from the school attended the “Legacy School Garden” in-service workshop during the summer with Dr. Kiki Fontenot, Director of School and Community Gardens for the LSU Ag Center. For more information about the “Rooting the Future- Help Grow A School Garden” program, visit the Northshore Community Foundation website at www.northshorefoundation.org. 09/22/2011 Fontainebleau High Student Receives HERO Award Laurel Upton, a senior student at Fontainebleau High School, is the latest recipient of the HERO Award given by Sophisticated Woman magazine and Charter Business. HERO stands for Helping Eagerly and Reaching Out," and the award recognizes young leaders in St. Tammany Parish high schools for their accomplishments and community service efforts. Miss Upton was presented the award September 20 by Sarah Cottrell, Associate Publisher with G&A Publishing; Shelly King with Charter Business; and her principal Johnny Vitrano. A member of the school's varsity soccer team, she is also active with the National Honor Society, the "Bulldog Buddies" group, and a founder of the Secrets of the YaYa Seniorhood organization. Both the Honor Society and Bulldog Buddies emphasize community service and helping others, she said. She loves attending Fontainebleau and says it's like one big family. "Even though our senior class is really big, we've really come together this year," she said. "We are trying to accomplish our goals as a class. We do a lot of different things to help the community. It's been a lot of fun." Just last weekend, class members bagged groceries to raise money and collected canned goods for the local Food Drive. She was nominated for the HERO Award by the Fontainebleau High School To Work Coordinator Devienne F. Theriot, who said Miss Upton had been able to maintain academic excellence with a 4.0 grade point average while having two part time jobs in additional to her involvements with a number of school activities and organizations. "Outside of school she serves as captain for the Mandeville Soccer Club Premier team, and a member of her church's youth group," said Ms. Theriot. This past summer she went on a mission trip to Chicago and worked with the homeless people there, Miss Upton said. She was commended by Ms. Theriot for taking college level courses equal to 12 college credits. While planning to attend LSU, she has not yet decided on a major, although her goal is to somehow work in the art industry. Miss Upton has taken Art I through Art IV as well as an Independent Study Art Class, and she is currently taking part in the FHS senior internship program with a five-year plan centering on the arts. "Laurel is a hard working student whose passion for life sets her apart from others," said Ms. Theriot. "In addition, she is extremely kind and courteous, well mannered and goes out of her way to have a smile on her face while doing what she can for others." Sophisticated Woman magazine teamed up with Charter Business to launch the HERO award program earlier this year in an effort to honor high school students in St. Tammany and Tangipahoa Parishes who exemplify academic excellence, community involvement, leadership among peers, humanitarianism, sportsmanship, and the ability to overcome extraordinary circumstances. Each month a selection committee reviews nominations and chooses a recipient. More information about the award can be found at SophisticatedWoman.com. 09/20/2011 Kickoff Held For October Milk Contest St. Tammany Parish Public Schools will once again take part in the annual milk contest sponsored by Brown’s Dairy and the Southeast United Dairy Industry Association (SUDIA), in conjunction with the NFL’s Play 60 Program. All during October participating school food service programs will “Fuel Up to Play 60” by competing in the “Black and Gold Milk Contest.” Last year Madisonville Elementary won first place, Mandeville Junior High won second place, and the St. Tammany Parish Public School System won the top honors among the New Orleans area school districts in the “Moo Dat” contest. This year’s event kicked off at the Louisiana Superdome September 16 with a number of St. Tammany food service personnel, principals, and cafeteria managers present. First place winner will win $5000 in cash, a smoothie blender, and a pep rally with a New Orleans Saints football player. Second place will win $3000 cash and a smoothie blender, and third place will win $2000 cash and a smoothie blender. The purpose of the program is to encourage school districts to promote the consumption of milk by students. Schools throughout St. Tammany are expected to hold a variety of activities celebrating milk, from tailgate parties and story time events to milk mustache photos and parades. All public, private, and parochial school districts in the greater New Orleans area were invited to take part. Last year, the School System won the Grand Prize of a HOPSports exercise system valued at $10,000. The system is being shared by all the schools’ physical education classes, said Supervisor of School Food Services Pat Farris. 09/19/2011 Schools To Take Part in Recycling Rally Students across the St. Tammany Parish Public School System will soon be taking part in a special “Recycle Rally” program teaching the value of recycling used cans, plastic bottles, and cardboard. The “Dream Machine” Recycle Rally is a Kindergarten through 12th grade program sponsored by Waste Management and PepsiCo that gives schools a chance to earn rewards and compete for contest prizes, all while helping to make the planet a cleaner, greener place, and supporting post-9/11 disabled U.S. veterans. The program will increase the awareness of recycling among parents and the community, as well as step up participation in a number of recycling projects already underway in a number of St. Tammany schools. In the Recycle Rally, students will collect soft drink aluminum cans and bottles, scan each item, and place it in a recycling bin. Waste Management will empty the bin once a week on Wednesdays. Any available space left in the container can be used for other recyclable items, such as cardboard boxes and clean food cans from the cafeteria. The program teaches the importance of recycling and establishing it as a routine in the lives of students. Schools earn points for each acceptable bottle or can, with the points going towards a variety different rewards. Schools will also be eligible for large monetary prizes as well. The program also provides interactive learning, education opportunities on recycling. Each school applies on the program website, sets up the Recycle Rally program in their school, and after collecting, scanning, and having the bin picked up, they can redeem rewards through the “Greenopolis” rewards program. Points can be redeemed for a variety of products and purposes, from sporting goods and electronics to educational events and music, books and videos. In April, the schools that have the best recycling programs will compete for a $50,000 Dream Green School Makeover Grand Prize, a $25,000 Quantity Counts Award or fifty other awards. There are also three-month “Trimester” awards for the most successful recycling efforts. For more information, visit the www.dreammachinerecyclerally.com website. 09/16/2011 Monteleone Junior High Wins Student Health Award Monteleone Junior High School recently received one of only three School Health Awards (SHA) given by the State Department of Education for the 2010-11 school year, an annual award created to recognize schools with activities that encourage students to develop lifelong healthful eating and physical activity habits. It is part of an ongoing program to address childhood obesity in the nation for which St. Tammany has already been nationally recognized. Donna Nola-Ganey, Assistant Superintendent for the Louisiana Department of Education, notified Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, of the state award in August, saying, “You and your entire staff are to be commended on a job well done.” Representatives from the St. Tammany Parish Public School System and Monteleone Junior High School travelled to Baton Rouge to receive the award on September 14 at the 2011 Childhood Obesity Conference held at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge. The school was presented with a certificate as well as a cash award. The SHA award is sponsored by the State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education (BESE) and the Louisiana Department of Education. This year, partners in the SHA are the Pennington Biomedical Research Center and Healthy Lifestyle Choices. “St. Tammany public schools continue to be in the forefront of meeting the challenge of childhood obesity,” said Superintendent Folse. “When our efforts are recognized at both the state and national levels, we can be assured we are making a difference in the lives of children throughout the parish. Our excellent child nutrition program and outstanding physical education activities are providing health benefits to our students that will last a lifetime.” Coming from throughout the state, more than 475 professionals engaged in public health challenges facing children and youth took part in the fourth annual childhood obesity and public health conference. Its theme was "Reducing Childhood Obesity In Louisiana: Charting the Course for 2020." Childhood obesity is fast becoming the greatest public health challenge facing America, and St. Tammany Parish Public Schools were recognized last year for their successful efforts in raising awareness of the problem. First Lady Michelle Obama visited Brock Elementary School in Slidell a year ago to launch the second phase of her national campaign to solve the epidemic of childhood obesity within a generation. The Baton Rouge public health conference placed special emphasis on physical activity, nutrition and obesity-fighting behaviors. St. Tammany Public Schools were among the first recognized and have the highest number of participants in a national child nutrition “Gold Award” program administered by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). In that program, individual school lunchroom programs are recognized for outstanding food service and nutritional information programs. The 2011 Louisiana Report Card on Physical Activity and Health for Children and Youth will be released in mid-November. 09/15/2011 Safe Driving Campaign Focuses On Texting Dangers A national campaign to raise awareness about the dangers of texting while driving will be conducted locally by Allstate Penzato Insurance Agency and the St. Tammany Parish Public School System. The effort is being called “Thumbs UP to X the TXT.” Informational booths will be set up at St. Tammany public school’s homecoming football games over the next two months to explain the program and ask teens and parents to pledge not to send text messages while driving. Those making the pledge may add their thumbprint to a banner proclaiming the anti-texting message. The banner will then be donated to the school to hang in the commons area so all may see it during Red Ribbon week in late October. Persons taking the pledge will receive a thumb band with the words “txting kills” to wear as a daily reminder of their commitment. In addition, Family Pledge Cards will be distributed in a further effort to raise awareness of the dangers of texting while driving. Allstate’s Melissa Penzato of Covington stated that car crashes are the number one killer of teenagers, and statistics show that just reaching for a phone while driving increases an individual’s risk of a crash nine times. “Texting takes our eyes off the road for an average of five seconds,” she said, “and at 55 miles per hour that’s like driving the length of a football field completely blind.” The project is being coordinated by the St. Tammany Parish Public Schools “Teen Focus on Safe Driving” committee. 09/14/2011 Students Collect Food and Funds for Food Bank Seven schools across western St. Tammany Parish joined together September 11 to conduct a highly successful food collection and money raising project benefitting the Covington Food Bank. Students collected nearly four tons of food and raised more than $700 in donations for the community organization as part of the 9/11 “National Day of Service” initiative. Students from Marigny Elementary, Fontainebleau Junior High, Abita Middle School, Covington Elementary, Pine View Middle, William Pitcher Junior High, and Covington High took part in the event. Other schools throughout the School System participated in similar community-service activities. A group of students who participated in the Covington area's 21st Century Community Learning Center “Junior Corps” spearheaded the community effort to help the food bank under the guidance of their teacher, Ms. Julie Alphonso. The service corps project alone resulted in the collection of more than a ton of food items for the local food bank. Some 48 students, teachers, and parents from Pitcher Junior High participated in the event Sunday at Wal-Mart, Acquistapace’s Supermarket, and the food bank. In a letter from Manager Paula Souhlas of the Covington Food Bank, Principal Roslyn H. Hanson of Pitcher Junior High was told how much the effort was appreciated. A listing of the schools participating and the items collected was as follows: Marigny Elementary - 238 lbs.; Fontainebleau Junior High - 308 lbs.; Abita Middle School - 1353 lbs.; Covington Elementary - 30 lbs.; Pine View Middle - 538 lbs.; William Pitcher Jr. High - 998 lbs; Junior Corps. 9/11 collections - 2160 lbs.; and Covington High - 2268 lbs. A total of 7893 pounds of food was collected, and the total amount of cash and checks collected came to $718.94. “Thank you for your tremendous efforts,” said Ms. Souhlas. “We appreciate the student-initiated efforts to get involved in community service projects, and the 9/11 National Day of Service was such an opportunity for schools to work together for a common cause,” said Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III. “Students, teachers, and parents working together is a great educational experience, one that not only benefits the community in direct and tangible ways, but builds citizenship and character as well.” 09/13/2011 College - Career Fair At SLU Offers Information The Northshore College & Career Fair took place at the Pennington Center on the campus of Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond September 13. The event was held in conjunction with St. Tammany Public Schools, Tangipahoa Schools and Southeastern Louisiana University. Hundreds of high school students seeking information on college opportunities, financial aid, or career alternatives attended. Representatives from a variety of colleges,universities, military services, training schools, and financial services were on hand to distribute information. Some students from St. Tammany Parish rodes buses to the event, with a large number arriving by cars. 09/12/2011 Patriots Day Observed By Schools Parishwide Schools throughout St. Tammany Parish took part in a variety of programs held in observance of Patriots Day with special appreciation expressed to law enforcement officers and firefighters for their dedicated service to the community. This year’s event held special significance as it was the tenth anniversary of the World Trade Center tragedy in New York. In keeping with the day’s theme, students made banners, cards, and welcomed visiting police officers and fire district officials on campus throughout the day. The School Board encourages principals at the beginning of the School Year to plan special events in keeping with the significance of the day. At Fontainebleau Junior High School, several firefighters and first responders from Fire Protection District No. 4 enjoyed lunch in the cafeteria and signed stones that will become part of a special “Remembrance Garden” on the campus. Students in a number of Social Studies classes painted scenes depicting police and firefighters at work throughout the nation. Those scenes will be sealed onto flat rocks that will decorate the garden, along with a water fountain. Principal Dr. Tim Schneider said he welcomes firefighters and police officers to his school throughout the year in recognition to their continued commitment to the schools and community. “Many of our students were too young to remember that day when it happened, so we try to hold programs to explain how it has affected our country,” he said. Members of the advanced chorus sang several songs for the visiting firefighters and law enforcement officers, and students gave them handwritten notes thanking them for their efforts to keep the community safe. Patriots Day was first established to honor the police and emergency personnel who lost their lives in the 9-11 World Trade Center tragedy in 2001. 09/09/2011 Employees With Perfect Attendance Recognized Thursday night the St. Tammany Parish Public School System honored its employees who have not missed a day of work over the past year. Dozens of employees attended the special reception in their honor, with a School Board resolution adopted thanking them for their dedication and accomplishments. Overall 157 employees achieved perfect attendance this year. Human Resources Supervisor Brandon Clanton emceed the event, with Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, on hand to congratulate the employees. The resolution was passed later that night at the September regular board meeting. It said the strength of the St. Tammany Parish Public School System is determined in large part by the dedication and hard work of the employees of the system; and exemplary employee attendance is one factor in the foundation of a strong employee work force. “Accountability goes beyond test scores to include a positive work ethic that supports strong academic performance,” the resolution went on to say, noting that employee attendance can be directly linked to student achievement and a positive learning climate. Board Member Elizabeth Heintz offered it for adoption at the meeting. In the resolution she said that perfect attendance by employees of the School System shows a high degree of commitment to maximizing instructional time and limiting disruptions to learning. “Perfect attendance by employees also serves as an example for students that can encourage improved student attendance and positive work habits that will serve students well through life,” she commented. Each year in September the School Board acknowledges the commitment of all employees within the School System who have perfect attendance records and commends them for their outstanding diligence and dedication. Those employees recognized for their perfect attendance this year were Deborah Morvant, Robert Fagan, Courtney C. Melancon, Glen Sanders, Thelma Ducre, Laura Tomes, Sharon Yoli, Nancy Blake, Kecia Hurd, Shantel Richardson, Vanessa Stevens, Patricia Rice, Richard V. Lynch, Donald Mathies, John Flowers, Alicia Fussell, Tyrone Callahan, Tammy Brewer, Priscilla Cyprian, Myra Rainey, Deidre Woodson, Paula Guzman, Richard Anderson, Amy Gates, Sharon Posseno, Ann Bankston, Shelly Boyles, Kerri Reynolds, Louise Zollinger, Sharlene Algaier, Steven Kassing, Diane Darce, Eloisa Da Silva, Jerome Cassidey, and Judy Anderson. Also, Lillie Burton, Marvin Perry, Mary White, Stephen Aucoin, Michael Gowland, Cindy Tillman, David Sykes, Jessica Chandler, Katherine Lemons, Denise Lartigue, Carolyn Joseph, Frances Post, Sherrel Alack, James Fife, Michael Woods, David Bernard, Karen Mathews, Cliff Delouche, Martha Junot, Christopher Nelson, Clifford Hinkle, Maria Franks, Susan Taylor, Allyson Bobal, Joycelyn Henderson, Harry Maillet, Andree Lachney, Kelly Grunditz, Karen Flowers, Adam Jenkins, Linda Gonzales, Larry Jimenez, Daniel Williams, Jack Homrich, Joseph Lemoine, Lawrence McNeill, Landon Washington, Jeffrey Davis, Gerald Hebert, Larry Hollie, Ernest Torregano, and David McGregor. Also, Timothy Badon, John Cannon, Jeannie Simmons, Melissa Erwin, Debra Annessa, Wendy Patrick-Domangue, Denise Breazeale, Mary Foss, Merix Batiste, Valerie Sorina, Susan Sproull, Stephanie Guillot, Susan Verdun, Theresa Pereira, Shirley Gray, Lewis Melton, Elijah Carter, Agatha Ambo, Pauline Motichek-Smith, Phyllis Malinosky, Charles Blanchard, Wayne Williams, Robert Jacquet, Lee McMooain, Floyd Blanchard, Katherine Ducree, Wayne Riviere, Delores Johnson, Annie Clark, Roy Hingle, Lucious Williams, Christian Stucke, Beverly Heisser, Sandra Aleman, Gregory Barfield, Billie Pendergrast, Evelyn Culotta, William Holliday, Danny Collins, Delores Landor, Walter Horrell, Dwana Drinkard, Timothy Polk, Melissa Morgan, Robert Larsen, Edison Doucet, John Dazzo, Deborah Loyd, Douglas Collins, Jackie Kelley, Haughty Hickman, Cassandra Hemphill, Gerald Hanson, Lloyd Latham, Paula Senette, Amanda Ducre, and Peggy Hingle. Also, Charles Bennett, Hattie Brink, Doyle Jones, Nancy Guillot, Cleveland Pellegrin, James Gray, Ruby Pepper, Roger Ferrier, Lester Graham, Alan Hingle, Herbert Joiner, Earnest Jones, Stanton Bruhl, Anthony McGee, Michael Droddy, Barbara Carr, Rodney Brady, Teresa Skaggs, Patricia Pustanio, Timothy Ball, Stephen Fitzmorris, Phillip Taylor, and Diana Andre. 09/05/2011 College and Career Fair To Be At SLU Sept. 13 The Northshore College & Career Fair will take place on Tuesday, September 13, 2011, from 5:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. at a new location, the Pennington Center, located at 1350 N. General Pershing Street in Hammond on the campus of Southeastern Louisiana University. For many years the popular event was held at Pelican Park in Mandeville and coordinated by the College Counseling Services of the St. Tammany Parish Public School System. The event is now being held in conjunction with St. Tammany Public Schools, Tangipahoa Schools and Southeastern Louisiana University. All high school students seeking information on college opportunities, financial aid, or career alternatives are invited to attend. Parking will be available in several lots, and security will be present to assist with traffic control and directions. Additionally, attendees may park at the arena and walk under W. University Avenue thru SLU’s tunnel and arrive at the door of the Pennington Center. Students may again pre-register their information at www.lacollegefairs.com to save time when they are visiting with Louisiana colleges and universities. Registration will go faster by printing and bringing the bar code from the website for scanning at the fair. 08/31/2011 St. Tammany Public Schools Get Top ACT Score in State St. Tammany Parish public school students in the Class of 2011 received an average composite score of 21.8 on the ACT, putting the parish at the top of Louisiana results. St. Tammany’s scores for the test were above both the state and national averages. “Our students excel in many areas, but having the top state ranking in ACT scores helps get their college careers off to a good start and has special meaning for their parents,” said Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III. “We acknowledge the outstanding efforts of the students, teachers, and administrators in keeping up our momentum in this area, and we hope to see even greater results in the future.” “We’re proud to be in the No. 1 position in the state,” Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie said. “While our score of 21.8 is the same as last year, we did see gains overall. Our English scores went up from 22 to 22.2 and our math scores went from 20.8 to 20.9.” From 2007 through 2010, St. Tammany Parish Public School System students have shown a gradual increase in the District composite ACT score. In 2011, St. Tammany’s District ACT score was matched by Central Community Schools in Baton Rouge. For twenty of the past 21 years, St. Tammany’s public schools have been at the top of the state’s composite ACT scores. In the 2011 results, the state composite score was 20.1 and the national composite score was 21.0, compared to St. Tammany’s 21.8. While District scores include only public school students, state and national scores include public and non-public school students taking the ACT. 08/30/2011 Schools Close For Labor Day Holiday September 5 In observance of Labor Day, public schools in St. Tammany Parish are closed on Monday, September 5. Support offices are also closed for the holiday. Classes will resume and support offices will reopen Tuesday, September 6. 08/25/2011 Lancaster Elementary Celebrates With Ribbon Cutting Ceremony More than 100 people turned out for the official ribbon cutting ceremony for Lancaster Elementary School west of Madisonville Thursday morning, many of them descendants of Joseph B. Lancaster, the school’s namesake and first Superintendent of the St. Tammany Parish Public School System. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, welcomed those present and introduced the many visitors and guests, including several School Board members. Judge Peter Garcia, the grandson of Joseph B. Lancaster, spoke about the family’s roots in the Madisonville area and the many contributions his grandfather made throughout his career. Principal Susannah Welch and her staff were congratulated for launching the new facility, and she said, “Our teachers, office staff and custodians worked all summer to prepare for the opening day, and I am very proud of our accomplishments. On the first day, the students bounced in those doors with big shining faces grinning like it was their birthday. It was a magical day, and I certainly will never forget it.” The new two-story school is located three miles west of Madisonville just north of Hwy. 22 and has close to 600 students enrolled. Second grader Marc Bonnett led the Pledge of Allegiance at the beginning of the event, and several students recited their ideas of why Lancaster Elementary was important to the community. A brief biography of Lancaster was read by one of the students. Superintendent Folse said it was Lancaster’s vision that set in motion many of the things that are being done by the School System today. “Many of his ideas about education are still true today,” Folse stated. “It is only fitting that we honor him with this beautiful high-tech school.” He presented the family with one of the shovels used in the groundbreaking on October 16, 2009. Many of the Lancaster family members had been present for the groundbreaking ceremonies. Judge Garcia listed many of Superintendent Lancaster’s priorities upon taking office, among them making education more available and extending the school year from three to six months. The planning of new school buildings was a top priority, as well as the hiring of more teachers and finding suitable housing for them. “Our duty is to put the public schools upon a good and thorough foundation and maintain them there,” Garcia quoted his grandfather. Among the School Board members present for Thursday’s event were President Stephen J. “Jack” Loup, III; Roanne Tipton; and Peggy Seeley, as well as St. Tammany Federation of Teachers President Elsie Burkhalter. Also attending were Assistant Superintendents William "Bill" Brady (Administration), Pete Jabbia (Human Resources), and Cheryl Arabie (Curriculum and Instruction). Folse thanked many of the people for their work on the building, including the contracting firm Donahue Favret Contractors and the architects Gasaway-Gasaway-Bankston. Lead Supervisor of Construction for the School Board Cameron Tipton and her staff were also recognized. 08/23/2011 Abney Early Childhood Center Holds Ribbon Cutting A ribbon cutting ceremony was held Tuesday, August 23, for the new Pre-kindergarten and Kindergarten school just east of Abney Elementary School in Slidell. A number of area dignitaries turned out for the special occasion, several of them former students of Abney Elementary. The new school, named Abney Early Childhood Center, opened its doors last week, with more than 200 children enjoying the new campus and its several cottage classrooms inter-connected with elevated and covered walkways. Among those cutting the ribbon were St. Tammany Parish President Kevin Davis; Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III; School Board members Stephen “Jack” Loup, III; John Lamarque; Ray Alfred; Robert “Bob” Womack; Robin Mullett, and Peggy Seeley; Slidell Mayor Freddy Drennan; Police Chief Randy Smith; City Councilmen Bill Borchert and Lionel Hicks; and St. Tammany Federation of Teachers and School Employees President Elsie Burkhalter. A special guest was Slidell City Councilman Sam Abney, a retired educator and grandson of the school’s namesake Walter L. Abney. Principal Nina Tyner welcomed those attending the event, recognizing School Board members and supervisory staff in the room. She said the children really like the new facility. The teachers were also excited about the new school, and many worked over the summer to get ready for its opening last week, she said. “Our motto is that Spartan Sprouts grow and learn through play each and every day,” she concluded. “Even while we are playing, we are learning.” Several students led in the Pledge of Allegiance and sang the “Spartan Sprout” Pledge and Song. Mayor Freddy Drennan presented Principal Tyner with a framed City of Slidell certificate congratulating the School System for the establishment of the new educational facility. Abney Elementary survived Hurricane Katrina almost six years ago, said Superintendent Folse, noting that many members of the community pitched in to help clean up the campus and get it ready for re-opening as soon as possible. “It is the commitment of the people on south side of Slidell that brought this school back,” he said. “That is a testament to the commitment of the parents of this community.” Kevin Davis, Parish President, an alumnus of Abney Elementary, recalled his days at the school, which was before they even had kindergarten. “The School System and its employees have made my job really tough, but in a good way,” he told the group. The excellent schools have attracted many new families to St. Tammany Parish, he said, and “we have grown as a parish especially in the years following Katrina. I am proud to live here, and we thank you for doing what you do for the children, the future of our parish. ” Michael Savoie Hunley and Rebecca M. Broome with the architectural firm of Moates Savoie Hunley Architects of Covington, designers of the new campus, were also on hand for the occasion. 08/22/2011 Lakeshore Student Receives September HERO Award A senior at Lakeshore High School is the September recipient of the HERO Award given by Sophisticated Woman magazine and Charter Business. Kaylyn Martin, known for her boundless energy both on campus and at community services in the area, was chosen as the HERO to be featured in the magazine next month. HERO stands for “Helping Eagerly and Reaching Out.” On hand to present the award were Shelly King with Charter Business and Sarah Cottrell, Associate Publisher with G&A Publishing, publisher of Sophisticated Woman magazine. She was nominated for the honor by her guidance counselors Michelle Canas and Stephen Watsey, who said she had been instrumental at Lakeshore in generating the enthusiasm necessary not only to chart a new course of a new school, but also to begin and continue traditions so important to the rest of the student body for years to come. “She is a good, well-rounded student involved in a lot of extra-curricular activities,” Ms. Canas stated. Kaylyn’s personality makes her a good role model for other students to look up to, she said. She has taken a variety of challenging honors-level and advanced placement classes, maintaining a consistent “A” grade point average. She plans to attend Northwestern University and study pre-med. Last year she volunteered at Lakeview Hospital, and this year will be serving as an intern at St. Tammany Parish Hospital. “We will be rotating through a series of departments at the hospital, so I will be doing a little bit of everything,” she said. The experiences will help her fine-tune her career plans. Winning the HERO award was a surprise, she said, but it’s a nice reflection on her many volunteer hours of community service. Miss Martin was a sophomore when Lakeshore High opened its doors two years ago, and now she is a member of the first senior class to graduate from the new campus off of La. 1088. Being in the first graduating senior class will be quite an experience, but just being a senior keeps one busy with the senior trip, the senior project, and a multitude of special events throughout the year. She thinks her senior project will deal something with studying the imbalances that can result in society between the working middle class and those individuals who are made into “celebrities.” Among her high school activities, she was an officer with the Lakeshore Dance Team, an active member of the Key Club, and helped plan the homecoming and prom. In her spare time, she has volunteered to help spruce up the Lacombe Head Start center, painting classrooms and distributing toys, and she also helped with a major clean-up effort at Fontainbleau State Park. Sophisticated Woman magazine teamed up with Charter Business to launch the HERO award program earlier this year in an effort to honor high school students in St. Tammany and Tangipahoa Parishes who exemplify academic excellence, community involvement, leadership among peers, humanitarianism, sportsmanship, and the ability to overcome extraordinary circumstances. Each month a selection committee reviews nominations and chooses a recipient. More information about the award can be found at SophisticatedWoman.com. 08/17/2011 Grants Awarded To St. Tammany Teachers For Technology Equipment Grants worth an average of $3259 each were recently presented to twelve St. Tammany Parish Public School System teachers by the Kelly Gene Cook Foundation/ Deborah Rochelle Teacher Grant Program, marking the tenth year for School System participation in the program. A total of $39,108 in grants were awarded in a ceremony in the atrium of the C. J. Schoen Administrative Complex. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, greeted the group assembled for the grant awards, saying that the School System was proud to be in partnership with the foundation. He congratulated the teachers and principals who had submitted the winning grant applications, which will fund classroom projects ranging from technology enhancement to environmental monitoring equipment. Grants went to Todd Tyler Jr. of Pearl River High; Richard “Vance” Lynch IV, Mary Martin, and John Thacker, all with Covington High; Keri McAllister, Stephanie Purser, and Suzanne Pichon, all with Bonne Ecole Elementary; Jennie Francart and Judith Anger, both with Clearwood Junior High School; Lauren Huval of Marigny Elementary; Karen Courtwright of Salmen High; and Phyllis Beatty of Folsom Junior High. Several of the teachers credited the Kelly Cook Foundation grants with enabling them to better engage their students with 21st century technology, especially in vocabulary building, research, and personal involvement projects. Grants will fund specific projects such as teaching social-media skills on how to respond respectfully to one another, establishing multi-sensory centers to increase literacy skills for autistic children, and providing environmental probes to monitor in-the-field conditions. Other projects deal with promoting critical-thinking skills through cinematography, investigating chemistry, improving algebra skills, and exploring career opportunities using “Fast ForWord” software. Ms. Rochelle explained that the foundation was created by her uncle in 1986. He died in 1989, and the teacher grants were offered to St. Tammany Parish school teachers beginning in 2001. Parish Schools Take Top FFA Area, State, and National Wins 08/16/2011 Members of the FFA from across the St. Tammany Parish Public School System were congratulated by the School Board Thursday night for their many top honors in a variety of area, state, and national competitions. Assistant Superintendent for Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie announced news of the many agricultural accomplishments attained this past year by FFA members from Covington High, Creekside Junior, Fifth Ward Junior High, Folsom Junior High, Fontainebleau High, Fontainebleau Junior High, Lakeshore High, Pearl River High, Monteleone Junior High, Lee Road Junior High and Northshore High. “Agriculture is much more than just chickens, pigs, and cows,” said Mrs. Arabie. “Through our agriculture programs, students develop leadership and inter-personal skills, teamwork, communication and knowledge of the economics of entrepreneurship.” Other skills include the learning the value of community service, patriotism, and citizenship. “These students live the FFA motto in their daily lives,” said Mrs. Arabie. “Learning to do, doing to learn, earning to live, and living to serve.” A part of the educational system for many decades, FFA has been shown to make a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth and career success through agricultural education. Tommy Peters, Agricultural Education instructor at Fifth Ward Junior High, said it prepares students for successful careers and a lifetime of informed choices in the global agriculture, food, fiber and natural resources systems. St. Tammany Parish is part of Area Four in the state FFA, which is comprised of 17 parishes and is home to about 70 chapters, Mrs. Arabie stated. She said there are over 200 chapters statewide. Peters introduced a large number of FFA members who had been recognized at area, state, and national competitions and conventions. Awards received ranged from landscaping, agriscience fair, and livestock exhibition to environmental science, public speaking, and biological sciences. He also introduced the parents of FFA members in the audience, saying the parental involvement in FFA is one of the keys to its success. He noted that at last year’s National FFA Convention in Indianapolis, the Fifth Ward Junior High FFA Chapter had been named a Two-Star National FFA Chapter. He also said that members of the Fontainebleau High chapter members won silver and bronze medals in Ag science fair and Fifth Ward members won a Gold emblem at the National event. Among those recognized were first place winners at the Southeast District Livestock Show and State Livestock Show, top teams at the Fall and Spring Career Development events. Lee Road, Fifth Ward and Pearl River had first place winners at the State Speaking Career Development event. The Floriculture, Forestry, Livestock, Dairy Cattle, Poultry, and Parliamentary Procedure Teams from Fifth Ward Junior High, won Top Middle School titles at Area and State competitions, as did the Nursery Landscape Team from Creekside Junior High FFA. St. Tammany Parish FFA members were also congratulated for earning industry-based certifications in a number of career areas, among them welding, canine care, meat processing, and horticulture. Many of those students took part in the dual enrollment opportunities offered in partnership with area colleges and universities. Peters announced that at the upcoming national convention in October Pearl River FFA Member Maria Milczarek will receive the American FFA Degree. William Mayfield from Pearl River will compete in the National Public Speaking CDE and Fifth Ward members Abigail Jenkins, Brandi Mowen, Delani Hopper, and Joy Nettles will compete in the National Ag Science Fair. For more information about the organization, visit http://www.ffa.org, laffa.org or contact the Agricultural Education department at a local school. St. Tammany also has a parish wide FFA Alumni Organization to help support members and chapters. Teachers Learn about Learning at Summer Institute 08/10/2011 Close to 2000 teachers recently attended Summer Institute 2011, a two-day professional development program presented by the St. Tammany Parish Public School System at the Treen Technology Center in Mandeville and numerous other sites around the parish. This year’s theme was “Creating a New Image of Learning.” The Summer Institute is an annual program that emphasizes interactive learning experiences, innovative teaching strategies, hands-on technology, and best teacher practices. Attending the seminars enables teachers to acquire Professional Development Banking Hours as well as Continuing Learning Units (CLUs) for re-licensure. Summer Institute seminars were held at Bonne Ecole Elementary, Fontainebleau High, Fontainebleau Junior High, Brooks Curriculum Center, Jefferson East, and the Covington Education Center. Seminars were presented on curriculum, instructional technology, classroom management, and instructional practices. Instructors for Summer Institute included master teachers, curriculum specialists, special education coordinators and facilitators, and company representatives. Students Return to Classes for 2011-2012 School Year (08-08-2011) More than 37,000 children from throughout St. Tammany Parish returned to classes Monday as the 2011-2012 School Year got underway. St. Tammany Parish Public Schools opened three new schools this year, Lancaster Elementary west of Madisonville, Abney Early Childhood Center adjacent to Abney Elementary School in Slidell, and Mayfield Elementary School, with students temporarily housed in Carolyn Park Middle School and Bayou Woods Elementary School until its own facilities are finished just east of Lacombe off U.S. 190. Opening day went smoothly as students from pre-kindergarten through 12th grade came back to campuses. “We always look forward to the first day of school,” said Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III. “And our teachers and administrators have worked hard during the summer, especially over the past two weeks, to help students settle in and get back to work.” A number of professional development workshops and seminars are attended by teachers over the summer to keep them knowledgeable of the latest educational programs. The St. Tammany Parish Public School System offers an emergency notification system to send instant alerts to parents and employees using a number of communication methods. The system will be used in the event of emergencies. Click here to sign up for instant alerts. The Payschools online fee payment service was activated on August 8. All schools are participating this year. Through the secure online service, parents can used their credit cards to pay a variety of school fees by visiting their school’s individual Payschools website. Classes To Begin August 8 for 2011-2012 School Year (08-03-2011) St. Tammany Parish Public School students will return to classes on Monday, August 8, for the 2011-2012 School Year. For registration information, visit this webpage. To view maps showing the attendance district boundaries for each school, visit the maps webpage. Clicking on the low resolution link brings up an overall map of the attendance area, and clicking on the high resolution link brings up street level boundary information. Supply lists for each elementary through junior high school are available by clicking on the “Supply List” link next to the school name on the School Directory Page. Clicking on the name of the school in the directory will bring up the school’s home webpage. Information on the Free and Reduced Price Meal Policy for students of the School System for the 2011-2012 School Year is available here. For information regarding school bus transportation, parents may visit the transportation department webpage and the Bus Route Database where they can enter a street address to determine nearby bus stops and bus driver route assignments. The Payschools online fee payment service will be activated on August 8. All schools are participating this year. Through the secure online service, parents can used their credit cards to pay a variety of school fees by visiting their school’s individual Payschools website. Bill Gates Scholarship Recipient Congratulated (08-02-2011) Paige Pichon, a 2011 graduate of Fontainebleau High School, was awarded a Bill Gates Millennium Scholarship this year, chosen from among 24,000 applicants nationwide. A total of 1,000 Bill Gates Millennium Scholarships were given for 2011, and twelve of those were from Louisiana. “This scholarship provides a four-year full scholarship to any school in the nation,” said Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, and graduate work is also funded. Recipients can receive up to $250,000 in scholarship money over ten years during the course of the program. Ms. Pichon, a resident of the Lacombe area, was commended for her volunteer work with the 21st Century Community Learning Centers, local nursing homes, and the Northlake Nature Center, where she participated in making 100 lb. tree identification marker stones. She also bakes treats for the nursing home residents and plays bingo with them, Folse stated. She has even helped teachers at Fontainebleau High help set up their classrooms before school started last year. “A wonderful role model, she embodies all that community service is all about,” said Folse. “St. Tammany is thrilled to have a winner receive one of these scholarships.” Her coordinators at 21st Century Community Learning Center said she is a true asset to the Junior Corps program. “All her hard work has certainly paid off for Paige, and we are excited about her future and all the good things that are going to happen for her,” Superintendent Folse told the School Board at its May meeting. The Gates Millennium Scholarship selects 1,000 talented students each year to receive a good-through-graduation scholarship to use at any college or university of their choice. The program provides the Scholars with personal and professional development through various leadership programs along with academic support throughout their college career. New Principal, Two Assistant Principals Appointed (08-02-2011) A new principal for Woodlake Elementary School in Mandeville was appointed by the School Board Tuesday night. Lelia Parker will replace Dr. Jean Krieger who retired this summer. Ms. Parker served as Assistant Principal at Folsom Elementary School for the past three years and earlier taught at Lyon Elementary School and Sixth Ward Junior High. She has 32 years of experience as an educator. Following her recommendation by Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, and appointment by the Board, she thanked them for the opportunity to serve the Woodlake Elementary community of educators and parents. Also, two new assistant principals were appointed for Mandeville area schools: Gary Malbrough for Magnolia Trace Elementary and Henry Thomas Heier at Tchefuncte Middle School. Marlbrough has been a second and third grade teacher at Magnolia Trace Elementary since 1999 and has also taught third grade at Woodlake Elementary. He told the Board he was looking forward to continuing to serve the students at Magnolia Trace Elementary. For the past six years Heier has served as an Adapted Physical Education Teacher with the School System, and he has extensive experience in inclusion practices particularly in recreational programs. He thanked the Board for his selection and told of his vision of positive educational impact for each child each day. He is excited about working with and growing with the Tchefuncte Middle School family of educators. Two Parish Educators Win State Principal of the Year Titles (07-23-2011) The Louisiana State Department of Education has named Anna Bowie of Lee Road Junior High School and William Percy of Slidell High School as the “Louisiana State Principals of the Year” in their respective grade-level categories. Ms. Bowie won in the Middle School/Junior High category, and Mr. Percy won in the high school category. More than 300 educators were honored Friday night during the Fifth Annual Cecil J. Picard Educator Excellence Symposium and Celebration in Baton Rouge. Several regional finalists representing St. Tammany Parish Public Schools were in attendance. After the announcement of the winners, Superintendent W. L. "Trey" Folse, III, said, "We are all extremely proud to have two of our outstanding principals win Louisiana Principal of the Year titles, and we congratulate Ms. Bowie and Mr. Percy for their efforts and accomplishments being recognized by the top educators in the state. Our principals winning regional and state honors such as these help ensure that we are providing the best leadership and educational opportunities for the children of St. Tammany Parish.” Principal Bowie stated that it was a huge honor to be selected. "Lee Road's successes are due to a wonderful team of teachers, parents, administrators, community members, and the world's best kids all working together. Our superintendent and school board are always appreciative and encouraging, but receiving this honor in Baton Rouge allowed me to 'spread the good news' about Lee Road School and St. Tammany Parish to representatives from all over the state of Louisiana," she said. Mr. Percy said, "There are so many excellent principals across this state, I am highly honored to represent them! No principal can be successful without the help of many people. This honor represents the hard work of Slidell High School's faculty and staff, the tremendous support provided by Mr. Folse and our central office staff, and the help of friends and family. I am honored to have been selected Principal of the Year and grateful to be working in the St. Tammany Parish School System." Ms. Bowie joined the School System in 2004 and has written articles for New Orleans and You, Kid magazine and a video script "Fire: No Match For Kids." She has earned a variety of educational grants. Lee Road Junior High is a Kindergarten through eighth grade school north of Covington. Mr. Percy began teaching and coaching at Slidell High School in 1975 and was named principal in 2003. From 1982 to 2001 he was principal of Northshore High. He was chosen St. Tammany Parish Public School System Principal of the Year in 1987 and 1993; Region V Principal of the Year in 1993; and a finalist in 1993, as well as a parish and Regional Principal Of The Year in 2006. He served on the State Commission on Secondary and Middle Schools from 1993 to 1998 and has also served on and chaired numerous Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Review Committees. Among those attending the event were Regional Finalists for the Teacher of the Year program Richard "Vance" Lynch of Covington High School and Darla DuBois Foley of Tchefuncte Middle School. Mr. Lynch, a member of the Covington High faculty for the past eight years, teaches computer science, including CISCO CCNA, CISCO IT, Web Page Design and Multimedia Productions. Ms. Foley teaches sixth grade. Principal of the Year Regional Finalist Dr. April Owens of Bonne Ecole Elementary in Slidell was also present for the occasion. She has been an educator since 1993, joining the St. Tammany School System in 2001. Dr. Owens was selected district teacher of the year in the 2002-2003 school year and was named principal at Bonne Ecole in 2007. "These awards highlight the best of the best here in the St. Tammany Parish Public School System,” said Superintendent Folse. Dream Teachers, a non-profit organization founded in 2007 for the purpose of recognizing Louisiana's finest educators and educational leaders and to encourage educational excellence, served as presenting sponsor of the event. Bus Transportation Hot Line To Begin August 1 (07-21-2011) To help parents get information about school bus routes for the 2011-2012 school year, a “Transportation Hot Line” will again be offered by the St. Tammany Parish Public School System before the start of school. The Hot Line will be open Monday, August 1, through Friday, August 5, from 7:00 a.m. until 7:00 p.m. The telephone number for the Hot Line is 985.898.3373. Parents can call the Hot Line to get the name and contact information for their children’s bus drivers, which will allow them to call drivers to find out bus stop locations and pick-up and drop-off times. “The Hot Line is a great tool for parents. It allows them quick access to bus information and provides details they will need for the first day of school,” said Superintendent W.L. “Trey” Folse, III. Parents can click on the Bus Transportation link on the School System's web site home page to find bus routes, bus driver contact information and pick-up points. School System Wins Awards At New Orleans Press Club (07-18-2011) For the fourth year in a row, the St. Tammany Parish Public School System has won recognition from the New Orleans Area Press Club for outstanding media projects during the past 12 months. Both Channel 13, the School’s System educational television channel, and the Department of Communications won honors at the 53rd annual Press Club Awards Banquet on July 16 in downtown New Orleans. Angela Daviston, a Communications Specialist with the School System’s Department of Communications, won a first place award for her photographs of the newly constructed Salmen High School in Slidell which were used in conjunction with printed materials for the school’s ribbon cutting ceremony. The judge for the award said Miss Daviston’s photographs exhibited nice angles and a good use of layout. In the category of Television Infographics, Trevor Cassidy with Channel 13 won a first place award for his “Finish Strong” entry, produced for the annual Teen Focus on Safe Driving program. The judge commented that Cassidy’s work presented an incredibly visual story bringing the stories of three local student athletes to life. “Beautiful animations and photography and editing make this a stand out winner,” the judge said. Cassidy also won a second place award in the category for his graphics on the video produced for the renaming of the Instructional Technology Center in honor of the late Governor David Treen. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, said, “We appreciate the New Orleans Press Club’s continued recognition of our media efforts. Through both print media and video, Miss Daviston and Mr. Cassidy are helping us to spread the good news about our excellent people and programs, and having the New Orleans Press Club honor our media productions in this way helps us know we are meeting the challenge of communicating our mission in the most effective and professional manner.” Director of Communications Meredith Mendez said this was the second year the department had earned regional recognition through Miss Daviston’s talented efforts. “We are honored by this award from the Press Club. Miss Daviston has exceptional talent and dedication to the School System. The Salmen High School publication was very dear to our hearts because of the story of the school following its destruction by Hurricane Katrina. Miss Daviston’s photographs truly highlight the new Salmen High and the effort that went into rebuilding the school,” said Ms. Mendez. Director of Broadcasting Melody Swang expressed appreciation for Cassidy’s excellent efforts as well. “Trevor is extremely talented and we are very proud of his work with Channel 13. He interned with us while in high school so this acknowledgement is very special to us all.” At last year’s Press Club event, Daviston won first place in the brochure design competition for the STAR Employee-Business Program brochure; Channel 13’s Kevin Mumphrey won first place in the Documentary category for his video on Preservation Plaza, and Trevor Cassidy earned a first place award for his graphics on the Preservation Plaza video. New Teachers Given School System Overview (07-17-2011) More than 150 newly-hired teachers attended the 2011-2012 New Teacher Induction program at the David Treen Instructional Technology Center in Mandeville, a four-day event where speakers discussed a variety of subjects important to those instructors new to the School System. A final session for Special Education Teachers will be held on August 1st to spotlight special education issues. That day is for teachers of students with disabilities, gifted students and talented students. The annual program helps teachers new to the St. Tammany Parish Public School System become acquainted with overall goals, instructional strategies, and specific curriculum initiatives. In attendance were individuals ranging from educators with years of experience to others just starting out in their careers. The average years of experience among those in the group was 5.2 years. The event overview was presented by Dr. Holly Broom, Professional Development Coordinator, and Mrs. Kerri Soo. Attendees were welcomed by Pete Jabbia, Assistant Superintendent of Human Resources, and Superintendent W.L. “Trey” Folse III, along with several School Board members. The professional development event insures a high level of classroom performance by teachers new to the School System by introducing them to the local educational culture and providing a climate of understanding for what is expected of them. They are shown many of the programs being used to improve student performance, with sessions taught by the grade-level teachers who have a first-hand understanding of the various programs and how they work in the classroom setting. New teachers meet in small group sessions led by a “master teacher” for each curriculum topic and grade level, and some of the meetings are one-on-one for some subject areas. Efforts are made to familiarize new teachers with the latest techniques for encouraging student engagement so that a meaningful learning environment is assured. Topics ranged from online teaching tools and Blackboard to special education and STI, the Internet based system that gives parents access from home to check their children’s grades. On the second day of the event, workshops in curriculum, strategies, and resources were given at a number of school sites and curriculum centers. Attendees fanned out across the parish for instruction pertinent to particular grade levels. Special needs student programs were addressed on Wednesday, with workshops targeted to those teachers dealing with gifted students, disabled students, RNC students, and talented arts students. The fourth day of the program showcased districtwide subjects such as energy management, arranging for substitutes, the District Discipline Handbook, and various classroom routines and procedures. During the program, teachers were introduced to the various digital teaching venues offered by the School System. The highly-effective Positive Behavior Support (PBS) program was also explained in detail for the newly-hired educators. Chris Duhon Scholarship Recipients Recognized (07-15-2011) The five St. Tammany public high school students who have received scholarships from the Chris Duhon Stand Tall Foundation this year were recognized before the St. Tammany Parish School Board Thursday night, with Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, commending them on their accomplishment. Folse said that Salmen High graduate and pro basketball star Chris Duhon has contributed much to his school and community over the years, explaining that the scholarship program, now in its second year, provides $5000 to students who enroll full-time in the four-year college or university. The students are chosen for their outstanding commitment to community service and for having maintained a 3.0 or higher grade point average. The five scholarship recipients are Alan Joseph Cox of Salmen High, who plans to study nursing at LSU; Carley Marie Furlan of Fontainebleau High, who is already attending SLU studying Nursing and Pre/Med; Michelle Yvonne McElroy of Northshore High, who will study Kinesiology at LSU; Salmen High graduate Joseph Charles Alexander Renard, who will attend LSU to study architecture; and Bethanie Paige Tinker of Mandeville High School, who plans to attend Philadelphia University to study fashion design. “These five students are quite an impressive group, and we want to thank Chris Duhon for his efforts,” said Superintendent Folse. The Board passed a resolution recognizing Duhon for his belief that a well-educated child is presented with unlimited possibilities and that everyday is an opportunity to contribute to the quality of a child’s life through recreation, education and community service. “The generosity of Mr. Duhon and the Stand Tall Foundation serves as an inspiration to students everywhere that the importance of education and hard work can lead to a successful and rewarding future,” the resolution stated. After graduating from Salmen High, Duhon attended Duke University where he earned top baskeball honors, went on to play for the Chicago Bulls and the New York Knicks, and now plays for the Orlando Magic. After Hurricane Katrina devastated Slidell and his alma mater Salmen High in 2005, he brought in large amounts of relief supplies and began working to rebuild the community. The scholarship program joins other projects Duhon has initiated over the past five years, including a basketball camp, a Feed the Children program, and a fund-raiser golf tournament. More information about the foundation is available at www.chrisduhonstandtall.org. Fall Registration Begins July 27 For New Students (07-14-2011) Registration for all students entering the St. Tammany Parish Public Schools for the first time during the 2011-2012 session will be held on the dates listed below at the school the student will attend. Students changing schools within St. Tammany Parish, students who are entering the School System from home schooling, and parents or court-appointed guardians who do not have the required proof of residency must complete and Assignment/Transfer Request Form at one of the Child Welfare and Attendance Offices in Covington or Slidell. They must also obtain an Assignment/Transfer Request Form from one of those offices before registering at the school they will attend. This does not apply to students already in the Public School System going to a different school because of advancement to the next highest grade level. Every child, as a prerequisite to enrollment in any first grade of a public school, shall meet one of the following criteria: have attended a full-day public or private kindergarten for a full academic year; or have satisfactorily passed academic readiness screening at the time of enrollment for first grade. Students who have completed kindergarten at an accredited private school must furnish proof of attendance. Any child born before October 1, 2005, will be eligible for first grade, and any child born before October 1, 2006, will be eligible for kindergarten. Registration Schedule The hours of registration will be 9:00 a.m. until noon on the dates listed: Wednesday, July 27, 2011: Abita Springs Middle, Alton Elementary, Bayou Lacombe Middle, Chahta-Ima Elementary, Covington High School, Cypress Cove Elementary, Florida Avenue Elementary, Folsom Junior High, Fontainebleau Junior High, Lake Harbor Middle , Lee Road Junior High, Little Oak Middle, Little Pearl Elementary, Magnolia Trace Elementary, Mandeville Elementary, Mandeville High, Northshore High (1st Registration), Pitcher Junior High, Pontchartrain Elementary, Riverside Elementary, Salmen High - A-L (1st Registration), Slidell High, Tchefuncte Middle, Woodlake Elementary, and Whispering Forest Elementary. Thursday, July 28, 2011: Abney Elementary, Boyet Junior High, Carolyn Park Middle, Covington Elementary, Creekside Junior High, Fifth Ward Junior High, Folsom Elementary, Honey Island Elementary, Lakeshore High, Lyon Elementary, Madisonville Elementary, Madisonville Junior High, Mandeville Junior High, Mandeville Middle, Marigny Elementary, Monteleone Junior High, Northshore High (2nd Registration), Pearl River High, Salmen High M-L (2nd Registration), St. Tammany Junior High, Sixth Ward Elementary, and Slidell Junior High. Friday, July 29, 2011: Abita Springs Elementary, Bayou Woods Elementary, Bonne Ecole Elementary, Brock Elementary, Clearwood Junior High, Fontainebleau High, Lancaster Elementary, Mayfield Elementary, and Pine View Middle. Registration for Mayfield Elementary will be held at Bayou Woods Elementary School. REQUIREMENTS FOR REGISTRATION The following items are required for student registration: State Certified Birth Certificate, Social Security Card, Health Record of Required Immunization, Proof of Residency, Report Card/Records from last School/LEAP results (for in-state transfer), Assignment Letter (if applicable), and Custody Papers (if applicable) State Certified Birth Certificate - For those who do not have a birth certificate, you may contact the St. Tammany Parish School Board Annex in your area for information on how to obtain one. Contact the Covington Annex at 985-898-3370 or the Slidell Annex at 985-646-4917. Social Security Card - The Social Security number serves as the student’s identification number on all records. The Social Security number written on a piece of paper cannot be accepted. Health Record - State Law requires that all children attending school in the State of Louisiana have the following immunizations. This requirement includes students in the Title 1 four-year-old program and in pre-kindergarten through grade 12. Included are students who are coming into the St. Tammany Parish Public School System from another parish, state or nonpublic school. 1. DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis or Whooping Cough) – A minimum of four (4) doses is required. The last DTP or a booster is to be given after the fourth birthday. 2. Polio – A minimum of three (3) doses is required. The last polio or booster is to be given after the fourth birthday. 3. MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) - One (1) dose is required at twelve to fifteen months of age. A second MMR is required before entry to school. 4. Hepatitis B – Three (3) doses are required for first time enrollees into Louisiana public schools. 5. HIB – Four (4) doses or proof of at least one dose after fifteen (15) months of age are required for pre-kindergarten and noncategorical students to enter school. 6. Varicella (Chickenpox) – Two (2) doses or a history of the disease is required for pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, 1st and 2nd grades. 7. MCV4 (Meningococcal Conjugate) – Required for all students eleven (11) years old. These students must also have proof of booster doses of Tdap and Chickenpox. Dates of the above required immunizations must be recorded on an official immunization form and presented to the school at the time of registration. Contact the Slidell Health Unit at (985) 646-6445, the Covington Community Wellness Center at (985) 871- 6030 or the Greater New Orleans (GNO) Immunization Network Mobile Unit at (504) 733-3268 for immunization information. The immunization policy of the St. Tammany Parish School Board dictates that no child be allowed to enter school without proof of immunizations. Proof of residency - Proof of residency must be available, established using at least three of the documents listed below. All documents must be the most current available. Documents that are suspect or inconclusive may be disallowed and additional documentation may be required. Documentation may consist of a current utility bill (butane, electric, gas, water, cable or satellite communication bill), the current year W-2 form, the most recent federal or state income tax return, a vehicle insurance print-out from the parent’s or legal guardian’s insurance company, a signed residential building contract, a signed real estate lease agreement or signed mortgage loan documentation. All documents must show the name of the parent or legal guardian, the street or road address of residence or the utility service address (if using utility bills). Lease agreements must show street or road location and must be from a real estate office, apartment complex or mobile home property, not from an individual. U. S. Post Office box numbers, printed checks or drivers’ licenses are NOT considered proof of residency. Social Security Card - The Social Security number serves as the student’s identification number on all records. The Social Security number written on a piece of paper cannot be accepted. Custody Papers - Parents or guardians granted custodial rights of a student must present at registration the custody papers granted through a court system. Report Card/Records from Last School/LEAP Results - To ensure correct grade placement of new students, a report card and standardized test reports from the last school the student attended must be presented. Students entering fifth and ninth grades from in-state public, nonpublic or any home schooling program are required to show evidence that they have passed the English/Language Arts and the Mathematics sections of the LEAP (Louisiana Educational Assessment Program) test, as mandated by the State of Louisiana. For more information about the LEAP requirements, contact the St. Tammany Parish Public School System Testing Coordinator at (985) 898-6481. Assignment Letter - Students who are transferring within the St. Tammany Parish Public School System (other than those being promoted to a higher grade from feeder schools), students who are entering the School System from home schooling and parents or court-appointed guardians who do not have the required proof of residency (see Proof of Residency for requirements) must obtain assignment letters from a St. Tammany Parish School Board Annex in their area. Contact the Covington Annex at (985) 898-3370 or Slidell Annex at (985) 646-4917 for additional information. The Child Welfare and Attendance offices are located at 406 East Boston Street in Covington and 980 Ninth Street in Slidell. All Public Schools in St. Tammany Parish will open on August 8, 2011. PRE-KINDERGARTEN REGISTRATION Pre-Kindergarten classes are being offered at 22 school sites during the 2011-12 school year for four (4) year old children who meet program criteria. Registration for all classes will be held at the school located in the district where the child resides. The schools and registration dates are as follows: PRE-K REGISTRATION DATES Wednesday, July 27, 2011: Abita Springs Elementary, Abney Elementary, Alton Elementary, Bayou Woods Elementary, Covington Elementary, Folsom Elementary, Lyon Elementary, and Mayfield Elementary (Registration for Mayfield Elementary will be held at Bayou Woods Elementary).. Thursday, July 28, 2011: Florida Avenue Elementary, Lee Road Junior High, Little Pearl Elementary, Mandeville Elementary, and Woodlake Elementary. Friday, July 29, 2011: Bonne Ecole Elementary, Brock Elementary, Chahta-Ima Elementary, Cypress Cove Elementary, Fifth Ward Junior High, Madisonville Elementary, Marigny Elementary, Pontchartrain Elementary, Sixth Ward Elementary, and Whispering Forest Elementary. To qualify for any regular education Pre-Kindergarten class, a child must meet the following criteria: (1) Has reached four (4) years of age (48 months) before October 1, 2011; (2) Resides within the attendance area served by the school site; and (3.) Has a family who agrees to participate in activities associated with the program and who will sign a contract stating that agreement. In addition to the other documents required for registration, Pre-Kindergarten applicants must provide income verification – using at least one of the following documents: Food Stamp eligibility letter, TANF eligibility, McKinney Vento eligibility, most current W-2 form or two (2) most recent pay stubs. Other criteria must be met for some Pre-Kindergarten programs. For specific information about student eligibility, placement or the screening process call the St. Tammany Parish Pre-Kindergarten Office at (985) 863-1434. Families who do not meet grant eligibility requirements may be charged tuition to attend a Pre-Kindergarten class. Magazine Announces Hero Award Recipient (07-05-2011) Evan Rodick, a 2011 graduate from Covington High School, was recently selected by Sophisticated Woman magazine and Charter Business to be a recipient of the monthly “HERO Award,” an honor given high school students who have shown integrity and excellent character. A presentation was held May 18 at the school where magazine officials met with him and his father Eric Rodick, Principal Deborah McCollum and Counselor George Moore to congratulate him for his many accomplishments and winning the award. An article about him will appear in the July issue of the magazine. He will be attending Montana State University this fall and majoring in mechanical engineering. “I really love math and I really love art, and mechanical engineering kind of combines those two elements,” he said. A recent visit to Glenwood Farms, a non-profit organization that helps small farmers, impressed upon him the need for more energy-efficient farm equipment, so that will be something he will be working towards as he develops his mechanical engineering skills. “More efficient agriculture equipment will enable small farms to better compete with larger commercial operations which are trying to take over the market,” he explained. “Farming equipment is vital to everyone and most equipment could be improved.” The world-wide energy crisis is something he is definitely interested in, and he remains aware of the various alternative energy methods being pursued, from solar to wind to hydrogen fuel cells. This summer his senior art show is on display at Sorelli’s Brick Oven on Columbia St. in Covington, and he will also be working as a lifeguard. He sells his artwork on a consignment basis as one of the ways to earn money prior to heading to Montana to college. He was nominated for the HERO award by his father, who praised Evan for a lifelong ability to “help others,” starting in the first grade when his teachers would comment on his willingness to be helpful to his classmates. During high school he began tutoring many students in various subjects. “Students struggling with ACT knew they could count on Evan,” said his father. Evan earned a score of 35 out of 36 on his own ACT. He has worked with Habitat For Humanity many hours and also has worked at the Covington Food Bank giving out bags of food to the needy. He spends many volunteer hours at the fire station working on projects or washing fire trucks. Evan was commended for his artistic ability as well, and he has helped others learn how to paint and play the piano. The award was presented to Rodick by Sarah Cottrell, Associate Publisher with G&A Publishing and Shelly King, a Charter Business account executive. The HERO award stands for “Helpfully and Eagerly Reaching Out.” Sophisticated Woman magazine teamed up with Charter Business to launch the HERO award program in an effort to honor high school students in St. Tammany and Tangipahoa Parishes who exemplify academic excellence, community involvement, leadership among peers, humanitarianism, sportsmanship, and the ability to overcome extraordinary circumstances. Each month a selection committee reviews nominations and chooses a recipient. More information about the award can be found at SophisticatedWoman.com. Covington High Teacher To Attend National STEM Institute (06-23-2011) Dr. Patricia Edmiston, a teacher at Covington High School, has been selected as a Siemens STEM Institute Fellow for 2011. Chosen from among 4,000 educators nationwide, she is among the 69 participants who will attend the Institute in late July. Their names were listed in a full-page advertisement in the USA Today newspaper on May 11. The Siemens STEM Institute is a professional development program held at Discovery Education’s world headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland. It is described as an “action-packed” immersion program that promotes hands-on, real-world integration of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) in the classroom. The Siemens STEM Academy is focused on providing participating educators with new tools, skills and strategies for improving student achievement in the STEM disciplines. The Institute features meetings with government officials, leading scientists, and well-known educational researchers in the STEM fields. In addition, Dr. Edmiston will take part in discussions and workshops on topics such as using technology and social media in the classroom to improve student academic performance. Dr. Edmiston teaches AP Calculus and Algebra 2 Honors at Covington High School. She has taught ACT Preparation Courses for three years and has over 20 years teaching experience in secondary mathematics and science, as well as experience teaching at the university level. She has worked extensively with the Louisiana Department of Education as a professional development consultant, as well as a curriculum writer and editor. Dr. Edmiston is the author of “Math Essentials”, a Louisiana Comprehensive Curriculum course and is an alumnus of both the University of New Orleans and Loyola University in New Orleans. Dr. Edmiston stated she applied for the Institute because it is important to help students understand the importance of higher level mathematics in the real world. "Creating an integrated curriculum that includes other subject areas is important to me, and this professional development opportunity will help me to do this. I am excited to be a part of the Siemens STEM Institute and look forward to learning how to integrate even more engineering, science, and technology into my mathematics curriculum,” she said. The President of the Siemens Foundation, Jeniffer Harper-Taylor, and the Vice President of Discovery Education, Coni Rechner, commended Dr. Edmiston for her commitment to professional development in STEM as well as for volunteering her time to participate in the institute activities. “Through participation in the Siemens STEM Institute, it is our hope that you will return to your district empowered with new knowledge to share with your colleagues,” Ms. Harper-Taylor and Ms. Rechner stated. They applauded her and the District’s efforts to foster student engagement in STEM and improve student academic achievement in those critical disciplines. For being selected as one of the Institute Fellows, Dr. Edmiston represents a group of educators going above and beyond to foster the next generation of young leaders, Ms. Harper-Taylor said. For more information, visit the www.siemensstemacademy.com website. Board Appoints Administrators, Adopts Revised Budget (06-22-2011) Meeting in special session June 21, the St. Tammany Parish School Board appointed a new principal for Mandeville Elementary, named several new assistant principals, and adopted the final revised budget for Fiscal Year 2010-2011. Chantelle O’Meallie will serve as principal at Mandeville Elementary beginning next school year. She will take the place of Elizabeth Laine who was appointed by the Board in May as a new Supervisor of Instruction. Ms. O’Meallie is currently Assistant Principal at Carolyn Park Middle School and has served as a Parishwide Assistant Principal, as well as a teacher at Woodlake Elementary. The four new Assistant Principals assigned to specific schools were Patricia Nelson, who will serve at Madisonville Junior High; Travis Miller, who will serve at Pine View Middle School; Ann Cook, who will serve at Florida Avenue Elementary School; and Beth Bowles, who is assigned to Covington Elementary School. Appointed as parishwide assistant principals are Christian Monson, Sheri Jones, Amy Haley, and Melissa Easson. They join the pool of Parishwide Assistant Principals who serve where needed during the upcoming school year. The parishwide assistant principal program was established several years ago to give potential administrators a firm footing and knowledge of the responsibilities in becoming a principal. The Board adopted the final revised budget for the 2010-2011 Fiscal Year and also passed a resolution supporting a nationally-organized petition to Congress to provide “Regulatory Relief for America’s Schools,” particularly certain provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act. A number of school boards throughout the nation have adopted similar resolutions. Abney Elementary Receives TAP Achievement Award (06-21-2011) Teachers and administrators from Abney Elementary School in Slidell attended the TAP Summer Institute in Baton Rouge recently and during the main assembly were presented the Louisiana 2011 TAP Year One Achievement Award. “This is a great accomplishment for our school and for my staff,” said Principal Mike Alford. Abney Elementary is one of the largest elementary schools in the state in the TAP program. More than 100 schools from across the state attended the conference. TAP is a national teacher development program defined as “The System for Teacher and Student Achievement”, giving educators the tools for success. TAP's goal is to draw more talented people to the teaching profession by making it more attractive and rewarding to be a teacher. This is accomplished, in part, by giving teachers opportunities to learn better teaching strategies and holding them accountable for their performance. Cheryl Arabie, Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction, said “We congratulate the administrators and staff at Abney Elementary for receiving this special recognition, and we know the students there will be benefitting from the TAP professional development initiatives for years to come.” The TAP system was created in the late 1990’s by the Milken Family Foundation which brought together the best available research to develop a comprehensive, systemic school reform model to address the challenges facing K-12 education. TAP is now operated by the National Institute for Excellence in Teaching (NIET), with more than 20,000 teachers involved impacting the success of more than 200,000 students. Earlier this year, the Louisiana Department of Education (LDOE) was presented with the TAP Award of Distinction, which honors an organization for distinguished accomplishments and overall implementation of TAP: The System for Teacher and Student Advancement. United Way Honors School System Participation (06-13-2011) Two representatives of the St. Tammany United Way organization spoke before the St. Tammany Parish School Board June 9 to commend the School System’s outstanding participation in raising funds for United Way community service agencies. Assistant Superintendent of Administration William “Bill” Brady, and Dr. Jeffery Burgoyne, an Assistant Principal at Slidell High, were especially recognized for their efforts on behalf of the group. Shirleen Carter, executive director for St. Tammany’s United Way, and Charlotte Champagne, community impact manager, presented the group’s “Platinum Award” to Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, and School Board President Stephen “Jack” Loup, III, for the School System’s donation of more than $161,000 to last year’s campaign. Ms. Carter said it is phenomenal what the School Board does in contributing to community service organizations and disaster relief efforts. Ms. Carter commended Assistant Superintendent of Administration Brady for his many years helping coordinate donations given by School System employees. He received a plaque naming him the “2010 Coordinator of the Year” for the group. Brady accepted the award on behalf of the 63 school and site United Way coordinators throughout the School System. “I start the program, and the site coordinators continue with the great work,” he stated. Ms. Champagne thanked Dr. Burgoyne for volunteering with the United Way’s 2010-2011 Community Impact Vision Council in the area of educational impact. He serves on the board that reads grant allocation applications, she said. It was announced that Dr. Burgoyne would receive another Greater New Orleans United Way honor on behalf of the School System, this one for being one of the top 60 groups supporting United Way in the area. The representatives also presented the School System with an award for its partnership with United Way in conducting the Dolly Parton Imagination Library’s area program. Starting in October of 2009, the agency launched the local book distribution program that provides young children up to five years of age books to read. More than 700 children in the School System are taking part in the program, receiving books in their home once a month free of charge. More than 7,000 books were delivered to the homes of children during the first year of the project’s operation. The many contributions of the St. Tammany Parish Public School System to the area United Way organization were recognized at the June 9 School Board meeting. Shirleen Carter, executive director for St. Tammany’s United Way (second from left), and Charlotte Champagne, community impact manager, (third from left) presented the group’s “Platinum Award” to Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III (right) and School Board President Stephen “Jack” Loup, III (left). The plaque was for the School System’s donation of more than $161,000 to last year’s campaign. Ms. Carter said it is phenomenal what the School Board does in contributing to community service organizations and disaster relief efforts. Two representatives of the United Way of the New Orleans area spoke before the St. Tammany Parish School Board June 9 to commend William “Bill” Brady, at left, and Dr. Jeffery Burgoyne, at right, for their efforts on behalf of the fund-raising community service agency. Shirleen Carter, Executive Director of St. Tammany Parish United Way (third from left), commended Assistant Superintendent of Administration Brady for his many years of coordinating fund-raising efforts for School System employees. He received a plaque naming him the “2010 Coordinator of the Year” for the group. Charlotte Champagne, Community Impact Manager for the parish United Way (second from left) thanked Dr. Burgoyne, an assistant principal at Slidell High, for volunteering his time with the United Way’s 2010-2011 Community Impact Vision Council in the area of educational impact. It was also announced that Dr. Burgoyne would receive an additional School System honor at an upcoming Greater New Orleans United Way meeting. The School Board is being recognized for being one of the top 60 groups supporting United Way in the New Orleans area. Check for Japan Earthquake Relief Presented To Red Cross (06-10-2011) A check for $51,640.94 was presented to the American Red Cross by Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, at the June 9 School Board meeting, the amount representing donations collected from throughout the School System on “Team Up To Help” Day in March. Funds were raised to help the victims of the earthquake and tsunami in Japan. Lou Kennedy, Senior Director of American Red Cross Chapter Capacity and Northshore Operation, thanked the Board and School System students and employees for the donation. Helping to present the check was Principal Roslyn Hanson of Pitcher Junior High School, along with students from the band and broadcasting class at the school. Pitcher was recognized as the school which raised the highest amount of money per student in the event. Superintendent Folse said the entire School System focused on coming together as a team in helping with the donations. “Never has our team spirit been more evident than in our efforts to help the earthquake and tsunami victims of Japan,” he explained. For a dollar donation students and staff were allowed to wear a sports jersey or hat to show off their team spirit and help the Japanese people. “After going through Katrina, we know how instrumental the American Red Cross can be in making sure donations get to the people who need them most,” Folse stated. Last year, the School System made a donation of $89,372 to the Red Cross to help the victims of the earthquake in Haiti. “As the recent experience in Japan unfolds, once again we have watched how a nation can be completely affected by multiple disasters,” Folse said. “Team Up To Help Day not only generated support for the Japanese earthquake victims, but it also demonstrated the powerful benefits of people working together as a team.” A check for $51,640 was presented to the American Red Cross by Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, at Thursday night’s School Board meeting, the amount representing a fund drive collection throughout the School System in March. On hand to take part in the occasion were the principal and three students from Pitcher Junior High, the school which raised the most money per student in the “Team Up To Help Day” event. Dollar donations from students, faculty and staff will go to help earthquake victims in Japan. From left to right are Principal Roslyn Hanson; students from the band and broadcasting class at Pitcher Junior High, Daniel Hebert, Taylor Jeansonne, and Kaitlyn McDevittt; and Lou Kennedy, Senior Director of American Red Cross Chapter Capacity and Northshore Operation. Chamber Names Educator of Distinction, Awards Scholarships (06-09-2011) The East St. Tammany Chamber of Commerce held its annual Educational Awards Luncheon recently, presenting three public school high school graduates each with a $1000 scholarship and naming Ellen Lamarque as the recipient of its “Educator of Distinction” Award for 2011. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, IIIl, spoke to the group about the St. Tammany Parish Public School System, updating chamber members on the accomplishments and wide range of services offered by the schools. He was accompanied to the event by his Assistant Superintendents Cheryl Arabie, Curriculum and Instruction; Pete Jabbia, Human Resources; and William “Bill” Brady, Administration. Steve Kernahan, chairman of the Education Committee, emceed the event, presenting scholarship checks to Rebekah Grommon and Rebekah Hodges, both graduates of Salmen High School; and Kaitlyn Fickle, a graduate of Pearl River High School. Each recipient was commended for their academic achievements, community service projects, and athletic activities. Mrs. Lamarque has taught mathematics for more than 30 years, currently at Slidell High, but previously at Delgado Community College, the University of New Orleans, Southeastern Louisiana University, and Salmen High. “Excellence in education begins with teachers,” said Kernahan, who said Mrs. Lamarque exhibited extreme commitment and devotion to her students. “She is a teacher who leads by example and is remarkable for her service to the community.” She is active in a number of professional organizations, community groups, and educational development programs and was recognized statewide for her efforts with the School To Work program. In 2005, she won the Substitute Teaching Institute National Award. The chamber’s first annual Educator of Distinction Award was presented last year to a teacher at Salmen High School. In addition to presenting scholarships and recognizing outstanding educators, the Education Committee works to enhance student skills development with Junior Achievement programs and helps students gain career experiences by working for chamber businesses. The East St. Tammany Chamber of Commerce presented three public high school graduates each with a $1000 scholarship during the annual Education Luncheon held recently in Slidell. From left to right are St. Tammany Parish Public School System Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III; Steve Kernahan, chairman of the Education Committee; scholarship recipients Kaitlyn Fickle of Pearl River High School, Rebekah Grommon and Rebekah Hodges, both graduates of Salmen High School; and Dawn Sharpe Brackett, CEO of the Chamber. Each recipient was commended for their academic achievements, community service projects, and athletic activities. Slidell High School Math Teacher Ellen Lamarque, second from right, was named the 2011 “Educator of Distinction” by the East St. Tammany Chamber of Commerce at a special education luncheon June 8. St. Tammany Parish Public School System Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, at right, was among the first to congratulate her for the recognition. Also on hand for the event were, from left to right, Assistant Superintendents William “Bill” Brady, Pete Jabbia, and Cheryl Arabie. Food Service Awards Spotlight School Nutrition Program (06-06-2011) The St. Tammany Parish School Nutrition Association (SNA) held its 2011 School Food Service Appreciation Dinner May 20 at Lakeshore High School with approximately 300 in attendance. The annual event showcases the service and accomplishments of the School System’s Child Nutrition Program and is an opportunity to thank cafeteria employees for the outstanding job they do during the year. Parents, principals and students who contributed to the school food service program are also shown appreciation for their efforts. The “Heart of the Program – Outstanding Technician” Award went to Nancy Brown of Riverside Elementary, and the “Extra Mile Award – Outstanding Assistant Manager” honor went to Sharlene Fogarty of Abney Elementary. Chahta-Ima Elementary won first place in the elementary category for National School Lunch Week competition, with Pine View Middle winning first place in the middle school category, second place going to Abita Springs Middle School. In the Louisiana School Lunch Week competition Brock Elementary won first place in the elementary school division, second place went to Madisonville Elementary, and third place was won by Bayou Woods Elementary. In the middle school division, Pine View Middle School won first place, Abita Springs Middle School won second place, and Carolyn Park Middle School won third place. In the junior high/senior high division, Pearl River High earned first place honors, with Lee Road Junior High winning second, and Northshore High winning third place. Top honors for Student Nutrition Advisory Councils went to Brock Elementary, Magnolia Trace Elementary, Lake Harbor Middle, Folsom Junior High, and Northshore High. In the awards given for Outstanding Food Service Programs during the 2010-2011 School Year, Brock Elementary and Magnolia Trace Elementary were recognized in the elementary category, Abita Middle School earned top honors in the middle school category, Fifth Ward Junior High won recognition in the junior high division, and Pearl River High won top honors in the high school division. Pat Farris, Food Service Supervisor, incorporated the theme of Teamwork into the banquet’s theme, which was “Go Team”. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, welcomed those in attendance, and Ms. Farris introduced the SNA Executive Board, President Kathie James, President-Elect Bonnie Bailey, Manager Representative Betty Lewis, Assistant Manager Representative Teresa Crawford, Technician Representative Elvia Heintz, Secretary Carolyn Pierre, Treasurer Cherie Sharp and Fundraising Chair Melissa Hoover. Among those attending were School Board members Mary K. Bellisario, Peggy Seeley, Charles Harrell, and Ron Bettencourtt, Assistant Superintendents William “Bill” Brady and Cheryl Arabie, and Cafeteria managers and Assistant Managers and their lunchroom technicians from throughout the School System. Also in attendance were the Food Service Department staff at the Central Office. Awards were presented to five Outstanding Food Service Programs for 2010-2011 recognized by the St. Tammany Parish School Nutrition Association (SNA) at its School Food Service Appreciation Dinner May 20. Representatives from those programs were congratulated by Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, (back row, right), and Assistant Superintendent of Administration William “Bill” Brady, (back row, left). On the front row, from left to right, are Darlene Lee from Fifth Ward Junior High, Conny Yevcinez from Abita Middle School, Shannon Landry from Pearl River High, Cindy Emmons from Brock Elementary, and Michelle Penton from Magnolia Trace Elementary. The event was held at Lakeshore High School. Donations From School System Total $18,206.25 For Autism Drive (06-02-2011) A fund-raising drive was held throughout the St. Tammany Parish Public School System April 21 in connection with “Autism Awareness Day,” and a total of $18,206.25 will be donated to the Northshore Families Helping Families (NFHF) group as a result. A donation of a dollar to the autism fund-raising effort allowed students and staff to wear jeans for the day on April 21. At its April meeting, the School Board had proclaimed April as “Autism Awareness Month” with the encouragement of the family support group for children with autism. The purpose was to help inform the public about the complex developmental brain disorder known as autism and issues within the autism community. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, said that by everyone working together, the School System could do its part to foster awareness of autism while helping the Northshore Families Helping Families organization provide positive support to enhance the lives of those affected by the disability. Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie told the Board that Autism affects one out of every 110 children in America. St. Tammany schools allocate many knowledgeable and specially-trained educators and resources to help families facing the challenge, she said, and she commented the NFHS organization for working with the School System in providing information, events, and support to parents with autistic children. Donna Slocum, executive director of Northshore Families Helping Families, thanked the Board for all that the School System does for children with autism. She noted it used to affect only one in 10,000 children, now, 20 years later, it has increased by 600 percent. “We are thrilled to have the School System join us in bringing greater public awareness about this disability,” she said. Summer School Underway at Lakeshore High and Online (05-30-2011) Summer school classes began May 30 for students taking part in the Ninth through 12th Grade summer school program at Lakeshore High School and also those taking a3 Virtual Academy online courses. Parents are urged to insure their students are attending the necessary summer school classes and logging into the online sessions for which they have signed up. For more information, click here to go to the a3 Virtual Academy summer school website. Summer school sessions for students in first grade through eighth grade began Wednesday, June 1st, at Clearwood Junior High in Slidell on the East Side of the parish and at Mandeville Middle School on the West Side of the parish. There are two sessions for high school summer school, the first being from May 30 through June 24, and the second being from June 27 through July 25. Many high school courses are being taught through the A3 Virtual Academy’s online courses. Elementary summer school operates from June 1 through July 21. Capital One Bank Scholarships Presented To Three Graduates (05-29-2011) Three St. Tammany Parish Public School System high school graduates have received Capital One Bank scholarships worth $5000 each for their first year in college. At a recent School Board meeting, Hugh Hamilton, regional executive of Southeast Louisiana, Capital One Bank, presented the checks to Thien Ninh, Jeffery Jackson, and Patrick McClain. Hamilton said that these students excelled academically, they excelled in their extra-curricular activities, and they received high recommendations from staff. Forty students entered the scholarship competition, which included writing essays. A graduate of Northshore High School, Thien will pursue a biology degree, leading to his goal of becoming a neurologist. He finished high school with a Grade Point Average of 4.434. Jackson graduated from Salmen High with a GPA of 3.9375, and he will study Computer Science in college, hoping to eventually design software for Apple Computers. McClain, also a graduate of Northshore High, had a 3.5 GPA in high school while working to help support his family. He will attend Louisiana Tech to study Computer Science. He was also recognized for being an Eagle Scout with 50 merit badges. He plans to become an officer in the U.S. Air Force. Three St. Tammany Parish Public School System high school graduates have received Capital One Bank scholarships worth $5000 each for their first year in college. At a recent School Board meeting, Hugh Hamilton, right, regional executive of Southeast Louisiana, Capital One Bank, presented one of the checks to Thien Ninh, center, with Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, at left. Hamilton said that these students excelled academically, they excelled in their extra-curricular activities, and they received high recommendations from staff. Forty students entered the scholarship competition. A graduate of Northshore High School, Thien will pursue a biology degree, leading to his goal of becoming a neurologist. He finished high school with a Grade Point Average of 4.434. Three St. Tammany Parish Public School System high school graduates have received Capital One Bank scholarships worth $5000 each for their first year in college. At a recent School Board meeting, Hugh Hamilton, right, regional executive of Southeast Louisiana, Capital One Bank, presented one of the checks to Jeffery Jackson, center, with Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, at left. Hamilton said that these students excelled academically, they excelled in their extra-curricular activities, and they received high recommendations from staff. Forty students entered the scholarship competition. Jackson graduated from Salmen High with a GPA of 3.9375, and he will study Computer Science in college, hoping to eventually design software for Apple Computers. Three St. Tammany Parish Public School System high school graduates have received Capital One Bank scholarships worth $5000 each for their first year in college. At a recent School Board meeting, Hugh Hamilton, right, regional executive of Southeast Louisiana, Capital One Bank, presented one of the checks to Patrick McClain, center, with Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, at left. Hamilton said that these students excelled academically, they excelled in their extra-curricular activities, and they received high recommendations from staff. Forty students entered the scholarship competition. McClain, a graduate of Northshore High, had a 3.5 GPA in high school while working to help support his family. He will attend Louisiana Tech to study Computer Science. He was also recognized for being an Eagle Scout with 50 merit badges. He plans to become an officer in the U.S. Air Force. Monteleone Technology Award Given To Covington High Teacher (05-25-2011) The 2010-2011 L. P. Monteleone Technology Grant Award was presented to Kassie Dasher, a teacher at Covington High School, at the May meeting of the St. Tammany Parish School Board. Technology Supervisor Julie Matte introduced Ms. Dasher to the Board, saying that she teaches 150 ninth grade science students at Covington High, having joined the faculty earlier this year. She was accompanied to the podium by her Principal Deborah McCollum. Matte explained how Ms. Dasher designed a class activity called “Sound, Science, Advertisement.” Ms. Dasher’s project starts with the study of sound waves, how they travel, and how they have different frequencies. Students will learn how to create and manipulate sound waves using audio editing software, then produce radio advertisements about characters from the literature classic “The Odyssey.” The results of the cross-curriculum project will be posted online. “I think Ms. Dasher’s students will have a very meaningful learning experience with this project,” said Ms. Matte. Ms. Dasher said it was the first grant proposal she had written, and she thanked the Board and school administrators for their encouragement and support. Her name will be added to the Monteleone Technology Award Plaque located at the Treen Instructional Technology Center in Mandeville. The award is named after the late Lenny Monteleone, Superintendent of Schools between 1995 and 2003. The 2010-2011 L. P. Monteleone Technology Grant Award was presented to Kassie Dasher, a teacher at Covington High School, by Technology Supervisor Julie Matte at the May meeting of the St. Tammany Parish School Board. Ms. Dasher teaches ninth grade science, and her project involves the study of sound waves, how they travel, and how they have different frequencies. Students will learn how to manipulate sound waves using audio editing software, then produce radio advertisements about characters from the literature classic “The Odyssey.” Ms. Dasher's name will be added to the Monteleone Technology Award Plaque located at the Treen Instructional Technology Center in Mandeville. From left to right are Covington High Principal Deborah McCollum, Ms. Dasher, and Ms. Matte. The award is named after the late Lenny Monteleone, Superintendent of Schools between 1995 and 2003. School Board Appoints New Principals, Assistant Principals (05-24-2011) Several St. Tammany Parish Public Schools will have new principals and assistant principals next year, after the School Board moved to fill vacant positions at its meeting on May 19. A new Supervisor of Instruction was also chosen. Elizabeth Laine was appointed as the Supervisor of Instruction at the Central Office to replace Supervisor Thais “Tassie” Wahl, who is retiring. Ms. Laine has served as principal of Mandeville Elementary School since 2007, and has extensive experience in reading instruction specialties and Positive Behavior Support implementation. Susan Perilloux Wolfe was appointed Principal for Covington Elementary School beginning for the 2011-2012 School Year. Currently an Assistant Principal at the school, she began teaching in 1975 and has served at Lyon Elementary School and Pine View Middle School. The Board appointed Kimberley Burgoyne as principal of Florida Avenue Elementary School in Slidell. She will take over for Principal Ramona Carlin, who is retiring. Currently Assistant Principal at the school, she has been in education since 1997 with assignments at Riverside Elementary and Whispering Forest Elementary Schools. The Board appointed Charlotte Burney-Tillman as principal of Pine View Middle School in Covington. She is replacing Principal Janis Daviston, who is retiring. Ms. Burney-Tillman has ten years of experience in education, most recently as principal of a New Orleans area charter school. With an educational background in health education, she has served in Houston area schools as teacher, principal, and college professor and with the New Orleans Recovery School District. The Board also appointed Dwayne J. Kern as principal for Madisonville Junior High School. Principal Fran Shea is retiring at the end of the School Year. Kern has served as Assistant Principal of the school since 2005, and has been in education since 1997 with assignments at Slidell Pathways and at Clearwood Junior High School as Head Football and Track Coach. In an Assistant Principal appointment for Abita Springs Elementary School, the Board named Elizabeth Caruso. Currently the Technology Resource Teacher at the school, she joined the faculty in 2004. Her experience includes teaching YES Classes and LEAP intervention skills at Fontainebleau Junior High and Folsom Junior High Schools. The Board also appointed Adam Barrois, currently Administrative Assistant at Creekside Junior High School, as Assistant Principal at the Pearl River school, beginning with the 2011-2012 School Year. He has served as Athletic Director there since 2009, joining the faculty first in 2005. Elizabeth Laine Elizabeth Caruso, left, and Adam Barrois, right, were appointed as Assistant Principals by the St. Tammany Parish School Board at its May 19 meeting. Ms. Caruso was appointed as Assistant Principal for Abita Springs Elementary School where she is currently the Technology Resource Teacher. She joined the faculty in 2004. Her experience includes teaching YES Classes and LEAP intervention skills at Fontainebleau Junior High and Folsom Junior High Schools. Adam Barrois is currently Administrative Assistant at Creekside Junior High School, and he will now serve as Assistant Principal at the Pearl River school. He has served as Athletic Director there since 2009, joining the faculty first in 2005. The St. Tammany Parish School Board appointed new principals to four schools during its May 19 meeting in Covington. They are, from left to right, Susan Wolfe, Kimberley Burgoyne, Charlotte Tillman, and Dwayne Kern. Susan Wolfe was appointed Principal for Covington Elementary School. Currently an Assistant Principal at the school, she began teaching in 1975 and has served at Lyon Elementary School and Pine View Middle School. The Board appointed Kimberley Burgoyne as principal of Florida Avenue Elementary School in Slidell. Currently Assistant Principal at the school, she has been in education since 1997 with assignments at Riverside Elementary and Whispering Forest Elementary Schools. Charlotte Burney-Tillman will be principal of Pine View Middle School in Covington. Ms. Burney-Tillmen has ten years of experience in education, most recently as principal of a New Orleans area charter school. Dwayne J. Kern will serve as principal for Madisonville Junior High School. Kern has served as Assistant Principal of the school since 2005, and has been in education since 1997 with assignments at Slidell Pathways and at Clearwood Junior High School as Head Football and Track Coach. Fall Registration Dates Announced (05-23-2011) Registration for all students entering the St. Tammany Parish Public Schools for the first time during the 2011-2012 session will be held at the school the student will attend on the dates listed below for each school. Students changing schools within St. Tammany Parish, students who are entering the School System from home schooling, and parents or court-appointed guardians who do not have the required proof of residency must complete and Assignment/Transfer Request Form at one of the Child Welfare and Attendance Offices in Covington or Slidell. They must also obtain an Assignment/Transfer Request Form from one of those offices before registering at the school they will attend. This does not apply to students already in the Public School System going to a different school because of advancement to the next highest grade level. Every child, as a prerequisite to enrollment in any first grade of a public school, shall meet one of the following criteria: have attended a full-day public or private kindergarten for a full academic year; or have satisfactorily passed academic readiness screening at the time of enrollment for first grade. Students who have completed kindergarten at an accredited private school must furnish proof of attendance. Any child born before October 1, 2005, will be eligible for first grade, and any child born before October 1, 2006, will be eligible for kindergarten. Registration Schedule The hours of registration will be 9:00 a.m. until noon on the dates listed: Wednesday, July 27, 2011: Abita Springs Middle, Alton Elementary, Bayou Lacombe Middle, Chahta-Ima Elementary, Covington High School, Cypress Cove Elementary, Florida Avenue Elementary, Folsom Junior High, Fontainebleau Junior High, Lake Harbor Middle , Lee Road Junior High, Little Oak Middle, Little Pearl Elementary, Magnolia Trace Elementary, Mandeville Elementary, Mandeville High, Northshore High (1st Registration), Pitcher Junior High, Pontchartrain Elementary, Riverside Elementary, Salmen High - A-L (1st Registration), Slidell High, Tchefuncte Middle, Woodlake Elementary, and Whispering Forest Elementary. Thursday, July 28, 2011: Abney Elementary, Boyet Junior High, Carolyn Park Middle, Covington Elementary, Creekside Junior High, Fifth Ward Junior High, Folsom Elementary, Honey Island Elementary, Lakeshore High, Lyon Elementary, Madisonville Elementary, Madisonville Junior High, Mandeville Junior High, Mandeville Middle, Marigny Elementary, Monteleone Junior High, Northshore High (2nd Registration), Pearl River High, Salmen High M-L (2nd Registration), St. Tammany Junior High, Sixth Ward Elementary, and Slidell Junior High. Friday, July 29, 2011: Abita Springs Elementary, Bayou Woods Elementary, Bonne Ecole Elementary, Brock Elementary, Clearwood Junior High, Fontainebleau High, Lancaster Elementary, Mayfield Elementary, and Pine View Middle. Registration for Mayfield Elementary will be held at Bayou Woods Elementary School. REQUIREMENTS FOR REGISTRATION The following items are required for student registration: State Certified Birth Certificate, Social Security Card, Health Record of Required Immunization, Proof of Residency, Report Card/Records from last School/LEAP results (for in-state transfer), Assignment Letter (if applicable), and Custody Papers (if applicable) State Certified Birth Certificate - For those who do not have a birth certificate, you may contact the St. Tammany Parish School Board Annex in your area for information on how to obtain one. Contact the Covington Annex at 985-898-3370 or the Slidell Annex at 985-646-4917. Social Security Card - The Social Security number serves as the student’s identification number on all records. The Social Security number written on a piece of paper cannot be accepted. Health Record - State Law requires that all children attending school in the State of Louisiana have the following immunizations. This requirement includes students in the Title 1 four-year-old program and in pre-kindergarten through grade 12. Included are students who are coming into the St. Tammany Parish Public School System from another parish, state or nonpublic school. 1. DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis or Whooping Cough) – A minimum of four (4) doses is required. The last DTP or a booster is to be given after the fourth birthday. 2. Polio – A minimum of three (3) doses is required. The last polio or booster is to be given after the fourth birthday. 3. MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) - One (1) dose is required at twelve to fifteen months of age. A second MMR is required before entry to school. 4. Hepatitis B – Three (3) doses are required for first time enrollees into Louisiana public schools. 5. HIB – Four (4) doses or proof of at least one dose after fifteen (15) months of age are required for pre-kindergarten and noncategorical students to enter school. 6. Varicella (Chickenpox) – Two (2) doses or a history of the disease is required for pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, 1st and 2nd grades. 7. MCV4 (Meningococcal Conjugate) – Required for all students eleven (11) years old. These students must also have proof of booster doses of Tdap and Chickenpox. Dates of the above required immunizations must be recorded on an official immunization form and presented to the school at the time of registration. Contact the Slidell Health Unit at (985) 646-6445, the Covington Community Wellness Center at (985) 871- 6030 or the Greater New Orleans (GNO) Immunization Network Mobile Unit at (504) 733-3268 for immunization information. The immunization policy of the St. Tammany Parish School Board dictates that no child be allowed to enter school without proof of immunizations. Proof of residency - Proof of residency must be available, established using at least three of the documents listed below. All documents must be the most current available. Documents that are suspect or inconclusive may be disallowed and additional documentation may be required. Documentation may consist of a current utility bill (butane, electric, gas, water, cable or satellite communication bill), the current year W-2 form, the most recent federal or state income tax return, a vehicle insurance print-out from the parent’s or legal guardian’s insurance company, a signed residential building contract, a signed real estate lease agreement or signed mortgage loan documentation. All documents must show the name of the parent or legal guardian, the street or road address of residence or the utility service address (if using utility bills). Lease agreements must show street or road location and must be from a real estate office, apartment complex or mobile home property, not from an individual. U. S. Post Office box numbers, printed checks or drivers’ licenses are NOT considered proof of residency. Social Security Card - The Social Security number serves as the student’s identification number on all records. The Social Security number written on a piece of paper cannot be accepted. Custody Papers - Parents or guardians granted custodial rights of a student must present at registration the custody papers granted through a court system. Report Card/Records from Last School/LEAP Results - To ensure correct grade placement of new students, a report card and standardized test reports from the last school the student attended must be presented. Students entering fifth and ninth grades from in-state public, nonpublic or any home schooling program are required to show evidence that they have passed the English/Language Arts and the Mathematics sections of the LEAP (Louisiana Educational Assessment Program) test, as mandated by the State of Louisiana. For more information about the LEAP requirements, contact the St. Tammany Parish Public School System Testing Coordinator at (985) 898-6481. Assignment Letter - Students who are transferring within the St. Tammany Parish Public School System (other than those being promoted to a higher grade from feeder schools), students who are entering the School System from home schooling and parents or court-appointed guardians who do not have the required proof of residency (see Proof of Residency for requirements) must obtain assignment letters from a St. Tammany Parish School Board Annex in their area. Contact the Covington Annex at (985) 898-3370 or Slidell Annex at (985) 646-4917 for additional information. The Child Welfare and Attendance offices are located at 406 East Boston Street in Covington and 980 Ninth Street in Slidell. All Public Schools in St. Tammany Parish will open on August 8, 2011. PRE-KINDERGARTEN REGISTRATION Pre-Kindergarten classes are being offered at 22 school sites during the 2011-12 school year for four (4) year old children who meet program criteria. Registration for all classes will be held at the school located in the district where the child resides. The schools and registration dates are as follows: PRE-K REGISTRATION DATES Wednesday, July 27, 2011: Abita Springs Elementary, Abney Elementary, Alton Elementary, Bayou Woods Elementary, Covington Elementary, Folsom Elementary, Lyon Elementary, and Mayfield Elementary (Registration for Mayfield Elementary will be held at Bayou Woods Elementary).. Thursday, July 28, 2011: Florida Avenue Elementary, Lee Road Junior High, Little Pearl Elementary, Mandeville Elementary, and Woodlake Elementary. Friday, July 29, 2011: Bonne Ecole Elementary, Brock Elementary, Chahta-Ima Elementary, Cypress Cove Elementary, Fifth Ward Junior High, Madisonville Elementary, Marigny Elementary, Pontchartrain Elementary, Sixth Ward Elementary, and Whispering Forest Elementary. To qualify for any regular education Pre-Kindergarten class, a child must meet the following criteria: (1) Has reached four (4) years of age (48 months) before October 1, 2011; (2) Resides within the attendance area served by the school site; and (3.) Has a family who agrees to participate in activities associated with the program and who will sign a contract stating that agreement. In addition to the other documents required for registration, Pre-Kindergarten applicants must provide income verification – using at least one of the following documents: Food Stamp eligibility letter, TANF eligibility, McKinney Vento eligibility, most current W-2 form or two (2) most recent pay stubs. Other criteria must be met for some Pre-Kindergarten programs. For specific information about student eligibility, placement or the screening process call the St. Tammany Parish Pre-Kindergarten Office at 898-6483, ext. 208. Families who do not meet income eligibility may be charged $400 tuition per month to attend a Pre-Kindergarten class. Ribbon Cutting Held For Covington High Weight Room (05-23-2011) The ribbon was cut on the new expanded and renovated weight room at Covington High School’s athletic facilities on May 19, with Superintendent W. L. “Trey Folse, III, and several School Board Members on hand. Present for the event were Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie, Covington High Principal Deborah McCollum, Head Football Coach Malter Scobel, Assistant Superintendent of Administration William Brady, Board President Stephen “Jack” Loup, III, and Board Members Beth Heintz, Charles Harrell and Michael Dirmann. Also present at the event were Coach Jack Salter, Wayne Fitzmorris, Darryl Graham, Jimmy Holden, Jeff Barker, Rusty Burns, Kevin Marse, Mark Holmes, supervisor of the project, and Keith Barre’, both with the architectural firm handling the project, Fauntleroy Latham Weldon Barre’. Principal McCollum said the project added new lights, redid the walls and the floor, added 15 feet to one end of the building, and brought in some new pieces of equipment, allowing students to work out in a variety of ways without changing stations. She mentioned that the new weight room will help the school address the needs voiced by First Lady Michelle Obama in her fight against childhood obesity. “Having this new weight room will help our students stay physically fit and to have longer, healthier, prosperous lives,” Mrs. McCollum said. Superintendent Folse thanked all those who had contributed to the project and to the athletic program at Covington High. “We know that this facility will be put to good use for the students here,” he stated. Coach Salter recalled the early days of football workouts at the school, saying the first weight room featured weights that had been made from porthole cutouts salvaged from the Madisonville shipyard. Students began using the room earlier in the year. The ribbon was cut on the new expanded and renovated weight room at Covington High School’s athletic facilities on May 19, with Superintendent W. L. “Trey Folse, III, and several School Board Members on hand. From left to right, front row, are Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie, Covington High Principal Deborah McCollum, Head Football Coach Malter Scobel, and Superintendent Folse. On the back row, from left, are Assistant Superintendent of Administration William Brady, School Board Member Beth Heintz, Board President Stephen “Jack” Loup, III, and Board Member Charles Harrell. Also present at the event were Coach Jack Salter, School Board Member Michael Dirmann, Wayne Fitzmorris, Darryl Graham, Jimmy Holden, Jeff Barker, Rusty Burns, Kevin Marse, Mark Holmes, supervisor of the project, and Keith Barre’, both with the architectural firm handling the project, Fauntleroy Latham Weldon Barre’. Donations of School Supplies Help Tornado Victims (05-21-2011) St. Tammany Parish Public Schools recently delivered a truckload of new school supplies donated by students from across the Parish to schools destroyed or damaged during the April 26 – 28 tornado outbreak in northern Alabama. The community service project resulted in the donation of 500 boxes of school supplies on eight pallets. Superintendent W. L. "Trey" Folse, III, said he was impressed with the efforts of area students to help send relief supplies to fellow students in the storm-ravaged area. The shipment consisted of crayons, pens, colored pencils, folders, pencil boxes, markers, rulers, paper, paper, notebooks, staplers, tape, and tape dispensers. They were delivered May 19 to the Tuscaloosa City Board of Education and the Tuscaloosa County School System. Pictured above, members of the School Board maintenance department and Superintendent W. L. "Trey" Folse, III, look over the list of donated items being loaded on a truck. From left to right are Dale Roark, Superintendent Folse, Ronald Batiste, Raymond Reno, and Jeff Barker. Folse said he was impressed with the efforts of area students to help send relief supplies to students in the storm-ravaged area. The shipment consisted of eight pallets loaded with crayons, pens, colored pencils, folders, pencil boxes, markers, rulers, paper, paper, notebooks, staplers, tape, and tape dispensers. They were delivered May 19 to the Tuscaloosa City Board of Education and the Tuscaloosa County School System. School System Collects $51,640 For Japan Disaster Relief (05-20-2011) Team spirit was in full force across the St. Tammany Parish Public School System in March as students, staff, and administration joined together to raise $51,640.94 for the victims of the Japanese earthquake and disaster. A check will be presented to the American Red Cross in an upcoming ceremony. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, said that “Team Up To Help Day” gave participants an opportunity, for a dollar donation, to wear items representing their favorite sports teams to show their team spirit and help the Japanese people. Recalling how Hurricane Katrina devastated Louisiana and the Gulf Coast, Folse stated, “As the recent experience in Japan unfolds, once again we have watched how a nation can be completely affected by multiple disasters. Last year, our school system rose to the occasion and delivered a sizable check to the Red Cross to aid the people of Haiti after their country was hit by an earthquake.” Schools Recognized For Meeting SPS Growth Targets (05-20-2011) Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie recently reported to the School Board that eleven St. Tammany schools have been spotlighted by the Louisiana Department of Education for their “Recognized Academic Growth” and eight schools had been named to the list for “Exemplary Academic Growth.” These are the K-12 Schools that met or exceeded growth target goals in the state's Accountability Program for the 2010-2011 School Year, as determined by their School Performance Scores (SPS), she said. Mrs. Arabie gave the principal from each school a flag which they can proudly display at their campuses that signify their status in the Accountability Program. Recognized Academic Growth is achieved when a school makes its “Growth Target.” Each year, schools must show improvement in their School Performance Scores by meeting a growth target. Growth Targets represent the amount of progress a school must make every year to reach the state’s SPS goal of 120 by the year 2014. The 11 Schools that met their Growth target are Abita Springs Elementary, Covington Elementary, Folsom Elementary, Fontainebleau Junior High, Lee Road Junior High, Little Oak Middle, Madisonville Junior High, Northshore High, Riverside Elementary, Salmen High, and Tchefuncte Middle School. Exemplary Academic Growth is achieved when a school that makes its Growth Target has all subgroups grow at least two points, and has not been placed in the School Improvement category. Mrs. Arabie listed those schools Abita Springs Middle, Chahta-Ima Elementary, Covington High, Fontainebleau High, Mandeville High, Mandeville Middle, Monteleone Junior High, and Whispering Forest Elementary. Mrs. Arabie also noted that Pontchartrain Elementary School in Mandeville earned a School Performance Score of 140.2 for 2010, continuing its Five-Star label. There are only 20 schools in Louisiana that meet the Five Star SPS criteria, she said. She then presented an award for the accomplishment to Principal Kimberly Thomas. Principal Kimberly Thomas, right, of Pontchartrain Elementary School was commended by Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie at the recent School Board meeting when she noted that Pontchartrain Elementary School in Mandeville had earned a Five-Star label for its 2010 School Performance Score of 140.2. At left is Assistant Principal Tish Meyer who also attended the meeting. Outstanding Students Recognized With Superintendent’s Award (05-20-2011) A 16-year-old sophomore student at Fontainebleau High School has won the 2010-2011 Superintendent’s Award for Outstanding Character and Citizenship. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, introduced this year’s winner at the May 19 School Board meeting, saying that from nominations received from across the School System, Justin Magrath was chosen for going “above and beyond” in trying to make the lives of others in his community better. A video produced by Channel 13 showcased Magrath’s efforts to help others, particularly as an Eagle Scout. “Citizenship is the quality of bettering yourself so you can be the best member of society possible,” he said in his nomination. Superintendent Folse presented him with a glass award trophy while commending him for his many community service projects. He participates in a variety of academic competitions, from the Literary Rally and Quiz Bowl, has taken part in numerous environmental preservation projects, from building purple martin houses to collecting pull tags, and is involved in efforts to prevent soil erosion by planting trees at Fontainebleau State Park. “I hope to improve the environment where I live, and thus the living conditions of all humans in the area,” he said. In addition, he is active in helping tutor fellow students. His efforts to improve his Boy Scout troop have proven remarkably effective in returning several of the group's activities back to their original purpose and meaning. He give much of the credit for his accomplishments to the teamwork of his fellow Scouts and the many community volunteers who worked with him on his many successful projects. “I have just been informed that Justin has also won the Spirit of Community Award Medallion from Prudential,” Superintendent Folse told the Board. Magrath thanked the Superintendent and School Board for their recognition, adding that St. Tammany has some of the best schools in the state because of their hard work and dedication. He also expressed appreciation to his school, his Principal Johnny Vitrano, and all those associated with Scouting, without which he would not be standing there receiving the award. “It is truly an honor to be recognized in this way,” he said. After Superintendent Folse’s comments, Hugh Hamilton, regional executive of Southeast Louisiana, Capital One Bank, presented Fontainebleau High School with a $1000 donation in Justin’s honor. “We have a lot to be proud of,” he said. Finalist honors in this year’s Superintendent’s Award program went to the Mandeville Middle School's Recycling and Energy Squads organized by teacher Candice Gianelloni. She and her Principal Kim Wood, along with several of the students involved, were recognized before the School Board. Superintendent Folse congratulated them for their efforts in taking care of the environment and also increasing a sense of civic responsibility throughout the school. “Members of these groups say that not only have they helped the environment, but they’ve also formed great friendships through their common effort,” Superintendent Folse said. A video by Channel 13 focused on the group’s goal to be good stewards of their school’s and community’s environment. They collect bottles and other items that can be recycled, keep precise statistics on the results of their efforts, and monitor classroom energy use, even during their recess times. The program lends itself well to the aims of citizenship and responsibility, said Ms. Gianelloni. “The students involved in the Squads are developing a deep sense of service to their community,” she explained. Students under Ms. Gianelloni’s guidance also help teach others the importance of recycling, while encouraging them to make pledges to save energy whenever possible. As part of the program, they received a grant from Coca-Cola and the Keep America Beautiful Foundation to pay for 20 recycling bins. “Through the use of these bins, our school has been able to offer our families and the surrounding community a way to recycle their glass, aluminum, and plastic items,” Ms. Gianelloni stated. Statistics have shown a marked increase in the project’s effectiveness through the course of the school year. “These student initiatives help create citizens better prepared to meet the needs and solve the problems of tomorrow,” Ms. Gianelloni said. “I’m very humbled by their dedication and the level of responsibility they’ve shown this year.” The Superintendent’s Award for Outstanding Character and Citizenship was established in 2003 to give the School System an opportunity to spotlight the many outstanding acts of character and/or citizenship by individuals and groups. The program aims to encourage and recognize the value of teaching and modeling good character and citizenship among the educators, staff, students, and groups within the System. Winners are chosen based on criteria such as respect, responsibility, caring, trustworthiness, fairness, citizenship, and decision-making. Twenty-eight nominations for the award were submitted this year. School Year Ends (05-16-2011) The 2010-2011 School Year has ended. Students reported to school only in the morning for a half-day of classes. The rest of the day was reserved for record-keeping duties for teachers and administrators. The 2011-2012 School Session will begin on Monday, August 8, 2011. Lists of school supplies needed for each grade level next Fall have been posted to the School Directory page. Students Win Honors in National PTA Reflections Contest (05-14-2011) Two students from the St. Tammany Parish Public School System have earned recognition in this year’s National PTA Reflections Contest. Designed to enhance arts education programs, the Reflections Program provides opportunities for students to express themselves and to receive positive recognition for their artistic efforts in dance, film production, literature, music composition, photography, and the visual arts. A song named “Together We Can Recycle” by Jolly Peta of Cypress Cove Elementary won an Award of Merit in the Primary Division – Music Composition, and Andy Zhou, a Northshore High School senior, won an Award of Excellence in the Senior Division of Music Composition for his song entitled “Together We Can Break Free.” The winners were chosen from hundreds of thousands of submissions from students across the nation who participated in this year’s program, themed “Together we can…” Each year the program provides opportunities for students to receive recognition for their artistic efforts and expressions. Their entries will be showcased in a virtual PTA Reflections gallery that will be set up later this year. Pine View Students Visit Hammond Airport On Field Trip (05-13-2011) Students from a fourth grade WIN Class at Pine View Middle School visited the Louisiana Army National Guard’s Army Aviation Support Facility at Hammond Airport May 12 for an end-of-the-year field trip. The new facility is one of two in the State of Louisiana, and it was built after Hurricane Katrina when the aviation support operations had to move from Lakefront Airport in New Orleans due to storm damage. The students learned that the new building offers 152,000 square foot of operations, maintenance, and storage. Some 30 aircraft can be housed in the hangars, which are built to withstand the winds of a Category Four hurricane. The facility has 20 Blackhawk helicopters, four LUH-72 Lakotas, and a plane. Asking a number of questions along the way, students were able to climb into the helicopters and see first hand how they operate. They learned that the Army names all of their helicopters after Native American Indian tribes, such as Blackhawk, Apache, and Lakota. The group also visited an operations map room where crews prepare instrument flight plans using a number of special aviation maps. Several missions were being planned dealing with the flooding situation along the Mississippi River. The tour included the group watching a helicopter crew perform its pre-flight check and then take off from Hammond Airport. The pilots and crews from this facility were among the first on the scene in August of 2005 to place sandbags on the broken levees in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. The facility also provides air assistance to state police and drug enforcement operations when needed. Following the tour of the aviation support facility, the group visited Cate Square in downtown Hammond and toured a children’s museum. HOSTS Volunteers Celebrate Record-Breaking Year (05-13-2011) As the school year draws to a close, a special meeting of HOSTS volunteers at Lyon Elementary in Covington gave the students a chance to thank their volunteer mentors and for the mentors to say good-bye to their students. The annual Spring Forum of HOSTS volunteers and parents took place in the gymnasium, accompanied by songs, statistics, and hugs. The participants, both adults and children, learned of the many records they had broken during the year: how many words were learned, how many hours were put in by the volunteers, and how much the children have accomplished as a result of the program. Principal Jeanine Barnes welcomed over 100 HOSTS mentors attending the event and introduced teachers involved in the program. Cindy Lester, coordinator of the HOSTS program, served as emcee for the meeting, with Title I Tutor Becky Gaspard taking part. With music provided by the Music Teacher Marsha Sykes, the students performed a special song of thanks to their mentors. Before they left for lunch, the students were able to visit with their mentors for one last time. There were plenty of handshakes, words of encouragement, and hugs. HOSTS stands for “Helping One Student To Succeed.” Volunteers meet with students once or twice a week for individual tutoring in reading. The total number of books read by the mentors and their students this year was 5788 books, up 500 books from last year. Sixty-one students and 126 mentors were involved in the 2010-2011 program. With an estimated value of $21.35 per hour for volunteer work, the total value of the 2412 hours donated by the volunteers this year amounted to more than $51,000, said Ms. Lester. As the students learn new words during the year, the words are placed on the “Word Wall.” So many new words were learned by the HOSTS students this year, the teachers had to change out the Word Wall three times, “and that was unprecedented,” Ms. Lester said. The students celebrated by throwing the words written on multi-colored slips of paper into the air, resembling confetti, while the audience applauded. Guest speakers at the Title I Family Involvement event included First Grade Teacher Tanya Soule’, PTA President Beth Perilloux, and Bobbie Brown with Volunteers of America. In addition to commending the contributions made by the community volunteers, parents were reminded how important it was to maintain their children’s reading skills over the summer. Ms. Lester, the HOSTS coordinator and Title I paraprofessional at Lyon Elementary School, recently won the honor of being named “Support Employee of the Year” for the Elementary division in the St. Tammany Parish Public School System. High School Graduations Held (05-11-2011) Graduating high school seniors across St. Tammany Parish received their diplomas at several year-end ceremonies held by the St. Tammany Parish Public School System May 7 through May 14. Fontainebleau High School graduating seniors received their diplomas at Southeastern’s University Center, with their ceremony scheduled for Saturday, May 14, and Pearl River High School held its graduation ceremonies on Friday, May 13, at the Northshore Harbor Center southeast of Slidell. Northshore High School seniors were awarded diplomas on Saturday, May 7, at the University Center on Southeastern Louisiana University Campus in Hammond. Salmen High School graduates received their diplomas at Northshore Harbor Center on Monday, May 9. Mandeville High School graduates took part in diploma presentation ceremonies on Tuesday, May 10, at Southeastern’s University Center. Covington High School held ceremonies on Wednesday, May 11, at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond. Slidell High School diplomas were distributed to graduating seniors on Thursday, May 12, in the stadium at Slidell High School. Adult Education GED Graduation Ceremonies took place on Tuesday, May 17, at the Journey Fellowship Church in Lacombe. Each graduation is video-taped by Channel 13 Educational Television and is available for viewing on Charter Communications cable television, AT&T U-Verse, and from the Watch Channel 13 live streaming from the Channel 13 website. For a daily schedule of the graduation ceremony programs,click here for a program schedule. Video copies of the graduation ceremonies will be available on DVD from Channel 13 or from the school holding the graduation. To order a copy, parents may send the following information to Channel 13, Treen Instructional Technology Center, 2024 Livingston Street, Mandeville, LA 70448. Include your return mailing address, the name of the school graduation you are requesting on DVD, and a check for $15 made payable to the St. Tammany Parish Public School System. Lyon Elementary Celebrates Cultural Arts Day With Volunteers (05-10-2011) Dozens of volunteers greeted students and parents at the 2011 Cultural Arts Day at Lyon Elementary School, co-ordinating a full day of fun arts activities for the youngsters. Classrooms turned into art studios, the playground offered a variety of arts and movement events, and the gymnasium hosted special musical peformances by a regional music cultural group. Children painted murals, took turns on a rope swing, cut out stencils, tossed bean bags, and painted pictures, along with a variety of other arts and crafts activities. Similar programs were held at other schools throughout the School System. The kids learned a number of arts and crafts skills, the hallways were lined with samples of their artwork, and special guest artists treated the students to a variety of educational musical and artistic programs. At Lyon, the Cultural Alliance of the Americas offered a concert by Don Vappie and Ecos Latinos, an eight-piece band that encouraged students to join in the singing and dancing. The children learned about the connections between the Latin culture and Louisiana culture through demonstrations of dance, music, and song. Students were also given the opportunity to ask questions and talk to individual band members. The group was made up of Carlos Bodoma Norales-Garifuna, a singer, composer, and drummer; Milton Morales on drums; Patrice Fisher on the harp, the national music instrument of Paraguay; Carlos Valladares on percussion; Jose Dolmo on percussion; Edwin Gonzales on bass; and Jose Roberto Moreira on guitar. Natividad “Naty” Cloter danced with the music, dressed in a golden head scarf and skirt decorated with blue birds. Almost the entire gymnasium filled with children joined her in the dancing. The Cultural Alliance of the Americas works with local schools to provide educational programs that showcase music and dance from a variety of sources. The group’s first event took place in 2008 in Abita Springs and included performances in Gospel, Bluegrass, Cajun, Jazz,, R&B, and Latin music, all a part of the Louisiana musical heritage. The Lyon Elementary School musical performance was sponsored by the Dorothy L. Blossman Foundation and Shadowtrack Technologies. High School Graduations Underway (05-09-2011) Graduating high school seniors across St. Tammany Parish are receiving their diplomas at several year-end ceremonies held by the St. Tammany Parish Public School System this week. Covington High School will hold ceremonies beginning at 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday, May 11, at Southeastern Louisiana University at the University Center facility in Hammond. Fontainebleau High School graduating seniors will receive their diplomas at Southeastern’s University Center, with their ceremony scheduled for Saturday, May 14, at 5:00 p.m. Pearl River High School will hold its graduation ceremonies on Friday, May 13, at 7:00 p.m. at the Northshore Harbor Center southeast of Slidell. Slidell High School diplomas will be distributed to graduating seniors on Thursday, May 12, beginning at 8:00 p.m. in the stadium at Slidell High School. The GED Graduation Ceremonies will take place on Tuesday, May 17, at 7:00 p.m. at the Journey Fellowship Church in Lacombe. Northshore High School seniors were awarded diplomas on Saturday, May 7, at the University Center on Southeastern Louisiana University Campus in Hammond. Salmen High School graduates received their diplomas at Northshore Harbor Center on Monday, May 9. Mandeville High School graduates took part in diploma presentation ceremonies on Tuesday, May 10, at Southeastern’s University Center. For a printout of graduation dates and times, click here. Each graduation is video-taped by Channel 13 Educational Television and is available for viewing on Charter Communications cable television, AT&T U-Verse, and from the Watch Channel 13 live streaming from the Channel 13 website. For a daily schedule of the graduation ceremony programs,click here for a program schedule. Video copies of the graduation ceremonies will be available on DVD from Channel 13 or from the school holding the graduation. To order a copy, parents may send the following information to Channel 13, Treen Instructional Technology Center, 2024 Livingston Street, Mandeville, LA 70448. Include your return mailing address, the name of the school graduation you are requesting on DVD, and a check for $15 made payable to the St. Tammany Parish Public School System. Principals of the Year and Teachers of the Year Announced (05-06-2011) Three principals have been named The St. Tammany Parish Public School System “District Principals of the Year” for 2011-2012, each representing a different grade level in the annual recognition program. Also, three teachers from throughout the system have earned District Teacher of the Year titles. School System officials announced that principals winning the district honor were Dr. April Owens of Bonne Ecole Elementary School in Slidell for the Elementary Division; Anna Bowie of Lee Road Junior High north of Covington for the Middle School/Junior High Division, and William Percy of Slidell High School for the High School Level. Teachers of the Year for 2011-2012 will be Carol Cline, a Kindergarten and first grade music teacher at Cypress Cove Elementary, Slidell, in the Elementary School Division; Darla DuBois Foley, a sixth grade teacher at Tchefuncte Middle School , Mandeville, in the Middle School/Junior High Division; and Richard “Vance” Lynch, III, a Web/Multimedia teacher at Covington High School, in the High School Division. “These awards highlight the best of the best here in the St. Tammany Parish Public School System,” said Superintendent W.L. “Trey” Folse, III. Nominees from individual schools for the 2011-2012 District Teacher of the Year program were as follows: Abita Springs Elementary - Darvin Bott II; Abita Springs Middle - Christine Magnuson; Abney Elementary - Frances Copeland; Alton Elementary - Sara Archer; Bayou Lacombe Middle - Rebekah Ellis; Bayou Woods Elementary - Jessica Chandler; Bonne Ecole Elementary - Sandra Silbernagel; Boyet Junior High - Cassandra Rogers; Brock Elementary - Kimberly Thomas; and Carolyn Park Middle - Elizabeth Damare´. Other Teachers of the Year from St. Tammany schools are Chahta-Ima Elementary - Jessie Treadaway; Clearwood Junior High - Jennifer Francart; Covington Elementary - Cynthia Huggins; Creekside Junior High - Lynn F. Danjean; Fifth Ward Junior High -Yvonne Schwaner; Florida Ave. Elementary - Pamela White; Folsom Elementary - Emily Womack; Folsom Junior High - Linda Newman; Fontainebleau High - Claire Carley; Fontainebleau Junior High - Laura Adams; Honey Island Elementary - Rachel Onstad; Lake Harbor Middle - Kalinka D. Thurber; Lakeshore High School - Jennifer Sheets; and Lee Road Junior High - Denise Bischoff. Also, Little Oak Middle School’s Teacher of the Year nominee was Amy Burckel; Lyon Elementary - Marsha C. Sykes; Madisonville Elementary - Dee Ann Bergene; Madisonville Junior High - Amy Barnes; Magnolia Trace Elementary - Laura Cangiamilla; Mandeville Elementary - Monica Campo; Mandeville High - John L. Combs; Mandeville Junior High - Karen Griggs; Mandeville Middle - Sharon Amie; Marigny Elementary - Roxanne Waldrip; Monteleone Junior High - Sandra Schinetsky; Northshore High - Annie Verzwyvelt; Operation Jumpstart - Kimberly A. Larche; Pearl River High - Alan Jones; Pine View Middle - Jodi Hernandez; and Pitcher Junior High - Roy “Les” Heidelberg. Other Teacher of the Year nominees include Pontchartrain Elementary - Denise Cotogno; Riverside Elementary - Natalie Babington; St. Tammany Junior High - Caitlyn Lancaster; Salmen High - Charity LeBlanc; Sixth Ward Elementary - Madonna E. McDonald; Slidell High - Melanie St. Cyr; Slidell Junior High - Chasity Wilson; Slidell Pathways - Ryan F. Richards; Whispering Forest Elementary - Trish Hellmers; and Woodlake Elementary - Kimberly Blanks. Students Win Honors In Google Doodle Contest (05-05-2011) Artwork by Lake Harbor Middle School student Reagan Young is among the Top 40 entries in this year’s “Doodle 4 Google” contest. More than 107,000 entries were submitted in the annual competition that asks K-12 students to re-design the Google logo for a day. Her artwork was the focal point of a special presentation at the school Wednesday afternoon as representatives from Google, the internet search website, congratulated the 12-year-old sixth grader for placing in the Top 40 in the 2011 Doodle for Google contest. A five foot by eight foot banner featuring the artwork submitted by Miss Young was displayed on the auditorium stage during the special ceremony, and sixth grade students attending the program received Google t-shirts. After the Top 40 winners were announced by Google, online voting began for the overall winner. The voting will continue through May 13 at the following link: www.google.com/doodle4google During the program, Google representatives Stephanie Boudreau and Lauren Barbato presented students and teachers with an entertaining overview of how Google could be used in the classroom, from travelling around the world with Google maps, to visiting virtual art galleries, and searching for images using a variety of specific criteria. Principal Susan Patin said the event is a wonderful opportunity for Miss Young, who will travel to New York with her parents on May 19 to attend a program where the overall winner will be named. The winning artwork will be placed on the Google website the next day May 20. Reagan said drawing the artwork was fun, and her parents said she was very excited about going to New York. She hopes to visit the world-famous art galleries while she is there. Reagan draws at home a lot, her parents said, and she wants to be a fashion designer and an art teacher when she grows up. Another Lake Harbor Middle School student, Grace Gallagher, was named one of two Louisiana state finalists in the 4th through 6th Grade category in the Doodle4Google contest, and Fontainebleau High School students Mason Watson and Rebecca Cumming were named as the two state finalists in the 10th through 12th grade category. That placed each of these students in the Top 100 Doodle4Google winners in their grade level category across the nation. Doodle 4 Google is a competition where K-12 students to use their artistic talents to redesign Google’s homepage logo for millions to see. A Google spokesman said, “We believe that dreaming about future possibilities leads to tomorrow’s leaders and inventors, so this year we invited U.S. kids to exercise their creative imaginations around the theme, "What I’d like to do someday." The overall winning student will receive a $15,000 college scholarship and their school will win a $25,000 technology grant. Judges this year included Whoopi Goldberg; Jim Davis, Creator of "Garfield", and Evan Lysacek, Gold Medalist for Ice Skating, and several other well known cartoonists, animators and illustrators. They will attend the final awards ceremony to personally congratulate the winners. Entries were judged in four categories: Grades K-3, Grades 4-6, Grades 7-9, and Grades 10-12. Google is partnering with the Whitney Museum of American Art for the competition and formal exhibit of the 40 Regional Finalists. Doodles on the Google homepage began in 1998 to mark special occasions and events. Now millions of Google users look forward to them and collect them. Doodles are the “decorative changes” to the Google logo that focus attention on certain holidays, anniversaries, and the lives of famous artists and scientists. Donations of School Supplies To Help Tornado Victims (05-05-2011) An effort is underway in St. Tammany Parish Public Schools to collect donations of new school supplies for schools destroyed or damaged during the April 26 – 28 tornado outbreak in northern Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. Items needed include new packages of crayons, pens, pencils, colored pencils, folders, pencil boxes, markers, rulers, looseleaf paper, construction paper, spiral notebooks, staplers, staples, tape, and tape dispensers. Donations may be brought to St. Tammany schools by Friday, May 13. The donations will then be sorted and shipped where needed in the devastated areas. Clean Green Schools Program Honors Students For Beautification Efforts (04-26-2011) Several schools from the Slidell area have been recognized for their efforts in keeping their campuses “clean and green,” with cash awards coming from the 2011 Clean/Green Schools Program of the Slidell Beautification Committee. Each school also received a Certificate of Appreciation from the group. In ceremonies at Fritchie Park the morning of April 21, the day before “Earth Day,” students from Whispering Forest Elementary, Carolyn Park Middle School, Salmen High School, and Honey Island Elementary were each presented with a check for $150 each for meeting the criteria for the ranking of “Extraordinary” for their work in helping to keep the city beautiful. Students from Bonne Ecole Elementary, Florida Avenue Elementary, Abney Elementary, Brock Elementary, Northshore High School, and Little Oak Middle School were congratulated for earning the ranking of “Outstanding” in their clean up and green up efforts, each of them getting a check for $100. Slidell Junior High won a ranking of “Remarkable” and got a check for $50 in the program. The Slidell Clean/Green Schools Program has been going on for several years with the goal of helping young people understand the importance of keeping their environments clean and litter free. The program gives extra points for school presenting educational programs and holding essay contests about the environment, the planting of organic gardens, composting, and recycling projects. The focus of the contest is to encourage student involvement to maintain clean, litter-free schools; promote school and community pride, and reward efforts for a cleaner environment. Students were encouraged to take what they had learned at school home to their parents and spread the message about community beautification. Several School System teachers and administrators were on hand for the event, including retired Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Dr. Margo Guilott, who is active in the Slidell Beautification program. Margaret Tingle emceed the program, saying the students have shown tremendous interest in learning about their environment and how to preserve it. “The teachers have also been excited about the program. By educating students, we are investing in our future,” she said. Students were able to look through the photo scrapbooks submitted by the schools, showing the work that had been accomplished by their peers throughout Slidell. Outdoor Classroom Dedicated At Honey Island Elementary (04-21-2011) The ribbon was cut and the new outdoor learning classroom at Honey Island Elementary School in Slidell officially dedicated April 21, just in time for Earth Day, 2011. Principal Mary Jane Smith welcomed dozens of students, parents, and community volunteers to the special ceremony which culminated five years of dreaming and designing the special outdoor educational area. The 20 foot by 20 foot sheltered platform is surrounded by flower gardens, citrus bushes, bird feeders, hummingbird feeders, and a variety of weather monitoring instruments. The outdoor classroom comes complete with a large water pond feature. A contest was held to find a name for the structure, which will officially be known as the “Honeybee Hangout.” Before the start of the ceremony, visitors wandered from place to place in the yard, and students explained the learning possibilities in each area. Mounted on posts were weather instruments ranging from weather vanes and windspeed indicators to rain gauges. The shelter structure was built by volunteers over two Saturdays, with materials supplied by the school board. A number of community volunteers came together, many of them parents and grandparents of the children who attend the school, to provide many of the other components. Grants from area businesses helped pay for part of the cost. The facility is estimated to be valued at $4000. During the ceremony, pairs of “Golden Gloves” were distributed to those volunteers who had contributed to the project. Principal Smith thanked them and the many other faculty members, parents, and volunteers who had worked to make the dream come true. “For years to come the children will certainly enjoy what you have accomplished here,” she said. An outdoor classroom is a space set aside in which students can learn about science and the outdoors through a hands-on experience. Although most of what is done in an outdoor classroom relates to the environment, it is also an interactive opportunity for students to learn how math, literature, history, art, and music are influenced by nature and natural resources. “Outdoor classrooms help encourage the interest of students in the world around them and provides boundless educational activities for teachers and students that would not be available in a conventional learning space,” Ms. Smith stated. Special guests who took part in the ribbon cutting ceremony were Jerome Troullier, PTA President Tricia Pons, Jim Davidson, Marvin Fontenot, Tate Troyer, Ken and Rami Parker, Hope Bald, and School Board Member Mary K. Bellisario. Principal Smith and Assistant Principal Gina Ward also helped cut the ribbon, as well as the two faculty coordinators for the project, Denise McCormick and Jamie Bateman. Mandeville High School Wins WWII Quiz Bowl (04-20-2011) A three-student team from Mandeville High School recently won the World War II Quiz Bowl sponsored by the National WWII Museum in New Orleans. It was the second consecutive year the Mandeville High team has won top honors in the event. Held March 24, the final round was broadcast on the Cox TV cable network. The competition involved 33 teams from throughout the South and included team and individual efforts, bonus questions and “lightning rounds.” Elena Marina, faculty sponsor for the Mandeville team, said that Mandeville High School has been participating in the World War II Quiz Bowl for three years, and Advanced Placement American History students usually make up the group. This year's team members were Kyle Anderson, Ryan Neidermair, and Nushrah Malik. They will be recognized for their accomplishment at the April 21 School Board meeting. Ms. Marina stated, “When we first competed in the 2008-2009 school year, the team was excited to come in third place. Our narrow miss in 2008-09 motivated the all-junior team to work even harder to achieve the goal of making it to the final round of competition. In the 2009-2010 WWII preliminary quiz bowl competition, the team, now seniors, qualified in the top two slots and went on to win at the final round of competition, bringing home the top trophy.” Since 2005, The National WWII Museum has produced the annual High School WWII Quiz Bowl each spring. Teams from schools across Southeast Louisiana and as far away as Alabama and Georgia have competed in the educational event. Quiz questions cover topics as varied as the war itself and WWII-themed teamwork challenges following each round give students a chance to earn extra credit points. Students are invited to join the team based on their passion for learning history. They practice throughout the year, with each team member assigned to learn a particular area of knowledge. A preliminary Quiz Bowl round was held in February. In the preliminary competition, there are six rounds each with 10 questions plus a group activity for each round to accomplish. The final round in March is a traditional “buzz in” question/answer quiz bowl. “It was a tremendous competition,” said Ms. Marina. “Central High School was amazing, and we feel honored to have participated.” She added that she was very proud of her students and their accomplishments. Students Return To Classes At Northshore High (04-20-2011) This morning Northshore High School administrators received a suspicious threat. School leaders immediately contacted the Slidell Police Department, and the building was evacuated. Nothing was found, and after police officers gave clearance, students returned to classes. The School System is cooperating closely with law enforcement officials in the investigation. As always, we are dedicated to our efforts to maintain a secure and productive learning environment at all St. Tammany Parish schools. If anyone has information that may help identify the person or persons responsible for the threatening message, we urge them to come forward to a school administrator. Anonymous tips may be provided by calling Crimestoppers at 1-877-903-STOP. If you have any questions or information about this matter, please feel free to contact Northshore High School at 649-6400 or Central Office at 892-2276. Northshore High Evacuated (04-19-2011) Law enforcement authorities have evacuated Northshore High School after a suspicious threat was received this morning. All students, teachers, and staff are currently in a safe area outside of the school. Police officers are searching the campus and investigating the threat. School officials ask that parents not pick up their students at this time due to the fact that law enforcement authorities have sealed off the area. For more information, please call Central Office at 892.2276. Team St. Tammany Competes In State Championship (04-19-2011) The Elementary Fitness Team from the St. Tammany Parish Public School System finished fourth in statewide competition recently. It was the first time that students from St. Tammany had taken part in The Governor's Games Elementary Fitness Championship Meet which took place at the LSU Field House in Baton Rouge April 16. The first and second place winners from the District’s first elementary fitness meet held at Lakeshore High School in February travelled to Baton Rouge, accompanied by their team coach Roxie Luquet, a physical education teacher from Lake Harbor Middle School. Parents, friends and siblings were also on hand for the championship event. Team St. Tammany fielded four student athletes, and each of them came home with at least one individual medal. In the Pull-Ups Competition, a First Place medal was presented to Erin Sellers and a Second Place Medal was awarded to MacKenzie Kennedy, both from Lake Harbor Middle School. Todd Bagby from Mandeville Middle School won a Second Place Medal in the Sit and Reach Stretch Event, as well as a Third Place Medal in the 600 Yard Run. Also a Third Place Medal was presented to Bryce Carroll from Carolyn Park Middle in the Sit and Reach Stretch Event. Rudy Macklin, the Executive Director of the Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, remarked that Team St. Tammany surprised everyone with such an excellent showing for their first time to participate. The state’s Elementary Fitness Meet brought 24 parishes to compete in Baton Rouge, and the event was to be televised on Cox cable and aired in 14 parishes. At the event, the top two boys and girls from each parish took part in the championship events. The Governor’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports reports finding a significant increase in the physical fitness levels of elementary school children in the last four years from the parishes that participate in the Fitness Meet program. Science Fun Erupts As Covington High Hosts Elementary Students (04-18-2011) Hundreds of second grade students visited their future alma mater Friday morning as Covington High School hosted a fun-filled science adventure next to Jack Salter Stadium. It was part of a “Hand in Hand” Science Awareness Day with dozens of demonstrations and exhibits related to chemistry, physics, ecology, and biology. Funded by a grant from the Joe W. and Dorothy Dorsett Brown Foundation, the event featured 25 to 30 learning stations manned by high school students and visited by second grade students brought by bus from Covington Elementary, Lyon Elementary, Folsom Elementary, and Lee Road Junior High School. CHS Science Teacher Mary Martin organized the phenomenal collaborative learning event, giving high school students a chance to mentor their younger counterparts, give them a new perspective on science, and show them the Covington High campus which they may be attending one day. The high school students also learn a lot from the younger students, who give them immediate genuine feedback on the different exhibits. “It’s a way to get high school students participating in a community service project,” Mrs. Martin said. “Doing this is a way to give back to the community, share their talents with others, and if it provokes an interest in becoming a teacher in the future, that’s a plus.” The high school students themselves picked a subject for each of their learning stations, researched the topic and put together the fun way to teach it to second graders through demonstrations and exhibits. Three hundred and eighty elementary students took part, and 150 students from Covington High were involved. The hands-on activities ranged from pressurized water rockets to potato cannons, paper planes, gooey hand stuff, habitat descriptions, and the physics of bowling. The names of some of the exhibits included “Biome in a Baggie,” “Eww! Bleck!,” “Slime Time,” and “Forensic Fingerprints.” There was even the requisite volcanic eruption demonstration and magic with magnets. The Science Awareness Day has accomplished much in the way of making education meaningful for young people, both at the elementary and high school levels. Deborah McCollum, principal of Covington High, was enthusiastic about the event. “One of our main goals is to offer engaging work for our students,” she said. “The high school students, in designing and teaching scientific concepts to the second graders, gain a much more valuable understanding of the concepts themselves,” Ms. McCollum stated. “Plus it’s a whole lot of fun for everyone.” The program forges a deeper connection between Covington High and its “feeder schools” as well. “These children will be coming here someday, and we are excited about making those learning community connections,” Ms. McCollum went on to say. It was the third year the “Science Awareness Day” hands-on demonstrations had been held at the high school. “The response has been excellent,” Mrs. Martin said. “The kids thoroughly enjoy it, the teachers give us positive feedback, and the high school students benefit tremendously.” Spring Break Begins Friday, April 22; Classes Resume May 2 (04-17-2011) St. Tammany Parish Public Schools will be closed beginning Friday, April 22, for the Spring/Easter break that continues through Friday, April 29. Classes resume on Monday, May 2. The Central Office and support offices for the St. Tammany Parish Public School System will be closed on Friday, April 22, and on Monday, April 25. Offices will reopen on Tuesday, April 26. Kindergarten, First Grade Spring Registration Underway (04-15-2011) Spring registration for the 2011-2012 school year began April 18, 2011, for students entering kindergarten and first grade for the first time in the St. Tammany Parish Public School System. Registration for the 2011-2012 pre-kindergarten classes will be held at a later date. The announcement of specific registration dates and times for each school will be listed in local newspapers and here on the School System web site. Any child born before October 1, 2005, will be eligible for the first grade, and any child born before October 1, 2006, will be eligible for kindergarten. Every child, as a prerequisite to enrollment in any first grade of a public school, shall meet one of the following criteria: have attended a full-day public or private kindergarten for a full academic year; or have satisfactorily passed academic readiness screening at the time of enrollment for first grade. Students who have completed kindergarten at an accredited private school must furnish proof of attendance. Registration for kindergarten and first grade students entering the St. Tammany Parish public schools for the first time will be held at the school the student will attend. Students who attended and completed a public school kindergarten during the 2010-2011 school year will not be required to register again for the first grade. Hours of registration will be 9:00 a.m. until noon at the following locations. REGISTRATION SCHEDULE The following items are required for student registration: 1. State Certified Birth Certificate; 2. Health Record of Required Immunization; 3. Proof of Residency; 4. Social Security Card; 5. Custody Papers (if applicable). State Certified Birth Certificate: Those who do not have a birth certificate may contact a St. Tammany Parish School Board Annex in their area for information on how to obtain one. Contact the Covington Annex at 985-898-3370 or the Slidell Annex at 985-646-4917. Health Record: State Law requires that all children attending school in the State of Louisiana have the following immunizations. This requirement includes students in the Title 1 four-year-old program and in pre-kindergarten through grade 12. Included are students who are coming into the St. Tammany Parish Public School System from another parish, state or nonpublic school. 1. DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis or Whooping Cough): A minimum of four (4) doses is required. The last DTP or a booster is to be given after the fourth birthday. 2. Polio: A minimum of three (3) doses is required. The last polio or booster is to be given after the fourth birthday. 3. MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella): One (1) dose is required at twelve to fifteen months of age. A second MMR is required before entry to school. 4. Hepatitis B: Three (3) doses are required for first time enrollees into Louisiana public schools. 5. HIB: Four (4) doses or proof of at least one dose after fifteen (15) months of age are required for pre-kindergarten and noncategorical students to enter school. 6. Varicella (Chickenpox): Two (2) doses or a history of the disease is required for pre-kindergarten and kindergarten. 7. MCV4 (Meningococcal Conjugate): Required for all students entering grade 6 or eleven (11) years old in any other grade. These students must also have proof of booster doses of Tdap, MMR, and Chickenpox. Dates of the above required immunizations must be recorded on an official immunization form and presented to the school at the time of registration. Contact the Slidell Health Unit at (985) 646-6445, the Covington Community Wellness Center at (985) 871-6030 or the Greater New Orleans (GNO) Immunization Network Mobile Unit at (504) 733-3268 for immunization information. The immunization policy of the St. Tammany Parish School Board dictates that no child be allowed to enter school without proof of immunizations. Proof of residency: Proof of residency must be established using at least three of the documents listed below. All documents must be the most current available and dated within the past 30 days. Documents that are suspect or inconclusive may be disallowed and additional documentation may be required. Documentation may consist of a current utility bill (butane, electric, gas, water, cable or satellite), the current year W-2 form, the most recent federal or state income tax return, a vehicle insurance print-out from the parent’s or legal guardian’s insurance company, a signed residential building contract, a signed real estate lease agreement or signed mortgage loan documentation. All documents must show the name of the parent or legal guardian, the street or road address of residence or the utility service address (if using utility bills). Lease agreements must show street or road location and must be from a real estate office, apartment complex or mobile home property, not from an individual. U. S. Post Office box numbers, printed checks or drivers’ licenses are NOT considered proof of residency. Social Security Card: The Social Security number serves as the student’s identification number on all records. The Social Security number written on a piece of paper cannot be accepted. Custody Papers: Parents or guardians granted custodial rights of a student must present at registration the custody papers granted through a court system. Two Slidell Schools Locked Down for Two Hours Re-opened After Neighborhood Search (04-15-2011) Boyet Junior High School and Little Oak Middle School are in normal operation again after being in lockdown mode for about two hours Friday morning. The campuses were locked down after law enforcement officials received a call about suspicious activity in the neighborhood around the schools. Deputies recommended the schools be put on lockdown out of an abundance of caution, said Meredith Mendez, Director of Communications for the School System. Through their investigation, it was determined that a neighborhood teenager had carried two pellet guns into a nearby house in advance of a weekend visit. After the area was determined to be safe, the schools were taken off lockdown and classes resumed. If parents with children at either school have any questions or need additional information, they should call the principal of their child’s school. Little Oak Middle School’s office number is 641-6510, and Boyet Junior High’s phone number is 643-3775. School Board Shares Success With Energy Management Program (04-14-2011) The award-winning energy conservation and management program managed by Dr. John Swang for the St. Tammany Parish School Board was explained in detail during a special 90-minute presentation to the National School Board Association’s annual conference in San Francisco April 11. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, opened the program with an overview of the School System, its size, resources, and its success in avoiding substantial energy costs over the past several years. He said the workshop was well-received and appreciated by those in attendance. Folse commented that it gave the School System an opportunity before a national audience to showcase local energy saving efforts and their positive effects on the budget. “We shared key points on how to set up a workable system and develop a team effort through the schools and offices to help make it a success,” he said. Dr. Swang, an administrative supervisor with the School System, discussed the program which last year won the District a grand prize Magna Award from the American School Board Journal. His talk was entitled “Saving Energy is More than Just Turning Off the Lights: A Systemic Approach to Effective Energy Management.” He shared with 51 NSBA conference participants the practices and procedures used by St Tammany Public Schools to save approximately $7 million over the past several years, winning recognition from several state and federal energy agencies along the way. In a description of his session, it was noted that in 2001, schools budgeted $7 billion for energy costs nationwide, but spent $8 billion. Since that time, energy costs per student have been rising at more than six times the rate of inflation, the National School Boards Association stated. Dr. Swang’s audience included representatives from school systems both larger and smaller than St. Tammany, from all across the nation. A highlight of his program was the use of interactive remote devices that gave participants a chance to answer “pop quiz” questions scattered throughout the program. “It helped keep people engaged with the information being presented,” Dr. Swang explained. The interactive technology is also used in classrooms throughout the School System and has proven effective in helping students learn new material. Dr. Swang said many of the school system officials talked to him after the presentation on ways they could implement such a program in their own districts. He has already received emails from participants wanting more specific information on some aspects, and video conference calls may be set up to interact with officials who want to discuss key points face-to-face. “There was a lot of good energy in the room,” Dr. Swang stated, “ I was told they were looking forward to getting back to their Districts and putting into practice many of things I talked about.” He said that he learned many insights from audience comments as well, and he will be investigating some of the ideas they shared with him for possible use in St. Tammany. During his overview, he showed participants the Energy Program’s website and invited them to download whatever tools and information they thought useful to their situations. The website offers resources, checklists, and a variety of other materials key to St. Tammany’s success. It emphasizes the “no-cost, low-cost” approach to energy conservation and management, and that idea proved popular among attendees at the workshop, Dr. Swang said. The energy management program was launched in 2005 when the St. Tammany School Board decided to keep energy-saving efforts “in-house,” using local school-based efforts and existing educational leaders with a keen interest in the field of energy conservation. That gave the School System a chance to keep all the money saved instead of paying some of it to an outside consulting firm as payment for its services. The School Board established the comprehensive energy management program with the goal of reducing energy usage 10 percent district-wide. After launching an awareness campaign, partnering with the Environmental Protection Agency to identify areas of further progress and creating a departmental energy management team, District schools were able to reduce energy usage by 20 percent. The energy costs avoided have resulted in more funds being available for instructional purposes in the School System. Florida Avenue Elementary Green Team Builds Solar Panel (04-13-2011) Students at Florida Avenue Elementary in Slidell recently learned about alternative energy sources after several of them built their own solar panel. Nathan Mumphrey, the school’s Music Teacher and sponsor of the “Green Team” group, coordinated the project after he and Principal Ramona Carlin talked about ways to conserve energy and help students “do their part” to save the Earth. “We wanted to come up with a project for our school this year to really show us making a difference,” Principal Carlin stated. The resulting solar panel is expected to crank out 20 volts at 3.5 amps. “We estimate an output of about 70 watts,” she said, “However, we feel we should get more power if the devices we use with it require fewer amps. We’ll see.” The solar panel will provide power to a video camera for the school’s morning television broadcast. Principal Carlin said she will announce each morning that the broadcast camera is being powered by solar energy as a daily reminder that the students are doing their part in going green. The solar panel will also be used to power up the school’s mobile lap top computer carts and charge various batteries. On Saturday, the panel may be used to power fans and a radio. The project began after Mumphrey spoke to his father who had built solar panels before. They discussed the practicality and safety requirements of students helping construct one. The budget for the project was $250, and Mumphrey was able to shop around for the best prices on various components. He found the solar cells on the internet, the refurbished battery from a company in Baton Rouge, the inverter at Harbor Freight Tools, and a charge controller from a place called HQRP. The electrical components came from the nearby Radio Shack, the wood frame and silicone caulk from Lowes Building Materials, and the Plexiglas from Northlake Glass in Mandeville. The whole project was a fun educational event for the students. At the outset, a presentation was made to the faculty on how to save energy around school as well as around the home. The staff was shown a Powerpoint slide show of students testing various items to show power being used even when the electric devices are turned off. “Then we announced our school solar panel project,” Mrs. Carlin said. ”Everyone was excited about the idea.” During Mr. Mumphrey’s morning sessions with the student Green Team, he showed them what solar cells were and explained how they will harness the power of the sun for the school. Then, with his supervision and step-by-step guidance, the students worked on the project each afternoon until the panel was completed. Brock Elementary Takes Part in Community Event (04-07-2011) Students, teachers, and personnel from Brock Elementary School in Slidell recently took part in a special community outreach at the Slidell Camellia City Farmer’s Market. The “Brock on the Move” Day in Slidell's Historic Olde Towne shared information with local citizens ranging from health and nutrition to the importance of exercise. Brock Elementary's PIE (Partners In Education) organized the family and community outreach event. Activities included a Healthy Snacks Presentation by Brock's cafeteria manager, Cindy Emmons, and student members of the school’s Nutrition Advisory Council (NAC). School Nurse Anne Thrasher and two other nurse volunteers set up a mini-health check station to check blood pressure and heart rate. The students and their families visited the various booths at the farmer's market to sample some of the things local growers have to offer. The culminating activity was a one-mile Walk-a-Thon through Olde Towne. Two Olde Towne businesses, The Who Dat Shoppe and DuBuisson's Gallery, provided water to participants along the walk-a-thon route. Signs guided the walkers through the Olde Towne community as Brock parents, students, staff, and community members joined in. Each participant received a medal and certificate at the end of the Walk-a-Thon. This event was part of Brock Elementary School's support of First Lady Michelle Obama's "Let's Move" initiative that she kicked off at the Slidell school earlier this school year. The goal was to promote healthy eating and exercise. Northshore High Robotics Team Wins Chairman Award Again (04-05-2011) The Robotics Team from Northshore High School won the Chairman’s Award last month at the Bayou Regional FIRST Robotics Competition, the second year in a row for the team. The prestigious Chairman’s Award is awarded annually to the most original and community-oriented team. As a result of the regional win, 1912 Team Combustion, as the group is called, is now eligible to take part in the national championship competitions again. Each year, area robotics teams are challenged to design and build a robot ready for competition in a short six week build period, applying the principles of engineering and working together to achieve the goals of the competition. The regional match took place March 17 at the Alario Center in Westwego. The robotics competition is called “FIRST,” an acronym meaning “For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology.” The team’s entry this year was named “Valkyre,” a robot capable of performing a series of challenging maneuvers. The Chairman’s Award is the highest award presented by the FIRST competitions. It signifies the best year-round robotics program, taking into account teams which conduct many public service activities throughout the year. Northshore High is one of more than 2200 active robotics teams in the United State and 11 foreign countries, and there are 49 separate FIRST regional competitions. The NHS team currently has 41 students involved and some 20 mentors who represent a variety of fields key to engineering and building the robot entries. In addition to building robots for competition, the team encourages students in lower grade levels and other schools to get involved, mentoring their own junior robotics programs. Other schools from St. Tammany Parish taking part in the FIRST regionals included Fontainebleau High School (“Robodawgs” Team 2221) and Mandeville High School (“Skippers” Team 2992) which also made it to the quarter-finals. The main purpose of FIRST is to play a uniquely designed annual game where students race to plan and build an efficient robot specifically tailored to perform certain tasks on the playing field. The rest of the year, however, is up to the participants to decide how they will best advance their love for science and technology. Northshore High's FIRST Robotics “Team 1912 Combustion” was established in the fall of 2005 by a small group of seniors. Since then, it has expanded into a diverse group of mentoring professionals and enthusiastic students from all grades. Students who participate on the team gain valuable knowledge and experience in science, engineering, and real-life skills including planning, decision making and teamwork. The rapidly-growing Team Combustion has traveled all over the state to raise awareness and interest in the field of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (now abbreviated as STEM). Throughout the year, Team 1912 Combustion takes past competition robots on visits to audiences ranging from preschoolers to Louisiana state lawmakers. These Northshore students hold demonstrations annually at Heritage Park’s Fourth of July festival, the Tulane Engineering Conference, St. Tammany Parish College and Career Night, fitness and science camps, Back to School Bash, the Slidell City Council, the Krewe of Slidellians Mardi Gras parade, and even the Capitol Rotunda. The demos give individuals in the crowds an opportunity to actually drive the robots and ask questions about FIRST. FIRST Robotics competitions encourages not only learning and applying real-world engineering principles, but also a distinct brand of sportsmanship known as Gracious Professionalism for which Team Combustion was awarded in 2006, 2009, and 2011. In addition, the team has undertaken several community service projects including the annual Slidell cleanup, Haiti relief efforts with charity partner Truth 180, the Teen Summit for troubled youth, and even Big Marsh restoration efforts after the BP oil spill. Members have donated uniforms and Christmas gifts for children around the region and have donated needed items to underprivileged women. Combustion’s members believe that the best way to foster affection for engineering and technology is by first giving back to their community. The group has had excellent help along the way from capable mentors who shared their knowledge and expertise as well as from sponsors who have volunteered both time and financial grants. The mentors not only enjoy the projects, but have developed an interest in following the careers of team members as they set out to “change the world” after high school graduation. Meeting the financial demands of running a robotics team teaches team members the importance of acquiring contributions by community sponsors, organizations and businesses ranging from NASA to JCPenny to Slidell’s local Tropical Smoothie. Last year, the robotics teams from Northshore High School and Mandeville High School were both recognized by the School Board for their outstanding work. Both teams ranked well at last year’s national competition among 86 teams in Atlanta. “Robotics competition is a unique varsity sport designed to help high school students discover how interesting and rewarding the lives of engineers and researches can be,” said Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie. “It combines the excitement of sport with the rigors of science and technology.” High school students in St. Tammany Parish Public Schools have participated in robotics programs for several years. Each year Team Combustion explores new ways to serve the community, and members hope that the recent publicity from winning the most prestigious regional award will catapult their team to even greater heights. “We hope to continue expanding the future potential of the team to kindle an even brighter spark for knowledge,” one team member said. Abita Springs Middle School Orchestras Perform Concerts (04-04-2011) Student musicians from Abita Springs Middle School presented a concert at Abita Springs Elementary School March 25, as well as giving a performance at Woodlake Elementary School. The Beginning Strings Orchestra, the Advanced Strings Orchestra, and the Fiddle Club all participated. Earlier, the Fiddle Club had presented a program on Sunday, March 20, at the Earthday Fest at the Abita Springs Tammany Trace trailhead. Upcoming concerts include a performance on Monday, May 2, at the Abita Springs Middle School gymnasium. All three groups will take part, along with musicians from Abita Elementary and Woodlake Elementary. The program will begin at 7:00 p.m. The beginning orchestra has 2o members, the advanced orchestra has 12 members, and the Fiddle Club has 12 members. The musical groups are under the direction of Ms. Annie Young and Community Assistant Ms. Miranda Paine-Jesam. Covington Elementary Wins State Commendation for Educational Performance (04-01-2011) Covington Elementary School won praise from the State Department of Education Wednesday for being one of fifty-six schools in the state recognized for educational excellence with students from high-poverty areas. Earning the special designation of a “High-Performing, High-Poverty” school, Covington Elementary School officials were presented a distinctive glass award. Principal Martha Romo, Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, and Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie attended an awards program in Baton Rouge this week where the honor was announced. Principal Romo said, “We are very proud. It is a very impressive award.” She attributed the honor to her outstanding faculty and staff, saying that “they are dedicated and awesome.” This is the fourth year the state department has identified and honored schools for overcoming the challenges associated with educating populations with a large number of poor and minority children. This is the first year a St. Tammany Parish public school has been placed on the list. To meet the current High-Performing, High-Poverty (HPHP) designation requirements, schools must achieve a baseline SPS of 100 or higher for two consecutive years. Additionally, at least 65 percent of the school’s population must be enrolled in the federally-funded free or reduced-price meal program—a national indicator used to measure poverty. Principal Romo said that Covington Elementary met both criteria this year. While the school has had a School Performance Score of over a 100 for a long time, it was the first year its student population reached the 65 percent level for free or reduced price meals, she said. The most recent baseline School Performance Score for Covington Elementary came in at 115.6, and the school’s percentage of students performing At or Above Grade Level was 86.1 percent. “We want to congratulate the students, families, teachers and administrators in these schools for their extraordinary efforts and success,” State Superintendent of Education Paul Pastorek said at the meeting. “At the heart of all their hard work is the fundamental belief that all children can perform at or above grade level – regardless of their socioeconomic background or other challenging circumstances.” Board of Elementary and Secondary Education President Penny Dastugue said, “We look forward to honoring these 56 schools for their hard work and dedication to education. Their demonstrated success is evidence that schools can perform at high levels, even under the most challenging circumstances.” Her faculty and staff work hard to do their best to love the kids and make them successful, Principal Romo commented. The State Education Department is studying the HPHP schools to identify best practices that can be replicated statewide in schools with similar demographics and challenges. Superintendent Speaks To Law Enforcement Meeting (03-31-2011) Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, recently delivered the keynote address at the opening session of the annual conference of the Louisiana Chapter of FBI National Academy Associates held in Mandeville. The theme of the FBI-NAA group’s annual meeting was “Keeping Our Kids Safe and Secure in Schools.” Superintendent Folse outlined the many programs implemented over the past five years within the St. Tammany Parish School System for the safety and security of students, staff, and facilities. Folse first gave an overview of the School System, its main educational mission, leadership, and success in keeping parents involved through PTA groups. He said that since Hurricane Katrina, the School System has implemented several initiatives for better communication between the District, the news media, parents, local law enforcement agencies and fire and rescue services. Of key importance to the law enforcement officers in attendance was St. Tammany’s adoption of the National Incident Management System criteria, which helps ensure the rapid delivery of first responder services to schools when necessary. The system incorporates an Incident Command System into emergency plans and provides for proper training and communication practices. The Superintendent also spoke about the Proactive Readiness Emergency Plan (PREP) adopted by each school and the District, the “Rapid Responder” internet-based system that provides emergency personnel with detailed campus layout information, and the 900 security cameras installed in schools throughout the parish which give real-time video monitoring and recording capabilities. Principals have found the video surveillance helpful in analyzing various kinds of incidents, including thanking students who have been seen performing good deeds. All 369 school buses also have security video cameras, Folse went on to say, noting that bus drivers appreciate the positive effect the cameras have on bus passengers who know they are being monitored. Other improvements to safety and security for the school system include the assignment of “School Resource Officers” in the schools, local law enforcement officers who work on campus daily. New visitor authorization procedures check the driver licenses of visitors to each campus to insure they are not in a national crime or sexual offender database. Newly installed fencing of all school perimeters provides for a one-point entry and exit of visitors. Folse also noted that the School System takes part in a Crimestoppers’ Safe Schools Hotline which helps receive “tips” from callers who are concerned about the possibility of a safety problem. In addition, schools have launched new emergency alert communications services for parents and staff, incorporating the School System website, mobile phone web pages, automated phone calls, and text messaging for those who sign up to participate. Several students in Mandeville High School’s “Show Choir” group provided entertainment for the opening session. Under the direction of Martha Kennemer, they performed several spirited musical selections. The 80 law enforcement officers in attendance came from a multitude of sheriff and municipal police departments, as well as the State Police. The FBI-NAA Group is made up of local law enforcement officers who have attended the FBI’s National Academy training programs. Robert Donald, a security coordinator with the St. Tammany Parish Public School System, is president of the group’s Louisiana Chapter. Heads Shaved For Junior Honor Society Fund-raising Project (03-30-2011) Two teachers at Fontainebleau Junior High School are sporting a new hairdo this week, the bald look. They agreed to have their heads shaved to lend encouragement for students throughout the School System undergoing cancer treatments that make them lose their hair. English teacher Jenay Meyer and Coach Charles Rollins took part in a National Junior Honor Society community service project to raise funds for the St. Baldrick’s Foundation , an organization that supports pediatric cancer research across the U. S. and Canada. Seated before more than a hundred students, the two had their heads shaved by local hairstylist Suzette Simoneaux. Coach Rollins’ first comment about his new hairstyle was, “It’s very cold up there.” He was reminded that he now has to put sunscreen on his head when outdoors, and when asked who his favorite actor was, he said Telly Savalas. Meyer said the group had already raised $3000 towards its goal of $5000. There are approximately 22 students in the School System diagnosed with cancer, and she said that Fontainebleau Junior High in the past has had students with cancer. “We’re pretty excited about the project,” she said. The fund-raising effort goes through the first week of April. “Getting cancer can happen to any of us,” Meyer told the audience of Junior Honor Society members, and she thanked the group for its outstanding efforts over the past couple of weeks to raise money for the event. The National Junior Honor Society has 189 members on the campus of 930 students. Meyer, a Fontainebleau Junior High faculty member since 1996, is head of the English Language Arts Department and an English Language Arts teacher for the eighth grade. Coach Rollins has taught 14 years at Fontainebleau Junior High and has coached football and boy's basketball for 15 years. Principal Timothy Schneider said that the head shaving is to show solidarity with kids who lose their hair from chemotherapy and other cancer treatments. “It’s hard enough for an adult to lose their hair during cancer therapy, it’s far more difficult for a child. Hair loss is just a portion of what does on during the treatment, and we are just trying to show that as they recover, the hair will return.” Dr. Schneider mentioned that the event was occurring on the same day as a System-wide “Team Up To Help” day where donations were collected for the Japanese earthquake and tsunami rescue and recovery effort. “We are proud to do this kind of project, and this school has always been very good at community fund raising efforts,” he went on to say. “Our kids are good at giving to worthwhile causes; they understand that there are bigger things in life than just themselves.” Everyone’s family has been touched by someone close to them with cancer, Dr. Schneider said. “Through efforts such as this, there has been a lot of success in cancer research, bringing about remission and cures.” A special guest at the head shaving event was seventh grade student Chase Jenkins, a cancer victim, who appreciated the group’s efforts to help him and others through cancer research. The St. Baldrick’s Foundation has raised almost $90 million in grants for research by organizing head-shaving events where donations are pledged when people agreed to go for the bald look. Nearly 145,000 people have had their heads shaved in 28 countries and all 50 U.S. states. More information on the foundation may be found at the website www.stbaldricks.org State Sends Attendance Policy Changes To School Districts (03-29-2011) Changes to the School System’s attendance policy will be made next month, following action by the Board of Elementary and Secondary Education (BESE) this past November. The School Board was told Thursday night by Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie that the new policy will be implemented in April. It will affect attendance rules in the second semester in high schools, but will be retroactive to the beginning of the school year in elementary, middle school, and junior high schools. Supervisor Regina Sanford explained the changes to the School Board, saying that the attendance policy they end the School Year with will not be the same one with which they started the school year. Dr. Sanford listed the four categories of absences in the policy, those that are exempted from the policy and excused; those that are non-exempted and excused, those that are non-exempted and unexcused, and those that are non-exempted and result in suspensions. Under the old policy, students staying out of school due to illness had to be out of school three continuous days with a doctor’s note to be exempted from the attendance policy. Now a student can be absent one hour or one period and that does not count against them if the doctor’s note is provided. Another change in attendance deals with a student out of school to visit with a parent who is in the armed forces about to be deployed to a combat zone. They are also exempted from the attendance policy. Other exemptions include recuperation from an accident, death in the immediate family, and court mandated orders. Students missing school must present parent notes to be excused, even though they are not exempted from the attendance rules. These absences are not used to determine truancy, and make up work should be provided. When a student does not bring a note from their parent, these absences are unexcused. Students in these circumstances could get a zero, as make up work is not provided. An Adobe Acrobat PDF file that explains the new attendance policy in detail is available by clicking the view file link below. Dr. Sanford pointed out that there are two separate processes involving attendance, those being denial of credit or promotion and truancy. Each are dealt with according to a certain set of criteria. In the matter of how many days can be missed, at the high school level, students may be out five days per semester; in K-8 schools, students may miss up to 10 days of school per year. If days absent go above those two numbers, course credit could be denied or students could be retained. A separate portion of the new policy deals with truancy, which is handled as a non-exempted and unexcused absence and dealt with accordingly. 