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Goodbye Teens is the bingo call for which number? | Bingo Calls - itvbingo.com
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Bingo Calls
If you're not a bingo whiz, here are some of the fun bingo calls you might come across in our great rooms.
These calls were traditionally used in bingo halls, but why not bring in some of the fun to our great chat rooms or use one to help create your username - who knows they may even bring you some luck!
There's a bingo call for every number between 1 and 90. You'll notice a lot of the bingo calls rhyme, but some are more obscure. We've tried to explain the meaning for these ones, so eyes down and happy calling!
1. Kelly's Eye (One eyed Australian gangster Ned Kelly.)
2. One Little Duck (the number 2 is a swan like shape.)
3. Cup of Tea
4. Knock at the Door
5. Man Alive
7. Lucky 7
8. Garden Gate
9. Doctor's Orders (Brought back from the army days A pill known as Number 9 was a laxative given out by army doctors.)
10. Gordon's Den (This changes depending on who the British Prime Minister is at the time, and refers to the traditional home of the PM, 10 Downing Street.)
11. Legs Eleven
15. Young and Keen
16. Sweet Sixteen
17. Dancing Queen (From the ABBA Song, Dancing Queen. 'You are the Dancing Queen, young and sweet, only seventeen')
18. Coming of Age
21. Key of the Door
22. Two Little Ducks
31. Get up and Run
32. Buckle my Shoe
43. Down on your Knees
44. Droopy Drawers
49. PC (PC 49 was a well-known police radio show in the late 1940s.)
50. Half a Century
51. Tweak of the Thumb
52. Danny La Rue (Famous British drag artist.)
53. Stuck in the Tree
54. Clean the Floor
55. Snakes Alive
56. Was she worth it? (The price of a marriage licence in old money - was she worth it LOL)
57. Heinz Varieties (57 is the number of varieties that Heinz baked beans state on their label, however they actually now have over one thousand different products!)
58. Make them Wait
62. Turn on the Screw
63. Tickle Me 63
65. Old Age Pension (The age you would traditionally retire and become a pensioner.)
66. Clickety Click
71. Bang on the Drum
72. Six Dozen
76. Trombones (Refers to the brass section musical piece '76 trombones' usually played in parades)
77. Sunset Strip (Hit American TV Show)
78. Heavens Gate
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| 19 |
On which island is the 2001 film ‘The Others’ set? | Basic Bingo Number Calling Rules
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Bingo Number Calling Rules
In the Bingo halls, the numbers are announced according to specific Bingo number calling rules. The numbers are called quickly, so you are to pay attention and mark them quickly before the next one is called. The caller keeps on calling the numbers till one or several of the players scream "Bingo". The game stops than and the numbers are verified. The new game starts as soon as the winner is verified. Moreover, some games offer special patterns, extra options and a chance to win a progressive jackpot.
Patterns of Numbers in Bingo
In order to call the number in bingo you should know some of the nicknames, which are used by players:
1.Kelly's eye and Buttered scone, and At the beginning, First on the board
2. Me and you and One little duck, Little boy blue
3. Dearie me and Debbie McGee, One little flea
4.The one next door and On the floor, Bobby Moore
5. Man alive, Jack's alive, little snake
6. Tom's tricks, Chopsticks
7.God's in heaven, and Lucky seven, One little crutch
8. At the gate and Harry Tate, Sexy Kate, She's always late, One fat lady, Is she in yet
9. Doctor's orders
10. Uncle Ben (rhyming), Gordon's den
11. Legs eleven, and Legs - they're lovely Chicken legs, Skinny legs
12. One dozen and Monkey's cousin, One doz' if one can and One and two - a dozen
13. Unlucky for some
15. Rugby team, Young and keen and Yet to be kissed
16. She’s lovely and Sweet sixteen, Never been kissed
17. Old Ireland, Over-ripe, Dancing queen and Posh and Becks
18. Key of the door, and Now you can vote and Coming of age
19. Goodbye teens
20. One score and Blind 20
21. Key of the door and Royal salute Just my age, If only I was..
22. Quack quack, Ducks on a pond, Bishop Desmond, All the twos, Put your 22's on, Toot too
23. A duck and a flea, Thee and me
24. Two dozen, Did you score?
25. Duck and dive, Wish to have wife
26. Half a crown and Bed and breakfast, Pick and mix
27. Little Duck with a crutch,Gateway to heaven
28.The old brags, Duck & its mate
29. In your prime
30. Dirty Gertie, and Speed limit, Burlington Bertie, Flirty thirty, Your face is dirty
31. Get up and run
32. Three and two and Buckle my Shoe, and Three ducks
33. Dirty knees, Two little fleas
34. Ask for more
69. Either way up and Any way up, The French connection and Yum yum
70. Blind 70, and Three score and ten
71. Lucky one, and Bang on the drum
72. A crutch and a duck, Par for the course
73. Lucky three
74. Lucky four, and Candy store
75. Lucky five, Big Daddy
76. Seven 'n' six - was she worth it?, and Lucky six
77. All the sevens, and Lucky seven
78. Heavens gate
79. Lucky nine, One more time
80. Blind 80, Gandhi's breakfast
81. Stop and run and Corner shot
82. Fat lady with a duck and Straight on through
83. Fat lady with a flea, and Time for tea
84. Seven dozen
86. Eight and Six, and Between the sticks
87. Torquay in Devon and Fat lady with a crutch
88. Two fat ladies, Wobbly wobbly
89. Nearly there
90. Top of the shop, As far as we go
As one can see, most of the balls according to the Bingo Calling Numbers rules are called this way to either rhyme or provide a clear idea of the ball being named.
If you visit online casinos to play Bingo, casino roulette or online slot machines you do not have to be so attentive as most options are completely automatic.
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Selenophobia is the abnormal fear of which celestial body? | Selenophobia - Fear of the Moon
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Selenophobia - Fear of the Moon
The fear of the moon, usually perceived as irrational, has its roots in a traumatic childhood event or experience. Why does this fear come about, and what are the ways of dealing with this phobia? Let us discuss the same in the following section.
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The word selenophobia comes from two Greek words, 'seleno', meaning moon, and 'phobos' meaning fear.
Selenophobia, also sometimes referred to as lunaphobia, is the persistent and irrational fear of the moon, which is most usually brought on due to a traumatic experience, especially in early childhood. The fear can manifest in several ways and extend to include not just fear at the sight of the moon, but also the moonlight, and in very severe cases, the darkness of the night itself.
It has been said that if left untreated, the fear can turn extremely irrational and even affect the mental health of the person suffering from it; that is why there is a need to understand the causes and treatment approaches for the same.
In the following sections, we will let you in on the probable causes of this phobia, what it manifests into, and what are its treatment options.
Why Do Some People Fear the Moon?
There have been several accounts that have been related by selenophobics (people suffering from selenophobia) to justify their fear of the moon. And then there are non-selenophobics who relate/equate this fear to probable (and often illogical) tales from folklore, as well as popular media representations of the moon (and other related topics, like vampires and the night). What are then, the causes of this fear?
As is the case with many phobias, this phobia finds its roots in certain traumatic or negative childhood events. For an objective person/third person, these reasons might not seem grave enough to warranty developing a phobia, and many might dismiss them as being flimsy as well; but what is often not understood is that for a person who suffers from a phobia, a seemingly simple event could lead to a great impact.
To cite an example, let's say that a house is robbed on the night of the full moon, and a child in the house witnesses this. The fear that the child feels during that event could get transferred onto the general fear of the moon or the night, and he might start associating the moon with the fear of that night. At that age, the child does not possess the reasoning power to understand that a full moon night has nothing to do with the crime.
Similarly, there could be several negative incidents like these which could lead to developing a fear of the moon. Moreover, this fear does not merely develop in children alone, but could also come about in adults―triggered by a negative incident(s) that has led to a general development of powerful negative emotions for the moon. If left untreated, this conditioning of the mind could develop into a full-fledged phobia as a child grows older and/or as time passes.
In general, the moon, as a celestial body, has a lot of awe and mystery surrounding it. So, there are tales rife with examples of creatures that live on the moon, haunt people, and the like. If these tales have been related to a child during his childhood, he has believed them, and as a result, developed a fear of the moon, then unless tackled, the fear could turn into an irrational fear as he grows older and time passes. Many others are also affected by the popular representations of the moon in the media with everything that is dark and wrong.
Signs and Symptoms
This fear is often self-diagnosed, and the person may experience a range of physiological and psychological symptoms. These, as we have mentioned earlier, may be experienced upon a direct visual of the moon, due to the moonlight, or the night by itself. The following are certain signs and symptoms that may be experienced by a selenophobic.
☛ Body trembling
| Moon |
Composer Edvard Grieg was born in which country? | Astronomy dictionary definition | astronomy defined
Middle English astronomie, from Old French, from Latin astronomia, from Greek astronomia : astro-, astro- + -nomia, -nomy.
astronomy
See also cosmology ; mars ; meteorites ; moon ; planets ; sun .
aerolithology the branch of astronomy that studies meteors. aerolitics the branch of astronomy that studies aerolites, or stony meteors. albedo the ratio between the light reflected from a surface and the total light falling upon that surface, as the albedo of the moon. aphelion the point in the orbit of a heavenly body where it is farthest from the sun. Cf. perihelion. apolune in an orbit around a moon, the point furthest from the moon. Cf. perilune. areology the astronomical studies of the planet Mars. —areologist, n. —areologic, areological, adj. asterism Rare. a constellation or small group of unrelated stars. —asterismal, adj. astrogation the art of navigating in space. Cf. astronavigation. —astrogator, n. astrogeny, astrogony the theory of the evolution of heavenly bodies. astrogeology a geological specialty that studies celestial bodies. astrognosy the branch of astronomy that studies the fixed stars. astrography a scientific analysis and mapping of the stars and planets. —astrographic, adj. astrolatry the worship of the heavenly bodies. Also called Sabaism. — astrolater, n. astromancy 1. a form of divination involving studying the stars. 2. Rare. astrology. Also called sideromancy. —astromancer, n. —astromantic, adj. astrometry the branch of astronomy that studies the dimensions of heavenly bodies, especially the measurements made to determine the positions and orbits of various stars. —astrometric, astrometrical, adj. astronautics the science of space travel, concerned with both the construction and the operation of vehicles that travel through interplanetary or interstellar space. Also called cosmonautics. —astronautic, astronautical, adj. —astronaut, n. astronavigation a type of navigation involving observations of the apparent positions of heavenly bodies. Also called celestial navigation, celo-navigation. —astronavigator, n. astronomy the science that studies the stars and other features of the material universe beyond the earth’s atmosphere. —astronomer, n. —astronomical, adj. astrophile a person strongly attracted to knowledge about the stars. —astrophilic, adj. astrophotography a form of photography used to record astronomical phenomena. astrophysics the branch of astronomy concerned with the origin, and the chemical and physical nature of heavenly bodies. —astrophysicist, n. celestial navigation astronavigation. Also called celo-navigation. chromatoscopy the study of stars through a telescope in which the star appears as a ring of light, in order to observe the star’s scintillation. —chromatoscope, n. Copernicanism the fundamental theoretical basis of modern astronomy, first demonstrated in the early 16th century by Copernicus, who showed that the earth and the other planets orbit around the sun. Cf. Ptolemaism. cosmolabe Obsolete, an instrument, like an astrolabe, used for astronomical observations. cosmonautics astronautics. —cosmonaut. n. —cosmonautical, adj. heliodon an instrument used in astronomy to show the apparent movement of the sun. heliometer an instrument originally designed for measuring the sun’s diameter, now used for measuring the angular distance between stars. heliometry the practice of measuring the angular distance between stars by means of a heliometer. —heliometric, heliometrical, adj. interlunation the period between the old moon and the new when the moon is invisible each month. —interlunar, adj. meridian an imaginary great circle in the sphere of the heavens, passing through the poles and the zenith and nadir of any point and intersecting the equator at right angles. See also 178. GEOGRAPHY. —meridian, meridional, adj. metagalaxy the entire system of galaxies, including the Milky Way. —metagalactic, adj. nutation the periodic oscillation that can be observed in the precession of the earth’s axis and the precession of the equinoxes. See also 133. EARTH. — nutational, adj. obliquity the inclination of the earth’s equator or the angle between the plane of the earth’s orbit and the plane of the equator (23°27’). Also called obliquity of the ecliptic. See also 133. EARTH. —obliquitous, adj. occultation the process of one heavenly body disappearing behind another as viewed by an observer. paraselene a false moon, in reality a bright spot or a luminous ring surrounding the moon. perihelion the point in the orbit of a heavenly body where it is nearest the sun. Also spelled perihelium. Cf. aphelion. perihelium perihelion. perilune in orbit around a moon, the point nearest the moon. Cf. apolune. phantasmatography Rare. a work or treatise on astronomy or celestial bodies. planetarium 1. a representation of the planetary system, particularly one in which the movements of the planets are simulated by projectors. 2. a room or building housing such an apparatus. planetology the branch of astronomy that studies the planets. —planetologist, n. — planetologic, planetological, adj. planisphere a map showing half or more of the sphere of the heavens, indicating which part is visible at what hour from a given location. —planispheric, planispherical, adj. Ptolemaism the complicated demonstration of Ptolemy, 2nd-century geographer and astronomer, that the earth is the fixed center of the universe around which the sun and the other planets revolve; now discredited. Cf. Copemicanism. Ptolemaist a supporter of the Ptolemaic explanation of planetary motions. radioastronomy the branch of astronomy that studies radio frequencies emitted by the sun, planets, and other celestial bodies. Sabaism astrolatry. Sabianism, Sabaeanism, Sabeanism the religion of the Sabians, a group sometimes associated with worship of the sun, moon, and stars. See also religion . schematism the combination or configuration of the aspects of the planets and other heavenly bodies. selenography the scientific analysis and mapping of the moon’s physical features. —selenographer, selenographist, n. —selenographic, selenographical, adj. selenology the branch of astronomy that studies the moon. —selenologist, n. —selenologic, selenological, adj. sideromancy a form of divination involving observations of the stars. Also called astromancy. —sideromancer, n. —sideromantic, adj. siderophobia an abnormal fear of the stars. uranianism Obsolete, astronomy. uranography the branch of astronomy that deals with the description of the heavens by constructing maps and charts, especially of the fixed stars. Also called uranology. —uranographer, uranographist, n. —uranographic, uranographical, adj. uranology 1. a written description of the heavens and celestial bodies. 2. another term for astronomy. uranometry 1. a treatise recording the positions and magnitudes of heavenly bodies. 2. the science of measuring the real or apparent distances of heavenly bodies from Earth. —uranometrical, adj.
astronomy
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Billy the Badger is the mascot of which English football club? | Billy The Badger - YouTube
Billy The Badger
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Published on Apr 10, 2012
Legendary mascot Billy the Badger making an appearance before Fulham's 1-1 draw with Chelsea on the 9th April 2012.
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| Fulham F.C. |
What is the first name of Joey’s nephew in the US television series ‘Joey’? | In Quest of a Mascot | IMS Soccer News
In Quest of a Mascot
2010 February 27
by Brian Quarstad
Minnesota’s newest soccer team now has a name, a badge and they are starting to sign players. But one thing Tim Hayes (AKA Super Rookie) who has written several article for IMS, feels we need is a mascot.
Hayes did some writing this past week for Bruce McGuire at duNord Futbol and titled it: No mascots in football! A myth of cryptozoological proportions .
Hayes writes: All too often, being an American soccer fan comes with many disparaging comments from other “football” (soccer) fans who know the “real” way the sport is played in Europe, specifically, in England. Yet, in England almost all of the teams have a visible mascot that masquerades around the stadium and city to spread the word of their professional sports team.
Why is it that we in America are held up to a standard of sport that doesn’t even exist in other parts of the world? Recently, a posting on the NSC Minnesota facebook page suggesting ideas for a mascot were met with responses like, “I’m not sure why a mascot is needed for a soccer team…you don’t need a mascot. You need more passionate fans.” Really? I think the Thunder had some pretty passionate fans, as will this new team. Plus, the Minnesota Thunder had a kick ass mascot named, Thor . Why can’t a mascot go hand-in-hand with the passionate soccer fans and continue to meet the expectations of professional sports fans the world over?
While I may not yet be on the Nessy band wagon, I totally agree with Super Rookie and think that a mascot can be a great marketing tool, not only to kids but to adults as well. When you say mascot in Minnesota who doesn’t think of Goldie? I’ve seen some classic moments with the Golden Gopher. Stealing the opposing football team cheerleaders’ team flag, sneaking it away and throwing it in the garbage can.
There was this classic moment a couple of years ago when Thor wrote in the sand at the NSC that he hated rain and Milwaukee -a long-standing saying by the Dark Cloud supporters that still lingers on years after the Milwaukee Wave outdoor team folded. The game had a long rain delay after tornadoes passed through the area.
Keller gives the Borussia Mönchengladbach mascot a drink of water
Then there is Billy the Badger, mascot of the European club I support, Fulham FC. A couple of years ago Avram Grant was in charge of Chelsea and with the Whites ahead at half, Billy tried to get a bit friendly with Grant which he took exception to. All in good fun, except for Grant.
Many will also remember when Kasey Keller was still playing in Germany. He took down his own mascot after a win and body slammed and pinned him to the mat, er…. turf – much to the joy of all the home supporters.
There is nothing wrong with a mascot and as Hayes says in his article and we need not be apologetic. It may not be a top priority, but a Nessy is a necessary notion.
Beside reading Hayes’ article, Pitch Invasion also picked up on the Nessy story and Tom Dunmore throws his two cents in as well with his: In Defense of Mascots .
How’s this for a funny goal celebration. No, it wasn’t the mascot, but if not for the mascot it wouldn’t have been anywhere near as much fun.
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Robin and Giles are the sons of which British Prime Minister? | Mr Wilson's Son Marries - British Pathé
British Pathé
Description
No title - Prime Minister Harold Wilson's son Robin marries Joy Crispin at St. Gregory's Church. Dawlish, Devon.
M/S pan crowds waiting outside St. Gregory's Church, Dawlish. C/U church notice board. C/U pan Mr and Mrs Harold Wilson arriving. M/S of Joy Crispin arriving with her father. M/S as Joy kisses policeman on duty. M/S of the church. L/S as Robin and Joy emerge. M/S as Robin kisses Joy. C/U crowd watching. M/S as Harold kisses Joy. M/S pressmen. C/U pan bride and groom making way through crowd. M/S crowd in the street.
| Harold Wilson |
Which animal represented the year 2010 in the Chinese calendar? | Son of former PM Harold Wilson swaps teaching for a career as train driver | London Evening Standard
Son of former PM Harold Wilson swaps teaching for a career as train driver
Sunday 19 November 2006 23:22 BST
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The Evening Standard
Hon. Giles Wilson: The son of Harold Wilson fulfilled his boyhood ambition to drives trains
As commuters hurried to board the 15.30 Waterloo to Guildford service, none of them gave a second glance to the grey-haired train driver preparing to take the helm.
With his sagging trousers and crumpled shirt, he would not have made a lasting impression if they did.
Yet he is a man who spent his teenage years in 10, Downing Street, who was once the subject of an IRA kidnap threat and who only last year dined at Chequers as a guest of Tony Blair.
He is the Hon. Giles Wilson, the 58-year-old son of the late Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson.
Although he bears a passing facial resemblance to his father, many of his colleagues at South West Trains are unaware of his extraordinary background, and the reclusive bachelor is happy to keep things that way.
He recently gave up his lifelong career as a teacher to fulfil his boyhood ambition of becoming a train driver, and has started by driving trains from Waterloo in central London to Guildford and Dorking in Surrey.
Mr Wilson is so passionate about trains that he has bought and restored at least two disused branch line stations in the West country, including his current weekend home near Exeter.
During the week he lives alone in a modest flat in Belsize Park, north London, where he is visited by his mother Mary, 88, and brother Robin, 62.
A family friend said: 'Everyone was a bit surprised that he should take up driving trains as a career.
'It was well known he was a rail enthusiast, but not that he was so serious he planned to be a driver full time.
'It is one thing loving the world of railways but quite another to actually work for a rail company. But he has made that decision and seems to be very happy with it.
'Who knows what his father would think. I'm sure he would not have expected him to end up a train driver.'
Mr Wilson refused to discuss his decision to change careers, insisting that he has always avoided publicity.
'I never give interviews.' he said. 'I do work on the trains, I have a place in the West country and a flat in London, and that's all I'm prepared to say.'
Mr Wilson was thought to have a difficult relationship with his father, who was Prime Minister between 1964 and 1970 and 1974 and 1976.
When his father died in 1994 he attended his funeral on the Scilly Isles but did not attend a memorial service at Westminster Abbey the following month.
Giles and his brother were educated at the public school University College in Hampstead, for which his father was fiercely criticised.
After qualifying as a teacher, Mr Wilson worked in a comprehensive school for two years before quitting at the age of 24 to live on a kibbutz in a remote part of Israel, where he was put under close protection after a kidnap threat by the IRA.
At the time friends said he had a 'yearning to work with his hands'.
He later returned to teaching, becoming a maths master at Salisbury Cathedral School, while his elder brother married, had children and became a maths lecturer at the Open University and at Keble College, Oxford.
The two brothers and their mother shared Lord Wilson's £500,000 will, and Giles is thought to have spent his share on restoring his Edwardian station house weekend home on the picturesque Tarka line between Barnstaple and Exmouth.
The track runs alongside the River Torridge - the setting for Henry Williamson's classic novel Tarka The Otter - and is set to be designated a Community Rail Link by the government next year under an EU scheme aimed at protecting unprofitable routes.
The platform outside Mr Wilson's home remains in use and is planted up by villagers each year to produce a stunning floral welcome for passengers.
Neighbours say Mr Wilson rarely involves himself in village life, although he successfully campaigned with a local action group to fight Network Rail's plans for a line of radio masts along the Tarka Line.
'He was a real asset,' said one. 'He clearly had a great love for the railways, particularly the Tarka Line, and he spoke with real authority on the planning issues.
'When it was clear that we'd won he resigned from the group. We don't see too much of him now. He's quite a private person and his work as a train driver keeps him busy.'
Last year Mr Wilson made what is thought to be his first return visit to Chequers, the Prime Minister's weekend retreat, when he accepted an invitation to dinner from Tony Blair.
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What is the name of the fictional Italian tenor in the UK ‘Go Compare’ television adverts? | Wynne Evans: Life as an advertising legend - Wales Online
Lifestyle
Wynne Evans: Life as an advertising legend
After singing at opera houses across Europe, Wynne Evans is making a name for himself as a fictional Italian tenor on those TV adverts.
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PREVIEW: Wynne Evans in The Abduction From The Seraglio
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After singing at opera houses across Europe, Wynne Evans is making a name for himself as a fictional Italian tenor on those TV adverts. As he returns to the stage with Welsh National Opera, he tells Karen Price why comedy is the way forward for him
HE may have been a successful opera star for many years, but the last six months has seen Wynne Evans’ career go into orbit. And it’s all thanks to a flamboyant Italian tenor known as Gio Compario.
For Evans is the man behind the now infamous TV adverts, with the annoyingly catchy tune, for Newport-based insurance comparison website Go Compare.
Without his fake moustache and wig, he may bare little resemblance to his alter-ego but he is often recognised these days as Gio.
“It’s crazy,” he smiles, as we meet for a chat in a bar at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff.
“I was travelling to London the other day and was standing in a queue at Cardiff Central station for tickets when a complete stranger came up close to my face and shouted, ‘Go Compare’ and then just walked off. And my children just love it – they sing the song all the time.”
For the next few weeks, while the rest of us are all still humming along to Go Compare, Evans will be going back to his “original job” – performing with Welsh National Opera.
He is among the cast in the spring season opener, The Abduction From The Seraglio.
The production reunites him with conductor Rinaldo Alessandrini, with whom he worked when he made his professional debut with WNO in The Coronation of Poppea in 1997.
Evans sings Pedrillo, a comic role which he wants to do more of in future.
“It’s something I’ve moved into now and something that I’m comfortable with,” says the Carmarthen-born singer.
“With some people like Gwyn Hughes Jones and Dennis O’Neill, it really suits their psyche to be a lyric tenor and they do it very well.
“When every singer starts out in their career they want to be a lyric tenor.
“A couple of years down the line I thought, ‘What do I excel at and enjoy doing the most?’ It’s comedy really. I know I can do it at a very high level and do it well, as opposed to doing lyric roles at a lesser level.”
Set on the Orient Express in the ’20s en-route from Paris to Istanbul, the piece – co-production by Houston Grand Opera, Boston Lyric Opera, Opera Colorado, Lyric Opera of Kansas City, Minnesota Opera and Opera Pacific – is regarded as one of Mozart’s wittiest operas.
“The sets are gorgeous,” says Evans. “Director, James Robinson, is very talented and allows us to explore the entire opera really while guiding us at the same time. It’s a very funny opera.”
The 38-year-old, who trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the National Opera Studio, was brought up surrounded by music.
His mother, Elizabeth, devoted her spare time to setting up Carmarthen Youth Opera and campaigning to redevelop the town’s Lyric Theatre.
While his elder brother Huw went on to carve out a career as a barrister, both himself and his middle brother Mark ended up working in opera.
“We used to go to the Grand Theatre (in Swansea) and watch the opera. Last year I performed there and I had a moment when I thought, ‘Wow, now I’m stood on stage here as a tenor’,” he says.
After Elizabeth died from pneumonia in 2004 at the age of 60, her family was determined to keep her memory alive by founding the Elizabeth Evans Trust to support young people started out careers in performing arts.
“She worked tirelessly to get the theatre refurbished,” says Evans of his mother.
Since graduating, the singer – who lives with music teacher wife Tanwen and their children, eight-year-old Ismay and five-year-old Taliesin in Lisvane, Cardiff – has enjoyed a wealth of roles which have taken him throughout Europe, including Rigoletto, La Boheme, La Traviata, The Magic Flute and Der Rosenkavalier. He’s also released three CDs with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and is renowned for his numerous concert appearances.
But these days, of course, most people want to talk to him about those Go Compare ads, which have only been around for the last six months.
Evans’ first TV ad was for Walker’s Sensations crisps when he was the operatic voice of Gary Lineker, who was seen pushing Tara Palmer-Tomkinson on a swing.
When Go Compare were looking for an opera star, they got in touch with the music agency for commercials.
They wanted to find an opera singer to sing the part, but were planning on using an actor to perform as Gio Compario, as they didn’t think they could find anyone who could do both.
Evans found himself auditioning to sing the role and was called back for a second audition.
“I started gesticulating and they said, ‘You might be very good for the vision too.’ The next thing I knew, it was all happening.”
Firstly, he had to have a wig made.
“In the place where I went, they had all the wigs for the Harry Potter parts, like Dumbledore and Hagrid – I got really excited!”
A total of five adverts were shot in London in five days, and the first one aired in August last year.
While he doesn’t get recognised too often by adults when he’s not wearing the wig and fake moustache, he can’t escape the attention of younger viewers so easily.
“The kids just love it – they’ve really latched onto it. I was on the train wearing headphones and this child was stood in front of me saying, ‘Are you the Go Compare man?’ I could not really hear her, so she started shouting it out and soon the whole train was looking at me.”
As they are so catchy, many people find the adverts annoying.
“It does stick in your head, but that makes the adverts so successful,” says Evans. “Any advertising campaign with this much exposure will be on everyone’s minds. But there are positives and negatives.”
Evans is not worried about how his new role is perceived by serious opera audiences.
“I look at the Go Compare adverts as just an extension of comic opera,” he says.
“They’re so well filmed and they’ve always given me a complete licence to say, ‘I don’t like that.’ I’ve always been really comfortable doing it and it’s nice to get your profile lifted.”
The cast of The Abduction From The Seraglio, which includes several American opera singers, enjoy the fact that they are working alongside TV advertising’s most famous character.
“They will come up and say, ‘I saw this advert on television last night and someone said it’s you!’ I’ve decided to get them all ‘I love Gio’ T-shirts.”
The Abduction From The Seraglio is at the Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff, tomorrow and February 20 and Venue Cymru, Llandudno, on March 9. For full details, visit www.wno.org.uk
For details on the Elizabeth Evans Trust visit www.theelizabethevanstrust.co.uk
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How many points are there on a compass? | Peter Wood: the man behind those irritating car ads | Business | The Guardian
Insurance industry
Peter Wood: the man behind those irritating car ads
We can thank the Esure founder for Michael Winner's 'Calm down dear', the singing trio promoting Sheila's Wheels and Direct Line's jingle
Sheila's Wheels advertisment. Esure founder Peter Wood has taken control of his firm's advertising campaigns.
Wednesday 27 February 2013 13.41 EST
First published on Wednesday 27 February 2013 13.41 EST
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One of the most successful entrepreneurs in the world of car and home insurance he may be, but 65-year-old Esure founder Peter Wood will forever be cursed by television viewers for dreaming up some of the most irritating – yet memorable – adverts of the last three decades.
It is thanks to him we have endured Michael Winner's "Calm down dear" ads, the beehive-haired singing trio in a Sheila's Wheels pink Cadillac, and the car-horn jingle from Direct Line's red telephone-on-wheels.
As if these were not offence enough, Esure's joint venture price comparison business Go Compare has given viewers the fictional Italian tenor Gio Compario. Revelling in the irritation Compario inspired, the company went on to broadcast commercials featuring celebrities attempting to assassinate him with a bazooka.
Multi-millionaire Wood, has always refused to hire a marketing director – both at Esure and at his earlier business Direct Line – and has personally taken charge of publicity campaigns for almost all his career.
In the late 1980s, working with advertising experts Sian Vickers and Chris Wilkins, Wood hammered home the arrival of Britain's first telephone-only insurer, with the creation of Direct Line's speeding red phone on wheels.
Three years later he started Esure and the adverts, this time fronted by the late Michael Winner , gave the restaurant critic and film director his "calm down dear, it's only a commercial" catch phrase. Winner had become the face of the brand after ringing his friend Wood to complain about the standard of previous adverts, and insisting he could do much better.
It was not the first time the Death Wish director had rung Wood to gripe. The two men had become friends after the notorious curmudgeon had demanded call centre staff put him through to the boss of Direct Line.It was not until Wood threatened to cancel Winner's policy that the restaurant critic withdrew the complaint and suggested they settle the matter over a lunch – leading to a long friendship.
Winner was dropped for a spell by Esure in favour of an animated mouse on wheels. However, that campaign was successfully challenged in the courts by RBS, which argued it breached trademark protections and was too similar to the Direct Line wheeled phone. Winner was re-hired.
According to Esure, Winner, who passed away last month, at one stage wrote to Wood expressing his wish that his "Calm down dear" adverts carry on being aired after his death. Wood is still considering whether to air what an Esure spokesman called "RIP Michael Winner" advert.
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Which late actor/comedian is credited with saying ‘A day without laughter is a day wasted’? | A Day Without Laughter is a Day Wasted | Quote Investigator
A Day Without Laughter is a Day Wasted
Charlie Chaplin? Steve Martin? Groucho Marx? Nicolas Chamfort?
Dear Quote Investigator: The following guideline for living makes sense to me, so I try to find humor in something every day:
A day without laughter is a day wasted
When I read this maxim originally it was credited to Charlie Chaplin, but I once heard it attributed to Groucho Marx. Do you know who said it and on what occasion?
Quote Investigator: This principle is sometimes credited to popular comedic entertainers such as Charlie Chaplin and Groucho Marx, but the idea was expressed more than two centuries ago. The French writer Nicolas Chamfort was famous for his witticisms and epigrams. In 1795 the periodical Mercure Français reprinted the following saying from one of his manuscripts [MFNC]:
La plus perdue de toutes les journées est celle où l’on n’a pas ri.
The earliest instance of this aphorism in the English language located by QI is dated 1803 in a periodical titled “Flowers of Literature” in a section titled “Laughing” [FLFB]:
I admire the man who exclaimed, “I have lost a day!” because he had neglected to do any good in the course of it; but another has observed that “the most lost of all days, is that in which we have not laughed*;” and, I must confess, that I feel myself greatly of his opinion.
The asterisk footnote pointed to the bottom of the page where the French phrase listed above was presented. The text did not identify Chamfort as the author of the saying, but it did give his precise French wording as the source of the English epigram.
Here are additional selected citations in chronological order.
In 1817 a book describing the experiences of an English visitor to Paris was published. The visitor indicated that the saying was well known in his social circle in Paris, and he provided a translation but not an attribution [SPWJ]:
The news of the day followed. Everyone seemed to subscribe to the opinion that—’La plus perdue de toutes les journées est celle où l’on n’a pas ri,’ – the most lost of all days is that in which one has not laughed.
In 1880 an essay on “Wit and Humour” was published that contained a statement echoing the words of Chamfort without naming him [MLNC]:
A Roman emperor who did no useful work on a certain day said that he had lost that day. Someone in later times said that if he passed a day without laughing he should consider it a lost day.
In 1887 an address delivered before the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution on the topic of aphorisms included the saying and credited it to Chamfort [AAJM]:
We cannot be surprised to hear of the lady who said that a conversation with Chamfort in the morning made her melancholy until bedtime. Yet Chamfort is the author of the not unwholesome saying that, “The most wasted of all days is that on which one has not laughed.” One of his maxims lets us into the secret of his misanthropy. “Whoever,” he said, “is not a misanthropist at forty, can never have loved mankind.”
In 1896 the phrase in French and English was included in a reference called “The Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations” and was ascribed to Chamfort. Here is the English translation provided [CPQC]:
The most completely lost of all days is that on which one has not laughed.
In 1955 the idea of the maxim was expressed in a syndicated newspaper column titled “Sketches” by Ben Burroughs [BBWD]:
When a day goes by without a smile … or hearty bits of laughter … it is indeed a wasted day … and will be ever after …
In 1957 an index covering periodicals from the Soviet Union included an article title from a magazine abbreviated “ussr”. A version of the saying appeared in the article title [CDSP]:
Grigori Alexandrov says day without laughter is day wasted [illus] ussr aug ’56, 22-23
In 1969 the syndicated newspaper column “Sketches” repeated the text that contained the saying that appeared in 1955. This reappearance provided continuing circulation for the expression [BBW2].
In 1979 an article about the death of George Q. Lewis, “the nation’s foremost laugher and founder of the National Laugh Foundation”, included a quotation from Lewis in which he deployed the saying [DGQL]:
“Life should be a laugh, not a lament,” he said in a recent interview. “A day without laughter is a wasted day. What is life without laughter? It’s dismal, it’s dull, it’s depressing.”
In 1992 the film “Shining Through” was released and in the script a character credits the maxim to Charlie Chaplin [STMG]:
‘Charlie Chaplin says a day without laughter is a day wasted ,’ says Linda Voss (Melanie Griffith) in “Shining Through.”
If you agree, then cancel all appointments, call in sick and rush out to see this World War II spy melodrama before it closes – which could happen any minute.
In 2002 a book about raising daughters quoted an e-mail from a parent that attributed the quotation to another famously funny person [WGGM]:
Recently, I received this e-mail from a father of three girls:
“In our house, adventure and laughter go together. Groucho Marx once said, ‘A day without laughter is a day wasted.’ I always liked that comment.”
In 2010 an absurdist twist on the saying is attributed to Steve Martin [CCRS]:
As that famous philosopher-turned-comedian-turned-actor Steve Martin used to say, “A day without laughter is like a day without sunshine and a day without sunshine is like … night.”
Chamfort has not been forgotten in modern times. For example, a columnist in 2011 invoked his name [BBNC]:
Sebastian Roch Nicolas Chamfort, born in 1740, was a French playwright famous for his wit. He said, “The most wasted day of all is that in which we have not laughed.”
In conclusion, the basic idea of this expression was recorded in the notebooks of Nicolas Chamfort by the 1790s. The adage moved into the English language shortly thereafter. Many different versions have been printed and spoken over the years. Thanks for your inquiry.
(Many thanks to Riccardo Bozzi for inspiring the formulation of this question and answer.)
[MFNC] 1795 July 18, Mercure Français: Historique, Politique et Litteraire, Maximes détachées extraites des manuscrits de Champfort, Page 351, Number 60, Au Bureau du Mercure, Paris. (Google Books full view) link
[FLFB] 1803, Flowers of Literature; for 1801 & 1802: Or Characteristic Sketches of Human Nature and Modern Manners by The Rev. F. Prevost and F. Blagdon, Volume 1, Laughing, Page 5, Printed by J. Swan for B. Crosby and Co. Stationers’ Court, London. (Google Books full view) link
[SPWJ] 1817, Six Weeks in Paris; or, A Cure for The Gallomania by A Late Visitant [William Jerdan], Volume 1 of 3, Page 83-84, Printed for J. Johnston, 98, Cheapside, London. (Google Books full view) link
[MLNC] 1880, Papers of the Manchester Literary Club, Volume VI, “Wit and Humour” by Rev. W. A. O’Conor [Read February 2, 1880], Page 146, Manchester: Published for the Club by Abel Heywood and Son, Oldham Street; and Bookseller’s Row, London. (Google Books full view) link
[AAJM] 1887, Aphorisms: An Address Delivered Before the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution, November 11, 1887 by John Morley, Page 47-48, Macmillan and Co., London. (Google Books full view) link
[CPQC] 1896, The Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations: English, Latin, and Modern Foreign Languages by J. K. Hoyt, Page 775, Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York. (Google Books full view) link
[BBWD] 1955 December 6, Gettysburg Times, Sketches by Ben Burroughs: Don’t Lose a Day [General Features Corp.], Page 3, Column 3, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. (Google News Archive)
[CDSP] March 20 1957, The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, Quarterly Index: Third Quarter: 1956, Part II, Volume IX, Number 6, Page header M: not numbered, Joint Committee on Slavic Studies, American Council of Learned Societies, Social Science Research Council (United States), Washington, D.C. (Google Books snippet; Verified on paper) link
[BBW2] 1969 September 22, St. Petersburg Times, Sketches by Ben Burroughs: Don’t Waste a Day, Page 13-D, St. Petersburg, Florida. (Google News Archive)
[DGQL] 1979 October 9, Daytona Beach Morning Journal, “George Q. Lewis, Laugh Promoter” [Associated Press], Page 8B, Column 3, Daytona Beach, Florida. (Google News Archive)
[WGGM] 2002, The Wonder of Girls: Understanding the Hidden Nature of Our Daughters by Michael Gurian, Page 167, Pocket Books: Simon and Schuster, New York. (Google Books preview)
[CCRS] 2010, Climate Confusion by Roy W. Spencer, reprint, Page xv, Encounter Books, New York. (Google Books preview)
[BBNC] 2011 April 2 [date of last update], lfpress (London Free Press), Little absurdities never hurt when laugher is the medicine by Bill Brady, Special to QMI Agency. (Acessed at lfpress.com on 2011 July 16) link
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What was the nickname of late US boxer Michael Dokes? | A day without laughter is a day wasted. - Charlie Chaplin - BrainyQuote
A day without laughter is a day wasted.
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Poet W H Auden died in which European city in 1973? | W. H. Auden - Poet | Academy of American Poets
Academy of American Poets
The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization.
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Wystan Hugh Auden was born in York, England, on February 21, 1907. He moved to Birmingham during childhood and was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. As a young man he was influenced by the poetry of Thomas Hardy and Robert Frost , as well as William Blake , Emily Dickinson , Gerard Manley Hopkins , and Old English verse. At Oxford his precocity as a poet was immediately apparent, and he formed lifelong friendships with two fellow writers, Stephen Spender and Christopher Isherwood.
In 1928, his collection Poems was privately printed, but it wasn't until 1930, when another collection titled Poems (though its contents were different) was published, that Auden was established as the leading voice of a new generation.
Ever since, he has been admired for his unsurpassed technical virtuosity and an ability to write poems in nearly every imaginable verse form; the incorporation in his work of popular culture, current events, and vernacular speech; and also for the vast range of his intellect, which drew easily from an extraordinary variety of literatures, art forms, social and political theories, and scientific and technical information. He had a remarkable wit, and often mimicked the writing styles of other poets such as Dickinson, W. B. Yeats , and Henry James. His poetry frequently recounts, literally or metaphorically, a journey or quest, and his travels provided rich material for his verse.
He visited Germany, Iceland, and China, served in the Spanish Civil war, and in 1939 moved to the United States, where he met his lover, Chester Kallman, and became an American citizen. His own beliefs changed radically between his youthful career in England, when he was an ardent advocate of socialism and Freudian psychoanalysis, and his later phase in America, when his central preoccupation became Christianity and the theology of modern Protestant theologians. A prolific writer, Auden was also a noted playwright, librettist, editor, and essayist. Generally considered the greatest English poet of the twentieth century, his work has exerted a major influence on succeeding generations of poets on both sides of the Atlantic.
W. H. Auden served as a c hancellor of the Academy of American Poets from 1954 to 1973, and divided most of the second half of his life between residences in New York City and Austria. He died in Vienna on September 29, 1973.
Selected Bibliography
Collected Poems (Random House, 1976)
Thank You, Fog: Last Poems (Random House, 1974)
Epistle to a Godson (Faber and Faber, 1972)
Academic Graffiti (Faber and Faber, 1971)
City Without Walls and Other Poems (Random House, 1969)
Collected Longer Poems (Random House, 1968)
Collected Shorter Poems 1927-1957 (Faber and Faber, 1966)
About the House (Random House, 1965)
Homage to Clio (Faber and Faber, 1960)
Selected Poetry (1956)
The Old Man's Road (Voyages Press,1956)
The Shield of Achilles (Random House, 1955)
Nones (Random House, 1951)
Collected Shorter Poems 1930-1944 (Faber and Faber, 1950)
The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue (Random House, 1947)
The Collected Poetry of W. H. Auden (Random House, 1945)
For the Time Being (Random House, 1944)
The Sea and the Mirror (1944)
The Double Man (Random House, 1941)
The Quest (1941)
Selected Poems (Faber and Faber, 1938)
Spain (Faber and Faber, 1937)
Look, Stranger! (Faber and Faber, 1936)
The Orators (Faber and Faber, 1932)
Poems (1930)
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Which London performing arts centre, the largest in Europe, opened on 3rd March 1982? | W.H. Auden | Penny's poetry pages Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
George Augustus Auden (father), Constance Rosalie Bicknell Auden (mother), George Bernard Auden (brother), John Bicknell Auden (brother)
Wystan Hugh Auden [1] 21 February 1907 - 29 September 1973) was an Anglo - American poet , [2] [3] (born in England, later an American citizen), regarded by many as one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. [4]
Auden wrote a considerable body of criticism and essays, as well as co-authoring some drama with his friend Christopher Isherwood , but he is primarily known as a poet . Auden's work is characterized by exceptional variety, ranging from such rigorous traditional forms as the villanelle to entirely unstructured verse, as well as the technical and verbal skills Auden displayed regardless of form. He was also partly responsible for re-introducing Anglo-Saxon Accentual verse to English poetry.