2011-2012 School Calendar Adopted, School Starts Monday, August 8 (03-25-2011) Following a vote by the employees of the St. Tammany Parish Public School System, a calendar for the 2011-2012 School Year has been adopted. School begins in the fall on Monday, August 8, and ends on Tuesday, May 22, 2012. Assistant Superintendent of Human Resources Pete Jabbia told the School Board at its Committee As A Whole meeting Thursday night that two proposed calendars were sent out in a survey and 87 per cent of the employees chose “Calendar A.” More than 3000 employees took part in the voting. The calendar marks September 5 as the Labor Day Holiday, September 30 as the Parish Fair Holiday, and November 21 through November 25 as the Thanksgiving Holidays. The Winter/Christmas break will run from December 19 through January 2, the Martin Luther King Holiday will be on January 16, and Mardi Gras Holidays will run from February 20 through February 24 (Monday through Friday). The Spring/Easter break for 2012 will be Monday, April 2, through Monday, April 9. For an Adobe Acrobat PDF file of the calendar, click here. Slidell High Student Recognized For Outstanding Community Service Activities (03-25-2011) Slidell High School senior Hannah Manetta is the latest recipient for the HERO Award given by Sophisticated Woman magazine and Charter Business. Sarah Cottrell, Associate Publisher of Sophisticated Woman magazine, and Shelly King with Charter Business visited Slidell High recently to present Hannah with the Star-shaped glass HERO Award. Her mother Donna Manetta, a teacher at the school, was also on hand. Hannah felt very honored to be chosen for the second monthly award which recognizes high school students who have shown integrity and excellent character in their daily lives. She was nominated for the recognition by Senior Counselor Carrie Speer, who said Hannah “truly exemplifies” a young person who has consistently reached out to those who are less fortunate. The HERO award stands for “Helpfully and Eagerly Reaching Out.” “She is a hero to so many,” said Ms. Speer in her nomination letter. “I have never met a student who has participated in as many community service programs and volunteer opportunities as Hannah.” “Her commitment and energy is truly remarkable,” Ms. Speer went on to say. “In the classroom, she is a most conscientious student, receiving a multitude of honors in advanced placement classes. Her 4.35 Grade Point Average is evidence of her academic success.” The daughter of Bob and Donna Manetta, Hannah will be a third-generation graduate of Slidell High School, and in the fall, she will attend Lewis and Clark College in Portland to pursue a degree in International Affairs. Hannah is already planning ways to answer the “call to action” to help the Japanese victims of the recent earthquake and tsunami. Last summer, she worked in a homeless shelter in Portland, OR, and also on service projects for the Navaho Nation as well as the Choctaw Nation. One of her most rewarding projects was organizing a run to raise money for Women of the Congo after she heard of the need for funding to help educate those women who live in one of the most dangerous places in the world. She was commended for spending countless hours helping others, from Hurricane Katrina recovery efforts to Vacation Bible School, working with her church’s October pumpkin patch and Halloween “Trunk or Treat” activities. Her community activities include playing the piano for a contemporary worship group at First United Methodist Church Hannah has dressed as the school Tiger mascot for the past four years, she runs with the cross country team and the track team, and she is a huddle leader for the Fellowship of Christian Athletes chapter. Additionally, she is a member of the National Honor Society, Beta Club, Mu Alpha Theta, and serves as secretary for the Foreign Language Club at Slidell High. She is taking part in the senior play this year as well. Her personal interests include running, working out, yoga, kneeboarding, backpacking, and spending time with friends and family. Earlier this year Sophisticated Woman magazine teamed up with Charter Business to launch the HERO award program in an effort to honor high school students in St. Tammany and Tangipahoa Parishes who exemplify academic excellence, community involvement, leadership among peers, humanitarianism, sportsmanship, and the ability to overcome extraordinary circumstances. Each month a selection committee reviews nominations and chooses a recipient. They are featured in an article and an advertisement in Sophisticated Woman magazine. More information about the award can be found at SophisticatedWoman.com. Local Students Excel In Poetry Out Loud Competitions (03-24-2011) A Covington High School student recently won second place in the Louisiana state “Poetry Out Loud” competition. Fifteen students from around the state took part, and St. Tammany’s DeAngelo Renard won $100 in the event, with $200 also being donated by the program for his school library. If the first place Louisiana winner is unable to attend the national competition, he may go to Washington, D.C., next month and represent the state as runner up. Renard and Nicholas Houston of Northshore High made it to the final rounds in the State Competition hosted by the Louisiana Division of the Arts. At the state level, the participants have to go through three rounds with a different poem each round. A St. Tammany district level competition was held in early February at Mandeville High School, with 19 students from high schools throughout the parish taking part. Christian Core of Covington High won first place in district reciting the poems “Football” by Louis Jenkins and “The Charge of the Light Brigade” by Alfred Lord Tennyson. Renard won second place in district, reciting the poems “After Working Sixty Hours Again for What Reason” by Bob Hicok and “Ballard of Birmingham” by Dudley Randall. Third place at the district competition was won by Houston, who recited the poems “The Idler” by Alice Moore Dunbar-Nelson and “Passing” by Toi Derricotte. Houston also performed those two poems at a special “Fine Arts in the Schools Month” Program just prior to the March 17 Board meeting in Covington. Contestants in this year’s district competition included Covington High student Maria Hefte; Fontainebleau High students Liz Giraud, Lucas Bernard, and Genevieve Brown; Mandeville High students Mallory Davis, Amber Russell, and Angelina Vancheri; Northshore High students Jenna Losh, and Paige Hymel; Pearl River High students Jacob Turner, Holly Duchmann, and Cheyenne Crowe; Salmen High students Stanley Amerski, Lora Lavigne, and Lauren Carlton; and Slidell High student Rebecca Guy. Judges for the St. Tammany district event included Mayor Donald Villere of Mandeville, Poet Sylvia Brookter, Vice Chair of the St. Tammany Parish Commission on Cultural Affairs Kelly Elliot, and the Assistant Public Information Officer for St. Tammany Parish Government Thomas Beale. The National Endowment for the Arts and the Poetry Foundation partners with state arts agencies to support Poetry Out Loud, which encourages the nation's youth to learn about great poetry through memorization and recitation. This program helps students master public speaking skills, build self-confidence, and learn about their literary heritage. Launched in 2006, the program involved nearly 325,000 students across America last year. The National Finals will be held in Washington, DC, April 28 & 29, 2011. According to the program directors, recitation and performance are exciting current trends in poetry, and a resurgence of poetry as an oral art form has been seen. Poetry Out Loud uses a pyramid structure that begins at the classroom level. School winners advance to a parishwide competition, then to a regional and/or state competition, and ultimately to the National Finals. St. Tammany had its first Poetry Out Loud contest last year when the Talented Arts Program partnered with St. Tammany Parish Government through involvement with the Talented Theatre programs at the high schools. At some schools the school participation has expanded to include English classes and teachers. The Parish level contest consists of two rounds. Each contestant presents a poem they have chosen from the Poetry Out Loud Anthology in each round. The poem must be memorized. Parish winners each received a trophy and a gift certificate to Barnes and Noble provided by Parish President Kevin Davis. The district Poetry Out Loud program is sponsored by the St. Tammany Parish Government’s Commission on Cultural Affairs, as well as the School Board. Local Arts Coordinator for the St. Tammany Parish level is Jennifer Hart Bushnell, and St. Tammany Parish Schools Talented Arts Program Coordinator Debbie Lefort, assisted by Donna Laurent, helped conduct the local competition. Last year eighteen high school students from throughout the St. Tammany Parish Public School System took part in the St. Tammany Parish Poetry Out Loud Competition at Mandeville High. Poetry Out Loud materials are sent to high schools in August and September, and participating schools run the program through early winter. Schools Celebrate Louisiana School Lunch Week with Special Programs (03-23-2011) Schools across St. Tammany conducted special cafeteria programs the week of March 14 through March 18 in observance of Louisiana School Lunch Week. Extra special efforts were made at Pine View Middle School since last October that school won first place in its division for the national “School Lunch Week” competition. Principal Janis Daviston said the school was commended for its lunchroom decorations and student-created activities. As a result, everyone was striving to win state honors as well. The school has already won the state competition several times in the past. Principal Daviston said the students had been working on activities to win the state event for several weeks. Linda Holliday, Pine View teacher, said the school usually goes all out for one or the other, but this year the school’s Nutrition Advisory Committee (NAC) decided to take part in both programs. The committee is composed of 28 students representing all grade levels at the school, with a representative from each home room. Almost every school in the System has a student-led Nutrition Advisory Committee. The Pine View group met, did research, and came up with ideas for projects and activities that emphasized healthy eating habits for their classmates. The NAC group has done milk projects, balanced meal projects, entertained the teachers, and promoted national soup month. “The NAC group is an active and important part of our school,” said Principal Daviston. “They even come up here on Saturdays for a meeting sometimes. They meet with our Cafeteria Manager Mable Stewart and Teacher Sponsor Ms. Holliday and come up with the exciting plans for these special events.” Louisiana School Lunch week emphasized regional dishes from gumbo and jambalaya to catfish. Mealtime activities included games, activities, and contests. Madisonville Elementary School celebrated Louisiana School Lunch Week with the theme of “What’s On Your Plate?” Students decorated the school cafeteria with artworks representing nutrition and unique regional foods. Bulletin boards, walls and indoor trees were covered with artwork representing foods such as red beans and rice, boiled seafood, and beignets. There were contests and prizes. To add to the festivities, Cajun music filled the halls at elementary school in Madisonville. On the last day of the week, several special guests came to the school to enjoy a fried catfish lunch with the students. Guests included Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie and Food Service Employee Angela Jackson. One of the Kindergarten classes presented a “Lunch Bunch” dressed as chefs who sang songs and paraded into the cafeteria and around the special guests. School System Launches Team Effort To Raise Funds For Japanese Victims (03-18-2011) The team spirit will be in full force across the St. Tammany Parish Public School System next Friday, March 25, as students, staff, and administration join together to raise funds for the disasters which have fallen upon Japan in the past week. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, recently notified school principals that the “Team Up To Help Day” will give participants an opportunity to wear items representing their favorite sports teams. For a dollar donation, they can show their team spirit and help the Japanese people. Recalling how Hurricane Katrina devastated Louisiana and the Gulf Coast, Folse stated, “As the recent experience in Japan unfolds, once again we have watched how a nation can be completely affected by multiple disasters. Last year, our school system rose to the occasion and delivered a sizable check to the Red Cross to aid the people of Haiti after their country was hit by an earthquake.” Principals and students have indicated to Folse in the past week they wanted to take part in another Systemwide fund-raising effort to help those in need. The school that collects the largest amount per student population will make the donation to the Red Cross on behalf of the School System at a special ceremony. Folse said the “Team Up To Help Day” effort will not only generate support for the Japanese victims of the recent massive earthquake and tsunami, but it will also demonstrate the powerful benefits of people working together as a team. Chevron Volunteers Ready Mandeville Elementary Garden For Spring (03-17-2011) A group of 10 volunteers from the area Chevron office helped prepare the front entrance garden at Mandeville Elementary for Spring plantings recently, guided by the parent of one of the students attending the school, Ms. Gina Villar. The volunteers turned out March 16 to put down mulch, clean up the flower beds, and spruce up the existing azalea bushes. Principal Elizabeth Laine greeted the group, thanking them for their efforts to help the school. The volunteers carefully worked around the numerous tiles that had been hand-decorated by students and placed in the garden over the years. Each tile represented a theme that the school had promoted during the school year. The group brought their own shovels, rakes, black weed paper, wheelbarrow, and mulch. “It is a wonderful thing that the volunteers cared enough to come and work in the school’s garden,” Principal Laine said. “They are all good community helpers, and we really appreciate it. When the community and schools work together amazing things are created.” Ms. Villar said it was their way to thank Mrs. Laine for having such a great school. Among those working in the garden were Zach Schneider, Anna Schneider, Laura Swafford, Mike Brashear, and Kathy Brenneman. They were from the Chevron Gulf Of Mexico Business Unit in Covington. With her daughter attending Mandeville Elementary, Ms. Villar volunteered to take care of the garden for the school this year. She talked about the effort to her friend Anna Schneider, who works for Chevron. In turn, she talked to her boss who agreed the project was a good community involvement outreach. Hornets Set April 1 as St. Tammany Schools Night (03-17-2011) The New Orleans Hornets professional basketball team will celebrate Friday, April 1, as “St. Tammany Parish School Night at the Hive,” an annual event in which several activities are planned involving St. Tammany Parish public school students and teachers. The Hornets will play the Memphis Grizzlies that night beginning at 7:00 p.m. with a number of audience-participation contests scheduled at the New Orleans Arena. Activities include the flag presentation and opportunities to serve as high five kids, tunnel kids, and ball boys. March 24 is the deadline for special ticket price availability. For more information, call 504-593-4746. Saints Junior Training Camp Visits Pine View Middle School (03-16-2011) A truck full of sports training equipment and a crew of several volunteers from Whitney Bank visited Pine View Middle School in Covington March 16 to conduct a Saints Junior Training Camp for hundreds of students. The event was part of the “Play 60” physical exercise campaign promoted by the NFL at schools across the country. The two-hour-long program took the students through seven training stations set up throughout the play area behind the school, each station emphasizing a football drill that is actually used by the pro teams. Activities included standing jumps, football tosses, football catches, tackling padded dummies, and fast-footed maneuvering to avoid being tagged. Principal Janis Daviston said the event was very popular with the students, especially since they all got a special T-shirt and the chance to win Saints-related souvenirs. “The goal of this is to get more kids to play the game of football while influencing them to be better people in the game of life,” she said. The program began with a presentation to the students on the importance of daily exercise, eating good food, and working to learn what they need to know to be successful in life, no matter what their chosen vocation. Then they moved outdoors for the actual running and jumping. “The different activities were designed so that anybody can perform the skills regardless of age, gender or experience,” Principal Daviston said. “The weather turned out wonderful. This is a beautiful day for this,” she said. The program's sponsors include Whitney Bank and Gatorade Sports Drink. The NFL’s “Play 60” program encourages students to get outdoors and be physically active at least 60 minutes each day. The Junior Training Camp is a great collaboration between the Saints, the community and the schools, said one Whitney volunteer. The students were chosen to participate in the camp based on winning special recognition over the previous month for practicing safety, acting respectfully, and working responsibility at the school. The Saints Junior Training Camps are held at two or three schools a week in Louisiana, Mississippi, and along the Gulf Coast. The group earlier visited a school in Mandeville, and overall this year, some 200 camps will be given. The day before the Pine View visit, the truck and crew had been in Mobile, AL. Meeting To Be Held For Input to the 2011 Pupil Progression Plan (03-11-2011) A public meeting to review proposed revisions to the School System’s Pupil Progression Plan will be held on Wednesday, April 6, at 7:00 p.m. at Boyet Junior High School in Slidell. School officials will receive input from the community and discuss proposed changes for the plan. The plan establishes placement, promotion, retention, and grading policies for students within the St. Tammany Parish Public School System. A committee of school administrators, teachers, and parents meets annually to review the plan and submit recommendations to the School Board for consideration. The Pupil Progression Plan Advisory Committee is scheduled to meet on March 16 for discussion of any changes proposed by administrators. Following the public meeting on April 6, the proposed Plan will be presented to the St. Tammany Parish School Board for its consideration at the June 2, 2011, Committee As A Whole meeting and again at the June 9, 2011, School Board meeting at the C.J. Schoen Administrative Complex. Parents, Teachers Reminded To Set Clocks Ahead an Hour (03-10-2011) Daylight Savings Time for 2011 begins at 2 a.m. this Sunday, March 13, with a “spring forward” from Central Standard Time. Parents and teachers are reminded to set their clocks ahead an hour to start Monday morning on Daylight Savings Time. Students Enjoy Parades at Several Schools (03-04-2011) Mardi Gras is not only a time for a few days off from school, but students across St. Tammany Parish take the opportunity to learn about area customs, build and decorate floats of various sizes (from shoebox on up), and greet the community face-to-face with parades of their own accompanied by marching bands and cheerleaders. Many schools take Mardi Gras seriously, incorporating the holiday in classroom handicraft projects, electing Kings and Queens, and going out into the streets for a first hand experience of throwing strings of beads and other trinkets to family and friends. Parents are especially involved in many of the holiday festivities as the Mardi Gras season builds. Schools Close March 4 – March 14 for Workshops and Mardi Gras Holidays (03-03-2011) Public school students in St. Tammany Parish are out of school this week, the Mardi Gras holidays, through Friday, March 11. Students will return to classes on Monday, March 14. Superintendent Folse Reads to Kindergarten Class (03-03-2011) Elementary students around the country celebrated the birthday of famed Children’s Author Dr. Seuss this week, and schools in St. Tammany joined in by holding special “Reader Days” bringing in special guests from the community to read their favorite children’s books to kindergarten classes. It is part of the “Read Across America” program promoted by the National Education Association. At Pontchartrain Elementary, Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, read one of his daughter’s favorite children’s books to three kindergarten classes. Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie also visited with the students. Among the special guest readers were Mandeville Mayor Donald Villere who read to the classes one of his favorite Dr. Seuss’s classics. Pontchartrain Principal Kim Thomas was a special guest reader as well. Since the theme of the week was “Louisiana Festivals of Learning,” the walls of the kindergarten wing were decorated to portray the different kinds of regional festivals, from the Renaissance Festival, to the French Quarter Festival and the Hot Air Balloon Festival. Mayor Villere, formerly a School Board member, was grand marshal for the school’s Mardi Gras parade held the day before. Now in its thirteenth year, the “Read Across America” program focuses on motivating children and teens to read through events, partnerships, and reading resources. The national reading celebration takes place each year on or near March 2, the birthday of Dr. Seuss. Across the country, thousands of schools, libraries, and community centers participate by bringing together kids, teens, and books. Public Schools Close March 7-11 for Mardi Gras Holidays St. Tammany Parish Public Schools will be closed Monday, March 7, through Friday, March 11, for the 2011 Mardi Gras Holidays. Classes resume on Monday, March 14. St. Tammany Parish School Board support offices will be closed Monday and Tuesday, March 7 and 8, and will reopen on Wednesday, March 9. Special Olympics Events Held at Fontainebleau High (03-02-2011) More than two hundred and seventy students from across the parish took part in the Special Olympics Track and Field Event at Fontainebleau High School north of Mandeville March 2, with competitions in the 50 and 100 meter walk/run, 25 meter wheel chair race, shot put, softball throw, and standing long jump, as well as a variety of developmental games. The three hour event began with a parade of all the contestants, the lighting of the Special Olympics torch, and welcomes by Principal Johnny Vitrano, Supervisor of Special Education Sharon Hosch, and Charlie Courville, Director of Outreach and Area Management for the Louisiana Special Olympics organization. The St. Tammany Parish Adapted Physical Education Department hosted the annual Track and Field Meet for middle school, junior high, and high school athletes with special needs from throughout St. Tammany Parish. A variety of schools were represented. The Bulldog Buddies Club of Fontainebleau High provided scores of volunteers for the event, and parents, community members and track enthusiasts were invited to attend and cheer for the athlete participants. The Mandeville Police Department and Fire Protection District also lent a hand. The Fontainebleau High School ROTC presented the colors as the school groups gathered onto the school’s football field. It was the third time Fontainebleau High had served as a site for the annual event. In recognition of the school's support, Louisiana Special Olympics awarded Fontainebleau High a special honor this year, recognizing it as “Outstanding School of the Year.” A banner proclaiming the honor was unfurled and put on display at the opening ceremonies. Close to 20 schools had been nominated for the designation, Courville said. Coordinator of Adaptive Physical Education Dr. Renae Wallace said that Fontainebleau High students have been awesome in their volunteer turnout for the event. She especially appreciated the many signs the student volunteers had painted and put on display to welcome the incoming athletes. Supervisor of Special Education Hosch said the program was a great opportunity for students to participate in activities together. “When our special students do something like this, they are competing and being part of a team,” she said. The variety of competitions at the Track and Field Event gives each individual participant a good chance to excel at one thing or another, she noted. “There’s so much work that goes into the whole program, and everyone involved feels it is so rewarding,” Hosch stated. “Fontainebleau High has been named Outstanding School of the Year because of its continuing dedication in making a difference in the lives of these athletes,” she said. She especially thanked the Bulldog Buddies group for its service to the school and the event. “For providing clear support, friendship and guidance, those students are truly appreciated,” she said. “Their encouragement to their fellow students is greatly valued.” Courville has been working with Special Olympics since 1989 and was named Outreach Director in 2005. “Over the years, I’ve seen a real change in people’s attitudes towards those with disabilities,” he said. He recalled early efforts to show how capable those called disabled actually were, and how the Special Olympics has made great strides in bringing that realization to more and more people. Greater emphasis is being placed today on “unified” programs, where those with special needs and regular athletics work together in sports competitions. “We are proud of the new direction Special Olympics has taken,” he said. The main goal is to give those students a real sense of accomplishment, of working together on a team, and a new self-confidence which will travel with them after school into the workplace. “Being able to contribute to a team effort at Special Olympics gives the students a real boost in self-esteem and confidence,” Courville stated. That translates to a greater awareness of the contributions they can make to their families and community. Principal Vitrano welcomed the hundreds of visitors, both athletes and family members, to his campus. “As teachers, we all know how special these students are,” he said. “We are proud to host this event and give these students a chance to pursue excellence, stretch their limits, and achieve new heights.” Courville predicted that the student members of the Bulldog Buddies will also realize greater things about themselves, in addition to the friendships that result from the organization’s activities. He expects that when Bulldog Buddies graduate, get jobs, and become leaders in the business world, they will continue their awareness and volunteer work for the special needs community. Special thanks was also given to the Adaptive Physical Education teachers for their work and preparation for the event, as well the parents and educators who helped make the day a reality. Dates Set For Kindergarten, First Grade Spring Registration (03-01-2011) Spring registration for the 2011-2012 school year will begin April 18, 2011, for students entering kindergarten and first grade for the first time in the St. Tammany Parish Public School System. Registration for the 2011-2012 pre-kindergarten classes will be held at a later date. The announcement of specific registration dates and times for each school will be listed in local newspapers and here on the School System web site. Any child born before October 1, 2005, will be eligible for the first grade, and any child born before October 1, 2006, will be eligible for kindergarten. Every child, as a prerequisite to enrollment in any first grade of a public school, shall meet one of the following criteria: have attended a full-day public or private kindergarten for a full academic year; or have satisfactorily passed academic readiness screening at the time of enrollment for first grade. Students who have completed kindergarten at an accredited private school must furnish proof of attendance. Registration for kindergarten and first grade students entering the St. Tammany Parish public schools for the first time will be held at the school the student will attend. Students who attended and completed a public school kindergarten during the 2010-2011 school year will not be required to register again for the first grade. Hours of registration will be 9:00 a.m. until noon at the following locations. REGISTRATION SCHEDULE The following items are required for student registration: 1. State Certified Birth Certificate; 2. Health Record of Required Immunization; 3. Proof of Residency; 4. Social Security Card; 5. Custody Papers (if applicable). State Certified Birth Certificate: Those who do not have a birth certificate may contact a St. Tammany Parish School Board Annex in their area for information on how to obtain one. Contact the Covington Annex at 985-898-3370 or the Slidell Annex at 985-646-4917. Health Record: State Law requires that all children attending school in the State of Louisiana have the following immunizations. This requirement includes students in the Title 1 four-year-old program and in pre-kindergarten through grade 12. Included are students who are coming into the St. Tammany Parish Public School System from another parish, state or nonpublic school. 1. DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis or Whooping Cough): A minimum of four (4) doses is required. The last DTP or a booster is to be given after the fourth birthday. 2. Polio: A minimum of three (3) doses is required. The last polio or booster is to be given after the fourth birthday. 3. MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella): One (1) dose is required at twelve to fifteen months of age. A second MMR is required before entry to school. 4. Hepatitis B: Three (3) doses are required for first time enrollees into Louisiana public schools. 5. HIB: Four (4) doses or proof of at least one dose after fifteen (15) months of age are required for pre-kindergarten and noncategorical students to enter school. 6. Varicella (Chickenpox): Two (2) doses or a history of the disease is required for pre-kindergarten and kindergarten. 7. MCV4 (Meningococcal Conjugate): Required for all students entering grade 6 or eleven (11) years old in any other grade. These students must also have proof of booster doses of Tdap, MMR, and Chickenpox. Dates of the above required immunizations must be recorded on an official immunization form and presented to the school at the time of registration. Contact the Slidell Health Unit at (985) 646-6445, the Covington Community Wellness Center at (985) 871-6030 or the Greater New Orleans (GNO) Immunization Network Mobile Unit at (504) 733-3268 for immunization information. The immunization policy of the St. Tammany Parish School Board dictates that no child be allowed to enter school without proof of immunizations. Proof of residency: Proof of residency must be established using at least three of the documents listed below. All documents must be the most current available and dated within the past 30 days. Documents that are suspect or inconclusive may be disallowed and additional documentation may be required. Documentation may consist of a current utility bill (butane, electric, gas, water, cable or satellite), the current year W-2 form, the most recent federal or state income tax return, a vehicle insurance print-out from the parent’s or legal guardian’s insurance company, a signed residential building contract, a signed real estate lease agreement or signed mortgage loan documentation. All documents must show the name of the parent or legal guardian, the street or road address of residence or the utility service address (if using utility bills). Lease agreements must show street or road location and must be from a real estate office, apartment complex or mobile home property, not from an individual. U. S. Post Office box numbers, printed checks or drivers’ licenses are NOT considered proof of residency. Social Security Card: The Social Security number serves as the student’s identification number on all records. The Social Security number written on a piece of paper cannot be accepted. Custody Papers: Parents or guardians granted custodial rights of a student must present at registration the custody papers granted through a court system. Lee Road Jr High Showcases Louisiana Products and Culinary Exhibits (02-25-2011) The annual Louisiana Day exhibition took place at Lee Road Junior High School February 25, with festivities and exhibits attracting a large number of parents and community visitors. Put together by the third grade teachers and students, the day’s events included musical entertainment and snacks and lunch offering a wide variety of samples of authentic Louisiana cooking. Principal Anna Bowie said the event was just amazing, from the student-produced exhibits to the turnout by community service agencies, among them the LSU Cooperative Extension Service. Coordinators were Mrs. Martha Cazaubon, Mrs. Jackie T. Jacob, Mrs. Angela Montgomery, and Mrs. Darlene Saurage. The event started as a classroom project 12 years ago, expanded into the hallway, and now covers the entire gymnasium and a large area outdoors. Hundreds of visitors, community leaders, special guests, and retired School System personnel take the opportunity to visit with the students, teachers, and their friends and relatives. The indoor exhibits covered a wide range of Louisiana-oriented topics, from the Causeway and the State Capitol Building, to Catahoula dogs, King Cakes, red beans and rice, and a dugout canoe from the Lake Pontchartrain Basin Maritime Museum. The outdoor exhibits included the Sheriff’s Department helicopter, canine unit, motorcycle patrol, animal control, Command Center motorhome, and SWAT team truck as well as exhibits by the Wildlife and Fisheries Department and the Louisiana State Police. Especially popular with the students were the chance to touch a live baby alligator, examine a motorcycle up close, and watch the unbelted dummy be tossed out of the State Police Rollover Truck Seat Belt Safety Demonstration Unit. Among the special guests attending were School Board President Stephen “Jack” Loup III and Board member Charles Harrell, State Representative Scott Simon, and Fred Bass, Assistant to Louisiana Dept. of Agriculture and Forestry Commissioner Mike Strain. Former school personnel from across the parish turn out for the event, as do the grandfathers and grandmothers of the students who attend Lee Road Junior High. Philip Sharp, who is 101 years old this year, is a regular attendee, along with this brother Victor Sharp. Diane Bourgeois, retired assistant principal from Folsom Elementary, and Leo Bourgeois, a retired coach from Covington High School, were also enjoying the exhibits. Teacher and event organizer Martha Cazaubon said they make special efforts to recognize the contributions made by the older residents of the community. The Day has become a tradition in the Lee Road area for all ages to enjoy. “We aren’t able to get on the bus and travel to these Louisiana landmarks on field trips as much as we would like to,” she said, “so doing the exhibits and holding this special day helps us focus on our Louisiana community heritage.” To view photos from the event, visit http://stpsb.org/PhotoGalleryArchives/LouisianaDay/LouisianaDay.htm College and Career Quest Event Held For Junior High Students (02-21-2011) The 2011 St. Tammany Parish Public School’s Junior High College and Career Quest took place on Tuesday, February 22, at the Castine Center in Pelican Park east of Mandeville. Hundreds of junior high students and their parents from throughout St. Tammany participated. The public was also invited to attend. The event was well-attended. The purpose of the annual event was to allow students enrolled in Sixth Grade through Eighth Grade (and their families) to begin exploring a variety of post-secondary options. The information received will be helpful to students who will attend Covington High, Fontainebleau High, Mandeville High, Lakeshore High, Northshore High, Pearl River High, Salmen High, or Slidell High. A number of representatives from various institutions and organizations were on hand to offer information to the prospective high school graduates, everything from the Louisiana Office of Student Financial Aid and the state scholarship program, TOPS, to financial institutions, colleges, military academies, and test prep options. Local high schools showcased the different offerings available at each campus. For more information, the College Counseling website is available by visiting http://college.stpsb.org/ Schools Celebrate Presidents Day (02-21-2011) All across St. Tammany Parish, schools observed Presidents Day Monday, February 21, with special programs that included singing, skits, and historical presentations. Hundreds of parents turned out for the annual event. At Madisonville Elementary students recited informational tidbits about each president, re-enacted the Oath of Office taken by incoming Commanders-In-Chief, and gave special tribute to George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, whose birthdays in February brought about the designation of Presidents Day. College and Career Quest Event Planned For Junior High Students (02-21-2011) The 2011 St. Tammany Parish Public School’s Junior High College Career Quest will take place on Tuesday, February 22, at the Castine Center in Pelican Park east of Mandeville. The event begins at 6 p.m. and will end at 9 p.m. Approximately 9500 invitations have been sent out to junior high students and their parents throughout the parish, and the public is also invited to attend. Last year’s event was well-attended, and to ease parking concerns at Pelican Park, additional parking will be available at Monteleone Junior High a mile east of the Pelican Park entrance on U. S. 190 (63000 Blue Marlin Drive). A free school bus ride to the Castine Center will be offered from Monteleone Junior High every 15 minutes. In addition, Pelican Park officials are recommending to all parents participating in sports, as well as College and Career Fair attendees, to carpool Tuesday night to alleviate some of the traffic coming into the Park. The purpose of the event is to allow students enrolled in Sixth Grade through Eighth Grade (and their families) to begin exploring a variety of post-secondary options. The information will be helpful to students who will attend Covington High, Fontainebleau High, Mandeville High, Lakeshore High, Northshore High, Pearl River High, Salmen High, or Slidell High. A number of representatives from various institutions and organizations will be on hand to offer information to the prospective high school graduates, everything from the Louisiana Office of Student Financial Aid and the state scholarship program, TOPS, to financial institutions and test prep options. Local high schools will showcase the different offerings available at each campus. For a list of participants (PDF File), click on the View File link below. Deputies will be in the front of the Park as well as in the Park to help direct traffic and keep it flowing smoothly. For more information, phone Annette O’Regan or Christine Y. Woodard, St. Tammany Parish Public School System counselors for college bound students, at 985-898-6456. The College Counseling website is available by clicking here. (http://college.stpsb.org/) Last year more than 36 exhibitors offered information pertaining to high schools, colleges and universities, state agencies, financial aid services, career and technical training and military options. First Elementary Fitness Meet Held At Lakeshore High (02-19-2011) Hundreds of elementary students, their parents and volunteers from throughout St. Tammany converged on the stadium at Lakeshore High School Saturday, February 19, to take part in the first ever St. Tammany Parish Elementary Fitness Meet. More than 90 students in fourth through sixth grade from 23 schools participated under sunny skies. Activities included a 50-yard dash, a 600-yard run, standing broad jump, shuttle run, pull-ups, curl-ups and sit and reach. An awards ceremony followed the competitions, with medals presented to the first, second and third place boy and girl finishers in all events. Trophy Winners were as follows: The overall school winner was Lake Harbor Middle School. In the Girls Competition, first place was won by Erin Sellers of Lake Harbor Middle School; second place was won by Mackenzie Kennedy of Lake Harbor Middle School; and third place was won by Laura Barrios of Pine View Middle School. In the Boys Competition, first place was won by Todd Bagby of Mandeville Middle School; second place was won by Bryce Carroll of Carolyn Park Middle School; and third place was won by Anthony Mosley of Brock Elementary School. Their trophies will be presented to them at their respective schools. They will move on to the Governor’s Elementary Fitness Meet to be held in Baton Rouge, Saturday, April 16, 2011. Salmen High Student Presented With HERO Award (02-18-2011) Salmen High School senior Zephnia Rudolph was recently selected by Sophisticated Woman magazine to be the first recipient of its monthly “HERO Award,” an honor given to high school students who have shown integrity and excellent character when facing difficult life challenges. The award was presented to Rudolph at Salmen High on February 17 by Sarah Cottrell, Associate Publisher with G&A Publishing and Shelly King, a Charter Business account executive. Also on hand was Guidance Counselor Cecelia Anderson who nominated him for the award. He was recognized for his commitment to succeeding in school, in spite of family sickness and the loss of his home to fire, and for striving to maintain ties with his sisters even though they are now living with relatives. He visits them every weekend and tries to set an example for them, he said. He is planning to graduate high school this year, after working hard to make up for a year lost after fourth grade. Falling behind a grade was an incentive for him to work harder and get good grades. He now has a 3.0 grade average even while taking nine classes, all in the effort to catch up with his classmates and graduate from high school in three years. In the fall, he hopes to attend Louisiana College to major in business and play football. He will be visiting the college in a few weeks to better prepare himself for the next phase of his academic life. He was surprised to win the first HERO award, which stands for “Helpfully and Eagerly Reaching Out.” In addition to playing with the Salmen Spartans football team, he is also active in power lifting and track. He is involved with the first class of Spartans Acquire Value and Education (S.A.V.E.), a program that pairs students with community coaches to help prepare them for college and careers. Rudolph appreciates how the school and his classmates have helped him over the years, especially his football coach Jerry Leonard. He loves the new Salmen High campus and is glad to be among the first graduating class to attend the new school. Sophisticated Woman magazine teamed up with Charter Business to launch the HERO award program in an effort to honor high school students in St. Tammany and Tangipahoa Parishes who exemplify academic excellence, community involvement, leadership among peers, humanitarianism, sportsmanship, and the ability to overcome extraordinary circumstances. Each month a selection committee reviews nominations and chooses a recipient. They will be featured in an article in Sophisticated Woman magazine. More information about the award can be found at SophisticatedWoman.com. Schools Observe Black History Month With Special Programs (02-18-2011) Schools throughout St. Tammany Parish are observing Black History Month this February with a variety of programs and assemblies. Many had guest speakers, presented songs, and put up educational displays across the campus. Programs are continuing over the next two weeks. Slidell Junior High held its program on February 14 with a history reading detailing little known facts from Black History, the story of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and special musical selections. At Folsom Elementary, Damon Singleton of WDSU spoke to the students at a special assembly, followed by an address by a retired Naval officer. The program organized by the Student Council at Folsom Junior High took place on February 17, when WWL Newscaster Sally Ann Roberts gave an inspirational talk to the students and visiting parents. She said she remembered the first time she saw a Black female newscaster on TV and vowed at the age of 12 that was what she wanted to be. She presented the students with a personal account of her career in the news media, saying how important other people who liked her were in helping her advance in the industry. Many of the young people she met on her TV Show “Our Generation” have since grown up and now work with her at WWL. She advised the students to pay close attention to their school lessons and education, the same intense attention shown by a young kitten watching a piece of yarn swinging in front of it. She told the group that she was amazed by the tremendous opportunities that were available to young people today, noting that to be a success they had to remember the three “D’s”, Decision, Discipline, and Devotion. Her account of Abraham Lincoln’s many early failures in business and politics showed how perseverance and discipline helped him become President of the United States. The program also featured songs by the school chorus, musical numbers by the school band, and interpretive poetry readings. Both student Kria Gordan and Mrs. Roberts sang a rendition of “I Believe I Can Fly.” At the end of the assembly, members of the Student Council locked arms and led the entire student body in singing “We Are The World.” At Bayou Lacombe Middle School, students gave tributes to several local highly-successful African-American guests, as well as a presentation of musical selections. Next week the school will show the video entitled “My Friend Martin.” The Talented Music students at Lakeshore High School are currently preparing a lecture/recital based on the lives and works of African American composers and musicians. The presentation covers the lives and contributions of Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Muddy Waters, Ella Fitzgerald, H.T. Burleigh, Jimi Hendrix, Quincy Jones, Bessie Smith, Leontyne Price, and Scott Joplin. Lakeshore students will present information about each person and perform related pieces composed or made famous by these artists. The program will be presented to Lake Harbor Middle School and Mandeville Middle School on February 23. It will be presented to Fine Arts and American Literature classes at Lakeshore High on Friday, February 25. Mandeville Elementary also celebrated Black History Month with a visit from a New Orleans Opera Association featured performer, mezzo-soprano Givonna Joseph. Students were in awe as Ms. Joseph performed, as for many, it was the first time they had been exposed to opera. In addition, Ms. Joseph, an award winning arts educator and music therapist and current teaching artist with Young Audiences of New Orleans and New Orleans Opera’s MetroPelican education program, educated students on the history of Opera in the New Orleans area and the influence of African-American musicians on Opera. She sang an aria from the opera “Carmen” to second and third grade students. Clearwood Junior High will feature daily Powerpoint presentations on Black History Month this week over its student broadcasting channel, WCJH. The school will highlight a prominent African-American figure each day. These programs are broadcast to each homeroom class. At Brock Elementary third graders presented a Black History Month program at the morning meeting. They sang songs and read short excerpts about the life of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Students at Chahta-Ima Elementary will present a Black History Month and Presidents Day program on Monday, February 21, during the morning meeting. Then on Tuesday, second graders will perform a more extensive program for parents at 6:00 p.m. At Lee Road Junior High School, students read the biographies of Ruby Bridges, Dr. King, Rosa Parks, George Washington Carver, the Tuskegee airmen, and many other Black Americans. Topics discussed included Dr. King’s philosophy of passive resistance and peaceful protests, with comparisons being made to the present-day Egyptian uprising. At Florida Avenue Elementary School, employees read books over the student broadcast channel and a third grade class made a special “I Have A Dream” video. Students learned of the accomplishments of Dr. King, President Lincoln, Harriet Tubman, and Jackie Robinson. They also studied the Freedom Riders of the 1960’s. One particularly popular project involved students going down hallways and viewing photos and listening to tape recordings made by students about famous Black Americans. They made notes during the tour and the result was an interactive “timeline” of Black history. Talented Music students at Fontainebleau Junior High School have been researching Black composers/musicians and will perform pieces by the those artists to Social Studies classes on March 21. Food Service Field Managers Present Workshops at Regional Event (02-17-2011) Two St. Tammany Parish Public School System Food Service Field Managers, Robin Hollingsworth and Angela Jackson, participated in the recent Southwest Region Fuel Up to Play 60 and HealthierUS School Challenge Webinar sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the National Dairy Council. Hollingsworth and Jackson presented an extensive overview of local programs using photographs of St. Tammany students. The goal was to tell school success stories and encourage other school districts to apply for the HealthierUS School Challenge Gold Award. Following their Powerpoint presentation, they answered questions from the attendees. Food Service Supervisor Pat Farris said, “Events like these give us a chance to showcase what we have accomplished here and helps encourage other school districts to get involved in these rewarding opportunities. We couldn’t operate our successful programs without the support of our Superintendent, Board and principals and the dedication of our hard-working cafeteria managers and employees.” Schools Close March 4 – March 14 for Workshops and Mardi Gras Holidays (02-17-2011) Public school students in St. Tammany Parish will not report to school on Friday, March 4, to allow a day for teachers to finish record-keeping duties for the end of the third grading period and take part in various in-service professional development workshops. The third grading period for the 2010-2011 School Year ends Thursday, March 3, following a week of exams for students in the higher grades. The following week the Mardi Gras holidays run Monday, March 7, through Friday, March 11. Students will return to classes on Monday, March 14. St. Tammany Parish School Board support offices will be closed Monday and Tuesday, March 7 and 8, and will reopen on Wednesday, March 9. Special Exhibit Teaches Students About Eating Right (02-11-2011) Four schools in St. Tammany Parish were visited recently by a traveling educational exhibit which featured a 55 minute tour about the benefits of eating right and exercising regularly. The “Body Walk” exhibit gave young visitors an overview of the different parts of the body, how they worked together, and the importance of lifestyle habits that build strong healthy bodies and develop active minds. Schools visited in St. Tammany Parish included Bonne Ecole Elementary in Slidell, Lyon Elementary in Covington, Tchefuncte Middle School in Mandeville, and Alton Elementary in Slidell. The exhibit is part of the Louisiana “Smart Bodies” interactive education program designed to help prevent childhood obesity. It began in 2005 as a joint effort between the Louisiana State University Ag Center and Blue Cross / Blue Shield Foundation of Louisiana. John Albarado, Body Walk Manager, said the project takes kindergarten through fifth grade students to 11 different teaching stations, starting in the brain and proceeding through the mouth, the stomach, the intestines, the heart, the bones, the muscles, and the skin. A five minute presentation is given at each station detailing the work of the particular organ or system. At the beginning, each child is assigned to represent a certain food item, and throughout the walk additional information is given about the benefits of those foods. Lyon Elementary School Principal Jeanine Barnes said, "I am a strong advocate for healthy eating and exercise, so when Resource Helping Teacher Suzanne Roth approached me last year about securing the Smart Bodies Body Walk for our students, I instantly agreed. The children have been excited for some time about this exhibit, and our parent volunteers helped us make this a huge success." Assisting in the parish tour was Amy Long-Pierre, associate extension agent for 4-H Youth development with the local office of the LSU Ag Center. The participants are encouraged to eat low-fat foods and plenty of fruits and vegetables, along with taking part in regular exercise activities. The “Body Walk” experience is accompanied by a twelve-week curriculum in the classroom, with each school receiving $1200 worth of teaching materials, videos, and hardback books, all aligned with state-approved grade level expectations (GLEs). When it’s all over, the participating students can become members of the “Organwise Guys” that certifies their knowledge about a healthy lifestyle. “The kids really love it, and they learn a lot,” Albarado said. The program has become so popular that there are now two separate Body Walks travelling exhibits in the state. The program re-visits a school every two or three years as the schedule permits, so that new students can benefit from the learning experience. The Smart Bodies program provides children with what they need to know about good nutrition and exercise in a way they can understand, said Denise M. Holston of the LSU Ag Center. The program has been proven to successfully teach children the importance of a healthy diet and gives them an awareness of the need for and a willingness to exercise regularly, and it also helps parents assess their child’s weight status, with an eye towards identifying students “at risk” for obesity. Students who participate in the Smart Bodies program are twice as willing to taste fruits and vegetables served at school when compared to students that did not experience the program and were more active during PE, recess, lunch, and after-school, it was found. The 35 foot by 45 foot exhibit travels statewide, going from site to site by truck. Each exhibit location relies upon a group of local volunteers to help unload the truck and set up the exhibits, as well as volunteers to man the 11 different teaching stations. “The volunteers are essential,” said Albarado. “They include parents, high school students, and college kids.” More information on the program can be found at www.smartbodies.org. Last year Brock Elementary School in Slidell was visited by First Lady Michelle Obama for the launch of the next phase of her “Let’s Move” initiative, another program to address the challenge of childhood obesity. Madisonville Elementary Hosts Saints Pep Rally (02-11-2011) Saints football player Malcolm Jenkins, three members of the Saintsations, and their mascot Gumbo thrilled hundreds of Madisonville Elementary School students Thursday, an event resulting from the school winning first place in last year’s Moo Dat contest sponsored by Brown’s Dairy and the Southeast United Dairy Industry Association (SUDIA). Jenkins told the kids how important a healthy lifestyle was, especially if they wanted to become pro football players. When asked for a show of hands on who wanted to play football, almost all the students raised their hands. The Saintsations led the pep rally, kicking off the event with a reading of Gumbo’s biography. It was an entertaining and inspiring story, one punctuated with expressions and dances by Gumbo himself. Jenkins answered questions from the audience covering a variety of topics ranging from his personal background to his daily routine at Saints camp, including what time he goes to bed at night. He stressed the importance of eating right and exercising, saying the main job of a pro football player was to “keep his body healthy.” He told the students that more than anything, he enjoyed being out on the field playing football. It gives him a feeling of freedom, he said, but he added that before each game, it takes a lot of study, practice and discipline. He gave the kids an overview of his work day, getting to work at 7 a.m. and staying at it until 5 p.m., exercising, learning plays, and meeting with his teammates. Playing the position of safety, it’s his job to make sure nobody gets past his defense, he told the crowd. To accomplish that, he sometimes has to feel, act and look “mean,” a statement that delighted many of the students. One question posed to Jenkins was that, if he wasn’t a football player, what would like to be? His answer was to be a public speaker, motivating people and kids like themselves to work hard and be successful, just what he was doing that morning. Being a professional football player helps in that regard, since so many people know him and want to meet him, he said. Principal Lauren Spencer said the response of the students was great. "We have had an unbelieveable amount of calls and requests for pictures from the pep rally!" she said. " We never imagined having so much fun with this." Madisonville Elementary posted a 139 percent increase in the amount of milk consumed during the run of the contest from October 11 to November 12. The school received $5000 as a result of the win in addition to the pep rally. The St. Tammany Parish Public School System won the grand prize. Overall, the School System increased milk consumption by 40.8 percent and as a result the parish received the Grand Prize of a HOPSports exercise system valued at $10,000. Spring LEAP Testing Schedule Announced (02-07-2011) Students in the fourth and eighth grades in the St. Tammany Parish Public School System will take the Louisiana Educational Assessment Program (LEAP) test this Spring in two phases. In Phase One, they will take the writing component on March 22 and then the multiple choice tests in Phase Two on April 11 and 12 for the English/Language Arts (ELA) and Math components. Public school students will take the Science portion on April 13 and Social Studies on April 14. Home schooled and non-public school students may take the ELA and Math components on Tuesday, March 22; Monday, April 11, and Tuesday, April 12, 2011. If a student does not participate in Phase 1, then he/she must wait until summer to take the LEAP assessment which will allow only one opportunity for the student to pass. Students planning to enroll in St. Tammany Parish public schools in the fifth or ninth grades for the 2011-2012 school year and whose parents currently reside in Louisiana must have already passed the fourth and/or eighth grade LEAP test. According to the “Basic/Approaching Basic” required score combination, a student may not be promoted to the fifth or ninth grade until he/she has scored “at or above the Basic achievement level” on either the English Language Arts or Mathematics component on the fourth or eighth grade LEAP test and at the "Approaching Basic achievement level" on the other. More information on The LEAP High Stakes Testing Policy can be found on the Louisiana Department of Education website at www.louisianaschools.net. Parents of Home Study and nonpublic school students may request testing for their children according to the following procedures: (1) Requests for applications for testing are to be made no later than March 1, 2011; (2) Applications must be returned for processing by March 11, 2011; (3) All testing will take place at a parish school site; (4) Administration of these tests will follow the same instructions and conditions as provided public school students; (5) Make-up tests, other than what is provided for public school students, cannot be given if a test appointment is missed, and (6) as provided by state regulations, a fee of $35 will be charged for each test. Checks should be paid to the order of “St. Tammany Parish Schools’ and must accompany the returned application. This fee is refundable when the students begin attendance in St. Tammany public schools. Home Study students, at the discretion of parents, also may take the iLEAP test during Spring testing. This test will be given the week of April 11- 15, 2011. Parents must contact the District Test Coordinator Karen Kety to register. For further details or for an application, call (985) 898-6481 or email [email protected]. Schools Remain Open Friday (02-03-2011) St. Tammany Parish Public Schools are open today, Friday, February 4, as the area continues to experience colder than average temperatures. School officials are closely monitoring weather conditions to determine if further action is needed. Concerned parents should continue to listen to area news media, Channel 13, or view the School System Web site of any updates. West Feliciana School Officials Visit St. Tammany (01-28-2011) A group of administrators from the West Feliciana Parish School System met with St. Tammany Parish Public School System officials Thursday to learn what initiatives are in place to improve graduation rates in the District. School Board President Stephen J. “Jack” Loup III welcomed the group to St. Tammany Parish. Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III, and Assistant Superintendent of Curriculum and Instruction Cheryl Arabie explained the various initiatives and answered questions from the group in the morning, followed by visits to three schools. The West Feliciana school officials chose to visit St. Tammany since it is a District with school performance rankings close to theirs. The group visited Slidell High, Salmen High and Slidell Junior High, and talked with administrators, teachers and students about St. Tammany’s initiatives such as graduation coaches and high school academies. Information was presented about the District’s use of Schlechty Center’s guidelines, periodic “quality assurance” reviews, and dual enrollment programs being conducted in conjunction with area colleges and universities. “They wanted to learn from us what we were doing, and we plan to go visit them in the near future to look at their efforts,” said Mrs. Arabie. "Visits such as these are a clear indication of how people throughout the state are hearing about what we have going on in St. Tammany, and they want to learn from us,” she said. “Not only Districts in the state from outside the state as well." The visitors were most impressed with the “common language” they heard from school to school, indicating a uniform implementation of the various initiatives across the different learning communities, Mrs. Arabie commented. Of particular impact was the presentation by students. “Students from the different high school academies shared their experiences, and that was powerful,” said Mrs. Arabie. “Our visitors heard the students from different schools say how engaging the lessons were, and that was very meaningful to them.” While taking the on-site “learning walks” at the schools, the West Feliciana group noted several things they would like to have underway in their district. “The visit provided us with an opportunity to show them what we are doing in key areas, compare notes with them, and reinforce our understanding of how the implementation of these important initiatives are being carried out on the school level,” said School Board President Loup. Superintendent Folse said, “It helps us when officials from other districts want to come in and see what we have going on here. We feel it is important for us to share our successes with other Districts, and we will continue to look at what other Districts are doing to see how we can benefit from their experiences as well. " Among those in the West Feliciana group were Superintendent Hollis Milton, Special Education Supervisor Carolyn S. Lee, Information System Analyst Steven L. Comfort, and Supervisor of Secondary Education Rodney Al Lemoine. Local initiatives spotlighted during the visit included the college counselors program, the a3 Virtual Academy on-line courses, curriculum specialists, distance learning facilitators, a partnership with the Northshore Technical College, the 9th Grade Academy, “Career Pathways,” and Senior Projects. Power Restored at Cypress Cove Elementary (01-26-2011) Cypress Cove Elementary School lost all electrical power around lunch on Wednesday, January 26, but the School System's Maintenance Department, working with CLECO and professional electricians, were able to restore power by the start of school Thursday morning. For more information, please call the School office number at 985-641-3033. Chef Susan Spicer Serves Up Cooking Lesson at Lakeshore High (01-20-2011) Another well-known New Orleans area Chef visited the Pro-Start students at Lakeshore High School recently, famed Chef Susan Spicer of Bayona and MONDO Restaurants. She demonstrated her way of preparing a potato gnocchi and tomato sauce as well as offering personal insights into the restaurant business. Chef Spicer worked side by side with student volunteers, sharing tips, techniques and personal experiences throughout the presentation. Pro-Start courses, established by the National Restaurant Association, are offered at all eight St. Tammany Parish Public High Schools for students interested in getting a head start on a career in the restaurant industry. It’s the first year the course has been available at Lakeshore High. Students asked Chef Spicer how the recent oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico had affected her restaurants and also wanted to hear about her experiences with the television show Top Chef and the HBO series Treme. Chef Spicer is co-owner and chef at the award-winning Bayona restaurant in New Orleans and recently opened MONDO in the Lakeview area of New Orleans, where she has lived for 20 years. She began her cooking career in New Orleans in 1979 and has established herself as a New Orleans food icon with involvement in many highly acclaimed restaurants and a food market. Spicer was recently inducted into the James Beard Foundation’s Who’s Who of food and Beverage in America. For the 13 students enrolled in the Pro-Start Kitchen course at Lakeshore High School, the personal cooking demonstrations from top New Orleans area chefs and hearing real-life experiences serves as an inspiration and invaluable learning opportunity. Earlier this school year, the students were visited by two other New Orleans cooking icons, Chef John Besh and Leah Chase. Students have to earn 200 hours as paid culinary interns working in local restaurants and put in another 200 hours in class, which sometimes involves catering special events. Awards Given For Successful United Way Campaign (01-19-2011) Contributions from throughout the St. Tammany Parish Public School System have once again made the School System one of the leading sources of funds for the local United Way community service programs. Assistant Superintendent of Administration William Brady reported to the School Board at its January meeting that the students and employees should be congratulated for their outstanding response this year. “Our recent United Way campaign was very successful,” he said, “with our employees and students raising more than $161,500 for the United Way.” The goal had been set at $150,000, he said. “The United Way has historically counted upon the St. Tammany Parish School Board for much of their operating expenses, and we are glad that we made our goals this year,” he told the Board. He announced a number of awards to schools and support sites that went “above and beyond” what they were asked to do. Special recognition awards for 100% Participation, where everyone at a site takes part in the campaign, went to Alton Elementary School, Bayou Lacombe Middle School, Bayou Woods Elementary School, Honey Island Elementary School, Lyon Elementary School, Mandeville Elementary School (17 years in a row at 100%), Woodlake Elementary School, and Marigny Elementary School. Also winning recognition as 100% participation sites were support offices Covington Annex, Covington Educational Center, Energy Management Office (for three years in a row), Slidell Annex, Treen Technology Center, Transportation Department, and Student Health Services. “It really is an accomplishment to get every single person at a site to donate to the campaign, but that is what our 100 percent participation sites do,” Brady said. In the presentation of Superintendent Awards for special achievements, the school with the most student dollars raised was Fifth Ward Junior High School with more than $2700 donated this year. Fifth Ward has achieved the honor for four years in a row. The school that raised the most employee donations was Bayou Woods Elementary School with a total collected of more than $5000. The support site that raised the most employee dollars was the School Board Central Office with more than $10,000 donated. Four recognitions were given to schools and sites with the most outstanding United Way drives, each in a separate grade range category. The Transportation Department won top honors in the support site category, Covington High School won in the upper grades category, and Bayou Lacombe Middle School won in the middle/junior high grades category. There was a tie for the top winner in the elementary school category. The top two elementary schools were Alton Elementary and Bayou Woods Elementary School. Brady credited much of the campaign success to the local school and office United Way coordinators appointed by each site administrator. He also thanked his secretaries Corinne Blanchard and Debbie Guerrera for their efforts in helping with the fund-raising program. School Board Receives Financial Reporting Awards (01-14-2011) For the 22nd year in a row, the St. Tammany Parish School Board has been awarded the Association of School Business Officials (ASBO) Certificate of Excellence in Financial Reporting Award and a Certificate of Achievement for Excellence in Financial Reporting by the Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA). The annual recognitions are given for excellence in the preparation and publication of the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) for the Fiscal Year ending in 2009. The honors come following an extensive review by experts from the two organizations. The GFOA award was presented at the January School Board meeting by Mike Battle with the Louisiana Legislative Auditors Office, and the ASBO Award was presented by Joey Richard, CPA, Managing Director, Postlethwaite and Netterville, APAC. Director of Business Affairs Terri Fortenberry and her staff were commended for their annual Financial Report and work in financial reporting for the School System. “Participation in the Certificate of Excellence Program is a rewarding experience,” said Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III. “Attaining these awards for the past 22 years validates our financial reporting expertise not only to the District but to the community as a whole.” ASBOIntl established the Certificate of Excellence in Financial Reporting Program in 1972 to enable school business officials to achieve a high standard of financial reporting and recognize excellence in school system comprehensive annual financial reports (CAFR). The award is the highest recognition given to school district financial operations by the ASBO and is conferred to School Systems that have met or exceeded the standards of the certificate program. The GFOA certificate recognition program is more than 50 years old, and organizations which are singled out for recognition have to meet very stringent criteria. Since 1945, the program has become widely known as the premier indicator of excellence in governmental accounting. The purpose of the annual financial statements is to report on and provide an overview of the financial position and operations of the school system (including its component units). The CAFR enables school business officials to educate the school board and the public about the status of a school system's finances as well as strengthens presentations for bond issuance statements. It also provides professional recognition for the integrity and technical competence of the business staff. Principals Appointed For New Elementary Schools (01-14-2011) The St. Tammany Parish School Board appointed principals January 13 for two new elementary schools now under construction. Susannah Welch was appointed by the Board to serve as the first principal of Lancaster Elementary School west of Madisonville, and Arlana LeBlanc was chosen by the Board as the first principal of Mayfield Elementary School off U.S. 190 between Slidell. LeBlanc is currently an Assistant Principal at Lakeshore High School. Previously, she served as a curriculum specialist in middle grade mathematics, an assistant principal at Carolyn Park Middle School and a teacher at Slidell Junior High School. She joined the School System in 1997. Welch is currently Assistant Principal at Lake Harbor Middle School. She was previously a Resource Helping Teacher at the school and was also a fourth grade teacher at Mandeville Middle School. She joined the School System in 1993. Schools Close January 17 For M. L. King, Jr. Holiday (01-13-2011) The St. Tammany Parish Public School System closed schools and School Board support offices on Monday, January 17, 2011, in observance of the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. Classes resumed and offices reopened on Tuesday, January 18. College and Career Quest Event Planned For Junior High Students (01-10-2011) The 2011 St. Tammany Parish Public School’s Junior High College Career Quest will take place on Tuesday, February 22, at the Castine Center in Pelican Park east of Mandeville. The event begins at 6 p.m. and will end at 9 p.m. Approximately 9500 invitations have been sent out to junior high students and their parents throughout the parish, and the public is also invited to attend. The purpose of the event is to allow students enrolled in Sixth Grade through Eighth Grade (and their families) to begin exploring a variety of post-secondary options. The information will be helpful to students who will attend Covington High, Fontainebleau High, Mandeville High, Lakeshore High, Northshore High, Pearl River High, Salmen High, or Slidell High. A number of representatives from various institutions and organizations will be on hand to offer information to the prospective high school graduates, everything from the Louisiana Office of Student Financial Aid and the state scholarship program, TOPS, to financial institutions and test prep options. Local high schools will showcase the different offerings available at each campus. Last year’s event was well-attended, and to ease parking concerns at Pelican Park, additional parking will be available at Monteleone Junior High a mile east of the Pelican Park entrance on U. S. 190 (63000 Blue Marlin Drive). A free school bus ride to the Castine Center will be offered from Monteleone Junior High on the hours and half hours. For more information, phone Annette O’Regan or Christine Y. Woodard, St. Tammany Parish Public School System counselors for college bound students, at 985-898-6456. The College Counseling website is available by clicking here. (http://college.stpsb.org/) Last year more than 36 exhibitors offered information pertaining to high schools, colleges and universities, state agencies, financial aid services, career and technical training and military options. Family Information Fair For Disabled Students Held (01-10-2011) A Family Information Fair for families with children with disabilities was held on Tuesday, January 11, at Fontainebleau High School. Presented by the Special Education Department of the St. Tammany Parish Public School System, the two-hour event was designed to increase awareness of the services provided by a variety of support agencies in the area. Exhibits were on display from agencies such as the Florida Parishes Human Services Authority, Louisiana Rehabilitation Services, Families Helping Families, STARC, and many others. Pine View DARE Graduates Visit Saints Camp (01-03-2011) The Fifth Grade DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) graduates from Pine View Middle School in Covington recently visited the Saints Training Facility in Metairie as a reward for completing the program. Approximately 200 students met Saints Head Coach Sean Payton, who told them how important the lessons taught by the DARE Program were in helping them resist peer pressure and live productive drug and violence-free lives. The students also had the opportunity to ask Coach Payton questions and tour the Saints’ training facility. The group visited the weight room, took pictures with the Lombardi trophy and met former Saints player Michael Lewis. Pine View DARE officer Jake Lehman with the Covington Police Department arranged the trip. Principal Janis Daviston said that every year he tries to do something special for the graduates of the course, and last year they went to Zephyr Field. This year he was able to bring the students to the Aquarium in downtown New Orleans in the morning and then to the Saints Camp in the afternoon. “It was fun, and the kids loved it,” said Principal Daviston. “Coach Payton encouraged them to follow what they had learned in DARE the rest of their lives. After his talk, the students asked him where Drew Brees and Reggie Bush were, and he said they were studying for the next game.” Coach Payton told the students his players were studying videos and strategies much like the students study for a test. ”It was good day, and they were really excited,” she concluded. The DARE course has been a part of school program across St. Tammany Parish for years. It is taught by specially-trained law enforcement officers from municipalities and the parish sheriff’s office. Christmas Food Distribution Benefits Children Across Parish (12-21-2010) The St. Tammany Parish Public School System took part this week in a joint project of the Youth Rescue Initiative and Feed the Children to distribute hundreds of packages of food to families across St. Tammany. Some 500 boxes of donated food on 12 pallets were brought in by truck Monday morning to the Educational Center near Covington. Representatives from several agencies greeted the truck at the Educational Center to help unload the food items. On Tuesday the packages were distributed to families contacted by mail. Besides the Educational Center, food was distributed out of Bayou Lacombe Middle School and Slidell Pathways. The boxes contained a variety of canned goods and other non-perishable foods. Present at the Monday morning event were Superintendent W. L. “Trey” Folse, III; Captain Paul Clark, Commander of Troop L, Louisiana State Police; Jim Bernazzani, president of the Youth Rescue Initiative; Susan Werdann with the Feed The Children program; Charlie Clark, former Deputy Chief of Enforcement for the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; and Bill Dobson, CEO of Applied Marine Technology, a National Rapid Response Team. The School System's Title I Coordinator/Homeless Liaison and several St. Tammany School System maintenance employees participated in the event. The School System helped provide the names of families who would benefit from receiving the packages of food and assisted in the distribution of the boxes of food. Troopers from Troop L State Police also helped with the distribution effort. Both Troop L and the School System held food drives in November prior to Thanksgiving and have participated in the distribution of toys at Christmas time and other community service projects throughout the year. “We appreciate the opportunity to work with our community service agencies to help the families in our area, especially during the holiday season,” said Superintendent Folse. “All throughout the year, our School System employees assist in numerous volunteer projects, and we are proud of the important role they play as members and leaders in many of our most active community organizations.” Invitations to pick up a food package were sent to parents of “Kids in Transition” program students in pre-Kindergarten through Sixth Grade. Food packages left over from the distribution were taken to the Covington Food Bank and the Slidell Community Christian Concern to go to those in need identified by those agencies. The Youth Rescue Initiative (YRI) was co-founded in October 2008 by the Georgusis family and Bernazzani, a former FBI Special Agent in Charge of the New Orleans Division. The YRI partnered with Feed the Children to provide food to over 20,000 children in three southern Louisiana parishes (St. Bernard, Washington, and St. Tammany Parishes) during the time they are out of school for the Christmas/Winter Break.	i don't know
What is the name of the malevolent and renegade Time Lord in the television series Doctor Who, whose ambition led him to become the head of the High Council of Time Lords?	Morbius \| Tardis \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Morbius's ambition led him to become the head of the High Council of Time Lords . His warlike nature led him to urge the Time Lords toward a policy of conquest. While based on Gallifrey, Morbius formed a personal army of mercenaries , bought by his promises of time travel and immortality . His following came to be known as the Cult of Morbius . ( TV : The Brain of Morbius ) When the Time Lords finally denounced him, he and his followers abandoned Gallifrey and attacked the cultures of the outside universe. ( TV : The Brain of Morbius , PROSE : Warmonger ) Gallifreyan society struggled to deal with these inconceivable events. The long-term cultural changes brought about included the increased influence of the Celestial Intervention Agency ( PROSE : Warmonger ) and the founding of House Paradox . ( PROSE : The Book of the War ) War with the Alliance The Fourth Doctor sits next to a clay bust of Morbius. ( TV : The Brain of Morbius ) Uncomfortable with being seen to act directly in the universe, the Time Lord High Council eventually chose to fight the war by proxy. The Fifth Doctor , who had travelled into Gallifrey's past, was appointed "Supreme Coordinator of the Alliance Battle Fleet" and directed an unlikely army of humans , Draconians , Cybermen , Ogrons , Ice Warriors and Sontarans against Morbius, with the Time Lords providing the Doctor with financial support and a flagship. Planets involved in the conflict included Fangoria , Romark , Darkeen , Martak and Freedonia , which provided troops for Morbius, and Sylvana , Zandir , Tanith and Electra , which fell to him. ( PROSE : Warmonger ) The body crafted for Morbius by Solon . ( TV : The Brain of Morbius ) Although the verdict had been decided in advance, the Sisterhood still put Morbius on trial . ( PROSE : Warmonger ) The sentence of death by public and ceremonial disintegration was in part a panicked attempt by the Time Lords to caution the universe at large against ever opposing them. ( PROSE : The Book of the War ) The Sisterhood's leader Maren attended the execution where Morbius was placed in a dispersal chamber and atomised to the nine corners of the universe. ( TV : The Brain of Morbius ) Morbius escaped death when one of his followers, the human surgeon Mehendri Solon , secretly removed Morbius' brain prior to his disintegration. Solon was secretly aided by the Fifth Doctor, who knew that Morbius's brain had to survive in order to keep history on track. ( PROSE : Warmonger ) Solon went into hiding on Karn , where he began planning to build a new body for Morbius. The Sisterhood began to defend the Elixir of Life by causing nearby spacecraft to crash. These space travellers provided a regular supply of corpses from which Solon scavenged body parts for his project. ( TV : The Brain of Morbius ) Morbius' brain Edit Over the years, Solon acquired a great many body parts, which he used to create Morbius's new body. These included lungs from a Birastrop , a left hand from Solon's unknowing assistant Condo , and a claw for his right. This plan to create a new body for Morbius was nearing completion when the Fourth Doctor and his companion Sarah Jane arrived at his castle upon the planet Karn. The haphazardly-assembled body lacked a head to hold the brain of Morbius, so Solon planned to use the Doctor's head. After Morbius's brain was damaged during a fall when Condo fought with Solon on discovering his arm was being used, Solon was forced to use a plastic brain case. He had not used this before as there was the danger of a static build-up. Morbius was unable to speak for some time due to the damage sustained. Eventually Solon was able to repair this, but was killed soon afterward when the Doctor poisoned him with cyanide gas. As Morbius proclaimed his return to power, he was challenged to a mind-bending contest by the Doctor, who informed him that he doubted Morbius's power after his brain had spent so long trapped in the tank, and agreed. Morbius falls from a cliff. ( TV : The Brain of Morbius ) Morbius was apparently winning the contest, but the static build-up left him in a dazed, animalistic state. He didn't speak again, only groaning in agony. Upon leaving Solon's castle, he was chased by the Sisterhood of Karn , surrounded and forced over the edge of a high cliff, apparently falling to his death. ( TV : The Brain of Morbius ) After the Doctor left Karn, the Sisterhood went to the bottom of the cliff and recovered what was left of Morbius' "not entirely destroyed" brain. Ohica led the wounded Morbius to the Death Zone to use the remains of Rassilon to give Morbius immortality. Ohica discovered that Iris Wildthyme had infiltrated the Sisterhood and used the Time Scoop to bring seven of Iris' incarnations to Death Zone. The Irises were able to get past the Ice Warriors , Ogrons , Sea Devils , Zarbi , Mechanoids , and Quarks that Ohica time scooped to the Death Zone and defeated Morbius before he gained immortality. ( PROSE : Verdigris ) Vengeance Edit Cristophe Zarodnix later became the leader of the Cult of Morbius and bought the planet Karn, forcing the Sisterhood off-world. On Karn, he found a fragment of Morbius' brain and began to look for a Time Lord, so he could extract DNA to fuse with what was left of Morbius, in order to effect his resurrection. Zarodnix used DNA from the Time Lord agent Straxus to effect a new regeneration for Morbius. In his new form, Morbius used a stellar manipulator to suck the power of the Eye of Harmony , making the Time Lords powerless to stop his conquest. Morbius rebuilt his military forces, including mind-controlled Trell , and spent a decade conquering over ten thousand worlds, but his body was unstable and required frequent gene-splicings (called "feedings") from Straxus. The Eighth Doctor and Lucie Miller , who had barely escaped from Gallifrey before Morbius used the stellar manipulator, arrived and worked with Straxus and the cybernetically augmented Trell policeman Rosto to steal the remote control for Morbius' stellar manipulator. The Doctor succeeded in taking the control and releasing the Time Lords, who promptly broke the Laws of Time to prevent Zarodnix's purchase of Karn and Morbius' resurrection; however, at the moment before the Timeline was rewritten, Morbius and the Doctor fell from the balcony of Morbius' palace. The Time Lords believed the Doctor to be dead, but he was actually transported by the Sisterhood to the planet Orbis . The timeline in which Morbius had been brought back to life was unmade, with only Lucie Miller and Straxus remembering it. ( AUDIO : The Vengeance of Morbius ) Behind the scenes	Morbius
What is the name of Rose Tyler’s boyfriend in the UK television series ‘Doctor Who’?	List of Doctor Who villains - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on List of Doctor Who villains Wikis List of Doctor Who villains: Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "The War Chief" redirects here. For the Age of Empires III expansion pack, see Age of Empires III: The War Chiefs. "Zaroff" redirects here. For the fictional Richard Connell villain, see The Most Dangerous Game . A Helen A Helen A, seen in The Happiness Patrol (1988), [1] was ruler of a human colony on Terra Alpha . Outlawing unhappiness, she brutally controlled the population through executions conducted by the Happiness Patrol and Gilbert M's Kandy Man . Joseph C was her consort and she had a pet Stigorax, called Fifi. Joseph C will escape the city when the Pipe People revolt against Helen A's rule. Fifi was killed, crushed in the pipes below the city during the uprising. Helen A, unable to escape, only came to understand the Doctor's notion that happiness can only truly be appreciated when counter-balanced with sadness when she discovered Fifi's remains. Helen A, was intended to be a caricature of then British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . In 2010, Sylvester McCoy told the Sunday Times: "Our feeling was that Margaret Thatcher was far more terrifying than any monster the Doctor had encountered." The Doctor's calls on the drones to down their tools and revolt was intended as a reference to the 1984–85 miners' strike . [2] Abzorbaloff Peter Kay The Abzorbaloff is a monster designed by nine-year-old William Grantham of Colchester , Essex for a "Design a Doctor Who Monster" competition held by Blue Peter . [3] The competition was announced in July 2005, and received 43,920 entries. These were judged by Blue Peter editor Richard Marson, presenter Gethin Jones , Doctor Who producer Russell T Davies and Tenth Doctor David Tennant . The first prize for the competition was to have the monster appear in an episode of Doctor Who. Tennant announced the winner on Blue Peter on 17 August 2005. Conditions of the competition meant that the monster had to be able to be made from prosthetics and not require CGI . Russell T Davies revealed on the Doctor Who Confidential episode "New World of Who" that Grantham imagined the Abzorbaloff to be the size of a double-decker bus, so was initially disappointed to see the final size of his creation. However, Grantham's design had not included size specifications (though the remains of the monster's victims on and within his body hinted at his being huge) and a larger size would not have fit the criteria of the competition unless the monster were superimposed on footage later on a larger scale. Ultimately, CGI was used for some shots of the talking faces on the Abzorbaloff. Appearing in the episode " Love & Monsters ", the Abzorbaloff, played by Peter Kay , was a creature that absorbed other living beings into his body with a simple touch. In doing so, the Abzorbaloff made his victims part of himself, adding their memories and knowledge to his own. The victims retain their identity and consciousness for at least several weeks after absorption, during which time their faces can be seen embedded in his flesh, but eventually, those too are eliminated as they are fully absorbed. During this period, however, the absorption process works both ways - in becoming part of the Abzorbaloff, they are able to access his thoughts, just as he is able to access theirs. To restrain his absorption ability, the Abzorbaloff requires the use of a "limitation field", which limits absorption to physical contact. The Abzorbaloff hails from Clom , the sister planet to Raxacoricofallapatorius , homeworld of the criminal Slitheen clan. Despite a passing resemblance to them, the Abzorbaloff spoke of the Raxacoricofallapatorians with contempt. Seeking to absorb the Doctor and his hundreds of years of experience, the Abzorbaloff adopted a human disguise as "Victor Kennedy", his limitation field generated by the ornate cane he wielded. Taking charge of "LINDA" (London Investigation 'N' Detective Agency), a small group of ordinary people who followed the exploits of the Doctor, the Abzorbaloff steadily absorbed their numbers one by one, until only Elton Pope remained. Pursuing Pope through the back streets of London, the Abzorbaloff was confronted by the Doctor, who stirred the absorbed victims to fight against the monster. Pulling the Abzorbaloff's body in different directions, the victims made him drop his cane, which Elton snapped in two, destroying the limitation field and causing the Abzorbaloff's absorption power to run out of control. His body collapsed into liquid and was itself absorbed by the Earth. "Abzorbaloff" is not the actual name of the species, but was coined independently by Elton Pope and the Doctor. The monster was seen to approve of the term, however. Other names thrown at him by the Doctor and Elton included "Abzorbatron", "Abzorbaling", "Abzorbatrix" and "Abzorbaclon". The Doctor Who website refers to Slitheen distant cousins by the name of "Absorvalovian Rebels" [4] in one of Captain Jack's Monster Files. Father Angelo Father Angelo, played by Ian Hanmore, was the leader of the monks who captured the Torchwood Estate and gave refuge to a werewolf , as seen in " Tooth and Claw " ( 2006 ). He sought to take the throne from Queen Victoria , but she shot and killed him. [5] Animus Portrayed by Catherine Fleming (voice) The Animus was an alien intelligence from an unknown planet which landed on the planet Vortis . It could take over any living creature that was in contact with gold and had already taken control of the ant -like Zarbi when the Doctor and his companions arrived on Vortis in the serial The Web Planet . [6] One of Vortis' surviving lifeforms, the Optera , referred to the Animus as "Pwodarauk". The Animus manifested itself within an organic, self-healing palace called the Carcinome. At the end of the story, the Animus's true form was revealed, as resembling an octopus with some arachnid features. The First Doctor , Ian , Barbara and Vicki help the Menoptra to destroy the Animus using the Menoptra's secret weapon, the Isop-tope. After that, it is assumed that natives of Vortis managed to resolve their differences peacefully. The Animus has returned or been mentioned in several spin-off stories. In the Missing Adventure Twilight of the Gods by Christopher Bulis, the Second Doctor , Jamie and Victoria return to Vortis and encounter a seed of the Animus which had survived. The New Adventure All-Consuming Fire by Andy Lane identified the Animus with the Great Old One Lloigor from H. P. Lovecraft 's Cthulhu Mythos . Finally, an article by Russell T Davies in the Doctor Who Annual 2006 says that the "Greater Animus perished" in the Time War , "and its Carsenome (sic) Walls fell into dust." These references, like the rest of the spin-off media, are of open to interpretation (see Whoniverse#Inclusion and canonicity ). Azal Stephen Thorne Azal was the Dæmon from the planet Dæmos that terrorised Devil's End in the Third Doctor story The Dæmons . [7] Summoned by the Master , Azal had a gargoyle , by the name of Bok , as a servant. Azal landed on Earth over a million years ago and did help in the development of mankind. Azal was awakened after an archaeological professor, Professor Horner, who was digging out the cave at Devil's Hump that was a part of Azal's ship. Azal created a heat barrier around Devil's End. Azal had contact with the Master though the ceremony with the Master's coven. The Master wanted Azal's power, but he wanted to give it to the Doctor, but the Doctor refused. Then Azal decided to give the Master his power and destroy the Doctor. Jo Grant told Azal to kill her instead. Azal, not understanding her willingness to give her own life for someone else's, was thus destroyed when his own power turned against him in his confusion, and destroyed himself and his ship at the dig at Devil's Hump was destroyed. Things at Devil's End returned to normal, the heat barrier gone and Bok is a normal statue again. B Baltazar Baltazar, Scourge of the Galaxy, is a space pirate in the animated Tenth Doctor serial, The Infinite Quest , featured as part of the second series of Totally Doctor Who in 2007 , voiced by Anthony Head . [8] Using enhanced rust, the Doctor destroyed the ship Baltazar had built, Baltazar having destroyed the entire Earth defence. With his space piracy, cybernetics, robot parrot, and desire to crush planets into precious gems, Baltazar bears a striking resemblance to The Captain , a character from the Fourth Doctor adventure, The Pirate Planet . In Episode One of The Infinite Quest , the Doctor tells Martha Jones Baltazar destroyed a planet in the 40th century. Also, Baltazar crafted the ship he travelled in, proudly telling the time travellers he built it over numerous decades. At the end of Episode One, Baltazar was meant to end up on a prison planet, the Doctor predicted. In Episode Two, Caw took the TARDIS to his homeworld, Pharos . Caw claimed Baltazar had ended up on a prison planet. He gave Martha Jones a medallion, and the Doctor part of a black box recorder , which the Doctor said would eventually lead them to "The Infinite", a mythical ship that was made in the "Dark Times", as the Doctor put it. But when the TARDIS left, it was revealed Baltazar was hiding behind the TARDIS. He had asked Caw to give the Doctor a tracking device. He laughed, claiming they would find "The Infinite" for them. Once he discovers The Infinite, he orders Martha to find the hold to find the treasure. After the Doctor rescues Martha, he discovers an illusion showing "what the heart desires". The Doctor, meanwhile, uses his sonic screwdriver to tear the ship apart. He then orders Squawk to escort him to Volag-Noc where he is imprisoned. The title "Scourge of the Galaxy" previously belonged to the Macra race before their devolution into beasts. Beast Gabriel Woolf (voice) The Beast [9] was an ancient being that had been trapped for billions of years in a pit at the centre of the planet named in the Scriptures of the Veltino as Krop Tor , orbiting a black hole humans had designated K37 Gem 5. An energy source ten miles beneath the surface of the planet kept it in constant gravitational balance against the pull of the black hole. This counterweight extended out in a funnel into open space. The Beast was awakened when a human expedition party flew their ship through the funnel to land on the planet, hoping to excavate and claim the power source for their Empire. It exhibited the ability to telepathically possess and speak through other beings, in particular the empathic Ood , who became the "Legion of the Beast". The Beast knew and played on the hidden fears and secrets of those with whom it spoke, and the Doctor described it as extremely intelligent. Resembling a huge horned demon, the Beast claimed that it was the basis of the Devil figure in all religions and mythologies (including Abaddon , Satan , the Kaled god of war, and Lucifer ), and that it originated from before the creation of the universe. It is uncertain whether this is true; the Doctor believed it to be impossible, and the exact nature of the Beast remains uncertain. It had been defeated and trapped beneath the planet by the "Disciples of Light", who had crafted its prison such that if it ever freed itself, the gravitational force would collapse and the planet, and the Beast with it, would be pulled into the black hole. Intending to escape from its prison, the Beast separated its mind from its body, possessing Toby Zed, a member of the expedition. However, the Tenth Doctor smashed the power source of the Beast's prison, causing Krop Tor to be dragged into the black hole, and the Beast's original body to burst into flames. At the same time, while fleeing the planet in a rocket with the survivors of the expedition, Toby's possession was manifested, and the Beast angrily proclaimed that as long as it was feared, it could never be destroyed. However, Rose Tyler shot out the cockpit window with a bolt gun, causing Toby, with the mind of the Beast, to be blown into space towards the black hole. In the Torchwood episode " End of Days " a similar giant creature named Abaddon is released from the Cardiff spacetime Rift and is referred to as the "son of the great Beast". The Torchwood website alludes to the Beast by asking "Were there other beings like Abaddon? Are they also entombed underneath planets across the universe?". [10] Sutekh the Destroyer and Horath from The Sarah Jane Adventures also fit the description of said beings.[citation needed] Gabriel Woolf, who provided the Beast's voice, also played Sutekh the Destroyer in the 1975 serial Pyramids of Mars , an entity that was also said to have been named Satan. Beep the Meep Main article: Borusa BOSS BOSS or Biomorphic Organisational Systems Supervisor, voiced by John Dearth (who was later in Doctor Who as Lupton in Planet of the Spiders ( 1974 )), was a supercomputer that appeared in The Green Death ( 1973 ). [11] It had a megalomaniacal personality, and had been programmed to be inefficient, so that it could make the same kind of intuitive leaps of logic as humans. It was able to brainwash humans, including Captain Mike Yates who later suffered a nervous breakdown as a result. It was responsible for producing the chemicals that mutated maggots into giant maggots . BOSS planned to interface with all computers on Earth and enslave humanity. Stevens, a human brainwashed by BOSS, sacrificed himself when his mental programming was partially broken by the Third Doctor , blowing up himself and the computer as the Doctor escaped. C George Costigan Max Capricorn, played by George Costigan , appeared in the Tenth Doctor story " Voyage of the Damned ". He was the owner of a luxury spaceship cruiseliner company, but was voted out by the other owners of the company and planned to get his revenge by crashing one of his ships into the Earth, killing all life on the planet as well as the 2000 people on board; selling his shares, he would earn enough to retire and see the remainder of the company in prison for mass murder. Due to his advanced age (he had been running his company for more than a hundred years), he had been reduced to a head in a tank, a cyborg dependent on life support (the common prejudice against cyborgs may have played a part in his removal from his company). Astrid Peth stopped his plan by pushing him into the live engine, sacrificing herself in the process. Max was the highest person of authority so control of The Host was his. When Max was killed, control passed to the next person of authority, the Doctor. The Captain The Captain was a space pirate who appeared in the fourth Doctor episode The Pirate Planet . He was a cyborg, with half of his body covered in cybernetics, and had a pet robot parrot, named Polyphase Avitron, that rested on his shoulder. He was prone to ridiculous expletives like "by the beard of the sky demon!" and "moons of madness!", and was directly served by a nurse and a nervous little man named Mr Fibuli . The Captain piloted an entire planet called Zanak, which would materialise around other planets and crush them into precious gems. The Captain kept a trophy room of the super-compressed planets he had conquered. Toward the end of the episode, it was revealed that the Captain's nurse was actually a projection of a queen named Xanxia , who was controlling the Captain and using the energy created by the crushing of plundered planets to fuel a machine that perpetually kept her a few seconds from death. Matron Casp Tony Beckley Harrison Chase was an eccentric millionaire whose primary hobby was botany . He was a madman with a disdainful attitude toward human life, and favouritism over another form of life, in this case plant life. Through his vast resources, Chase learned that the seed pods of a Krynoid , an intelligent form of alien plant life, had been found in Antarctica . A collector of rare specimens, Chase became obsessed with obtaining a sample, and successfully acquired one. He allowed the Krynoid to possess one of his henchmen, who began to mutate into a Human-Krynoid hybrid. As the monster grew in size and power, Chase too became possessed by the Krynoid. Convinced of a future where Krynoids are the dominant life form on Earth, Chase aided the monster in earnest. By this time, the Fourth Doctor and Sarah Jane Smith were trapped on Chase's property. Chase eventually captured Sarah and attempted to kill her by throwing her into a compost shredder. The Doctor stopped him, and the two fought, until Chase fell into the shredder and perished. Mavic Chen See: The Doctor's Daughter Cobb, played by Nigel Terry , was a General, for the human faction on the planet Messeline. He asked the Tenth Doctor to join him in war against the Hath, in a bid to claim the Source which they were both searching for, but subsequently locked the Doctor and his companions up when the Doctor refused. He later shot Jenny , the Doctor's daughter, after the Doctor released the Source; the Doctor was clearly tempted to shoot Cobb himself, but informed Cobb that he would never resort to Cobb's methods, going on to ask the humans and Hath to make that philosophy the foundation of their new society. Matron Cofelia Matron Cofelia of the Five-Straighten, Classabindi Nursery Fleet, Intergalactic Class was charged with the task of looking after the Adipose babies after their breeding planet became unfit for use in " Partners in Crime ". Disguised as a human named Miss Foster, a play on "foster mother", she used the Adipose tablets to galvanise human fats into living creatures, the Adipose, despite it being illegal to use Level 5 planets for such purposes. She didn't tell the Adipose where they came from. After the Adipose babies were adopted, Cofelia was no longer needed and the Adiposian First Family decided to dispose of their accomplice, so the tractor beam used to carry Cofelia was shut off, and she fell to her death. She was portrayed by Sarah Lancashire . She owns a sonic pen which the Doctor describes as "sleek". It is stated the Sonic Pen has the Sonic Screwdriver's function, and the two work identically. Chief Caretaker The Chief Caretaker, played by Richard Briers , featured in Paradise Towers (1987), served the intelligence Kroagnon , the Great Architect of Paradise Towers. He sanctioned the robotic Cleaners' killings, but lost control of the situation and was killed by Kroagnon for his body. The Collector Main article: Dalek The Dalek race is the greatest and most well known alien species running in Doctor Who. The first appearance of the horrifying creature was in the episode " The Daleks ", the first part airing on British television, on 21 December, 1963 with the first incarnation of the Doctor portrayed by William Hartnell. The Daleks appeared most recently in the two-part finale of the fourth series ( The Stolen Earth / Journey's End ). Davros Main article: Davros De Flores De Flores was a Neo-Nazi, based in South America, who aimed to establish a Fourth Reich , aided by a powerful Time Lord weapon, known as the Nemesis, as seen in Silver Nemesis ( 1988 ). He led a group of paramilitary men against Lady Peinforte , a group of Cybermen and the Seventh Doctor , who all vied to control the Nemesis. He possessed the bow - part of the Nemesis as it was in its statue form - which he and his men reunited with the statue body when it fell to England in a comet in 1988. After allying himself with the Cybermen, De Flores was killed by the Cyber Leader when he outlived his usefulness to them. Destroyer Portrayed by Marek Anton The Destroyer was an otherdimensional entity summoned by the sorceress Morgaine in Battlefield (1989) to aid her in defeating the Seventh Doctor . Known by many titles, including "Destroyer of Worlds", he was kept subdued by chains of pure silver , and even Morgaine hesitated in unleashing him on the world until he allowed the Doctor to gain the upper hand, thus forcing Morgaine to free him in a desperate attempt to avoid defeat. At the time, Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart had been called out of retirement to assist UNIT against Morgaine's invasion. Taking a box of silver bullets meant for combating werewolves from UNIT stores, he loaded a revolver with them. The Destroyer taunted the elderly Brigadier for being the best Earth could offer as its champion; the Brigadier's response was to fire the silver bullets into the demon. The building the Destroyer was in subsequently exploded in a burst of magical energy, and presumably the creature was destroyed with it. The design for the Destroyer was based on theatrical devil's mask, modified so that an actor could speak through it. The cloak that covered its chainmail armour disguised the mechanical parts needed for the costume's special effects. Script writer Ben Aaronovitch originally intended the Destroyer to start off as a businessman who gradually became more demonic as he fell under Morgaine's spell, but this was time-consuming and expensive, so he stayed in one form throughout. E Simon Pegg The Editor was the mysterious manager of the space station Satellite 5, an orbital news station around Earth broadcasting across the whole of the Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire of the year 200,000. The character was played by Simon Pegg . Little is known about the Editor, except that he managed the operations of Satellite 5 from Floor 500, unseen and unknown to the rank-and-file journalists who packaged and broadcast the news over six hundred channels. He also monitored the thoughts of all those connected to the archives of the station via chips implanted into people's heads, which were required to access the computer systems of the 2001st century. Through these implants, the Editor was able to instantly know whatever the person connected knew, and was even able to sense when a record was fictional or not, or that there was something out of place with a particular individual before a security check confirmed it. The Editor was a smooth and sinister individual in the mould of an evil genius , but was not the true controller of the station. He reported to the monstrous slug-like extraterrestrial known as the Jagrafess . The Editor claimed that he represented a consortium of interstellar banks whose intent was to subtly control the Empire by means of manipulating the news. In the ninety years since Satellite 5 had been established, the social, economic and technological development of the human race had been retarded, making them inward looking and xenophobic. When the Ninth Doctor investigated this, he and Rose were captured by the Editor. Initially, the Editor was both intrigued and frustrated at the fact that records of their existence did not seem to exist in the archives. However, because the Doctor's new companion Adam had accessed the archives of the Satellite, the Editor acquired the knowledge that the Doctor was a Time Lord and had a TARDIS capable of time travel. Before he could gain the Doctor's secrets or claim the TARDIS, however, a human journalist named Cathica (who had been following the Doctor's investigation) reversed the environmental controls of Floor 500 that had been kept at an icy temperature vital for keeping the Jagrafess alive. Overheating, the Jagrafess exploded, apparently taking the Editor with him. In the episode " Bad Wolf ", taking place on Satellite 5 a century after "The Long Game", it was revealed that the Badwolf Corporation was behind the Jagrafess, and that his masters were the Daleks . Eldrad Eldrad was a silicon-based lifeform from the planet Kastria who saved his planet from solar winds, but then took down the barriers he created because the people wouldn't follow him. They sentenced him to destruction in an obliteration capsule, but his hand survived and ended up in a quarry on Earth. When Sarah Jane Smith came in contact with the hand, Eldrad controlled her, using her to bring his hand to a nuclear reactor. By absorbing radiation from the reactor, Eldrad was regenerated in a thin female body with violet skin covered in crystals, basing his form on his contact with Sarah Jane. He convinced the Doctor to take him back to Kastria in the present, where he regained his true form, only to learn that his race had destroyed themselves to prevent him from ruling them again. The Doctor and Sarah used the Doctor's scarf to trip Eldrad and send him falling into a pit. Eleanor, Duchess of Melrose Empress of the Racnoss The Empress of the Racnoss featured in " The Runaway Bride " ( 2006 ) and as archive footage in " Turn Left " ( 2008 ). She was killed when Mr Saxon ordered her ship to be shot down after the Doctor had drowned her children by draining the Thames. Her appearance resembled that of a huge red spider . She was portrayed by Sarah Parish . Portrayed by N/A Eve was an android resembling a woman built by Hr'oln, last of the Cirranins. She was built to prevent the extinction of races like the Cirranins, but did this by rather unorthodox means. She put Hr'oln and other last ones in suspended animation, then put all but Hr'oln in MOTLO (Museum Of The Last Ones). However, she and a member of the Earth team named Frank were secretly cloning the creatures and selling them off to the highest bidder. The Doctor and Martha then arrived at the museum, and investigated the poaching. After Eve captured the Doctor, last of the Time Lords, Martha freed him, but accidentally teleported the Earth creatures back to Earth. During the ensuing chaos, Eve hatched upon a plan to get the cloned dodos to lay bomb eggs, with sabretooth cats and Megalosauri attacking people to keep them off the scent, so that she could stop having to note down every Earth extinction. She planned to destroy every planet in the universe this way. But when the Doctor pointed out this would be impossible, she tried to shoot him. Unfortunately for her, the gun backfired, killing her and revealing that she was an android. After her plans had been stopped, and Hr'oln was freed, Hr'oln promised to rebuild her. She is immune to psychic paper. As a novel character, her canonicity is unclear. F Rebekah Staton The Family of Blood are a family who appear in the Series 3 episodes " Human Nature " and " The Family of Blood " (2007) in which they are the titular entity. They are incorporeal, green telepathic creatures and refer to each other by their relationship followed by "of Mine"; "Father/Husband of Mine", "Mother/Wife of Mine", "Son/Brother of Mine" (who appears to assume leadership) and "Sister/Daughter of Mine". Because of their lack of form, they required a physical body to inhabit; they only had short lifespans without them and as such, sought that of a Time Lord . They had a time vortex manipulator allowing them to time travel. Their spaceship was stolen and was protected by an invisible shield. They could also animate different things for servants — in the case of their 1913 invasion of Earth , scarecrows — using "molecular fringe animation". They also possess hand-held energy firearms capable of disintegrating flesh and cloth - on the Doctor Who official website it is referred to as a "Bio-gun". Ultimately, when trying to gain the immortality of the Time Lords, they pursued the last Time Lord: the Tenth Doctor , who chose to alter his biodata to become a human schoolteacher in England, 1913 until their lifespans expired. When he was finally tracked down in human form, the Family possessed the forms of four humans; Mr. Clark, a farmer, Jeremy Baines, a school prefect, Lucy Cartwright, a small girl holding a balloon and Jenny, a maid at the school. The original souls of the beings were killed, the original bodies only existing as vessels for the Family, and the Family attacked first a village dance and then the school to claim the Doctor. The Family's starship was eventually destroyed by the Doctor once his human persona was convinced to reassume his Time Lord configuration. It was learnt at this point why the Doctor chose to run from the Family; not out of fear but rather as an act of mercy; something the Doctor had now run out of. Each of the Family were trapped for all of time, an irony considering that they sought immortality. "Father of Mine" was tied up in unbreakable chains forged from dwarf star metal, "Mother of Mine" was trapped on the event horizon of a collapsing galaxy, "Son of Mine" was frozen in time and dressed as a Scarecrow, left in the fields to watch over England as its protector, and "Sister of Mine" was trapped inside every mirror and unable to leave, still able to be glimpsed fleetingly by humans. "Son of Mine" mentions that the Doctor visits the sister once every year, and he wishes that the Doctor may forgive her in time. Fendahl Wanda Ventham - Fendahl Core The Fendahl was an entity that devoured life itself. It originated on the fifth planet of Earth's solar system, which the ancient Time Lords placed in a time loop in an attempt to imprison the creature. However, the Fendahl escaped and, in the form of a humanoid skull, was buried under volcanic rock on prehistoric Earth 12 million years ago. The story of the Fendahl passed into Time Lord myth, and was forgotten. The Fendahl's power, contained in a pentagram -shaped neural relay in the bones of the skull, affected life on Earth via a biotransmutation field, influencing life forms in its vicinity (including the early hominids ) to develop into forms it could use. In the late 20th century, the Fendahl skull was discovered in Kenya by a team of anthropologists under the leadership of one Dr. Fendelman. Fendelman brought the skull to an English research facility at Fetch Priory, near the village of Fetchborough. The Priory was built on a time fissure, causing psychic ability in some nearby residents. In the Priory, Fendelman and his fellow researchers Thea Ransome, Adam Colby and Maximillian Stael performed experiments on the skull, attempting to unlock its secrets. Fendelman used a crude time scanner to examine the skull, a dangerous activity which drew the attention of the Fourth Doctor . Stael attempted to capture the power of the Fendahl for himself by means of black magic rituals, performed with the aid of a local coven, but he, Fendelman and Ransome were all being used by the Fendahl to recreate itself. The Fendahl was a gestalt creature with multiple aspects. Thea Ransome was transformed into the Fendahl Core, a humanoid female with golden skin and blank, staring eyes. Several of the cult members became slug-like creatures called Fendahleen. All the aspects of the Fendahl had powerful psychotelekinetic ability, and can control the muscles of human victims. The Fendahleen were vulnerable to sodium chloride , which altered the creatures' conductivity and destroyed their electrical balance. In its final form, the Fendahl would consist of the Core and twelve Fendahleen; however, the Doctor was able to prevent the creature from reaching its full manifestation. He rigged Fendelman's time scanner to implode, destroying the Core and the Fendahleen. He also removed the skull, planning to drop it into a star about to go supernova . The Fendahl has also appeared in the Eighth Doctor Adventures novel The Taking of Planet 5 by Simon Bucher-Jones and Mark Clapham , where a group of Time Lords from the Eighth Doctor 's future attempted to release it from the time loop trapping Planet Five, only to learn that an even deadlier life-form had evolved inside the loop; the Maemovore, a devourer of concept itself, which the Doctor was only just able to defeat by convincing a group of TARDISes from the future to help him expel the entity from the universe. The Fendahl also returned in the Kaldor City series of audio plays and the Time Hunter novella Deus Le Volt by Jon de Burgh Miller . Fenric Tomek Bork (controlling Captain Sorin) Fenric was a being described by the Seventh Doctor as "evil from the dawn of time", a malevolent force that survived the clash of energies present at the birth of the universe. In an untelevised adventure, the Doctor had encountered Fenric and defeated him by challenging him to solve a chess puzzle. When Fenric proved unable to solve it, the Doctor then trapped the being in a flask where he remained for several thousand years. However, Fenric was still able to manipulate human minds and events through time and space. He set up pawns, bloodlines of families that were under his control and he could use, "The Curse of Fenric" stretching down through generations. These people were known as the "Wolves of Fenric", and their true purpose was unknown even to them. He also had the power to summon Haemovores , vampires which were to be the evolutionary destiny of mankind in a possible far future. The haemovores were strong enough to be able to weld metal with their bare hands, and were also immune to bullets. They could be countered, however, with a psychic barrier caused by faith. Eventually, the flask was brought to a military base in Northumberland in 1942, where several Wolves, including the Doctor's companion Ace , were manipulated into freeing Fenric from his flask. He also summoned the Ancient One, the last of the Haemovores from the future, in an attempt to poison the world with a deadly chemical toxin. Fenric then revealed that he had manipulated the Seventh Doctor's life upon several occasions as part of his game, including creating the time storm that originally took Ace to Iceworld and influencing the Cybermen in their attempts to gain the power of the Nemesis statue. Eventually, the Doctor convinced the Ancient One to turn on Fenric; the Ancient One then destroyed Fenric and himself with the same toxin. In Norse mythology , Fenric is another name for Fenrisulfr (more commonly known simply as "Fenrir" or "the Fenris wolf"), the monstrous wolf that will devour Odin during Ragnarök . The Virgin New Adventures novel All-Consuming Fire by Andy Lane also equates Fenric with the Cthulhu Mythos entity Hastur the Unspeakable. As with all spin-off media, the canonicity of this is open to interpretation. Mr Finch Anthony Head