Contents
The Addictions of Sin W.H. Auden in His Own Words
Childhood
Edit
Auden was born in York , England, to George Augustus Auden , a physician, and Constance Rosalie Bicknell Auden, who had trained (but never served) as a missionary nurse. [5] He was the third of three children, all sons; the eldest, George Bernard Auden, became a farmer, while the second, John Bicknell Auden , became a geologist. Auden's grandfathers were both Church of England clergymen; he grew up in an Anglo-Catholic household which followed a " High " form of Anglicanism with doctrine and ritual resembling those of Roman Catholicism. [6] [7] He traced his love of music and language partly to the church services of his childhood. [8] He believed he was of Icelandic descent, and his lifelong fascination with Icelandic legends and Old Norse sagas is visible throughout his work. [9]
In 1908 his family moved to Harborne, Birmingham, where his father had been appointed the School Medical Officer and Lecturer (later Professor) of Public Health; Auden's lifelong psychoanalytic interests began in his father's library. From the age of eight he attended boarding schools, returning home for holidays. [6] His visits to the Pennine landscape and its declining lead-mining industry figure in many of his poems; the remote decaying mining village of Rookhope was for him a "sacred landscape", evoked in a late poem, "Amor Loci." [10] Until he was 15 he expected to become a mining engineer, but his passion for words had already begun. He wrote later: "words so excite me that a pornographic story, for example, excites me sexually more than a living person can do." [11]
Education
Edit
Auden's first boarding school was St. Edmund's School, Surrey, where he met Christopher Isherwood , later famous in his own right as a novelist. At 13 he went to Gresham's School inNorfolk; there, in 1922, when his friend Robert Medley asked him if he wrote poetry, Auden first realized his vocation was to be a poet. [6] Soon after, he "discover(ed) that he (had) lost his faith" (through a gradual realisation that he had lost interest in religion, not through any decisive change of views). [12] In school productions of Shakespeare, he played Katherina in The Taming of the Shrew in 1922, [13] and Caliban in The Tempest in 1925, his last year at Gresham's. [14] His first published poems appeared in the school magazine in 1923. [15] Auden later wrote a chapter on Gresham's for Graham Greene 's The Old School: Essays by Divers Hands (1934). [16]
In 1925 he went to Christ Church, Oxford , with a scholarship in biology, but he switched to English by his second year. Friends he met at Oxford included Cecil Day Lewis , Louis MacNeice , and Stephen Spender ; these four were commonly though misleadingly identified in the 1930s as the " Auden Group " for their shared (but not identical) left-wing views. Auden left Oxford in 1928 with a third-class degree. [6] [8]
He was reintroduced to Christopher Isherwood in 1925; for the next few years Isherwood was his literary mentor to whom he sent poems for comments and criticism. Auden probably fell in love with Isherwood and in the 1930s they maintained a sexual friendship in intervals between their relations with others. In 1935-1939 they collaborated on three plays and a travel book. [17]
From his Oxford years onward, his friends uniformly described him as funny, extravagant, sympathetic, generous, and, partly by his own choice, lonely. In groups he was often dogmatic and overbearing in a comic way; in more private settings he was diffident and shy except when certain of his welcome. He was punctual in his habits, and obsessive about meeting deadlines, while choosing to live amidst physical disorder. [7]
Britain and Europe, 1928-1938
Edit
In the autumn of 1928 Auden left Britain for nine months in Berlin , partly to rebel against English repressiveness. In Berlin, he said, he first experienced the political and economic unrest that became one of his central subjects. [8]
On returning to Britain in 1929, he worked briefly as a tutor. In 1930 his first published book, Poems (1930), was accepted by T. S. Eliot for Faber and Faber ; the firm also published all his later books. In 1930 he began five years as a schoolmaster in boys' schools: two years at the Larchfield Academy , in Helensburgh , Scotland, then three years at The Downs School , in the Malvern Hills , where he was a much-loved teacher. [6] At the Downs, in June 1933, he experienced what he later described as a "Vision of Agape ," when, while sitting with three fellow-teachers at the school, he suddenly found that he loved them for themselves, that their existence had infinite value for him; this experience, he said, later influenced his decision to return to the Anglican Church in 1940. [18]
During these years, Auden's erotic interests focused, as he later said, on an idealized "Alter Ego" [19] rather than on individual persons. His relations (and his unsuccessful courtships) tended to be unequal either in age or intelligence; his sexual relations were transient, although some evolved into long friendships. He contrasted these relations with what he later regarded as the "marriage" (his word) of equals that he began with Chester Kallman in 1939 (see below), based on the unique individuality of both partners. [20]
File:NightMailCrewe.jpg
From 1935 until he left Britain early in 1939, Auden worked as freelance reviewer, essayist, and lecturer, first with the G.P.O. Film Unit , a documentary film-making branch of the post office, headed by John Grierson . Through his work for the Film Unit in 1935 he met and collaborated with Benjamin Britten , with whom he also worked on plays, song cycles, and a libretto. Auden's plays in the 1930s were performed by the Group Theatre , in productions that he supervised to varying degrees. [8]
His work now reflected his belief that any good artist must be "more than a bit of a reporting journalist." [21] In 1936 he spent three months in Iceland, where he gathered material for a travel book Letters from Iceland (1937), written in collaboration with Louis MacNeice . In 1937 he went to Spain intending to drive an ambulance for the Republic in the Spanish Civil War , but was put to work broadcasting propaganda, a job he left in order to visit the front. His seven-week visit to Spain affected him deeply, and his social views grew more complex as he found political realities to be more ambiguous and troubling than he had imagined. [6] [20] Again attempting to combine reportage and art, he and Isherwood spent six months in 1938 visiting the Sino-Japanese War , working on their book Journey to a War (1939). On their way back to England they stayed briefly in New York and decided to move to the United States. Auden spent the autumn of 1938 partly in England, partly in Brussels . [6]
Many of his poems during the 1930s and afterward were inspired by unconsummated love, and in the 1950s he summarized his emotional life in a famous couplet: "If equal affection cannot be / Let the more loving one be me" ("The More Loving One"). He had a gift for friendship and, starting in the late 1930s, a strong wish for the stability of marriage; in a letter to his friend James Stern he called marriage "the only subject." [22] Throughout his life, he performed charitable acts, sometimes in public (as in his marriage of convenience to Erika Mann in 1935 that gave her a British passport with which to escape the Nazis [6] ), but, especially in later years, more often in private, and he was embarrassed if they were publicly revealed, as when his gift to his friend Dorothy Day for the Catholic Worker movement was reported on the front page of The New York Times in 1956. [23]
United States and Europe, 1939-1973
Edit
Chester Kallman and Auden. Courtesy Jewish Currents .
Auden and Isherwood sailed to New York in January 1939, entering on temporary visas. Their departure from Britain was later seen by many there as a betrayal and Auden's reputation suffered. [6] In April 1939 Isherwood moved to California , and he and Auden saw each other only intermittently in later years. Around this time, Auden met the poet Chester Kallman , who became his lover for the next two years (Auden described their relation as a "marriage" that began with a cross-country "honeymoon" journey). [24] In 1941 Kallman ended their sexual relations because he could not accept Auden's insistence on a mutual faithful relationship, but he and Auden remained companions for the rest of Auden's life, sharing houses and apartments from 1953 until Auden's death. Auden dedicated both editions of his collected poetry (1945/50 and 1966) to Isherwood and Kallman. [25]
File:Isherwood and Auden by Carl van Vechten, 1939.jpg
In 1940-41, Auden lived in a house in Brooklyn Heights which he shared with Carson McCullers , Benjamin Britten , and others, and which became a famous center of artistic life. [26] In 1940, he joined the Episcopal Church , returning to the Anglican Communion he had abandoned at thirteen. His reconversion was influenced partly by what he called the "sainthood" of Charles Williams , [27] whom he had met in 1937, partly by reading Søren Kierkegaard and Reinhold Niebuhr ; his existential , this-worldly Christianity became a central element in his life. [28]
After Britain declared war on Germany in September 1939 Auden told the British embassy in Washington that he would return to the UK if needed, but was told that, among those his age (32), only qualified personnel were needed. In 1941-1942 he taught English at the University of Michigan . He was called up to be drafted in the United States Army in August 1942, but was rejected on medical grounds. He had been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for 1942-43, but did not use it, choosing instead to teach at Swarthmore College in 1942-1945. [6]
In the summer of 1945, after the end of World War II in Europe, he was in Germany with the U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey , studying the effects of Allied bombing on German morale, an experience that affected his postwar work as his visit to Spain had affected him earlier. [25] On his return, he settled in Manhattan , working as a freelance writer, and as a lecturer at The New School for Social Research and a visiting professor at Bennington , Smith , and other American colleges. In 1946 he became a naturalized citizen of the US. [6] [8]
His theology in his later years evolved from a highly inward and psychologically oriented Protestantism in the early 1940s to a more Roman Catholic -oriented interest in the significance of the body and in collective ritual in the later 1940s and 1950s, and finally to the theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer which rejected "childish" conceptions of God for an adult religion that focused on the significance of human suffering. [25] [28]
Auden began summering in Europe in 1948, first in Ischia , Italy , where he rented a house, then, starting 1958, in Kirchstetten , Austria where he bought a farmhouse, and, he said, shed tears of joy at owning a home for the first time. [6]
In 1951, shortly before the two British spies Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean fled to the USSR , Burgess attempted to phone Auden to arrange a vacation visit to Ischia that he had earlier discussed with Auden; Auden never returned the call and had no further contact with either spy, but a media frenzy ensued in which his name was mistakenly associated with their escape. The frenzy was repeated when the MI5 documents on the incident were released in 2007. [29] [30]
In 1956-1961, Auden was Professor of Poetry at Oxford University where he was required to give three lectures each year. This fairly light workload allowed him to continue to winter in New York, where he now lived on St. Mark's Place , and to summer in Europe, spending only three weeks each year lecturing in Oxford. He now earned his income mostly by readings and lecture tours, and by writing for The New Yorker and other magazines. [8]
During his last years, his conversation became repetitive, to the disappointment of friends who had known him earlier as a witty and wide-ranging conversationalist. [6] [31] In 1972, he moved his winter home from New York to Oxford, where his old college, Christ Church, offered him a cottage, but he continued to summer in Austria. He died in Vienna in 1973 and was buried in Kirchstetten . [6]
Writing
Edit
His work is noted for its stylistic and technical achievements, its engagement with moral and political issues, and its variety of tone, form and content. [32] [33] The central themes of his poetry are love, politics and citizenship, religion and morals, and the relationship between unique human beings and the anonymous, impersonal world of nature.
Overview
Edit
Auden published about 400 poems, including seven long poems (two of them book-length). His poetry was encyclopedic in scope and method, ranging in style from obscure twentieth-century modernism to the lucid traditional forms such as ballads and limericks , from doggerel through haiku and villanelles to a "Christmas Oratorio" and a baroque eclogue in Anglo-Saxon meters. [34] The tone and content of his poems ranged from pop-song cliches to complex philosophical meditations, from the corns on his toes to atoms and stars, from contemporary crises to the evolution of society. [4] [20]
He also wrote more than four hundred essays and reviews about literature, history, politics, music, religion, and many other subjects. He collaborated on plays with Christopher Isherwood and on opera libretti with Chester Kallman , worked with a group of artists and filmmakers on documentary films in the 1930s and with the New York Pro Musica early music group in the 1950s and 1960s. About collaboration he wrote in 1964: "collaboration has brought me greater erotic joy . . . than any sexual relations I have had." [35]
Auden controversially rewrote or discarded some of his most famous poems when he prepared his later collected editions. He wrote that he rejected poems that he found "boring" or "dishonest" in the sense that they expressed views that he had never held but had used only because he felt they would be rhetorically effective. [36] His rejected poems include " Spain " and " September 1, 1939 ". His literary executor , Edward Mendelson , argues in his introduction to Auden's Selected Poems that Auden's practice reflected his sense of the persuasive power of poetry and his reluctance to misuse it. [37] (Selected Poems includes some poems that Auden rejected and early texts of poems that he revised.)
Early work, 1922-1939
Edit
Auden began writing poems at thirteen, mostly in the styles of 19th-century romantic poets, especially Wordsworth , and later poets with rural interests, especially Thomas Hardy . At eighteen he discovered T. S. Eliot and adopted an extreme version of Eliot's style. He found his own voice at twenty, when he wrote the first poem later included in his collected work, "From the very first coming down." [20] This and other poems of the late 1920s tended to be in a clipped, elusive style that alluded to, but did not directly state, their themes of loneliness and loss. Twenty of these poems appeared in his first book Poems (1928), a pamphlet hand-printed by Stephen Spender . [38]
In 1928 he wrote his first dramatic work, Paid on Both Sides , subtitled "A Charade," which combined style and content from the Icelandic sagas with jokes from English school life. This mixture of tragedy and farce, with a dream play-within-the-play, introduced the mixed styles and content of much of his later work. [34] This drama and thirty short poems appeared in his first published book Poems (1930, 2nd edition with seven poems replaced, 1933); the poems in the book were mostly lyrical and gnomic mediations on hoped-for or unconsummated love and on themes of personal, social, and seasonal renewal; among these poems were "It was Easter as I walked," "Doom is dark," "Sir, no man's enemy," and "This lunar beauty." [20]
A recurrent theme in these early poems is the effect of "family ghosts", Auden's term for the powerful, unseen psychological effects of preceding generations on any individual life (and the title of a poem). A parallel theme, present throughout his work, is the contrast between biological evolution (unchosen and involuntary) and the psychological evolution of cultures and individuals (voluntary and deliberate even in its subconscious aspects). [20] [34]
1931 to 1935
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Auden's next large-scale work was The Orators : An English Study (1932; revised editions, 1934, 1966), in verse and prose, largely about hero-worship in personal and political life. In his shorter poems, his style became more open and accessible, and the exuberant "Six Odes" in The Orators reflect his new interest in Robert Burns . [34] During the next few years, many of his poems took their form and style from traditional ballads and popular songs, and also from expansive classical forms like the Odes of Horace , which he seems to have discovered through the German poet Hölderlin . [20] Around this time his main influences were Dante , William Langland , and Alexander Pope . [39]
File:DanceOfDeathProgramme.jpg
During these years, much of his work expressed left-wing views, and he became widely known as a political poet, although his work was more politically ambivalent than many reviewers recognized. [20] He generally wrote about revolutionary change in terms of a "change of heart", a transformation of a society from a closed-off psychology of fear to an open psychology of love. [7] His verse drama The Dance of Death (1933) was a political extravaganza in the style of a theatrical revue, which Auden later called "a nihilistic leg-pull." [40] His next play The Dog Beneath the Skin (1935), written in collaboration with Isherwood, was similarly a quasi-Marxist updating of Gilbert and Sullivan in which the general idea of social transformation was more prominent than any specific political action or structure. [34] [20]
The Ascent of F6 (1937), another play written with Isherwood, was partly an anti-imperialist satire, partly (in the character of the self-destroying climber Michael Ransom) an examination of Auden's own motives in taking on a public role as a political poet. [20] This play included the first version of " Funeral Blues " ("Stop all the clocks"), written as a satiric eulogy for a politician; Auden later rewrote the poem as a "Cabaret Song" about lost love (written to be sung by the soprano Hedli Anderson for whom he wrote many lyrics in the 1930s). [41] In 1935, he worked briefly on documentary films with the G.P.O. Film Unit , writing his famous verse commentary for Night Mail and lyrics for other films that were among his attempts in the 1930s to create a widely-accessible, socially-conscious art. [34] [20] [41] ) (dedicated to Christopher Isherwood ).
1936 to 1939
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These tendencies in style and content culminate in his collection Look, Stranger! (1936; his British publisher chose the title, which Auden hated; Auden retitled the 1937 US edition On This Island ). [20] This book included political odes, love poems, comic songs, meditative lyrics, and a variety of intellectually intense but emotionally accessible verse. Among the poems included in the book, connected by themes of personal, social, and evolutionary change and of the possibilities and problems of personal love, were "Hearing of harvests", "Out on the lawn I lie in bed", "O what is that sound", "Look, stranger, on this island now" (later revised versions change "on" to "at"), and "Our hunting fathers." [34] [20]
Auden was now arguing that an artist should be a kind of journalist, and he put this view into practice in Letters from Iceland (1937) a travel book in prose and verse written with Louis MacNeice , which included his long social, literary, and autobiographical commentary "Letter to Lord Byron." [42] (dedicated to George Augustus Auden ). In 1937, after observing the Spanish Civil War he wrote a politically-engaged pamphlet poem Spain (1937); he later discarded it from his collected works. Journey to a War (1939) a travel book in prose and verse, was written with Isherwood after their visit to the Sino-Japanese War . [42] Auden's last collaboration with Isherwood was their third play, On the Frontier , an anti-war satire written in Broadway and West End styles. [8] [20]
Auden's themes in his shorter poems now included the fragility and transience of personal love ("Danse Macabre", "The Dream", "Lay your sleeping head"), a theme he treated with ironic wit in his "Four Cabaret Songs for Miss Hedli Anderson " (which included "O Tell Me the Truth About Love" and the revised version of " Funeral Blues "), and also the corrupting effect of public and official culture on individual lives ("Casino", "School Children", "Dover"). [34] [20] In 1938 he wrote a series of dark, ironic ballads about individual failure ("Miss Gee", "James Honeyman", "Victor"). All these appeared in his next book of verse, Another Time (1940), together with other famous poems such as "Dover", "As He Is", and " Musée des Beaux Arts " (all written before he moved to America in 1939), and "In Memory of W. B. Yeats", " The Unknown Citizen ", "Law Like Love", " September 1, 1939 ", and "In Memory of Sigmund Freud" (written in America). [34] The elegies for Yeats and Freud are partly statements of Auden's anti-heroic theme, in which great deeds are performed, not by unique geniuses whom others cannot hope to imitate, but by otherwise ordinary individuals who were "silly like us" (Yeats) or of whom it could be said "he wasn't clever at all" (Freud), and who became teachers of others, not awe-inspiring heroes. [20]
Middle period, 1940-1957
Edit
In 1940 Auden wrote a long philosophical poem "New Year Letter", which appeared with miscellaneous notes and other poems in The Double Man (1941). At the time of his return to the Anglican Communion he began writing abstract verse on theological themes, such as "Canzone" and "Kairos and Logos." Around 1942, as he became more comfortable with religious themes, his verse became more open and relaxed, and he increasingly used the syllabic verse he learned from the poetry of Marianne Moore . [25]
His recurring themes in this period included the artist's temptation to use other persons as material for his art rather than valuing them for themselves ("Prospero to Ariel") and the corresponding moral obligation to make and keep commitments while recognizing the temptation to break them ("In Sickness and Health"). [34] [25] From 1942 through 1947 he worked mostly on three long poems in dramatic form, each differing from the others in form and content: " For the Time Being : A Christmas Oratorio", " The Sea and the Mirror : A Commentary on Shakespeare's The Tempest" (both published in For the Time Being, 1944), and The Age of Anxiety : A Baroque Eclogue (published separately 1947). [25] The first two, with Auden's other new poems from 1940-1944, were included in his first collected edition, The Collected Poetry of W. H. Auden (1945), with most of his earlier poems, many in revised versions. [34]
1947 to 1957
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After completing The Age of Anxiety in 1946 he focused again on shorter poems, notably "A Walk After Dark," "The Love Feast", and "The Fall of Rome." [25] Many of these evoked the Italian village where he summered in 1948-57, and his next book, Nones (1951), had a Mediterranean atmosphere new to his work. A new theme was the "sacred importance" of the human body [43] in its ordinary aspect (breathing, sleeping, eating) and the continuity with nature that the body made possible (in contrast to the division between humanity and nature that he had emphasized in the 1930s); his poems on these themes included " In Praise of Limestone " and "Memorial for the City." [34] [25] In 1949 Auden and Kallman wrote the libretto for Igor Stravinsky 's opera The Rake's Progress , and later collaborated on two libretti for operas by Hans Werner Henze . [6] [44]
Auden's first separate prose book was The Enchafed Flood : The Romantic Iconography of the Sea (1950), based on a series of lectures on the image of the sea in romantic literature. [45] Between 1949 and 1954 he worked on a sequence of seven Good Friday poems, " Horae Canonicae ", an encyclopedic survey of geological, biological, cultural, and personal history, focused on the irreversible act of murder; the poem was also a study in cyclical and linear ideas of time. While writing this, he also wrote a sequence of seven poems about man's relation to nature, "Bucolics." Both sequences appeared in his next book, The Shield of Achilles (1955), with other short poems, including the book's title poem, "Fleet Visit", and "Epitaph for the Unknown Soldier." [34] [25]
Extending the themes of "Horae Canonicae", in 1955-56 he wrote a group of poems about "history," the term he used to mean the set of unique events made by human choices, as opposed to "nature," the set of involuntary events created by natural processes, statistics, and anonymous forces such as crowds. These poems included "T the Great", "The Maker", and the title poem of his next collection Homage to Clio (1960). [34] [25]
Later work, 1958-1973
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In the late 1950s Auden's style became less rhetorical while its range of styles increased. In 1958, having moved his summer home from Italy to Austria, he wrote "Good-bye to the Mezzogiorno"; other poems from this period include "Dichtung und Wahrheit: An Unwritten Poem", a prose poem about the relation between love and personal and poetic language, and the contrasting "Dame Kind", about the anonymous impersonal reproductive instinct. These and other poems, including his 1955-66 poems about history, appeared in Homage to Clio (1960). [34] [25]
His prose book The Dyer's Hand (1962) gathered many of the lectures he gave in Oxford as Professor of Poetry in 1956-61, together with revised versions of essays and notes written since the mid-1940s. [25]
While translating the haiku and other verse in Dag Hammarskjöld 's Markings, Auden began using haiku for many of his poems. [25] A sequence of fifteen poems about his house in Austria, "Thanksgiving for a Habitat", appeared in About the House (1965), with other poems that included his reflections on his lecture tours, "On the Circuit." [34] In the late 1960s he wrote some of his most vigorous poems, including "River Profile" and two poems that looked back over his life, "Prologue at Sixty" and "Forty Years On." All these appeared in City Without Walls (1969). His lifelong passion for Icelandic legend culminated in his verse translation of The Elder Edda (1969). [34] [25]
He was commissioned in 1963 to write lyrics for the Broadway musical Man of La Mancha , but the producer rejected them as insufficiently romantic. [44] In 1971 Secretary-General of the United Nations U Thant commissioned Auden to write the words, and Pablo Casals to compose the music, for a "Hymn to the United Nations", but the work had no official status. [46]
A Certain World : A Commonplace Book (1970) was a kind of self-portrait made up of favorite quotations with commentary, arranged in alphabetical order by subject. His last prose book was a selection of essays and reviews, Forewords and Afterwords (1973). [6] His last books of verse, Epistle to a Godson (1972) and the unfinished Thank You, Fog (published posthumously, 1974) include reflective poems about language ("Natural Linguistics") and about his own aging ("A New Year Greeting", "Talking to Myself", "A Lullaby" ["The din of work is subdued"]). His last completed poem, in haiku form, was "Archeology", about ritual and timelessness, two recurring themes in his later years. [25]
02:41
Lullaby. A poem by W.H. Auden. Performed by Beag Horn
Auden is commemorated by a memorial stone in Poets' Corner , Westminster Abbey , unveiled in 1974. [47] Auden's stature in modern literature has been disputed, with opinions ranging from that of Hugh MacDiarmid , who called him "a complete wash-out", to the obituarist in The Times (London), who wrote: "W.H. Auden, for long the enfant terrible of English poetry . . . emerges as its undisputed master." [48]
In his enfant terrible stage in the 1930s he was both praised and dismissed as a progressive and accessible voice, in contrast to the politically nostalgic and poetically obscure voice of T.S. Eliot . His departure for America in 1939 was hotly debated in Britain (once even in Parliament), with some critics treating it as a betrayal, and the role of influential young poet passed to Dylan Thomas , although defenders such as Geoffrey Grigson , in an introduction to a 1949 anthology of modern poetry, wrote that Auden "arches over all." His stature was suggested by book titles such as Auden and After by Francis Scarfe (1942) and The Auden Generation by Samuel Hynes (1972). [4]
In the U.S., starting in the late 1930s, the detached, ironic tone of Auden's regular stanzas set the style for a whole generation of poets; John Ashbery recalled that in the 1940s Auden "was the modern poet." [48] His manner was so pervasive in American poetry that the ecstatic style of the Beat Generation was partly a reaction against his influence. In the 1950s and 1960s, some writers (notably Philip Larkin and Randall Jarrell ) lamented that Auden's work had declined from its earlier promise. [48] [49]
By the time of Auden's death in 1973 he had attained the status of a respected elder statesman. The Encyclopaedia Britannica notes that "by the time of Eliot 's death in 1965 ... a convincing case could be made for the assertion that Auden was indeed Eliot's successor, as Eliot had inherited sole claim to supremacy when Yeats died in 1939." [50] With some exceptions, British critics tended to treat his early work as his best, while American critics tended to favor his middle and later work. Unlike other modern poets, his reputation did not decline after his death, and Joseph Brodsky wrote that his was "the greatest mind of the twentieth century." [33]
Auden's popularity and familiarity suddenly increased after his " Funeral Blues " ("Stop all the clocks") was read aloud in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994); subsequently, a pamphlet edition of ten of his poems, Tell Me the Truth About Love, sold more than 275,000 copies. After 11 September 2001, his poem " September 1, 1939 " was widely circulated and frequently broadcast. [48] Public readings and broadcast tributes in the UK and US in 2007 marked his centenary year. [51]
Publications
Poems. hand printed by Stephen Spender , 1928; London: Faber , 1930; New York: Random House , 1934
revised edition, Faber, 1960; revised (with foreword by Stephen Spender), Elliston Poetry Foundation of the University of Cincinnati, 1965.
The Orators: An English Study (includes prose). London: Faber, 1932
revised edition (with new foreword). New York: Random House, 1967.
Look, Stranger!. London: Faber, 1936
published in U.S. as On This Island. New York: Random House, 1937.
Letters from Iceland (with Louis MacNeice ). New York: Random House, 1937; revised edition, 1969.
Selected Poems. London: Faber, 1938.
Journey to a War (with Christopher Isherwood ). New York: Random House, 1939; revised edition, Faber, 1973.
Another Time. New York: Random House, 1940.
Some Poems. New York: Random House, 1940.
Three Songs for St. Cecilia's Day. privately printed, 1941.
The Double Man. New York: Random House, 1941
published in UK as New Year Letter. London: Faber, 1941.
For the Time Being. New York: Random House, 1944.
The Collected Poetry of W.H. Auden. New York: Random House, 1945.
Collected Shorter Poems, 1930-1944. New York: Random House, 1951.
The Shield of Achilles. New York: Random House, 1955.
The Old Man's Road. Voyages Press, 1956.
A Gobble Poem ("snatched from the notebooks of W. H. Auden and now believed to be in the Morgan Library"). London: 1957.
Selected Poetry. New York: Modern Library, 1959; 2nd edition, New York: Vintage, 1971.
Homage to Clio. New York: Random House, 1960.
W. Auden, A Selection (with critical essay by Richard Hoggart). London: Hutchinson, 1961.
The Common Life (written in German; translated by Dieter Leisegang). Blaeschke, 1964.
The Cave of the Making (written in German; translated by Dieter Leisegang). Blaeschke, 1965.
Half-Way (limited edition). Lowell-Adams House Printers, 1965.
About the House. New York: Random House, 1965.
The Platonic Blow. New York: 1965.
Collected Shorter Poems, 1927-57. London: Faber, 1966; New York: Random House, 1967.
Portraits. Apiary Press, 1966.
A Selection by the Author. London: Faber, 1967.
Selected Poems. London: Faber, 1968
revised edition, New York: Random House, 1979.
Two Songs. Phoenix Book Shop, 1968.
Collected Longer Poems. London: Faber, 1968; New York: Random House, 1969.
City without Walls, and many other poems. New York: Random House, 1969.
Academic Graffiti. London: Faber, 1971; New York: Random House, 1972.
Selected Poems (with Leif Sjöberg). Pantheon, 1972.
Epistle to a Godson, and other poems. New York: Random House, 1972.
Poems and Lithographs (edited by John Russell). London: British Museum, 1974.
Poems (lithographs by Henry Moore, edited by Vera Lindsay). Petersburg Press, 1974.
Thank You Fog: Last poems. New York: Random House, 1974.
Collected Poems (edited by Edward Mendelson). New York: Random House, 1976.
Sue. Sycamore Press, 1977.
"The Map of All My Youth:" Early Works, friends, and influences (edited by Katherine Bucknell and Nicholas Jenkins). Oxford University Press, 1990.
Juvenilia: Poems, 1922-1928 (edited by Katherine Bucknell). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
Tell Me the Truth about Love: Ten poems. London: Faber, 1994; New York: Vintage, 1994
enlarged a Tell Me the Truth about Love: Fifteen poems. London: Faber, 1998. [52]
Plays
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The Dance of Death (produced in London, 1934; produced in New York City, 1935; produced in Poughkeepsie, NY, as Come out into the Sun, 1935). London: Faber, 1933; 2nd edition, 1935.
The Dog beneath the Skin; or, Where is Francis? (with Christopher Isherwood )(produced in London, 1936; revised version produced in New York, 1947). London: Faber, 1935; New York: Random House, 1968.
The Ascent of F6: A tragedy in two acts (produced in London, 1931; produced in New York, 1939), London: Faber, 1936; 2nd edition, 1957
published in U.S. as The Ascent of F6. New York: Random House, 1937; 2nd edition, 1956.
Ernst Toller, No More Peace! A Thoughtful Comedy (adapted, with Edward Crankshaw) (produced in London, England, 1936; produced in New York, 1937). New York: Farrar Rinehart, 1937.
On the Frontier: A melodrama in three acts (produced in London, 1939). New York: Random House, 1938.
The Age of Anxiety: A baroque eclogue (performed Off-Broadway at the Attic Theatre, March 18, 1954). New York: Random House, 1947.
Two Great Plays (with Christopher Isherwood; contains The Dog beneath the Skin & The Ascent of F6). New York: Random House, 1959.
Plays, and other dramatic writings by W.H. Auden, 1928-1938 (With Christopher Isherwood; edited by Edward Mendelson). London: Faber, 1989.
Also author of documentary screenplays in verse, including Night Mail 1936, Coal-Face 1936, & The Londoners 1938; author of radio plays, including Hadrian's Wall 1937, The Dark Valley 1940, and The Rocking-Horse Winner (adapted from the short story by D. H. Lawrence).
Non-fiction
Education, Today, and Tomorrow (With T. C. Worley). London: Hogarth , 1939.
Address on Henry James (booklet) New York: 1947.
The Enchafed Flood; or, The romantic iconography of the sea, New York: Random House, 1950.
Making, Knowing, and Judging. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1956.
The Dyer's Hand, and other essays. New York: Random House, 1962.
Louis MacNeice (memorial address). London: Faber, 1963.
Shakespeare: Fünf Augsaetze. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: 1964.
Selected Essays. London: Faber, 1964.
Secondary Worlds (T. S. Eliot Memorial Lectures at University of Kent, 1967). London: Faber, 1968; New York: Random House, 1969.
A Certain World: A Commonplace Book (annotated personal anthology). New York: Viking, 1970.
Forewords and Afterwords (edited by Edward Mendelson). New York: Random House, 1973.
Lectures on Shakespeare (edited by Arthur Kirsch). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Translated
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Adam Mickiewicz, 1798-1855: Selected Poems (with others). Noonday Press, 1956.
Jean Cocteau, "The Knights of the Round Table", 1957; published in The Infernal Machine, and Other Plays. New York: New Directions , 1973.
Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill, The Seven Deadly Sins (ballet cantata) (with Chester Kallman), (performed at New York City Center, 1959).
Bertolt Brecht, The Caucasian Chalk Circle, published in Bertolt Brecht Plays, Volume I. London: Methuen, 1960.
St. John Perse (pseudonym of Alexis Saint-Leger Leger) On Poetry. Pantheon, 1961; also published in Two Addresses, 1966.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Italian Journey (with Elizabeth Mayer). Pantheon, 1962.
Dag Hammarskjoeld, Markings (With Leif Sjöberg, and author of foreword). New York: Knopf , 1964.
St. John Perse, Two Addresses. Pantheon, 1966.
Andrei Voznesenski, Antiworlds (with others, and author of foreword). Basic Books, 1966,
bilingual enlarged edition published as Antiworlds, and the Fifth Ace, 1967.
Voeluspa: The Song of the Sybil (with Paul Beekman Taylor). Windhover Press, 1968.
Edda Saemundar, The Elder Edda: A Selection. New York: Random House, 1969.
St. John Perse, Collected Poems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, The Sorrows of Young Werther. New York: Random House, 1971.
Gunnar Ekelöf, Selected Poems (with Leif Sjöberg). Pantheon, 1972.
Paer Lagerkvist, Evening Land (with Leif Sjöberg). Wayne State University Press , 1975.
Bertolt Brecht, The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (with Chester Kallman). Godine , 1976.
Norse Poems (with Paul B. Taylor). Athlone Press, 1981.
Edited
Oxford Poetry, 1926 (edited with Charles Plumb). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1926.
Oxford Poetry, 1927 (edited with C. Day Lewis ). Appleton, 1927.
The Poet's Tongue (edited with John Garrett).London: George Bell , 1935.
Mechanics (edited with Arthur Elton). Longmans, Green, 1936.
Oxford Book of Light Verse. Oxford University Press, 1938.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson , A Selection of the Poems of Alfred Lord Tennyson. New York: Doubleday, 1944
published in UK as Tennyson: An introduction and a selection. London: Phoenix House, 1946.
Henry James, American Scene. New York: Scribner , 1946.
John Betjeman , Slick but Not Streamlined. New York: Doubleday, 1947.
The Portable Greek Reader. New York: Viking, 1948.
Edgar Allan Poe , Selected Prose and Poetry. Rinehart, 1950
revised edition, 1957.
Poets of the English Language (edited with Norman Holmes Pearson). Volume 1: Medieval and Renaissance Poets: Langland to Spenser, Volume 2: Elizabethan and Jacobean Poets: Marlowe to Marvell, Volume 3: Restoration and Augustan Poets: Milton to Goldsmith, Volume 4: Romantic Poets: Blake to Poe, Volume 5: Victorian and Edwardian Poets: Tennyson to Yeats. Viking, 1950; Penguin, 1977,
The Living Thoughts of Kierkegaard. McKay, 1952
published in UK as Kierkegaard. London: Cassell, 1955.
Riverside Poetry 1953: Poems by Students in Colleges and Universities in New York City (edited with Marianne Moore and Karl Shapiro ). Association Press, 1953.
An Elizabethan Song Book: Lute Songs, madrigals, and rounds (edited with Chester Kallman and Noah Greenberg). New York:Doubleday, 1956
also published as An Anthology of Elizabethan Lute Songs, Madrigals, and Rounds. Norton, 1970.
Selected Writings of Sydney Smith. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1956.
The Criterion Book of Modern American Verse. Criterion, 1956
published in UK as The Faber Book of Modern American Verse. London: Faber, 1956.
Van Gogh: A Self Portrait (selected letters). New York Graphic Society, 1961.
Joseph Jacobs, The Pied Piper, and other fairy tales. Macmillan, 1963.
The Viking Book of Aphorisms (edited with Louis Kronenberger).new York: Viking, 1963
published as The Faber Book of Aphorisms. London: Faber, 1964.
Walter de la Mare , A Choice of de la Mare's Verse. London: Faber, 1963.
Louis MacNeice, Selected Poems. London: Faber, 1964.
Nineteenth-Century British Minor Poets. Delacorte, 1966
published in UK as Nineteenth-Century Minor Poets.London: Faber, 1967.
To Nevill Cognill from Friends (edited with John Lawlor). London: Faber, 1966.
Lord Byron , Selected Poetry and Prose of George Gordon, Lord Byron. New York:, New American Library, 1966.
Louis MacNeice, Persons from Porlock, and ther plays for radio. BBC Productions, 1969.
G.K. Chesterton , A Selection from His Non-Fictional Prose. London: Faber, 1970.
George Herbert, Penguin, 1973.
Thomas Campion , Selected Songs of Thomas Campion. Godine, 1973.
Also editor and author of forewords of Yale Series of Younger Poets series, 1947-59. Coeditor of "The Looking Glass Library" series of children's books.
Collected editions
Mendelson, Edward (1981). Early Auden. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-28712-1 .
Mendelson, Edward (1999). Later Auden. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-18408-9 .
Osborne, Charles (1979). W.H. Auden: The Life of a Poet. London: Eyre Methuen. ISBN 978-0-87131-788-9
Smith, Stan, ed. (2005). The Cambridge Companion to W H. Auden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82962-3 .
Spears, Monroe K. (1963). The Poetry of W.H. Auden: The Disenchanted Island. New York: Oxford University Press.
Spender, Stephen , ed. (1975). W.H. Auden: A Tribute. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-76884-0 .
Wright, George T. (1969; rev. ed. 1981). W.H. Auden. Boston: Twayne. ISBN 0-8057-7346-0 .
Special topics
Haffenden, John , ed. (1983). W. H. Auden: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-9350-0 . Selected reviews of Auden's books and plays.
Kirsch, Arthur (2005). Auden and Christianity. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10814-1 .
Mitchell, Donald (1981), Britten and Auden in the Thirties: the year 1936. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-11715-5 .
Myers, Alan, and Robert Forsythe (1999), W. H. Auden: Pennine Poet . Nenthead: North Pennines Heritage Trust. ISBN 0-9513535-7-8 . Pamphlet with map and gazetteer.
Auden Studies series
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Auden, W. H.; ed. by Katherine Bucknell and Nicholas Jenkins (1990) "The Map of All My Youth": early works, friends and influences (Auden Studies 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-812964-5 .
Auden, W. H.; ed. by Katherine Bucknell and Nicholas Jenkins (1994). "The Language of Learning and the Language of Love": uncollected writings, new interpretations (Auden Studies 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-812257-8 .
Auden, W. H.; ed. by Katherine Bucknell and Nicholas Jenkins (1995). "In Solitude, For Company": W. H. Auden after 1940: unpublished prose and recent criticism (Auden Studies 3). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-818294-5 .
Notes
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Single & music video: "Lights Out", (March 23, 2003). See more »
Publicity Listings:
1 Biographical Movie | 4 Portrayals | 2 Interviews | 12 Articles | 2 Pictorials | 2 Magazine Cover Photos | See more »
Official Sites:
Lisa Presley | Lisa Marie Presley-Jackson
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Did You Know?
Personal Quote:
I don't deal well with admiration if it's for something I haven't done other than exist. See more »
Trivia:
Gave birth to fraternal twin daughters on Tuesday, October 7, 2008. The twins, named Harper Vivienne Ann Lockwood, weighed 5 pounds and 2 ounces, and Finley Aaron Love Lockwood, weighed 5 pounds and 15 ounces. See more »
Nickname:
| Nicolas Cage |
Which former footballer and manager co-wrote the UK television series ‘Hazell’? | Lisa Marie Presley - Biography - IMDb
Lisa Marie Presley
Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (4) | Trivia (30) | Personal Quotes (9)
Overview (3)
The Princess of Rock 'n' Roll
Height
5' 3" (1.6 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Lisa Marie Presley was born on February 1, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. She has been married to Michael Lockwood since January 22, 2006. They have two children. She was previously married to Nicolas Cage , Michael Jackson and Danny Keough.
Spouse (4)
Daughter, Riley Keough , born on May 29,1989.
Son, Benjamin Keough , born on October 21, 1992.
In an intimate oceanside ceremony on the big island of Hawaii, she married actor Nicolas Cage on Saturday, August 10th, 2002 at 6:30 pm. The wedding was attended by close friends and family including her mother, Priscilla Presley .
Released her debut album on April 8, 2003, on Capitol Records. It was titled "To Whom it May Concern" and contains 11 tracks (some co-written with Smashing Pumpkins and Billy Corgan front-man, Billy Corgan . The first single and video was for the song, "Lights Out".
On her 10th birthday, Lisa Marie's mother took her to visit her crush, John Travolta . They became good friends.
She inherited the Presley lip curl from her father.
Lisa Marie was born exactly nine months to the day, after her parents married.
Her first husband, Danny Keough, with whom she become a mother, is a musician.
Former stepmother of Nicolas Cage 's son, Weston Cage .
She calls her daughter Danielle by her middle name which is Riley.
While in her late teens/early twenties, she was managed by Jerry Schilling , the only member of Elvis's "Memphis Mafia" to have become successful in the showbiz industry after Elvis's death. She was offered something with Vanilla Ice , which she turned down immediately.
Despite being divorced from him, Lisa Marie has often described Danny Keough as her best friend. She is also on good-terms with Nicolas Cage .
Married musician/producer Michael Lockwood on Sunday, January 22nd, 2006 in a traditional Japanese ceremony in Kyota, Japan. Her mother, Priscilla Presley , walked her down the aisle. The best man was her first and ex-husband, Danny Keough. Her daughter, Riley Keough , was the maid of honor and her son, Benjamin Keough , was a groomsman.
She makes sure her US tours take place during the summer so that her son, daughter and even sometimes her half-brother Navarone can travel with her. The father of her children, Danny Keough, used to home-tutor Riley and Benjamin and "hold the fort back home" when she was promoting her first album, "To Whom It May Concern" in Europe and Japan.
Her children provided vocal support in the chorus on the track entitled "To Whom It May Concern" on her first album.
Her daughter Riley Keough has worked as a model since she was 14 years old
Good friends with shock rocker Marilyn Manson .
Former sister-in-law of Marc Coppola and Christopher Coppola .
Is pregnant by fourth husband Michael Lockwood and expecting twins due in the Fall of 2008. [March 2008]
Friends with singer Pink .
Gave birth to fraternal twin daughters on Tuesday, October 7, 2008. The twins, named Harper Vivienne Ann Lockwood, weighed 5 pounds and 2 ounces, and Finley Aaron Love Lockwood, weighed 5 pounds and 15 ounces.
Is good friends with former husband Michael Jackson 's sisters, Rebbie Jackson and Janet Jackson .
She has German, Norwegian, English, Scottish, Irish, along with some French, and remote Dutch and Danish, ancestry.
Claims to be a good vocal mimic, able to alter her speaking and singing voices to whatever octave desired; which leads to her singing voice sounding audibly different on various songs.
Performed her first live UK concert at Bush Hall, Sheperd's Bush in London on 4 October 2012 with Ed Harcourt as her supporting act. Her husband, Michael Lockwood , was playing in the band.
Former daughter-in-law of film executive and university educator August Coppola .
(June 13, 2016) Have filed for divorce from her 4th husband of 10 years Michael Lockwood .
Personal Quotes (9)
"It would be "come and meet me here" and when I turned up there would be press everywhere" - on the suggestion that Michael Jackson used their relationship for promotion.
I don't deal well with admiration if it's for something I haven't done other than exist.
[on her mentality after her father's death] Two words: lonely and deep. I was very lonely and way too deep for someone so young. My head was full of all these big, terrible questions. You know, what is life, what is death, why are we here? It affected me badly.
I'll say it loud and say it proud. I'm completely insane.
I'm trying to have my own thing, and I don't know if it's even possible. I didn't realize so many people actually think I'm trying to be like my dad. I read comments like 'She's no Elvis.' I'm not trying to be. I never set out to be.
I'm like a lion - I roar. If someone betrays me, I won't be a victim. I don't sulk, I get angry. I go immediately into retaliation. But it always comes from insecurity or pain.
[About Michael Jackson ] He was an amazing person and I am lucky to have gotten as close to him as I did and to have had the many experiences and years that we had together.
You want to know the best thing and the worst thing about me? I see things as they really are. People really bullshit themselves. I don't like any filter or rainbows or fluff. And sometimes it is a blessing. And sometimes it makes me the biggest fucking pain in the ass ever. Because people don't want to see that.
[on films made about her father Elvis Presley ] There can be a sort of cheesy take on him, which I don't always love sometimes - you know, the later years and that whole thing with his white jumpsuit. Now I'm probably over it. But I mean it was kind of running wild for a while. It was a little bit cringe-worthy.
See also
| i don't know |
Who is the patron saint of Winchester Cathedral in England? | Winchester Cathedral | cathedral, Winchester, Hampshire, United Kingdom | Britannica.com
Winchester Cathedral
cathedral, Winchester, Hampshire, United Kingdom
THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic.
Winchester Cathedral in Winchester, Hampshire, England. The patron saint of the cathedral is St. Swithin, who became bishop of Winchester in 862.
© Richard Melichar/Shutterstock.com
Ceiling vaults in Winchester Cathedral, Winchester, Hampshire, England.
Katherine Young/EB Inc.
The west front of the cathedral at Winchester, Eng.
Howard Moore/Woodmansterne
Learn about this topic in these articles:
in art conservation and restoration: Techniques of building conservation
...building protects the ground underneath but not around; and, with every downpour, a wall on saturated clay may vary the lean of the building. Many ancient buildings had piled foundations—at Winchester, the cathedral was supported on oak piles, which rotted over the centuries. In order to underpin the structure, a diver worked for months in the waterlogged soil. Framed structures can...
in keyboard instrument: History of the organ to 1800
...by the 8th or 9th century it was being used in Christian churches, perhaps as a signal to call congregations to worship or in other nonliturgical roles. About 990 a famous organ in the cathedral at Winchester, Eng., was constructed, of which the monk Wulfstan left a famous but much garbled description. Literary accounts of early organs are often hyperbolic or metaphorical, but it appears from...
| Saint Swithun |
During which year was the ‘Red Card’ introduced in the game of football in England? | Winchester Cathedral in Winchester, England - Lonely Planet
Call 01962-857225
One of southern England's most awe-inspiring buildings, 11th-century Winchester Cathedral boasts a fine Gothic facade, one of the longest medieval naves in Europe (164m), and a fascinating jumble of features from all eras. Other highlights include the intricately carved medieval choir stalls, which sport everything from mythical beasts to a mischievous green man, Jane Austen's grave (near the entrance, in the northern aisle) and one of the UK's finest illuminated manuscripts. Excellent tours of the ground floor, crypt and tower can get busy – book ahead.
As the biggest, brightest and best surviving 12th-century English Bible, the dazzling, four-volume Winchester Bible has vivid illuminated pages. It was commissioned in 1160, possibly by the grandson of William the Conqueror. At time of writing, the Bible was being re-bound (with one volume still on display). It's then due to form the centrepiece of a new exhibition inside the cathedral that charts the story of how it was made. Check online for the latest.
Today's cathedral sits beside foundations that mark Winchester’s original 7th-century minster church. The cathedral was begun in 1070 and completed in 1093, and was subsequently entrusted with the bones of its patron saint, St Swithin (Bishop of Winchester from 852 to 862). He is best known for the proverb stating that if it rains on St Swithin's Day (15 July), it will rain for a further 40 days and 40 nights.
Soggy ground and poor construction spelled disaster for the early church. The original tower collapsed in 1107 and major restructuring continued until the mid-15th century. Look out for the monument at the far end of the building to diver William Walker; he saved the cathedral from collapse by delving repeatedly into its waterlogged underbelly from 1906 to 1912 to bolster rotting wooden foundations with vast quantities of concrete and brick.
Choral evensong (5.30pm Monday to Saturday, 3.30pm Sunday) is atmospheric; other Sunday services take place at 8am, 9.45am and 11am.
The highly informative, one-hour Cathedral Body Tours (10am to 3pm Monday to Saturday) and atmospheric Crypt Tours (10.30am, 12.30pm and 2.30pm Monday to Saturday) are included in the admission price for Winchester Cathedral. Tower and Roof Tours (2.15pm Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday, plus 11.30am Saturday, May to September) cost £6 and take you on to the roof for views as far as the Isle of Wight. These tours are popular – book well in advance.
On the Crypt Tour look out for Sound II, an enigmatic life-size depiction of a contemplative man by Anthony Gormley. The Tower and Roof Tour will see you clambering 213 steps up narrow stairwells, navigating an interior gallery high above the nave and visiting the bell chamber.
The cathedral's tree-fringed lawns make for tranquil spots to take time out, especially on the quieter south side beyond the cloisters; the permanent secondhand book stall in the Deanery Porch provides great bargain hunting.
| i don't know |
English singer David Bowie was born with which surname? | David Bowie - Biography - IMDb
David Bowie
Biography
Showing all 147 items
Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (2) | Trade Mark (10) | Trivia (62) | Personal Quotes (67)
Overview (5)
5' 10" (1.78 m)
Mini Bio (1)
David Bowie is widely regarded as one of the most influential writers of pop music. Born David Jones, he changed his name to Bowie in the 1960s, to avoid confusion with the then well-known Davy Jones (lead singer of The Monkees ).
The 1960s were not a happy period for Bowie, who remained a struggling artist, awaiting his breakthrough. He dabbled in many different styles of music (without commercial success), and other art forms such as acting, mime, painting, and playwriting. He finally achieved his commercial breakthrough in 1969 with the song "Space Oddity," which was released at the time of the moon landing. Despite the fact that the literal meaning of the lyrics relates to an astronaut who is lost in space, this song was used by the BBC in their coverage of the moon landing, and this helped it become such a success. The album, which followed "Space Oddity," and the two, which followed (one of which included the song "The Man Who Sold The World," covered by Lulu and Nirvana ) failed to produce another hit single, and Bowie's career appeared to be in decline. However, he made the first of many successful "comebacks" in 1972 with "Ziggy Stardust," a concept album about a space-age rock star. This album was followed by others in a similar vein, rock albums built around a central character and concerned with futuristic themes of Armageddon, gender dysfunction/confusion, as well as more contemporary themes such as the destructiveness of success and fame, and the dangers inherent in star worship. In the mid 1970s, Bowie was a heavy cocaine abuser and sometime heroin user.
In 1975, he changed tack. Musically, he released "Young Americans," a soul (or plastic soul as he later referred to it) album. This produced his first number one hit in the US, "Fame." He also appeared in his first major film, The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976). With his different-colored eyes and skeletal frame, he certainly looked the part of an alien. The following year, he released "Station to Station," containing some of the material he had written for the soundtrack to this film (which was not used). As his drug problem heightened, his behavior became more erratic. Reports of his insanity started to appear, and he continued to waste away physically. He fled back to Europe, finally settling in Berlin, where he changed musical direction again and recorded three of the most influential albums of all time, an electronic trilogy with Brian Eno "Low, Heroes and Lodger." Towards the end of the 1970s, he finally kicked his drug habit, and recorded the album many of his fans consider his best, the Japanese-influenced "Scary Monsters." Around this time, he played the Elephant Man on Broadway, to considerable acclaim.
The next few years saw something of a drop-off in his musical output as his acting career flourished, culminating in his acclaimed performance in Merry Christmas Mr. Lawrence (1983). In 1983, he recorded "Let's Dance," an album which proved an unexpected massive commercial success, and produced his second number 1 hit single in the US. The tour which followed, "Serious Moonlight," was his most successful ever. Faced with this success on a massive scale, Bowie apparently attempted to "repeat the formula" in the next two albums, with less success (and to critical scorn). Finally, in the late 1980s, he turned his back on commercial success and his solo career, forming the hard rock band, Tin Machine, who had a deliberate limited appeal. By now, his acting career was in decline. After the comparative failure of Labyrinth (1986), the movie industry appears to have decided that Bowie was not a sufficient name to be a lead actor in a major movie, and since that date, most of his roles have been cameos or glorified cameos. He himself also seems to have lost interest in movie acting. Tin Machine toured extensively and released two albums, with little critical or commercial success.
In 1992, Bowie again changed direction and re-launched his solo career with "Black Tie White Noise," a "wedding" album inspired by his recent marriage to Iman . He released three albums to considerable critical acclaim and reasonable commercial success. In 1995, he renewed his working relationship with Brian Eno to record "Outside." After an initial hostile reaction from the critics, this album has now taken its place with his classic albums.
In 2003, Bowie released an album entitled 'Reality.' The Reality Tour began in November 2003 and, after great commercial success, was extended into July 2004. In June 2004, Bowie suffered a heart attack and the tour did not finish it's scheduled run.
After recovering, Bowie did not release any new music, but did a little acting. In 2006, he played Tesla in The Prestige (2006) and had a small cameo in the series Extras (2005). In 2007, he did a cartoon voice in SpongeBob SquarePants (1999) playing Lord Royal Highness. He has not appeared in anything since 2008; however, after a ten year hiatus from recording, he released a new album called 'The Next Day.'
Bowie has influenced the course of popular music several times and influenced several generations of musicians. His promotional videos in the 1970s and 80s are regarded as ground-breaking, and as a live concert act, he is regarded as the most theatrical of them all.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Dara O'Kearney <[email protected]>
Spouse (2)
His distinctive and idiosyncratic singing style, wide ranging vocals and rich baritone
His one permanently dilated pupil that gives him the appearance of different colored eyes
Known for having a different theme on almost every album
Lyrics with science fiction or fantasy themes
His highly theatrical style and performances
His musical eclecticism and experimentation
Wearing sharp suits in the 1980s
The intellectual depth of his work
His marriage of music and visual art
Trivia (62)
His eyes were both blue. However, one pupil was permanently dilated due to an incident when he was punched by a school friend, George Underwood , when he was 15, and as a result, one eye looked darker than the other. Underwood became a successful artist and remained a friend of Bowie's for the rest of his life, including designing artwork for him.
In 1968 while he was still a struggling artist, Bowie wrote some English lyrics to a French song titled "Comme d'Habitude" ("As Usual"). His version, "Even a Fool Learns to Love", never did get recorded, but when the French melody caught the attention of Paul Anka , he reworked the lyrics and the song became "My Way". Of course, when Frank Sinatra recorded "My Way" his way, it turned to gold.
Bowie had one son in 1971 with his then-wife Angie Bowie , originally named Zowie - who later changed it to Joe and who is now known as Duncan Jones . Duncan was Bowie's best man at his 1992 wedding to Iman . He studied at a film school in London and became a successful writer and director.
(August 15, 2000) His daughter, with Iman , Alexandria Zahra Jones, was born.
Bowie was the first sexually ambiguous British pop star, declaring himself "gay" in 1972 (before contemporaries such as Freddie Mercury and Elton John made declarations that they were bisexual) and only five years since male homosexuality had been decriminalized in the UK. In a magazine interview, he stated that he met his first wife when they were in a relationship with the same man. Whether this was true or a joke has been the subject of much speculation. His appearance on Top of the Pops (1964) in 1972 with "Starman", when he put his arm around guitarist Mick Ronson , has been cited by many as a key moment for gay liberation in Britain and described by journalist Caitlin Moran as "the gay moon landing". In a 1983 interview with Rolling Stone, he stated that his bisexuality was really a sham. He claimed he made the story up to create more mystery about himself and defined himself as a "closet heterosexual". In later years he would neither confirm nor deny he had engaged in gay relationships, merely admitting (in a 2002 interview by Jonathan Ross ) that he'd been "incredibly promiscuous". Dancer Lindsay Kemp has often claimed in interviews that he slept with Bowie.
He was born and raised in London, England, of English parents. His father was originally from Yorkshire. His mother was from Kent and was of Irish ancestry. The Jones side of the family had roots in West Wales.
In his composition "Slip Away", on his album "Heathen", he makes cryptic references to The Uncle Floyd Show (1974), a program popular in the late 1970s and 1980s in the New York City area. Broadcast on a local television station, it featured two puppets, "Oogie" and "Bones Boy", mentioned in the song, as well as the host, "Uncle" Floyd Vivino .
He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 (by Madonna ) and the American Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2005.
He contributed the song "Everyone Says Hi" to the all-star War Child album "Hope", which assisted child victims of the war in Iraq, in 2003.
His 1972 album "The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars" came 8th in Classic Rock Magazine's list of the 30 greatest concept albums of all time. [March 2003]
He performed with (on separate occasions) Queen , Mick Jagger , Iggy Pop , Al B. Sure! , Tina Turner , Annie Lennox , 'Nine Inch Nails' and Bing Crosby .
Something that he and actor John Hurt had in common is that both men played the Elephant Man.
Bowie was consistently listed in later life as one of the wealthiest British music stars in the world. In November 1997, Business Age magazine reported his net worth as being over $900 million, surpassing even that of fellow British musician Paul McCartney , making him Britain's richest rock star. In 1999, Reuters placed his net worth at roughly $917 million. In 2003, the Sunday Express claimed his net worth was still in the $900 million (£510 million) range but that this placed him second to Paul McCartney . However, in 2005, the Sunday Times Rich List estimated his fortunes at roughly $185 million (£100 million). Following his death in 2016, his estate, which was mainly bequeathed to his widow and two children, was valued at $100 million (£70 million).
His song "Five Years" was covered by former Marillion singer Fish on his 1993 album "Songs from the Mirror", a collection of songs which reflected his musical influences. His song "Life on Mars" was covered by Marillion frontman Steve Hogarth and the H Band on the album "Live Spirit: Live Body" (released 2002).
Bowie cited Little Richard as his first musical influence, hearing him at the age of eight, and, according to producer Nile Rodgers , he was a key influence on his most commercially successful album, "Let's Dance". Bowie drew from a wide range of musical influences from his earliest days. In 2015, British music publication Mojo released a compilation album of 15 tracks by his earliest influences. It comprised of tracks by Little Richard , Chuck Berry , Bobby Bland , Ronnie Ross , Frank Sinatra , Jacques Brel , Lotte Lenya , Nina Simone , Nat 'King' Cole , Billy Fury , Anthony Newley , The Flares, Vince Taylor , The Yardbirds and The Pretty Things .
He declined the royal honor of Commander of the British Empire (CBE) in 2000, and turned down a knighthood in 2003.
He took the pseudonym "David Bowie" to keep himself from being confused with Davy Jones of The Monkees .
(June 25, 2004) He had an emergency angioplasty in Germany while on his current tour. The remainder of the tour was obviously cancelled.
Bowie was a big fan of The Velvet Underground . He later recorded with and produced the band's songwriter Lou Reed . He also frequently collaborated as a songwriter with Iggy Pop from The Stooges . Bowie, Reed and Pop are all considered to be among the most influential rock musicians of all time. Bowie included a version of "China Girl", which he had written with Pop in the 1970s (and had been recorded by Pop on his 1977 album "The Idiot"), on his 1983 album "Let's Dance" in order to help Pop financially. The song became one of Bowie's biggest international hits. Following Bowie's death, Pop described Bowie's friendship as "the light of my life".
He played 14 different instruments. The first instrument he learned was the saxophone at the age of 12 and performed it on several of his own songs. Although a talented rhythm guitarist (which included playing the famous riff of "Rebel Rebel"), Bowie found himself lacking in ability as a lead guitarist.
He was voted the 39th Greatest Artist in Rock 'n' Roll by Rolling Stone.
He turned down the role of Captain Hook in Hook (1991), which went to Dustin Hoffman .
He underwent triple heart bypass surgery following a heart attack. He also gave up his smoking habit of 50 cigarettes a day in the same year. [July 2004]
He was loosely the basis for the film Velvet Goldmine (1998).
He sang a duet with Kasper Eistrup on the album "No Balance Palace" by the Danish rock band Kashmir . [2005]
He was credited as himself in Zoolander (2001). He was the judge of the fashion "walk-off" between Owen Wilson and Ben Stiller .
He was the first major recording artist to release a song only on the Internet.
He is mentioned in "Life Is a Rock But the Radio Rolled Me", a 1974 international hit single by Reunion and "Monkey Business", a 1991 international hit single by heavy metal band Skid Row (the lyric "thinkin' Bowie's just a knife").
He was the son of Margaret Mary Jones .
He was the winner of the British Phonographic Industry Award for British Male Solo Artist in 1984 following the success of his multi-million selling album "Let's Dance". He was also the winner of the 1996 Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution. In 2014, Bowie became the oldest person to date to win the British Male Solo Artist award following the success of his comeback album "The Next Day". He was more than 40 years older than the other nominees.
He played Serbian/American scientist and inventor Nikola Tesla in The Prestige (2006).
Bowie revealed that he turned down a lucrative opportunity to record a theme song for a James Bond film because he didn't like the franchise. He was also originally approached to play Max Zorin in A View to a Kill (1985), but turned it down citing his lack of enthusiasm for the script. The role went to Christopher Walken instead. He was also considered for the role of The Joker in Batman (1989) and Max Shreck in Batman Returns (1992), but turned down the latter to appear in Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992).
He was ranked #12 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists and #7 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll.
Bowie considered "Tonight" (released in 1984) and "Never Let Me Down" (released in 1987) to be his weakest albums. Both albums were critically panned and led to Bowie forming the group Tin Machine in an attempt to shed his mainstream audience and reinvent himself as a creative force. Despite his low opinion of these albums, Bowie did later choose a song from each album ("Loving the Alien" from "Tonight" and "Time Will Crawl" from "Never Let Me Down") as among his fifteen favourite tracks from his own career for the 2008 compilation album "iSelect".
He resided in New York City from 1992 until his death.
He appeared in Bing Crosby 's last television show before his death, a Christmas special taped in London that aired after Crosby's death in December 1977. It is memorable for Crosby and Bowie singing a duet of "The Little Drummer Boy": Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas (1977).
He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on February 12, 1997.
Early in his career, Bowie was once snubbed by The Beatles ' Apple record label.
He had a fear of flying (Aviophobia).
He asked Stevie Ray Vaughan to play guitar on the album "Let's Dance" after seeing Double Trouble perform at the Montreux Jazz Festival.
He was a big influence on Peter Gabriel and Tony Banks of the progressive rock band Genesis , who both followed his career from the early days in the 1960s. Banks became a fan from buying a copy of his 1966 single "Can't Help Thinking About Me", which he loved for its unusual chords. His song "Heroes" was recorded by Gabriel on his album "Scratch My Back", released in 2010. It was a very different arrangement from Bowie's original, with Gabriel's voice accompanied only by orchestral instruments.
In 1969, he starred in a black-and-white Lyons Maid ice cream commercial directed by Ridley Scott . (The slogan was: "The pop ice cream. Nine pence.") In 1983, Bowie starred in The Hunger (1983) directed by Ridley's brother Tony Scott .
He went through a heroin addiction, which resulted in him blacking out and unable to account for his own behavior for much of the mid-1970s. His song "Ashes to Ashes" documents his struggles with drugs.
Bowie was one of the first artists to pay tribute to Freddie Mercury following his death in 1991 and performed at The Freddie Mercury Tribute: Concert for AIDS Awareness (1992). Bowie was also a friend of his glam rock contemporary Marc Bolan , whose funeral he attended in 1977. Elton John revealed in an interview with The Evening Standard following Bowie's death that he had been close to Bowie during their early careers, they had spent time together at music venues and gay clubs, but they had also fallen out back in the 1970s due to comments Bowie made about John to Rolling Stone magazine. He said they were never close again after that. Nevertheless, John performed a version of "Space Oddity" in a concert as a tribute to Bowie following his death.
He was awarded Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters by French culture minister Catherine Trautmann in 1999.
He was inducted into the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in June 2013.
He was the main inspiration for Tilda Swinton 's character in A Bigger Splash (2015), rock musician Marianne Lane. Swinton appeared next to Bowie on the music video for his song "The Stars (Are Out Tonight)".
Bob Geldof envisaged him as singing the first line on "Do They Know It's Christmas?" by Band Aid . However, Bowie was unavailable for the recording, so Paul Young sang it instead as it was felt he had the closest voice to Bowie of all the performers participating. Bowie did get to eventually sing the opening of the song at the Live Aid (1985) finale at Wembley Stadium.
He is mentioned in the lyrics of the theme tune for Only Fools and Horses.... (1981), one of the UK's most popular sitcoms of all time.
He met wife-to-be Iman in October 1990 through mutual hairstylist Teddy Antolin after Bowie had earlier 'discovered' the supermodel in the pages of a fashion magazine aboard a plane between tour gigs. David proposed to Iman under the Pont Neuf bridge on the River Seine while serenading her with the love song "April in Paris".
Known for his sense of style, Bowie has been described by director Geoff Wonfor as "one of only three people in music who really looked good in a suit. The others are Bryan Ferry and Robert Palmer ".
He tried to live as normal and inconspicuous a life as possible in New York in later years. He was also known to be a dedicated family man. In 2002 he said he could never come back to live in the UK because of the media intrusion which had developed there.
When Bowie was extremely young, perhaps between the ages of 2 to 4 years old, his parents enrolled him in what is called 'infant's school' in Britain. In the US it would be considered 'Nursery School' or 'Preschool'. His teachers said that during the music and dance parts of the days, Bowie astonished them with his grace and poise of movement. They said they had never witnessed a child so young able to move like that.
He died two days after his 69th birthday.
Bowie often said he was ''a collector'', and people close to him said he rarely threw anything away. He made remarks in his twenties that sounded megalomaniacal at the time, saying that he envisioned collecting everything he did in his life and organizing it all meticulously in archives. He wasn't kidding: he did make good on his intent. He saved all his handwritten lyrics, all his stage outfits once he retired them, paintings and art pieces he made, and everything else he valued that he created during his life's work, and had them stored under meticulous security in Switzerland, organized and archived as he said he would.
The BBC television dramas Life on Mars (2006) and Ashes to Ashes (2008) were named after two of his most famous songs.
Shortly after his passing, fans from Berlin, Germany, started a petition to change the name of the "Hauptstraße" in Berlin Schöneberg into "David-Bowie-Straße" (David Bowie Street). The reason behind it is that Bowie lived there from 1976 until 1978, a time that is considered for not only saving his career, but also for saving his life. During that time, he produced three of his most well-known albums, "Low", "Heroes" and "Lodger".
His video for "Ashes to Ashes" was 27th in Channel 4's countdown of The 100 Greatest Pop Videos (2005). The video featured Bowie fan Steve Strange , whose band Visage later covered Bowie's song "Loving the Alien" on their 2015 album "Demons to Diamonds".
The influential British singer-songwriter Paul Weller named one of his children "Bowie" after him. Weller has cited "Low" as "one of my favourite records".
Bowie's first four albums, "David Bowie" (1967), "David Bowie" (1969) (also subsequently titled "Space Oddity"), "The Man Who Sold the World" (1970) and "Hunky Dory" (1971), all failed to chart in the UK on their initial release. He first entered the album chart with "The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars" in 1972.
In 1971, Peter Noone (of Herman's Hermits fame) had his only solo UK chart hit with a cover of Bowie's song "Oh! You Pretty Things", which reached number 12. In 1974, Lulu had a number three single in the UK with her cover of his song "The Man Who Sold the World". Neither song was a hit for Bowie in the 1970s.
Music producer Nile Rodgers , the BBC's arts editor Will Gompertz and Professor Michael Spitzer, the Head of the Department of Music at the University of Liverpool, have all likened Bowie as a musician to the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso , who had a far-reaching and enduring impact on the art world in the 20th century similar to the impact Bowie had on popular music during his lifetime, which has earned Bowie the alliterative nickname "The Picasso of Pop". Gompertz said that Bowie was, like Picasso, "an innovative, visionary, restless artist who synthesised complex avant-garde concepts into beautifully coherent works that touched the hearts and minds of millions".
Personal Quotes (67)
[on whether he thinks he is a good actor] I took you in, didn't I? I rest my make-up case.
[during an interview about his new album in 1999] I have nothing to say about the new album. Can I go now?
Talking about art is like dancing about architecture.
I rate Morrissey as one of the best lyricists in Britain. For me, he's up there with Bryan Ferry .
[on receiving an honorary degree from Boston's Berklee College of Music] Any list of advice I have to offer to a musician always ends with, "If it itches, go and see a doctor.".
I know about Kylie [ Kylie Minogue ] and Robbie [ Robbie Williams ] and Pop Idol (2001) and stuff like that. You can't get away from that when you hit the [British] shore, so I know all about the cruise ship entertainment aspect of British pop.
I'm an instant star; just add water.
[from 1992] It would be my guess that Madonna is not a very happy woman. From my own experience, having gone through persona changes like that, that kind of clawing need to be the center of attention is not a pleasant place to be.
I always had a repulsive need to be something more than human.
I'm looking for backing for an unauthorized autobiography that I am writing. Hopefully, this will sell in such huge numbers that I will be able to sue myself for an extraordinary amount of money and finance the film version in which I will play everybody.
[in 1976 interview with Playboy] It's true - I am a bisexual. But I can't deny that I've used that fact very well. I suppose it's the best thing that ever happened to me. Fun, too.
You would think that a rock star being married to a supermodel would be one of the greatest things in the world. It is.
[on his biggest worldwide hit song, "Let's Dance"] I don't know how many times someone has come up to me and said, "hey, let's dance!" I hate dancing. God, it's stupid.
I reinvented my image so many times that I'm in denial that I was originally an overweight Korean woman.
[on being 50] Fab. But, you know, I don't feel fifty. I feel not a day over forty-nine. It's incredible. I'm bouncy, I feel bouncy.
I once asked [ John Lennon ] what he thought of what I do. He said, "it's great, but its just rock and roll with lipstick on".
I gave up smoking six months before I had the heart attack - so that was worth it, wasn't it! I started to give up when my daughter was born because I wouldn't smoke in the house with her there so I had to go outside. It's bloody cold in winter in New York, so I just quit.
[on Syd Barrett ] The few times I saw him perform in London at UFO and the Marquee clubs during the '60s will forever be etched in my mind. He was so charismatic and such a startlingly original songwriter. Also, along with Anthony Newley , he was the first guy I'd heard to sing pop or rock with a British accent. His impact on my thinking was enormous. A major regret is that I never got to know him. A diamond indeed.
[on his pop sound during the 1980s] There was a period when I was performing in front of these huge stadium crowds at that time and I'm thinking: "What are these people doing here? Why have they come to see me? They should be seeing Phil Collins ." They were definitely Phil Collins type audiences, you know? And then, that came back at me and I thought: "What am I doing here? I should be playing to people who don't look like they've come to see Phil Collins ." That's what I'd been used to up until that point. I don't know the guy. There's a certain kind of mainstream field that I'm not comfortable in. I'm just not comfortable in it.
[from 1983] I get offered so many bad movies. And they're all raging queens or transvestites or Martians.
[in 2002] I had no problem with people knowing I was bisexual. But I had no inclination to hold any banners or be a representative of any group of people. I knew what I wanted to be, which was a songwriter and a performer, and I felt that bisexuality became my headline over here for so long. America is a very puritanical place, and I think it stood in the way of so much I wanted to do.
[on Elvis Presley ] I saw a cousin of mine when I was young. She was dancing to "Hound Dog" and I had never seen her get up and be moved so much by anything. It really impressed me, the power of the music. I started getting records immediately after that.
[ Sigmund Freud ] would have a heyday with me.
The whole animal of rock keeps changing itself so fast and so furiously that you just can't plan ahead.
Rock has always been the devil's music.
The only thing I ever got out of fame was a better table in a restaurant. And for that I gave up being able to relate to people.
I think Mick Jagger would be astounded and amazed if he realized to many people he is not a sex symbol, but a mother image.
I like crazy art and, most of the time, out-there music. Rather than having a hit song these days, I like the idea that I'm in there changing the plan of what society and culture look like, sound like. I did change things; I knew I would. It feels great, and very rewarding.
"Hunky Dory" gave me a fabulous groundswell. I guess it provided me, for the first time in my life, with an actual audience - I mean, people actually coming up to me and saying,"'Good album, good songs.". That hadn't happened to me before. It was like, "Ah, I'm getting it, I'm finding my feet. I'm starting to communicate what I want to do. Now: what is it I want to do?" There was always a double whammy there.
[speaking in 2002] Of the 26 albums I've made I think there were two when I really wasn't involved and that was "Tonight" and "Never Let Me Down", the two follow-ups to "Let's Dance". That period was my Phil Collins years.
[speaking in 2002] It seems to be traditional now that every album since "Black Tie White Noise" is the best album I've put out since "Scary Monsters".
[on the song "Dance Magic" from Labyrinth (1986)] In a recording studio, a baby I'd picked from one of the backup singers . . . couldn't put two gurgles together. And it wouldn't work for me, it wouldn't go, I kicked it, I did everything to make it scream but it wouldn't, it really buttoned its lips so I ended up doing the gurgles, so I'm the baby on that track as well. I thought "What the hell? I've done "Laughing Gnome", I might as well go all the way with that.". I never thought in 20 years I'd come back to working with gnomes.
[on Freddie Mercury ] Of all the more theatrical rock performers, Freddie took it further than the rest. He took it over the edge. And of course, I always admired a man who wears tights. I only saw him in concert once and as they say, he was definitely a man who could hold an audience in the palm of his hand.
[in 1972] Sometimes I don't feel as if I'm a person at all. I'm just a collection of other people's ideas.
[in 1980] I have a lot of reservations about what I've done, inasmuch as I don't feel much of it has any import at all.
[in 1975] I like fast drugs. I hate anything that slows me down.
[on declining the royal honor of Commander of the British Empire in 2000, and turning down a knighthood in 2003] I would never have any intention of accepting anything like that. I seriously don't know what it's for. It's not what I spent my life working for.
[in 1973] Offstage, I'm a robot. Onstage, I achieve emotion. It's probably why I prefer dressing up as Ziggy to being David.
The lowest point in my life was in 1975, when I was 28, living in Los Angeles. I really did think that my thoughts about not making 30 would come true. Drugs had taken my life away from me. I felt as though I would probably die and it was going to be all over. My assistant, Coco, got me out of it. Thanks to her, I got myself out of America to Berlin. Best advice, which I wish I had known at 18? Don't do drugs.
[on Annie Lennox ] Most exquisite. Absolutely fabulous.
| Jones |
Which disease acquired its name in 1976 when an outbreak of pneumonia occurred among people attending a convention of the American Legion in Philadelphia? | David Bowie - Music on Google Play
David Bowie
About the artist
David Robert Jones, known professionally as David Bowie, was an English singer, songwriter and actor. He was a figure in popular music for over five decades, regarded by critics and musicians as an innovator, particularly for his work in the 1970s. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, his music and stagecraft significantly influencing popular music. During his lifetime, his record sales, estimated at 140 million worldwide, made him one of the world's best-selling music artists. In the UK, he was awarded nine platinum album certifications, eleven gold and eight silver, releasing eleven number-one albums. In the US, he received five platinum and seven gold certifications. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996.
Born in Brixton, South London, Bowie developed an interest in music as a child, eventually studying art, music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963. "Space Oddity" became his first top-five entry on the UK Singles Chart after its release in July 1969. After a period of experimentation, he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with his flamboyant and androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust.
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Earthling is the twentieth studio album by David Bowie, released in February 1997, by Virgin Records, later reissued on BMG Rights Management. The album showcases an electronica-influenced sound pa...
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| i don't know |
Which African country is known as the ‘Great Red Island’? | 10 African islands for every traveler | CNN Travel
This huge landmass is splattered with sand-fringed isles, from country-sized behemoths to single-shack atolls.
1. For wildlife enthusiasts: Madagascar
A peek into the wild.
Eighty percent of the animals on this island are found nowhere else on earth.
There are more than 70 species of lemur, from the ring-tailed lemur to the black-and-white Indri lemur.
It looks like a child in a panda suit, and wails like a siren.
Then there’s the fossa, one of eight species of carnivores on Madagascar, which can climb forwards down vertical tree trunks, and the aye-aye -- a creature so ridiculous European taxidermists thought it was a joke when they saw the first specimen. It has the ears of a bat, the tail of a fox and the teeth of a rat.
2. For photographers: Zanzibar, Tanzania
Perfect sky. Perfect light. Perfect smiles.
Many people travel to laid-back Zanzibar to lounge about under palm trees or to blink in awe through goggles at the coral reefs. But it’s most irresistible call goes out to photographers.
Historic Stone Town is an intricate weave of narrow roads and alleys, ornate balconies, tumbling plants and Arabic-style houses.
The lively markets and street stalls are a treat too, and you’ll not be short of inspiration along Kenyatta Road and Gizenga Street.
Some of the world's most beautiful beach shots can be captured on the east coast of the island.
4. For bird lovers: Bird Island, Seychelles
Nothing Hitchcockian about these birds.
The noise on Bird Island will almost certainly keep you awake, but don't blame disco-dancing night owls. It’s the sea birds. Thousands of them.
From April to October every year more than a million terns, mostly sooty terns, nest on the flat, sandy coral land that is one of Seychelles’ most northern islands.
Noddy terns, tropic birds, white terns and greater crested terns are all unfazed by human contact, many times allowing visitors to kneel next to them and capture their feathery details with a point-and-shoot camera.
Bird Island is also an important nesting site for turtles, and the snorkeling and sea kayaking is good too.
5. For botanists: São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
Trees that offer shade and solitude.
Tucked under the bulge of Africa just 290 kilometers west of Gabon is the tiny island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe, where life unfolds at a delightfully mellow pace.
These islands are a haven for plant enthusiasts: about 28 percent of the country is forest, of which 44 percent is primary rain forest. They’re also home to more than 150 types of tree ferns and at least 129 orchid species.
There are more than 130 species of plants and 28 species of birds that you won’t find anywhere else.
It's also worth trying some of the local chocolate -- at the start of the 20th century, São Tomé was one of the largest producers of cocoa in the world.
6. For culture vultures: Lamu, Kenya
A door to culture.The old town of Lamu Island is said to be the oldest and the best preserved Swahili settlement in East Africa, where the Muslim call to prayer wafts through narrow winding alleys, past elaborate merchant houses and donkey carts and around an old port town almost as it did back in the eighth century.
Some 260 kilometers north of Mombasa, the UNESCO World Heritage Site can be divided into two sections, north and south.
Shela in the north is a quiet seaside village and the old town of Lamu is in the south -- visitors can get between the two with a 45-minute walk or a boat ride.
7. For surfers: Sal, Cape Verde
Show off your best moves at Sal.
The Cape Verdes, 570 kilometers off Senegal on the west coast of Africa, are a great destination for water-sport enthusiasts, particularly during the trade winds season in winter.
Sal is the most touristy of Cape Verde’s 10 islands, but Santa Maria bay is the best place on Sal to wax up –--there are no rocks, there’s a long run and it's a great beach for beginners and seasoned pros.
There are a few surf schools and places to rent boards and windsurfers too.
8. For safari lovers: Chief’s Island, Botswana
The models of the savannah.
One of the largest of Okavango Delta’s islands (it’s nearly 1,000 square kilometers), the fertile plains of Chief’s Island offers phenomenal game viewing opportunities.
Large herds of elephant, zebra, wildebeest, red lechwe and impala congregate here, and crocodiles and hippos wallow in the water of the delta.
The land is higher than the rest of the delta and doesn’t flood, so when the waters start to rise, Chief’s Island, once the hunting ground of Chief Moremi but now a protected area, becomes a haven for wildlife.
9. For history buffs: Île de Gorée, Senegal
Slave history captured.
Just 900 meters long and 350 meters wide, Île de Gorée, two kilometers east of the main harbor of Dakar, has become a well-known destination for people interested in the history of the slave trade.
While it’s unlikely that many slaves were processed or transported from this pretty, bougainvillea-clad island, it's on Île de Gorée that you’ll find the House of Slaves, a museum dedicated to the Atlantic slave trade.
Built by the Dutch in 1776, the small building used to hold up to 200 slaves for three months before they were shipped off to the Americas.
10. For honeymooners: Mumbo Island, Malawi
You could stop to look into the water, but you may miss your flight home.
It’s hard to beat Mumbo Island for romance.
The tiny island (just one kilometer in diameter) has never been populated, and Mumbo Island Camp can accommodate only 14 guests in its very private tents, which you reach by crossing a wooden bridge from Mumbo’s main beach.
Visitors can spend the days swimming in Lake Malawi’s crystal waters, exploring hidden coves by kayak, diving or snorkeling around the massive boulders that surround the island, hiking relaxing on the beach or snoozing in the hammocks on your tent’s balcony.
| Madagascar |
Alana Hamilton, Penny Lancaster and Rachel Hunter have all been married to which British singer? | Africa | Travels
Travels
Africa
Africa
On March 5, 2013, I started a five-year adventure that take me across all 54 countries in Africa. Yes, even the crappy ones. The journey is called The Unseen Africa. To get updates on the voyage, subscribe to my newsletter , and don't worry, you can easily unsubscribe.
Visit every country in Africa.
Film it to make a documentary and TV show about it.
Write a book about Africa's unseen sides.
Get a tan.
What's your general travel plan?
Follow the red line on the MAP on the right (move your mouse over the map to zoom into a section). I started in Morocco. I've gone through West Africa. I'm now going through Central Africa until I reach South Africa. Then I'll travel up through East Africa, eventually traversing North Africa (making sure to hit all the countries in between).
The red line gives you a rough idea of our journey's path. It crosses all the countries in Africa. Realistically, I will make adjustments, so don't analyze the red line too carefully.
I expect my real journey to be far less efficient, with lots of backtracking and circuitous ways to a destination. For example, just because the red line doesn't go to East Angola doesn't mean we won't go there. The only promise is that I will try to visit every country. If I follow the red line, I'll do just that.
How will you document the journey?
Four ways:
Share photos on Facebook and tweet whenever possible.
Will you travel on foot everywhere?
No. Although I've backpacked 20,000 km (12,500 miles) in the mountains , Africa has two things that make it unattractive to walk across. First, it's mind-bogglingly big. Consider the following facts:
The island of Madagascar is bigger than California.
The combined territory of just three countries (Sudan, South Sudan, and Congo) is over half the size the USA, including Alaska.
The combined land of Algeria and Egypt are the same size as all of Western Europe combined (including France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Greece)!
In short, Africa is bigger than your backyard.
Second, Africa has vast flat areas. As I learned on El Camino Santiago , I don't like flat. To top it off, it is often murderously hot in much of Africa. Imagine walking 10,000 km in hot, dry, flat deserts. I can barely imagine it. No thanks.
I will climb peaks and trek through jungles as much as possible. I'd love to get to highest peak of every country. Although most are rather short, the logistics of getting to many of them will be a nightmare. Still, it is a great excuse to go to rarely seen places.
Will you have a vehicle?
Yes. In Spain, I bought a 4x4 truck. I put it on a ferry across the Strait of Gibraltar so that the journey can start in Morocco.
There are many downsides to having a car, including:
Worrying where to park it and what to leave in it.
Unable do a one-way trek - you always have to get back to the car.
Border crossings are more expensive - bribes, fees, insurance, and hassle increase dramatically.
You're in a bubble: when you take public transportation or hitchhike, you interact with the people, which is my biggest joy in traveling. A car isolates you from that.
Africa's road conditions are unforgiving, so maintaining the vehicle will be expensive.
A car encourages you to take too much crap.
On the other hand, the benefits more than offset the downsides:
You can break the "bubble problem" by picking up hitchhikers, thereby interacting with the locals. I've picked up over 1,000 African hitchhikers in the first 9 months.
Compared to African public transportation, you can cover at least 5 times more ground in the same time and get to places that are hard to access. Taxis and hitchhiking options are sometimes non-existent.
Sleeping options expand: you drive to remote locations to camp or find couchsurfing hosts that are not on the public transportation routes.
You can comfortably carry the heavy camera equipment that's necessary to shoot a TV show.
If it's too much of a headache, I can always sell it.
What is your rough schedule like?
2013: West Africa
2016: East Africa
2017: North Africa
As the map shows on the top of this page shows, I started in Morocco. I will go counter-clockwise around Africa and finish in Algeria. I will not leave the continent *even for a day) until 2017 (unless I get an offer I can't refuse).
How much time will you spend in each country?
I plan to spend, on average, five weeks in each country. That's not a lot of time, given that many of the countries are enormous. With 54 countries, that's about five years.
Why not skip some countries to spend more time in others? That's unacceptable to my goal of seeing all the countries of the world . Of course, I would love to spend more time exploring, but most people spend less than 2 weeks in one corner of Africa in their once-in-a-lifetime trip. I'm lucky that I can spend 4 years.
Also, one-month-per-country is an average. For example, I may only spend 3 days in Sierra Leone or Somalia, but spend 2 months in Morocco or South Africa.
What will slow you down?
If I find an idyllic spot, I will stay there for a couple of months to focus on my book and catch up on my digital life.
Won't you get robbed?
Yes, it's part of the budget. I plan to be robbed three times.
I'll look at the theft as a contribution to the African economy. The thief will spend the money he gets from me in Africa. That money will trickle into the economy when the thief buys anything. That money will help whoever provides that good or service to the thief. Seen in that light, getting ripped off in Africa won't feel so bad--it's a form of charity!
UPDATE: So far on the trip, I was burglarized once in Cape Verde. Lost about $2,500. My smartphone was pulled out of my pocket when I was tackled from behind in Accra, Ghana. In Cameroon, three people stole from me, but only one of those was violent, involving strangulation. So my prediction was pretty wrong.
Are you afraid?
A little. Some worry that I will be killed by some random guy, or get eaten by a lion, or die from a disease. Although I am pretty sure that I will be robbed and get sick at least once, what worries me the most is dying in a car accident. I've never been to Africa, but I know they drive like they have death wishes.
Also, thanks to Barack Obama's Kenyan background, no other region in the world loves America as much as Sub-Saharan Africa . That should translate into friendly treatment there. On the other hand, no other region in the world dislikes America as much as Islamic countries, which dominate North Africa. I'm not afraid, but in some places I will be cautious, just like I would be in parts of America and Europe.
"What we get from this adventure is just sheer joy. And joy is, after all, the end of life. We do not live to eat and make money." - George Leigh Mallory, who died trying to be the first person to summit Mt. Everest
How will you avoid the war-torn regions?
Go around them. Most African countries dwarf European ones. If war rages in Mali, for example, you just have to avoid the hot-spots. Although that hot-spot may be as big as Italy, when the whole country is as big as Western Europe, it's easy to avoid "Italy." Also, I may just peek in the country for a day (like Somalia) to minimize the risk.
How often will I connect digitally?
Perhaps a couple of times a week. As the map below illustrates, most Africans don't have Internet at home. The African country with the highest percentage of people with Internet at home was Algeria. However, even there, less than half (48%) had it in 2012. Iceland had the world's highest Internet penetration rate (94%). Meanwhile, when Gallup surveyed 1,000 random people in Guinea, for example, nobody had Internet at home.
Obviously, this is all changing quickly. Not only are Internet penetration rates rising fast, but nearly every African has a mobile phone. Soon they will upgrade to smart phones (or tablets) with Internet access. So while they may not have a PC at home, by 2017 many will have mobile Internet access.
Still, Africa is about 10 years behind the developed world. Therefore, I suspect that wifi will be rare outside of cities. This may mean that I will go for a couple of weeks without Internet.
I'm used to that: when I was writing my book on Eastern Europe, I spent just one hour per week on the Internet for an entire year. While I walked across America twice , I checked email even less often during that seven-month period. Also, my mom is used to not hearing me for weeks. She doesn't like it, but that's what may happen.
Fortunately for my mom (and anyone else who wants to stalk me), Delorme has given me their InReach device which can track my movement .
Finally, I think travelers who spend so much time being digitally connected while they're traveling are doing themselves and the places they are visiting a disservice. They need to present and immersed in their environment. If you have one foot in digital land, then you're not truly 100% in the environment. Unplugging is good.
How will you travel?
I rough it more than most. I love doing it because it gives me a good perspective of the real people and culture, and it also lets you travel for longer. Therefore, couchsurfing and camping will be my first choice, while hostels/hotels will be my last resort option. As the map below illustrates, couchsurfing is sparse, but I'm sure random strangers will invite me to sleep in their backyard.
Will you take planes?
Only as a last resort. For example, it might be much cheaper to get to Africa's island nations (e.g., Comoros, Seychelles, Madagascar) by plane instead of by boat.
Can I come along?
I am happy to meet travelers along the way. Above you'll find a vague schedule. Unfortunately, I probably won't make it much more specific than that since I like to improvize while I travel. However, certain visas may dictate a few fixed dates along the way. Once the trip gets started, check this page and my Twitter or Facebook status. You can see the last place where I've checked in on my satellite map . If it looks like our paths could cross, then contact me.
Are there really 54 countries in Africa?
Yes, there are 54 countries in Africa . There are also two quasi-states, Somaliland (a separatist region in Somalia) and Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (a separatist region in Western Sahara) that dream of become independent countries. Finally, there's Cabinda, Angola's exclave, which is attached to Congo. I intend to visit the quasi-states too because I don't want to have someone tell me a year or two after my long voyage that I "missed one." An easy way to tell someone about this page is to point them to Africa54.com .
Why the world needs a book about what we can learn about Africa
This video below spoofs the fact that the average person doesn't know much about Africa. What are 3 differences between Niger and Nigeria or Algeria and Angola? By the end of my future book, you should know. Enjoy the video...
If you have questions about this trip, I prefer that you post the question on my forum so that I don't have to answer it multiple times.