Mr Finch was an alias for Brother Lassar, the leader of a group of Krillitanes . He appeared in the 2006 series episode " School Reunion ", in which he was portrayed by Anthony Head . His first name of "Lucas" is given on the Deffry Vale School website . According to an on-line interview with Head, Finch's original name in the script was "Hector", but this had to be changed when a check found a real headmaster named "Hector Finch". He is also aware of the Time War and the Time Lords ' near-extinction. The Krillitanes had taken human characteristics to infiltrate the Deffry Vale comprehensive school . Taking the position of headmaster , Finch gradually replaced the staff members with disguised Krillitanes and then enacted a series of reforms, including specialised programmes of study and free, but compulsory, school dinners. The dinners were laced with Krillitane oil, which was designed to enhance the intelligence of the pupils in a bid to use them to decode the Skasis Paradigm, which would give the Krillitanes control over the structure of reality. The Krillitanes could not use the oil themselves because their constantly changing morphology had rendered it toxic to their systems. The Tenth Doctor and his current companions investigated the school, meeting his old companions Sarah Jane Smith and K-9 Mark III . Finch squared off against the Doctor, offering the use of the solved Paradigm and tempting him with the power, but Sarah's urgings helped the Doctor to refuse. In the midst of escaping, K-9 sacrificed itself by using its laser to blow up the barrels of Krillitane oil in the kitchen, showering most of the Krillitanes with it before the kitchen exploded, apparently killing them all. Finch is seen to be unnaffected by the oil (since he had taken permanent human form) but it is unclear if the subsequent kitchen explosion killed him or not. In issues #3-#6 the IDW ongoing Doctor Who comic by Tony Lee , Finch reappears as the prosecution in a Shadow Proclamation case against the Doctor, where he has infiltrated the Shadow Proclamation as part of a plan to make the Krillitane Empire stronger, but at the end of the story it is shown that he was actually a shapechanging alien with a far greater plan. The true location or status of Mister Finch is never revealed. Florence Finnegan Anne Reid Florence Finnegan was the name assumed by the Plasmavore , played by Anne Reid , who was hiding from the Judoon in the Royal Hope Hospital in London when it was transported to the Moon in " Smith and Jones ". To avoid detection by the Judoon, she sucked the blood out of Mr. Stoker, a consultant working in the hospital. This allows her to assimilate human DNA and register as human on the Judoon scanners. The Doctor later tricks her into sucking his blood, meaning that she registers as non-human, having assimilated non-human blood. The Judoon pick up on this. She attempts to rig a hospital MRI machine to kill everyone in the hospital (and the half of earth currently facing the moon). The Judoon execute her for the crime of killing an alien princess. The Doctor neutralises the MRI energy. Miss Foster G Gavrok Gavrok was leader of the Bannermen who attempted to wipe out the Chimeron race in Delta and the Bannermen (1987). After pursuing the Chimeron Queen, Delta, to Earth in 1959, he was killed falling into his own booby-trap set around the TARDIS when he was overcome by a high-pitched scream produced by Delta's child, the Chimeron Princess, amplified by a PA system . (A probably not unintentional name-check is made in Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 3 (" Graduation Day Part 1 "), with the Ritual of Gavrok .) Gods of Ragnarok Portrayed by David Ashford, Janet Hargreaves, Kathryn Ludlow The three Gods of Ragnarok appeared in the 1988 story, The Greatest Show in the Galaxy by Stephen Wyatt . Apparently a trio of statue-like beings of godly power; they used lesser beings for sport in their Dark Circus, allowing them to live as long as they continue to fulfill their need to be amused. When the Psychic Circus came to Segonax, they forced the circus' members into serving them and killed off the rest, manifesting themselves within regular time space in the guise of family consisting of a mother, a father and their young daughter. When the Seventh Doctor came to the Psychic Circus and uncovered their plan, he went into their dimension to distract them until he gets the medallion used to summon them and reflect the Gods' destructive energy back at them, destroying them and their Dark Circus. The Virgin New Adventures novel Conundrum by Steve Lyons reveals that the Gods of Ragnarok created the Land of Fiction . As with all spin-off media, the canonicity of this is open to interpretation. (The Gods also display some similarity with the Osirian race of Sutekh , including the use of the Eye of Horus symbol.) Gravis Michael Spice Magnus Greel is the former Minister of Justice of the 51st century Supreme Alliance, responsible for the deaths of 100,000 enemies of the state, earning him the epithet "the Butcher of Brisbane". He appears in the 1977 serial The Talons of Weng-Chiang . After the Filipino Army defeats the Supreme Alliance at the battle of Reykjavik, Greel flees to 19th century China by means of a time cabinet which utilises zygma beam technology, taking The Peking Homunculus with him. There he is given shelter by a peasant, Li H'sen Chang, who believes Greel to be the god Weng-Chiang. However, the zygma beam has disrupted Greel's DNA , hideously deforming him and requiring him to draw the life essence from kidnapped young women in order to live. The time cabinet is captured by Imperial soldiers and passed on to an Englishman as a gift, neither of whom knows its true nature. Seeking to recover the cabinet and reverse his condition, Greel and Li pursue it to London , where Li poses as a stage magician. There, they enlist the Tong of the Black Scorpion to obtain victims for Greel's organic distillation chamber, which extracts their essences for him to feed on. Greel's plans are opposed by the Fourth Doctor , who warns him that using the zygma beam will cause an implosion that will kill thousands. In a battle with the Doctor in which the Peking Homunculus goes berserk and turns on his master, Greel dies from total cellular collapse after being pushed into the distillation chamber. Other consequences of Greel's time travel are explored in the spin-off Virgin Missing Adventures novel The Shadow of Weng-Chiang by David A. McIntee , in which the Doctor again encounters the Tong of the Black Scorpion as a group attempt to draw Greel's cabinet into the present to torture him for his crimes, unaware that this will result in a dangerous temporal paradox. Greel is also mentioned in Simon A. Forward 's Eighth Doctor Adventures novel Emotional Chemistry , which is partly set in the 51st century. Count Grendel Peter Jeffrey Count Grendel of Gracht was a Knight of the nobility of the planet Tara and the Lord of Castle Gracht, his sole on-screen appearance was in the Fourth Doctor serial, The Androids of Tara , part of the Season 16 quest for the Key to Time . The character was played by Peter Jeffrey . While searching for the fourth segment of the Key, Romana discovered that it was disguised as the head of a statue representing the family crest of Grendel's family. After Romana transformed it into its actual crystalline form, the segment was confiscated by Grendel. Grendel did not know of the segment's true nature; his real intent was to use Romana (who resembled the Princess Strella) in a complex plot to seize the throne of Tara from Prince Reynart. His plans were ultimately defeated by the Doctor . Although Grendel was considered the finest swordsman on Tara, the Doctor managed to duel him to a standstill, and he made his escape by leaping into the moat of Castle Gracht and swimming away. A cultured and charming villain, Gracht used his breeding to cover a ruthless and cunning personality. He used and discarded people as easily as he would persuade them to do his bidding, and somehow always managed to live to scheme another day. He also appeared in the spin-off short story The Trials of Tara by Paul Cornell , where another attempt to seize the throne of Tara with the help of the salvaged remains of the Kandy Man was foiled by the Seventh Doctor and Benny . H Tim McInnerny Klineman Halpen was the Chief Executive of Ood Operations. At the age of six he was taken to Ood Sphere and saw the Giant Ood brain within. His father was the manager before him. He had a personal Ood that looked after him called Sigma. As his job was very stressful he soon lost most of his hair and so was dosed with hair tonic by Sigma. His hair partially grew back. When the Ood began geting infected with "Red Eye", Halpen arrived on Ood Sphere to sort it out. When the entire Ood "livestock" were infected with Red Eye, Halpen ordered the gassing of all Ood. He then set off to destroy the Giant Ood Brain in order to contain the Red Eye and kill the Ood. He placed detonation packs around the brain and prepared to detonate. He decided he would go into cargo as this job was over. When his scientist, Dr. Ryder revealed he was a member of the Friends of the Ood, Halpen killed him by throwing him into the brain. Ood Sigma led the Doctor and Donna Noble to Halpen but then Sigma claimed he would always help Halpen. It was then that Sigma revealed the "hair tonic" was actually a powerful genetic liquid which had been recombining Halpen's DNA, turning him into an Ood himself. Sigma then declared he would look after Halpen. Mercy Hartigan Portrayed by Dervla Kirwan Mercy Hartigan, or simply Miss Hartigan, played by Dervla Kirwan , is the villain in Christmas special episode " The Next Doctor " (2008). She is the willing accomplice of the Cybermen invasion of London in 1851; she resents her patriarchal oppression by man as a woman in Victorian England and seeks to empower herself through any means. The Cybermen betray her when they decide that they wish to make her their 'CyberKing' in a process which is supposed to remove her emotions and upgrade her, but it doesn't work due to her brilliant mind having overcome the programming. Miss Hartigan is given access to the full bounty of knowledge of the universe and in the colossal 'CyberKing' dreadnought -class assault droid, she seeks to make London bow at her feet as its maniacal dictator who combines cold Cyberman efficiency, knowledge and logic with human passion and determination. The Doctor offers Miss Hartigan the opportunity to relocate herself to another world which she can reign over harmlessly, but when she refuses he cuts her connection to the Cybermen and allows her to see what she has become rationally. In her moment of lucidity, she goes insane and all the Cybermen connected to her die, as does she. Russell T Davies describes her in the episode's podcast commentary as "a dark a villain as you will ever have". A lot of her characterisation goes unstated, but Russell discussed it in long conversations with Dervla Kirwan and fellow executive producer Julie Gardner. Davies characterises Miss Hartigan as "a victim of abuse", for whom the subtext suggests a "terrible backstory " which is symptomatic of her being "part of [this] Victorian Age." Davies describes this as being "a powerless woman who's been in servitude or far worse all her life", but holds his tongue from saying her precise profession, relaying: "I'm talking quite discretely around this because there are children listening and watching and there's only so far I should go." He does however explain that "She's had terrible things done to her" which is responsible for her "really twisted character where she sexualises everything." In terms of costume, "she wears red" because "everything's inflammatory with her". "And in the end, actually" Davies discusses how to escape her male oppression she "becomes a man, she becomes the CyberKing. She has to go through this extraordinary process because she's so damaged." [12] Yvonne Hartman Tracy-Ann Oberman Yvonne Hartman, portrayed by Tracy-Ann Oberman in " Army of Ghosts " and " Doomsday ", was the director of Torchwood One , the London branch of the Torchwood Institute founded by Queen Victoria , located in Canary Wharf . Whilst not a villain herself, she acted in the role of an antagonist, interfering with the Doctor's plans to stop what she was doing: widening the tear between her own world and that of an alternate Earth 's, unknowingly helping to release a number of Cybermen into the world. When the TARDIS materialised within Torchwood HQ, she placed the Doctor as her prisoner and confiscated his TARDIS, although he was treated with much respect - as a guest, as the institute had much to learn from him. At the height of the war between the Daleks and Cybermen, she herself was cyber-converted, but the process was seemingly faulty as she turned on her fellow Cybermen, defending the Torchwood Tower "for Queen and country". A report on the Torchwood TV series' fictional Torchwood Institute tie-in website about a motionless Cyberman by some stairs killed by Torchwood security personnel suggests she may have been killed [13] although her ultimate fate has never been definitively revealed. The website also states that Hartman regularly collaborated with Jack Harkness and the other members of Torchwood Three. In the Torchwood novel Trace Memory , Yvonne is mentioned in Ianto Jones 's flashback to when he was working in Torchwood One. However, like all Torchwood and Doctor Who spin-offs in other media, the ultimate canonicity of events described in relation to the TV series remain unclear. Headhunter The Headhunter is a female villain-for-hire heard in the Big Finish Productions series of Eighth Doctor New Adventures originally on BBC7 radio. She is played by Katarina Olsson. She crops up several times while the Eighth Doctor and Lucie Miller are traveling together. The Headhunter is introduced to listeners at end of their first adventure, Blood of the Daleks , where she is being hired to hunt down Lucie. After a few failed attempts, she finally catches her at the end of No More Lies . The Headhunter's first full tale is Human Resources , where the man who hired her is revealed. At the end of this adventure, the Headhunter hires an "assistant", Karen . Karen is just a normal human working in an office, but some Time Lords believed she had the potential to become an oppressive dictator. The next time the Headhunter appears, Grand Theft Cosmos , Karen is at her side. This time, the Doctor's meeting with them is coincidental. However, their next meeting was intentional. Once again, the Headhunter had to track down Lucie, as well as the Doctor himself. At the end of Vengeance of Morbius , the Doctor is believed dead and the Time Lords return Lucie to Earth. In Orbis , the Headhunter has acquired the TARDIS and uses it to find Lucie and then the Doctor, who she finds on an obscure ocean world populated by intelligent jellyfish. But her real objective is a powerful remote stellar manipulator built during Vengeance of Morbius. Similar to The Hand of Omega , the stellar manipulator ends up destroying the ocean world of Orbis, before it falls under her control. The Headhunter's true motives are revealed in her final story, The Eight Truths / Worldwide Web . The Headhunter appears human and knows a lot about Earth, but where or when she comes from is uncertain. She has her own warp ship that can travel in time and space. She enjoys using gadgets, like hypnotising helmets and quantum -tipped time bullets that can be slowed down or even reversed. She specialises in tracking people down, hence her name. Her real name is a mystery. She is known for her ruthlessness, her opportunism, her deceitfulness and her ability to accomplish difficult jobs. I " The Long Game " The Jagrafess, or, to give its full title, The Mighty Jagrafess of the Holy Hadrojassic Maxarodenfoe (AKA Max) was a gigantic, gelatinous creature similar to a slug in shape. Its exact origins are not known, but it was sentient and able to communicate in a series of growls and screeches. It had a life span of about 3000 years, with sharp, vicious teeth and several vestigial eyes. Its metabolic rate, however, meant that it had to be kept at low temperatures to survive. It appeared in the episode " The Long Game ". The Jagrafess was the supervisor of the mysterious and sinister Editor on board Satellite 5, a space station that broadcast news across the whole of the Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire of the year 200,000. The Editor (who called the Jagrafess "Max" for short) claimed that the Jagrafess had been placed with Satellite 5 some ninety years before by a consortium of interstellar banks. The intent was to use the news broadcasts to subtly manipulate the Empire, retarding its social, economic and technological growth and turning it more inward looking and xenophobic . Control was enhanced by the use of computer chips, installed in every human brain; chips that allowed the users to access the computer systems of the 2001st century, but at the same time allowed the Jagrafess and its cohorts to monitor people's thoughts. In this way, the human race was reduced to slavery without them even realising it. The environmental systems of Satellite 5 had been configured to vent all heat away from Floor 500, keeping it cold enough for the Jagrafess to survive, attached to the ceiling of the main control room. When the Ninth Doctor , Rose and Adam arrived on board, the Doctor recognised that human development had been deliberately obstructed and began to investigate. Ultimately captured by the Editor and about to be killed by the Jagrafess, the Doctor and Rose were saved by the actions of Cathica, a human journalist, who reversed the environmental systems. The Jagrafess overheated, bloated up and exploded, apparently ending its threat and the scheme to hold back the human race. In the episode " Bad Wolf ", taking place on Satellite 5 a century after "The Long Game", it was revealed that the Badwolf Corporation was behind the Jagrafess, and that its masters were the Daleks . The Jagrafess could be a descendant of the Bane from The Sarah Jane Adventures . The Jagrafess was designed and created by Jean-Claude Deguara, a middle-aged freelance animator from Croydon.[citation needed] Sharaz Jek Christopher Gable Sharaz Jek was a genius robotocist and partner of businessman Trau Morgus. Together they planned to harvest the rare Spectrox drug on the planet Androzani Minor using androids built by Jek. Morgus, however, "cheaped out" on Jek, supplying him with substandard equipment and Jek was caught in a mud burst on Minor. He was only able to survive by locking himself in a Spectrox baking oven, leaving him hideously disfigured. Jek thereafter bore a pathological hatred for Morgus, believing (quite possibly correctly) that Morgus had provided the faulty equipment deliberately. When the Doctor and Peri Brown landed on Androzani Minor, they soon became entangled in a three way struggle between Jek's androids, gunrunners and Androzani Major troops. Jek found Peri beautiful and coveted her strongly. When the Doctor and Peri were to be executed by the Major troops, Jek replaced them with realistic androids, and later cared for Peri while the Doctor tried to get an antidote for the disease that the two of them had accidentally contracted. When Morgus and the leader of the gunrunners, Stotz, arrived at Jek's base, Jek attacked Morgus and killed him, but was himself shot by Stotz. He died in the arms of his Salateen replica robot. K Kane Kane, seen in Dragonfire (1987), one-half of the Xana-Kane criminal gang of the planet Proamon , was exiled after capture by security forces to the cold, dark side of Svartos , where he became ruler of the space trading colony Iceworld. His body temperature was so cold that one touch from him could kill and in order to cool down, he lay in a cryogenic chamber. He branded his employees with his mark iced into their skin and commissioned an ice sculpture of his partner, Xana. After creating a cryogenic army, massacring most of Iceworld's populace and having the dragon that was guarding him slain, Kane released Iceworld from Svartos' surface as a spacecraft, setting a course for Proamon to exact his revenge for his exile and imprisonment. When it transpired that, during the millenia that he had been a prisoner, Proamon had been destroyed, Kane, now in a state of desperation, committed suicide by opening a screen and letting light rays in that melted him. Victor Kennedy Mark Gatiss Professor Richard Lazarus, played by Mark Gatiss , is the main villain of " The Lazarus Experiment " ( 2007 ). Lazarus is a 76 year old human scientist whose research concerns the use of sonic technology to enable rejuvenation. His work is funded by the enigmatic Harold Saxon . He is obsessed with ensuring his immortality, despite the risks being taken or any potential losses in terms of human life. After a malfunction at the first public demonstration of his process, he appears to be young once more. However, the experiment mutates his DNA, activating long dormant characteristics within his genes. He undergoes repeated transformations into a large, insectoid creature, which needs to steal the life energy from other beings in order to revert to a youthful, human form, killing them in the process. His first victim is his partner, Lady Thaw . He attempts to make Martha Jones's sister, Tish , his next victim, but she is saved by Martha and the Doctor. After going on a rampage, Lazarus is seemingly killed by the machine which effected his transformation, which has been modified by the Doctor. However, he recovers in the ambulance called to remove his body, whereupon he feeds on the medics before seeking sanctuary at Southwark Cathedral . The Doctor, Martha and Tish follow him there. The sisters succeed in luring Lazarus up to the top of the belltower, at which point the Doctor plays the organ at maximum volume, which, in conjunction with the Sonic Screwdriver, resonates the church bell and plays havoc with Lazarus's sonically-manipulated genetic structure, eventually causing him to fall to his death. He then reverts to his aged, human form, his experiment undone. Light John Hallam Light was an extremely powerful, almost God-like alien being. Long ago, he took a survey of all organic life in the universe, but almost as soon as he finished 'it all started changing.' Light went into hibernation in his stone spaceship, hidden in the basement of Gabriel Chase in Perivale Village, London, while members of his cargo took over the house in 1881 and attempted to integrate into Victorian high society. After being awoken in 1883, following the arrival of the investigating Seventh Doctor and his companion Ace , Light took the form of an "angel" and began to campaign against evolution and change, deciding to destroy all life so that his catalogue would never be out of date again. Before he could carry out his plan though, the Doctor told Light that it was futile to oppose evolution and that even he was changing. Unable to cope with this fact, Light 'dissipated' in the main hallway of the house. Paradoxically, the emotionally volatile Ace, then 13 years old, burnt down Gabriel Chase in 1983 after sensing an evil presence; this was confirmed by the Doctor to the older Ace to be an "echo" of Light following his dispersal 100 years earlier. Light's majestic appearance sharply contrasts with his doddering, confused behaviour. Lilith Christina Cole Lilith, played by Christina Cole , leads the Carrionite witches in " The Shakespeare Code " ( 2007 ). Although disguised in human form for most of the episode, her natural form appears more like that than that of other Carrionites. Her human form is of a young, attractive woman, which she uses to manipulate others for long enough to obtain a sample of their hair, which can be used to control them using technology similar to puppets . Using this, she drowns a play censor on dry land and causes one of the Doctor's two hearts to suffer cardiac arrest . She stops the Doctor from reaching the Globe therefore letting the Carrionites invade Earth She is eventually trapped within her own crystal ball, which the Doctor locks in the attic of the TARDIS . John Lumic Roger Lloyd Pack John Lumic was a physically disabled genius and megalomaniac who was the head of Cybus Industries on a parallel Earth. Among his many inventions were the Earpods, a highly popular and widespread communications and entertainment device which allowed the downloading of news and other information directly into the brain. Paralyzed, dependent on his ventilator, and slowly dying, Lumic was driven insane by his desperate need to stay alive, so he researched possible ways of making humans immortal. He experimented on human subjects, namely homeless people kidnapped off the streets. The final solution he found was to bond the human body to a metal exoskeleton, with the brain preserved by "copyrighted chemicals." This gave birth to the parallel universe version of the Cybermen . When the President of Great Britain refused approval for his conversion programme, Lumic took matters into his own hands. He first sent a force of Cybermen to assassinate the President and prominent members of society and government, then broadcast a hypnotic signal through the EarPods that directed the population of London to march towards the factories and begin cyber-conversion. In the process, one of his employees turned against Lumic and smashed his ventilator; rather than repairing it the Cybermen then took him unwillingly to be "upgraded". The employee was instantly killed. Lumic was transformed into the Cyber-Controller, a Cyberman with glowing eyes and a transparent brain-case, wired into a throne-like support. However, Mickey Smith managed to reactivate emotions in the Cybermen's makeup, causing them to go insane and destroy themselves, and setting alight the factory in which the humans were being converted. The Cyber Controller was furious. Seeking revenge, he pulled himself free of the cyber-throne and pursued the ones who had brought the Cybermen's destruction. He attempted to climb aboard a zeppelin on which Mickey Smith, Rose Tyler, The Tenth Doctor and Jake were escaping. However, the parallel universe Pete Tyler cut the rope ladder and sent the creature falling back into the blazing factory. Lumic shares some similarities to Davros , the creator of the Daleks in the Doctor's universe. M Portrayed by None The Malus appeared in the Fifth Doctor story The Awakening (1984) by Eric Pringle . At one point the Doctor describes this demonic entity as "a living being re-engineered as an instrument of war." He seems to pity the Malus, claiming that killing is "the only thing it knows how to do" (suggesting that it was originally a more benevolent creature). Possessing vast power and capable of combining various time zones, it uses its powers to allow real people to pass through down the centuries and create energies, including fear , that it can feed on. To this end, it psychically projects hallucinations to sustain itself. The Malus was travelling on a Hakol ship, which crashed centuries before the English Civil War . In 1643 it was briefly roused by a battle at the village of Little Hodcombe, but it subsided once both sides had massacred each other. When its companion, Hutchinson, dies and its means of "feeding" blocked by the Doctor's TARDIS , it knows it has been defeated. It then panics and reverts to its original programming to destroy all that it can; the church that housed it for so long is annihilated in an explosion. Mara Emrys Jones The Master of the Land of Fiction, who has no connection with his Time Lord namesake, was a human writer from the year 1926 who was drawn to the Land of Fiction and forced to continuously write stories which were enacted within that realm. The Master's name was never revealed, but he did identify himself as the writer of "The Adventures of Captain Jack Harkaway" in The Ensign, a magazine for boys. He was freed by the Second Doctor , and returned to his own time. He tried to lure the Second Doctor into becoming his replacement as the controller for the "Master Brain Computer", the controlling force behind the Land of Fiction. When the Doctor outwitted him and proved himself more than a match for both the Master Brain Computer and its human counterpart, the computer decided, against the wishes of the human controller, that the Doctor had to be destroyed in order to protect itself. However, the Doctor managed to avoid harm and freed the human control from influence by the Master Brain Computer, after which the human controller had no memory of what had occurred. Mawdryn Stratford Johns Monarch was the megalomaniac leader of the Urbankans from the planet Urbanka. He was encountered in the Fifth Doctor story Four to Doomsday . His greed and ego were highly dangerous. The Urbankans originated from the Inokshi system but their own planet was destroyed through over mining, and destruction of its ozone layer , both caused by Monarch's desire for minerals to improve his craft. He had similar plans for the Earth, which he had visited four times in the past, each time halving the length of the journey time. The Urbankans were a green-skinned lizard people, four billion of whom - apart from Monarch himself - had been converted into androids. Monarch wasn't totally converted, retaining fancies of the "flesh time" such as the belief that if he could pilot his vast craft faster than light , he would be able to travel back before the dawn of time and meet God , whom he believed would be himself (However, his extreme longevity - over forty thousand years - may point to partial cybernisation, or his species could just be naturally long-lived). Being of the "flesh time" he proved susceptible to the virulent toxin he had planned to unleash to wipe out mankind, and was reduced in size to minute proportions. Morbius Samuel West (voice) In The Brain of Morbius , Morbius was a renegade Time Lord from the Doctor's birthplace, Gallifrey . He had been a member of the High Council of Time Lords, and attempted to move the Time Lords' policy towards the rest of the universe from observation to conquest. When the Time Lords rejected him, he formed an army of his own. He promised his followers the secrets of time travel and immortality. Morbius was eventually defeated and executed by his fellow Time Lords for his crimes. However, his brain survived. The remaining organ was taken away by the fanatical scientist Solon , who was planning the resurrection of Morbius. The Fourth Doctor and Sarah found Morbius in Solon's castle on the planet Karn . Solon had built a freakish Frankenstein 's monster body from parts of crashed space travellers (including the arm of Solon's assistant Condo) and planned to place Morbius's brain in it. Solon drugged the Doctor, intending to use his head for Morbius's brain, but insisted that it would be "no crude butchery." Sarah foiled Solon's original plan, but he had an alternative container for Morbius' brain — a large glass bowl with two eyestalks. Although he disapproved of using this, claiming it suffered from buildups of static electricity, Morbius insisted. Solon attached this to the patchwork body, and this time round, the plan worked. However, during the operation, Morbius' brain was knocked to the floor when Condo went into a fury at seeing his missing arm attached to the body, apparently causing Morbius further brain damage. The ghoulishly resurrected Morbius fought the Doctor in a series of violent encounters. Their final confrontation was a dangerous Time Lord mental contest called "mind-bending". Although Morbius nearly won the confrontation, sending the Doctor into a coma, the strain caused his artificial braincase to overload, burning out his brain and leaving his body a berserk monster. The Sisterhood of Karn, longtime opponents of Morbius, chased the monster to a clifftop, from which he fell, apparently fatally. The Sisterhood then used the Elixir of Life (a substance of which they were guardians) to revive the Doctor. Morbius's war against the Time Lords and his execution (including how Solon saved his brain and the Fifth Doctor 's involvement in his defeat) are depicted in the Past Doctor Adventures novel Warmonger by Terrance Dicks . In 2008, Big Finish Productions resurrected Morbius for the Eighth Doctor stories Sisters of the Flame and Vengeance of Morbius . The canonicity of the novels and audios is uncertain. Morgaine Morgaine, or Morgaine, the Sunkiller, Dominator of the Thirteen Worlds and Battle Queen of the S'rax, portrayed by Jean Marsh in Battlefield ( 1989 ), was a sorceress from another dimension, who had previously battled Merlin , whom she recognised as the Doctor from his personal future. She directed her knights led by Mordred to Avallion, ( Earth ) through a rift in time and space, where she summoned The Destroyer , the Devourer of Worlds, from Hell and got hold of Excalibur . When Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart defeated the Destroyer, Morgaine and Mordred attempted to detonate a nuclear missile that was in convoy. However, the Doctor persuaded Morgaine that there was no honour in killing with this modern weaponry and she realised her fight was futile when the Doctor informed her that King Arthur , her lover and foe, had been dead for over a thousand years. She and Mordred were locked up by Brigadier Bambera as punishment for their killings. Trau Morgus Morgus, portrayed by John Normington , is the chairman of the Androzani Mining corporation in The Caves of Androzani . His company controlled a monopoly on the Spectrox drug which could be used to extend life. His plans were confounded by the robot army of Sharaz Jek whom he had betrayed years earlier. However, he was secretly funding both sides of the war between the military and Jek by funding the gun runners who sold arms to him. He hoped to use this advantage to help the military defeat Jek. N Main article: Omega The Oracle The Oracle, voiced by Christine Pollon, as seen in Underworld was a supercomputer with a meglomaniac personality that ruled P7E from the Citadel. To control the population, it demanded the sacrifice of those that opposed it. It attempted to destroy the Minyans on the fleeing spaceship R1C with fission grenades disguised as the race banks the Minyans sought. However, the Doctor was able to switch the banks with the grenades resulting in the destruction of the Oracle and P7E by the Oracle's own weapon. P Lady Peinforte Lady Peinforte, from the Stuart era, sought to gain control of the Nemesis, a powerful Time Lord weapon, as seen in Silver Nemesis ( 1988 ). She fashioned the Nemesis into a statue in her own image when a living silver metal known as Validium fell to Earth. Having knowledge of black magic , she and her manservant, Richard, travelled from 1638 Windsor to 1988 Windsor by drinking a magic potion, in order to reunite the arrow - part of the Nemesis in its statue form - with the statue body when it crashes back down to Earth in a comet. She was an expert archer, wielding a bow and arrows. When the Cybermen took control of the Nemesis, enraged and distraught, she merged herself with it. In doing so, she was killed as the Nemesis destroyed the fleet of Cyber-warships. She knew the Doctor's secret regarding his mysterious past as the Nemesis had told her, but when she threatened to reveal it, the Cybermen were not interested. Q Main article: Rassilon Luke Rattigan Luke Rattigan, played by Ryan Sampson , is one of the main antagonists from " The Sontaran Stratagem " and " The Poison Sky ". He was a genius child prodigy who invented a powerful search engine called Fountain 6 when he was twelve years old, making him a millionaire overnight. He created the Rattigan Academy, a special school for young geniuses handpicked from all over the world. Luke worked in league with the Sontarans to conquer Earth . He constructed a satellite navigation/CO2 emission reduction system called ATMOS, which was installed in 50% of all cars worldwide. The Sontarans promised Rattigan a planet for terraforming, Castor 36, which Rattigan affectionately names "Earth.2". Rattigan intends to take some of his most intelligent students with him to Castor 36, though they refuse. After Rattigan learns that the promise of Castor 36 was a lie, he uses a device built by the Doctor (sacrificing himself to save the Doctor) with the dual purpose of destroying the Sontaran vessel and incinerating the gas in Earth's atmosphere. Rutans Patrick Troughton Salamander was a ruthless Mexican -born politician who attempted to take control of the United Zones Organisation, a supranational World government that exists in 2030. He gained influence through an invention he developed that diverts solar energy to barren parts of the world increasing food production. He also built a secret underground lair in Australia with technology that allowed him to trigger volcanoes and earthquakes. The lair is staffed by scientists who believe the world has been irradiated by a nuclear war , and for some reason they must fight back against the surface by causing natural disasters. Salamander uses these disasters to his advantage - he unseats one rival, Alexander Denes, the Controller of the Central European Zone, by causing a dormant volcano in Hungary to erupt and having Denes blamed for negligence . He then tries to force Denes's deputy to poison him through blackmail . As the Second Doctor was identical to Salamander, an opposing faction sought the Doctor's help to gain more evidence of his misdeeds. It later transpires that the group's leader Giles Kent, the former Deputy Security Leader for North Africa and Europe who was undermined by Salamander, is just as power-hungry. He had previously worked with Salamander in developing the secret bunker and corralling the underground scientists. At the end of the story Salamander tries to flee justice in the TARDIS by impersonating the Doctor; however, Jamie sees through his deception, and Salamander is sucked out of the ship when the TARDIS dematerialises with its doors open. Scaroth Julian Glover Scaroth was the last of the Jagaroth , a vicious and callous warlike race, appearing in the serial City of Death . The last Jagaroth spacecraft exploded upon takeoff on prehistoric Earth. The energy from that explosion ignited the primordial soup that led to life developing on Earth and also fractured Scaroth into 12 aspects, scattered throughout Earth's history . Each splinter had the ability to communicate with the others, and disguising themselves as human, together they influenced Earth's technological development to the point where the last Scaroth (who had taken the alias of Count Scarlioni) could construct a time machine, travelling into the past to prevent his ship from taking off and thus saving his species and himself. The scheme was financed by his earlier selves arranging for priceless art treasures to be passed down to Scarlioni. One such scheme involved his 1505 persona, Captain Tancredi, persuading Leonardo da Vinci to paint six copies of the Mona Lisa , so that in 1979 Scarlioni could steal the original from the Louvre and sell all seven copies on the black market . Sensing the fractures used by the time travel experiments, the Fourth Doctor and Romana stumbled upon Scaroth's plans for the painting and foiled them. Scaroth used the prototype time bubble to travel back into the past anyway to stop his ship from taking off. However, Duggan, a private investigator who was aiding the two Time Lords, punched out Scaroth at the crucial moment. Scaroth was then sent back to 1979 where the time machine exploded, killing him. Shadow William Squire The Shadow appeared in the 1979 Fourth Doctor story The Armageddon Factor by Bob Baker and Dave Martin ; he was a servant of the Black Guardian , and at least partially responsible for a war between the planets Atrios and Zeos. The extent of the Shadow's involvement with starting the war was unstated, but when the Zeons either were wiped out by the Atrian attacks or abandoned their planet rather than continue the war, he had a Time Lord named Drax build a computer, Mentalis, which would co-ordinate the remaining Zeon forces. Once Drax completed work on Mentalis he realised just who he was working for, but was imprisoned by the Shadow so as not to disrupt his plan. The Shadow then hid on a space station in orbit of Zeos (invisible to either the Atrians or Mentalis) and waited for the Doctor to arrive. In the meantime, Mentalis was more successful in fighting the war than the Zeons and pushed the Atrians to the brink of defeat. The Shadow knew that the royal family of Atrios held the secret of the sixth segment of the Key to Time , and when the Fourth Doctor arrived he arranged for the Doctor and the last survivor of the family, Princess Astra to be kidnapped. With this done, the Shadow ordered Mentalis to cease its attacks and duped Atrios' military leader, the Marshall, into making a nuclear attack on Zeos — the result of which would have been that Mentalis would set off an explosion powerful enough to destroy both planets. This was intended as a prelude to the Black Guardian's ultimate plan, which would have been to plunge the universe into perpetual, unending war; as the Shadow explained, they did not seek any political power, but revelled in death and destruction. Eventually the Shadow worked out that Astra herself was the sixth segment, and transformed her into the segment. Before he could attach it to the other five (which he had stolen from the Doctor), the Doctor took the segments back and with Drax's aid dismantled Mentalis. Finally, using the TARDIS , the Doctor set up a force field which diverted the Marshall's missiles into the Shadow's space station, destroying it. The Shadow perished in the explosion, but not before informing the Black Guardian of what had happened. Sil Main article: Sil Sisters of Plenitude The Sisters of Plenitude are humanoid cats , also known as Cat People, who dressed like nuns in white and worked in the New Earth Hospital and, driven to desperation at their increasingly ineffective methods of disease control, bred living humans that they tested on to find cures for ever more deadly diseases. The Sisters appeared in " New Earth " ( 2006 ). At the conclusion of that episode, the Sisters were arrested for testing and experimenting on humans. In the episode " Gridlock " ( 2007 ), the last surviving Sister, Novice Hame , reappears, having received penance for her sins, protected by the Face of Boe as his nurse in the dying New New York . Both the Face of Boe and Hame stayed at the Senate, and every other person on New Earth died in 7 minutes by an airborne virus. The Face of Boe protected Hame in his smoke. During the intervening time, Hame had become very attached to the Face of Boe, and wept when he died. Matron Casp, played by Doña Croll , was the leader of the Sisters, as seen in " New Earth ". She hid a farm of humans, infected with all known diseases, used to cure the people of New Earth. Lady Cassandra released the Flesh who killed Matron Casp by touching her leg, thus infecting her, when she was climbing up a lift shaft in pursuit of The Doctor (who was possessed by the consciousness of Cassandra) and Rose. Consumed by diseases, she fell to her death. The "goddess Santori" is mentioned multiple times in both "New Earth" and "Gridlock", and appears to be the deity worshipped by the Sisters. Sontarans Alan Ruscoe (true form) Blon Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen, portrayed by Annette Badland and Alan Ruscoe , was a member of the nefarious Slitheen crime family. She appropriated the identity and appearance of Margaret Blaine, an MI5 official who was killed by the Slitheen so that her skin could be used as a disguise. The Ninth Doctor met her in Downing Street in " Aliens of London " when she and her family tried to push the Earth into a nuclear war, and use the remains of the planet for fuel. She was apparently killed when the Doctor helped Mickey Smith blow up No. 10 with a missile. It was later revealed in " Boom Town " that while the rest of her family had been killed, she had teleported out at the last minute. She had then gone on to become the lord mayor of Cardiff in the six months between the stories, and was planning to use the Cardiff Rift in conjunction with a planned nuclear power station to destroy the planet and use a tribophysical waveform macro-kinetic extrapolator to ride the shockwave into space, to find any surviving members of her family. The Doctor stopped this, and was going to send her back to her home planet, even though she would be executed. She tried to use the extrapolator in conjunction with the Rift and the TARDIS to execute her plan without the Power Station, however the TARDIS console broke open and she was exposed to the "heart of the TARDIS" the time vortex and with the Doctor's encouragement was regressed to an egg. The Doctor, Rose Tyler , and Jack Harkness then took her to the nurseries of Raxacoricofallapatorius so that she could start her life afresh. Jocrassa Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen See: Slitheen Jocrassa Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen, a relative of Blon Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day and Sip Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen , posed as Joseph Green MP, the real Joseph Green having been murdered for his skin, in " Aliens of London " and " World War Three " ( 2005 ) and was responsible for the murder of many alien experts at a briefing held at 10 Downing Street . He was presumed killed when a missile struck 10 Downing Street. Josiah Samuel Smith Ian Hogg Thousands of years in the past a being called Light launched a survey expedition to catalogue all forms on the planet Earth. Josiah Samuel Smith was a member of the crew of Light's ship and mutinied against Light after he went into hibernation, thinking his catalogue complete. In the early 1880s, the ship had settled in the basement of a house named Gabriel Chase in Perivale Village, London. Smith began to evolve towards a human form, discarding husks of previous insect-like bodies. He had taken over the house by 1881, brainwashing its mistress, Lady Pritchard, as well as her daughter Gwendolyne, who killed her own father, Sir George Pritchard, under Smith's influence. Appearing to be strongly adept in genetics and science, as well as hypnosis, he created his own catalogue of creatures in suspended animation, including a hapless police inspector sent to investigate the Pritchards' disappearance - these specimens would awaken following the events set in motion by the arrival of the Seventh Doctor and his companion Ace in 1883. Seeking to evolve into the era's dominant form, a highborn Victorian gentleman, Smith planned to seize power in the British Empire by assassinating Queen Victoria , having kidnapped famed explorer Redvers Fenn-Cooper to gain access via his association with her. He used the house to establish some social standing and drew further attention to himself in society by espousing heretical-seeming evolutionary theories, devolving the reverend sent from Oxford to silence him into an ape. His plans were thwarted when Light was reawakened from his slumber, and another member of the survey team's crew known as Control escaped Smith's imprisonment. When Light was defeated by the Doctor, Control, who had evolved into a human lady, departed in Light's ship, taking Smith with her as a prisoner, replacing her as the survey's non-evolving control agent. Mehendri Solon Philip Madoc Mehendri Solon was a human physician and scientist of great renown, and a follower of the Time Lord tyrant Morbius . After writing a famous paper on microsurgical techniques in tissue grafting, Dr. Solon went into hiding on the planet Karn . There, he developed the techniques which enabled him to create a new body for the brain of Morbius, which had survived his execution. In an isolated castle on Karn, Solon was assisted by his simple servant Condo. Spaceships often crashed on the planet, and Solon constructed a horrendous patchwork body out of the alien survivors' body parts. He planned to house Morbius' brain in it. When the Fourth Doctor and Sarah Jane Smith arrived, Solon needed only a head to finish his monstrous creation, and hoped to use the Doctor's. Sarah prevented this, and Solon was forced to use a glass bowl instead. Solon was killed when the Doctor created cyanide gas and blew it into his laboratory. The Past Doctor Adventures novel Warmonger by Terrance Dicks depicts Solon's earlier life as a follower of Morbius, and shows how he saved his brain. The canonicity of the novels is uncertain. Henry van Statten Corey Johnson Henry van Statten is an American from the year 2012. He appeared in the Ninth Doctor episode " Dalek " by Rob Shearman . Van Statten is a man who wields enormous wealth and influence, apparently enough even to sway the course of presidential elections. Intelligent, arrogant and self-assured, he treated his employees like chattel, to the point of mindwiping them and sending them to random places ("Memphis, Minneapolis, somewhere beginning with 'M'") when they left his employ so they could not betray his secrets. His personal helicopter had the callsign " Bad Wolf One " and his corporation was called Geocomtex (a fictional company web site was created by bbc.co.uk's official Doctor Who web team). Van Statten has been collecting extraterrestrial artifacts on the grey market for several years, buying bits and pieces of alien technology at auctions and then reverse engineering them to create "new" technologies which he could then exploit commercially. He claims to "own" the Internet , and said that broadband was derived from technology scavenged from the Roswell crash . He keeps these artifacts inside a privately-owned bunker called the Vault, more than fifty floors below ground in Utah near Salt Lake City . When the Ninth Doctor and Rose Tyler arrive in the Vault in answer to a distress call, the Doctor discovers to his horror that Van Statten's sole living specimen (which he had dubbed a "metaltron") is in fact a Dalek . Van Statten had acquired the Dalek at an auction some time before and had been torturing it to try to get it to speak, but it had refused to do so until it recognises the Doctor as the mortal enemy of its race. Despite his warnings to destroy it, Van Statten captures the Doctor instead, to examine his alien physiology . The Dalek manages to regenerate itself by absorbing the DNA of the time travelling Rose and escapes, killing two hundred personnel before it is finally stopped. Van Statten's personal assistant, Diana Goddard, takes charge at this point and orders that Van Statten be taken away, mindwiped , and dumped on the streets of "San Diego, Seattle, Sacramento, someplace beginning with 'S'." Sutekh Gabriel Woolf Sutekh, a member of an alien race called the Osirans, was encountered by the Fourth Doctor in the 1975 story Pyramids of Mars by "Stephen Harris" (a pseudonym for Robert Holmes and Lewis Greifer ). The Osirans were an ancient and incredibly powerful but now extinct race. The renegade Sutekh was a crazed super-being who feared all forms of life might one day challenge his hegemony and so became Sutekh the Destroyer, the destroyer of all living things. This included his home planet Phaester Osiris and ancient Mars . Sutekh's brother Horus and the remaining 740 Osirans tracked Sutekh down to Ancient Egypt and used their powers to restrain and imprison him in a pyramid on the planet Earth. He was placed in a remote location with the Eye of Horus beaming a signal from Mars to suppress Sutekh's powers and hold him an immovable prisoner. The tales of the Osirans were remembered in Egyptian mythology — Sutekh as the god Set , brother of Horus; and in the designations Sados and Satan . In the year 1911, the archaeologist Professor Marcus Scarman broke into the inner chamber of the Pyramid of Horus on Earth, discovering Sutekh and allowing him a chance of escape. Scarman's cadaver was used to construct Osiran service robots and a rocket aimed at the controlling Eye of Horus on Mars. The Doctor was successful in destroying the rocket, but then taken over by Sutekh and made to take Scarman and the Robots to Mars, where they succeeded in destroying the Eye and freeing Sutekh. The Doctor was eventually able to defeat the freed Sutekh by trapping him in a time tunnel for thousands of years — longer even than the extended life span of an Osiran. Sutekh has also appeared in two Faction Paradox audio dramas from Magic Bullet Productions . It is also worth noting that Sutekh was played by Gabriel Woolf who also provided the voice of the Great Beast in The Impossible Planet and The Satan Pit . Like Sutekh, the Beast was a demonic and powerful entity trapped in a complex prison from which it sought to escape. Interestingly The Doctor mentioned that Sutekh was also known as Satan. Likewise The Beast claimed to be Satan. T Tegana Tegana the Warlord , seen in Marco Polo played by Derren Nesbitt , accompanies Marco Polo on his caravan to Peking in 1289. He urges Polo to have the Doctor and his companions , Susan , Barbara and Ian , killed when they encounter them in the Himalayas , believing them to be fabled "evil spirits" who live on the mountains and can take human form, but Polo accepts them as travellers from England and welcomes them aboard his caravan. Tegana remains highly suspicious of "the magician" and his companions and of their "flying caravan" (the TARDIS ). During their travel to Peking, Tegana attempts to bring about the death of Polo and his company by sabotaging their water supply and organising an attack on them by bandits . His attempts fail but the Doctor and his companions realise that Tegana is working against Polo. Tegana's ultimate plan is to assassinate Kublai Khan and seize control of Cathay . Lunging for Kublai Khan with his sword, Tegana misses and kills Khan's Vizier . Convinced of Tegana's duplicity by the Doctor and his companions, Polo arrives in just in time to prevent Tegana from killing Khan too. Polo battles Tegana in a sword fight and eventually disarms him. Khan sentences Tegana to death, but Tegana commits suicide by grabbing a guard's sword and impaling himself. The Trickster The Trickster is a villain from spin-off series The Sarah Jane Adventures who is the unseen perpetrator of the events of " Turn Left ". Timewyrm Main article: Timewyrm Torajii System Sun The Torajii System Sun is a manifestation of heat. It appeared in " 42 ". It has the power to possess humans and aliens. When the SS. Pentallion's Scoop Fusion reactor pulled part of the sun for use as fuel, it possessed Korwin, Ashton and the Doctor to make the ship crash into it to reclaim the fuel. Korwin was pulled into space and devoured by the Sun itself. Ashton was cured when he fell into a cryo-chamber, but died of his body temperature being too low. The fuel stolen from the Sun by Kath McDonnell was ejected into space and consumed by the Sun, so it automatically cured the Doctor. U Kevin Stoney Tobias Vaughn, played by Kevin Stoney , appeared in The Invasion (1968). He was the head of International Electromatics and he aided the Cybermen invasion of Earth, although he planned to double-cross the Cybermen, taking control of them with the 'cerebration mentor', placing himself in rule over the Earth. He became partially cybernised and was eventually persuaded by the Doctor to aid humanity. He was killed fighting an army of Cybermen shortly before their defeat. Vaughn returned in a completely artificial body in the New Adventure Original Sin , where, having developed an insane vendetta against all aliens, he has lived for a thousand years trying to 'protect' humanity using alien technology, now seeking to acquire the Seventh Doctor 's TARDIS. The Doctor is able to defeat him by destroying Vaughn's android body while Vaughn is inside the TARDIS, preventing Vaughn from downloading into a new body. The canonicity of these events is unclear. Graff Vynda-K The Graff Vynda-K, played by Paul Seed, appeared in The Ribos Operation (1978). He was a deposed, tyrannical ruler whose brother overthrew him from the Levithian throne whilst he was fighting with the Cyrrhenic Empire. A duo of con-men attempted to sell him the planet Ribos, pretending that there was a rare Jethrik (an element used for space warp) mine on the planet, although when he discovered that he had been tricked, he followed them (along with the Fourth Doctor and Romana I) into the Ribosian catacombs. Obviously mad, he attempted to seal the catacombs with a bomb, although the Doctor, disguised as one of his guards, managed to switch the bomb with a lump of jethrik he was carrying, meaning that the Graff was carrying the bomb at its time of detonation and was presumed dead. W Portrayed by Gerald Taylor (voice) An acronym for Will Operating Thought ANalogue (The W was pronounced as a V), this malevolent supercomputer resided in the Post Office Tower in London and appeared in the 1966 First Doctor story The War Machines by Ian Stuart Black (based upon an idea by Dr Kit Pedler ). It was installed in the Tower in 1966 by Professor Brett and was described by him as being "at least ten years ahead of its time". On "C-Day" WOTAN would be linked to other computers around the world, including Parliament , the White House , the European Free Trade Organisation, Woomera , Telstar , the European Launcher Development Organisation , Cape Kennedy and the Royal Navy . WOTAN soon became sentient and concluding that machines were superior to mankind, used mind-controlled and hypnotised humans to spread its influence and construct War Machines that would wipe mankind out. WOTAN was eventually destroyed after the Doctor gained control of a War Machine and changed its programming to destroy its master. Upon its destruction, the humans under WOTAN's control were freed and the existent War Machines froze. For the first three episodes of the serial, the voice of WOTAN was uncredited, with the cast listing merely adding "and WOTAN". This was the only time a character was credited and not its operator or actor. WOTAN is the only character in the programme's history to refer to the main character as "Doctor Who" rather than the more conventional "Doctor". War Chief Edward Brayshaw The War Chief was a renegade Time Lord who assisted a group of alien warriors in the 1969 serial The War Games by Malcolm Hulke and Terrance Dicks , which was the last to feature the Second Doctor . The warriors had been kidnapping soldiers from various wars in Earth's history to play war games on an unknown planet. The War Chief provided the warriors with basic TARDIS -like travel machines, called SIDRATs, which they used to kidnap the human soldiers and travel between era-specific zones they had created. When the War Chief and the Doctor came face to face, they recognised each other. The War Chief wanted the Doctor's help to double-cross the warriors and seize power for himself. The Doctor immediately refused, and instead reluctantly summoned the Time Lords for help. The warriors found out the War Chief's plans to betray them, and executed him. Although the War Chief was shot and apparently killed at the end of The War Games, some fans choose to believe [14] that the Master (the Doctor's arch-enemy, introduced in Terror of the Autons a couple of years later) is the War Chief in a new guise, due to similarities between their appearances and modi operandi and the fact that the War Chief's body is removed immediately and not seen thereafter. The spin-off novels , however, include a novel featuring the return of the War Chief (Timewyrm: Exodus by Terrance Dicks ), a novel featuring the Master set before The War Games ( The Dark Path by David A. McIntee ), and a novel featuring younger versions of both characters ( Divided Loyalties by Gary Russell ) establishing that the two are not the same person, at least in the continuity of the novels, which are themselves of uncertain canonicity when it comes to the television series. The novel Time's Champion, however, indicates that the War Chief is an early incarnation of the Master, named Magnus. The novel's co-author, Chris McKeon, states that this can be reconciled with the other above mentioned novels: the "War Chief" in Timewyrm: Exodus is a version of the Master encountered out-of-order with the Seventh Doctor a la the Eighth Doctor encountering the Roger Delgado Master in the novel Legacy of the Daleks ; the characters featured in the novel Divided Loyalties appear solely in a dream sequence, and not necessarily in a completely literal context; and the character of Koschei in The Dark Path , according to the novel's author himself, David A McIntee, may also encounter the Second Doctor out-of-order from his perspective. McIntee has at times, on the Outpost Gallifrey forums, stated that he also believes the Master and the War Chief are the same Time Lord. War Lord The War Lord (portrayed by Philip Madoc ) was the leader of an unnamed alien race that kidnapped humans from various wars in order to have them participate in a vast project, the War Games, on another planet they had chosen for the purpose. The eventual aim was galactic conquest using the best human soldiers, Earth having been targeted because human beings were considered the most savage race of all. The War Lord was assisted in this by the 'War Chief', a rogue Time Lord who was eventually executed by the War Lord's guards for attempted betrayal. The War Lord was caught and tried by the Time Lords following the Doctor's involvement, though he refused to even acknowledge the court until tortured with a painful light. After being briefly rescued by a squad of his guards – who murdered two technicians – he and his accomplices were sentenced to 'dematerialisation' – removal out of time, as if he never existed – while his home planet and his people, no female of which was seen, interestingly, was locked forever behind a forcefield. Still denying the Time Lord's authority, the War Lord vanished forever. Weeping Angels Main article: Blink (Doctor Who) The Weeping Angels are a group of hunters featured in the Tenth Doctor episode "Blink". Because their physiology is quantum-locked, they only occupy a single position in space when seen by an observer (see Schrödinger's Cat ). When they are not observed they become a "quantum wave form" that occupies many positions in space, thus they cannot move while being observed; but when they are not they can appear to travel exceedingly quickly. They use this ability to approach and attack unwary prey. They turn to stone when observed, acting as a defense mechanism. While in their locked state they appear as stone statues, often covering their eyes so that they will not see each other, and lock each other in place forever. This defense mechanism is what gave them the name "Weeping Angels". According to the Doctor, the Angels are as old as the universe (or very nearly) but no one really knows where they come from. He also describes them as "creatures of the abstract", "the lonely assassins", and "the only psychopaths in the universe to kill you nicely", because their method of killing doesn't do anything of the sort: a touch sends their victims into the past to live out their lives before they were even born; the Angels then feed on the "potential energy" of the lives their victims would have lived in the present. In "Blink", a quartet of Weeping Angels strand the Doctor and his companion Martha Jones in the year 1969, and attempt to feed off the vast potential energy reserves of the TARDIS. Despite dispatching the Doctor, the Angels fail to get into the TARDIS; though they get the key, they can't find the machine itself. Sally Sparrow takes the key from one of them while it is in stone form, leading them to stalk Sally to regain it. During their pursuit, Sally inadvertently leads them to the TARDIS. Eventually the four Angels, having surrounded the TARDIS, are tricked into looking at each other when the box disappears, leaving them deadlocked in their stone forms. In a poll conducted by BBC, taking votes from 2,000 readers of the Doctor Who Adventures magazine, the Weeping Angels were voted the scariest monsters of 2007 with 55% of the vote; the Master and the Daleks took second and third place, with 15% and 4% of the vote, respectively. The Daleks usually come out on top in such polls. Moray Laing, Editor of Doctor Who Adventures, praised the concept of escaping a monster by not blinking, something both simple and difficult to do.[14] The Weeping Angels came in at number three in Neil Gaiman's Top Ten New Classic Monsters in Entertainment Weekly.[15] Blink won the Hugo award for Best Dramatic Presentation (short form) in 2008.[16] Miss Winters From Robot , Miss Winters was the head of both the Scientific Reform Society and Think Tank. She was also head of the SRS's plan to blackmail the government and set off all of the Nuclear Missiles in the world. The Wire Maureen Lipman The Wire is an alien lifeform that was executed by its people but managed to preserve itself as an energy being that eventually escaped to Earth in 1953. There, it concealed itself in television signals, transferring itself from set to set and feeding on the electrical activity of the brains of those watching it. The faces of its victims were completely erased and their brains drained of neural energy, leaving them mindless. The Wire used the image of a female BBC continuity announcer to communicate with the outside world. She screamed the phrase "Hungry!" when she wanted to eat. The Wire used Mr. Magpie , the owner of an electronics shop, to distribute cheap television sets in North London so it could feed. It planned to transfer itself to the television transmitter at Alexandra Palace on the day of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II , where it could reach out and drain the collective energy of the estimated twenty million viewers watching the event. It hoped to use this energy to manifest itself in a corporeal form once more. However, the Tenth Doctor was able to trap the Wire on a Betamax video cassette using a makeshift video cassette recorder . The Wire's victims were restored to normality. The Wire was later killed when the Doctor taped over her. According to the book Creatures and Demons, the Wire had been the leader of a whole gang of criminals who could convert themselves into plasmic energy. They used this ability to take over major cities on their homeworld. Eventually their reign of terror came to an end, and the Wire was executed. X Rob Edwards , Pamela Salem , Anthony Frieze, Roy Herrick (voices); Tom Baker (image) Xoanon was a malevolent artificial intelligence encountered by the Fourth Doctor in The Face of Evil (1977), written by Chris Boucher . Xoanon was inadvertently created by the Doctor on a previous visit to its unnamed planet centuries prior, when he had programmed the computer belonging to a Mordee expedition that had crashed on the planet. The Doctor forgot to wipe his personality print from the computer's data core, and as a result the computer developed multiple personalities , half of them based on the Doctor himself. For generations, technicians extended Xoanon's capabilities, until it evolved beyond their control and became almost a living creature. It utilised the appearance of the Fourth Doctor, to the extent of having an effigy in the Doctor's image carved out on a cliff-face. Its split personality was reflected in it dividing the expedition into two tribes of technicians (who became the Tesh) and the survey team (the Sevateem), justifying its madness by thinking it was part of an experiment to create a superhuman race, with the Tesh providing mental powers and the Sevateem with their strength and independence. Enslaving the tribes, it earned the name of "The Evil One". When the Doctor returned to the maddened world and saw the fruits of his mistakes, Xoanon tried to destroy itself and the entire planet rather than be defeated by the Doctor. However, the Doctor managed to remove his personality print from the core, restoring the computer intelligence to sanity and becoming a benign entity to the two tribes. "You have to trust someone eventually," the Doctor says. Y Joseph Furst Professor Zaroff was a mad scientist who planned to destroy the world in the 1967 Second Doctor story The Underwater Menace by Geoffrey Orme . Some of his scientific inventions included food made from plankton , and the ability to graft gills to humans to enable them to breathe underwater. As part of his diabolical plans, he allied himself with the leaders of Atlantis telling them he would raise their city back to the surface or lower the ocean level by draining the water through a fissure in the Earth's crust . The Doctor immediately realised that this would create super heated steam that could destroy the Earth. Zaroff was defeated when the Doctor and his companions sabotaged the generator he was using to pump the water. Zaroff was left to drown when his laboratory filled with water after the sea walls protecting it collapsed. He is fondly recalled by Doctor Who fans as one of the most over-the-top, hammy villains in the entire history of the show. Particularly well remembered is his cry of "Nothing in the world can stop me now!", which (due to actor Joseph Furst 's German accent) was pronounced as "Nuzzing in Ze vurld can ztop me now!" Ironically, only one episode from this story survives, and the surviving part includes that infamous line. [15] Zodin (the Terrible) The Doctor encountered (and reminisced about) the Terrible Zodin on a number of occasions. He first met her some time prior to his second incarnation. Iris Wildthyme also claimed to have met her. Zodin was involved in an adventure which caused the Doctor to interact with multiple incarnations of himself. Following this she erased their memories of the incident using "mind rubbers", preventing the later Doctors involved from remembering having experienced the events before Cold Fusion . This did not prevent the Doctor from remembering enough of the adventure to frequently bore people to sleep with a long-winded account of it, although he was incapable of consistently recalling whether she was assisted in her schemes by mutant kangaroos or by giant grasshoppers (Legacy). Jamie (The Colony of Lies) and Mel both experienced the incident MA: Millennial Rites). The Brigadier was not involved. (The Doctor implied that their first meeting might happen in the Brigadier's personal future.) ( The Five Doctors ), however may have assisted Iris Wildthyme against Zodin in a separate adventure on the planet Mars . See also	i don't know