Below are the latest blog posts about Africa
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Which opera by Richard Strauss was banned in London by the Lord Chamberlains’s Office until 1907? | Salome, Richard Strauss - The Quarterly ReviewThe Quarterly Review
Salome, Richard Strauss
Salome with the Head of John, Sebastiano del Piombo
Salome, Richard Strauss
Salome, Richard Strauss, Deutsche Oper Berlin, April 2016. Director Claus Guth (revival director: William Robertson), Das Orchester der Deutschen Oper Berlin conducted by Alain Altinoglu. Reviewed by Tony Cooper
First performed at the Hofoper, Dresden, in 1905, Richard Strauss’ one-act opera Salomé was part of Deutsche Oper’s mini-Strauss fest (five operas in the same amount of days) which has been a highly successful venture with capacity houses.
Set to a German libretto based on Hedwig Lachmann’s translation of the play Salomé by Oscar Wilde, the opera was famous (at the time of its première, infamous) for the erotically-charged ‘Dance of the Seven Veils’ but in this production eroticism was nowhere to be seen.
This would have pleased the original Salomé, Marie Wittich, an outstanding singer who worked at the Dresden Royal Opera for a quarter of a century. She refused point blank to perform the ritualistic dance and a trained dancer had to take her place.
The opera courted controversy from the outset and was banned in London by the Lord Chamberlain’s office until 1907. Sir Thomas Beecham presided over its first performance staged at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in December 1910.
Claus Guth (revival director: William Robertson) delivered a thought-provoking production that was different and certainly challenging. For instance, six young characters represented Salomé ranging from early childhood to young adulthood.
And later in the opera King Herod is seen as the proprietor of a bespoke tailor and outfitters’ shop while many of the main characters are portrayed as statuesque figures resembling tailors’ dummies.
Only one of the junior team enjoyed a singing role while the other members were engaged in such activities as removing corpses or taking part in the ‘Dance of the Seven Veils’, in a sequence reminiscent of Strictly.
In Strauss’ view, Salomé should appear like ‘a 16-year-old girl with the mature voice of a character such as Isolde’. The English-born soprano from Stoke-on-Trent, Allison Oakes (who now lives in Berlin), certainly fitted that description. Ms Oakes – who indeed commenced the current season making her début as Isolde at Theater Dortmund and will be returning to Bayreuth this summer reprising the role of Gutrune in Götterdämmerung – was a joy not only to listen to but to watch, for her dramatic presentation matched her vocal shrewdness.
In the opening scene we see the hedonistic life of the court of Herod, who is married to Salomé’s mother, Herodias, the former wife of his brother, but is sexually attracted to Salomé and considers making her his Queen.
Salome and the Apparition of the Baptists’s Head, Gustave Moreau
But Salomé has a different agenda and harbours a bizarre sexual fascination for Jochanaan who is kept in solitary confinement by Herod living partially clothed in a dingy cell. When he emerges from it to take his place at court, he rises from beneath a pile of old clothes to condemn the profanities of the court and to urge its members to change their wayward ways and seek redemption.
One striking aspect to Herod in this production is his sartorial elegance and the male members of his court were duly suited in the latest fashion. In due course, Jochanaan is dressed in a light-grey three-piece suit to match that worn by his captor.
German baritone Michael Volle put in a commanding performance as Jochanaan. His imposing physical frame combined with his deeply-etched facial features were reminiscent of Peter Paul Rubens’ masterpiece The Beheading of St John the Baptist, while his strong, wide-ranging baritone voice was perfect.
Belgian tenor, Thomas Blondelle, as Herod, interpreted this pivotal role in an un-nerving way, especially when pressed by Salomé for the head of Jochanaan. At one moment coming on strong, at another offering her anything but the prized head that she desires. She declines all his offers from white peacocks to precious jewels. In the end, she decapitates Jochanaan with one stroke – another twist to this well-chronicled biblical story.
Dramatic soprano Jeanne-Michèle Charbonnet – a force to be reckoned with in German and contemporary repertoires, it would seem – surpassed herself as the wife of Herod, portraying the role as a loving and devoted wife, enjoying the trappings of life style that only a powerful husband can bring.
In the pit, the Deutsche Oper orchestra was firmly and authoritatively conducted by Alain Altinoglu who delivered a fine reading of Strauss’ score performed by a company of musicians who have evidently been brought up on the music of Strauss and Wagner.
Tony Cooper has worked across the field of publishing and the arts for a number of years writing mainly for Archant newspaper group based in his home city of Norwich. Nowadays, he focuses on opera and classical music. He is a passionate admirer of the works of Richard Strauss and Wagner
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The aria ‘Un bel di vedremo’ (One fine day) is from which opera by Giacomo Puccini? | R Strauss - Salome: description -- Classic Cat
Royal guests (Egyptians and Romans), and entourage, servants, soldiers (all silent)
Synopsis
Olive Fremstad holding the head of John the Baptist in the Metropolitan Opera 's 1907 production of Salome by Richard Strauss
A great terrace in the Palace of Herod, set above the banqueting-hall. Some soldiers are leaning over the balcony. To the right there is a gigantic staircase, to the left, at the back, an old cistern surrounded by a wall of green bronze. The moon is shining very brightly.
Narraboth gazes from a terrace in Herod's palace into the banquet hall at the beautiful Princess Salome; he is in love with her, and apotheosizes her, much to the disgustful fearfulness of the Page of Herodias. The voice of the Prophet Jochanaan is heard from his prison in the palace cistern; Herod fears him and has ordered that no one should contact him, including Jerusalem's High Priest.
Tired of the feast and its guests, Salome flees to the terrace. When she hears Jochanaan cursing her mother (Herodias), Salome's curiosity is piqued. The palace guards will not honor her petulant orders to fetch Jochanaan for her, so she teasingly works on Narraboth to bring Jochanaan before her. Despite the orders he has received from Herod, Narraboth finally gives in after she promises to smile at him.
Jochanaan emerges from the cistern and shouts prophesies regarding Herod and Herodias that no one understands, except Salome when the Prophet refers to her mother. Upon seeing Jochanaan, Salome is filled with an overwhelming desire for him, praising his white skin but he rejects her. She then praises his black hair and is rejected once more. She finally begs for a kiss from Jochanaan's lips, and Narraboth, who cannot bear to hear this, kills himself. As Jochanaan is returned to the well, he preaches salvation through the Messiah.
Herod enters, followed by his wife and court. He slips in Narraboth's blood and starts hallucinating. He hears the beating of wings. Despite Herodias' objections, Herod stares lustfully at Salome, who rejects him. Jochanaan harasses Herodias from the well, calling her incestuous marriage to Herod sinful. She demands that Herod silence him. Herod refuses, and she mocks his fear. Five Jews argue concerning the nature of God. Two Nazarenes tell of Christ's miracles; at one point they bring up the raising of Lazarus from the dead, which Herod finds frightening.
Herod asks for Salome to eat with him, drink with him; indolently, she twice refuses, saying she is not hungry or thirsty. Herod then begs Salome to dance for him, Tanz für mich, Salome, though her mother objects. He promises to reward her with her heart's desire — even if it were one-half of his kingdom.
After Salome inquires into his promise, and he swears to honor it, she prepares for the Dance of the Seven Veils . This dance, very oriental in orchestration, has her slowly removing her seven veils, until she lies naked at his feet. Salome then demands the head of the prophet on a silver platter. Her mother cackles in pleasure. Herod tries to dissuade her with offers of jewels, peacocks, and the sacred veil of the Temple. Salome remains firm in her demand for Jochanaan's head, forcing Herod to concede to her demands. After a desperate monologue by Salome, the head of the prophet is brought up out of the well and presented to Salome as she requested.
Salome declares her love to the severed head, finally kissing the prophet's lips passionately. Disgusted, the terrified and superstitious Herod then orders his soldiers to kill Salome.
Instrumentation
Strauss scored Salome for the following large orchestra: woodwind : piccolo , 3 flutes , 2 oboes , English horn , heckelphone , clarinet in E-flat , 2 clarinets in B-flat, A, bass clarinet , 3 bassoons , contrabassoon ; brass : 6 horns in F, 4 trumpets , 4 trombones , tuba ; percussion (8–9 players): 5 timpani , snare drum , bass drum , cymbals , triangle , tam-tam , tambourine , castanets , glockenspiel , xylophone ; keyboards : celesta , harmonium (offstage), organ (offstage); strings : 2 harps , 16 violins I, 16 violins II, 10–12 violas , 10 violoncellos , 8 double basses .
Music
The music of Salome includes a system of leitmotifs , or short melodies with symbolic meanings. Some are clearly associated with people such as Salome and Jochanaan (John the Baptist). Others are more abstract in meaning. [2] Strauss' use of leitmotifs is complex, with both symbolism and musical form subject to ambiguity and transformation. Some leitmotifs, especially those associated with Herod, change frequently in form and symbolic meaning, making it futile to pin them down to a specific meaning. [2] Strauss provided names for some of the leitmotifs, but not consistently, and other people have assigned a variety of names. These names often illustrate the ambiguity of certain leitmotifs. For example, Gilman's labels tend to be abstract (such as "Yearning", "Anger", and "Fear"), while Roese more concrete (he called Gilman's "Fear" leitmotif "Herod's Scale"). Regarding the important leitmotif associated with Jochanaan, which has two parts, Gilman called the first part "Jochanaan" and the second part "Prophecy", while Roese labels them the other way around. Labels for the leitmotifs are common, but there is no final authority. Derrick Puffett cautions against reading too much into any such labels. [2] In addition to the leitmotifs, there are many symbolic uses of musical color in the opera's music. For example, a tambourine sounds every time a reference to Salome's dance is made. [2]
The harmony of Salome makes use of extended tonality , chromaticism , a wide range of keys , unusual modulations , tonal ambiguity, and polytonality . Some of the major characters have keys associated with them, such as Salome and Jochanaan, as do some of the major psychological themes, such as desire and death.
The role of Salome
The vocal demands of the Salome role are the same as those of an Isolde , Brünnhilde , or Turandot , in that, ideally, the role requires the volume, stamina, and power of a true dramatic soprano . The common theme of these four roles is the difficulty in casting an ideal soprano that has a truly dramatic voice as well as being able to register as a young woman.
Nevertheless, Maria Cebotari , Ljuba Welitsch , Birgit Nilsson , Leonie Rysanek , Eva Marton , Radmila Bakočević , Montserrat Caballé , Anja Silja , Phyllis Curtin , Karan Armstrong , Teresa Stratas (on film), Nancy Shade , Cheryl Studer (on record), Dame Gwyneth Jones , Catherine Malfitano , Hildegard Behrens , Maria Ewing , and Karita Mattila are among the most memorable who have tackled the role in the last half-century. Each of these singers has brought her own interpretation to the title character. Perhaps the most famous recording of the opera is Sir Georg Solti 's Decca recording with Birgit Nilsson as Salome.
In addition to the vocal and physical demands, the role also calls for the agility and gracefulness of a prima ballerina when performing the opera's famous "Dance of the Seven Veils". Finding one individual with all of these qualities is extremely daunting. Due to the complexity of the role's demands, some of its performers have had a purely vocal focus by opting to leave the dancing to stand-ins who are professional dancers. Others have opted to combine the two and perform the dance themselves, which is closer to Strauss' intentions. In either case, at the end of the "Dance of the Seven Veils", some sopranos (or their stand-ins) wear a body stocking under the veils, while others (notably Malfitano , Mattila and Ewing ) have appeared nude at the conclusion of the dance.
As for the required vocal-range of the title role, it is an extraordinary case: The highest note is the high B, not irregular for a soprano or mezzo-soprano to sing, while the lowest note is a low G-flat, in the alto-range and officially below the standard range for a mezzo-soprano. Considering this range, which is similar to many mezzo roles (such as "Carmen" and "Amneris"), one might assume that a high soprano is not essential to the piece, but it is; most of the relatively low sopranos who attempted this role found themselves straining their voices throughout the opera, and having reached the closing scene (the most important part of the opera for the title role) were very fatigued. This role is the classic example of the difference between tessitura and absolute range: While mezzos can perform a high note (like "Carmen"), or even temporarily sustain a high tessitura, it is impossible for a singer to spend such a long time (with the needed strength and breath-control) in the second octave above the middle C unless she is a high soprano. Moreover, the low G-flat occurs twice in the opera, and in both cases it is in pp—more of a theatrical effect than music—and can be growled instead of sung. The other low notes required are no lower than low A-natural, and they are also quiet.
Controversy
The combination of the biblical theme, the erotic and the murderous which so attracted Wilde to the tale shocked opera audiences from its first appearance. The original performers were very reluctant to handle the material as written, it was banned in London by the Lord Chamberlain 's office until 1907, and Gustav Mahler could not gain the consent of the Vienna censor to have it performed, but it was eventually premiered in 1918. When it did premiere in London under Thomas Beecham , it was modified, much to Beecham's annoyance and later amusement. In New York , the premiere was suppressed by wealthy patrons, who entreated the visiting Edward Elgar to lead the objections to the work. Elgar refused point-blank, stating that Strauss was "the greatest genius of the age". [3]
The two versions of Salome
Oscar Wilde originally wrote his Salomé in French. Strauss saw the play in Lachmann's version and immediately set to work on the opera. It is rumored that even Wilde saw the musical potential of Salomé but there is no confirmation as to any intentions of having it turned into an opera.
Strauss composed the opera in German and that is the version that has become widely known. However Strauss made an alternate version in French, which is less known today, although Kent Nagano recorded it on Virgin Classics with Karen Huffstodt in the title role and José van Dam as Jochanaan.
Transcriptions
The English composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji wrote in 1947 a transcription for piano entitled Schluß-Szene aus Salome von Richard Strauss — Konzertmäßige Übertragung für Klavier zu zwei Händen.
Recordings
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The one-act comic opera ‘Bastien und Bastienne’ was the first by which composer aged 12? | Bastien und Bastienne : K. 50 (46b) ; a one act comic opera. (Musical LP, 1976) [WorldCat.org]
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I thought you might be interested in this item at http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5982066 Title: Bastien und Bastienne : K. 50 (46b) ; a one act comic opera. Author: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; Edith Mathis; Claes-Håkan Ahnsjö; Walter Berry; Leopold Hager; Mozarteum-Orchester, Publisher: [Villingen, Germany] : [Köln, Germany] : MPS ; BASF [New York, N.Y.] : Audiofidelity Enterprises, [1976] [1976] ℗1976 OCLC:5982066
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What is the title of the only opera written by Beethoven? | Austria Starts Series Celebrating Mozart | News � CoinsWeekly
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Austria Starts Series Celebrating Mozart
August 13, 2015 – The Austrian Mint will issue a new silver coin to begin a set of 3 silver coins entitled “Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, A Life in Three Acts”, celebrating the musical genius of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His name, arguably, makes up the three most famous words in musical history.
Austria / 2015 / 20 Euros / Silver .900 / 20 g / 34 mm / Designers: Helmut Andexlinger and Thomas Pesendorfer / Mintage: 50,000.
The obverse of the coin depicts a forward facing young Mozart dressed in formal attire, which he was often seen wearing while performing for numerous European royal courts. The engraver has captured the details of his lace cuff and neckline very clearly. The first name of Mozart’s three-part signature is mirrored along the lower portion of the design. This side of the coin was designed and engraved by Austrian Mint engraver Helmut Andexlinger and also bears the face value of 20 euros and the country of issue, “Republik Österreich”, the Republic of Austria, as well as the year of issue, 2015.
The reverse of the coin depicts the opera “Bastien und Bastienne,” a light-hearted comic one-act opera. This side depicts the reunion of Bastien and his girl Bastienne by a spell chanted by the magician depicted in the center. The fine details of the design painstakingly capture the rich details of the sorcerer’s cloak as well as the elaborate costumes of the two young people. Even the curly fur of the lamb carried by Bastienne, in the croak of her left arm, has been carefully captured by the mint’s chief engraver Thomas Pesendorfer.
Mozart, the young prodigy, wrote this opera at the tender age of 12 in 1768. The story of the opera is a story of the young girl Bastienne who becomes unsure when her good friend Bastien begins to admire another young lady. Bastienne speaks with the village sorcerer who advises her to give Bastien a cold shoulder and be distant. Bastien is shocked when he comes back to the stage and the sorcerer states that Bastienne has a new friend. Bastien sings about his love for Bastienne. The magician seizes the opportunity and speaks a nonsensical spell. However, Bastienne decides to continue the ruse a bit longer until Bastien threatens to commit suicide. The two decide that this has gone on long enough and come back together.
Mozart’s understanding of human behavior and the ability to exaggerate for comic effect was well developed, especially for a preteen – a skill that becomes apparent in some of his later works as well.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (aged 14) in Verona, painting by Saverio dalla Rosa, 1770.
Mozart was born in Salzburg on January 27, 1756. He was christened Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus. Since his birthday, January 27, is also the Catholic feast day for St. John Chrysostom, this was a given to be part of his Christian name. Mozart liked to call himself Wolfgang Amadé or Amadeus. He was multilingual and therefore adapted his name throughout his lifetime.
Mozart was as boisterous and playful as the Rococo period during which he was born. His father, Leopold, was a composer himself and taught his children, Maria Anna (aka Nannerl) and Wolfgang, music. Maria Anna at the age of seven, five years older than Wolfgang, was learning to play piano from her father with Wolfgang looking on. It was not long before Wolfgang mimicked her at the keyboard. His first public performance was at the age of six at the Bavarian court in Munich alongside his older sister.
The skill and ability of the musical prodigy was recognized early and his father gave up his own composing life to focus on the general education of his children and especially on the musical talents of his son. They toured and performed at the royal courts of London, The Hague, Munich, Paris and Zurich. Each member of the family fell life-threateningly ill while on tour but that did not prevent the young Mozart from completing three operas by the age of 12.
When his sister Nannerl was 18 and Wolfgang 13, she stopped performing publically as was the social custom of the time. Wolfgang continued touring with his father alongside. They met such well-known composers of the time as Bach and Haydn. After a falling out with his benefactor in Salzburg, he moved to Vienna, where he met and then married Constanze Weber. They followed an extravagant lifestyle, living in the most exclusive apartment in Vienna and wearing elaborate clothing, both of which Mozart could not really afford. He tried to pay for it with many performances and his compositions that were often commissioned works.
He died in 1791 at the very young age of 35 – young even for those times – and was buried in a common unmarked grave. It is unclear what he died of. A short life for a musical genius who composed 600 pieces covering the span of music from operas to symphonies, concertos, chamber music and piano solos.
The Austrian Mint’s new series of three silver coins is dedicated to the life of Mozart, in three acts, one issue per year as follows:
2015 Wolfgang: The Wunderkind
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The first public opera house opened in 1637 in which European city? | HISTORY OF OPERA
Enjoy the Famous Daily
Roman revivals and intermezzi: 16th century
In the spirit of the Renaissance , Roman plays are performed on festive occasions at the courts of Italian princes. Perhaps they prove a little heavy going for some of the guests. It becomes the custom to have rather more lavish musical entertainments (intermezzi, or intermediate pieces) between the acts, with spectacular stage effects, beautiful costumes and much singing and dancing.
Isabella d'Este, in the audience for a performance of Plautus in Ferrara in 1502, much prefers the intermezzi in which satyrs chase wild beasts in time to a musical clock, Swiss soldiers engage in a dance of war, and a golden ball melts away to reveal four Virtues who sing a quartet.
The first intermezzi to be preserved in detail for posterity (because they are the first to be published as etchings) are performed to celebrate a wedding at the Medici court in Florence in 1589.
The scenes are now close to those which will become familiar to opera audiences over the next two centuries - they include a heaven made up of clouds (in which the characters can sit and sing), a delightful garden, a rocky cave guarded by a dragon, and a sea scene with mermaids, dolphins and a ship. This combination of music and spectacle is now so popular with courtly audiences that it leads to a new development in Florence in 1597 .
Dafne: 1597
An unusual entertainment takes place at the palace of Jacopo Corsi in Florence, probably as part of the carnival festivities before Lent in 1597. The novelty is that the singers enact an entire drama, with music throughout, telling the story of Daphne who is changed into a laurel to escape the attentions of Apollo. The select audience is delighted. The author of the words, Ottavio Rinuccini, says that this first opera 'gave pleasure beyond belief to the few who heard it'.
Most of the music of Dafne is lost but its composer, Jacopo Peri, describes eloquently the style of musical speech which he is pioneering - 'a harmony surpassing that of ordinary speech, but falling so far below the melody of song as to take an intermediate form'.
Monteverdi: 1607-1642
The director of music at the court of Mantua, Claudio Monteverdi, presents a festivity before Lent in 1607. His entertainment adopts the latest musical style, that of opera, which is just ten years old this year. La Favola d'Orfeo, described as a 'fable in music', tells in a prologue and five acts the story of Orpheus' love for Eurydice and his descent to the underworld to rescue her.
Orfeo is Monteverdi's first attempt at opera. The part of Orpheus is sung by a castrato, starting an operatic tradition using castrati which will last for two centuries. A successful blend of recitative, songs and instrumental sequences makes Orfeo the earliest opera to hold a place, nearly four centuries later, in the repertory.
When the duke of Mantua dies, in 1612, Monteverdi accepts the post of Master of Music for the Venetian republic. His main task becomes the composition of sacred music for performance in St Mark's, and it is these pieces which first spread his fame through Europe.
Fortunately for us the prosperous citizens of republican Venice see no reason why the new musical form of the day, opera, should be restricted to private performances for the aristocracy. In 1637 Venice opens the first public opera house, the Teatro San Cassiano. Monteverdi is now seventy, but his interest in the form is rekindled. Two operas survive from these last years, both of them masterpieces.
Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (The return of Ulysses to his country) is premiered in the Teatro San Cassiano in 1641. By then another public opera house on a grander scale, the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo, has opened in the city. Here Monteverdi's L'Incoronazione di Poppea (The Coronation of Poppea) is presented in 1642.
Monteverdi has a special ability to express emotion and drama in vocal music, even in an operatic convention which now seems formal. Contemporary accounts mention people weeping at his arias, and the Venetian public are the first to demonstrate the broad popular appeal of opera. At one point in the 17th century there are as many as seven opera houses in the city.
Dido and Aeneas: 1689
In 1689, probably in December, there is a surprising operatic premiere in London. A group of 'young gentlewomen', for whom the dancing master Josias Priest runs a boarding school in Chelsea, have been rehearsing a work commissioned by Priest from Henry Purcell.
This short work, of remarkable intensity, is Purcell's only opera; and it is the only English opera written before the 20th century to have a secure place in the modern repertory. The young gentlewomen have professional support in the main parts (including the tenor role of Aeneas), but they display their skills to advantage in the opera's seventeen dances, arranged for the occasion by Mr Priest.
It is Purcell's misfortune that there is as yet no opera house in London. In spite of its strange origins Dido and Aeneas is a profound and powerfully felt work, most famously so in Dido's great lament upon the departure of Aeneas. The opera's success makes Purcell much in demand in the theatre (his main employment is as organist in Westminster Abbey and the Chapel Royal), but the role of a theatre composer at the time is mainly to add songs to existing plays and masques.
Even so, Purcell fulfils this task with such skill that King Arthur (1691, with a text by Dryden) and The Fairy Queen (1692, based on A Midsummer Night's Dream) are still sometimes performed.
Handel: 1705-1759
Germany's first public opera house, in Hamburg, has recently employed a young musician, Georg Frideric Handel. Now, in 1705 when he is just twenty, his first opera is on the stage. Almira is a success. In the following year Handel travels to the home of opera, Italy.
Here too he rapidly makes a name for himself, with sacred music in Rome (where the pope forbids the performance of opera) and with operas in Florence and Venice. His fame is now spreading through Europe. In 1710 he is appointed music director, or Kapellmeister, to the Elector of Hanover, the future George I of Great Britain. In 1711 he is given permission to visit London.
Handel's first opera in London (Rinaldo 1711) is a triumph (though Mocked by some ), and he has a warm reception at the English court. He settles in Britain, producing a long succession of Italian operas for the London theatres and many pieces for royal occasions. These public commissions include the anthems for the coronation of George II in 1727 (among them Zadok the Priest, which has been sung at every coronation since); and, on a lighter level, the Water Music is played for George I in about 1717 and the Music for the Royal Fireworks for George II in 1749.
By this time Handel has become a British subject (in 1726) and has pioneered a very British form of music - the English oratorio .
Gluck and the reform of opera:1762-1778
By the mid-18th century the conventions of Italian opera have settled into a pattern of stultifying unreality, with elaborately artificial plots regularly grinding to a halt to allow the famous castrato singers of the day to show their paces - or indeed to show them twice, for no aria ends until it has been repeated da capo (from the top). An Italian poet, Pietro Metastasio, has cornered the market for librettos in this style (known as opera seria). Every hack composer turns first to him. Some of Metastasio's texts are given forty or more different operatic settings.
Metastasio lives from 1730 in Vienna, where there is a great demand for Italian opera in the court theatre. But it is in Vienna, in 1762, that an opera revolution occurs.
The director of music at the court theatre is a German composer, Christoph Willibald Gluck. In partnership with Ranieri de' Calzabigi, a librettist critical of Metastio's conventions, Gluck devises a form of opera in which words and music work together to convey in the most direct form a musical drama.
The first fruit of their reform is Orfeo ed Eurydice, performed in Vienna in 1762. The piece is described in the programme as an azione teatrale per musica (theatrical action through music). Gluck later writes that opera should aim for 'simplicity, truth and naturalness' and should 'serve poetry by expressing the drama of the plot, without unnecessary interruption or superfluous ornament'.
Orfeo admirably fulfils these ideals. The story is simply and dramatically told, with arias which express the character's emotion rather than merely show off the singer's technique. The contributions of both chorus and ballet are fully integrated with the plot.
Gluck develops this new direction with another Italian opera for Vienna (Alceste 1767) and with operas written in French for Paris (Iphigénie en Aulide 1774, Armide 1777, Iphigénie en Tauride 1778). In these two decades Gluck has vividly reminded opera-goers of the potential of the medium as music drama, a lesson never again forgotten. Mozart is twenty-two when Iphigénie en Tauride is premiered. Three years later he writes Idomeneo.
Mozart and opera: 1781-1791
Mozart's first major opera, Idomeneo, is the result of his efforts to win employment from the court in Munich . In 1780 he is commissioned to write an opera seria - the conventional and solemn form of Italian opera, following strict rules perfected in the librettos of Metastasio. Idomeneo is premiered in Munich in January 1781.
In this work Mozart's genius adds an unprecedented charge of emotion and drama to the conventions of opera seria . The opera is well received in Munich. But then it is forgotten for the rest of Mozart's lifetime, remaining unappreciated until the 20th century. So the real beginning of Mozart's busy operatic career follows his move later in 1781 to Vienna, where he wins a commission from Joseph II.
Joseph II 's wish for a cheerful opera in German is admirably met by Mozart in Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio), which has its premiere in Vienna in July 1782. It rapidly becomes popular in Prague and in cities throughout Germany.
Mozart's next venture is very much more ambitious. In the mid-1780s Joseph II gives up his insistence on the German language for opera. Mozart now collaborates with an Italian librettist, Lorenzo Da Ponte, in adapting the most controversial play of the decade - Beaumarchais ' Marriage of Figaro, subversive in its comedy at the expense of the aristocracy and sensationally successful when performed in Paris in 1784.
Joseph II has forbidden any performance of this Beaumarchais play in Vienna, but Da Ponte persuades him to allow the proposed opera to proceed. There is a slightly mixed reaction from the first audience in May 1786, perhaps due to lack of rehearsal, but a production later in the same year in Prague proves a runaway success.
When Mozart goes to Prague in January 1787, he is delighted to find everyone humming the tunes of Le Nozze di Figaro. The Czechs have no doubt that this is a masterpiece. It is indeed something new in opera, combining comedy and passion in a heightened intensity, through the genius of Mozart's music, while yet remaining in close touch with recognizable everyday reality.
Following this success, the Prague company commissions another opera from Mozart and Da Ponte. They respond with Don Giovanni, which opens to huge acclaim in October 1787 but is less successful in Vienna in the following year.
A third opera is commissioned in Vienna in 1789 from this eminently successful pair of composer and librettist. The result is Così fan tutte (So Do All Women), the most cynical and unromantic of stories which unfolds upon a stream of supremely beautiful and romantic music. The first run of performances, early in 1790, has to be interrupted because of the death of Joseph II.
Joseph II would no doubt have approved of the very German opera, Mozart's last work for the stage, which opens in Vienna in 1791. Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute) is a tale of strange rituals and rough comedy, commissioned by a commercial impresario, Emanuel Shikaneder, for his popular theatre, akin to a music hall. This anarchic and unconventional entertainment is as far as it is possible to be, within the field of opera, from Idomeneo just ten years earlier. Yet in both, as in the intervening masterpieces with Da Ponte, Mozart is supremely inventive. No other great composer of opera has so varied an output.
The Magic Flute makes Shikaneder rich but not Mozart. It opens less than three months before his death.
| Venice |
Gioachino Rossini wrote the opera ‘The ‘what’ of Seville’? | Performing Arts Timeline
Performing Arts Timeline
534 B.C.
Thespis wins the first public contest for tragic poets in Greece, and the term thespian derives from his name. He also introduces masks, which become a staple of Greek and Roman theater.
525385 B.C.
The Athenian or Classical period introduces a dramatic era of tragic poets that includes Aeschylus (Agamemnon, 458 B.C.), Sophocles (Antigone, 441 B.C.; Oedipus Rex, 430 B.C.) and Euripides (Medea, 431 B.C.).
Euripides, considered the first choreographer, incorporates dance into his plays.
350250 B.C.
The Hellenistic or Colonial period marks an era when comedy is preferred over tragedy.
Old Comedy, buffoonery and farce that often attacks individuals and portrays the foibles of a social class, evolves into New Comedy, a more polished and refined humor that centers on the shortcomings of the middle class.
Comic drama moves from politics and philosophy to everyday life.
C. 500800
Theater is all but extinct in both the western and eastern Roman Empires during the Dark Ages because Christians oppose the entertainment.
C. 900
The church introduces dramatic performances to Easter services, acting out the story of the Resurrection. Ironically, the institution that discouraged theater is responsible for its rebirth.
1489
Ballet is performed for the first time.
1495
Everyman, the best surviving example of a morality play, is written. The morality play touches on large contemporary issues with moral overtones and describes the lives of everyday people facing temptation.
1550
Commedia dell'arte flourishes in Italy and Western Europe. Literally “professional comedy,” the theater form features improvisation from a standard script and stock characters.
1570
Count Giovanni Bardi debuts the Elizabethan masque, an aristocratic form of entertainment that features music, dance and elaborate costuming.
1576
The Theatre, the first commercial theater, opens in London. It is also the first Elizabethan playhouse.
1594
The Chamberlain's Men, the leading Elizabethan and Jacobean theatrical company of the day, is formed. William Shakespeare is the chief playwright and Richard Burbage its most famous actor. After 1603 the group is known as the King's Men. The Admiral's Men, the group that performs the works of Christopher Marlowe, is also formed and rivals the Chamberlain's Men.
1597
Jacopo Peri's musical fable, Dafne, often considered the first opera, is performed at the palace of Jacopo Corsi. Opera becomes the preferred entertainment of the aristocracy.
15981608
William Shakespeare writes Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, All's Well That Ends Well, Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth and Anthony and Cleopatra.
1607
Claude Monteverdi's Orfeo, regarded as the first masterpiece in opera history, is performed and revolutionizes music by establishing a tonal system and giving the recitative a more flexible accompaniment.
1619
Teatro Farnese in Parma, Italy, uses the proscenium arch for the first time.
1637
Venice becomes the home of the first public opera house, the San Cassiano Theater.
16421660
Following the civil war of 1642, the Puritans close or burn down all English theaters and forbid acting.
1643
Molière incorporates an acting troupe called Illustre Theatre. Although initially unsuccessful with his troupe, Molière goes on to be one of history's most famous and enduring playwrights. His work includes Tartuffe (1664), Misanthrope (1666) and Bourgeois Gentleman (1670).
1660
Women start appearing in French and English plays. Elizabeth Barry and Anne Bracegirdle are among the pioneers.
1661
Louis XIV officially recognizes dance instruction by establishing the Académie Royale de Danse.
1665
William Darby's Ye Bare and Ye Cubb, reportedly the first English-language play presented in the colonies, is performed in Accomac County, Virginia.
c. 1670
Pierre Beauchamps codifies the five foot positions in ballet.
1681
Pierre Beauchamps and Jean Baptiste write Le Triomphe de I'Ammour, which features LaFontaine, the first woman to dance professionally in a ballet.
1685
Alessandro Scarlatti founds the Neapolitan School of Opera, which establishes the da capo, or three-part aria.
1689
The young women at Josias Priest's finishing school in Chelsea, England, perform Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas, the first English operatic masterpiece.
1730
Romeo and Juliet, the first play by Shakespeare to be presented in America, is performed in New York.
1733
La Serva Padrona by Giovanni Pergolesi is performed in Naples, heralding the popularity of opera buffa or comic opera.
1734
French ballerina Marie Camargo stirs controversy when she raises dancing skirts above the ankle for greater freedom of movement.
1735
Ballet arrives in America. Englishman Henry Holt stages the first production for the amusement of the Charleston, South Carolina, elite.
John Hippisley's Flora, the first opera performed in America, is also presented in Charleston, South Carolina.
1751
The first professional theater company in the colonies, the Virginia Company of Comedians, opens a temporary wooden playhouse in Williamsburg, Virginia.
1762
Christoph Willibald von Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice premieres at the Hofburgtheater in Vienna, marking revolutionary changes and reform in opera seria.
1766
The first permanent American theater building, Southwark Theater, is erected in Philadelphia.
1778
Milan's Teatro alla Scala, Italy's leading opera house and one of the world's most renowned, is built.
1786
Mozart collaborates with Lorenzo da Ponte on The Marriage of Figaro, which premieres in Vienna. He completes Don Giovanni the following year, and it premieres in Prague.
1816
Gaslighting is used for the first time in American theater at Philadelphia's Chestnut Street Theatre.
Thomas Drummond invents the limelight, which is used in the same manner as the spotlight is used today.
1828
Minstrel dancing debuts with Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy” Rice appearing as Jim Crow in a song-and-dance act.
18301850
The Romantic period in ballet sees ballerinas making technical and artistic strides in the art form. Until this period, men dominated the stage.
1843
The Theatre Regulation Act of 1843 bans drinking in legitimate theaters. Many tavern owners take advantage of the situation and renovate their establishments to accommodate live performances.
1859
The French Opera House, the first great opera house in America, is built in New Orleans.
1865
Former circus clown Tony Pastor opens the first variety theater in New York.
1868
Lydia Thompson and her British Blondes bring burlesque to the United States.
1871
Giuseppe Verdi's Aïda premieres in Cairo, Egypt.
The first collaboration of W.S. Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan, Thespis, is performed at London's Gaiety Theatre.
1876
The first complete production of Wagner's Ring, a titanic cycle of four musical dramas, opens the first Bayreuth Festival.
1879
Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House, a revolutionary play that centers on the repression of women, deeply offends conservatives and thrills a newly awakened European conscience when it premieres at the Copenhagen's Royal Theatre.
1881
The first modern cabaret, Le Chat Noir (The Black Cat), opens in Paris.
London's Savoy Theatre opens and is the first to be lit by electricity.
Vaudeville debuts at Tony Pastor's New 14th Street Theater in New York.
1883
The Metropolitan Opera House opens in New York with Gounod's Faust.
1890
Modern dance emerges when choreographers and dancers begin to rebel against traditional ballet.
1900
Floradora opens at Broadway's Casino Theatre. It introduces the Floradora sextet, a predecessor to the chorus line.
1901
Founder of the Moscow Art Theatre, Konstantin Stanislavski formulates the revolutionary Stanislavski Method of acting, which requires actors to see and hear on stage as they do in real life, enabling them to react to theatrical situations in the same way they would in real life. He is credited with launching the age of the great director in modern theater.
1902
Claude Debussy introduces impressionism in Pelléas and Mélisande at the Opéra Comique in Paris.
1904
The London Symphony Orchestra is established.
Anton Chekhov introduces modern realism at the premiere of The Cherry Orchard at the Moscow Art Theatre.
1905
Isadora Duncan establishes the first school of modern dance in Berlin.
1907
Florenz Ziegfeld introduces his Ziegfeld Follies, the legendary musical extravaganzas.
1909
Serge Diaghilev opens the Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev, which begins the era of modern ballet and his 20-year reign as ballet's leading figure. Moving away from full-length works characteristic of Romantic ballet, he creates new, shorter ballets. Mikhail Fokine is Diaghilev's choreographer and is considered the most influential choreographer of the 20th century.
1911
Der Rosenkavalier, Richard Strauss's masterpiece, premieres in Dresden.
1913
Darktown Follies opens in Harlem and helps to make Harlem a black cultural center.
1915
Ruth St. Denis and her husband, Ted Shawn, establish the Denishawn dance school in Los Angeles, where Martha Graham and Doris Humphrey study.
1920
Eugene O'Neill's first full-length play, Beyond the Horizon, is produced on Broadway and wins a Pulitzer Prize, marking the beginning of modern American drama.
Rising popular interest in African-American literature sparks the beginning of the Harlem Renaissance.
1921
The Cleveland Playhouse opens, becoming the country's first resident professional theater.
1922
Karel Capek's play R.U.R. debuts, introducing the word "robot."
1923
Harlem's Cotton Club opens and presents all-black performances to white-only audiences. Entertainers include Lena Horne, the Nicholas Brothers and Cab Calloway.
1926
Martha Graham, the American pioneer of the modern-dance revolt, gives her first New York performance, which features 18 barefoot, evocatively costumed dancers.
1927
The Broadway musical links with opera in Jerome Kern's revolutionary Show Boat.
Dancer Isadora Duncan dies when her scarf gets caught in the wheel of a moving car.
1930
Jean Rosenthal, one of the greatest lighting designers in theater history, pioneers the concept of stage lighting.
1932
Manhattan's Radio City Music Hall opens.
1933
Sally Rand's fan dance is a hit at the Chicago World's Fair.
1935
George Gershwin combines black folk idiom and Broadway musical techniques in Porgy and Bess.
1943
Rodgers & Hammerstein's Oklahoma! opens and changes American musical theater by combining entertainment and serious subjects. Agnes de Mille choreographs the musical, capturing the essence of American folk dance.
1945
Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes premieres in London, which signals the rebirth of British opera.
1946
George Balanchine and Lincoln Kirstein establish the New York City Ballet. It makes its home at Lincoln Center in 1964.
1947
Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire opens at Broadway's Ethel Barrymore Theatre, with Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski and Jessica Tandy as Blanche DuBois. The play wins the 1948 Pulitzer Prize.
1950
Broadway classic Guys and Dolls debuts at the 46th Street Theatre and becomes an instant hit. The show ran for three years and became one of the Great White Way's longest-running shows, with 1,200 performances.
1951
Yul Brynner makes his first appearance as the king of Siam in Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I. Gertrude Lawrence costars (March 29).
1952
Jose Quintero's revival of Tennessee Williams's Summer and Smoke premieres at Broadway's Circle in the Square Theatre and is the first major Off-Broadway success.
Merce Cunningham forms his own dance company.
1954
1957
Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story debuts on Broadway and brings violence to the stage.
Eugene O'Neill's A Long Day's Journey Into Night is produced posthumously and wins both the Tony Award and Pulitzer Prize.
1958
Alvin Ailey establishes the American Dance Theatre.
1962
The first dance concert is held at New York's Judson Memorial Church, marking the beginning of the Judson Movement and postmodern dance. Judson dancers also introduce the use of a performance space instead of a stage. Judsonites include Meredith Monk, Trisha Brown and Lucinda Childs.
1966
The old Metropolitan Opera House is abandoned as the company moves to Lincoln Center. The new Metropolitan Opera opens with Samuel Barber's Antony and Cleopatra.
1968
The rock musical Hair opens on Broadway.
1971
The Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts opens in Washington, D.C. with the premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Mass.
1974
Premier Russian dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov defects and joins the American Ballet Theatre.
1980
Mark Morris establishes the Mark Morris Dance Group in New York and is widely received as the most promising modern-dance choreographer of his generation.
1982
Cats opens on Broadway. Becomes Broadway's longest-running play.
1983
Harvey Fierstein's Torch Song Trilogy wins the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award and Tony Award for best play, marking the acceptance of gay theater.
1995
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What was the first name of Italian tenor Caruso, born in 1873? | Enrico Caruso | Italian opera singer | Britannica.com
Italian opera singer
Marian Anderson
Enrico Caruso, original name Errico Caruso (born Feb. 25, 1873, Naples, Italy —died Aug. 2, 1921, Naples), the most admired Italian operatic tenor of the early 20th century and one of the first musicians to document his voice on gramophone recordings.
Caruso was born into a poor family. Although he was a musical child who sang Neapolitan folk songs everywhere and joined his parish choir at the age of nine, he received no formal music training until his study with Guglielmo Vergine at age 18. Within three years, in 1894, he made his operatic debut, in Mario Morelli’s L’Amico Francesco in Naples at the Teatro Nuovo. Four years later, after adding a number of impressive roles to his repertoire , he was asked to create the role of Loris in the premiere of Umberto Giordano’s Fedora in Milan . He was a sensation and soon had engagements in Moscow, St. Petersburg (Russia), and Buenos Aires . He made his La Scala debut with La Bohème (1900). In 1901, after being unfavourably received in his performance in L’elisir d’amore in Naples, he vowed never again to sing in Naples, and he kept his word.
Caruso then created the chief tenor parts in Adriana Lecouvreur, Germania, and La fanciulla del West, and for the La Scala company the tenor roles in Le Maschere and L’elisir d’amore. World recognition came in the spring of 1902 after he sang in La Bohème at Monte Carlo and in Rigoletto at London’s Covent Garden . He made his American debut in Rigoletto at the opening night of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City on Nov. 23, 1903, and continued to open each season there for the next 17 years, presenting 36 roles in all. His last public appearance—his 607th performance with the Metropolitan—was as Eléazar in La Juive (Dec. 24, 1920).
Enrico Caruso as Canio (the clown) in Ruggero Leoncavallo’s opera …
© Photos.com/Thinkstock
Listen: Verdi, Giuseppe: excerpt from “Rigoletto” as performed by Caruso
An excerpt from “
| Enrico |
Who composed the 19th Century opera ‘La Boheme’? | Caruso, Enrico
Caruso, Enrico
born Feb. 27, 1873, Naples, Italy
died Aug. 2, 1921, Naples
Italian tenor.
Apprenticed to a mechanical engineer at age 10, at 18 he began to sing in public in his free time. He attracted the notice of a teacher and made his professional debut in 1894. He sang his best-known role, Canio in Ruggero Leoncavallo's Pagliacci, for the first time in 1896. He recovered from a disastrous La Scala debut in 1900 and within two years had gained the high notes that made him an international star and a legend. He sang at the Metropolitan Opera (1903–20) in almost 60 roles, becoming the most famous male opera star of his time. His warm, appealing tenor voice of great emotive power made his recordings (which include some of the first vocal recordings ever made) best-sellers for decades after his death.
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born Feb. 25, 1873, Naples, Italy
died Aug. 2, 1921, Naples
the most admired Italian operatic tenor of the early 20th century and one of the first musicians to document his voice on gramophone recordings.
Caruso was born into a poor family. Although he was a musical child who sang Neapolitan folk songs everywhere and joined his parish choir at the age of nine, he received no formal music training until his study with Guglielmo Vergine at age 18. Within three years, in 1894, he made his operatic debut, in Mario Morelli's L'Amico Francesco in Naples at the Teatro Nuovo. Four years later, after adding a number of impressive roles to his repertoire, he was asked to create the role of Loris in the premiere of Umberto Giordano's Fedora in Milan. He was a sensation and soon had engagements in Moscow, St. Petersburg ( Russia ), and Buenos Aires . He made his La Scala debut with La Bohème (1900). In 1901, after being unfavourably received in his performance in L'elisir d'amore in Naples, he vowed never again to sing in Naples, and he kept his word.
Caruso then created the chief tenor parts in Adriana Lecouvreur, Germania , and La fanciulla del West, and for the La Scala company the tenor roles in Le Maschere and L'elisir d'amore. World recognition came in the spring of 1902 after he sang in La Bohème at Monte Carlo and in Rigoletto at London's Covent Garden. He made his American debut in Rigoletto at the opening night of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City on Nov. 23, 1903, and continued to open each season there for the next 17 years, presenting 36 roles in all. His last public appearance—his 607th performance with the Metropolitan—was as Eléazar in La Juive ( Dec . 24, 1920).
Caruso became the most celebrated and highest paid of his contemporaries worldwide. He made recordings of about 200 operatic excerpts and songs; many of them are still being published. His voice was sensuous, lyrical, and vigorous in dramatic outbursts and became progressively darker in timbre in his later years. Its appealing tenor qualities were unusually rich in lower registers and abounded in warmth, vitality, and smoothness.
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Tamino, Sarastro, Pamina and Papageno are all characters from which opera by Mozart? | The Magic Flute: characters | The Magic Flute
The Magic Flute
Characters
The characters of Die Zauberflöte: thumbnail sketches
Die Zauberflöte is a fairytale. The traditional oppositions between the characters of the chosen ones (Tamino/Pamina) and the non-initiated (Papageno), the good and wise (Sarastro, the priests) and their enemies (the Queen of the Night, the Three Ladies, Monostatos), are clearly motivated in dramaturgical terms, even if this does not forbid us from seeing them in a slightly different light. Here are a few cursory – and personal – sketches of them, rather like those one might make for use, say, in a little puppet theatre.
Papageno : the birdcatcher, a clumsy, comical character written for the librettist to play, is the heir to the Kasperl and Hanswurst figures of Viennese popular theatre, a trace of whose accent he retains. The attribute of this ‘know-all’ who really knows nothing is a set of panpipes that can charm birds (he will also make incidental use of a set of magic bells). In a sense he lies at the centre of the opera: his failed, even parodic initiation sets in perspective the gravity of the itinerary followed by the Tamino/Pamina couple and the solemnity of a discourse which thus always remains human and accessible. He emerges as an amiable coward with a tendency to put his foot in it, deeply in love with life and with his Papagena, and his feathered person and catchy tunes add a touch of bright colour to the austere interplay of shadows and light which structures the drama.
Tamino : the young man is in love with Princess Pamina. We admire his fine bearing, his extreme sensibility, his steadfastness in the trials, his sublime arias. Yet he makes an unexpected entrance by fainting before a serpent that pursues him. Of course it is not the serpent that frightens him, but what it symbolises. The Three Ladies save the young prince, the better to deceive his innocence and subject him to the power of the Queen of the Night. Only once he is inside the Temple does he understand that he has been tricked, a sign that his initiation has been successful. It is on this initiation of Tamino and Pamina – and alongside them the audience – that the entire drama rests.
His attribute is a flute. As his initiation progresses, he will discover all its enchanted powers: it can charm the animals of the forest and will assist him in passing through the terrible trials of Fire and Water, thus helping to make the world a better place.
Pamina : the object of both the noblest and the basest desires (Tamino and Monostatos respectively), she is Tamino’s reward for successfully undergoing his initiation.
She is depicted in a portrait given to Tamino by the Three Ladies, in which, according to Papageno, she is seen with dark eyes, red lips and blonde hair.
She encounters her beloved in a particularly dramatic scene, only to be separated from him again until they are at last reunited to accomplish the final trials of purification together.
As the daughter of the Queen of the Night, she is torn between her filial love and her love for Tamino. She plays an active role on the path towards wisdom, leading Tamino behind her in the final trials. Mozart assigned her the most deeply-felt arias, quivering with emotion, sometimes desperate, in which she displays a nobility and resolution that foreshadow the qualities of the heroines of early Romanticism, such as Beethoven’s Leonore or Agathe in Der Freischütz).
Papagena : she appears quite late in the opera, in a comic role (disguised as an old woman both physically and vocally) that culminates in a magnificent love duet with Papageno (the only true love duet in the opera). The Second Priest had promised her to Papageno if he passed his trials. Since such is not the case, she appears to him in the least attractive form imaginable. Yet love will transform her into a beautiful female birdcatcher. Her role is at once tender and mischievous.
The father and the mother : Sarastro and the Queen of the Night. They too may be seen though the eyes of childhood.
Sarastro : outward appearances suggest that he must be evil; his authoritarianism and severity, his henchman Monostatos, everything seems to indicate that he belongs to the camp of the villains. But his teachings, which guide Tamino and Pamina towards the truth, gradually reveal his deep wisdom and his great kindness. In the end he repudiates Monostatos and condemns him.
Monostatos : a Moor, ‘the same colour as a black ghost’, as the libretto indicates. His sole obsession is to possess Pamina. The Osmin of Die Entführung aus dem Serail is not so far away. This libidinous grotesque will be swallowed up by hell along with his new mistress, the Queen of the Night.
The Queen of the Night: : the better to dupe the innocence of Tamino, Papageno and Pamina – not to mention the audience – she seems kindly and protective at the start of the opera. The knowledge they acquire through their initiation will enable the young people to free themselves from this cruel mother-figure, dangerous, manipulative, and ultimately bound for hell; but not before she has gratified us with two furious, vengeful arias in which she comes close to madness. No other ‘drama queen’ has ever had such fearsome arias to sing in the entire history of opera.
Finally we may mention the Three Ladies, who assist her in her nefarious deeds as an emanation of her will.
| The Magic Flute |
In 1991, who made 101 curtain calls and set a world record of one hour 20 minutes for applause for his role in Verdi’s ‘Otello’? | The Magic Flute | Michigan Opera Theatre
Synopsis
A mythical land between the sun and the moon
Three ladies in the service of the Queen of the Night save Prince Tamino from a serpent. When they leave to tell the queen, the birdcatcher Papageno appears (“I’m Papageno”). He boasts to Tamino that it was he who killed the creature. The ladies return to give Tamino a portrait of the queen’s daughter, Pamina, who they say has been enslaved by the evil Sarastro. Tamino immediately falls in love with the girl’s picture (“This portrait’s beauty”). The queen, appearing in a burst of thunder, tells Tamino about the loss of her daughter and commands him to rescue her (“My fate is grief”). The ladies give a magic flute to Tamino and silver bells to Papageno to ensure their safety on the journey and appoint three spirits to guide them (Quintet: “Hm! hm! hm! hm!”).
Sarastro’s slave Monostatos pursues Pamina but is frightened away by Papageno. The birdcatcher tells Pamina that Tamino loves her and is on his way to save her. Led by the three spirits to the temple of Sarastro, Tamino learns from a high priest that it is the Queen, not Sarastro, who is evil. Hearing that Pamina is safe, Tamino charms the wild animals with his flute, then rushes off to follow the sound of Papageno’s pipes. Monostatos and his men chase Papageno and Pamina but are left helpless when Papageno plays his magic bells. Sarastro enters in great ceremony. He punishes Monostatos and promises Pamina that he will eventually set her free. Pamina catches a glimpse of Tamino, who is led into the temple with Papageno.
Sarastro tells the priests that Tamino will undergo initiation rites (“O Isis and Osiris”). Monostatos tries to kiss the sleeping Pamina (“Men were born to be great lovers”) but is surprised by the appearance of the Queen of the Night. The Queen gives her daughter a dagger and orders her to murder Sarastro (“Here in my heart, Hell’s bitterness”).
Sarastro finds the desperate Pamina and consoles her, explaining that he is not interested in vengeance (“Within our sacred temple”). Tamino and Papageno are told by a priest that they must remain silent and are not allowed to eat, a vow that Papageno immediately breaks when he takes a glass of water from a flirtatious old lady. When he asks her name, the old lady vanishes. The three spirits appear to guide Tamino through the rest of his journey and to tell Papageno to be quiet. Tamino remains silent even when Pamina appears. Misunderstanding his vow for coldness, she is heartbroken (“Now my heart is filled with sadness”).
The priests inform Tamino that he has only two more trials to complete his initiation. Papageno, who has given up on entering the brotherhood, longs for a wife instead (“A cuddly wife or sweetheart”). He eventually settles for the old lady. When he promises to be faithful she turns into a beautiful young Papagena but immediately disappears.
Pamina and Tamino are reunited and face the ordeals of water and fire together, protected by the magic flute.
Papageno tries to hang himself on a tree but is saved by the three spirits, who remind him that if he uses his magic bells he will find true happiness. When he plays the bells, Papagena appears and the two start making family plans (Duet: “Pa-pa-pa-pageno!”). The Queen of the Night, her three ladies, and Monostatos attack the temple but are defeated and banished. Sarastro blesses Pamina and Tamino as all join in hailing the triumph of courage, virtue, and wisdom.
– Courtesy of Opera News
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The opera ‘Deliverence of Theseus’ by Darius Milhaud lasts how many minutes? | 20 interesting Opera facts | Facts About All
Facts About All
20 interesting Opera facts
The word opera means "work" in Italian (it is the plural of Latin opus meaning "work" or "labour")
The words of an opera are known as the libretto (literally "little book"). Some composers, notably Richard Wagner, have written their own libretti.
During the seventeenth century, women were not allowed to sing onstage, not even in a chorus. Castrated males, or castrati, would sing the soprano/mezzo/alto parts.
The shortest opera is only seven minutes long and is Darius Milhaud’s The Deliverance of Theseus.
Traditional opera, often referred to as "number opera," consists of two modes of singing: recitative, the plot-driving passages sung in a style designed to imitate and emphasize the inflections of speech, and aria (an "air" or formal song) in which the characters express their emotions in a more structured melodic style.
Opera composers would sometimes hire a group of people to cheer their works or boo the works of their rivals.
Dafne by Jacopo Peri was the earliest composition considered opera, as understood today. It was written around 1597, largely under the inspiration of an elite circle of literate Florentine humanists who gathered as the "Camerata de' Bardi".
When Charles Gounod’s (1818-1893) opera Faust wasn’t selling tickets, the producer gave away tickets for the first three performances to people out of town and declared the performances were sold out. Wondering what all the fuss was about, the public began buying tickets, and Faust became a hit.
The honour of being the first opera still to be regularly performed, goes to Claudio Monteverdi's L'Orfeo, composed for the court of Mantua in 1607.
Mozart wrote his first opera, Bastien und Bastienne, a parody of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s operatic intermezzo Le devin du village (The Village Soothsayer), when he was only 12 years old.
Beethoven wrote only one opera, Fidelio.
Wagner revolutionized opera by disposing of existing operatic rules and structures. He also created the “Leitmotif” (or leading theme), which is a musical theme that is associated with a main character.
Whistling at many European operas actually means “boo!”
The earliest surviving opera (written by Jacopo Peri and Ottavio Rinuccini) is Euridice which was performed in Florence in 1600. Opera quickly spread from Florence to Rome, Venice, and all other major cities in Italy.
Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868) wrote one of the most famous operas, The Barber of Seville, in just two weeks.
Enrico Caruso (1873-1921), arguably the greatest opera singer of all time, was the 18th of 21 children, only three of whom lived beyond infancy.
After Plácido Domingo performed the title role in Verdi's Otello in Vienna on July 30, 1991, the audience clapped for one hour and 20 minutes (and 101 curtain calls), setting a new world record for the longest applause ever.
Luciano Pavarotti received 165 curtain calls on February 24, 1988, after singing in Donizetti’s L’elisir d’amore in Berlin.
Later in life, Wagner considered writing operas about Jesus Christ and Buddah.
Contraltos are the lowest and most rare female voice category. They were often assigned roles originally written for castrati, or male singers who were castrated before puberty.
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Which opera singer was born Claire Mary Teresa Rawston in 1944? | 52 Interesting Facts about Opera | FactRetriever.com
52 Interesting Facts about Opera
By Karin Lehnardt, Senior Writer
Published January 7, 2017
The term “opera” comes from the Latin opus, or “work.” The term “soap opera” was first recorded in 1939 as a derogatory term for daytime radio shows that were sponsored by soap manufacturers.[6]
When the notorious soprano Francesca Cuzzoni refused to sing the aria “Falsa immagine” from Handel’s Ottone, Handel grabbed her by the waist and swore he would throw her out the window if she did not agree.[3]
In eighteenth-century opera seria (serious opera), the main singers would stand in ballet’s third position, with bent, bowlegged knees and heels together, with one ankle in front of the other. They remained in that position the entire song.[10]
During the seventeenth century, women were not allowed to sing onstage, not even in a chorus. Castrated males, or castrati, would sing the soprano/mezzo/alto parts. The first of the great castrati was Baldassare Ferri (1610-1680). He was so famous that the town’s people met him three miles outside the city and filled his carriage with flowers.[5]
After hearing of scandalous behavior at the Tor di Nona in 1697, Pope Innocent XII (1615-1700) decreed the opera house immoral and ordered it to be burned to the ground.[3]
Amalie Materna, who played Brünnhilde during Wagner's lifetime (1876), may be the first proverbial "fat lady"
The famous proverb “the opera ain’t over ‘til the fat lady sings” in reference to buxom Brunhilde’s 10-minute aria at the end of Wagner’s Ring cycle operas is usually attributed to pro basketball coach Dick Motta, who in turn attributes it to San Antonio sportswriter/broadcaster Dan Cook, who says he overheard a friend say it.[1]
Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687) is considered the father of French opera, though he was actually born in Italy. He pioneered the concept of the conducting stick but, unfortunately, he hit his own foot with a heavy conducting staff. His foot became gangrenous, ultimately killing him.[3]
When Charles Gounod’s (1818-1893) opera Faust wasn’t selling tickets, the producer gave away tickets for the first three performances to people out of town and declared the performances were sold out. Wondering what all the fuss was about, the public began buying tickets, and Faust became a hit.[10]
The founder of German opera is Christoph Willibald von Gluck (1714-1787) who was a major force in moving opera away from unnatural and dramatic practices to more realistic performances. He influenced greats such as Mozart and Wagner.[9]
Mozart wrote his first opera, Bastien und Bastienne, a parody of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s operatic intermezzo Le devin du village (The Village Soothsayer), when he was only 12 years old.[12]
Beethoven wrote only one opera, Fidelio, a fiercely humanistic opera. He worked on it for 11 years, revising it over and over again. It was produced in 1805, just as his deafness was plunging him into depression.[10]
Richard Wagner’s “Walkürenritt“ (“Ride of the Valkyries”) from Die Walküre (The Valkyrie), which debuted in 1870, is extremely popular in movies and TV shows, most notably in Apocalypse Now when U.S. soldiers blast this music from their helicopters to terrify the Vietnamese.[3]
I love the smell of opera in the morning
Wagner revolutionized opera by disposing of existing operatic rules and structures. He also created the “Leitmotif” (or leading theme), which is a musical theme that is associated with a main character. For example, in Star Wars, there is a different musical theme associated with Princess Leia, with Luke Skywalker, with Obi-Wan Kenobi, and with Yoda.[4]
After an opera, it is appropriate to yell bravo for a man and brava for a woman. If you want to cheer for two or more singers, use the plural form, which is bravi. If the group consists only of women, yell brave (BRAH-vay).[11]
In 1994, Warner Brother’s 1957 classic “What’s Opera, Doc?” featuring Elmer Fudd chasing Bugs Bunny in a parody of Richard Wagner’s Ring cycle operas, was voted #1 of the 50 Greatest Cartoons. It was also deemed “culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant” by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.[3]
Whistling at many European operas actually means “boo!”[11]
The La Scala Opera House (inaugurated in 1778) in Milan, Italy, is famous for having the hardest-to-please audience in opera. The audience has been known to make a performer keep singing until he or she “gets it right.”[3]
Madama Butterfly is now a staple of the operatic repertoire around the world and is ranked 6th by Operabase
The first performance of Puccini’s opera Madama Butterfly was one of opera’s all-time worst flops. The audience made bird, cow, and goat calls and booed. Madama Butterfly, however, became one of the best-loved operas in history.[10]
Opera’s origins are typically traced to the dramas of ancient Greece, though the Egyptians had been performing the Heb-Sed (or Feast of the Tail) for 2,000 years previously. The Heb-Sed evolved into Passion Plays in which the Egyptians acted out stories from Egypt’s glorious past set to music and singing.[8]
Medieval Easter and Christmas plays, which were performed to music, are considered precursors to opera. The most famous of these pre-operatic church dramas is the Quem Queritis (“Whom do you seek?”) play about a group of women who go to Christ’s tomb to anoint his body. As these plays evolved, they became more theatrical and less religious.[8]
Jacopo Peri’s (1561-1633) Dafne (1597) with a libretto (words) by Ottavio Rinuccini (1562-1621) is considered the first “modern” opera and was an instant success. Though the music is lost, music was most likely secondary to the story in the early years of opera.[9]
The earliest surviving opera (written by Jacopo Peri and Ottavio Rinuccini) is Euridice which was performed in Florence in 1600. Opera quickly spread from Florence to Rome, Venice, and all other major cities in Italy.[9]
Mozart joined the Freemasons in 1784 and wrote several cantatas for their ceremonies. In The Magic Flute, he incorporated many of their ideals of wisdom, friendship, nature, and sacrifice. His librettist was also a former mason. Mozart died nine weeks after the opera’s premier, and some say he was killed because his opera revealed the society’s secrets.[4]
The arrival of Sarastro on a chariot in Mozart's The Magic Flute. In the background are the temples of Wisdom, Reason, and Nature
Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848) wrote one of opera’s most famous insanity scenes in Lucia di Lammermoor (1835), based on Sir Walter Scott’s novel The Bride of Lammermoor. He himself later went mad due to syphilis and spent the last years of his life in an insane asylum.[3]
Enrico Caruso (1873-1921), arguably the greatest opera singer of all time, was the 18th of 21 children, only three of whom lived beyond infancy. As a boy, he worked in a machine shop to help his family and sang on street corners to make money. He was the first opera singer to perform without dynamic modulation, which is to sing almost exclusively forte (loud).[8]
Della Reese’s hit “Don’t You Know” is based on “Quando m’en vo” (“Musetta’s Waltz”) from Puccini’s La bohème. Jackie Wilson’s hit “Night” is based on “Mon cur s’ouvre à ta voix” (“My Heart at Thy Sweet Voice”) from Saint-Saëns’ Samson et Dalila.[12]
In 1727, the Italian sopranos and rivals Faustina Bordoni (1697-1781) and Francesca Cuzzoni (1696-1778) broke into fisticuffs while singing on stage in London.[8]
The first public opera house (San Cassiano) opened in Venice in 1637 where “the father of opera,” Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643), shifted the emphasis from a more dialogue-based opera to a more musical opera. Monteverdi helped place Venice as the opera capital of the world.[10]
Opera is when a guy gets stabbed in the back and, instead of bleeding, he sings.
- Robert Benchley
Opera was the fruit of the Italian Renaissance. In the final decade of the sixteenth century, a group of artists, musicians, and poets who called themselves the Florentine Camerata met there to revive Greek drama and developed an opera in musica: a work in music. Galileo’s father, Vincenzo Galilei was reportedly a member.[11]
Mozart inherited the legacy of opera seria and opera buffa as well as the German Singspiel, but he transformed them and incorporated music of rare inspiration. Opera history is often divided into pre-Mozart and post-Mozart.[9]
Opera music has been incorporated into many popular movies and commercials. For example, Léo Delibes’ “The Flower Duet” (“Sous le dôme épais”) from Lakmé can be heard in The American President, Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life, Superman Returns, and Meet the Parents (as well as in numerous TV shows and commercials). Rossini’s The Barber of Seville (Il barbiere di Siviglia) has been featured in Babe: The Pig in the City, Deep Impact, Jumanji, Space Jam, Under the Tuscan Sun, and in an award-winning Nike commercial starring Charles Barkley. Other commercials that have incorporated opera include Handel’s Xerxes for AT&T, Wagner’s Lohengrin for Du Pont, Mozart’s The Magic Flute (Die Zauberflöte) for Kraft, and Bizet’s Carmen for Pepsi.[7]
Salome's traditional Christian biblical themes coupled with erotic and murderous elements shocked opera audiences
Richard Strauss’ 1905 opera Salome (“zahl-oh-may”) about Salome and John the Baptist was so graphically violent that it was banned at the Metropolitan Opera in New York for decades. It includes incest, nudity, murder, and a dramatic scene where Salome kisses the lips of John the Baptist’s severed head.[8]
Early opera houses were often boisterous and unruly. They were also lit by candles which—when combined with perspiration, perfume, and little ventilation—made opera night fairly ripe.[8]
Richard Wagner’s Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four operas (Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Siegried, and Göotterdämmurung). They are usually performed individually, but Wagner intended they be performed in a series as a coherent whole. When an opera company dares to take on that herculean task, the The Ring becomes the world’s longest opera at over 14 hours (and close to 18 hours, including intermissions). Wagner wrote it over a 30-year span. It is based loosely on a Norse legend of the Nibelungenlied and has many parallels with J.R.R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings trilogy.[5]
Wagner had a special opera house, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus (Festival Theatre), to house his Ring cycle. To “Wagnerians,” Bayreuth is a holy place where every year they make a pilgrimage to see and hear Wagner’s music.[12]
After Plácido Domingo performed the title role in Verdi’s Otello in Vienna on July 30, 1991, the audience clapped for one hour and 20 minutes (and 101 curtain calls), setting a new world record for the longest applause ever.[5]
Luciano Pavarotti received 165 curtain calls on February 24, 1988, after singing in Donizetti’s L’elisir d’amore in Berlin.[5]
Nixon in China is an opera composed by John Adams (1947- ) about President Nixon’s 1972 visit to China. It is considered an important milestone in American minimalist music.[12]
The first opera by a woman, Francesca Caccini (1587-1641), was the 1625 La liberazione di Ruggiero.[8]
A professional French claqueur
Opera composers would sometimes hire a group of people to cheer their works or boo the works of their rivals. This group was called a claque (clapping) and was common at European opera performances.[8]
The shortest opera is only seven minutes long and is Darius Milhaud’s The Deliverance of Theseus.[5]
The National Endowment for the Arts reports that in 2002, 6.6 million adults attended at least one opera performance.[5]
The most frequently performed operas in the 2007-2008 season were La bohème, Tosca, La traviata, Le nozze di Figaro (The Marriage of Figaro), Carmen, Don Giovanni, L’elisir d’amore (The Elixir of Love), Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute), Aida, Madama Butterfly, and Turandot.[5]
Antonio Salieri, Mozart’s rival, was rumored to “confess” to murdering Mozart before his own death in 1825. In 1897, Nikolai Rimksy-Korsakov (1844-1908) wrote an opera called Mozart and Salieri.[9]
Many great operas derived from literary sources, such as Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe, Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace, Nathanial Hawthorn’s The Scarlet Letter, Henry James’ The Turn of the Screw, and John Milton’s Paradise Lost.[12]
In 1859, Wagner wrote an essay titled “Jewry in Music” that decried the work of Jewish composers, which Hitler later admired. Yet Wagner hired Hermann Levi (1839-1900), a Jew, to conduct Parsifal.[12]
Later in life, Wagner considered writing operas about Jesus Christ and Buddha.[12]
Rossini's Barber is considered one of the greatest masterpieces of comedy within opera
Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868) wrote one of the most famous operas, The Barber of Seville, in just two weeks.[3]
Beethoven originally called his opera Fidelio Leonore, which is why there are three Leonore overtures and one for Fidelio. Fidelio’s subtitle is “Die eheliche Liebe” or “Married Love.”[12]
Contraltos are the lowest and most rare female voice category. They were often assigned roles originally written for castrati, or male singers who were castrated before puberty.[11]
In September 2009, Pensacola (Florida) Opera conductor David Ott fell 14 feet into the orchestra pit after the first performance of The Widow’s Lantern, which he also composed. He broke nine vertebrae, dislocated his shoulder, and injured an ankle. He is 95% sure he will be able to conduct operas again.[2]
When six-foot-four, 330-pound basso Luigi Lablache (1794-1854) was cast as prisoner wasting away in a dungeon, the audience burst into laughter at the first words he sang: “I’m starving.”[11]
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‘Premiere’ is the 2004 debut album of which opera singer? | BBC - Wales - Katherine Jenkins biography
Katherine Jenkins biography
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Last updated: 28 March 2011
In 2004, at the age of 23, Katherine Jenkins signed the largest record deal in UK classical recording history.
But it was hardly an overnight success for this mezzo-soprano from Neath. By the age of seven, Katherine's early interest in pop had given way to a love of classical music, and she began taking piano lessons and joined the local choir.
My three ambitions have always been to sing at the Millennium Stadium and the Sydney Opera House, and to get to number one in the classical charts. I can't believe I've done all three.
Katherine Jenkins
In the decade that followed she represented Wales three times in the Choirgirl Of The Year competition, twice won the BBC Radio 2 Welsh Choirgirl Of The Year contest, and won the BET Welsh Choirgirl Of The Year. She was a member of the Royal School of Church Music Cathedral Singers and the National Youth Choir of Wakes.
Katherine won a scholarship to study at the Royal Academy of Music in London and graduated with honours.
In October 2003 she sang at a mass honouring the Pope's silver jubilee at Westminster Cathedral. The same month she supported Aled Jones on tour, before performing at the Sydney Opera House as a special guest of Max Boyce .
Since then she has become the official mascot for the Wales rugby team. Before the 2003 Rugby World Cup she recorded the Welsh team's official song, a version of Bread Of Heaven backed by a 100-piece male voice choir. Prior to that, she'd sung the Welsh national anthem Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium before the Wales/England game.
"I was so nervous before," she said, "but as I walked along the tunnel 70,000 people were singing Delilah. I just felt so at home that I wasn't the least bit nervous. I sang, walked off, and halfway up the tunnel I turned to jelly."
Released in April 2004, Katherine's classical chart-topping debut album Premiere, is a mix of old standards including Ave Maria and The Lord Is My Shepherd, plus a smattering of traditional Welsh songs and new interpretations of classic tunes by Handel, Bach, Erik Satie and others.
Before signing to Universal Classics, Katherine had worked as a music teacher. The catalyst for her pursuit of success was the death of her father when she was just 15 years old.
In 2004 she performed at Westminster Cathedral, Sydney Opera House, the Royal Albert Hall and Cardiff's Millennium Stadium. In October the same year, Katherine's second album, Second Nature, was released, reaching number 16 in the UK pop charts.
2005 saw appearances at Tsunami Relief Cardiff and the G8 concert, Live 8, in Berlin. Katherine also became the new forces' sweetheart, performing at the VE Day anniversary concert at Trafalgar Square, at which she was introduced by Dame Vera Lynn. She went on to perform for the troops in Iraq in December 2005 and 2006.
Following the release of Katherine's third album, Living A Dream, in October 2005, her three albums occupied the first three positions in the classical crossover music charts, making her the first artist to achieve this. The album earned Katherine her second Classical Brit award, following her win the previous year for Second Nature.
Her fourth, Serenade, was released in 2006, followed by Rejoice in 2007 and Sacred Arias in 2008, her last recording for Universal before signing with Warner Music for allegedly the biggest classical recording deal in history. The album Believe was released in 2009.
Katherine's high profile has led to appearances on many different platforms. She's had a cameo role in Emmerdale; modelled on the catwalk for Naomi Campbell's Fashion Relief charity event; appeared in The Apprentice and the Last Night Of The Proms in Hyde Park; toured with ballerina Darcey Bussell in their Viva La Diva tour; and sang alongside Rhydian Roberts in the X Factor final
In 2010, she was a mentor on the ITV show, Popstar to Operastar, and made her TV acting debut in the Doctor Who Christmas special.
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| Katherine Jenkins |
Which opera by Puccini was completed after his death by Franco Alfano? | Katherine Jenkins | The official Katherine Jenkins website
The Nation’s Sweetheart Presents the Ultimate Celebration Soundtrack
24th March
Celebration is Katherine’s first album since having a baby, and opens with the poignant song This Mother’s Heart, commissioned as a gift to the Queen. Celebration includes a full rendition of the national anthem in its rarely-heard, three-verse form. Katherine will be performing, by request, at the Queen’s birthday celebrations at Windsor Castle in May, […]
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A tribute celebration of her Majesty the Queen’s 90th Birthday
1st October
Raymond Gubbay presents KATHERINE JENKINS Katherine Jenkins performs her very own tribute celebrating Her Majesty the Queen’s 90th Birthday with a sensational programme of glorious music in the magnificent setting of the Royal Albert Hall. ZADOK THE PRIEST • WE’LL MEET AGAIN AMAZING GRACE • CROWN IMPERIAL WORLD IN UNION • HALLELUJAH CHORUS MUSIC FOR […]
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Being Katherine Jenkins – BBC One Wales
12th December
Monday, December 15, BBC One Wales, 9pm #BeingKatherineJenkins Katherine Jenkins is one of the most successful classical music crossover artists in the world. Having performed in front of royalty, world leaders and British troops around the globe, she has now decided it’s time to open up about her life. From her home in London, Neath-born […]
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Watch the Citizen UK Video!
3rd December
Have you seen the fantastic Citizen UK Watch campaign featuring Katherine? You can enter the competition on their website for a chance to win a Luxury VIP Weekend Away with Mr and Mrs Smith who offer a hand-picked collection of the most special boutique hotels in the world. To see the video click the link: […]
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The latest Katherine Jenkins news!
12th November
Katherine Jenkins & José Carreras have announced that they will play a spectacular Midsummer’s double bill in Cork next June! The performance at the fully-seated Irish Independent Park (Musgrave Park) will take place on 20th June 2015. Tickets are on sale now. Get your tickets here: http://po.st/KJJCCork Exclusive ‘Meet and Greet’ packages available […]
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Exclusive ‘Meet and Greet’ packages available for Katherine’s #HomeSweetHomeTour2015 UK tour
3rd November
Katherine will be performing around the UK on her #HomeSweetHomeTour2015 and is offering exclusive packages to her fans. Each venue on the tour has two packages available – a ‘Meet and Greet’ package & an ‘Up Close & Personal’ package. Seating options vary slightly between venues. MEET & GREET PACKAGE £148.50 Meeting and photo […]
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Katherine will be signing copies of her album at HMV!
28th October
We have some exciting news! Katherine would love to meet you on the week her album comes out and to make it happen we’ve arranged two album signings at hmv in Cardiff and Manchester: Tuesday 18th November HMV, Queen St, Cardiff From 5.30pm Friday 21st November HMV, Arndale Shopping Centre, Manchester From 5.30pm Put the […]
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TV & Radio Appearances
27th October
Katherine will be making the following appearances on TV & Radio over the coming months. Be sure to tune in so you don’t miss a beat! 27/10 Lorraine (ITV 1) TBC BBC Wales Documentary (BBC Wales) 9/11 Strictly come Dancing (BBC 1) 11/11 QVC 14/11 Alan Titchmarsh (ITV1) 14/11 […]
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An Evening with Katherine Jenkins in New York City
4th July
We are very pleased to announce three brand new dates in New York, USA, in October this year, where Katherine will perform at the city’s world renowned SubCulture venue in the heart of lower Manhattan. Check the tour bar for details and ticket links for the dates on October 9th, 10th, and 11th, and we […]
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Katherine Jenkins to headline Glasgow Proms in the Park 2014
23rd June
We are delighted to announce that Katherine will headline this year’s Glasgow BBC Proms in the Park celebrations at this year’s open-air concert on Glasgow Green on Saturday 13 September, along with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra who will be under the baton of conductor Stephen Bell. Katherine Jenkins says: “It’s always such an honour […]
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Katherine Helps Launch British Airways’ London to Chengdu Route
8th May
This week, with the help of Katherine Jenkins, British Airways have launched their latest Boeing 787 Dreamliner on its direct service between Chengdu and London, while also increasing frequency on the route from three to five flights per week. Specially invited guests and local media were invited to attend a “Best of British” celebration on […]
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Katherine Signs New Deal with Decca Records – Returning to ‘The Home of Classical Music’ to celebrate her 10th anniversary!
20th March
It’s official! Katherine Jenkins (OBE) has today announced that she has renewed her relationship with the world’s No.1 Classic label, Decca Records – signing a deal which will see the nation’s favourite songstress release her next album in the autumn of 2014. This significant and hugely exciting signing marks the beginning of a new era […]
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Katherine Jenkins announces Thetford Forest Summer Concert
19th March
Katherine Jenkins has announced a special concert this summer, appearing in Thetford Forest on Sat 12 July as part of the Forestry Commission’s Forest Live concert calendar. Katherine last played the venue to a capacity crowd in 2008, and commented on her forthcoming concert, “I thoroughly enjoyed my forest debut which was a little while […]
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Carlos Marin, Urs Buhler, Sebastien Izambard and David Miller are members of which operatic pop vocal group? | Il Divo - Il Divo
Merch
Il Divo
In their career to date, Il Divo have already proven how the power of music transcends category and defies definition.
And now their latest album appears certain to bring a whole new level of Latin fuego to the extraordinary Il Divo story, whilst showing how – after more than a decade topping charts around the world – they still ooze with their legendary passion.
This is Il Divo’s seventh studio album – and their most ambitious yet. It is also, they are convinced, their sexiest. The flavours and sultry rhythms of Spain and Cuba, Argentina and Mexico give a nod to the quartet’s beginnings, whilst marking an exciting new chapter in their career. “AMOR & PASION” – an album full of love and romance.
Il Divo have performed in front of the world’s great and good – from President Barack Obama to Her Majesty the Queen. They have shared microphones with fellow superstars from Barbara Streisand to Celine Dion and their sell-out concerts have been attended by Hollywood icons including Tom Hanks and Robert De Niro.
To date, Il Divo have 30 million album sales under their belts. They have collected 160 gold and platinum awards in 33 countries. Not bad, considering the group worried there might not be a demand for their unique style of music.
Urs Buhler, Sebastien Izambard, Carlos Marin and David Miller were first brought together by Simon Cowell, in 2003. None of them suspected what a monumental impact their union would have. “I never thought we would be successful,” says Carlos. “I thought maybe we would do one record and then I would go back to my opera or my musical theatre or whatever.”
Twelve years, and four world tours later, Carlos is delighted to admit he was wrong. “You stop, and you think: Wow! We’ve preformed for royalty and presidents. Gorbachev came to meet us – Obama, Bush. When we played Madison Square Gardens with Barbara Streisand, there was a knock on the door in the intermission and there was Hilary Clinton. She said: Hello I’m a big fan. Can I have a photo? And then Bill Clinton arrived and said: Hey, I play the saxophone. We could do a duet.
“We’ve had amazing experiences. I see everything as a film passing in front of my eyes. Sometimes you don’t really believe what you have achieved…”
At their outset, Il Divo were four strangers of different nationalities, each with a distinguished but very different musical background. American tenor, David was a conservatory-trained opera singer, whose performance in Baz Luhrman’s La Boheme on Broadway had been critically acclaimed. Baritone, Carlos had been a child vocal prodigy – the ‘Little Caruso’ – recording his first album aged eight, with a career spanning stage and opera. Accomplished tenor, Urs, from Switzerland, played violin, clarinet, piano, guitar and drums and had even fronted a heavy metal band as a teenager, before choosing a classical route. Sebastien was a talented singer-songwriter, whose single Si Tu Savais had reached number one in the French charts.
Initially, all they shared was their passion for their music, together with a certain curiosity at having been recruited into the quartet. But when they sang together, something exceptional happened.
The stellar success of their first album, Il Divo (2004), which sold more than a million copies in the UK alone in its first six weeks, and in total topped the charts in 12 countries, left no doubt that Il Divo were far more than music industry hype.
Their crossover of the classical and the popular, the multiple languages, the crescendo the operatic brings to much-loved hits and their refusal to be intimidated by the preconceptions of what was high-brow and what
was commercial – all stirred a longing in audiences. Around the world, a record buying public – who had long been dismissed as not quite discerning enough for opera, yet who had embraced the Three Tenors and Andrea Bocelli – welcomed the depths and textures and the thrilling sensuality the four very different voices of Il Divo created together.
Of course, their Armani-clad physiques did not hurt either. When Il Divo appeared on stage, standing ovations accompanied every song along with a constant flow of flowers to the stage.
After their platinum debut, subsequent albums – Ancora (2005), Siempre (2006), The Promise (2008) and Wicked Game (2011) built on the group’s winning combination of virtuoso and mass appeal. Their 2013 recording, A Musical Affair, was their celebration of Broadway and West End classics. And it was whilst on a promotional tour for that album in Spain, that the possibility of an album of Latin music surfaced.
“Somebody brought up the suggestion,” recalls Urs. “And we were all like: that’s a great idea! For me it’s amazing. After 11 years, we always find something again that gets us genuinely excited. I am so inspired by this album. A lot of the music was completely unknown to me before. And it’s beautiful music. It’s very happy, very uplifting, very passionate – it is music full of love.”
Working with Columbian producer and multiple Latin Grammy winner Julio Reyes Copello, Il Divo have recorded 12 songs spanning a century of traditional tangos, smouldering boleros and classic mambas. Working alongside the Latin Division of Sony – whose expertise in this wonderful repertoire is second to none – the music hails from Spain and Cuba, from Central and South America. On the playlist are familiar hits – such as Julio Iglesias’ iconic A Las Mujeres Que Yo Ame (To All the Girls I’ve Loved Before), Gloria Estefan’s resonant Si Voy A Perderte (Don’t Wanna Lose You), along with Himno De La Alegria, an exciting Latin treatment of Beethoven’s Ode To Joy, which Carlos says feels like their very own Nessun Dorma.
Some of the tracks will be new to non-Spanish audiences. Others will seem puzzlingly familiar – Por Una Cabeza is the tango to which a blind Al Pacino dances in Scent of a Woman. Besame Mucho is perhaps the most memorable bolero of all time. The tango, Volver, Urs says, is as much of a classic in the Spanish-speaking world as My Way is in the US and UK.
All members of the group agree that the rhythms and passion of the music were a gift for their voices. Sebastien describes making the album as: “the best experience I’ve had with Il Divo.”
He says: “I’m super proud of this album. I love it. And I think our fans are going to be quite surprised. The way we sing is different. We’re known for our big endings but here a lot of the voices are alone.
“In the studio, singing every track, I really wanted to dance. Corny as it sounds, I love every one of the songs. They’re super sexy arrangements. It’s a sexy album. Carlos and I were talking about how excited we are about taking Amor & Pasión and this incredible music on the road, when we embark on our fifth world tour in 2016. Maybe we will finally get to dance!”
The Latin sensuality of the music is underpinned by the use of Spanish for every song. It is, David says, the perfect language for Il Divo: “When we started 11 years ago, our directive was to take this handful of songs and inject them with Latin charisma, passion, romanticism. So we took these well-known songs like Unbreak My Heart and My Way and we translated them into Spanish or Italian.
“The Spanish language lends itself to our music– the four of us have different musical backgrounds, different national sensibilities. Spanish was the language that could flow easily from all four of us. It allowed the changing of the gears. So here we are doing an album of the music that kind of inspired the whole process to begin with. There’s something very special about it.”
This is an album full of fire and passion, sensuality and love. Il Divo like to think it’s their greatest yet…
| Il Divo |
‘I Don’t Know How to Love Him’ is a song from which rock opera? | Andrew Lloyd Webber's fury as Il Divo forget his lyrics | Daily Mail Online
Operatic pop group Il Divo’s performance was axed on a major TV special celebrating Andrew Lloyd Webber’s 40 years in showbusiness after they forgot the lyrics to his song.
ITV producers and the legendary West End composer were enraged by the group’s ill-prepared rehearsal.
A fellow performer on the show, which will be broadcast on Easter Sunday, tells me: ‘It was unbelievably arrogant and disrespectful of Il Divo.
The four members are Spanish baritone Carlos Marin, American tenor David Miller, French pop singer Sebastien Izambard and Swiss tenor Urs Buhler
Andrew and the top producers were watching the practice and the band didn’t remember many of the words for the song they were meant to be performing. Everyone was furious. Andrew even raised his voice and said: “Get them off!” It was an understandable reaction.’
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Representatives for the embarrassed band lobbied producers to keep them in the show as their participation was announced before filming.
It was agreed they could sing backing vocals for Michael Ball, the presenter of the 90-minute special, who closes the show with Love Changes Everything, which they previously recorded together on an album.
My source adds: ‘Michael was already going to be backed by a children’s choir. But it would have been impossible for Il Divo to have a more prominent role after Andrew’s reaction.’ Il Divo have sold more than 26 million records worldwide.
The four members (above, left to right) are Spanish baritone Carlos Marin, American tenor David Miller, French pop singer Sebastien Izambard and Swiss tenor Urs Buhler.
Other stars, including Nicole Scherzinger, Kimberley Walsh, Denise Van Outen, Samantha Barks and Mel C, gave flawless renditions of songs from Lloyd Webber’s musicals Cats, The Phantom Of The Opera, Evita and Jesus Christ Superstar.
Doctor Who producers are concerned The Doctor’s new assistant, former Emmerdale actress Jenna-Louise Coleman (pictured), 26, is harbouring ambitions to become a Hollywood star, potentially affecting her time with the drama.
My source reveals: ‘There’s already been a fair bit of interest in her from America and she wants to utilise that while she’s still considered fresh and hot. If she secured a regular role in a TV drama in LA, it would be virtually impossible to continue on Doctor Who after next year.’
Current Doctor Matt Smith is expected to leave the BBC series soon, possibly in the Christmas Day episode.
Lee's American dream
Musical star Lee Mead has relocated to Los Angeles as he attempts to launch a career as a Hollywood actor.
The winner of the BBC talent show Any Dream Will Do has teamed up with fellow British actors Tom Ellis (Miranda), Raza Jaffrey (Spooks), Sid Owen (EastEnders), and Ben Richards (The Bill) to form a so-called ‘Brit brat pack’.
Ellis has been cast as Frankenstein in major new American ‘historical soap’ Gothica for ABC. But I hear 31-year-old Mead’s temporary move has put added pressure on his marriage to Denise Van Outen.
My American source says: ‘Denise is very supportive of Lee’s career and really wants him to follow his dreams. But obviously it’s been difficult because they’ve both been so busy pursuing their various work projects that they have hardly been able to properly see each other for the last six months.’
BBC News is on the hunt for a location for its next General Election broadcast because the newsroom at its new HQ in Central London isn’t big enough.
‘One option is to build a temporary studio somewhere else, but potentially that’s very expensive,’ my source reveals.
Brit actress Anna Friel has signed up for a controversial new U.S. drama about a fictitious pope.
The former star of ill-fated series Pushing Daisies plays a cardinal’s sister in The Vatican. ‘This is her second chance to become a TV star in the States,’ my Hollywood source says.
| i don't know |
The Chiffon cake, made with vegetable oil instead of butter, originated in which country? | As American as chiffon cake
As American as chiffon cake
June 29, 2016 12:00 AM
Michael Heninger/Post-Gazette
Orange chiffon cake is perfect for a Fourth of July picnic.
Michael Heninger/Post-Gazette
By Arthi Subramaniam / Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
When it comes to cakes, it doesn’t get more American than a chiffon.
The chiffon cake was born in California and changed the way America baked, says cake cognoscente Anne Byrn, who wrote the runaway best-seller, “The Cake Mix Doctor,” and the sequels, “Chocolate From the Cake Mix Doctor”; “The Dinner Doctor” and “Cupcakes From the Cake Mix Doctor.”
Presidential cakes
Presidents had their favorite cakes, too, and here are what some of them craved:
• George Washington: Martha Washington Great Cake (a fruitcake made with wine).
• Thomas Jefferson: An orange-flavored sponge cake.
• Chester Arthur: Devil’s Food Cake.
• Franklin D. Roosevelt: Fruitcake (dark, dense chocolate cake).
• Richard Nixon: Baked Alaska (a sponge cake topped by a thick slab of ice cream and blanketed by meringue. It is then baked for about 5 minutes or until the top is golden brown).
• Jimmy Carter: Lane Cake (a three-layered cake filled and frosted with a boozy custard packed with pecans, raisins and maraschino cherries). It was served in the Carter home during his childhood.
— Anne Byrn
Instead of butter, the chiffon cake uses vegetable oil for moistness and relies on beaten egg whites for volume and lightness, Ms. Byrn writes in her upcoming cookbook, “American Cake: From Colonial Gingerbread to Classic Layer, the Story Behind Our Best-Loved Cakes From Past to Present,” which will be released Sept. 6 by Rodale Books. The book methodically looks at how cakes have evolved from the Colonists’ era to now.