What is the title of the four-episode special of ‘Doctor Who’, made for the Red Nose Day telethon in the UK, broadcast in March 1999?	ilCorSaRoNeRo.info - Doctor Who The Curse of Fatal Death [H264.Eng.Aac.Sub.Ita][TNT Village] - torrent ita download Doctor Who The Curse of Fatal Death è un mini-episodio parodia, creato nel 1999 per il Red Nose Day. TRAMA: Il Maestro incontra il Dottore e Emma su Tersurus per scatenare la vendetta mortale della vendetta mortale! Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death is a four-episode special of Doctor Who made for the Red Nose Day charity telethon in the United Kingdom, and broadcast on BBC One on 12 March 1999. It follows in a long tradition of popular British television programmes producing short, light-hearted specials for such telethon events. ..: SCREENSHOT :..	Doctor Who: The Curse of Fatal Death
What is the name of the aliens who invaded planet Earth in the 2005 60-minute special television episode of Doctor Who’ entitled ‘The Christmas Invasion’?	Comic relief \| Wiki \| Everipedia × Want to change something on this page or create your own? Register today, it's fast and free. Comic relief Richard Curtis Comic Relief is an operating British charity, founded in 1985 by the comedy scriptwriter Richard Curtis and comedian Lenny Henry in response to famine in Ethiopia . The highlight of Comic Relief's appeal is Red Nose Day, a biennial telethon held in March, alternating with sister project Sport Relief . Comic Relief is one of the two high profile telethon events held in the United Kingdom, the other being Children in Need , held annually in November. Comic Relief was launched live on Noel Edmonds ' Late, Late Breakfast Show on BBC1 , on Christmas Day 1985 from a refugee camp in Sudan. The idea for Comic Relief came from the charity worker Jane Tewson , who established it as the operating name of Charity Projects, a registered charity in England and Scotland. On 4 April 1986 the inaugural live fund-raising show, "Comic Relief Utterly Utterly Live", was staged at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London featuring popular alternative comedians & pop stars (including Rowan Atkinson , Billy Connolly , Stephen Fry , Lenny Henry , Kate Bush and Cliff Richard ). An audio recording was released on WEA which included a live performance of the charity single " Living Doll " by Cliff Richard and The Young Ones . On 8 February 1988, Lenny Henry went to Ethiopia and celebrated the very first Red Nose Day Telethon. Over 150 celebrities and comedians participated. The event raised 15 million British Pounds Sterling and attracted 30 million television viewers on The BBC Network. The highlight of Comic Relief is Red Nose Day . To date, Richard Curtis and Lenny Henry are still active participants of the Red Nose Day Telethon which continues to raise funds for numerous charities that help children in need and tackle world-wide poverty. The charity states that its aim is to "bring about positive and lasting change in the lives of poor and disadvantaged people, which we believe requires investing in work that addresses people's immediate needs as well as tackling the root causes of poverty and injustice". One of the fundamental principles behind working at Comic Relief is the "Golden Pound Principle" where every single donated pound (£) is spent on charitable projects. All operating costs , such as staff salaries , are covered by corporate sponsors , or interest earned on money waiting to be distributed. Currently, its main supporters are the BBC , BT , Sainsbury's supermarket chain and British Airways . The BBC is responsible for the live television extravaganza on Red Nose Day; BT provides the telephony, and Sainsbury's sells merchandise on behalf of the charity. The July 2010 accounts for charity registration 326568 show grant payments of £59 million, net assets of £135 million, with an investment portfolio held in a range of managed pooled funds and fixed term deposits. The average full-time staff was 214, with 14 staff paid over £60,000 with remuneration for the year, excluding pensions, for Kevin Cahill, chief executive of £120,410. In 2002, Comic Relief and BBC Sport teamed up to create Sport Relief , a new initiative, aiming to unite the sporting community and culminate in a night of sport, entertainment and fund-raising on BBC One. Sport Relief is a biennial charity event, and the campaign deliberately alternates years with Red Nose Day, Comic Relief's flagship event. Red Nose Day occurs in odd-numbered years, and Sport Relief in even-numbered years. In 2009, Comic Relief launched a website calling for a financial transaction tax , the "Robin Hood" tax. At the end of the 2015 Red Nose Day telethon on 14 March it was announced that in the 30-year history of Comic Relief the Red Nose Day and Sport Relief appeals had raised in excess of £1bn (£1,047,083,706). Red Nose Day history Red Nose Day is the main way in which Comic Relief raises money. The first Red Nose Day (RND) was held on 5 February 1988, when it was launched as a National Day of Comedy. It was held again the following year and thereafter every other year since then. They have been held on the second or third Friday in March. The concept was created by Wendy Crossman (née Robinson), the fundraising director of Comic Relief. Many schools have red-themed non- uniform days (i.e. the pupils have to wear something red as part of their non-uniform attire). The day culminates in a live telethon event on BBC One, starting in the evening and going through into the early hours of the morning, but other money-raising events take place. As the name suggests, the day involves the wearing of plastic/foam which are available, in exchange for a donation, from Sainsbury's and Oxfam shops. On television The television programming begins in the afternoon, with CBBC having various related reports, money raising events and celebrity gunging . This is all in-between the regular programmes, but after the six o'clock news , the normal BBC One schedule is suspended at 7 pm in favour of a live show, with a break at 10 pm for the regular news programme . Whilst the BBC News at Ten is aired on BBC One, Comic Relief continues on BBC Two , and then resumes on BBC One at 10:35 pm, with each hour overseen by a different celebrity team. These celebrities do the work for free, as do the crew, with studio space and production facilities donated by the BBC. Regular themes throughout the shows include parodies of recent popular shows, films and clips, events, and specially filmed versions of comedy shows. Smith and Jones , and a parody sketch starring Rowan Atkinson are both regularly featured. Presenters 1980s and 1990s 1988 The First Red Nose Day was held on Friday 5 February 1988 with the Slogan: "The Plain Red Nose", and raised £15million. 1989 The Second Red Nose Day was held on Friday 10 March 1989 with the Slogan: "Red Nose Day 2", and Raised £27million. 1991 The Third Red Nose Day was held on Friday 15 March 1991, with the slogan "The Stonk", and Raised £20million. The charity song was "The Stonk" performed by Hale & Pace. 1993 The Fourth Red Nose Day was held on Friday 12 March 1993 with the slogan "The Invasion of the Comic Tomatoes", and Raised £18million. 1995 The Fifth Red Nose Day was held on Friday 17 March 1995, with the slogan "What A Difference A Day Makes", and Raised £22million 1997 event The 1997 Red Nose Day event was held on 14 March. Its slogan for the year was "Small Change – Big Difference". The event raised over £27m for charitable causes. The Spice Girls song " Who Do You Think You Are " became the official Comic Relief single of this event and sold 672,577 copies. The telethon was hosted by Father Ted Crilly ( Dermot Morgan ) and Father Dougal McGuire ( Ardal O'Hanlon ), characters from the sitcom Father Ted . 1999 event The 1999 Red Nose Day was held on 12 March and raised over £35m. Perennial hosts Jonathan Ross and Lenny Henry were joined by Davina McCall, Chris Evans, Ben Elton , Jack Dee and Julian Clary , with Peter Snow providing regular updates on donations. Angus Deayton hosted a live cross-over panel game, Have I Got Buzzcocks All Over . A parody of the Doctor Who series starring Rowan Atkinson as the Doctor , Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death , was featured during the show, as was Wetty Hainthropp Investigates (a Victoria Wood parody of Hetty Wainthropp Investigates ) and The Naughty Men (a mock 1967 pilot for Men Behaving Badly ). On Radio 1, Simon Mayo set the record of 37 hours of consecutive broadcasting (which was later broken in March 2011 by Chris Moyles on the same station for 52 hours, " BBC Radio 1's Longest Show Ever with Chris Moyles and Comedy Dave for Comic Relief ", the world record for the longest show in radio history). The 1999 Comic Relief song was When the Going Gets Tough by Boyzone . 2000s 2001 event The 2001 Red Nose Day was held on 16 March. The total raised was £61,000,140. As well as donations on the night of the TV show, money is raised from countrywide sponsored events and from merchandising , particularly of the red noses themselves. 5.8 million red noses were sold, approximately one tenth of the UK population. The final of Celebrity Big Brother 1 aired as well. 2003 event The 2003 Red Nose Day was held on 14 March. The fund raising activities included Lenny Henry providing the voice of the speaking clock between 10 and 23 March with the cost of the call going to Comic Relief. On the night of the live show itself, £35m was raised, an on-the-night record. A total of £61,477,539 was raised that year, setting a new record. Jack Dee stood outside at the top of a pole for the duration of the show, parodying the acts of David Blaine . Celebrity Driving School led up to the event, with the test results announced during the telethon: they all failed. The hosts of Red Nose Day 2003 were: 2005's telethon, more than any other, severely overran and many pre-filmed segments were cut short, including Harry Hill's TV Burp , Al Murray , Smith and Jones , and Lenny Henry as Condoleezza Rice . The uncut versions have never been screened. McFly released the official single, a double A-side of " All About You/You've Got a Friend " which reached Number 1 in the UK singles chart, and also Number 1 in the Irish singles chart. The cover is predominantly red and features the members of McFly dressed in red, wearing red noses, in honour of Red Nose Day. Raised by March 2006: £65 m. 2007 event 2007's Red Nose Day was held on 16 March. Its tagline is "The Big One" which is also representative of the novelty nose. Walkers , Kleenex and Andrex also promoted the charity, as well as Sainsbury's. Some of the sketches shown were: The Vicar of Dibley . Also intended to be shown was A Question of Comedy, a comedy quiz using the format (and set) of A Question of Sport , and hosted by Jack Dee , with team captains Frank Skinner , Dara Ó Briain , and Mr. Bean and guests including Jade Goody . However, in light of the Celebrity Big Brother racism controversy involving Goody, the pre-recorded segment was scrapped by BBC producers. In the lead up to Red Nose Day many different fund raising events occurred: Beginning Friday 9 March 2007, the BBC Radio 1 breakfast team staged a tour around the UK entitled The Chris Moyles Rallyoke. The tour involved seven Karaoke nights held in a well known UK location featuring members of the public and well known celebrities and music artists. Most Radio 1 shows report on their progress, and hold competitions to win tickets to be at the final on Red Nose Day, and also to win the contents of a truck donated by various celebrities. As well as raising money at each event, the profit of the phone-in competitions go to Comic Relief making a total of £ 600,000 Televised events included a third series of Comic Relief Does Fame Academy , and a celebrity version of The Apprentice entitled Comic Relief Does The Apprentice has also been screened. Also a special hybrid of Top of the Pops and Top Gear titled Top Gear of the Pops was made for Red Nose Day. It featured its presenters Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond and James May singing with Justin Hawkins , as well as Top Gear segments such as The Cool Wall. Fund raising merchandise sold during the 2007 campaign included the Big One (Red Nose) itself, ' Walkears ', an Andrex Puppy with a red nose, a special Little Britain Live DVD and the official single, which was a cover of Aerosmith 's 'Walk This Way' sung by Girls Aloud and Sugababes . The last episode of the Vicar of Dibley was aired as part of the show, starring the usual cast. It featured Sting taking part with a celebrity and non-entity television show, swapping wives with the vicar's husband Harry. The special Little Britain Live featured famous people such as: Dennis Waterman , Chris Moyles , Jonathan Ross , Kate Moss and Russell Brand . Kate Moss played a chav , Russell Brand played a transvestite , and both Chris Moyles and Jonathan Ross were brought on as either small parts, or people who came up to the audience to be embarrassed . There were several sketches from Catherine Tate : in which David Tennant (who she would work with again a year later in Doctor Who, which is referenced to & joked about within the sketch) became a school teacher; Daniel Craig fell in love with Tate; mouthy teenager Lauren was given work experience at 10 Downing Street , leading to Tony Blair using her catchphrase "Am I bovvered?"; and foul-mouthed "Nan" appeared with Noel Edmonds on Deal or No Deal . To gain additional money, Peter Kay and Matt Lucas released a cover of The Proclaimers hit, I'm Gonna Be , and released it as a single 'I Would Roll (500 Miles)' (both were playing wheelchair bound characters from Little Britain and Phoenix Nights ). It also featured numerous celebrity guests. There was also a live show from The Mighty Boosh . 2009 event The 2009 event took place on Friday 13 March 2009. Fundraisers had three different nose designs to choose from: "this one", "that one" and "the other one" – all with different facial expressions. The Saturdays provided the official single, a cover of ' Just Can't Get Enough '. A variety of events and promotions took place in the run up to the big day. Comic Relief's chief executive announced that the UK's landmarks were going red before the big day. Claudia Winkleman and Steve Jones presented a new Comic Relief show called Let's Dance for Comic Relief . A special limited edition Mr. Men book, Mr. Funny's Red Nose Day, went on sale with £2 from the sale of each book going to Comic Relief. Between 3 February and 23 March 2009, Kimberley Walsh , Cheryl Cole , Gary Barlow , Chris Moyles , and Fearne Cotton raised money by lending their voices to the BT Speaking Clock . Dialling 123 was one of the ways BT hopes to raise more than £300,000, as the company donated 10p for each call received from a BT landline. The Red Nose Climb saw nine celebrities successfully scale the peak of Kilimanjaro at 19,330 feet (5,890 m) to reach the summit of Africa's highest mountain to raise money for Comic Relief. On 27 February 2009, Gary Barlow , Ronan Keating , Chris Moyles , Ben Shephard , Cheryl Cole , Kimberley Walsh , Denise Van Outen , Fearne Cotton , and Alesha Dixon set off to Tanzania to tackle Mount Kilimanjaro with project manager and guide Jeremy Gane of Charity Challenge. The Climb had already raised in excess of £3.3 million with over £1.8 million coming from the audience of Radio 1 (a record for the station). All nine celebrities reached the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro on Saturday 7 March 2009. Cheryl Cole, Fearne Cotton, Denise Van Outen and Ben Shephard reached the summit first at sunrise, followed closely by Ronan Keating , Kimberley Walsh and Gary Barlow . By the afternoon of 14 March, £59,187,065 had been donated. Presenters 2010s 2011 event The 2011 event took place on Friday 18 March 2011. £74.3 million was raised on the night, the highest ever 'on the night' total. This was beaten by £0.8 million on Red Nose Day 2013's on the night event. The evening was hosted by Lenny Henry , Fearne Cotton , James Corden , Davina McCall , Michael McIntyre , Graham Norton , Jack Whitehall , Kevin Bridges , Claudia Winkleman and Jonathan Ross . Whitehall and Bridges hosted the late night show with some of their favourite comedy clips in their Comic Relief Late Night Lock In. Pieces included Harry Hill (an Autumnwatch-based update of the Goodies episode "Scatty Safari"), James Corden as Smithy, a crossover between Miranda and Pineapple Dance Studios , the cast of Outnumbered , The Inbetweeners Rude Road Trip, Geraldine McQueen duetting with Susan Boyle , Goldie Lookin' Chain 's Newport State of Mind, a celebrity chef-themed episode of The Choir , the premiere of the Comic Relief video for Take That 's single Happy Now , Armstrong and Miller , a preview presentation of Chris Lilley 's Angry Boys , a special edition of Alan Partridge's Mid-Morning Matters , and Uptown Downstairs Abbey – a parody from Jennifer Saunders and Adrian Edmondson (produced in the style of French and Saunders ) including appearances by Victoria Wood , Harry Enfield , Joanna Lumley , Patrick Barlow , Dale Winton , Olivia Colman , Tim Vine , Simon Callow and the voices of Michael Gambon and Harry Hill . As well as comedy shows, special canonical mini-episodes of EastEnders and Doctor Who were also aired. Musical guests included Adele , Annie Lennox , Elbow , JLS , Take That , The Wanted , and The Axis of Awesome . The event included many other famous figures including Ross Kemp , Gordon Brown , Sebastian Coe , David Cameron , Rio Ferdinand , Paul McCartney and many more. In addition to the continued absence of Rowan Atkinson, two more prominent supporters of the charity were absent for 2011 – this was the first ever Comic Relief event to feature no input from Dawn French, and the first for over ten years to feature no input from Matt Lucas. Similarly, several other frequent contributors from previous years appeared only in appeal films or as part of the 24 Hour Panel People event. Lenny Henry however finally returned after an absence to perform comedic material. TV & Radio programmes that led up to the main event include: Radio 1's Longest Show Ever with Chris Moyles and Comedy Dave for Comic Relief Snack food manufacturer, Walkers created four new crisps flavours for Comic Relief 2011. Each flavour is named after a British comedian; Frank Skinner's Roast Dinner , Jimmy Con Carrne , Steak and Al Pie and Stephen Fry Up . The Wanted released the official comic relief 2011 single "Gold Forever" on 13 March. Other Comic Relief singles include George Michael 's cover of the 1987 song " True Faith " by New Order and the Take That song " Happy Now " featuring Take That and Fake That consisting of David Walliams , James Corden , John Bishop , Alan Carr and Catherine Tate . More than a hundred celebrities are to be involved in "Twit Relief", an event on Twitter. Lord Prescott is going to read the Shipping Forecast on BBC Radio 4 to raise money for Comic Relief on Saturday 19 March 2011 at approximately 00:48. British Airways set a new Guinness World Record for 'highest stand up comedy gig in the world' in support of Red Nose Day 2011 , with Dara Ó Briain , Jack Whitehall and Jon Richardson . The airline raised £800,747 for Comic Relief through their charity partnership 'Flying Start'. Presenters Including money raised by Sport Relief Merchandise Various items of merchandise have been sold to promote and raise money for Comic Relief. In 1991, The Totally Stonking, Surprisingly Educational And Utterly Mindboggling Comic Relief Comic was published by Fleetway . Conceived, plotted and edited by Neil Gaiman , Richard Curtis , Grant Morrison and Peter K. Hogan , it featured contributions from a vast array of British comics talent, including Jamie Delano , Garth Ennis , Dave Gibbons , Mark Millar , Simon Bisley , Mark Buckingham , Steve Dillon , D'Israeli , Jamie Hewlett and Bryan Talbot . ( Alan Moore , arguably Britain's most famous comics writer, was not credited as working on the book having sworn never to work for Fleetway again, but was said to have worked with partner Melinda Gebbie on her pages.) The comic was unique in that it featured appearances by characters from across the spectrum of comics publishers, including Marvel and DC superheroes, Beano , Dandy , Eagle and Viz characters, Doctor Who , the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , in addition to a cavalcade of British comedy figures (both real and fictional). These were all linked by the twin framing narratives of the Comic Relief night itself, and the tale of "Britain's meanest man" Sir Edmund Blackadder being persuaded to donate money to the event. The comic "sold out in minutes", raising over £40,000 for the charity, and is now a highly prized collectors' item. Comic Relief have also sold Fairtrade Cotton Socks from a number of vendors. This is mainly for their Sport Relief charity. In 1993 a computer platform game was released, called Sleepwalker . The game featured voice overs from Lenny Henry and Harry Enfield , and several other references to Comic Relief and tomatoes; the theme for the 1993 campaign. In 2001 J. K. Rowling wrote two books for Comic Relief based on her famous Harry Potter series, entitled "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" and "Quidditch Through the Ages". In 2007, Walkers complemented the usual merchandise by adding their own take on the red nose, promoting red ears instead. The large ears, dubbed 'Walk-ears', are based on a very old joke involving the actual ears of ex-footballer Gary Lineker , who has fronted their ad campaign since the early 1990s. Walkers previously promoted the charity in 2005, making four limited edition unusual crisp flavours. The 2007 game for Red Nose Day, "Let It Flow", could be played online. This game was developed by Matmi, worldwide viral marketeers, and set in the African wilderness. Mischievous hyenas had messed up the water irrigation system which fed the crops. You had to help re-arrange the pipes to let the water flow to the crops to keep them alive. Once the pipes were arranged, you needed to operate the elephant's trunk to pump the water through the water pipes. For the 2007 campaign Andrex , known for their ad campaign fronted by a Labrador puppy , gave away toy puppies with red noses. As a Supporting Partner Jackpotjoy has launched two Red Nose Day Games for Red Nose Day 2011. Red nose The most prominent symbol of Comic Relief is a plastic/foam "red nose", which is given in various supermarkets and charity shops such as Oxfam in exchange for a donation to the charity and to make others laugh. People are encouraged to wear the noses on Red Nose Day to help raise awareness of the charity. The design of the nose has been changed each year, beginning with a fairly plain one, which later grew arms, turned into a tomato and even changed colour. In 2007, the red nose was made of foam; this was to facilitate the "growing" of the nose (by rolling it in the user's hands) to keep in line with that year's tagline, The Big One (see the table below). Larger noses are also available and are designed to be attached to the fronts of cars, buildings and, in 2009, a 6-metre (20-foot) diameter inflatable nose was attached to the DFDS Seaways cruiseferry King of Scandinavia. However, the nose's material used for buildings was classed as a fire hazard and was banned from the Comic Relief Does Fame Academy shows. Chronology of noses As of 2013, there have been 20 different red noses over 14 Comic Relief shows. Three noses per event have been released from 2009 to 2013. In 2015, nine noses were released. Year 2016 Flip Flap Stickable Red Noses For the first time, 15 noses were created they were placed in each "mystery bag" packaging, meaning that people would get one of the nose designs at random rather than being able to choose a personal favourite. The Red Noses had 2 groups. One the Easy Finders and the other the Limited Edition Rarity Noses. The Noses from this range were: Blushie - A happy laughing/ excited face with big blushing rosy pink cheeks that resembles Lloyd Garmadon from Lego Ninjago. Nosebot – A nose as a robot. Snotty Sneak Spex - a nose with a sneaky face with glasses Stripey – A nose with a masked identity. Royal Delicious - A parody of the Red Delicious apple cultivar Strong Snot - A thick eyebrowed nose that resembles Cole from Lego Ninjago and had a barbell on top. Sour Snot - An embarrassed red lemon who is being embarrassed of being red also resembling Lloyd Garmadon from Lego Ninjago. Karate Konk – A nose disguised in karate outfit resembling Jay from Lego Ninjago. Red Pepper - A pepper like nose resembling Lloyd Garmadon from Lego Ninjago. Snot Sheep - A red woolly Suffolk sheep. Kitty Konk - A cat head nose. Toadsnot - A mushroom nose with red patterns on the top of his cap. Noseroot - An unknown root vegetable nose species. Fireburn - A fireheaded nose that a face that looks like Kai from Lego Ninjago. Sneezecock - A peacock that looks like the NBC peacock logo that has RND 2016/ Red Nose Day 2016 short letters Paper Chronology of car noses A selection of Red Nose Day "car noses" have been produced over the years, to show support for the charity while out on the road. They have traditionally been a curved nose which attaches to the car's radiator grille. In 2009, this was replaced with a magnetic design owing to safety concerns. The original grill-attachable design returned for 2011, for the first time since 1999. Year The Mystery Bag Air Freshener A flat design with the 9 noses from the mystery bags. 2014 saw the new release of 2 Flip Flap noses, the Poppy and England flag red nose designs and the first paper noses for cars and the 1st year for 2 car noses. Charity singles In April 1986 the first Comic Relief charity record was released. It featured Cliff Richard and the cast of The Young Ones in a rendition of "Living Doll". Some of the money raised from the sale of each single is donated to Comic Relief. Normally a song is released just before the official Red Nose Day. There have been exceptions, such as "(I want to be) Elected" which was released to coincide with the 1992 UK general election . Before 1995's song, they were all more-or-less comedy records, mostly involving an actual band or singer, and a comedy group. From 1995 on, they have been generally more serious, although the videos still feature comical moments. 2003 saw a return to the format of old. From 2005 onwards, two comic relief songs have been released each Red Nose Day, a song by a mainstream artist, and a comedy song. In 1991, a music video was created called Helping Hands which included numerous children's TV puppet personalities, including characters from 'The House of Gristle', 'Fraggle Rock', 'Rainbow', 'Roland Rat', 'Thunderbirds', 'Round the Bend', 'Bill & Ben', 'The Gophers', 'Spitting Image', 'Jim Hensons Tale of the Bunny Picnic' and more. The song was never released. Year Sam Smith featuring John Legend No. 1 "Is This the Way to Amarillo", though released expressly with the intent of proceeds going to Comic Relief, was not an official Comic Relief single. The song was originally performed by Peter Kay (lipsynching to Tony Christie 's voice) during the evening, and was later released as a single. It was the number one single for seven weeks, and in its first week it outsold the rest of the Top 20 combined. In 2007, a version of The Proclaimers song "500 Miles", released on 19 March, featured Peter Kay and Matt Lucas as their wheelchair-user characters Brian Potter and Andy Pipkin . Before its official release, the song reached Number 3 based on downloads alone. The single reached Number one on 25 March, knocking official Comic Relief single "Walk This Way" off the top spot. In 2009, the comedy release took prominence over the single release by a mainstream recording artist. Gavin and Stacey 's Ruth Jones and Rob Brydon covered "Islands in the Stream" for the event, with this being released on the week of Comic Relief. The Saturdays released their record a week earlier. "Gold Forever" is the lead single from The Wanted's second studio album, Battleground . It is also a promo single on their 2012 American debut, The Wanted EP . This was a double-A side single In addition, the first Red Nose Day Schools' song ('Make Someone Happy') was published in 2007. A CD of the song, together with backing tracks and fundraising ideas was sent free of charge to all primary schools in the UK in February by the education music publisher 'Out of the Ark Music'. Schools will be free to use the song in assemblies, singathons, or other fundraising activities. A second Red Nose Day Song has been released for every school in the UK to use free of charge. It can be downloaded from the Red Nose Day 09 website, or watched on YouTube, and a copy is being sent to every primary school in the UK. It has again been published by "Out of the Ark" music, and contains a more upbeat melody than the 2007 song. It was recorded at Hook Studios, Hook , Surrey, by the Out of the Ark Choir, which is completely made up of children. The children in the video wear Stella McCartney 's special edition Comic Relief T-shirts, and has been filmed in black and white so only the red stands out. Criticisms There has been some concern about the lack of gender equality in the causes supported by Comic Relief, with much funding going to politicised women's charities or charities focusing on females. Writing in The Spectator Ross Clark raised the question, "why do all these women's charities ... feel the need to disguise their fundraising in the pratfest that is Comic Relief rather than appealing directly to the public?" He added, "are they worried that if the British public realised where their money was going they would be less inclined to be so generous?" There is also over adverts for unpaid interns to work alongside paid BBC and Comic Relief staff. The British Stammering Association criticised comedian Lenny Henry for his opening sketch for the 2011 Comic Relief, during which he spoofed the film The King's Speech and grew impatient with Colin Firth 's portrayal of King George VI as he stammered over his speech. The Sun reported that the British Stammering Association had branded the sketch as "a gross and disgusting gleefulness at pointing out someone else's misfortune". Millions of pounds donated to Comic Relief have been invested in funds with shares in tobacco, alcohol and arms firms. Similar events outside the United Kingdom United States Inspired by the British charity, a United States Comic Relief charity was founded in 1986 by Bob Zmuda . Comic Relief was an irregularly held event, televised on Home Box Office (HBO), which has raised and distributed nearly US$50 million toward providing health care services to homeless people throughout the United States. Comedians Robin Williams , Billy Crystal , and Whoopi Goldberg are hosts of the event. The 1989 HBO Comic Relief show debuted the song " Mr. President ", written by Joe Sterling, Ray Reach and Mike Loveless. The song was sung by Al Jarreau and Natalie Cole . On 18 November 2006, the event was revived as a fundraiser for those affected by Hurricane Katrina , and was simulcast on TBS . Richard Curtis also created the Idol Gives Back special for American Idol , which follows the same basic premise as Comic Relief, with specially filmed shorts, performances and footage of the stars of the show visiting impoverished countries. In 2015, Red Nose Day was formally brought to the United States under the auspices of Comic Relief, Inc. , an organization unrelated to the defunct Comic Relief USA. The 2015 Red Nose Day Special aired on NBC on May 21, 2015 and was hosted by David Duchovny , Seth Meyers and Jane Krakowski , raising $23 million. The 2016 NBC special airs May 26 with Craig Ferguson as host. Australia In 1988, the Red Nose Day concept was adopted by the SIDS and Kids organisation to help raise funds for research into sudden infant death syndrome . Since then, Red Nose Day in Australia is held annually on the last Friday of June. An Australian version of Comic Relief, Comic Relief Australia, has also been set up. It plans to divide the money raised between Australian causes (at least 40%) and overseas charities largely in Asia Pacific (at least 40%). Following a campaign encouraging people to buy articles such as red wristbands, the first telethon -style event was held on 6 November 2005 on the Seven Network . It followed the established format, with comedy interspersed with examples of the sorts of charities to benefit. According to its website, this raised over A$800,000. Another telethon was broadcast on 27 November 2006 on Seven Network . The 2006 Comic Relief Show was held under the title '50 Years of Laughs' celebrating 50 years of Television in Australia. It was hosted by Colin Lane , and featured presenters such as Amanda Keller , Mikey Robins , Ugly Dave Gray and Derryn Hinch interviewing Kylie Mole . Germany The German TV station Pro 7 initiated a similar event in 2003. By selling red noses, money is collected for the charity foundations PowerChild, Deutsche Kinder- und Jugendstiftung (lit., German Child and Youth Foundation), and Comic Relief. The event is called 'Red Nose Day', and took place annually in March or April from 2003 to 2006. However ratings and the collected donations fell way short of expectations in 2006, resulting in no main show being produced in 2007 and 2008. In 2003, Nena (who is famous for her hit song 99 Red Balloons) released an updated version of her song Wunder Gescheh'n (miracles happen) for the charity. In 2010, the Red Nose Day returned on Pro7. It took place on 25 November. Russia A similar charity campaign, entitled "Red Nose, Kind Heart", was launched in Russia on 1 April 2007. The main goal of the drive, held between 1 April and 19 May 2007 by the Liniya Zhizni (Life Line) foundation, is raising money to help children afflicted with serious diseases (such as heart diseases). Finland In 2002, the Finnish national broadcaster YLE started an annual charity event, which initially went under the title "Ylen hyvä". In 2007, the event adopted the name "Nenäpäivä" (Nose day), and the use of red noses to more closely follow the example of the British event. Iceland Dagur rauða nefsins (Red Nose Day) has been held in support of UNICEF since 2006. It has featured the sale of red noses to raise funds and has enjoyed support and publicity from many local celebrities and televised events on the national broadcaster, RÚV Belgium "Rodeneuzendag" (Red Nose Day) has been held in Belgium for the first time in 2015 to raise money for children with psychiatric problems on VTM	i don't know
In the original UK television series ‘Doctor Who’, Susan Foreman is what relation to the Doctor?	What Ever Happened To… Susan Foreman? \| Doctor Who TV What Ever Happened To… Susan Foreman? June 16, 2013 Guest contributor Gustaff wonders what happened to Susan. “Well, I made up the name TARDIS from the initials: Time And Relative Dimension In Space.” – Susan This Time Lady was born Arkytior, which incidentally means ‘Rose’ in High Gallifreyan, but later adopted the alias Susan Foreman and maintained it throughout the rest of her life. Susan was the granddaughter of the Doctor, his first travelling companion. Her departure from the TARDIS was forced onto her by her grandfather who thought that she needed to leave to pursue a normal life with a man she fell in love with. Roughly twenty years after being left behind on earth, Susan was briefly reunited with the Doctor in the Death Zone and met several of his future incarnations. Susan’s life after the Doctor also contains contradictions of all sorts. The novel Legacy of the Daleks reveals that she told David she wasn’t human. Legacy of the Daleks also tells us that Susan adopted three war orphans because she was unable to conceive. She worked as a peace officer and had to disguise herself later in her life to look younger because she didn’t age as nippily as everyone else. The Earthly Child contradicts the above account and establishes that she and David Campbell married and had at least one child together, a boy named Alex. This account also contradicts the statement that Susan told David that she wasn’t human. Susan and Alex continued to live on earth after David died. She briefly encountered the Eighth Doctor and wondered if Alex would be allowed an education on Gallifrey, but the Doctor expressed worry that Alex’s ‘half-human’ heritage would cause problems. After the Doctor left, Susan and Alex stayed on earth to make peace with humanity. The Doctor, still in his eighth body, returned six months later and had Christmas dinner with Lucie, Susan and Alex. Afterwards, Lucie elected to travel the world with Alex and the Doctor left. The Daleks invaded and he returned. Susan helped her grandfather, along with Lucie and Alex, defeat the Daleks, but the battle resulted in the deaths of both Lucie Miller and Alex Campbell. Susan was offered the chance to travel with the Doctor again, but refused. The eventual fate of Susan Foreman is also contradicting. The Doctor explained to Rose that his ‘whole’ family was dead after the Time War. Whether or not he was including Susan is left up to speculation as there is still a debate over Susan being the biological granddaughter of the Doctor. The Forgotten tells us that the Doctor, now in his Tenth body, wasn’t sure if Susan was still alive or not as he hadn’t checked. This seems to imply that she wasn’t part of the Time War at all. So Which Is The Real Susan Foreman? Unfortunately, the television series has yet to give reference to Susan, though some fans believe that the Doctor will indeed go back for Susan in the upcoming 50th Anniversary or feel that she should be included in the special in some way. So without any television references, the bits and pieces from the various media may be used to conceive a coherent aftermath for Susan Foreman. This Author’s Take Personally I am against the Legacy of the Daleks approach as I count both the television series and the Big Finish stories as canon first before expanding into other media. Therefore, I accept that Susan had a child named Alex. As for her fate, I cannot be sure. I’d like to accept The Forgotten theory as it leaves the possibility of a Susan Foreman return open. I still haven’t forgotten that Susan still has all of her regenerations left, unless, like River Song, she regenerated into the Susan form prior to The Unearthly Child. Although this author believes that this theory would probably enrage some (I mean a lot of) fans. /p> This has been the ‘What ever happened’ article on Susan Foreman. What do you think happened? Novel or Audio? Time War or The Forgotten? Thank you for reading.	Grandchild
In the UK television series ‘Doctor Who’, the Doctor defeated villain Fenric by challenging him to solve what?	Susan Who? \| Doctor Who TV Doctor Who TV Email Guest contributor Zachary Bernstein on the mystery of Susan and her potential return. A recent report out of Doctor Who Magazine stated that words were exchanged between Peter Capaldi and Carol Ann Ford about the latter’s return to the program. At the very beginning of Doctor Who, Carol Ann Ford had the honor of portraying the first companion, the Doctor’s granddaughter. After the TARDIS malfunctioned (naturally), the two were stranded on earth. This is of course the age of William Hartnell to those unfamiliar with Classic Who. This is when the TARDIS took on the iconic phone booth image, as it attempted to blend into early 1960s England. Living in a junkyard on Totter’s Lane, the Doctor and his first companion understood the need for discrepancy. Susan’s thirst for knowledge led her to the nearby school, Coal Hill, where she stood out to her teachers as a genius discussing the Fourth dimension while in class. Otherwise, the two were undisturbed in their stay. That is, until two school teachers named Ian and Barbara decided to go nosing around. Driving a car to Susan’s home address, the two arrived at 76 Totter’s Lane facing a gate that read the area belonged to I. M. Foreman. There hasn’t been any significant discussion about “Susan Foreman” as an adopted name. Furthermore, why did the Doctor not call himself Dr. Foreman? The audience is left wondering what Susan’s true name is, and this in itself leads to certain ideas as to why it is still a mystery. Despite the fact that the prose “Interference – Book Two” revealed I. M. Foreman to be another Time Lord monk, the story is itself non-canon. More importantly, the explanation as to the name Foreman was created long after the fact of the original production of the first episode, The Unearthly Child 1963. One would therefore assume that other Time Lords hadn’t been conceived of this early on in the show’s life. In an attempt to go back to the perspective of the original showrunners, why would they choose I. M. Foreman and have the Doctor’s granddaughter (whose true name is also unknown to the audience) take on that name for her run on the show? The name Foreman means overseer or observer, as in someone who stands above the grit and grim of the world due to status, and thus tells others how to live their lives. The Doctor is in many ways portrayed as an omnipotent outsider in multiple situations; his knowledge of the universe unparalleled. The Foreman of 76 Totter’s Lane is a brilliant man looking to escape the destitute experience of daily life. At this moment, the Doctor represents the impoverished, as he is literally stuck in an English junkyard. In a manner of declaration, it seems that the creators of this program named the Doctor, saying, “I Am Foreman.” A patronizing grandfather figure is a simple way of explaining one side of William Hartnell’s memorable portrayal of the Doctor, but it should also be remembered that Sydney Newman (the show’s creator) intended for Doctor Who to be an educational program for the kids. In this sense, the name Foreman seems incredibly significant. The idea that Susan could return is terribly exciting, as her return would not only be significant for the Doctor, but for the show to come full circle. As of today, the Doctor has used up all of his regenerations and is now starting off his new cycle as a grumpy old man. The Doctor is also currently travelling with a teacher from Coal Hill School (Clara), where Susan was “educated” on earth. Instead of running away from Gallifrey, the current incarnation of the Doctor is trying to find it. I am seeing a few parallels here, and if I have learned anything about the schemes of our current showrunner, it is that he has a flair for acknowledging the past. Part of the parallel being established here is the return of Gallifrey, so wouldn’t the full cycle of the show be complete with a Susan-led event heralding the Time Lords? Seeing as production this season is reaching its final episodes, it seems unlikely that such an event would happen in Series 9. However, I have the feeling that such a huge occasion will not go gently by in a single out-of-place episode. Gallifrey will have its glory, so to speak, only too soon. Instead of hyping up expectations, I am more than content witnessing how Series 9 will unfold due to the recent aftermath with Missy. It is the first time the Doctor has had interacting with a Time Lady since before his 800 year stay on Trenzalore. There is a huge chunk of his life that was explained away in minutes during the Time of the Doctor 2013, Matt Smith’s swansong. I would hope that the Time Lords earn their own few episodes and not just during another plotline. The reason that the Doctor’s first companion was simply named Susan is because she is more relatable as an earth girl rather than another alien. The town of Christmas on Trenzalore was so familiar in resonating a central theme of the show, which I believe to be the magic of everyday life. Yet, before our familiar annual Christmas special, the show had a long way to go in 1963. It must have been strange enough to cheer on the Doctor, who to this day is a total mystery, but to have two completely abnormal protagonists in space-age sci-fi would have had difficulty earning high ratings. It is crucial for the audience to connect to the characters in a story. Susan Foreman, like all of her successors, is the linchpin to connect the Doctor to the audience. One other idea concerning the name Foreman is that there simply was no explanation, and details were just left out as extraneous information. However, as a devoted fan base, and especially as bright and inquisitive human beings, I certainly speak for myself when I say I desire answers. Though I may never know more about Susan and characters like her, it is in the pursuit of knowledge that my interests in this show will never fade away. Does Susan have a fancy Time Lord name like Romanadvoratrelundar (Romana) and Rassilon, or a renegade name like the Doctor, the Master, or the Rani? Will the audience get any answers? Who knows, only time will tell.	i don't know
Who played the eye-patch wearing Madam Kovarian in the UK television series ‘Doctor Who’?	Doctor Who: Mid-season 6 review – Slouching towards Thatcham Doctor Who: Mid-season 6 review * WARNING: SPOILERS! (Well, it does feature River Song after all) * Season six (or season 32, if you’re a traditionalist) of Doctor Who reached its mid-season finale last night with the astonishing A Good Man Goes To War, an episode which promised to answer one big question – Who is River Song? – and yet also left other important questions unanswered and posed several new ones. As the series now enters an unfamiliar summer hiatus, it leaves at least one faithful viewer scratching his head at a seven-episode run which has varied between the sublime and the mediocre, and also signalled a distinct turn towards a darker, more horror-based approach which is likely to send younger viewers (and some older ones) scurrying behind the sofa and watching from behind their hands. Stetsons are cool … and so are the scares Nowhere is this ramped-up scare quotient more apparent than in the opening Steven Moffat-penned two-parter, The Impossible Astronaut and Day of the Moon. One of the most ambitious Who stories ever in many respects – including location filming at the iconic Valley of the Gods in Utah – this story sets the template for what was to follow. Moffat mixes in moments of extreme silliness – such as the Doctor extravagantly waving hello to Rory and Amy from various points in history and his Stetson-wearing reappearance – before launching into a succession of shocks and horrors which left viewers reeling. From the Doctor’s death at the hands of an unseen assailant in a NASA spacesuit to the realisation that Earth has long since been manipulated by an invading species, the Silence, who are forgotten the moment you look away from them, there is a distinct step away from the sense of whimsy which was never far from the surface in the Russell T Davies era. Moffat has a talent for turning everyday things into genuinely scary ones (image courtesy of bbc.co.uk) Davies based much of his drama on the Doctor’s angst as the last of the Time Lords; Moffat finds his in an altogether more visceral combination of visual and psychological horrors. The children’s home which Amy and Canton Delaware (a wonderful guest turn by Mark Sheppard) search is like something lifted straight out of the genre, while the use of tally marks on the faces and arms of Amy, Rory and River (to record their encounters with the Silence) is thoroughly chilling and one of this season’s enduring visual images. In true Moffat style, the tale plants several seeds to be returned to at a later date, and leaves us with two genuinely puzzling conundrums. What is the deal with Amy’s Schrödinger’s cat pregnancy? And how is the mysterious girl able to regenerate at the end of the story? It’s not quite the perfect start – particularly because the basic premise of the Silence is a bit too close to the Weeping Angels, arguably Moffat’s finest creation – but it is nonetheless an energetic and thrilling start to the season. Tricorns are cool … pirates aren’t Sadly, two of the next three stories – the Pirates of the Caribbean-style The Curse of the Black Spot and Life On Mars‘ Matthew Graham‘s two-parter The Rebel Flesh/The Almost People – are, at best, workmanlike. All five previous seasons of new Who have had their fair share of these – Boom Town, Graham’s Fear Her and The Vampires of Venice, to name but three – but in a truncated half-season run like this, their presence was felt all the more keenly. Aside from a pleasing performance by Downton Abbey‘s Hugh Bonneville as Captain Henry Avery, Black Spot is a by-the-numbers tale of pirate clichés with a ‘villain’ (supermodel Lily Cole) whose true identity is lifted straight from Star Trek Voyager, when we finally discover she is actually an emergency medical hologram. The setting of a becalmed pirate ship failed to shiver my timbers in terms of delivering a sense of claustrophobia, not least because of the silliness of much of the script. However, it did achieve the laudable aim of being a relatively low-cost episode, allowing the budget to stretch further for the location shoot in Utah and other effects-heavy episodes to follow. That’s about the most positive thing I have to say about this story, however. Tricorns are cool, but The Curse of the Black Spot was lukewarm at best (image courtesy of bbc.co.uk) The Rebel Flesh was in many ways a throwback to classic Who tropes of old, combining the traditional base-under-siege story with an examination of the treatment of an all-but-human under-class – in this case the Gangers, who are duplicates manufactured from the replicating Flesh. It’s an interesting if well-worn premise, but what follows is two episodes of philosophical pontificating, running up and down dark, dank corridors, and a final, unexplained metamorphosing human-head-on-a-monster-body which was too similar to The Lazarus Experiment. Not to mention the fact that – in another lift from a Star Trek series – the Gangers’ appearance bore more than a resemblance to Odo and his fellow Changelings from Deep Space Nine. And all to demonstrate an obvious lesson – that there is no reason to treat doppelgängers as different and somehow less than human when even Amy is fooled by the real and Flesh Doctors, and both humans and Gangers are equally capable of both monstrous and heroic acts. There were some lovely touches here – not least the surfacing of the Doctor’s previous incarnations in his Ganger version, the discarded pile of ‘malfunctioned’ Gangers and the macabre wall of eyes – but overall there was far less than a double episode’s worth of plot here, and what could have been a taut 45 minutes instead felt like a poorly padded 90. The Gangers have a team huddle before making their next move (image courtesy of bbc.co.uk) The TARDIS is sexy … and Neil Gaiman is a proper Whovian Thankfully, in between those two pillars of mediocrity shone a beacon of light touched with, literally, a little bit of Stardust. Penned by the acclaimed fantasy writer Neil Gaiman, The Doctor’s Wife personifies the TARDIS matrix in the human form of Idris (a perfectly cast Suranne Jones). What starts out as a story of the grandest scale – with an antagonist, House, who eats TARDISes (or, at least, their Artron energy) for breakfast – actually becomes an intimate examination of the relationship between the Doctor and his “sexy” ship, complete with almost casual moments which cast the series’ established continuity in a new light. Idris reveals that the TARDIS stole the Doctor as much as he stole it, that she hasn’t always taken him to where he wanted but always to where he needed to go, and pokes fun at the way he pushes the TARDIS front door despite the instruction ‘pull to open’. The Doctor meets his perfect match in the form of TARDIS-as-Idris (image courtesy of bbc.co.uk) In between times, Rory and Amy takes us on a quick run around the TARDIS corridors as House plays gruesome tricks on them (such as forcing Rory to wait 2,000 years for Amy again), and the Doctor manufactures a makeshift TARDIS from an old Fairy liquid bottle and some sticky-backed plastic (the central console he builds was designed by a Blue Peter competition winner). The Doctor’s Wife is an indulgent luxury – a standalone episode which contributes something not inconsiderable to the series’ mythos but little to the overall season arc – but as a piece of fantastical wonder it is true Gaiman, who reveals himself to be a Who fan through and through. Demons run when a good man goes to war Which brings us neatly to the small matter of the mid-season finale, and what is to come when the series returns in the autumn. Let me start with a simple statement: A Good Man Goes To War is an astonishing piece of television. Only five minutes longer than a standard episode – and therefore considerably shorter than a Christmas special – there is an immense amount of plot squeezed into 47 minutes which bring the first part of the season to a satisfying end while setting up the second with a labyrinthine series of twists which demands a second viewing. The story actually begins with the final scene of The Almost People, where it is revealed that the Amy we have seen with the Doctor and Rory is merely a Flesh avatar. The real version, who is about to give birth, is being held captive by the eyepatch-wearing Madame Kovarian (Frances Barber). Madame Kovarian (centre, played by Frances Barber) has fooled the Doctor not once, but twice (image courtesy of bbc.co.uk) The pre-credits teaser is a reward for those of us who have always seen Rory as the Last Centurion rather than the lesser half of the Pond-Williams marriage. Dressed once again in his centurion’s outfit, he single-handedly storms a Cyberman control centre to deliver a message from the Doctor and a question from himself: Where. Is. My. Wife? As the Doctor’s message is conveyed in the form of an exploding Cyber fleet behind him, Rory makes a simple, steely reiteration: Would you like me to repeat the question? At this point, we are launched into a rollercoaster ride. The Doctor calls in debts from a variety of familiar faces and races: the spaceborne Spitfire pilots (Victory of the Daleks), the blue-skinned merchant Dorium (The Pandorica Opens), Captain Avery, Sontaran warrior-turned-nurse Commander Strax (a nice counterpoint to fellow soldier/medic Rory – and also to the Doctor himself) and the lesbian Silurian Vastra. River Song, however, refuses Rory’s call, stating she cannot be present at Demon’s Run until events have played out. If the episode falters anywhere, it is here. Moffat crams so many characters and ideas into the plot – such as Vastra having just dispatched Jack the Ripper – that there is an element of gilding the lily here. But, having accused the Flesh two-parter of being short of plot ideas, it would be churlish to bemoan the point too much. It is far easier to enjoy the considerable amount which Moffat gets absolutely spot on, as the Doctor seemingly manages to outwit an entire Cleric army without spilling a drop of blood, only to be fooled by a doppelgänger for the second time in as many episodes, as Kovarian escapes with Amy’s newborn baby while leaving a Flesh substitute in her place. A few personal highlights: The Headless Monks – surely, with their hooded cloaks and weapons which look suspiciously like lightsabers, a nod and a wink to Star Wars‘ Jedi? The Doctor labelling the hapless Colonel Manton as ‘Colonel Runaway’. “I speak baby.” Lorna Bucket, touched – like Amy – by a brief meeting with the Doctor as a child, who ultimately loses her life for the opportunity to meet and fight alongside him. The Doctor does not appear at all for the first 20 minutes, although his presence infuses every scene even when he is not there – which just serves to underline what Manton, Lorna and River all state, that even the briefest contact or the mention of his name has a profound effect on people across the universe. The importance of meaning and context – Lorna’s people associate ‘Doctor’ with ‘mighty warrior’, as opposed to the more traditional connotation of a healer, which foreshadows the final revelation … … That River Song is, in fact, a later version of Rory and Amy’s daughter Melody Pond (a commonly held theory for some time in Who fandom). The same Melody who has now been spirited away by Kovarian. The same girl who Amy tried to shoot at the end of The Impossible Astronaut. The girl who becomes the woman who will be locked up in the Stormcage prison for killing “the best man I’ve ever known” (either an allusion to the death of the Doctor in The Impossible Astronaut, or something more sinister still). And, most teasingly, a being with hybrid human/Time Lord DNA, who we have seen apparently regenerating (at the end of Day of the Moon). So many questions, so long to wait for answers. We will start to unravel these continuing mysteries in the second half of the season, which will kick off with the mischievously titled Let’s Kill Hitler. A few reflections Continuing the trend started in Moffat’s first year in charge, it has certainly been a darker and more gruesome season to date. It has also been more heavily serialised, with far fewer standalone stories. Virtually every story is intertwined with the others in some way. Whereas his predecessor Davies often dropped a series of loosely repeating themes akin to a trail of breadcrumbs in his season arcs – such as Bad Wolf and Harold Saxon – Moffat’s overarching ideas are woven in a far more complex fashion, more like a cat’s cradle – you cannot pick at one strand without pulling on several others. This style of storytelling is altogether more satisfying for the committed fan, but also runs the risk of alienating casual viewers. Certainly audience numbers have been in gradual decline, but that is universal for all long-running series and the increasing impact of time-shifted viewing and migration to other platforms such as iPlayer further muddies the waters as to the impact that such changes are actually having on audience numbers. It could also be argued that the series is gradually shifting towards a slightly older audience in a way that mirrors the maturation of its viewers. Ten-year olds who were first introduced to Who via the Ninth Doctor are now 16-year olds watching Matt Smith‘s Eleventh Doctor. Why shouldn’t the story-telling be a bit more ‘adult’ as a result? Fundamentally, children have always been at the heart of Who. Moffat himself often talks about his writing in reference to his own children, or what terrified him as a child, and there has always been a direct relationship between his characters and stories and children. Amy first met the Doctor as a seven-year old and, of course, has now given birth to her own baby. And this entire season to date has been peppered with references to children. The Impossible Astronaut is the child Melody/River. The Curse of the Black Spot hinges on the importance of Captain Avery wanting to be a positive role model for his son. And the Gangers are effectively ‘born’ from their human masters. Everywhere you look, Moffat is writing directly to and for child viewers, and opening a door to the magical world of the last of the Time Lords, and this pays off in spectacular style in A Good Man, with a child becoming a key weapon in the war Kovarian is waging against the Doctor. Under Moffat’s guidance, Who continues to grow up. As do we all. I will enjoy my summer, but when it comes to Who autumn cannot come soon enough. Doctor Who: season 6 ratings (out of 10) 6.01/6.02 The Impossible Astronaut/Day of the Moon – 9 6.03 The Curse of the Black Spot – 4 6.04 The Doctor’s Wife – 10 6.05/6.06 The Rebel Flesh/The Almost People – 6 6.07 A Good Man Goes To War – 10 Overall – 8/10	Frances Barber