The chiffon cake is quintessential American, Ms. Byrn says, unlike the gingerbread cake that came with the settlers, the sponge cake that had roots in England and France, the pound cake that originated in England and the angel food and crumb coffee cakes that immigrated with the Pennsylvania Dutch.
Harry Baker, an insurance salesman whose hobby was baking, is credited to have created the first chiffon cake in 1927, using vegetable oil. He made it for the famous Brown Derby Restaurant in Los Angeles, which sold the cake to Hollywood stars.
The story goes that he held the secret ingredient so close to his heart that he disposed his garbage of himself so that no one could find out why his cakes turned out so moist. He eventually sold the recipe to General Mills in 1948, so that “Betty Crocker could give the secret to the women of America.”
Ms. Byrn spoke last week in a phone interview from Nashville, Tenn., on how to master baking a chiffon cake.
Q: What do you think prompted Harry Baker to use vegetable oil instead of butter?
A: I would have been fascinated to have interviewed Harry Baker about that. Vegetable oil was a key ingredient at that time, and he must have tasted a cake with it. After all, Wesson oil was a 20th-century game changer.
Q: In addition to the oil, what are the key basics for a chiffon?
A: Flour, sugar, a bit of leavening, salt and a lot of eggs. Also, the egg whites need to be beaten separately from the yolks. Strong citrus flavors like orange and lemon can be added as well. The cake is a very good keeper.
Q: Other than a citrus chiffon, what other flavors appeal to you?
A: Instead of oranges and lemons in the batter and an orange glaze, you can add a teaspoon of espresso and top the cake with a chocolate glaze. Or you can add coconut milk and coconut extract and top it with desiccated coconut. The chiffon is a good canvas and can go with anything. It is like an angel food cake in that regard.
Q: What’s the best way to slice the cake?
A: A serrated knife is the best because it helps to preserve the height of a tall cake. You work so hard on the volume and you don’t want to push it down. Instead saw into it gently.
Q: Is it imperative to bake a chiffon in a tube pan or can it be baked in a Bundt, loaf pan or as cupcakes?
A: It’s best to bake a chiffon in a tube pan because it offers the height and structure to allow the cake to rise high. The pan allows the batter to grab on to the sides of the pan and thrust up the cake. You can bake a chiffon in layers or in a Bundt pan or make cupcakes, but the most dramatic presentation for a tall cake is the tube pan.
Q: How do you test a chiffon for doneness?
A: Check the cake at the earlier end of the baking time specified in the recipe. I always keep the light on in the oven when baking a cake, so I can see when it starts browning. The cake also needs to be firm when you gently press your finger on the top.
Q: Do you have any last words of advice for chiffon bakers?
A: Don’t cut corners. You do need to beat the egg whites separately and fold them in carefully into the batter with the yolks, sugar and flour to give the cake its volume. So don’t add the eggs as a whole.
Q: And your final thoughts about the chiffon?
A: It goes anywhere. It’s like a nice pair of jeans or a little black dress. It’s always in season, always appropriate. And uniquely American.
Arthi Subramaniam: [email protected], 412-263-1494 or on Twitter @asub.
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Fresh Orange Chiffon Cake
PG tested
The texture of chiffon cake is somewhere between a pound cake and an angel food cake. The original recipe called for baking the cake at 325 degrees for 55 minutes and increasing the temperature to 350 degrees and baking for an additional 8 to 10 minutes. But I found the cake top to be perfectly golden brown when it baked at 325 degrees for about 55 minutes.
2 medium-size lemons
2 cups sifted all-purpose flour
1½ cups granulated sugar
1 tablespoon baking powder
7 large eggs, separated, at room temperature
1/2 teaspoon cream of tartar
Grate zest of lemons to yield 1 tablespoon.
Grate zest of oranges to yield 3 tablespoons. Cut oranges in half and juice them to yield 3/4 cup of juice. Set the zests and juice aside.
Place a rack in the center of the oven. Preheat oven to 325 degrees. Grease 10-inch tube pan; set aside.
Combine flour, sugar, baking powder and salt in a large mixing bowl. Make a wide well in the middle of the dry ingredients. Add oil and egg yolks, lemon and orange zests, and orange juice.
With a strong wire whisk, beat all the ingredients together until smooth. Set aside.
In another large mixing bowl, beat egg whites and cream of tartar with an electric mixer on high speed until a still peak holds when the beater is raised, about 3 to 4 minutes.
In three additions, fold about three-quarters of the yolk mixture into the whites. Next fold the whites into the remaining yolk mixture. Gently pour the batter into the prepared pan.
Bake for about 55 minutes, until a cake tester inserted in the center of the cake just comes out clean. Cool in pan for about 10 to 15 minutes. Then transfer to a cooling rack to cool completely.
Spoon orange glaze over top of the cooled cake. If desired, sprinkle powdered sugar on top.
Makes 12 to 16 servings.
— Adapted from “American Cake” by Anne Byrn (to be published Sept. 6, 2016; Rodale Books; $29.99)
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| United States |
Which playing card is known as ‘The Curse of Mexico’? | Glossary C-G - Joyofbaking.com
Glossary C-G
C
Cakes - Broadly defined, cakes are any flat, round disk of food. The earliest cakes are believed to come from ancient Egypt but they were really sweet breads. Cake recipes that are similar to today and contain beaten eggs date from the 17th Century. Most of us think of cakes as a sweet, baked confection made with or without fat (butter, oil, or shortening) and usually containing a mixture or batter of flour, sugar, eggs, flavorings and sometimes another leavener such as baking powder or baking soda. The mixture is then poured into a pan and baked until the exterior is firm with a crust, and the interior sets with a crumb..... More on Cakes
Cashews -
Cashews are a smooth, tan-colored, kidney-shaped nut. The hard shell of the cashew is toxic and that is why they are sold shelled. The toxic oil is destroyed when the nuts are bleached or roasted. The raw cashew has little flavor but roasting brings out its rich, sweet, nutty, buttery flavor. Sold whole or in pieces, they are eaten as snacks but can also be used in both sweet and savory dishes. They turn rancid quickly because of their high fat content, so they are best stored in an airtight container or plastic bag in the refrigerator or up to 9 months in the freezer.
Cheesecake -
Cheesecakes have a filling made from cream cheese, cottage cheese or ricotta cheese mixed with eggs, sugar, and other flavorings. The crust can be made from graham cracker crumbs, wafer crumbs, gingersnaps, finely ground nuts, or pastry. They are baked in a springform pan or cheesecake pan and can have a layer of sour cream on top. The texture varies from light and airy to heavy and rich....
Recipe for New York Style Cheesecake
Chestnuts -
Chestnuts have a glossy, mahogany-colored hard shell, and the nutmeat has a mild, subtle flavor. They need to be cooked and are fantastic roasted and eaten while still warm. Chestnuts are available in many forms; fresh in their shells; preserved in sugar (marrons glaces) either whole or in pieces; sweetened or unsweetened pur�es in cans or tubes; chestnut flour; and dried chestnuts.... More on Chestnuts
Chiffon Cake - A moist and tender, light and airy cake that has the richness of a butter cake but the springy texture of a sponge cake. Similar to a butter cake in preparation and formula (although oil is used instead of butter), it relies on the whipped egg whites for its leavening, along with baking powder. A quick and easy batter to make as there is no creaming of the fat and sugar because the fat is in liquid form (vegetable oil). The dry ingredients are mixed together and then the oil, egg yolks, water, and flavoring are beaten in. The egg whites are first beaten separately until stiff, but not dry, and then folded in to the batter. The batter is quite thin and is traditionally baked in a tube pan. Chiffon Cakes were developed in the 1920's as an easy variation to the angel food cake but didn't appear in print until the 1940's. Flavorings include extracts, chocolate, cocoa powder, nuts, zests, spices or chopped fruits..... Recipe for Orange Chiffon Cake
Chocolate -
Chocolate comes from the Aztec word xocolatl which means bitter water. The tropical tree from which cocoa and chocolate originate is called Theobroma which translates to "food of the gods".
All chocolate begins with tropical cocoa beans. The flavor and quality of the chocolate depends on the type(s) of beans used, how they are harvested and fermented, the roasting procedures, quality and amounts of ingredients added, and the time of conching...... More on Chocolate
Chocolate Chips - Chocolate chips are small rounds (1/8 to 1/2 inch) (.6 to 1.25 cm) of semi-sweet, milk or white chocolate that contain less cocoa butter than other chocolates. They are made to withstand moderate oven heat so they retain their texture and shape in cookies, muffins, and other baked desserts without appearing to melt (even though the cocoa butter has melted). Primarily used in the making of cookies and brownies..... More about Chocolate Chips
Chocolate Chip Cookies -
Ruth Wakefield is credited with inventing the first chocolate chip cookie. In 1930 at the Toll House Inn in Massachusetts she decided to cut up chunks of Nestl�'s Semisweet Yellow Label Chocolate bar and add them to a rich butter cookie dough. The Nestl� company discovered her delicious cookie and made a deal for the rights to her recipe. Subsequently by 1939 Nestl� had invented chocolate morsels and packaged them in a Yellow Label bag and, upon buying the Toll House name, printed Ruth Wakefield's recipe for "The Famous Toll House Cookie" on the back.
Reported to be the favorite cookie of Americans, Ruth Wakefield's recipe has been the springboard for numerous adaptations. The original recipe: 1 cup butter, 3/4 cup brown sugar, 3/4 white granulated sugar, 2 eggs, 1 teaspoon vanilla extract, 1 teaspoon baking soda dissolved into 1 teaspoon hot water, 2 1/4 cups all purpose flour, 1 teaspoon salt, 1 cup chopped nuts, and 1 pound cut up chocolate has only been slightly changed by
Nestl� to accommodate the changes in baking soda and use of chocolate morsels. Once made with a mere 1/2 teaspoon of dough, chocolate chip cookies now range from miniature to jumbo and Nestl� has met this demand by producing various size morsels from mini-chips to large morsels..... Recipe for Chocolate Chip Cookies
Clarified Butter - Also called drawn butter. Simply defined, clarified butter is unsalted butter that has the milk solids and water removed so all that remains is pure liquid golden-yellow butterfat. The advantages of this type of butter is its long keeping quality (several months refrigerated) and its high smoke point (can be used in frying without burning). To make clarified butter gently melt unsalted butter over low heat until the butter breaks down and three layers form...... More on Clarified Butter
Clotted (Devonshire) Cream -
A clotted cream produced commercially in Devon, Cornwall, and Somerset England. A thick, rich, yellowish cream with a scalded or cooked flavor that is made by heating unpasteurized milk until a thick layer of cream sits on top. The milk is cooled and the layer of cream is skimmed off. Clotted cream has 55-60 percent fat content and is so thick it does not need whipping. Traditionally served with scones and fruit.... More on Clotted Cream
Coat a Spoon - A technique used mainly as a way to test when an egg-based custard or sauce is done. A spoon, usually wooden, is placed in the custard and, when the spoon is raised, the coating on the spoon will stay in place even when you draw a line with your finger through the middle of the custard.
Cocoa Butter - Cocoa butter is the ivory-colored natural fat of the cocoa bean extracted during the manufacturing process of producing chocolate and cocoa powder. It has a very subtle mellow flavor that gives chocolate its creamy smooth, melt-in-your-mouth texture. The quality of the cocoa butter depends on the quality of the bean it came from and the process of separating it from the chocolate liquor. Cocoa butter is solid at room temperature but it has a low melting point (just below body temperature) and it does change from a solid to a liquid quickly (i.e.. sharp melting point).... More about Cocoa Butter
Cocoa Powder - Cocoa powder is made when chocolate liquor is pressed to remove three quarters of its cocoa butter. The remaining cocoa solids are processed to make fine unsweetened cocoa powder. There are two types of unsweetened cocoa powder: natural and Dutch-processed. Dutch-processed or alkalized unsweetened cocoa powder is treated with an alkali to neutralize its acids. Because it is neutral and does not react with baking soda, it must be used in recipes calling for baking powder, unless their are other acidic ingredients in sufficient quantities used. It has a reddish-brown color, mild flavor, and is easy to dissolve in liquids. Natural unsweetened cocoa powder tastes very bitter and gives a deep chocolate flavor to baked goods. Its intense flavor make it well suited for use in brownies, cookies and some chocolate cakes. When natural cocoa (an acid) is used in recipes calling for baking soda (an alkali), it creates a leavening action that causes the batter to rise when placed in the oven..... More about Cocoa Powder
Coconut - The largest of the nuts, the average coconut weighs 1 1/2 pounds (680 grams), and one tree will produce thousands of coconuts over its 70 year life span. A coconut is round or oval-shaped and has several layers: the outer layer is smooth and brownish-green (removed before shipping to market); next is a hard, hairy, brown fibrous shell that has three "eyes" at one end; inside the shell a thin brown skin encloses a milky white meat; and at the very center of the coconut is a sweet, watery, opaque liquid called coconut water.... More about Coconuts
Coffee cake or Coffeecake - A chemical- (baking powder/baking soda or yeast-leavened sweet, rich, cake-like bread that is usually served at Breakfast, Brunch, or Afternoon Tea. Oftentimes frosted with a streusel mixture or glaze , coffee cakes can contain fruits, nuts, spices, and chocolate. Can also be filled with a layer of cream cheese, fruit, streusel, lemon curd, jam or preserves, etc. Best served warm....... Recipe for Coffeecake
Confectioners Sugar - (Also known as powdered or icing sugar) It is granulated sugar that has been ground to a powder with cornstarch added to prevent lumping and crystallization. It comes in 4X, 6X and 10X but 10X is the one generally found in stores. 10X means that the granulated sugar has been processed ten times. Confectioners sugar is used in meringues, icings, confections, and some sweet pastry.
Cookbook Journals - As early as the 17th century, women have been sharing and recording recipes in book form. But the books they made were not merely a compilation of recipes. They were really a journal of a woman's domestic life. You would sometimes find household and gardening advise, as well as formulas for making medicines, as a place to save clippings on events taking place in their neighborhood, a place to save letters from friends and family, to record or even write poetry and quotations, and as a place where children practiced their writing of letters. Some women kept adding to their journals throughout their lives so these books became a diary of their domestic development. As the years went by you could see the progress of their cooking skills by the increasing complexity of the recipes and their abilities to adapt the recipes to their own tastes. Some women were so pleased with their accomplishments that they went on to publish their personal recipe books.
Cookies -
"Cookie" comes from the Dutch word "koekje or koekie" and refers to a small cake. 'Cookies' in North America are defined as small, sweet, flat or slightly raised baked goods.
In the U.K. they are called biscuits; in Spain they are called galletas; in Germany they are called kels; and in Italy they are called biscotti. Every country has its favorite. In the United States and Canada it is chocolate chip, in the U.K. its shortbread, in France its sabl�s and macaroons, and in Italy biscotti...... More on Cookies
Cornstarch (Corn flour) - it is a fine white powder that comes from the inner grain (endosperm) of corn and is used in baking (can replace some of the flour in recipes to produce a finer textured cookie or cake) as well as in cooking (as a thickener for gravies and sauces). The British term 'corn flour' is often used synonymously with the North American term 'cornstarch'.
Couverture - Couverture Chocolate is a high quality chocolate that contains extra cocoa butter (32-39%). The higher percentage of cocoa butter, combined with the processing, gives the chocolate more sheen, firmer "snap" when broken, and a creamy mellow flavor. Couverture is used by professionals for dipping, coating, molding and garnishing. When melted is becomes very fluid, giving a smooth, thin coating to dipped truffles and candies. Must be tempered before use to stabilize the cocoa butter..... More about Couverture
Cranberries - This small, firm, smooth-skinned, shiny red, round to oval-shaped berry is also known as the craneberry, bounceberry, bearberry, cowberry, or lingonberry. The cranberry is the fruit of a small shrub with trailing vines from genus Vaccinium that likes cold climates. It grows best in poor acid soil in flooded areas called bogs or on moors or mountainsides. The tartness of the cranberry make it one of the few berries never to be eaten raw. They are used in both sweet and savory dishes, as well as juices...... More about Cranberries
Cream - Is the fat that rises to the top of whole milk. It has a smooth, satiny texture and is labeled according to its butterfat content (heavy to light). Some creams are labeled "ultra-pasteurized" which means the cream has been briefly heated to kill the bacteria that cause cream to sour. This process gives the cream a longer shelf life, but since artificial emulsifiers are added to restore its whipping qualities, taste is affected..... More on Cream
Cream of Tartar (Potassium Tartrate) - Lining the inside of wine caskets after fermentation is a white sediment (tartaric acid). Once this sediment is removed, purified and then ground, it becomes a fine white powder which we call cream of tartar. Cream of tartar (an acid) is used in making commercial baking powders, one part baking soda to two parts cream of tartar. It is also added when beating egg whites as it stabilizes the whites and gives them volume and strength. The rule of thumb when beating egg whites is to add 1/8 teaspoon cream of tartar for each egg white. When beating the egg whites, add the cream of tartar to the whites once they are foamy. You may also notice that some cake recipes call for cream of tartar. It is used to give cakes more volume with a finer whiter crumb. In frostings it is used to give added creaminess. It is also used in both confectionery and sugar syrups to prevent crystallization. Cream of tartar can be found in the spice section of most grocery stores and should be stored in a cool dry place.
Cream Puff - Catherine de Medici's (an Italian who married France's Henry II) pastry chef invented choux pastry in the 1540s. Since then this pastry has been the springboard for many desserts. One favorite is the cream puff which is a hollow round of crisp choux pastry that is split in half, filled with a cream or custard, and dusted with powdered sugar. Two other desserts that are closely related to the cream puff are the Eclair (long finger-shaped pastry that is filled with cream and glazed with chocolate) and the Profiterole (small puffs of choux pastry split and filled with cream or ice cream and topped with chocolate)..... Recipe for Cream Puffs
Creaming or 'to Cream' - How often have you seen a recipe begin with the words 'cream the butter' or 'cream the butter with the sugar'? This mixing or beating technique not only combines ingredients to make a uniform mixture, but also incorporates air into this mixture. A whisk, wooden spoon, or electric mixer with paddle attachment can be used. The butter should be at room temperature so it incorporates the sugar sufficiently to produce a smooth and creamy batter that is light and fluffy. Follow your recipe's instructions, as this step can vary in length from seconds to minutes, depending on how much air needs to be incorporated into the batter so it rises properly in the oven.
Creme Anglaise - A French term for a pourable vanilla custard sauce served hot or cold with desserts. Also used as a base for making ice cream. Consists of whole milk flavored with a vanilla bean, sugar and egg yolks. It is a rich sauce that can accommodate other flavors such as liqueurs, melted chocolate and fruit pur�es...... .More on Creme Anglaise
Creme Fraiche - Pronounced 'krem fresh'. It is a thick and smooth heavy cream with a wonderfully rich and velvety texture. This matured cream has a nutty, slightly sour taste produced by culturing pasteurized cream with a special bacteria. In France, where it originated, the cream is unpasteurized so it naturally contains the bacteria necessary to make cr�me fra�che. The butterfat content varies (usually 30%), as there is no set standard so you will find every brand tastes a little differently........ More on Creme Fraiche
Creme Patissiere - Also known as Pastry Cream. It is a rich, thick custard made from a mixture of milk, eggs, sugar, flour and cornstarch (a thickener) cooked on the stove. Vanilla beans, liqueurs, chocolate, coffee and fruit pur�es are some complementary flavorings added to pastry creams. It is a very versatile cream used to fill cakes, cream puffs, eclairs, Napoleons, tarts, and other pastries. If a lighter pastry cream is desired heavy whipping cream can be added...... Recipe for Creme Patissiere
Crisps - Crisps are defined as a baked fruit dessert that has a topping (streusel-like) made from flour, sugar, butter that has been combined until it is crumbly and looks like coarse meal. Nuts, spices, and oats can also be added. Most crisps are made with sliced apples but other firm fruits, such as pears, can be used. Crisps do not have a bottom crust and the topping, when baked, becomes crisp and crunchy. They are best served warm with softly whipped cream or vanilla ice cream...... Recipe for Apple Crisp
Crystallized Ginger - Crystallized ginger is ginger that has been cooked in a sugar syrup and then coated with sugar. It has a wonderful sweet spicy taste . You can buy crystallized or candied ginger in small tins at specialty grocery stores or in bulk form from health food stores. It will last indefinitely if stored in a cool dry place
Cupcake - The name given to a small individual cake that is baked in a cup-shaped mold (usually a muffin pan). For ease of removal, fluted paper or foil cup liners can be used. Cupcakes can be frosted with icing and decorated with sprinkles and are very popular at Children's Birthday Parties. The name 'cupcake' originated in Britain and North America in the 19th century and is believed to come from the American system of measuring in 'cups'. Just as the name "pound cake" was derived from using one pound of sugar, butter, flour, and eggs; "cupcake" comes from using 'a cup' to measure the ingredients. The first recipe for cup cakes was in a book by Miss Leslie, dated from 1828, which called for one large coffee cup of cream or rich milk, one cup butter, two cups sugar, four cups flour. The batter was them baked in small tins.
Curdle - I still remember the first time I was making a cake and the mixture curdled i.e. separated into a liquid and a fat. The butter and sugar had been beaten together and the eggs were being added. You look in the bowl and all you see are pieces of fat amongst the liquid mixture. Why did this happen and what do you do? This can happen because too much liquid, albeit eggs or milk, are added at once or added too quickly. It can also happen when the ingredients being added are not the same temperature as the other ingredients. Solving this problem is accomplished by simply continuing with the recipe and adding the flour. Or sometimes it can be remedied by just beating the mixture until it comes together again. The third way is to heat the mixture so that all the ingredients are the same temperature and then beating.
Curdling can also happen when making sauces or custards either when heating mixtures containing eggs, or when adding a hot liquid into an egg mixture. To prevent this from happening always heat egg mixtures over low heat and stir gently but continuously. When adding a hot liquid to an egg mixture be sure to "temper" first, that is, add a little of the hot liquid into the egg mixture to warm the eggs up. Then you can safely add the rest of the hot liquid.
Also, when baking a dessert that contains a custard sauce, such as a bread pudding, it is sometimes advisable to place the dessert in a water bath to prevent the sauce from over heating and curdling.
Cut or Cutting In - A technique used in pastry making (scones, biscuits) involving the mixing of a cold solid fat (butter, margarine, shortening) into dry ingredients (flour mixture) until the mixture is blended but still contains small flour-coated pieces of cold fat. This combining of the cold fat and dry ingredients must be done quickly and with a light hand so the the fat does not melt. For light and fluffy scones or biscuits, the fat should not become too soft or cut too fine. A pastry blender, two knives, fingers, food processor, or an electric mixer with the paddle attachment can be used.
D
Dash or Pinch - As in "a dash or pinch of salt". This is an inexact measuring term referring to a very small amount of a dry ingredient that can be held between the tips of your thumb and forefinger. This is used when the amount of the ingredient needed is so small that it really is irrelevant to the recipe. Technically, you could say its volume is somewhere between 1/16 and 1/8 of a teaspoon.
Desserts - The last course of the meal where something sweet is served. It includes cakes, confections, cookies, custards, fruit, ice creams, mousses, pastries, pies, puddings, sorbets, souffl�s, and tarts. The dessert course can also include cheese. Dessert comes from the French word 'desservir' meaning 'to remove the dishes' or 'clear the table'. Once the table was cleared, the dessert, either fruit or sweets was served. 'Dessert' replaced the word 'banquet' which was the English name given to this course during the 18th century. Trivia - 'Desserts' is 'stressed' spelled backwards. Quote "Life is uncertain. Eat dessert first." - Ernestine Ulmer
Dollop - An imprecise volume measurement used when placing a small spoonful or mound of a soft food (whipped cream, sour cream, mascarpone, custard, etc.) on the top or beside another food. For example, placing a dollop of whipped cream on top or beside a slice of pie, tart, or strawberry shortcake.
Dot or Dotting - A term used when small pieces of butter (usually) are evenly distributed over the top of a pie, gratin, etc. just before being placed in the oven. As the food bakes the butter melts and helps to provide moisture, richness and aids in browning.
Dough - Pronounced 'DOH'. The terms 'dough' and 'batter'' are oftentimes used interchangeably as the main difference between the two is only in their consistencies. That is, a dough is thicker in consistency than a batter. This is because a dough normally has less fat, liquid and sugar than a batter.
A dough is defined as an unbaked mixture of flour and a liquid(s) (water, milk and/or eggs), that when combined with other ingredients (i.e. sugar, fat, salt and a leavener) produces a mass that is normally stiff enough to hold its shape when kneaded and/or rolled. There are breads, biscuits, and pastries that fall under the classification of doughs and they can vary in consistency depending on their ratio of flour to liquid.
Drizzle - Breads, coffee cakes, cookies, cakes are some of the baked goods that can be enhanced by a drizzle of glaze, icing, or melted chocolate. Other times, a baked good is drizzled with melted butter just before being baked. Drizzle means to slowly pour a very thin stream of liquid in a random pattern over the surface of food. The tines of a fork, paper cone, pastry bag, squeeze bottle can be used to accomplish this task.
Dust or Dusting - Can be used to lightly coat food, (cakes, pastries, and/or confections) pans, or surfaces with a powdery substance such as flour, confectioners (powdered or icing) sugar, cocoa powder, or nuts. Flour is often lightly sprinkled (dusted) on a work surface before rolling out a dough to prevent it from sticking. Likewise, after greasing a pan, it is dusted with flour to prevent the baked good from sticking to the pan and making it hard to remove. Confectioners (powdered or icing) sugar or cocoa powder is lightly sprinkled on cakes, pastries and confections to enhance their appearance.
E
Eau-de-Vie - Pronounced oh-deuh-VEE. French for brandy and translated it means 'water of life' which is derived from the Latin 'aqua vitae'. Eau-de-vie is a clear and colorless, aromatic, and strong (80 to 90 proof) brandy that is distilled from fermented fresh fruit. This is why their flavors are so wonderful but they do tend to be expensive. These brandies are not distilled in wood, but are aged in pottery or glass which gives them their clear color. The most popular ones are made from cherries (Kirsch or Kirschwasser), raspberries (Framboise), and pears (Poire Williams) and the best eau-de-vies come from France, Germany, and Switzerland. Kirsch originated in the Black Forest region of Germany and has a subtle cherry flavor. Framboise is French for raspberry and it takes about 9 pounds of raspberries to make one bottle of Framboise. Bottles that are labeled 'Framboise Sauvage' are made from wild raspberries. Poire Williams is made from the Williams pear (equivalent to the American Bartlett pear) and has the wonderful aroma of fresh pears. Eau-de-Vies are used to flavor desserts, sauces, pastries, and confections. The rule of thumb is to add no more than 2 tablespoons of eau-de-vie to every 1 cup of sauce or batter. When using alcohol in desserts match the eau-de-vie's flavor to that of the other ingredients in the dessert. The flavors should complement each other. See also liqueurs and
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The Muppet Show Theme
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Fuzzy Muppet Songs
"The Muppet Show Theme" was played at the beginning and end of every episode of The Muppet Show . Although it evolved visually over the course of the show's five seasons, the musical composition remained substantially the same.
Contents
Openings
Season One
Each episode of The Muppet Show opened on a shot of the title card, which in the first season was less ornate than the one that would replace it the following year. As the camera zoomed in, a spotlight immediately lit up the O, the center of which swung back to reveal Kermit , who introduced the "very special guest star" from this position before retreating behind the sign. The title card then lifted up to reveal the curtains and the camera pulled back to reveal the Muppet orchestra , including close-ups of Crazy Harry on the triangle, Zoot on sax, an uncharacteristically calm Animal on the drums, and Rowlf at the piano. Trumpet Girl and conductor Nigel could be also be seen in the pit in the long shot.
Two kicklines, one of four chorus girls (a bewigged Janice , Miss Piggy , an apparently space-bending Trumpet Girl, and a female Whatnot ) and one of four chorus boys (a horned Whatnot monster, Blue Frackle , a Pig , and Green Frackle ) then took turns crossing the stage , the former group entering from stage right and the latter from stage left.
The curtains then parted to reveal Fozzie Bear , who attempted a different joke each week, even though he was often cut off. As the curtains closed on Fozzie, Kermit appeared in front of them to introduce the guest star who, to much applause, was usually shown among an assortment of Muppets he or she would appear with later in the episode. In first season's earliest episodes, after the presentation verse by Kermit, the guest stars appeared in a position announcing their performance in the episode : Juliet Prowse teased by the Green Gazelles , Connie Stevens and the Mutations bumping each others as they do at the end of " A Teenager in Love ", Ruth Buzzi in her medieval dress hugging Sweetums , Rita Moreno attacked by Animal ... Jim Nabors was the first guest star surrounded by casual Muppets in the opening theme, as it will be usual in the next episodes of the season, with some exceptions ( Florence Henderson shown with the Frackles , Harvey Korman flirting with Miss Piggy , Sandy Duncan alone, Avery Schreiber and Ben Vereen with weird creatures, and Vincent Price with his gruesome team).
The last verse of the theme song was then performed from a set of cake-like risers. Kermit and the chorus of Muppets, which also include Wayne, Wanda , and Snake Frackle , raised their arms as the song finished and the logo was once again lowered into place. From his perch on the topmost layer of the risers, Gonzo finished the theme each week by trying to hit the O like a gong, with a different result each week . Even when he managed to make contact, the results were never quite what he expected.
The original, unaired pilot episodes for 101 and 102 featured a longer version of the theme. This earliest version had different shots of the chorus girls and boys, an additional verse sung by a kickline of monsters and creatures, and T.R. (performed by Frank Oz instead of Jerry Nelson ) introducing Kermit. The frog then showcased both a song by Wayne and Wanda and a dance, in addition to Fozzie's joke, before introducing the guest, who sang a verse of the theme. The opening can be currently found at the beginning of the unaired pilot version of episode 101, seen at the Paley Center for Media .
Episode 103 featured the standard Season One theme but included an extra verse after the guest star introduction, in which Kermit previewed a clip from the " Comedy Tonight " number. This is the only episode in which an actual clip from the show was seen in the opening.
Beginning in the 1980s, when episodes from Season One were played in syndication and on home video, the original opening was replaced with the Season Two opening, except for episodes 103 , 106 , and 114 , which were paired with the Season Five opening. The original openings were restored on The Muppet Show: Season One DVD set.
This version is featured on most album releases of the song, including The Muppet Show , Favorite Songs From Jim Henson's Muppets , Muppet Hits , Best of the Muppets , and Music, Mayhem, And More . Kermit says, "Ladies and gentlemen, it's the Muppet Show" at the beginning, and Fozzie's joke comes from episode 116 , followed by a new verse from Kermit, who introduces the "first original, genuine, no-money-back guaranteed Muppet Show cast album!" Music, Mayhem, And More and Muppet Hits cut out the joke and album introduction, going straight from the men's verse to the final verse.
Season Two
The iconic arch lineup
Filming the opening theme.
This was the only version of the theme to be completely different from a previous version. A new title card was used with a border and more detail. This time Kermit stayed perched in the sign as it was lifted into the rafters. The orchestra members have been repositioned, as they would be for the rest of the show's run.
The curtain was then raised, revealing a series of arches that would become strongly associated with the show. The shots of Animal and Crazy Harry are replaced with Rowlf playing a bit of music on the piano, then Zoot , who blew a note on his saxophone. Next, a group of full-bodied monsters (including Sweetums , Timmy Monster , Thog , and two Mutations ) walked on-stage, followed by a group of females and then males each group singing its own verse. The characters for the women's line are from right to left, Miss Mousey , Chicken, Whatnot, Chicken, Janice , Whatnot, Mildred Huxtetter , and Lydia . The men characters include Dr. Julius Strangepork , the Swedish Chef , Sam , Whatnot, George the Janitor , whatnot, Blue Frackle , Link Hogthrob , Green Frackle , and the Jim Henson Muppet . The male's verse was slightly shorter than in the previous season. For most episodes, Statler and Waldorf followed with a new wisecrack each week in place of Fozzie's jokes. Instead of finishing the song on the risers, Kermit was shown seated in the arches with the rest of the cast. Gonzo is inside the circle, and plays a note on his bugle, with a different (often disastrous) outcome each week.
The arch positions for the group, including both regulars, supporting players, and background characters, were as follows: Row #1:
Female Koozebanian Creature , Lydia , Mildred Huxtetter , Whatnot , Janice , Chicken , Female Dancer , Chicken , Miss Mousey
Row #3:
Chicken , The Newsman , Dr. Teeth , Miss Piggy , Kermit the Frog (seated), Fozzie Bear , Scooter , Dr. Bunsen Honeydew , Chicken
Row #4:
Miss Kitty , Fleet Scribbler , Dr. Julius Strangepork , The Swedish Chef , Sam the Eagle , Whatnot , George the Janitor , Blue Frackle , Whatnot , Link Hogthrob , Green Frackle , Jim Henson Muppet , Lenny the Lizard
Row #5:
Whatnot , Jerry Nelson Muppet , Uncle Deadly , Droop , Chicken , Beautiful Day Monster , Gorgon Heap , Svengali's Assistant , Pig , Crazy Harry , Male Koozebanian Creature , Wanda , Wayne
This version is featured on the albums of The Muppet Show 2 and Muppet Hits Take 2 . At the beginning, Kermit says, "It's the Muppet Show, and this is the one and only, very first second Muppet Show cast album!" Also, there is no Statler and Waldorf comment. This opening also replaced the original first season opening during syndication until the season DVD sets were released.
Season Three
"Why don't you get things started?"
The third season's opening was similar to the second season, the only differences being a slight change to the initial shots of Zoot and Rowlf and an additional shot in which the audience asked "Why don't you get things started?"
Starting this season, some episodes had a special scene during the opening that took place either backstage or in the orchestra, in place of a comment by Statler and Waldorf. The special scenes from this and the fourth season include the following:
Episode 303: Roy Clark : Scooter calls for somebody to kill a light. Gunfire is heard, and the light drops from the ceiling.
Episode 304: Gilda Radner : Gonzo reveals that he always gets butterflies before a show. A giant butterfly tells him, "Not this time," and hits Gonzo with a club.
Episode 305: Pearl Bailey : Scooter calls for everybody to get onstage, but everybody is onstage.
Episode 424: Diana Ross : Zoot charms a snake , who crawls into the saxophone.
Episode 308 from this season is the only episode with a completely different opening sequence, the theme lyrics slightly altered, the music played in a timetable, and the intro done at a train station.
On the It's the Muppets! video releases from 1993 , this version was used with a compliation of clips from various episodes, cutting out Kermit's introduction and Gonzo's trumpet gag.
Season Four
This is the shortest opening from the show's run. The shots of the women and men singing in the arches were replaced by a single shot of men (on a top row of arches) and women (on a bottom row of arches) singing one short verse. The rest of the opening remained unchanged from the third season's opening.
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Season Five
This time, the shot of Rowlf and Zoot was replaced again in the fifth season, featuring a new Zoot puppet. This opening also reverted to having the women and men sing two different verses, although the shot was changed from the second and third season's openings. The arches were slightly thicker and wider than the previous openings. The characters for the women's line are from right to left, Miss Mousey , Chicken, Lydia , Chicken, Janice , and Mildred Huxtetter , though she is barely seen at the end of the line. The men's characters are Dr. Julius Strangepork , Whatnot, George the Janitor , Blue Frackle (Boppity), Green Frackle (Gloat), and a Whatnot. Statler and Waldorf then sang a verse about their hatred of The Muppet Show , which was the same in each fifth season episode, and had the same melody as Kermit's guest star verse from Season One. This was followed by a shot of the orchestra that showed Animal on drums, and Lips , the Electric Mayhem's new trumpeter, soloing with Trumpet Girl on trombone. This was followed by a shot of a few rows of arches filled with characters saying "Right now let's get things started", before the audience says, "Why don't you get things started?" The top row features a Whatnot, George the Janitor, Blue Frackle, and Link. The bottom row features Mildred, a Whatnot, Janice, and a Chicken. The rest of the opening remained the same from previous versions. However, in this opening, there is a bit of a continuity error, because Lips is supposedly in the orchestra pit as the song goes on, however the opening shot of the orchestra and more evidently the "Why Don't You Get Things Started?" shot remained the same from previous versions so Trumpet Girl is seen playing the trumpet in these shots.
This version is featured on television soundracks like 50 All-Time Favorite TV Themes and All-Time Top 100 TV Themes . Unlike the soundtrack openings from Seasons 1 and 2, a laugh track is heard twice and Kermit just simply says, "It's the Muppet Show!" at the beginning. It also replaced the original first season opening for episodes 103, 106, and 114 during the 1980s. The beginning half of this opening appears in The Secrets of the Muppets when Digit puts on the wrong opening.
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Extended Album Version
An extended version of the Muppet Show theme was recorded between season 1 and 2 for a 45RPM record.
The arrangements are similar to the season 2 opening, but it still features a joke from Fozzie and Kermit's introduction verse. Kermit introduces Miss Piggy, who karatechops him. This is followed by an instrumental break (in which Kermit introduces Animal as a "record breaking drummer"; Animal then attempts to break the record album). The theme then modulates to a piano solo performed by Rowlf and then to the final verse.
The second half of this version of the theme (without kazoo solo and dialogue) was used as the theme for the Muppet Show Music Album .
The Muppets
A recreation of the opening appeared in the 2011 film The Muppets to open the Muppets' live telethon show. While the film's rendition closely resembles the most common elements of the previous openings (with the lyrics being those from season 3's opening), there are some changes - Timmy Monster is not present, a few of the arches on the top level are empty, there are four rows of arches instead of five, and the character selection and placement in the arches are different. With a very small audience in attendance, the "why don't you get things started?" line is sung by Hobo Joe (with the actual vocals provided by Joanna Newsom ). Gonzo's trumpet gag consists of the trumpet making the Tarzan yell.
The Muppets are shown rehearsing for the opening earlier in the film.
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Muppets Most Wanted
Two international versions of the opening are performed by the Muppets during their world tour shows in Berlin , Germany (Die Muppet Show) and Madrid, Spain (El Muppet Show) in Muppets Most Wanted . An extended version of the Spanish theme (including Statler and Waldorf's season 5 verse sung by Pepe the King Prawn ) was included on the film's soundtrack album . In the El Muppet Show version of the intro, Gonzo's trumpet gag consists of the trumpet inflating a soccer ball and Gonzo subsequentally shooting it towards the audience.
Seasons One and Two
The updated "Blinking Floyd" shot, as used for the second season
The closing theme was an instrumental version of the opening theme. The closing featured The Muppet Orchestra , and various shots of each musician were seen. From left to right were Zoot , Floyd Pepper , Trumpet Girl , Crazy Harry (with no triangle bell), Nigel , Animal , and Rowlf . At the very end of the sequence, Statler and Waldorf would make a comment, which changes per episode (while some of their opening comments were re-used in various episodes, these comments were only included in one episode each). A handful of episodes had something else happening instead of Statler and Waldorf making a comment (see The Muppet Show Alternate Closings ). Their comments were followed by a wide shot of the orchestra and then a shot of Zoot blowing a final bum note out of his saxophone.
The closing sequence remained the same for season 2, with the only difference being a replaced shot of the updated Floyd Pepper puppet. This time, he is shown wearing his hat and blinking his eyes (despite that two shots of the closing sequence still use the season 1 "Hatless Floyd" puppet and were never re-filmed).
On The Muppet Show Live and The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (with the latter using an edited version of " Happy Feet " for the ending credits), Zoot had a longer saxophone note.
The entire sequence originally begun with a pan-out shot of the orchestra, as seen in the pilot episodes 101 and 102 . The German dub of the series uses this version at the end of every episode, instead of using the updated (and alternate) closings for later seasons. This closing is also shown at the end of the It's the Muppets! video releases (with part of the third season's theme music playing during the pan-out shot), heard during the end credits for I Love Muppets , and released on the albums The Muppet Show 2 , Muppet Hits , Muppet Hits Take 2 , and Music, Mayhem, And More .
Seasons Three and Four
In season 3, the entire closing was re-shot. Crazy Harry is no longer in the orchestra, Animal wears his regular clothes instead of a tuxedo, and Floyd and Zoot both wear their hats (for the entire sequence). The music was also completely replaced with a slightly slower rendition, including a piano solo from Rowlf replacing Zoot 's previous solo. Like the season 1 closing, there are solo shots of each member, with the exception of Trumpet Girl . The characters rearrange themselves as well, so from left to right we see: Trumpet Girl , Floyd Pepper , Nigel , Animal , Zoot , and Rowlf , as is in the opening credits. Starting this season, Zoot stands next to Rowlf's piano in both the opening and closing credits. In episode 308 , Nigel is replaced with a train conductor, and Rowlf's piano solo is replaced by a trumpet solo performed by a chicken . Like the first season, the entire sequence opened up with a pan-out shot of the orchestra, as seen in episodes 319 , 401 , and 409 .
This version of the closing theme was heard during the closing credits for Of Muppets and Men , ending after Rowlf's solo.
Season Five
The closing was re-shot again for the fifth season. This time, Lips is in the orchestra, and Trumpet Girl plays the trombone. There is also a new trumpet and trombone solo featuring these characters, however the rest of the music remained the same as the third season's closing. Animal is back in his tuxedo instead of his normal clothes and the updated Zoot puppet (introduced late into the fourth season) is featured (despite the original ITC airings re-using the third season's "bum note" shot with the season 2 Zoot puppet). In episode 507 , the same scene of Lips' and the Trumpet Girl's solos was re-used as the opening shot at the beginning of the closing credits. (Although this closing never used a pan-out shot, one was filmed for the beginning of the UK spot " After You've Gone " in episode 504 , which had the same orchestra member positions with the addition of Janice on the banjo.) In episodes 508 and 511 , Lips' trumpet solo is absent from the music.
Most of the compilation videos from Playhouse Video ended with the fifth season closing theme music playing over the credits. However, on " Gonzo Presents Muppet Weird Stuff ", the final bars of the first season's closing theme (along with Zoot's "moo" sound effect from the Julie Andrews episode ) is used instead. The fifth season's closing music was also used for a Nickelodeon Muppet Show promo.
OK Go cover
American rock group OK Go performed a cover of the song for The Green Album . The song was later made into a music video featuring the Muppets. The video, directed by Kirk Thatcher , was released on August 23, 2011. The video has also been shown on Disney Channel and the song has been heard on Radio Disney .
03:44
OK Go and the Muppets - Muppet Show Theme Song
Cast
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A capella cover
An a capella version of the theme song was released in 2016 as part of the promotion for The Muppets mid-season return. A 30-second version of the video was released on January 26th by Entertainment Weekly
and an extended 75-second version was released the following day on ABC and the Muppets' various social media channels.( YouTube ) The video features 65 Muppets.
01:15
Light The Lights Song - The Muppets
Cast
(in order of appearance)
:
Three penguins , Bubba and two other rats , three cacti , Floyd Pepper , Pokey , Droop , three gorillas , three rabbits , Kermit the Frog , Chip , Bobo the Bear , Behemoth , Beaker , the Newsman , Camilla the Chicken , Zoot , The Swedish Chef , Big Mean Carl , Miss Piggy , three sheep , Fozzie Bear , Mahna Mahna and the Snowths , Scooter , Dr. Bunsen Honeydew , Gonzo , Pepe the King Prawn , Rizzo the Rat , Rowlf the Dog , Janice , Uncle Deadly , Denise , Sweetums , Pops , Dr. Teeth , Animal , Statler and Waldorf , Zippity Zap , the Cue Card Monster , Lew Zealand , Lips , Yolanda , Beauregard , a bull , Beautiful Day Monster , Sam Eagle , a hippopotamus , a watermelon, an ear of corn and a head of lettuce , Cynthia Rose , Maxine
Up Late with Miss Piggy production staff cover
The production staff of Up Late with Miss Piggy sang an impromptu rendition of the song by scatting and using office supplies as instruments in The Muppets episode " Swine Song ." The off-handed musical expression inspired Kermit to realize that what the show needs to for Kermit and Piggy to make their friends more a part of the show.
The Muppets performing the song in the office included: Fozzie Bear , Animal , Bobo the Bear , Floyd Pepper , Gonzo , Rizzo the Rat , Yolanda Rat , Dr. Bunsen Honeydew , Beaker , Sweetums , Zoot , Janice , Lew Zealand , Chip , Lips , Dr. Teeth , Pepe the King Prawn , The Swedish Chef and Big Mean Carl .
Other renditions
As the first TV series that would establish The Muppets brand of characters, musical elements from the theme would be incorporated into the opening title theme for several other forays the Muppets have made into television:
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In the human body, Inguinal, Femoral, Epigastric ans Spigelian are all types of what? | Rowlf the Dog | Muppet Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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Early Rowlf.
Rowlf the Dog was the first Muppet to reach national stardom as a cast member of The Jimmy Dean Show from 1963 to 1966. He later went on to serve as the resident piano player on The Muppet Show , also playing the silly surgeon Dr. Bob on the recurring sketch " Veterinarian's Hospital ."
Contents
[ show ]
Origins (1962)
Jim Henson’s sketches of Rowlf for Purina Dog Chow, originally designed with bulldog-like fangs on his lower jaw.
Rowlf first appeared in 1962 in a series of Purina Dog Chow commercials. He was paired with Baskerville the Hound in a series of ads which aired in Canada from 1962 to 1963.
Rowlf was the first Muppet built by Don Sahlin . Unlike most of the early Muppets, he was designed as a live-hand Muppet ; he was also one of the first non-abstract Muppet characters, built to resemble a dog . According to Henson's original notes, other names considered for the character were Barkley , Woofington, Baskerville, Barkus, Howlington, Waggington and Beowolf. Jim Henson designed three different dogs, one of which became the design for Rowlf, and another of which became the design for Baskerville. [1]
According to Jim Henson Company archivist Karen Falk , the scripts for the Purina Dog Chow commercials spelled Rowlf's name as "Ralph," possibly after Ralph Freeman, the advertising account executive on the original Purina campaign. Soon, Jim Henson and Rowlf were sought after for other commercials, sales films, and appearances. In late 1963, Bill Wright contracted Henson to make a sales film featuring Rowlf the Dog for the American Photocopy Equipment Company (APECO). Rowlf also appeared in an ad for Esskay Meats during the same time period.
Rise to Fame (1963-1976)
Frank Oz, Rowlf and Jim Henson.
Rowlf rose to stardom as Jimmy Dean 's sidekick on The Jimmy Dean Show. The show ran from 1963 until 1966. Rowlf the Dog was a regular on the show, and was billed as Jimmy's "ol' buddy." Between seven and ten minutes of every show were devoted to a spot with Rowlf and Dean. Many of the comedy sketches ended with the two singing a duet together. Rowlf's tenure on The Jimmy Dean Show allowed Jim Henson to develop the character over a period of time.
Rowlf continued to star on variety shows, hosting the 1967 summer variety series Our Place and appearing in several episodes of The Mike Douglas Show . He also hosted the 1968 special Muppets On Puppets .
Rowlf appeared in the 1965 Wilson's Meats Meeting Film , as an example of the Muppets' exposure ("I'm the Muppets' big lovable shaggy dog Rowlf, from ABC's The Jimmy Dean Show!"). He did a similar thing by "stopping by to say 'Howdy'" in the 1966 La Choy Chow Mein Presentation Reel .
He also appeared in the Sesame Street pitch reel , explaining the concept and production process to a wary Kermit , as both characters were the most familiar Muppets at the time. He also appeared in Sesame Street 's first season , making a cameo appearance in the " Song of Nine ."
Rowlf appeared in brief celebrity cameo-esque roles in the two Muppet Show pilots, The Muppets Valentine Show and Sex and Violence .
The Muppet Show (1976-1981)
Rowlf the Dog as "Dr. Bob" in Veterinarian's Hospital.
When The Muppet Show debuted, Rowlf was a part of the cast. Rowlf was assigned the role of resident pianist (abandoning his ukulele skills from The Jimmy Dean Show). At the piano , Rowlf would often perform classical music , and sing solos or duets. Rowlf also performed in the pit orchestra and sometimes sat in with the Electric Mayhem . Despite Rowlf's established fame among American audiences, a majority of his musical numbers were not seen in the US, as the sketches and songs starring Rowlf dominated the list of UK Spots .
Apart from displaying his musical talents, Rowlf continued his comedic style from The Jimmy Dean Show with his customary puns and gags – most notably as Dr. Bob, "the quack who has gone to the dogs," in Veterinarian's Hospital , or with a female partner in the recurring At the Dance segments. During the first season, Rowlf also appeared in two poetry segments. Rowlf would occasionally take on other character roles in the on-stage productions - including Sherlock Holmes and a Western bar piano player . Whether in featured roles or non-speaking cameos, Rowlf appeared in 89 of the 120 episodes of The Muppet Show. Although he's one of the big stars of the show, Rowlf has never been spotlighted in a backstage plot.
Due to Rowlf's musical skill, it is sometimes incorrectly assumed that he was a part-time member of The Electric Mayhem Band. Although Rowlf played in the orchestra and back-up on several numbers with musicians in the Mayhem band, Rowlf only accompanied the Electric Mayhem three times: in episode 424 , in episode 513 and at Fozziwig's Christmas party in The Muppet Christmas Carol . In fact, when the Electric Mayhem walked out over the apparent lameness of The Muppet Show theme song in episode 123 , Rowlf was the only musician left. As a result, Rowlf had to play the closing theme single-handedly.
In 1985, Rowlf hosted two-hour-long video compilations of The Muppet Show. In Rowlf's Rhapsodies with the Muppets , Rowlf sat at his piano and presented a compilation of his best numbers and other songs from The Muppet Show. In Country Music with the Muppets , Rowlf rented a barn and hosted his own country music program while showing clips from the show.
The Muppet Movie (1979)
Kermit and Rowlf sing "I Hope That Somethin' Better Comes Along" in The Muppet Movie.
Rowlf was prominently featured in The Muppet Movie as a piano player at The Terrace Restaurant , where he first meets Kermit. When Kermit is down, Rowlf shares his motto in life, a motto even he can't follow - "stay away from women." The two sing " I Hope That Somethin' Better Comes Along ". An original draft of the script describes the song as "a sad/funny little duet based on the old 'can't live with 'em, can't live without 'em' theme, designed to allow for some good harmony howling from Rowlf."
The song featured a rare pairing of characters, as Jim Henson virtually performed a duet with himself. In order to achieve the effect, the vocals of the two characters were recorded separately by Henson and then combined. Because Rowlf and Kermit are now played by two different performers ( Bill Barretta and Steve Whitmire respectively), they were able to perform a duet again at the 2011 D23 Expo in honor of Henson's naming as a Disney Legend .
Rowlf soon joined Kermit and the rest of the gang on their way to Hollywood . Before joining the Muppets, Rowlf's life was simple - he lived alone, would "go to work, come home, read a book, have a couple of beers, take [himself] for a walk and go to bed." While in the desert, Rowlf played harmonica as Gonzo sang " I'm Going to Go Back There Someday " (while Fozzie played ukulele). Rowlf served as the film's cameraman in the finale, as the Muppets prepare to shoot their movie.
Rowlf appeared on the piano in the promotional special The Muppets Go Hollywood , accompanying Johnny Mathis as he sang " Never Before, Never Again ."
The Great Muppet Caper (1981)
Rowlf sings a line of "Happiness Hotel" in The Great Muppet Caper.
In The Great Muppet Caper , Rowlf was a resident of the Happiness Hotel . He played piano during the song " Happiness Hotel " and commented on the chambermaids, bugs, and lice. He joined the Muppets on their quest to thwart Nicky's plot to steal the Baseball Diamond (accounting for the whoopie cushion, which he thinks is on the bus). Rowlf saves the day with his bilingual ability to speak dog as well as English. He is able to reason with Henderson's attacking guard dogs at the Mallory Gallery (a skill he would use again in A Muppet Family Christmas to communicate with Sprocket ).
The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984)
Rowlf and Snookums in The Muppets Take Manhattan.
In The Muppets Take Manhattan , Rowlf was a supporting player, co-starring in Manhattan Melodies . As the gang disbands, Rowlf leaves New York on a bus headed to Delaware . Rowlf displays cinematic range as the conflicted manager of a dog kennel, looking after Mr. Skeffington's dog Snookums and other canine tenants. When Rowlf gets the news that the show is on, he excitedly returns to the Big Apple, bringing along a host of Muppet dogs from the kennel.
A baby version of Rowlf appeared in Miss Piggy's fantasy, I'm Gonna Always Love You . The young pup played piano, sang along, and abstractedly hammered away at a Big Bird doll. Baby Rowlf was also part of the regular cast of babies in the animated series Muppet Babies . Baby Rowlf's role was, of course, that of the nursery's resident musician, often leading the others into on-the-spot song breaks, with his ever-present baby piano. His voice in the animated program was performed by Katie Leigh .
The Jim Henson Hour (1989)
Rowlf appears as Merlin the Magician, M.D.
On The Jim Henson Hour , Rowlf appeared in a series of sketches where he portrayed the character Merlin in "Merlin the Magician, MD". The sketches (seen in episode 102 and 107 ) were similar to his Dr. Bob days in Veterinarian's Hospital, but with a medieval, magical twist. The wizard Merlin would use his magic to cure people's medical problems, making jokes and slinging puns all the while. In one sketch, Rowlf is turned into musical icon Elvis Presley .
Rowlf also narrated the film noir special Dog City , which aired as part of the series. The special features an all new cast of new Muppet dogs; however, Rowlf along with a cameo by Sprocket are the only pre-established Muppets present. Rowlf is there as the audience's guide and is the only character to break the fourth wall.
Rowlf would again be teamed with a group of Muppet dogs in the tenth episode's " Secrets of the Muppets " special, presiding over a meeting of the O.M.D. (Organization of Muppet Dogs) as President.
Television specials and appearances (1979-1990)
Rowlf's classy side.
Rowlf appeared with the Muppets on The Merv Griffin Show in 1983. There, he performed his renditions of " Down Memory Lane " and " You and I and George " while at the keys of a piano
Rowlf subsequently appeared in the special Rocky Mountain Holiday . John Denver takes Rowlf on a wild plane ride, performing one stunt after another, in order to cure Rowlf's hiccups. In another scene, Rowlf relaxed on an inner tube in the river, until Gonzo popped the inner tube (and tried to break a world record, "Longest time underwater with a dog sitting on you").
In A Muppet Family Christmas, Rowlf chased the truck all the way to Emily Bear's house . Once there, Rowlf made himself at home, communicating with Sprocket, playing " Sleigh Ride " on Emily's out-of-tune piano, and joining in the festivities.
Rowlf hosted his own play-along video, Sing-Along, Dance-Along, Do-Along , in which he taught viewers how to do a variety of musical activities.
Rowlf also appeared in The Muppets at Walt Disney World . In the special, Rowlf was captured by the Walt Disney World pet care center manager , as Rowlf had no owner or tags. While detained, he performed " I'm Doggin' It ," "live from the detention hall of the Walt Disney World Pet Care Center" with the other dogs.
Rowlf was a guest on The Arsenio Hall Show . When Rowlf came out, he pointed to Arsenio and remarked, "Son of a bitch!" After the audience's hysterics died down, Rowlf added, "That's the nicest thing a dog can say about anybody."
An all-Rowlf album, titled Ol' Brown Ears is Back , was released by BMG Records in 1993. The album featured several songs from The Muppet Show, as performed by Rowlf at the piano with an orchestral accompaniment. Though it wasn't released until after his death, Henson recorded the vocals in 1984.
Transition after Henson (1990-2010)
Rowlf playing piano in The Muppet Christmas Carol.
Rowlf dances in Muppets from Space.
Rowlf in a YouTube video from The Muppets Studio.
After the death of Jim Henson, Rowlf continued to appear in Muppet productions, silently (and usually briefly). A rumor arose that the character would be permanently silent as a sign of respect for Jim Henson. As Brian Henson commented on in the audio commentary for The Muppet Christmas Carol , Rowlf continued to appear as a tribute to the character and Henson's legacy. Still, Rowlf was not immediately recast and kept in the forefront like Kermit, because at the time, the Muppeteers didn't feel there was a suitable and appropriate performer for the task.
Rowlf was featured silently in The Muppet Christmas Carol (playing piano at Fozziwig's party) and Muppet Treasure Island (as a patron of The Admiral Benbow Inn ).
Eventually, Bill Barretta took on the character and gradually transitioned into the role. Although Rowlf only appeared in one episode of Muppets Tonight , he uttered his first word since Henson's passing in episode 102 ; while playing piano during the closing number, Rowlf exclaims "Oh yeah!" He also appeared in Muppets from Space as a resident of the Muppet Boarding House and, at one point, muttered an audible "Oogh!".
Rowlf had several lines of dialogue, a first since Henson's passing, in The Muppet Show Live in 2001 and also spoke two lines of dialogue ("Hey, Kermit!" and "Yeah! Heh, heh. Oh!") in It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie in 2002. Rowlf appeared in the " Keep Fishin' " music video for rock band Weezer . Although he's only briefly seen (one can hear him muttering "Good job, River" and "Yeah"), Rowlf had a more prominent role in the behind the scenes making-of special that accompanied it, Weezer and the Muppets Go Fishin' .
In 2005, Rowlf had a 190-word monologue in the second episode of Statler and Waldorf: From the Balcony . Additionally, Bill Barretta recorded the vocals as Rowlf singing " The Christmas Party Sing-Along " for the 2006 A Green and Red Christmas album.
For The Muppets' Wizard of Oz , in the extended interview with Quentin Tarantino , Tarantino commented on how he was disappointed that Rowlf didn't appear much in the movie. Pepe explained this by saying Rowlf was in a car accident and broke his tail, and preferred to not do too many scenes.
Rowlf made a rare live appearance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , where he sang the "8 maids a milking" line for The Twelve Days of Christmas number while playing keyboards with the Roots .
Rowlf has a speaking cameo in the "Game Day" episode of The Muppets Kitchen with Cat Cora . Referencing his absence in recent years, he comments "It's a small part, but times are ruff."
The Muppets and beyond (2011 - )
Kermit asks Rowlf to rejoin the Muppets in The Muppets.
Rowlf at the piano during the "The Muppet Show Theme."
Rowlf tends bar at Rowlf's Tavern.
Rowlf appeared as one of the main characters in The Muppets . He rejoins the Muppets to help put on the telethon to save the theater. At one point he laments being excluded from the montage gathering the Muppets; a clip is then shown of Kermit, Walter , Gary , and Mary asking Rowlf, who is laying in a hammock, if he wants to join the reunion, to which he replies "Okay."
Rowlf returns to his role as pianist for the Muppet theater - playing for both " The Muppet Show Theme " and the musical finale of " Life's a Happy Song ." Rowlf also performs in the telethon as a part of the Muppets Barbershop Quartet - along with Link , Sam and Beaker - singing " Smells Like Teen Spirit " while shaving Jack Black .
A sinister doppelgänger of Rowlf, named Roowlf, appears in the film as a member of The Moopets .
Rowlf starred in the Muppets' promotional tie-in commercial for Alamo Rent a Car , and Yamaha Entertainment's Muppets sweepstake . Rowlf was also featured in a series of promotional posters spoofing The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn as WereRowlf . He also appeared in the OK Go music video for " The Muppet Show Theme Song ."
According to an interview with Yamaha All Access, Rowlf considers Jason Segel "a fine piano player. During the movie, we jammed together between takes. Boogie-woogie! Jason plays a mean boogie, and my woogie is still wagging, even if I say so myself." [2] .
Rowlf appeared in the opening of Jim Henson's Musical World , both in a video from his performance with Jimmy Dean at Carnegie Hall in 1965 , and in the actual hall. He lamented the fact that it took Carnegie Hall 47 years to invite him back. Rowlf also sang " I Never Harmed an Onion " at the Just for Laughs show in July 2012.
In 2014, Rowlf subsequently appeared in Muppets Most Wanted , performing as an on-stage pianist and as part of the ensemble backstage. He took part in the songs " We're Doing a Sequel " and " Something So Right ". In the former, Rowlf sings the verse "We can't do any worse than The Godfather 3 " and suggests a grim film plot about a lonely dog to Kermit. While both of Rowlf's contributions to the song were deleted from the final film version, they are preserved on the soundtrack , and in the extended cut featured on the Blu-ray release .
Rowlf was prominently featured in segments shown during Puppy Bowl X , where he coached three live puppies. He is also present in the Muppets' tie-in commercials for the Toyota Highlander and Lipton Tea, as well as 2014 appearances on BuzzFeed and The View . Rowlf also appears in a few of the Muppet Moments shorts that air on Disney Junior .
In the 2015 ABC series The Muppets , Rowlf is the proprietor and piano player of his own bar, Rowlf's Tavern . In his first appearance in the series (as well as the network presentation pilot ), Rowlf is seen wearing a cone, which he explains is to keep him from biting his stitches from a recent surgery.
Performing Rowlf
Rowlf is a live hand puppet. Jim Henson would usually perform the head (and voice) and left hand, while another Muppeteer (including, at various times, Frank Oz , Jerry Juhl , Jerry Nelson , Louise Gold , and Steve Whitmire ) performed his right hand. However, when Rowlf played the piano, Henson would helm the head and the second performer would control both hands on the keys. Steve Whitmire commented on performing Rowlf's piano-playing hands in a 1999 interview :
“ One of my favorite things to do, ever, in my career, has been to do Rowlf’s hands on the piano, which is something that other people had done, but once I started doing it, I kind of have done it since... It’s the best job in the world for somebody who sort of plays the piano, but would really like to play the piano well...you can approximate what it’s supposed to be and make it look really good. ”
Derek Scott , a musical consultant for The Muppet Show, supplied Rowlf's pre-recorded piano playing on the program. Rowlf's fingering was never actually worked to be accurate, yet the illusion was not broken due to careful practice and skill of timing and approximating. Steve Whitmire said that when he was going to helm the hands on the keys he would spend hours learning every nuance of a pre-recorded piano track to make it look believable.
Rowlf's piano was a dud, the hands could bang the keys with no sound being emitted; instead, the pre-recorded piano track would handle the music. However, in episode 309 Rowlf had to come in and start playing the same piano which guest star Liberace was performing on. Since the number, including Liberace's actual piano playing, was recorded live, Derek Scott was off camera tickling the ivories while Rowlf mimed the actions on stage. On close inspection of the scene, a viewer can see that Rowlf is actually not touching any of the keys, just banging the air above them so as to not emit any stray sounds and ruin the take.
Although people tend to identify Jim Henson with Kermit the Frog, according to many sources (including Jim Henson: The Works ), Rowlf's laid back and down to earth personality was perhaps the closest to Henson's real life demeanor and personality. Brian Henson stated in a Muppet Show introduction that "Kermit was my father's best-known character, but a lot of people think he was more like Rowlf in real life...except he couldn't play the piano as well."
On most occasions, Muppets do not appear to have legs, as they are meant to be shown primarily above the waist. There are times, however, in which a character's legs are visible for certain scenes. In the case of Rowlf, his legs can be glimpsed at the beginning of " Never Before, Never Again " in episode 418 of The Muppet Show. [3] One "goof" includes a Veterinarian's Hospital sketch, where Rowlf falls into the operating table, and the bottom of the puppet is shown, sans legs.
In the Dog City special, Rowlf comes rolling out on his piano, playing it and driving it at the same time during the dramatic chase scene. In this appearance, Rowlf's full body is shown (it is shown that he is rather chubby in the middle, like Fozzie Bear ). In The Great Muppet Caper, his full legs are also exposed several times.
Trivia
Rowlf hand puppets by Ideal Toys.
Due to his status as the first nationally famous Muppet character, Rowlf was also one of the first commercialized characters. In 1966, Ideal Toys produced a hand puppet Rowlf . The puppet had a hole in his back for performing. Unlike the real Rowlf, the puppet has a felt tongue and a tail.
There is some discrepancy in how Rowlf's name has been pronounced. Most people pronounce it as "Rolf." On his show, Jimmy Dean pronounced it "Ralph," and others including Jane Henson and Frank Oz have pronounced it this way too. Brian Jay Jones' biography suggests that Henson derived the name from "Ralph." The "correct" pronunciation, from Rowlf's own lips, is closer to "Rolf," but somewhere in between. Rowlf pronounces his own name exactly how it's spelled, with an "owl" sound. This makes it sound more like "Raoulf."
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Cuthbert Ottaway was the first captain of which national football team in their first official international match? | Cuthbert Ottaway - The Full Wiki
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Cuthbert Ottaway, first captain of the England international football team, was regarded by contemporaries as perhaps the most versatile sportsman of his generation.
Cuthbert John Ottaway (19 July 1850 - 2 April 1878) [1 ] , one of the most talented and versatile sportsmen of the 1870s, was the first captain of the England football team and led his side in the first official international football match .
Ottaway was also a noted cricketer until his retirement shortly before his early death at the age of only 27.
Contents
9 External links
Early life, professional career and death
Cuthbert Ottaway was born in Dover and educated at Eton (where he was a King's Scholar ) and at Brasenose College , Oxford , where he displayed a versatility as a sportsman matched only by his near-contemporary Alfred Lyttelton . Winning Blues for representing his university at football (1874), cricket (1870-73), rackets (1870-3), athletics (1873) and real tennis (1870-2), Ottaway trained as a barrister and was called to the bar in 1873. He married, in August 1877, Marion Stinson of Hamilton, Ontario , whom he met while touring Canada with an England cricket team, [2] and practised law until his death, in London , as a result of complications "from a chill," according to some accounts, "caught in the course of a night's dancing." Ottaway, whose death family sources more plausibly attribute to "tubercular trouble", had one daughter, Lilian, who was born after his death. He is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery .
Club career
Ottaway's greatest successes came as a footballer. He attended school and university at a time when the new Association code was gaining considerable popularity, and - as was often the case in the earliest days of the amateur game - represented several teams, playing for Old Etonians , Oxford University , Crystal Palace and Marlow
As a club player, Ottaway took part in three successive FA Cup finals between 1873 and 1875, losing 1-2 with Oxford University against Wanderers in 1873, winning 2-0 with Oxford against Royal Engineers a year later, and then representing Old Etonians against Royal Engineers in 1875. He was noted for his speed and dribbling ability - this at a time when "the dribbling game", in which one man retained control of the ball for as long as possible until tackled, had yet to be superseded by the "combination" (passing) game.
Ottaway played an important part in two of his three finals. In 1874 he captained Oxford and helped to pin the Engineers back in their own half for long periods with extended excursions into opposition territory. [3] He also participated in a three-man dribble that took the ball almost the whole length of the pitch and resulted in the scoring of his team's second and decisive goal. In 1875, Ottaway represented Old Etonians in a match notable chiefly because it was played in a "howling gale". The conditions considerably favoured the Eton team, which had the wind at its backs for all but 10 minutes of the 90, and all 30 minutes of extra time (teams in this period changed ends after every goal). Ottaway himself received a severe hack on his ankle 37 minutes into the final and was forced to leave the field; in his absence, the Old Boys were regarded as fortunate to have held on for a 1-1 draw. Ottaway failed to recover in time for the replay, held only three days later, and Etonians also lost the services of three other players who had prior commitments. Unable to obtain adequate replacements, the Old Boys arrived at the ground an hour late and lost the delayed replay 0-2.
International career
As an international, Ottaway was selected to lead the England team travelling to Partick to meet Scotland on 30 November 1872 in what is now recognised as the first international match to be played. (England had met a "Scotland" team in at least five earlier friendlies, but these matches are not regarded as official as the "Scotch" players were drawn solely from those then domiciled in England). England dominated the match, played before a crowd of around 4,000 at the West of Scotland Cricket Club, but were unable to break down an obdurate Scottish defence, a failing probably attributable to the "rampant individualism" indulged by Ottaway's forwards in this early and formative period of the Association game. The game ended in a 0-0 draw.
Ottaway did not play in the return fixture, arranged in London for 8 March 1873, but again captained his country in the third England-Scotland international, played once again at Partick on 7 March 1874. On this occasion the result was a 2-1 victory for Scotland.
The reason for Ottaway's selection as England captain in 1872 is clear: the Glasgow Herald of 27 Nov 1872 says 'Mr C.W. Alcock, the captain of the English team, met with an accident recently, and it is very doubtful if he will be so far recovered as to be able to play in this match'. The 10 March 1873 edition: 'The command in the first match was given to Mr C.J. Ottaway (of Oxford University), owing to an accident which prevented their regular captain, Mr C.W. Alcock from again marshalling the forces of England'. And The Field 7 Dec 1872: 'Mr C.J. Ottaway being unanimously selected by the Englishmen as best worthy to take the command.'
Playing style and reputation
Cuthbert Ottaway played principally as a centre forward in the seven- and eight-man attacks in vogue during the early 1870s, and was described as "an excellent forward, being fast and very skilful in piloting the ball". As a striker, another contemporary appreciation noted, "he can certainly hold his own against all rivals"; he was "an elegant dribbler and plays well." It would appear that the player depended more heavily on skill and control than most footballers of his period; at a time when play of the most robust sort - including body-checking and "hacking" - was in vogue, Ottaway was praised for his grace. "His beautiful science," another report observed, "exhibited how a ball ought to be taken through a host of foes."
Ottaway appears to have been well-regarded by his team-mates, but there are hints that he practised the snobbery not uncommon among men of his class and time. The Sheffield amateur J.C. Clegg (later Sir Charles Clegg, President of the Football Association ), who played alongside him in the first England-Scotland international, remarked in later years that none of the southern amateurs in the side would speak to him.
Cricketing career
As a cricketer, Cuthbert Ottaway represented Oxford University, Gentlemen , South of England , Middlesex , Kent and M.C.C. , also touring the United States with an England team in 1872. He played as a right-handed batsman and scored two first-class centuries, both notched at the end of his career, while accumulating a total of 1,691 runs at an average of 27.27. "As a steady, defensive player," according to one obituarist, "he had not many superiors." [4] In his best year, 1873, Ottaway stood fifth in the national first-class batting averages.
Though Ottaway represented Gentlemen against Players three times (in 1870, 1872 and 1876) - the highest honour available to a cricketer in the years before the advent of Tests - he is perhaps better known for playing in four Varsity Matches against Cambridge . The most notable of these was the first, in 1870 - a game still remembered as "Cobden's Match" . Scoring 69 in Oxford's second innings and taking an exceptional catch one-handed at long on, Ottaway played a full part in helping his team-mates to a position in which, with three wickets remaining, they needed to score four runs from the final four-ball over to win the game. Bets were taken among the spectators at 100-1 on for Oxford to win from this position, but they were thwarted by the Cambridge bowler Frank Cobden , who - having conceded one run from the first ball of the over - took a hat-trick with his last three balls to leave Ottaway's team two runs short of a draw and three short of the total required for victory. [5] [6] "By superior bowling and infinitely superior fielding," commented Geoffrey Bolton's History of the OUCC, "Oxford reached a position where they could not lose; and they lost."
Honours
^ Jackson's Oxford Journal, 6 April 1878.
^ The Sporting Gazette and Agricultural Journal, 11 January 1879.
^ London Daily News, 16 March 1874.
^ Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 6 April 1878.
^ Glasgow Herald, 30 June 1870.
^ Derby Mercury, 6 July 1870.
Works consulted
Bolton, Geoffrey (1962). History of the OUCC. Oxford: Holywell Press.
Gibbons, Philip (2001). Association Football in Victorian England: A History of the Game from 1863 to 1900. Leicestershire: Upfront Publishing. ISBN 1-84426-035-6.
Gibson, Alfred, and William Pickford (1906). Association Football and the Men Who Made It. London, 4 vols.: The Caxton Publishing Company.
Wall, Sir Frederick (2006 reprint of 1935 original). 50 Years of Football 1884-1934. Cleethorpes: Soccer Books.
Warsop, Keith (2004). The Early FA Cup Finals and the Southern Amateurs. Beeston: Soccer Data. ISBN 1-899468-78-1
External links
| England |
Late actress Greta Garbo was born in which European country? | Restored headstone for first England captain and former Marlow Football Club player Cuthbert Ottaway (From Bucks Free Press)
Restored headstone for first England captain and former Marlow Football Club player Cuthbert Ottaway
THE restored gravestone of a legendary Marlow footballer, who played in the first ever official international match, is set to be unveiled tomorrow.
Cuthbert Ottaway was the Captain of the England team that played Scotland in 1872.
There will be a ceremony at Paddington Old Cemetery in London to re-instate the headstone of the former Marlow Football Club player.
And on Wednesday, to coincide with the England v Scotland International at Wembley, marking the FA's 150th anniversary, there will be two games in Marlow at Riley Park.
It has been organised by EnglandFans FC. Marlow Mayor Suzanne Brown and the chairman and directors from Marlow FC attend the ceremony.
EnglandFans FC spokesman Garford Beck said: "Cuthbert Ottaway was a great sportsman excelling also at cricket, athletics, rackets, and real tennis - he tragically died at the early age of 28.
"Football historians recently discovered his grave and headstone in a dilapidated state in Paddington Old Cemetery in London. The ceremony is open to the public, it’s free, and it would be nice to see as many England fans there, as possible."
On Wednesday Marlow FC Vets XI will play EnglandFans FC Vets XI at 10am at Riley Park, formerly the Crown Ground where Marlow F.C. played from 1870 until 1916. The Marlow veteran’s team will include some recent Marlow favourites, including, Steve Croxford, Kieron Drake, Mattie Glynn, Kevin Stone and James Pritchard.
At 1pm at the Alfred Davis Memorial Sports Ground EnglandFans FC will play against Tartan Army Select FC. Leeds United, Nottingham Forest and Scotland legend, Frank Gray, only man to play for two different English clubs’ in a European Cup Final, will manage the Scots for the Cuthbert Ottaway Memorial Cup.
Admission is free to both games, there will be ample, free car-parking.
For more information call 07944-828527 or e-mail [email protected] .
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What was the name of American frontiersman Davy Crockett’s rifle which was presented to him for his service in the Tennessee State Assembly? | The most famous rifle of Texas! Recreating Colonel Crockett's rifle at the battle of the Alamo. - Free Online Library
The most famous rifle of Texas! Recreating Colonel Crockett's rifle at the battle of the Alamo.
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APA style: The most famous rifle of Texas! Recreating Colonel Crockett's rifle at the battle of the Alamo.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jan 18 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+most+famous+rifle+of+Texas!+Recreating+Colonel+Crockett%27s+rifle...-a0110470560
Mystery surrounds the most famous rifle of Texas--the one Colonel David Crockett used in combat at the battle of the Alamo. The guns Crockett fired during the siege of the Alamo, or which rifle finally fell from his hand when the Mexican infantry surprised the outnumbered Texans in a pre-dawn assault against the north-east fortress wall may never be known with certainty.
Known Crockett Rifles
His first rifle, a .48-caliber flintlock, hasn't been outside Tennessee since 1806, and now resides in the pioneer collection at the East Tennessee Historical Society Museum in Knoxville. For much appreciated service in the Tennessee State Assembly, Crockett's Lawrence County constituents presented him with a .40-caliber flintlock crafted by James Graham around 1822.
Calling this rifle "Old Betsy", Crockett used it to kill 125 bears between 1825 and 1834. When he departed for Texas in 1835, Davy left "Old Betsy" with his son, John Wesley. Today, it resides in the Alamo Museum collection in San Antonio.
"Pretty Betsy," a rifle presented to Crockett in 1834 by the Whigs of Philadelphia, is located at Nashville, Tenn. None of these rifles took part in the Alamo fighting in the closing weeks of Crockett's life.
Historical documents record Davy Crockett sold two dries to Colonel Neal of the Texas Army in January 1836, and that he had not been paid for the rifles when the Alamo fell in March 1836. After subsequent entreaties by his daughter, the Texas government finally paid Crockett's estate for these two rifles. Unfortunately, no specific details exist about the rifles Crockett sold to the Texas Army.
Echo Of A Craftsman
In San Antonio's Alamo museum, visitors can view an old flintlock rifle with brass patchbox and barrel markings strongly suggesting a specific 19th century gunsmith, Jacob Dickert, as being the maker of the rifle. This display rifle, according to the museum curator, was re-constructed in the 1920s by a local gunsmith using various parts donated by many Texans, and reported to come from rifles once used at the Alamo. This rifle makes a powerful statement that Dickert rifles were used by at least one of the Alamo's defenders.
As historian and master gun maker Mike Branson explains, original siege reports from Mexican officers at the Alamo record the presence of a tall, slender man wearing fringed leather clothing and a hat made from an animal skin, whose long-barreled rifle proved deadly at 100 and 250 yards. All historians agree Davy Crockett died at the battle of the Alamo, but actual facts are hard to pin down.
Some hold the sharp-shooting frontiersman fell in battle, surrounded by piles of slain Mexican soldiers. Others argue Crockett realized the futility of continued resistance early in the crisp, smoke-filled dawn of March 6, 1836 and surrendered, only to be summarily executed at General Santa Anna's order later that same morning.
New Rifles For A New Crockett
When Disney's new movie, The Alamo. debuts, Davy Crockett, played by veteran actor Billy Bob Thornton, will sharp shoot Mexican artillerymen, and tend off assault troops using an authentic period rifle. The rifle used by this actor-marksman is one of a pair of .54-caliber Lancaster County flintlocks, crafted in the early 1800's style by historian and master gun maker Mike Branson.
The movie company's request to potential gun makers was deceptively simple--describe for us the rifles you believe Colonel Crockett and the other Kentucky frontiersmen might have taken to the plains and hills of Texas around 1835. Drawing from his extensive library and studies, and working closely with friends and fellow gunsmiths Jack Brooks and Bob Lienemann, Branson examined many photos of original Kentucky rifles, making careful note of distinguishing characteristics such as caliber, barrel contour, locks, sights, furniture, stock shape and patchboxes.
"Between 1775 and 1836, firearms changed only in style, but not in technology," Mike concluded. "Davy Crockett was 50 years old when he arrived in Texas in January, 1836, and would have been comfortable with the type of rifles he'd used all his life on me Tennessee frontier, Percussion caps, in existence for about 10 years, would be too new to be really trusted and available on the frontier. Davy knew how to keep a flintlock firing. I hypothesized he preferred curly maple-stocked, swamped barrel, brass fitted rifles--just the sort he'd used all his life. For the movie company's desire for authenticity, I proposed full stocked Kentucky flintlock rifles, as crafted between 1795 and 1817."
Jacob Dickert
From the 1760s until his death in 1822, Jacob Dickert was known both as a military contractor and respected Lancaster County, Pennsylvania gun maker. As an arms contractor tot the Continental Army and for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, he made and sold rifles to the government, and repaired muskets and other firearms. Dickert also owned a gun barrel boring mill in the 1790s, located a few miles from his gun factory.
On surviving rifles, original Dickert-bored barrels average between 42-and 44-inches long. The hunting and trade rifles crafted by Dickert and his employees evolved a particular style on their "Jacob Dickert" marked barrels. On the slender, straight-gripped curly maple stock, typical Dickert rifles show American rococo style carving with "S" and "C" scrollwork, double "C" scrolls and two spiral volutes. Surviving Dickert flintlocks typically employ an engraved daisy-head patchbox, and brass furniture.
Dickert generally preferred to construct his own locks, but like many gunsmiths of the period he also imported British or German manufactured locks. As the United States expanded westward, be found new markets in the frontier trade for slender, elegant rifles.
Saint Louis emporiums and New Orleans supply houses stocked Dickert rifles to outfit frontier-bound settlers and adventurers. The Crockett party traveled to Texas in 1835, and soon realized small-caliber Tennessee squirrel rifles were not suitable for buffalo, antelope and other critters. Mike believes they equipped themselves enroute with large caliber rifles better suited to the bigger game of the Texas frontier.
"By the time Davy Crockett joined the Alamo's defenders, his dries would have seen hard service in the hot, humid Texas climate, so the brass would be tarnished, the wood dented and the finish worn," Branson concluded.
After winning the contract to provide authentic firearms, Branson handcrafted two absolutely identical Dickert rifles in his Colorado workshop. Movie rifles, aka props, are constructed in pairs so that filming can continue even if one rifle is damaged or needed elsewhere for a publicity event. Mike enlisted the assistance of gun makers Jack Brooks and Bob Lienemann to create another seven flintlock rifles and four pistols for movie actors cast as Colonel Jim Bowie, Sam Houston, William Barret Travis and Captain Juan Sequin.
In the film, Green B. Jamison, another Kentucky frontiersman, will use an iron-mounted Tennessee rifle crafted in Branson's workshop. The story of these other firearms of Texas liberty awaits another day, though.
Dickert Would Approve
"If you want to build an authentic, early 19th century rifle," Jack Brooks observed, "you have to build it with 19th century hand tools." With the exception of electric lights, belt sander and drill, all tools used to craft these Crockett's rifles might have come from the workbenches in Jacob Dickert's gun shop, 180 years earlier.
For the Dickert rifle pair, Branson chose two 42-inch long, .54-caliber swamped barrels with a l:56-inch twist, manufactured by Colerain Barrels. Manufacturing a swamped barrel involves tapering it inward towards the center point and flaring the muzzle and breech ends outward for balance. In their six grooves, Colerain barrels feature round bottom rifling that holds less fowling; square bottomed grooves reportedly retain more fowling. The 42-inch long barrel allows for more complete combustion of the black powder, and allows for a longer sight plane, which contributes to better accuracy. The relatively slow 1:56-inch twist effectively stabilizes .54-caliber round balls--a conical projectile would require a faster twist rifling for best stability.
Other components were chosen with equal care. Branson selected a lock dating from about 1810. L&R Locks supplied these "rifle pattern No. 4" locks; Dunlap Woodcraft delivered the tiger striped, curly maple full-length stocks. Using hand chisels and sharp scrapers, Branson carefully smoked the metal and removed tiny slivers of wood to mold the octagonal barrel, lock and sideplate, and trigger guard into each stock.
Mike shaped, filed and polished the buttplate and triggerguard from rough brass castings before fitting them to the stock. He sawed and filed the furniture, including the uniquely Dickert style daisy head patchbox, from brass sheet stock, and engraved it in the traditional pattern. The patchbox lock, release button and spring were filed from steel or brass as required.
The patchbox lid closes with a soft click, securing a cleaning jag, two patches, two spare flints and a pool of melted grease in the front corner (used to lubricate patches). The spare flints in the patchbox, and the one in the cock show the dark colors typical of the best flints available, those mined for hundreds of years at Brandon, England.
Davy would have hunted his rifles with the rear trigger set and the hammer pulled to half cock, which was the typical frontier carry. "Going off half cocked," a condition where the rifle fires unexpectedly when the hammer is half cocked, could result if the notch in the tumbler was not filed deep enough. To fire his rifle, Davy would pull the hammer to full cock and then squeeze the front trigger.
Branson shaped his set triggers from rough castings, filing each piece to a precise fit. He set the triggers to trip after a crisp six-ounce pull.
Old world finish
The barrels' subtle blue-grey colors result from charcoal bluing. Mike filled the bores full of charcoal so no oxidation would scar the rifling, before evenly heating the barrels for 35 minutes over a bed of burned-down coals. To increase carbon penetration on the hot barrel surfaces, Mike rubbed each flat with a maple hardwood stick with a Vee cut to match the barrel's shape. As the barrels cooled, he coated them with Minwax, melting the wax into the pores of the metal, and followed up with a light application of gun oil.
After shaping and contouring the classic Lancaster County pattern stocks with a fine cut mill file, Branson carved the stocks in the same raised pattern Jacob Dickert perfected almost 200 years earlier. He sanded the tiger striped wood with 220, 320 and 400 grades of wet/dry silicon carbide paper. Changing frequently to fresh paper, Mike moved to a finer grade abrasive only when the visible file and sanding marks disappeared under his sanding pads. De-whiskering involved a carefully wielded hot air gun over wood moistened with a wet sponge. The final surface reflects a careful application of four ought steel wool, and no steel fibers embedded themselves in the hard, dense maple.
Old time gun makers stained their stocks with aqua fortis, a combination of nitric acid diluted with distilled water and iron filings. "Today's gun makers have better choices," Branson reported, "So I stained the Dickert rifles with Feiblings leather dye, an aniline die in a non-grain-raising alcohol base."
Since boiled linseed oil is probably the worst possible finish for a well-used hunting rifle, Branson carefully sanded, carved and then finished the stocks with a 50/50 mix of tung oil and urethane. After each of seven coats dried, Mike robbed the Finish into the wood, before applying a final coat of carnuba wax to the stock and to the hickory ramrod.
All the brass furniture including the buttplate, sideplate, ramrod thimbles, trigger guard, and patchbox were hand polished bright.
Forging The Effects of Time
Aging two new rifles called for advanced application of the alchemist's art to the flawlessly inletted and finished pieces, as well as ordinary dents, wear and scrapes. Although many original flintlock rifles show extensive pitting, probably from inadequate cleaning, Mike couldn't bring himself to inflict this abuse on the rifles he'd just finished.
Responding to steel wool in his hands, deeply blued barrel and lock surfaces abraded to a mottled thin grey in obvious wear spots, just as Crockett's rifle might have rubbed against saddle leather, straps and roughly woven garments. Wood surfaces dimpled and dented under hard impact with metal, wood and Yucca thorns. Black powder fowling and egg yokes made the engraved and bright patchbox, buttplate and other furniture take a swirled, tarnished, and blackened appearance.
When they went into shipping boxes marked for the filming location on a ranch outside Dripping Springs, Texas, both Dickert rifles sported a well-tested and hard-used surface finish. Inside, of course, both rifles were brand new, and showed only the effects of test firing and sight regulation in Mike's test range.
As prop guns, the Alamo's armorer needed the authentic appearance of firing without compromising the safety of the actors, film crew and stagehands. On the movie set, the FFFFg black-powder priming load will ignite a 50-grain combustible paper cartridge sans bullet--safely providing the photogenic and realistic sparks in the pan, muzzle flash, and clouds of smoke for the cameras.
Both Dickerts are fully functional rifles, though, just as Davy Crockett might have purchased in 1835. Mike Branson fired both rifles with 90-grains of FFg black powder under a patched 220-grain round ball to regulate the sights, and both proved highly accurate. This load produced muzzle velocities approaching 1,685 feet per second and 1,385 foot pounds of muzzle energy.
Rifles and muskets in battle
Before the actual fighting at the Alamo, prepared cartridges were stockpiled to speed loading. An after battle inventory of the Alamo's contents by the Mexican Army includes over 800 rifles or muskets--about tour or five firearms for each of the Alamo's 187 defenders. The inventory also tallied 14,600 paper cartridges, probably intended for the Alamo defenders' smoothbore muskets.
Typically, these cartridges consisted of 60-grains of powder and a 220 grain round lead ball wrapped in a paper roll. Linen thread would close off both ends of the roll and hold the load secure until the need came to recharge the firearm.
The shooter would tear away one end of the paper with his teeth, pour some powder in the firing pan. dump the rest into the barrel, followed by the lead bullet and then push the paper into the barrel. After the load was rammed, the paper served as wadding and kept the ball from rolling out of the barrel, With everything just right, a relined musket shooter could fire three or possibly four shots in two minutes.
Testing the newly crafted Dickert rifles under perfect conditions, Branson fired two shots in one minute using cloth patched balls, but mentioned the third and fourth bullets took a long time to ram home once powder fouling dirtied the bore, even with round groove rifling.
When Mike test fired Dickert rifle No. 1 on a cold November afternoon to check regulation of the blade front sight and Vee rear sight, four shots touched each other on the target. The sighting distance was 15 yards. The fifth ball hit about an inch away, as Mike called a shooter error. Back in 1835, Davy Crockett might have occasionally missed, too, we decided.
When The Alamo plays in movie theaters, through. I expect actor Billy Bob Thornton will never miss with his rifle, especially if the scriptwriters tell their typically good story. Branson wouldn't be unhappy if Billy Bob never missed.