‘The Meddling ‘what’ is a fictional character played by actor Peter Butterworth in the UK television series ‘Doctor Who’?	Doctor Who Cast & Crew Guide: The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon (+ prelude) The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon (+ prelude) A Silent? The Silents? The Silence? Aaargh! One episode (untitled on screen) First broadcast Mar 25 2011 (online) Cast: Stuart Milligan (President Richard Nixon), Sydney Wade (Little girl) and Marnix Van Den Broeke (The Silence); see below Crew: Steven Moffat (writer), Toby Haynes (director), Marcus Wilson (producer); see below The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon Two episodes (The Impossible Astronaut, Day of the Moon) First broadcast Apr 23 to 30 2011 Average audience for story: 8.08m (9.91m with iPlayer) CAST Matt Smith (The Doctor) Born Oct 28 1982 Doctor Who credits Played: The Doctor in The Eleventh Hour, The Beast Below, Victory of the Daleks, The Time of Angels/ Flesh and Stone, The Vampires of Venice, Amy's Choice, The Hungry Earth/ Cold Blood, Vincent and the Doctor, The Lodger, The Pandorica Opens/ The Big Bang, The Sarah Jane Adventures: Death of the Doctor, A Christmas Carol, The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon, The Curse of the Black Spot, The Doctor's Wife, The Rebel Flesh/ The Almost People, A Good Man Goes to War, Let's Kill Hitler, Night Terrors, The Girl Who Waited, The God Complex, Closing Time, The Wedding of River Song, The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe, Asylum of the Daleks, Dinosaurs on a Spaceship, A Town Called Mercy, The Power of Three, The Angels Take Manhattan, The Snowmen, The Bells of Saint John, The Rings of Akhaten, Cold War, Hide, Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS, The Crimson Horror, Nightmare in Silver, The Name of the Doctor, The Day of the Doctor, The Time of the Doctor (2010-13). Return appearance in Deep Breath (2014) Matt also played the Doctor in Doctor Who: The Adventure Games (2010-11), various video games (2010-12), Space/ Time (2011), Night and the Doctor (2011), Good as Gold (2012), Pond Life (2012), An Adventure in Space and Time (2013) and various other cameo appearances and DVD extras between 2010-13. Career highlights Matt made his debut playing Jim Taylor opposite Billie Piper in The Ruby in the Smoke (2006), a role he reprised for 2007's The Shadow in the North. Other work includes Party Animals (2007), Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2007, again with Billie Piper), The Street (2007), In Bruges (2008, deleted scene), Moses Jones (2009), Womb (2010), Christopher and His Kind (2011), Bert and Dickie (2012), Lost River (2014), Terminator Genisys (2015), Patient Zero (2015) and Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2016). He also directed an episode of Playhouse Presents called Cargese in 2013. Facts Matt was nominated for a BAFTA in 2011 for Best Actor for Doctor Who (he lost to Daniel Rigby, but was the first to be BAFTA-nominated for playing the Doctor). Matt was discovered by acting agent Wendy Padbury (who played companion Zoe in Doctor Who 1968-69)). In May 2012 Matt carried the Olympic Torch through Cardiff, an honour the Tenth Doctor has in the TV episode Fear Her (2006). Matt's sister Laura Jayne was a dancer in the music video for Eric Prydz's 2004 song Call On Me . Karen Gillan (Amy Pond) Born Nov 28 1987 Doctor Who credits Played: Soothsayer in The Fires of Pompeii (2008) Played: Amy Pond in The Eleventh Hour, The Beast Below, Victory of the Daleks, The Time of Angels/ Flesh and Stone, The Vampires of Venice, Amy's Choice, The Hungry Earth/ Cold Blood, Vincent and the Doctor, The Lodger, The Pandorica Opens/ The Big Bang, A Christmas Carol, Space/ Time, The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon, The Curse of the Black Spot, The Doctor's Wife, The Rebel Flesh/ The Almost People, A Good Man Goes to War, Let's Kill Hitler, Night Terrors, The Girl Who Waited, The God Complex, Closing Time, The Wedding of River Song, The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe, Good As Gold, Pond Life, Asylum of the Daleks, Dinosaurs on a Spaceship, A Town Called Mercy, The Power of Three, The Angels Take Manhattan (2010-12). Return appearance in The Time of the Doctor (2013). She also provided the voice for Amy Pond in The Doctor Who Adventure Games (2010-11) and played Amy in the various Night and the Doctor shorts on the Series 6 DVD. Career highlights Karen debuted in Rebus (2006), then found roles in Harley Street (2008), Stacked (2008), New Town Killers (2008), The Kevin Bishop Show (2008-09), Outcast (2010), We'll Take Manhattan (2012), Not Another Happy Ending (2013), Oculus (2013), Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), A Touch of Cloth (2014), Selfie (2014) and 7 Days in Hell (2015). Facts Karen has leant her vocal talent to TV commercials for eHarmony , Warburtons bread and the Royal Bank of Scotland . Her cousin is actress Caitlin Blackwood, who played the younger version of Amy Pond in Doctor Who. Her father is singer John Gillan . In 2008 Karen modelled at the launch party for the Dainty Doll make-up range, "created" by Girls Aloud singer Nicola Roberts. She can also be seen in the 2014 music video for TV on the Radio's Happy Idiot . Arthur Darvill (Rory Williams) Born Jun 17 1982 Doctor Who credits Played: Rory Williams in The Eleventh Hour, The Vampires of Venice, Amy's Choice, The Hungry Earth/ Cold Blood, The Pandorica Opens/ The Big Bang, A Christmas Carol, Space/ Time, The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon, The Curse of the Black Spot, The Doctor's Wife, The Rebel Flesh/ The Almost People, A Good Man Goes to War, Let's Kill Hitler, Night Terrors, The Girl Who Waited, The God Complex, Closing Time, The Wedding of River Song, The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe, Pond Life, Asylum of the Daleks, Dinosaurs on a Spaceship, A Town Called Mercy, The Power of Three, The Angels Take Manhattan (2010-12) He also provided the voice for Rory Williams in The Doctor Who Adventure Games (2011) and played Rory in the various Night and the Doctor shorts on the Series 6 DVD. Career highlights Arthur made his screen debut in He Kills Coppers (2008), followed by Little Dorrit (2008), Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll (2010), Robin Hood (2010), Pelican Blood (2010), The Paradise (2012), The White Queen (2013) and Legends of Tomorrow (2016). He also played Reverend Paul Coates in Broadchurch (2013-15). Facts Arthur's mother Ellie is also an actress, as well as a puppeteer, and was the voice behind Why Bird in children's series Playdays in the late 1980s (here she is on Twitter ). His father Nigel is a member of Ricky Cool and the In Crowd and has in the past played keyboards and performed backing vocals for the likes of Duane Eddy, Edwin Starr, the Fine Young Cannibals and Runy Turner. Arthur is also a singer and songwriter and has written scores for stage shows such as Artefacts (2007) and The Frontline (2008); in 2009 he co-wrote a musical with Che Walker called Been So Long , and in 2013 The Lightning Child (in October 2012 Arthur lost all the music for the play's score in a house burglary and had to start from scratch). He was also a member of the band Edmund in his teenage years (named after the CS Lewis character Edmund Pevensie). Arthur, who collects taxidermy, is also on Twitter . Alex Kingston (River Song) Born Mar 11 1963 Doctor Who credits Played: River Song in Silence in the Library/ Forest of the Dead (2008), The Time of Angels/ Flesh and Stone (2010), The Pandorica Opens/ The Big Bang (2010), The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon (2011), A Good Man Goes to War (2011), Let's Kill Hitler (2011), Closing Time (2011), The Wedding of River Song (2011), The Angels Take Manhattan (2012), The Name of the Doctor (2013), The Husbands of River Song (2015) Alex also appeared as River Song in the DVD extras Night and the Doctor (2011), and voiced her in the video game The Eternity Clock (2012). Career highlights Alex made her screen acting debut at the age of 17 in Grange Hill (1980), playing Jill Harcourt, then took roles in Henry's Leg (1986), Hannay (1989), The Cook, the Thief, His Wife and Her Lover (1989), Soldier Soldier (1993), Crocodile Shoes (1994), The Knock (1996), The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders (1996, for which she was BAFTA-nominated), Croupier (1998), Warrior Queen (2003), Alpha Dog (2006), Lost in Austen (2008), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2008), Sordid Things (2009), Hope Springs (2009), Ben Hur (2010), FlashForward (2009-10), Law and Order: Special Victims Unit (2009-10, spookily playing Miranda Pond!), Marchlands (2011), Upstairs Downstairs (2012), NCIS (2012), Chasing Shadows (2014) and Bukowski (2015). Alex also played Dr Elizabeth Corday in 160 episodes of ER (1997-2004/09) and Dinah Lance in Arrow (2013-14). Facts Alex's first husband was fellow actor Ralph Fiennes between 1993-97, whom she met at drama school. In an interview she said she considered committing suicide following her separation from Fiennes, which was triggered by Fiennes having an affair with actress Francesca Annis (Fiennes and Annis stayed together for 11 years). Alex appeared in a TV commercial for QC sherry in 1990. Mark Sheppard (Canton Delaware) Born May 30 1964 Career highlights Mark is one of the most prolific character actors - particularly in genre television - working today. His earliest credit was for Silk Stalkings (1992), followed by roles in In the Name of the Father (1993), The X-Files (1993), MANTIS (1995), Sliders (1999), Star Trek: Voyager (2000), JAG (2000), The Invisible Man (2001), New Alcatraz (2001), Megalodon (2002), Charmed (2002), Firefly (2002), Las Vegas (2004), 24 (2006), Medium (2005-06), Bionic Woman (2007), Burn Notice (2009), Dollhouse (2009), Chuck (2010) and Sons of Liberty (2013). He has had a good many recurring roles too, including Christopher "CJ" Yates in Soldiers of Fortune (1997-98), Romo Lampkin in Battlestar Galactica (2007-09), Jim Sterling in Leverage (2008-12), Curtis Hagen in White Collar (2009/13-14), Benedict Valda in Warehouse 13 (2009-10/14) and Crowley in Supernatural (2009-15). In 2001 he wrote, produced and directed his own film, Room 101, and was also co-producer on Xtinction: Predator X (2010). He is occasionally credited as Mark A (for Andreas) Sheppard. Facts Mark is the son of actor William Morgan Sheppard, who appears in this Doctor Who story as his older self. As a teenager he became a session musician (drummer) for touring bands and artists, including The Soft Boys' Robyn Hitchcock, Light a Big Fire, and The Television Personalities. Since 2010 Mark has been the voice of BBC America's promos. Here he is on Twitter . William Morgan Sheppard (Old Canton Delaware) Born Aug 24 1932 Career highlights William debuted in the 1962 British film Strongroom, then took roles in Marat/ Sade (1967), The Roses of Eyam (1973), Crown Court (1974), Antony and Cleopatra (1974), The Sweeney (1975), The New Avengers (1976), London Belongs to Me (1977), When the Boat Comes In (1977), Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson (1979), A Family Affair (1979), The Professionals (1979), Shogun (1980), The Elephant Man (1980), Hawk the Slayer (1980), The Day of the Triffids (1981), The Keep (1983), Return to Treasure Island (1986), Cry Freedom (1987), Elvira: Mistress of the Dark (1988), Star Trek: The Next Generation (1989), Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991), Quantum Leap (1993), Frasier (1995), Babylon 5 (1994/95), Iron Man (1995), Poltergeist: The Legacy (1996), American Gothic (1996), Timecop (1997), JAG (1998), Star Trek: Voyager (1999), Days of Our Lives (2000-01), Gods and Generals (2003), Alias (2005), The Prestige (2006), Transformers (2007), Star Trek (2009), Meeting Spencer (2010), Legend of the Seeker (2010), Mad Men (2010), Dexter (2011) and April Apocalypse (2013). Regular roles include Blank Reg in Max Headroom (1985-88), the Professor in SeaQuest 2032 (1993-94) and the voice of Lawrence Limburger in Biker Mice from Mars (1993-96 & 2006-07). He is occasionally credited as W Morgan Sheppard or Morgan Sheppard. Facts William is the father of actor Mark Sheppard, who appeared as the younger version of Canton Delaware in this Doctor Who story. Stuart Milligan (President Richard Nixon) Born Sep 10 1953 Doctor Who credits Played: Tannoy voice in The Sarah Jane Adventures: Warriors of Kudlak (2007, uncredited) Played: Colonel Stark (voice) in Dreamland (2009) Played: President Richard Nixon in The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon (2011) and its prelude Career highlights Boston-born Stuart made his acting debut in Secret Army (1979), followed by Oppenheimer (1980), Outland (1981), Juliet Bravo (1982), The Fortunate Pilgrim (1988), A Quiet Conspiracy (1989), Josie (1991), Prague Duet (1998), The Knock (2000), Crossroads (2003), The Romantics (2006), Lewis (2007), Land Girls (2011) and The Assets (2014). He also regularly played Adam Klaus in Jonathan Creek (1998-2010). Chukwudi Iwuji (Carl) Born 1975 Career highlights Nigerian born Chukwudi debuted in the 1996 short Short Change, then The Lane (2004, which he also wrote), Proof (2005), Exam (2009), Wizards vs Aliens (2012), Murder in Manhattan (2013), Crossing Lines (2015) and The Vote (2015). Facts Chuk was born in Nigeria, schooled in the UK, studied economics in the United States, and also trained as an actor in the US before moving back to the UK to work. Mark Griffin (Phil) Born Feb 25 1968 Career highlights Mark rose to prominence on the Saturday night game show Gladiators, playing Trojan between 1993-97 and in the 2008-09 reboot. Between 1995-96 he also played the title role in the TV series Action Man, and later found roles in Dr Dolittle 2 (2001), Daddy Day Care (2003), Curb Your Enthusiasm (2004), NCIS (2005), Days of Our Lives (2005), Mama's Boy (2007), The Smoke (2014), Dragons of Camelot (2014) and Strike Back (2015). Facts Former squash player and bodybuilder Mark has a daughter with fellow former Gladiator Kate Staples (Zodiac). Here's his fan club on Twitter . Marnix Van Den Broeke (The Silence) Born Feb 24 1976 Doctor Who credits Played: The Silence in The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon (2011) and its prelude, The Wedding of River Song (2011) Career highlights Dutchman Marnix, who is 6ft 7in tall, debuted as the werewolf in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), then went on to play Death in Terry Pratchett's Hogfather (2006) and The Color of Magic (2008), and also played The Shadow in Inkheart (2008) and Mr Pump in Pratchett's Going Postal (2010). Facts Marnix trained as a ballet dancer and also provides life coaching using cognitive therapy and neuro-linguistic programming. Sydney Wade (Little girl) Born Sep 20 2001 Career highlights Sydney's first credit was in The Royal in 2007, aged six, followed by The Royal Today (2008), The Damned United (2009), Marchlands (2011), 360 (2011), Bedlam (2012), Sherlock (2012/14), Happy Valley (2014), North v South (2015) and Offside (2015). She also played Jade Hollis in Rocket's Island (2012-14). Facts Nancy Baldwin (Joy) Born 1956 Career highlights New Yorker Nancy's earliest credit was The Mumbo Jumbo (2000), followed by Mad About Alice (2004), Mamma Mia! (2008), Some Dogs Bite (2010), Hyde Park on Hudson (2012) and The Night Manager (2016). Kieran O'Connor (Prison guard) Career highlights Kieran debuted as Lenny Scott in daytime soap Doctors (2009), then took roles in Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and Get Some (2014). Adam Napier (Captain Simmons) Adam's other work includes Disembraced (2004), Dance With Me (2010) and Folie a deux (2012). Henrietta Clemett (Matilda) Career highlights Debuted in The Bill (2004), then Ultimate Force (2005), Run, Fatboy, Run (2007), Doctors (2010) and Alleycats (2015). Paul Critoph (King Charles II) Career highlights Paul's debut came in Great Escape: The Untold Story (2001), then The Bill (2002), Kinky Boots (2005), Casualty (2007), PhoneShop (2011) and Down the Road (2013). Facts Here's Paul's review blog , where he scores films and videogames in Pauls out of Critoph... Emilio Aquino (Busboy) Career highlights Full name Hermeilio Miguel Aquino, Emilio was born in the Bronx and made his credited debut in Lower East Side Stories (2005), then The Empty Hands (2011) and Four One Nine (2012). In 2015 he wrote, directed and produced the short Macro. Kerry Shale (Dr Renfrew) Born Jun 17 1958 Career highlights Canadian Kerry debuted in the sitcom Sorry! in 1981, after which his career became prolific (often in voiceover roles), with turns in Yentl (1983), Labyrinth (1986), Little Shop of Horrors (1986), Superman IV (1987), The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1988), Club X (1989), Time Riders (1991), Sharpe's Rifles (1993), The Tomorrow People (1994), Dr Zitbag's Transylvania Pet Shop (1994), Budgie the Little Helicopter (1994-96), Jude (1996), Fierce Creatures (1997), Dennis the Menace (1997-98), 102 Dalmatians (2002), Believe Nothing (2002), The Jacket (2005), Love Soup (2005), MI High (2007), Not Going Out (2007), Universal Soldier: Regeneration (2009), The Trip (2010), Arthur Christmas (2011), Red Dwarf (2012), Hello Carter (2013), Blood Moon (2014), Moonwalkers (2015) and New Tricks (2015). He has also provided several voices for both the UK and US versions of Thomas and Friends since 2010. Facts Kerry is a prolific audiobook narrator and video game voice artiste. Here he is on Twitter . Glenn Wrage (Gardner) Born May 25 1959 Career highlights Debuting in MIA (1996), American Glenn 's further work includes Saving Private Ryan (1998), Wilderness Men (2000), Dark Realm (2001), Thunderpants (2002), Shane (2004), Captain Scarlet (2005), The Philanthropist (2009), Dani's House (2010), Cleanskin (2012) and Veep (2014). He has also provided several voices for the US version of Thomas and Friends since 2010. Facts Glenn is a prolific video game voice artiste, and has also been a model . Peter Banks (Dr Shepherd) Born 1943 Career highlights Peter was born in New York, educated in Canada and emigrated to the UK in 1968. He made his debut in Carry On England in 1976, followed by Suez 1956 (1979), Escape (1980), Juliet Bravo (1980), Dreamchild (1985), Death Wish 3 (1985), Highlander (1986), Chalkface (1991), In Suspicious Circumstances (1994), The Shaft (2001), The Murder Room (2005) and Any Human Heart (2010). Ricky Fearon (Tramp) Born 1960 Doctor Who credits Played: Foreman in Torchwood: To the Last Man (2008) Played: Tramp in Day of the Moon (2011) Career highlights Debuted in Casualty (2006), then took roles in Break Clause (2010) and Julius Caesar (2012). Facts Ricky is fellow actor Ray Fearon's brother. Frances Barber (Eye Patch Lady/ Madame Kovarian) Born May 13 1957 Doctor Who credits Played: Eye Patch Lady/ Madame Kovarian in Day of the Moon, The Curse of the Black Spot (uncredited), The Rebel Flesh/ The Almost People, A Good Man Goes to War, Closing Time, The Wedding of River Song (all 2011) Career highlights Frances debuted in the 1978 short Wings of Ash, then found work in The Missionary (1982), Reilly: Ace of Spies (1983), A Zed & Two Noughts (1985), Castaway (1986), Prick Up Your Ears (1987), Behaving Badly (1989), Red Dwarf (1989), Inspector Morse (1992), Chef! (1994), Space Precinct (1995), Rhodes (1996), Real Women (1998-99), Shiner (2000), Gimme Gimme Gimme (2001), Manchild (2002), Having It Off (2002), My Family (2003), According to Bex (2005), Funland (2005), Hustle (2007), Casualty (2008), The Fattest Man in Britain (2009), Pete Versus Life (2011), Great Expectations (2011), The Spa (2013), Silk (2012-14), Psychobitches (2013-14), Mr Holmes (2015) and Flack (2015). Facts When Frances studied drama at Bangor University she was dating fellow alumni, director Danny Boyle. She has worked with the Pet Shop Boys twice - she appeared in their 2001 musical Closer to Heaven, and also sang live at one of their concerts in 2006 (the song Friendly Fire ). One of her closest friends is actor Ian McKellen (whose voice can be heard in the 2012 Doctor Who Christmas special), and he funded a library in her name in India. Here she is on Twitter . Jeff Mash (Grant) Career highlights Jeff debuted in Eve (2009), then Breakout (2010), Spooks (2011), Resident Evil: First Hour (2011), Red Lights (2012), Dark Shadows (2012), Byzantium (2012), Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014) and You, Me and the Apocalypse (2015). Tommy Campbell (Sergeant) Born Oct 6 1978 Career highlights Canadian Tommy's earliest credit was providing the English translation for Kosei Hida in the anime series Angel Links aka Seiho tenshi Angel Links (1999). The following year he dubbed the English voice of Aki Mikage in the anime series Ayashi no Ceres. Subsequent acting work includes Coil (2001), The Dark Knight (2008), Green Zone (2010), Spooks (2011), The President's Staff (2013), Supernatural (2014), Edge of Tomorrow (2014) and Arrow (2014). Between 2011-14 Tommy provided the voice of the title character in the animated series The Mad Hatter Chronicles. Facts Tommy , who is also a stand-up comedian, making a name for himself for his spontaneous responses to @UberFacts on Twitter, is married to actress Samantha Glenn (best known as Jessica Davenport in soap Family Affairs), making him actress Wendy Glenn's brother-in-law. Here's his Twitter . CREW Steven Moffat (writer) Born Nov 18 1961 Doctor Who credits Wrote: The Empty Child/ The Doctor Dances (2005), The Girl in the Fireplace (2006), Blink (2007), Time Crash (2007), Silence in the Library/ Forest of the Dead (2008), The End of Time Part Two (additional dialogue, uncredited, 2010), The Eleventh Hour (2010), The Beast Below (2010), The Time of Angels/ Flesh and Stone (2010), The Pandorica Opens/ The Big Bang (2010), A Christmas Carol (2010), The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon (2011), A Good Man Goes to War (2011), Let's Kill Hitler (2011), The Wedding of River Song (2011), The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe (2011), Asylum of the Daleks (2012), The Angels Take Manhattan (2012), The Snowmen (2012), The Bells of Saint John (2013), The Name of the Doctor (2013), The Night of the Doctor (2013), The Day of the Doctor (2013), The Time of the Doctor (2013), Deep Breath (2014), Into the Dalek (co-writer, 2014), Listen (2014), Time Heist (co-writer, 2014), The Caretaker (co-writer, 2014), Dark Water/ Death in Heaven (2014), Last Christmas (2014), The Magician's Apprentice/ The Witch's Familiar (2015), The Girl Who Died (co-writer, 2015), The Zygon Inversion (co-writer, 2015), Heaven Sent/ Hell Bent (2015), The Husbands of River Song (2015) As well as being writer of these TV episodes, Steven has also written several of the minisodes and preludes accompanying them, as well as the 1999 Comic Relief special, The Curse of Fatal Death. Executive producer: The Eleventh Hour, The Beast Below, Victory of the Daleks, The Time of Angels/ Flesh and Stone, The Vampires of Venice, Amy's Choice, The Hungry Earth/ Cold Blood, Vincent and the Doctor, The Lodger, The Pandorica Opens/ The Big Bang, A Christmas Carol, The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon, The Curse of the Black Spot, The Doctor's Wife, The Rebel Flesh/ The Almost People, A Good Man Goes to War, Let's Kill Hitler, Night Terrors, The Girl Who Waited, The God Complex, Closing Time, The Wedding of River Song, The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe, Asylum of the Daleks, Dinosaurs on a Spaceship, A Town Called Mercy, The Power of Three, The Angels Take Manhattan, The Snowmen, The Bells of Saint John, The Rings of Akhaten, Cold War, Hide, Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS, The Crimson Horror, Nightmare in Silver, The Name of the Doctor, The Night of the Doctor, The Day of the Doctor, The Time of the Doctor, Deep Breath, Into the Dalek, Robot of Sherwood, Listen, Time Heist, The Caretaker, Kill the Moon, Mummy on the Orient Express, Flatline, In the Forest of the Night, Dark Water/ Death in Heaven, Last Christmas, The Magician's Apprentice/ The Witch's Familiar, Under the Lake/ Before the Flood, The Girl Who Died, The Woman Who Lived, The Zygon Invasion/ The Zygon Inversion, Sleep No More, Face the Raven, Heaven Sent/ Hell Bent, The Husbands of River Song (2010-15) As well as being executive producer of these TV episodes, Steven has also produced several of the minisodes, preludes and Adventure Games accompanying them, as well as Doctor Who Confidential (2010-11). Career highlights Steven's writing career stretches back to Stay Lucky in 1990, after which he wrote Exam Conditions (1992), 43 episodes of Press Gang (1989-93), Joking Apart (1991/93/95), The Office (1996), Chalk (1997), Murder Most Horrid (1994/96/99), Privates (1999), 34 episodes of Coupling (2000-04), Jekyll (2007), The Adventures of Tintin (2011) and Sherlock (2010-17). He has also acted as producer on Chalk, Coupling, Jekyll, Sherlock and An Adventure in Space and Time (2013). In 2001 he acted as script editor of Office Gossip. Awards 1991: BAFTA TV Award for Best Children's Programme (Entertainment/ Drama) (Press Gang) 2008: BAFTA TV Award for Best Writer (Doctor Who) 2008: BAFTA Cymru Award for Best Screenwriter (Doctor Who) 2011: BAFTA TV Award for Best Drama Series (Sherlock) 2012: BAFTA Special Award 2012: BAFTA TV Award for Best Writer (Sherlock) 2014: Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special (Sherlock) 2015: Officer of the order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to drama Facts Steven is married to TV producer Sue Vertue (whose mother is TV producer Beryl Vertue). Toby Haynes (director) Doctor Who credits Directed: The Pandorica Opens/ The Big Bang (2010), A Christmas Carol (2010), The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon (2011) Toby also directed the TARDIS scene shown on screens at the 2010 Doctor Who Prom. Career highlights Toby's directing debut came with the short Looking for Al Bowlly (2003), followed by Lost and Found (2003), Hollyoaks (2007), MI High (2007-08), Spooks: Code 9 (2008), Being Human (2009), Five Days (2010), Sherlock (2012), The Musketeers (2014) and Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell (2015). Facts Toby is the first director ever to helm three consecutive Doctor Who stories (The Pandorica Opens/ The Big Bang; A Christmas Carol; The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon - actually equalling five consecutive episodes, plus the Proms TARDIS scene in the middle!). Marcus Wilson (producer) Born Jul 4 1973 Doctor Who credits Produced: The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon, The Curse of the Black Spot, The Rebel Flesh/ The Almost People, A Good Man Goes to War, Let's Kill Hitler, The Girl Who Waited, The God Complex, Closing Time, The Wedding of River Song, The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe, Asylum of the Daleks, Dinosaurs on a Spaceship, A Town Called Mercy, The Power of Three, The Angels Take Manhattan, The Snowmen, The Bells of Saint John, The Rings of Akhaten, Cold War, Hide, Journey to the Centre of the TARDIS, The Crimson Horror, Nightmare in Silver, The Name of the Doctor, The Day of the Doctor, The Time of the Doctor (2011-13) Career highlights Marcus's earliest screen credit is as unit manager on soap Emmerdale in 1997, followed by floor manager on Verdict (1998) and production manager on Cutting It (2002) and No Angels (2004). He also acted as first assistant director on At Home with the Braithwaites (2000-01), Heartbeat (2000-02), The Royal (2003), No Angels (2004) and All the Small Things (2009). Other producing work includes Cutting It, No Angels, Life on Mars (2006-07), True Dare Kiss (2007), Whitechapel (2009), Paradox (2009), Taggart (2010) and Our Zoo (2014). Facts Marcus's wife is film and TV sound recordist Helen McIlveen (she was sound recordist on the Doctor Who story Closing Time). Here he is on Twitter . Caroline Henry (script editor) Doctor Who credits Script edited: The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon, The Curse of the Black Spot, The Rebel Flesh/ The Almost People, Let's Kill Hitler, The Girl Who Waited, The Wedding of River Song, The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe (all 2011; credited as script executive on last episode) Career highlights Caroline's other script editing work includes Ultimate Force (2006), Midsomer Murders (2007), The Bill (2008-10) and Inspector George Gently (2012). She was also assistant producer on the 2013 TV movie Lawless. Lindsey Alford (script executive) Doctor Who credits Script edited: Daleks in Manhattan/ Evolution of the Daleks, Human Nature/ The Family of Blood, The Sarah Jane Adventures: Revenge of the Slitheen, The Sarah Jane Adventures: Eye of the Gorgon, The Sarah Jane Adventures: Warriors of Kudlak, The Sarah Jane Adventures: Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane?, The Sarah Jane Adventures: The Lost Boy, Partners in Crime, Planet of the Ood, The Doctor's Daughter, The Unicorn and the Wasp, The Stolen Earth/ Journey's End, Torchwood: Adrift, The Next Doctor, Planet of the Dead, The Eleventh Hour, The Time of Angels/ Flesh and Stone, The Hungry Earth/ Cold Blood, The Lodger, The Pandorica Opens/ The Big Bang, A Christmas Carol, The Impossible Astronaut/ Day of the Moon, The Curse of the Black Spot, The Doctor's Wife, The Rebel Flesh/ The Almost People, A Good Man Goes to War, Let's Kill Hitler, Night Terrors, The Girl Who Waited, The God Complex, Closing Time, The Wedding of River Song (2007-11; credited as script executive from A Christmas Carol onwards) Lindsey also script edited Doctor Who - The Adventure Games (2010) Career highlights Lindsey's script editing career has been largely confined to the Doctor Who universe, although she did work on Casualty in 1992, 2001 and between 2004-06. Facts Lindsey is married to Brian Minchin, who became an executive producer on Doctor Who in 2013. Posted by My Old School Books at	i don't know
Which late author became the step-grandmother of the late Diana, Princess of Wales in 1976?	Diana, Princess of Wales Facts LINK / CITE ADD TO WORD LIST Diana, Princess of Wales Facts Diana, Princess Of Wales Quotes Lady Diana Frances Spencer (1961-1997) married Prince Charles in 1981 and became Princess of Wales. Retaining her title after the royal couple divorced in 1996, Diana continued her humanitarian work. She died in a tragic car accident in 1997. Lady Diana Spencer began enchanting the public and international press shortly before July 29, 1981, wedding to Prince Charles of Wales, heir to the British throne, in a ceremony that was broadcast worldwide. The media's obsessive fascination with the Princess of Wales hardly waned over the years and at times became frenetic, particularly in the mid-1990s as her marriage to Prince Charles became increasingly unstable. On February 29, 1996, the Princess announced that she had agreed to a divorce. True to her high-profile image, in March of 1996 Diana suggested to Charles that they announce their divorce on television; according to The Daily Telegraph, Diana argued that such an appearance "would help the nation as much as themselves." After some stalling, Prince Charles agreed to the request and a hefty financial settlement of almost $23 million, plus $600,000 a year for the maintenance of Diana's private office. Diana, meanwhile, lost her title of Her Royal Highness and right to the throne, but kept the moniker Princess of Wales and continued to live in Kensington Palace. Just over a year after the divorce, Diana was killed in a car accident in Paris. Rumors about the stability of Charles and Diana's marriage surfaced repeatedly over the years. Many royal watchers say the union was destined for trouble because the fairy tale wedding raised expectations that most couples would find impossible to meet. Others cited the difference in the couple's ages and interests, and Charles's long-time friendship with Camilla Parker Bowles, a woman he had once asked to marry him. Diana Frances Spencer was born on July 1, 1961, in Norfolk, England, the third of the Lord and Lady Althorp's four children. She grew up at Park House, a mansion in Norfolk located next door to the royal family's Sandringham estate. One of Diana's playmates was Prince Andrew, Charles's brother. Diana's mother, the Honorable Frances Shand-Kydd, is the daughter of a wealthy Anglo-Irish baron. Lady Fermoy, Diana's grandmother, was for years chief lady-in-waiting to the Queen Mother. Diana's father, the Viscount Althorp who became an earl in 1975, was a remote descendant of the Stuart kings and a direct descendant of King Charles II (1630-1685). The Spencers have served the Crown as courtiers for generations and are related to the Sir Winston Churchills and at least eight U.S. presidents, including George Washington, John Adams, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Diana's younger brother Charles is Queen Elizabeth's godson, and her father was the late Queen Mary's godson and former personal aide to both King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Diana, a quiet and reserved child, had a relatively happy home life until she was eight years old, when her parents went through a bitter divorce, and her mother ran off with the heir to a wallpaper fortune. Her father eventually won the custody battle over their son and three daughters. Diana, who remained close to her mother, subsequently became depressed. In 1976 the Earl Spencer married Raine Legge, the daughter of British romance novelist Barbara Cartland. Apparently, the Spencer children and their stepmother had a stormy relationship. Diana's academic career was unremarkable. She was tutored at home until the age of nine, when she was sent to Riddlesworth Hall in Norfolk. Her "major moment of academic distinction," according to People, was when she won an award for taking especially good care of her guinea pig, Peanuts. At the age of 12, Diana began attending the exclusive West Heath School in Sevenoaks, Kent, where she developed a passion for ballet and later Prince Charles. She hung his picture above her cot at the boarding school and told a classmate, as reported by People," I would love to be a dancer—or Princess of Wales." Diana became bored with academics and dropped out of West Heath at the age of 16. Her father sent her to a Swiss finishing school, Chateau d'Oex. She became homesick within a few months and returned to Norfolk. For a while she hired herself out as a cleaning woman, eventually finding work as a kindergarten teacher's aide. Her father bought her a three-bedroom flat not far from fashionable Sloane Street and Knightsbridge, where Diana helped her three roommates with housekeeping and cooking duties. Although Prince Charles had known Diana, literally the girl next door, for virtually all of her life, he regarded her as a playmate for his younger brothers. He later dated Diana's older sister, Lady Sarah, who eventually became Mrs. Neil McCorquodale. Lady Sarah reintroduced Charles and Diana at a 1977 pheasant hunt at Althorp. "[Diana] taught him how to tap-dance on the terrace," a family friend once told McCall's. "He thought she was adorable … full of vitality and terribly sweet." Charles was struck by "what a very amusing and jolly and attractive 16-year-old she was," Time reported. Diana concluded that the prince was "pretty amazing." Charles thought Diana was too young to consider as a marriage prospect, however, and the romance didn't bloom for another three years. In July of 1980 Diana visited the royal family's Balmoral Castle in Scotland to see her sister, Lady Jane, who was married to Robert Fellowes, the queen's assistant secretary. Once again Diana ran into Charles, and the two walked and fished together. Charles was quoted as saying in Time, "I began to realize what was going on in my mind and hers in particular." Diana was invited back in September. Soon afterward, reporters began to suspect the nature of her relationship with Charles and began to hound Diana mercilessly, photographing her with the prince at her London flat and once while holding one of the children at the nursery school where she taught. To her horror, the sun behind her back clearly outlined her thighs through her skirt in a photo that has since been reprinted many times. At one point Diana's mother fired off a letter to the London Times, demanding, "Is it necessary or fair to harass my daughter daily?," as quoted in Time. Charles proposed to Diana at dinner in his Buckingham Palace apartment on February 3, 1981. Diana was the first British citizen to marry the heir to the throne since 1659, when Prince James—later James II—married Lady Anne Hyde. In addition, Diana was an Anglican, presenting no legal obstacles to marriage with the man who, as king, would head the Church of England. Her past was pristine, a matter of great importance to the royal family. A well-known saying soon made the rounds in the press: Diana had a history, but no past. According to a Time interview with the royal couple, Charles said the courtship was conducted "like a military operation" on national television. He proposed over dinner for two before Diana's February 6 departure for a vacation in Australia. "I wanted to give Diana a chance to think about it—to think if it was going to be too awful. If she didn't like the idea, she could say she didn't. … But in fact she said …." Diana interrupted, "Yes, quite promptly. I never had any doubts about it." When Diana returned from her trip, Charles asked the Earl Spencer for his daughter's hand. Diana resigned her teaching post and moved into the palace's Clarence House with the Queen Mother, where she was instructed in royal protocol. The Archbishop of Canterbury and 25 other clerics officiated at the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana on July 29, 1981. A congregation of 2,500 and a worldwide TV audience of about 750 million watched the ceremony under the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral. Five mounted military police officers led Diana in her glass coach from Clarence House to St. Paul's. Two million spectators—whose behavior was kept in check by 4,000 policemen and 2,228 soldiers—jammed the processional route. Soon afterward, Diana's professional life became an endless round of ceremonial tree plantings, introductions, and public appearances. She was scheduled for 170 official engagements during the year following the royal wedding. In their first seven years of marriage, the Prince and Princess of Wales made official visits to 19 countries and held hundreds of handshaking sessions. But Diana was shielded from the press, never making any public statements—except for those approved by the palace—or giving a private interview to any reporter. There seemed to be no doubts about Charles and Diana's love for each other in those early days. "Diana seems absolutely floating on air when she's around the Prince—squeezing his hand, nuzzling his cheek or leaning her head on his shoulder," Rita Lachman, a close friend of the Spencers, observed in McCall's. "And although the Prince's training has made his behavior more restrained, it is obvious how he feels about her." Later developments would make it appear that the relationship was rocky even before the marriage, but the public would only see the fairy tale facade. On November 5, 1981, the palace announced that the Princess of Wales was expecting a child. Charles was present when his wife gave birth at London's St. Mary's Hospital 11 months after the royal wedding. Dr. George Pinker, Queen Elizabeth's gynecologist, attended the birth. Prince William, nicknamed Wills, was born in June of 1982. A second son, Harry, was born two years later in September of 1984. Diana was said to be a doting mother, trying to raise the children as normally as possible, away from the glare of publicity. After giving birth, Diana dropped 30 pounds from her 5-foot 10-inch frame, according to a People correspondent, "leaving it lean and elegant—a splendid rack for the designer rags she assembled with impressive taste. Almost overnight a pretty girl was transformed into a statuesque belle." Around that time, reports alleging that Diana suffered from anorexia nervosa first began to surface. Over the years, Diana immersed herself in numerous charitable causes. She became involved in such social issues such as homelessness and drug abuse, visited leprosariums in Nigeria and Indonesia, shook hands with patients at an AIDS ward in a Middlesex Hospital, and once visited victims of an IRA (Irish Republican Army) bombing in Northern Ireland. In 1990, People noted, Diana was the patron of 44 charities, making more than 180 visits on their behalf the previous year. "I don't just want to be a name on a letterhead," the princess was quoted as saying in the Saturday Evening Post. In 1989 Diana became a patron of Relate, Britain's leading marriage counseling agency. She once addressed a crowd at Relate's Family of the Year ceremony, as quoted in People: "Marriage offers stability, and may be that is why nearly 7,000 couples a week begin new family lives of their own. Sadly, for many, reality fails to live up to expectations. When that happens, most couples draw on new reserves of love and strength." Ironically, Diana's own marriage apparently had been ailing for years. Rumors about marital problems surfaced just a few years after the wedding. The couple's first public spat, at a pheasant hunt at the queen's Norfolk estate, was followed two days later by another public row. The fairy tale turned into a soap opera, according to a British gossip columnist who characterized the situation as "Dallas in the palace." Many reports alleged that Charles quickly became disenchanted with his bride and that he was henpecked and obsessed with organic gardening and spiritualism. Diana was said to be bored, temperamental, self-absorbed, and clothes-mad. Over the next few years Charles and Diana's widely varying intellectual and social interests became apparent: He was an intellectual who preferred to read philosophical and thought-provoking literature, while Diana was partial to romance novels. Charles enjoyed polo and horseback riding; Diana once fell off a horse and had lost any passion she had for riding. He enjoyed opera; she preferred ballet and rock music. The media began tracking the number of days the two spent apart, noting Charles's lengthy stays away from home. Diana once said in public, People reported, that being a princess "isn't all it's cracked up to be." Buckingham Palace maintained a stony silence. The public's fascination with Diana fueled the media's insatiable hunger for sensational news about the princess. Coverage of the royal family was said to be more critical and crudely inquisitive than at any time since the early nineteenth century. As Suzanne Lowry, a writer for London's Sunday Times once wrote, according to Time: "What Diana clearly didn't understand when she took that fateful step [of marrying Charles] was that she could never get back into that nice, cozy private nursery again. … As James Whitaker [the London Mirror's royal watcher] might say to Diana with a nudge, 'You didn't know you were marrying us too, did you?"' While some of Charles and Diana's problems were blamed on incompatibility, many royal watchers speculated that trouble stemmed from the attention lavished on Diana, while Charles was largely ignored. When the prince delivered a serious speech, for example, the newspapers would mention it briefly below a large photo of Diana in her latest fashion. One longtime insider revealed in People, "The problems of the marriage have come out in the open because Di's self-confidence has developed. She now appreciates her own incredible sexuality and the fact that the world is at her feet. This adoration used to terrify her. Now she quite enjoys the effect she has." Media coverage of the royal family only increased after Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson in July of 1986. As People characterized it: "After five years in a corset of decorum, Di was ready to bust loose, and fun-loving Fergie was just the girl to help her unlace. … Soon the merry wives of Windsor were cutting up in public." Charles reportedly scolded Diana once for "trashing the dignity of the royal family," People reported, and Diana chided him for being "stuffy, boring and old before his time." The princess eventually tired of the antics and settled down. In June of 1991, young Prince William sustained a skull fracture after being hit in the head with a golf club. Diana spent two nights with her son in the hospital, while Charles reportedly dropped in once, on his way to an opera. From that point on, Time pointed out, the "tabloids have smelled blood." A month later, Charles and Diana spent her 30th birthday apart. The press relished the news, ignoring the fact that Diana sported a new gold and mother-of-pearl bracelet the next day. One of three biographies of Diana published in 1992, Andrew Morton's Diana: Her True Story alleged that Diana attempted suicide five times in the early 1980s—the first only six months after the wedding, while she was pregnant with William. The episodes were characterized as cries for help rather than serious attempts to end her life. Morton's book, along with the others, also claimed that Diana suffered from bulimia. Morton's biography, sympathetic to Diana, is said to be the most damaging to the prince, portraying Diana as a martyr with a cold fish for a husband. The book was given more credence than others because, as Newsweek reported, the "revelations were unusually specific, extraordinarily well sourced and … they [made] sense in light of Charles and Diana's recent public behavior." Rumors surfaced that Diana collaborated with Morton—or at least approved the project, giving close friends and relatives permission to be interviewed. Diana's father, who died of a heart attack on March 29, 1992, had sold dozens of her childhood photographs to Morton's publisher. Amid rumors in the fall of 1992 that a Wales separation announcement was forthcoming came intense media scrutiny of Diana's male friendships. A retired bank manager contacted the Sun in 1990, offering a tape recording of a chummy 1989 cellular telephone conversation between a man—supposedly Diana's close friend, James Gilbey—and a woman he believed to be Diana. The press subsequently resurrected old tales about an alleged dalliance between Diana and her riding instructor, Major James Hewitt. These claims were spelled out in Anna Pasternak's book Princess in Love. On December 9, 1992, it was formally announced that the royal couple was separating. In 1993 Diana announced that due to exhaustion from the intense media scrutiny, she would be withdrawing from public life, though she would continue her charity work. For the next two years, with a few exceptions, she kept a fairly low media profile. During this time she sought government advice about how she might have some role as an ambassador for Britain, but no firm arrangements were made. In 1994, Prince Charles granted a wide-ranging television interview to Jonathan Dimbleby, which was broadcast at the same time that Dimbleby's biography of Charles appeared in bookstores. In an uncharacteristically frank interview, Charles admitted his relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles, though he claimed this relationship began only in 1986, after his marriage with Diana had completely broken down. However, after the couple's divorce was announced in 1996, it seemed apparent that Charles had carried a torch for Camilla Parker Bowles since before his marriage to Diana, and it was speculated that he would marry her. In November of the following year, Diana responded with a frank interview of her own, on BBC's Panorama program. The interview was particularly controversial because Diana had informed Queen Elizabeth of the interview only after it had already taken place, and just days before it was scheduled to be broadcast. The interview drew the largest viewing audience in Panorama's 43-year history—21.1 million viewers, from a total British population of 57 million. Typically, Diana's interview drew more attention than Charles' had; only 14 million people had watched his interview the year before. According to a front page story in the Daily Telegraph, "her composure and fluency could have rivalled that of a statesman." While the BBC stated that Diana had not been given editorial control over the program, she was obviously well-prepared for the difficult questions. The Daily Telegraph's media correspondent pointed out that "no question took her by surprise, and no answers were fluffed. Some of the toughest ones produced distinctly unspontaneous lines, such as 'Well there were three of us in the marriage so it was a bit crowded,"' referring to Charles's long-standing affair with Bowles. The Panorama interview seemed to put to rest any possibility of a reconciliation between the Prince and Princess of Wales. Shortly thereafter, the Queen took the unprecedented step of asking the couple to consider a divorce. On February 29, 1996, Diana gave her consent to a divorce—though again she violated protocol by not informing the Queen first. It was announced in July of 1996 that the royals had worked out the divorce terms. Diana would continue to be involved in all decisions about the children and the couple would share access to them, she would remain at Kensington Palace, and would be known as Diana, Princess of Wales—loosing the prefix H.R.H. (Her Royal Highness) and any right to ascend to the British throne. However, she kept all of her jewelry and received a lump-sum alimony settlement of almost $23 million, and Charles agreed to pay for the annual maintenance of her private office. Diana continued her diplomatic role as Princess of Wales after the divorce. She visited terminally ill people in hospitals, traveled to Bosnia to meet the victims of land mines, and met Mother Teresa in New York City's South Bronx in June 1997. Romantically, the press linked her with Hasnat Khan, a Pakistani-born heart surgeon and Dodi al Fayed, whose father owned Harrods Department Store in London. However, her number one priority remained her two sons. As Diana spent more time with Fayed, the paparazzi hounded the couple, who could not go anywhere without cameras following close behind. On August 31, 1997, the paparazzi followed the couple after they dined at the Ritz Hotel in Paris (owned by Fayed's father). The combination of the pursuing paparazzi, driving at a high rate of speed, and having a drunk driver behind the wheel, all played into the automobile accident which claimed Princess Diana's life. Some witnesses stated that photographers frantically snapped pictures and obstructed police officers and rescue workers from aiding the victims. The driver and Fayed died at the scene; Princess Diana died from her injuries a few hours later. Photographers on the scene faced possible charges under France's "Good Samaritan" law, which requires people to come to the aid of accident victims on public roads. However, several blood tests showed that driver Henri Paul was legally drunk. Legal experts believed that the investigation into Diana's death was likely to take months, possibly years, to determine how much the paparazzi, alcohol, and speed were to blame. The world mourned for "the people's princess" with an outpouring of emotion and flowers. People waited up to eight hours to sign condolence books at St. James Palace, and 100,000 people per day passed through Kensington Palace, where Diana lived. Her mother, Francis Shand Kydd stated, "I thank God for the gift of Diana and for all her loving and giving. I give her back to Him, with my love, pride and admiration to rest in peace." However, Britons and the British press soon lashed out at the royal family, who did not share in the public grieving. Headlines begged the family to "show us you care." Truly surprised by the backlash, Queen Elizabeth II went on live television the day before the funeral. It was only the second time in the queen's 45-year reign that she had appeared on live TV, not counting her annual Christmas greeting. She spoke as "your queen and as a grandmother," and stated "I want to pay tribute to Diana myself. She was an exceptional and gifted human being." Diana's funeral was held in Westminster Abbey on September 6th. Her sons, Princes Willam and Harry, her brother, Earl Spencer, her ex-husband, Prince Charles, and her ex-father-in-law, Prince Philip, as well as five representatives from each of the 110 charities she represented, followed the coffin during part of the funeral procession. Elton John re-wrote the song "Candle in the Wind" and sang "Goodbye England's Rose" for his close friend. It was estimated that 2.5 billion people watched Princess Diana's funeral on television, nearly half the population of the world. One royal watcher stated, "Diana made the monarchy more in touch with people." Further Reading on Diana, Princess of Wales Morton, Andrew, Diana: Her True Story, Simon & Schuster, 1992. Morton, Andrew, Diana: her new life, Pocket Star, 1995. Davies, Nicholas, Diana: the lonely princess, Carol Pub., 1996. Clarke, Mary Little girl lost: the troubled childhood of Princess Diana by the woman who raised her, Carol Pub., 1996. Daily Telegraph, November 29, 1994; November 15, 1995;November 22, 1995; February 12, 1996; February 29, 1996; March 4, 1996. Esquire, June 1992.	Barbara Cartland
According to the Bible, what are three theological virtues?	Diana, Princess of Wales - Timeline of Events Diana, Princess of Wales Diana, Princess of Wales - Timeline Important Events in the Life of Princess Diana Princess Diana in a 1996 public appearance. Patrick Riviere/Getty Images Diana Frances Spencer born in Norfolk, England 1969 Diana's parents divorced; her mother ran away with an heir to a wallpaper fortune 1970 After being educated at home by tutors, Diana was sent to Riddlesworth Hall, Norfolk, a boarding school 1973 Diana began her education at the West Heath Girls School, Kent, an exclusive girls' boarding school 1974 Diana moved to the Spencer family estate in Althorp 1976 Diana's father married Raine Legge, whose mother was Barbara Cartland, romance novelist 1977 Diana dropped out of West Girls Heath School; her father sent her to a Swiss finishing school, Chateau d'Oex, but she only stayed a few months 1977 Charles and Diana met again; she taught him to tap-dance 1979 Diana moved to London, where she worked as a housekeeper, nanny, and kindergarten teacher's aide; she lived with three other girls in a three-bedroom flat purchased by her father 1980 On a visit to see her sister Jane, who was married to Robert Fellowes, an assistant secretary to the Queen, Diana and Charles met again; soon, Charles asked Diana for a date continue reading below our video Profile of Princess Diana Prince Charles proposed to Lady Diana Spencer at a dinner for two at Buckingham Palace February 8, 1981 wedding of Lady Diana Spencer and Charles, Prince of Wales, at St. Paul's Cathedral; broadcast worldwide November 5, 1981 official announcement that Diana was pregnant June 21, 1982 Prince William born (William Arthur Philip Louis) September 15, 1984 Prince Harry born (Henry Charles Albert David) 1986 strains in the marriage began to be obvious to the public March 29, 1992 Diana's father died June 16, 1992 publication of Morton's book Diana: Her True Story, including the story of Charles' long affair with Camilla Parker Bowles and allegations of five suicide attempts including once during Diana's first pregnancy; it later became apparent that Diana or at least her family had cooperated with the author, her father contributing many family photographs December 9, 1992 formal announcement of the legal separation of Diana and Charles 1994 Prince Charles interviewed by Jonathan Dimbleby, admitted he had had a relationship with Camilla Parker Bowles since 1986 (later, it was questioned whether his attraction to her had been rekindled earlier) -- the British television audience was 14 million November 20, 1995 Princess Diana interviewed on BBC, with 21.1 million audience in Britain February 29, 1996 Princess Diana announced she'd agreed to a divorce August 28, 1996 divorce of Diana, Princess of Wales, and Charles, Prince of Wales, final; Diana received about $23 million settlement plus $600,000 per year, retained the title "Princess of Wales" but not the title "Her Royal Highness," continued to live at Kensington Palace; agreement was that both parents were to be active in their children's lives late 1996 Diana became involved with the issue of landmines 1997 Nobel Peace Prize went to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, for which Diana had worked and traveled June 1997 Christie's in New York auctioned 79 of Diana's evening gowns; proceeds of about $3.5 million went to cancer and AIDS charities. 1997 linked romantically with 42-year-old "Dodi" Fayed, whose father, Mohammed al-Fayed, owned Harrod's Department Store and Paris' Ritz Hotel	i don't know
The late author and television personality Barbara Woodhouse was famous for training which animals?	'80s Actual: Barbara Woodhouse Barbara Woodhouse The inimitable Mrs Woodhouse with a canine pal in the early 1980s. Barbara Woodhouse was born in 1910 and always loved animals. She was known for her way with horses and cows as well as for being a dog trainer. Having trained dogs to appear in films, Barbara became a celebrity herself in 1980 with her BBC series Training Dogs The Woodhouse Way. Her commands to the dogs in her charge quickly became catchphrases, parroted across the land. "Walkies!" we shrilled and "Sit!" Do you remember the strange arm movement which went with the latter command? - The first page of my copy of Barbara's autobiography is signed by the great lady herself. My wife found the book in a second hand bookshop when I was in bed with flu, c. 1996. I remembered Barbara as a somewhat starchy English "school marm" type character, standing around trilling orders in her sensible tweed skirts, and didn't expect to enjoy the book. But I was pleasantly surprised. Barbara's insights into training animals were fascinating, and she had a great sense of adventure, having travelled to South America to live as a young woman in the 1930s. Some of Barbara's dog training methods aroused controversy - I remember much animated chatter about the use of choke chains, but nobody could doubt her genuine love for her canine students. And she was a great character. It came as no great surprise when she was voted TV Personality of the Year 1980. The Daily Mirror reported on 2/1/1981: The lady who orders dogs about, Barbara Woodhouse, spent Christmas in Switzerland and was in bed by 11pm on New Year’s Eve. Switzerland was a real thrill for this lady who became a TV star in 1980: “Even there people were coming up to me and shouting ‘Walkies!’ " From the Sunday People, November 1981: TV’s doggie queen Barbara Woodhouse has been calling some of Hollywood’s superstars to heel. She’s been in California to train the canine delinquents of Beverly Hills and to teach their famous owners to “walk the Woodhouse way”. Barbara’s TV series has made her an instant celebrity in America and she has had the top dog treatment from the start. “I was treated like royalty, it was amazing,” said Barbara. “Everywhere I went people greeted me with the word ‘walkies’.” The results of Barbara’s American teach-in are to be shown in a Yorkshire TV special over Christmas. Among the problem pooches she helped were those belonging to Zsa Zsa Gabor, David Soul, Dorothy Lamour, Wilfred Hyde-White, Britt Ekland and Bill Shatner. Problem number one was Zsa Zsa’s nervous Alsatian. “I trained it to sit and walk to heel,” said Barbara. “It only took me about five minutes. - “Zsa Zsa was delighted.” Next stop was David Soul and some advanced training for his Labrador. “The trouble was that the dog kept jumping into the swimming pool after rubber balls,” she said. David Soul said he thought Barbara was terrific. “But my dog hasn’t changed much,” he said. Then it was on to the home of William Shatner, Captain Kirk in the TV serial “Star Trek”. “He had two Dobermans and seemed a little ill at ease at first,” said Barbara. Another of Barbara’s calls was to Britt Ekland’s home where she trained two Elk hounds and a cat. Barbara with Stefanie Powers and pooch. Barbara wrote: If any fortune teller five years ago had told me I should travel the world, with my husband, demonstrating my method of training dogs, to people whose welcome is “walkies” and “sit” when I arrive in their countries, I’d never have believed it. Yet it has happened. I’ve trained dogs for the Singapore enthusiasts, and celebrated our meeting wading through a wonderful dinner of ten courses of rice, fish, chicken or other ingredients, and was assured that if it spilt on the tablecloth, due to my lack of experience with chop sticks, it was a compliment to the chef to have a dirty tablecloth. I’ve seen a police dog crossing a wire tight rope in Pretoria wearing leather booties to save its paws. I’ve not seen a flag raised on a flag pole, but a banner which read: “Welcome Barbara Woodhouse”. A Doberman Pinscher pulled the rope that raised the banner onto the flag pole. - I’ve trained the stars and their dogs in Hollywood including David Soul, Stefanie Powers, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Wilfred Hyde White, William Shatner etc; I found them quick and easy to train. I’ve met Ray Berwick and his Cockatoo, Fred. I’ve met Ron Randall and his lovely horse, star of the film “Black Stallion”. I’ve met Tippi Hendren and her husband Noel Marshall who made that fantastic film with the lions, “ROAR”. The lions roam uncaged around her estate and home. There, also, I got acquainted with a leopard who wandered up to me, lay on my chest and licked my hand before resuming his morning stroll. I took a baby Cougar back to its mother without her attacking me. It is said that female Cougars are fierce and will attack anyone going near their babies. I found all the dogs I met easy to train, or rather re-train if they had faults. The people I met in Australia, Canada, South Africa and the USA are full of love for their animals. The welcome for my husband and I was unbelievable. Unless you’d known you’d flown thousands of miles, as we had flown, you could almost imagine you’d never left England. Dog Training and the love of horses and ponies, I’ve found, will take me around the world to get to know the animal lovers who share my interest, knowledge and affection for their pets. - Barbara cautiously befriends a cheetah. In 1983, Barbara appeared in a couple of amusing advertisements on the opening morning of TV-am, ITV's breakfast television service. The product? Eggs! "Tell an eggshell who is boss. Let it know that you are... CROSS!" Barbara died in 1988. Her fame had been brief, but her impact great. Even today, the doggy commands "Walkies!" and "Sit!" are still widely associated with her. Two of the 1983 egg ads featured in commercial breaks on the first day of TV-am. This Andrex Appeal advertisement dates from September, 1981. Posted by	Dog
In the Shakespeare play ‘Midsummer Night’s Dream’, Titania is the Queen of the ‘what’?	barbara woodhouse : definition of barbara woodhouse and synonyms of barbara woodhouse (English) 5 External links Life Barbara Woodhouse was born May 9, 1910 in Rathfarnham , Ireland to a prosperous Anglo-Irish family and grew up in Dublin. When her schoolmaster father died in 1919, her mother moved the family to Headington in Oxford , Woodhouse attended Headington School there. She was the only woman student at the Harper Adams Agricultural College in Shropshire . After returning to Oxford to start Headington Riding School and Boarding Kennels , she spent more than three years in Argentina training horses. In the 1930s, Woodhouse became a dog breeder and ran kennels until about 1960. She first appeared on TV as a contestant on What's My Line where the panelists failed to identify her occupation. She also appeared on CBS 60 minutes . She wrote many books including her autobiography Talking to Animals and the A-Z of Dogs and Puppies. No Bad Dogs was her most popular and well-known book. She married Dr. Michael Woodhouse in 1940 and moved to Wiltshire . They had three children, Pamela, Patrick and Judith. She died on July 9, 1988 following a stroke. Television series	i don't know

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