Beginning in 1973, Mike Branson built traditional pattern flintlock and caplock muzzleloaders for seven years, before taking a two-decade break to pursue a passion for teaching American history. Over 20 years, hundreds of students shared Mike's deep knowledge and stories about the energies of alert and their firearms as the United States met the challenges of a wild and untamed frontier. Finally, passion for the art of the muzzleloader led him back to the workbench, where his files, chisels, hammers, gravers and bits transform wood and metal into classic firearms of America's earlier times. For more information about Mike Branson's classic muzzleloaders, telephone him at [719] 330-5147.
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The icing on a Tompouce cake is traditionally which colour? | 10 Facts for Davy Crockett’s Birthday | Mental Floss
10 Facts for Davy Crockett’s Birthday
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Born on August 17, 1786, backwoods statesman Davy Crockett has been obscured by myth for nearly 200 years. Even during the man’s lifetime, fanciful stories about his adventures were transforming him into a buck-skinned superhero. And after his death, the tales kept getting taller. In honor of Crockett’s birthday, let’s separate fact from fiction.
1. He Ran Away From Home at Age 13.
When Davy was 13, his father paid for him to go to a school. But just four days in, Davy was bullied by a bigger and older boy. Never one to back down from such a fight, one day he waited in a bush along the road home until evening. When the boy and his gang walked up the road, Crockett leaped from the bush and, as he later wrote in his autobiography, “set on him like a wild cat.” Terrified that the schoolmaster would whip him for beating one of the boys so severely, he decided to start playing hooky .
His father, John, was furious when a letter inquiring about his son's poor attendance showed up. Grabbing a stick, he chased after Davy, who fled. The teen spent the next few years traveling from his native Tennessee to Maryland, performing odd jobs. When he returned, Crockett’s parents didn’t recognize him at first. Following an emotional reunion, it was agreed that David would stick around long enough to help work off some family debts. About a year later, all these were satisfied, and Crockett left for good not long after.
2. He Nearly Died in a Boating Accident.
After serving under General Andrew Jackson in the Tennessee militia, Crockett got into politics. Elected as a state legislator, he served two terms between 1821 and 1823. After losing his seat in 1825, Crockett chose an unlikely new profession for himself: barrel manufacturing. The entrepreneur hired a team to cut staves (the boards with which barrels are constructed) that he then planned on selling down in New Orleans. Once 30,000 were built, Crockett and company loaded the shipment onto a pair of flatboats and traveled down the mighty Mississippi . There was just one problem: the poor-quality vessels proved impossible to steer.
With no means of redirecting them, the one carrying Crockett ran into a mass of driftwood and began to capsize—and he was trapped below deck. Springing to action, his mates on the other boat pulled him out through a small opening. The next day, a traveling merchant rescued them all.
3. Crockett Claimed to Have Killed 105 Bears in One Year.
If his autobiography can be believed, the expert marksman and his dogs pulled off this feat during a seven-month stretch from 1825 to 1826. Back then, bear flesh and pelts were highly profitable items, as were the oils yielded by their fat—and Crockett’s family often relied on ursid meat to last through the winter.
4. A Successful Play Helped Make Him a Celebrity
Crockett ran for Congress in 1827, winning the right to represent western Tennessee. Four years later, a new show titled The Lion of the West wowed New York theatergoers. The hit production revolved around a fictitious Kentucky congressman named Colonel Nimrod Wildfire, whose folksy persona was clearly based on Crockett. Before long, the public grew curious about the flesh-and-blood man behind this character. So, in 1833, an unauthorized Crockett biography was published.
Sketches and Eccentricities of Colonel David Crockett of West Tennessee became a huge bestseller—much to its subject’s chagrin. Feeling that Sketches distorted his life’s story (although, to be fair, it began, “No one, at this early age, could have foretold that he was ever to ride upon a streak of lightning, receive a commission to quiet the fears of the world, by wringing off the tail of a comet,” so it's unlikely anyone thought it was a straight biography), the politician retaliated with an even more successful autobiography the very next year.
When The Lion of the West came to Washington, Crockett finally watched the play that started it all. That night, actor David Hackett was playing Col. Wildfire. As the curtain rose, he locked eyes with Mr. Crockett himself. They ceremoniously bowed to each other and the crowd went wild.
5. He Received a Few Rifles as Political Thank-You Presents.
Over the course of his life, Davy Crockett wielded plenty of firearms; two of the most significant were named “Betsy.” Midway through his state assembly career, he received “Old Betsy,” a .40-caliber flintlock presented to him by his Lawrence county constituents in 1822 (today, it can be found at the Alamo Museum in San Antonio). At some point during the 1830s, Crockett’s congressional tenure was rewarded with a gorgeous gold-and-silver-coated gun by the Whig Society of Philadelphia. Her name? “Fancy Betsy.”
If you’re curious, the mysterious woman after whom these weapons were christened was either his oldest sister or his second wife, Elizabeth Patton.
6. Crockett Put a Lot of Effort into Maintaining his Wild Image.
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For somebody who once called fashion “a thing I care mighty little about,” he gave really detailed instructions to portraitists. Pictured above is arguably the world’s most dynamic painting of Crockett, as rendered by the esteemed John Gadsby Chapman . Most likenesses, the politician complained, made him look like “a sort of cross between a clean-shirted Member of Congress and a Methodist preacher.” Instead, he asked Chapman to portray him rallying dogs during a bear hunt. Crockett purchased all manner of outdoorsy props and insisted that he be shown holding up his cap, ready to give “a shout that raised the whole neighborhood.”
7. He Committed Political Suicide by Speaking out Against Andrew Jackson’s Native American Policy.
Old Hickory was a beloved figure in the volunteer state—and Crockett’s vocal condemnation of the President’s 1830 Indian Removal Act didn’t earn him many friends back home. “I believed it was a wicked, unjust measure,” the congressman later asserted , “and that I should go against it, let the cost against me be what it might.” He then narrowly lost his 1831 re-election bid to Jackson man William Fitzgerald. In 1833, Crockett secured a one-term congressional stint as an anti-Jacksonian, after which he bid Tennessee farewell, famously saying “you may all go to hell, and I will go to Texas.”
8. Crockett Really Did Wear a Coonskin Hat (Sometimes).
Walt Disney’s Davy Crockett TV serial triggered a national coonskin hat craze in the 1950s. Suiting up for the title role was square-jawed Fess Parker , who was seldom seen on-camera without his trusty coonskin cap. Children adored Davy’s rustic hat and, at the show’s peak popularity, an average of 5000 replicas were sold every day.
But did the historical Crockett own one? Yes, although we don’t know how often he actually wore it. Some historians argue that, later in life, he started donning the accessory more often so as to capitalize on The Lion of the West (Col. Wildfire rocked this kind of headgear). One autumn morning in 1835, the frontiersman embarked upon his journey to Texas, confident that the whole Crockett clan would reunite there soon. As his daughter Matilda recalled , he rode off while “wearing a coonskin cap.” She’d never see him again.
9. There’s Some Debate About His Fall at the Alamo.
Crockett was killed during or just after the battle—that much is clear. But the details are both murky and hotly-contested. A slave named Joe claimed to have spotted Crockett’s body lying among a pile of deceased Mexican soldiers. Mrs. Suzannah Dickinson (whose husband had also been slain in the melee) told a similar story, as did San Antonio mayor Francisco Ruiz.
On the flip side, The New Orleans True American and a few other newspapers reported that Crockett was actually captured and—once the fighting stopped—executed by General Santa Anna’s men. In 1955, more evidence apparently surfaced when a long-lost diary written by Lieutenant Colonel José Enrique de la Peña saw publication. The author writes of witnessing “the naturalist David Crockett” and six other Americans being presented to Santa Anna, who promptly had them killed.
Some historians dismiss the document as a forgery, but others claim that it’s authentic. Since 2000, two separate forensics teams have taken the latter position. However, even if de la Peña really did write this account, the famous Tennessean still might have died in combat beforehand—perhaps the Mexican officer mistook a random prisoner for Crockett on the day in question.
10. During Sporting Events, A Student Dressed Like Crockett Rallies University of Tennessee Fans.
Smokey the hound dog might get all the attention, but the school has another mascot up its sleeve. On game days, a student known simply as “ the Volunteer ” charges out in Crockett-esque regalia , complete with buck leather clothes, a coonskin cap, and—occasionally—a prop musket.
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Which are the four mutable signs of the Zodiac? | Cardinal, Mutable & Fixed Signs: The Qualities in Astrology
Cardinal, Mutable & Fixed Signs: The Qualities in Astrology
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What role do you play on a team? Are you a starter, a doer, or a finisher? The signs are categorized into qualities that can determine this. Each quality plays an important role in the world, and it’s good to have a balance of each on every team. If you were putting together a record deal, for example, it would work like this: Cardinal signs would be the stars, or the promoters, or the trendsetters who create the act. Fixed signs would be the patient workhorses who produce the album. Mutable signs would be the editors who take the near-finished product and do the final mastering and remixing. Which one are you?
Cardinal Signs
Aries, Cancer, Libra, Capricorn
These signs start every season—Aries kicks off spring, Cancer starts summer, Libra begins fall and Capricorn is the first winter sign. Thus, they are the leaders and “idea people” of the zodiac. These signs prize originality and like to be first in everything they do. They’re the trendsetters and trendspotters, the ones who get the party started and the crowd hyped. Count on them to initiate a winning idea or plan.
Fixed Signs
Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, Aquarius
These signs fall in the middle of every season. They’re the stabilizers—the ones who set up a solid goal or foundation, then start building. Fixed signs can take the enthusiastic ideas that cardinal signs spark, and craft them into something real. They pick up the ball when the cardinal sign passes it, and run the distance to the goal. Fixed signs are the trustworthy types who like “to-do” lists and fancy titles. If a cardinal signs says, “Let’s go on vacation!” the fixed sign will call the travel agency, book the tickets and hotel, and send everyone a list of what to pack.
Mutable Signs
Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius, Pisces
These signs end every season—and have learned the hard lessons taught by spring, summer, fall and winter. They know that all good things come to an end, and their role is to prepare everyone for the changing of seasons. Mutable signs are the adapters of the zodiac, a little bit older and wiser. More flexible and comfortable with change than other signs, they can “chameleon” themselves to fit into a variety of situations. Mutables are also the editors of the zodiac—the ones who complete the package with a winning touch. A plan can be sparked by a cardinal sign, built by a fixed sign, then perfected with the critical eye of a mutable sign.
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Cascade, Mills Mess, Backcross and Tramline Pass are all terms used in which activity? | Cardinal, Mutable & Fixed Signs: The Qualities in Astrology
Cardinal, Mutable & Fixed Signs: The Qualities in Astrology
Share
What role do you play on a team? Are you a starter, a doer, or a finisher? The signs are categorized into qualities that can determine this. Each quality plays an important role in the world, and it’s good to have a balance of each on every team. If you were putting together a record deal, for example, it would work like this: Cardinal signs would be the stars, or the promoters, or the trendsetters who create the act. Fixed signs would be the patient workhorses who produce the album. Mutable signs would be the editors who take the near-finished product and do the final mastering and remixing. Which one are you?
Cardinal Signs
Aries, Cancer, Libra, Capricorn
These signs start every season—Aries kicks off spring, Cancer starts summer, Libra begins fall and Capricorn is the first winter sign. Thus, they are the leaders and “idea people” of the zodiac. These signs prize originality and like to be first in everything they do. They’re the trendsetters and trendspotters, the ones who get the party started and the crowd hyped. Count on them to initiate a winning idea or plan.
Fixed Signs
Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, Aquarius
These signs fall in the middle of every season. They’re the stabilizers—the ones who set up a solid goal or foundation, then start building. Fixed signs can take the enthusiastic ideas that cardinal signs spark, and craft them into something real. They pick up the ball when the cardinal sign passes it, and run the distance to the goal. Fixed signs are the trustworthy types who like “to-do” lists and fancy titles. If a cardinal signs says, “Let’s go on vacation!” the fixed sign will call the travel agency, book the tickets and hotel, and send everyone a list of what to pack.
Mutable Signs
Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius, Pisces
These signs end every season—and have learned the hard lessons taught by spring, summer, fall and winter. They know that all good things come to an end, and their role is to prepare everyone for the changing of seasons. Mutable signs are the adapters of the zodiac, a little bit older and wiser. More flexible and comfortable with change than other signs, they can “chameleon” themselves to fit into a variety of situations. Mutables are also the editors of the zodiac—the ones who complete the package with a winning touch. A plan can be sparked by a cardinal sign, built by a fixed sign, then perfected with the critical eye of a mutable sign.
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Which are the two main ingredients in a Fluffernutter sandwich? | Fluffernutter : definition of Fluffernutter and synonyms of Fluffernutter (English)
Peanut butter , marshmallow creme
A Fluffernutter is a sandwich made with peanut butter and marshmallow creme , usually served on white bread . Variations of the sandwich include the substitution of wheat bread and the addition of various sweet, salty and savory ingredients. The term fluffernutter can also be used to describe other food items, primarily desserts, that incorporate peanut butter and marshmallow creme.
The sandwich was first created in the early 20th century after marshmallow creme, a sweet marshmallow -like spread , was invented in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . Archibald Query of Somerville, Massachusetts , invented a product he called Marshmallow Creme in 1917, and Emma and Amory Curtis of Melrose, Massachusetts , invented Snowflake Marshmallow Creme in 1913. During World War I, Emma Curtis published a recipe for a peanut butter and marshmallow creme sandwich, which is the earliest known example of a Fluffernutter. Meanwhile, Query sold his recipe to Durkee-Mower Inc., who renamed it Marshmallow Fluff and continues to sell it under that name today. The term Fluffernutter was created in 1960 by an advertising agency hired by Durkee-Mower to find a more effective way to market the peanut butter and marshmallow sandwich.
The sandwich is particularly popular in New England and has been proposed as the official state sandwich of Massachusetts. However, it has also sparked controversy because of its nutrition content and its possible contribution to childhood obesity .
Contents
Recipe and variations
A completed Fluffernutter
A Fluffernutter is made by spreading peanut butter on a slice of white bread, then spreading an equal amount of marshmallow creme on another slice and finally combining them to form a sandwich. [1] Variations of the recipe include wheat bread instead of white, [2] Nutella hazelnut spread instead of peanut butter, [3] and the addition of sweet ingredients like bananas [4] or savory and salty ingredients like bacon. [5] Though often seen as a food for children, [6] the Fluffernutter recipe has been adapted to appeal to adult tastes. For example a New York caterer serves a Fluffernutter hors d'oeuvre in a toasted ice cream cone with a spoon of peanut butter and torched marshmallow creme on top. [7]
The term fluffernutter has also been used to describe other foods that feature peanut butter and marshmallow creme, including Fluffernutter cookies, bars and cupcakes. [8] [9] Durkee-Mower, the company that produces Marshmallow Fluff, a brand of marshmallow creme, produces a cookbook that features recipes for Fluffernutter bars, frosting, pie and a shake. [10] In 2006, Brigham's Ice Cream and Durkee-Mower introduced a Fluffernutter flavor, which featured peanut butter and Marshmallow Fluff in vanilla ice cream. [11] Fluffernutter was also the name of a candy briefly produced by the Boyer Brothers candy company beginning in 1969. [12]
History
Marshmallow creme, one of the two main ingredients of a Fluffernutter, was invented in the early 20th century. Archibald Query invented a creation he called Marshmallow Creme in Somerville, Massachusetts , in 1917, while Amory and Emma Curtis of Melrose, Massachusetts , invented Snowflake Marshmallow Creme in 1913. During World War I, Emma Curtis published a recipe for the Liberty Sandwich, which consisted of peanut butter and Snowflake Marshmallow Creme on oat or barley bread. [13] The recipe was published in a promotional booklet sent to Curtis' customers in 1918 and may be the origin of the Fluffernutter sandwich. [14] Earlier labels and booklets published by the Curtises suggested combining Snow Flake Marshmallow Creme with peanut butter or eating it on sandwiches with chopped nuts or olives. [14]
Meanwhile, sugar shortages during World War I hurt sales of Archibald Query's Marshmallow Creme, so Query sold his recipe in 1920 to two men from Swampscott, Massachusetts , H. Allen Durkee and Fred L. Mower, who began distributing the product through their company, Durkee-Mower Inc. The pair renamed the product Toot Sweet Marshmallow Fluff, and Durkee-Mower continues to sell the product under the name Marshmallow Fluff. [15] The sandwich made with peanut butter and marshmallow creme continued to be eaten, but was not called a Fluffernutter until 1960, when an advertising firm Durkee-Mower hired created the term as a more effective way to market the sandwich. [15] [13] Fluffernutter is a registered trademark of Durkee-Mower, although the company's U.S. trademark registrations for the term cover only ice cream and printed recipes. In 2006, Durkee-Mower sued Williams-Sonoma Inc. in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts , alleging that Williams-Sonoma infringed on its trademark by selling a marshmallow and peanut butter chocolate-covered candy under the Fluffernutter name. [16]
In June 2006, Massachusetts State Senator Jarrett Barrios gained national attention when he proposed legislation restricting the serving of Fluffernutter sandwiches in public schools. After Barrios learned that his son was served Fluffernutters on a daily basis at his Cambridge, Massachusetts , public elementary school, he created an amendment to a junk food bill that aimed to limit the serving of Fluffernutters in Massachusetts public schools to once a week. [17] [18] The proposal was criticized as an example of trivial and overly intrusive legislation, while Barrios' supporters pointed to concerns over the problem of childhood obesity . [17] Among the people who defended the Fluffernutter at the time was Massachusetts State Representative Kathi-Anne Reinstein, whose district in Revere was close to Lynn , where Marshmallow Fluff is made. [18] She claimed she planned to "fight to the death for Fluff" and supported legislation that would make the Fluffernutter the official state sandwich. [18] The measure failed, and Reinstein tried again unsuccessfully in 2009. [13] [19] Supporters of the bill cited the sandwich's close association with childhood and Massachusetts. [19]
In culture
The term fluffernutter has sometimes been used disparagingly to describe something that lacks substance and has minimal to no cultural value. [20] [21] On the other hand, some writers look on Fluffernutters and marshmallow creme as a source of childhood nostalgia and regional pride. [17] [22]
The sandwich has close ties to New England, particularly to Somerville, Massachusetts, where Archibald Query invented Marshmallow Fluff, and to Lynn, Massachusetts, where Durkee-Mower has produced it for decades. [6] Somerville holds an annual festival called What the Fluff? based around celebrating Mashmallow Fluff and Fluffernutter sandwiches. The festival incorporates music, visual art, games and a cooking contest based around Fluff and Fluffernutters. In 2011, NASA astronaut Richard Michael Linnehan , who was born in Lowell, Massachusetts , and ate a Fluffernutter while aboard the International Space Station , acted as one of the contest judges. [23]
See also
| marshmallow and peanut butter |
What is the national bird of India? | Fluffernutter : definition of Fluffernutter and synonyms of Fluffernutter (English)
Peanut butter , marshmallow creme
A Fluffernutter is a sandwich made with peanut butter and marshmallow creme , usually served on white bread . Variations of the sandwich include the substitution of wheat bread and the addition of various sweet, salty and savory ingredients. The term fluffernutter can also be used to describe other food items, primarily desserts, that incorporate peanut butter and marshmallow creme.
The sandwich was first created in the early 20th century after marshmallow creme, a sweet marshmallow -like spread , was invented in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . Archibald Query of Somerville, Massachusetts , invented a product he called Marshmallow Creme in 1917, and Emma and Amory Curtis of Melrose, Massachusetts , invented Snowflake Marshmallow Creme in 1913. During World War I, Emma Curtis published a recipe for a peanut butter and marshmallow creme sandwich, which is the earliest known example of a Fluffernutter. Meanwhile, Query sold his recipe to Durkee-Mower Inc., who renamed it Marshmallow Fluff and continues to sell it under that name today. The term Fluffernutter was created in 1960 by an advertising agency hired by Durkee-Mower to find a more effective way to market the peanut butter and marshmallow sandwich.
The sandwich is particularly popular in New England and has been proposed as the official state sandwich of Massachusetts. However, it has also sparked controversy because of its nutrition content and its possible contribution to childhood obesity .
Contents
Recipe and variations
A completed Fluffernutter
A Fluffernutter is made by spreading peanut butter on a slice of white bread, then spreading an equal amount of marshmallow creme on another slice and finally combining them to form a sandwich. [1] Variations of the recipe include wheat bread instead of white, [2] Nutella hazelnut spread instead of peanut butter, [3] and the addition of sweet ingredients like bananas [4] or savory and salty ingredients like bacon. [5] Though often seen as a food for children, [6] the Fluffernutter recipe has been adapted to appeal to adult tastes. For example a New York caterer serves a Fluffernutter hors d'oeuvre in a toasted ice cream cone with a spoon of peanut butter and torched marshmallow creme on top. [7]
The term fluffernutter has also been used to describe other foods that feature peanut butter and marshmallow creme, including Fluffernutter cookies, bars and cupcakes. [8] [9] Durkee-Mower, the company that produces Marshmallow Fluff, a brand of marshmallow creme, produces a cookbook that features recipes for Fluffernutter bars, frosting, pie and a shake. [10] In 2006, Brigham's Ice Cream and Durkee-Mower introduced a Fluffernutter flavor, which featured peanut butter and Marshmallow Fluff in vanilla ice cream. [11] Fluffernutter was also the name of a candy briefly produced by the Boyer Brothers candy company beginning in 1969. [12]
History
Marshmallow creme, one of the two main ingredients of a Fluffernutter, was invented in the early 20th century. Archibald Query invented a creation he called Marshmallow Creme in Somerville, Massachusetts , in 1917, while Amory and Emma Curtis of Melrose, Massachusetts , invented Snowflake Marshmallow Creme in 1913. During World War I, Emma Curtis published a recipe for the Liberty Sandwich, which consisted of peanut butter and Snowflake Marshmallow Creme on oat or barley bread. [13] The recipe was published in a promotional booklet sent to Curtis' customers in 1918 and may be the origin of the Fluffernutter sandwich. [14] Earlier labels and booklets published by the Curtises suggested combining Snow Flake Marshmallow Creme with peanut butter or eating it on sandwiches with chopped nuts or olives. [14]
Meanwhile, sugar shortages during World War I hurt sales of Archibald Query's Marshmallow Creme, so Query sold his recipe in 1920 to two men from Swampscott, Massachusetts , H. Allen Durkee and Fred L. Mower, who began distributing the product through their company, Durkee-Mower Inc. The pair renamed the product Toot Sweet Marshmallow Fluff, and Durkee-Mower continues to sell the product under the name Marshmallow Fluff. [15] The sandwich made with peanut butter and marshmallow creme continued to be eaten, but was not called a Fluffernutter until 1960, when an advertising firm Durkee-Mower hired created the term as a more effective way to market the sandwich. [15] [13] Fluffernutter is a registered trademark of Durkee-Mower, although the company's U.S. trademark registrations for the term cover only ice cream and printed recipes. In 2006, Durkee-Mower sued Williams-Sonoma Inc. in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts , alleging that Williams-Sonoma infringed on its trademark by selling a marshmallow and peanut butter chocolate-covered candy under the Fluffernutter name. [16]
In June 2006, Massachusetts State Senator Jarrett Barrios gained national attention when he proposed legislation restricting the serving of Fluffernutter sandwiches in public schools. After Barrios learned that his son was served Fluffernutters on a daily basis at his Cambridge, Massachusetts , public elementary school, he created an amendment to a junk food bill that aimed to limit the serving of Fluffernutters in Massachusetts public schools to once a week. [17] [18] The proposal was criticized as an example of trivial and overly intrusive legislation, while Barrios' supporters pointed to concerns over the problem of childhood obesity . [17] Among the people who defended the Fluffernutter at the time was Massachusetts State Representative Kathi-Anne Reinstein, whose district in Revere was close to Lynn , where Marshmallow Fluff is made. [18] She claimed she planned to "fight to the death for Fluff" and supported legislation that would make the Fluffernutter the official state sandwich. [18] The measure failed, and Reinstein tried again unsuccessfully in 2009. [13] [19] Supporters of the bill cited the sandwich's close association with childhood and Massachusetts. [19]
In culture
The term fluffernutter has sometimes been used disparagingly to describe something that lacks substance and has minimal to no cultural value. [20] [21] On the other hand, some writers look on Fluffernutters and marshmallow creme as a source of childhood nostalgia and regional pride. [17] [22]
The sandwich has close ties to New England, particularly to Somerville, Massachusetts, where Archibald Query invented Marshmallow Fluff, and to Lynn, Massachusetts, where Durkee-Mower has produced it for decades. [6] Somerville holds an annual festival called What the Fluff? based around celebrating Mashmallow Fluff and Fluffernutter sandwiches. The festival incorporates music, visual art, games and a cooking contest based around Fluff and Fluffernutters. In 2011, NASA astronaut Richard Michael Linnehan , who was born in Lowell, Massachusetts , and ate a Fluffernutter while aboard the International Space Station , acted as one of the contest judges. [23]
See also
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What type of tool is a Stillson? | Stillson Wrenches | FaithfullTools.com
Stillson Wrenches
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The 'Stillson' wrench is designed so that when pressure is applied, all the stress is transmitted through the hooked jaw and adjusting nut to the handle jaw, without the frame bearing any significant load. All parts are forged from high quality steel and are heat treated to ensure maximum strength. The teeth on each jaw oppose one another to enable a ratcheting action to be applied as the nut loosens and frees off.
SAFETY TIP
Wrenches are designed to withstand the maximum leverage generated by muscle power. Hammering or mechanical levering can cause a failure of the wrench.
Code
| Wrench |
What is the county town of Kent, England? | The Davistown Museum
Dies, misc. Tools, Wrenches
Directory of American Toolmakers Information
The original makers of the Stillson patent wrench, Walworth made a range of plumbing tools. While Stillson apparently patented this particular type of pipe wrench, it appears that the name was used generically by Bonney Vise & Tool Works, the Erie Tool Works, the Moore Drop Forging Co., the J.P. Danielson Co., and probably others. On dies, they used the brand name RUFF & TUFF and alo MILLER'S PATENT, though the latter was possibly not until after 1900. It appears they made a 1907 Parmelee patent wrench and may have been succeeded by Parmelee Co.
Identifying Marks
WALFWORTH MFG. CO./BOSTON, USA (plus patent holder names/dates, brand names, etc.); WALCO
General Information
America’s most prolific turn of the century (1900) adjustable non-monkey wrench manufacturer. A Walworth wrench is one component of a woven triptych by Alan Magee on display at the Davistown Museum (http://www.davistownmuseum.org/MAG%20Photos/Magee%20Photos/tih.jpg).
Photographs
References
Nelson, Robert E., Ed. (1999). Directory of American Toolmakers: A listing of identified makers of tools who worked in Canada and the United States before 1900. Early American Industries Association.
Gaier, Dan. (Winter 2007). Reach for the wrench: Daniel Chapman Stillson: Inventor of the pipe wrench. The Fine Tool Journal. 56(3). pg. 18-21. IS.
Links
/PDFsforInventory/WebVcIRother_PDF.pdf -- entry for Walworth piping wrenches in the collection
Walworth Wrought and Cast Iron Pipe catalog from 1878. https://archive.org/stream/illustratedcatal00walw#page/n5/mode/2up
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Charles Ryder and Sebastian Flyte are characters in which 1980’s UK television drama series? | Charles Ryder - Brideshead Revisited (UK) Characters - ShareTV
Season 1 / Episode 11: - Brideshead Revisited
Charles Ryder: The chapel showed no ill effects of its long neglect. The paint was as fresh and bright as ever. And the lamp burned once more before the altar. I knelt and said a prayer - an ancient, newly-learned form of words. I thought that the builders did not know the uses to which their work would descend. They made a new house with the stones of the old castle. Year by year the great harvest of timber in the park grew to ripeness, until, in sudden frost, came the Age of Hooper. The place was desolate and the work all brought to nothing. Quomodo sedet sola civitas - vanity of vanities, all is vanity. And yet, I thought, that is not the last word. It is not even an apt word - it is a dead word from ten years back. Something quite remote from anything the builders intended had come out of their work and out of the fierce little human tragedy in which I played. Something none of us thought about at the time. A small red flame, a beaten copper lamp of deplorable design, re-lit before the beaten copper doors of a tabernacle. This flame, which the old knights saw from their tombs, which they saw put out: the flame burns again for *other* soldiers far from home - farther, in heart, than Acre or Jerusalem. It could not have been lit but for the builders and the tragedians. And there I found it that morning, burning anew among the old stones.
| Brideshead Revisited |
What is the first name of former Irish boxer Barry McGuigan? | Brideshead Revisited: The Complete Series DVD 1981: Amazon.co.uk: Jeremy Irons, Diana Quick, Roger Milner, Phoebe Nicholls, Simon Jones, Anthony Andrews, Charles Keating, Claire Bloom, John Gielgud, Jeremy Sinden, Mona Washbourne, John Grillo, Charles Sturridge, Derek Granger: DVD & Blu-ray
Product Description
Product Description
Epic adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's classic novel. During World War Two, Charles Rider (Jeremy Irons) is stationed at the now deserted stately home, Brideshead Manor, formerly the residence of the Flyte family. He recalls how, as a Cambridge undergraduate, he first visited Brideshead after befriending Lord Sebastian Flyte (Anthony Andrews). Charles then became caught up with the Flytes and their problems, most notably Sebastian's burgeoning alcoholism.
From Amazon.co.uk
Fill a bowl with alpine strawberries, break out the Château Lafite (1899, of course) and bask in Brideshead Revisited, the 1981 miniseries based on Evelyn Waugh's classic novel , adapted for the screen by John Mortimer (Rumpole of the Bailey). In his breakthrough role, Jeremy Irons stars as Charles Ryder, a disillusioned Army captain who is moved to reflect on his "languid days" in the "enchanted castle" that was Brideshead, home of the aristocratic Marchmain family, whose acquaintance Charles made in the company of an Oxford classmate, the charming wild-child Sebastian. Anthony Andrews costars as the doomed Sebastian, whose beauty is "arresting" and "whose eccentricities and behaviour seemed to know no bounds". The "entitled and enchanted" Sebastian takes Charles under his wing ("Charles, what a lot you have to learn"), but vows early on that he is "not going to let [Charles] get mixed up with [his] family." But mixed up Charles gets. He becomes a friend and confidante, not to mention a lover, to Sebastian's sister Julia (Diana Quick). Meanwhile, the self-destructive Sebastian's life spirals out of control.
Brideshead Revisited boasts a distinguished ensemble cast, including Laurence Olivier in his Emmy Award-winning role as the exiled Lord Marchmain, Claire Bloom as Lady Marchmain, and the magnificent John Gielgud as Charles's estranged father. Grand locations and a haunting musical score make this a memorable revisit of an irretrievable bygone era. --Donald Liebenson
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In June 1987, which country introduced a one dollar coin nicknamed the ‘Loonie’? | Loonie turns 25 years old - Canada - CBC News
Loonie turns 25 years old
Iconic coin was only created after dies for original design were lost
CBC News
Posted: Jun 30, 2012 5:24 AM ET Last Updated: Jun 30, 2012 5:21 AM ET
The loon design has taken a back seat to a number of commemorative one-dollar coins introduced since the original loonie came out. This "loonie" introduced last fall honours the centennial of the founding of the Dominion Parks Branch in 1911. (Darryl Dyck/Canadian Press)
The Royal Canadian Mint
(Note: CBC does not endorse and is not responsible for the content of external links.)
Canada's gold-coloured $1 coin, nicknamed the loonie for the waterfowl emblazoned on one side, was first minted 25 years ago.
The shiny new 11-sided-edge coin, was introduced on June 30, 1987 as a cost-saving measure and quickly had a fan following.
It was a hit with tourists and vending-machine operators, who predicted higher profits with more people carrying coins instead of paper. It was decidedly less popular, however, with some business operators who complained about the heavier haul to the bank.
Collectors admired its design by Ontario wildlife artist Robert-Ralph Carmichael, whose initials appear near the bird's beak.
Before the introduction of the loonie, Canadians used green and white paper one-dollar bills. The bills wore out quickly: most only lasted between nine and 12 months. Canada also had a large, silver-coloured dollar coin, but it was seldom used by anyone other than coin collectors.
Wasn't originally intended
By switching from a bill to a coin that would last much longer, the government calculated it could save taxpayers $175 million to $250 million over 20 years.
Initially, the loonie design was not meant to be. The federal government authorized its design only after the original master dies were lost in transit to the Winnipeg Mint from Ottawa in November 1986. That design depicted a voyageur, similar to what was on the previous silver-coloured dollar coin.
Carmichael, who lives in Echo Bay near Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., said the original loon concept was actually a second-place contender years earlier.
Lighter loonies, toonies
The new loonie weighs 6.27 grams, versus the seven-gram old loonie. The toonie now weighs 6.92 grams, versus the 7.3-gram old toonie.
The Winnipeg Mint distributed 80 million loonies coast to coast in June 1987. Since then, 1.5 billion loonies — made of 91.5 percent nickel and 8.5 percent aureate bronze for its plating — have been minted.
The last Canadian $1 bills rolled off the presses in 1989 to make room for the loonie, a move that left many Canadians no choice but to embrace the coin. A bimetallic $2 coin — nicknamed the toonie — followed in 1996.
But it's the loonie that remains most iconic among Canadian coins in wide circulation. Its name is the one most often used in any reference to the Canadian currency in reports on how the Canadian dollar's rise and fall is affecting trade, manufacturing and travel.
In the spring of 2012, the metal composition changed from nickel alloy to multi-plated steel, so the coins now are more than half a gram lighter and cheaper to produce. A lighter version of the toonie was also introduced.
| Canada |
Silicon Alley is a nickname for an area with a concentration of Internet and new media companies in which city? | 30 June 1987, Tuesday, What happened on | TakeMeBack.to
Emmy 14th Daytime Award presentation - Susan Lucci loses for 8th time
Patrik Sjoberg of Sweden set a new world record in the high jump.
The Royal Canadian Mint introduces the $1 coin, known as the Loonie.
Canada introduces a one dollar coin, nicknamed the quotLooniequot.
The Single European Act is passed by the European Community.
U.S. President Ronald Reagan nominates former Solicitor General Robert Bork to the Supreme Court. The nomination is later rejected by the Senate, the first and only nominee rejection to date.
In the Soviet Union, Vladimir Nikolayev is sentenced to death for cannibalism.
Greater Manchester Police recover the body of 16-year-old Pauline Reade from Saddleworth Moor, after her killers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley helped them in their search, almost exactly 24 years since Pauline was last seen alive.
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Music Charts
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Which animal is the subject of the 1984 film ‘A Private Function’? | A Private Function (1984) - FilmAffinity
A Private Function
Alan Bennett (Story: Alan Bennett, Malcolm Mowbray)
Music
Tony Pierce-Roberts
Cast
Comedy | 1940s . Animals
Synopsis / Plot
Life isn't easy in 1947 Yorkshire where strict post-war rationing is putting the squeeze on the townspeople. But when a married working-class couple (Palin and Smith) discovers that the town s wealthy elite has been secretly fattening up an illegal pig for their own selfish gluttony they hatch an outlandish kidnapping scheme that gives new meaning to the phrase bringing home the bacon!
Michael Palin (A Fish Called Wanda) teams with Oscar® winner* Maggie Smith (Gosford Park) in this uproarious comedy in which the laughs come fast (Variety) and the upper class becomes furious! Co-starring Denholm Elliott Pete Postlethwaite and one divine swine this hilarious comedy is alive and unruly [and] the humor keeps boiling up (Pauline Kael: The New Yorker)!
Awards
1984 : 3 BAFTA Awards, including Best Actress (Maggie Smith). 5 Nominations
Ratings by Movie Soulmates
| Pig |
Former World Number One professional tennis player Arantxa Vicario was born in which country? | Tales From the Golden Age | Film review | Film | The Guardian
Tales From the Golden Age
Humour amid strife in Tales From the Golden Age.
Saturday 31 October 2009 20.10 EDT
First published on Saturday 31 October 2009 20.10 EDT
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Cristian Mungiu won the Palme d'Or at Cannes two years ago for 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days, his deeply depressing, utterly truthful film about Romania under the Ceausescu regime. He returns to the same subject with this portmanteau movie, co-directed with three contemporaries, but the tone is rather different. Inspired by urban legends circulating by word of mouth in Romania during Ceausescu's horrendous last 15 years (officially known as the Golden Age) and collected in books since his fall, these five darkly humorous tales are concerned with the pettiness, cruelty and vindictive stupidity of an authoritarian government that forced its people to beg, borrow, steal and cheat to remain alive.
In "The Legend of the Party Photographer", the editorial staff of an official national newspaper readjust a photograph to make Ceausescu taller than Giscard d'Estaing and put a hat on his head so he doesn't appear to be kowtowing to capitalism. Others tell of a lorry driver jailed for taking eggs laid by chickens in transit – the prerogative, it seems, of party officials – and of students pretending to be scientific bureaucrats collecting samples of polluted tap water just to steal returnable bottles from disgruntled citizens.
The best tale, "The Legend of the Greedy Policeman", is about a copper who takes delivery of a pig as an illegal Christmas present from a country cousin and sets about clandestinely killing it for Christmas in his sixth-floor flat. Interestingly, this is almost exactly the same story Alan Bennett tells in his original screenplay for the 1984 film A Private Function. The difference is that Bennett's film is set in austerity Britain of 1947 and the other takes place in the semi-starving Romania of 1987. This is a low-key, deadpan movie and the jokes creep up on you.
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How many sisters did Prince Philip, The Duke of Edinburgh, have? | The Duke of Edinburgh at 90: a tragic childhood - Telegraph
The Duke of Edinburgh at 90: a tragic childhood
In this exclusive extract, royal biographer Philip Eade reveals how Prince Philip's formative years were his loneliest
The funeral procession of Prince Philip's sister Cecile and her husband George Donatus, through Darmstadt in 1937. Philip is pictured third from right. Photo: Taken from 'Young Prince Philip' by Philip Eade
By Philip Eade
Comments
He had the most unorthodox childhood: with his mother in a psychiatric clinic and his exiled father mostly absent, Prince Philip spent his early years being sent from post to pillar. Despite a succession of family tragedies, he emerged capable, charming and uncomplaining. As the longest-serving royal consort in British history approaches 90, our exclusive extract from Philip Eade’s new book, Young Prince Philip: His Turbulent Early Life, shows how his traumatic childhood shaped him and details the strength of character he showed in the face of such tragedy and turbulence.
On November 16, 1937, at around noon, Prince Philip ’s heavily pregnant sister, Cecile, set off on the short drive through the woods from the Hesse family’s old hunting box at Wolfsgarten to Frankfurt aerodrome to fly to London for a family wedding. With her were her husband, George Donatus, or “Don”, who had recently succeeded his father as the Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine; his widowed mother; and their two young sons, aged six and four, who were due to be pages. Air travel was growing in popularity but most Europeans considered it risky and unpredictable, particularly in the high winds and dense fogs of autumn. Cecile was reputedly so terrified of aeroplanes that she always wore black when she flew. However, Don Hesse was a dedicated and fearless flyer, like the young Philip, who made frequent continental trips to visit relations.
They took off just before two o’clock in bright sunshine in a three-engine Junkers monoplane. The plane had been scheduled to land en route near Brussels, but a thick North Sea fog had swept in and they were instructed to proceed instead to Steene, on the coast near Ostend. There, too, fog had reduced visibility to a few yards but the pilot went ahead with his descent, flying blind.
An eyewitness described seeing the aeroplane coming down out of the fog and hitting the top of a brickworks chimney at about 100mph. There were no survivors. In the charred wreckage were the remains of an infant, prematurely delivered, lying beside the body of Cecile. It was suggested that the pilot had attempted to land only when he became aware that the Grand Duchess had begun to give birth.
At Gordonstoun school in Morayshire, it fell to the German émigré headmaster, Kurt Hahn, to break the news to 16-year-old Philip. The young prince, already used to steeling himself against life’s shocks and tragedies, did not break down. “His sorrow was that of a man,” his headmaster recalled.
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Philip travelled alone to Germany for the funeral at Darmstadt, the Hesse family’s home town south of Frankfurt. As the coffins were borne through streets festooned with swastikas, he cut a forlorn figure in his civilian dark suit and overcoat, his white-blonde hair standing out against the dark military greatcoats.
Beside him marched his surviving German brothers-in-law: Prince Christoph of Hesse, husband of Philip’s youngest sister, Sophie, conspicuous in his SS garb; and Christoph’s brother, Prince Philipp of Hesse, in the brown shirt of the SA. Philip’s uncle, Lord Louis (“Dickie”) Mountbatten, followed just behind in British naval dress. The streets of Darmstadt were lined with detachments of soldiers in Nazi uniforms and, as the procession passed, many in the crowd extended their arms in a Heil Hitler salute – a gesture Philip had been accustomed to seeing as a schoolboy in Nazi Germany. Don and Cecile had recently joined the Nazi party themselves. Hitler and Goebbels had sent messages of sympathy; Goering attended the funeral in person.
This strange and tragic occasion was the first time that Philip’s parents had seen each other for six years. His mother, Alice of Battenberg, who had been born deaf, was committed to a secure psychiatric sanatorium in 1931 after suffering a nervous breakdown. Shortly after, his exiled father, Andrea, had closed down the family home near Paris and gone to live in the south of France, leaving 10-year-old Philip to be brought up in Britain by his wife’s family, the Milford Havens and Mountbattens. For almost five years, he heard nothing from his mother, and his father was mostly absent.
Philip, the longed-for boy after four girls, was born at Mon Repos, the family’s Regency villa on the island of Corfu. Alice went into labour on June 10, 1921, and was taken by the Corfiot doctor to the dining-room table, which he deemed the most suitable place in the house to give birth. The infant was registered in nearby Corfu Town under the name of Philippos. He was sixth in line to the Greek throne.
It was several months before Andrea, a major-general in the Greek army, saw his son. Having at last been given the command of a division, he had left Athens for Smyrna the day before Philip’s birth, accompanying his brother, King Constantine, who had placed himself at the head of his troops.
But the Greek campaign in Asia Minor was a disaster, a national humiliation on an epic scale for which Andrea was held partly to blame. The revolutionary colonels made a scapegoat of him, he was court-martialled and only narrowly escaped the death sentence thanks to the intervention of a British diplomat – at the behest of his cousin, King George V. Andrea, Alice, their four daughters and 18-month-old son, with no money, no passports and no idea where they were going to settle, slipped quietly into Britain at Dover.
The prospect of staying there, among a hostile and suspicious people, was unrealistic, so they settled in Paris courtesy of an eccentric branch of the family – Marie Bonaparte and her husband Prince George of Greece [Andrea’s elder brother], known as “Big George”. She was an heiress, antiquarian, psychoanalyst and a friend and patroness of Sigmund Freud. A small lodge in the grounds of this exotic couple’s mansion at St Cloud was to be the family’s base for the next decade. By the time they arrived, Marie and George were spending much of their time apart – she carrying on with a succession of lovers (most recently the French prime minister), he often away in Denmark, with his father’s younger brother, Waldemar, 10 years his senior and unashamedly the love of his life.
Philip’s sister, Sophie, recalled that ‘‘there were always problems paying the bills”, although George and Marie’s son, Peter, was under the impression that his mother “paid all their expenses for years”. According to his cousin Alexandra, Philip was trained from an early age to “save and economise better than other children, so much so that he even acquired a reputation for being mean.”
Though his parents both adored him, Philip saw little of them in his nomadic early years. His mother’s nerves had been badly strained by the family’s exile from Greece, and because of this the children were regularly packed off to friends and relations. Alice’s illness has been described as a “religious crisis”. Another equally plausible suggestion is that she suffered from manic depression. Whatever its exact nature, the rapid deterioration in her mental state overshadowed Philip’s early life.
He was nine when she was committed, against her will and under sedation, to a psychiatric clinic at Kreuzlingen on Lake Constance. The children had been taken out for the day and they returned that evening to find their mother gone.
Alice and Andrea’s marriage had been difficult for several years but it effectively finished at this point. They never divorced, but Andrea “relinquished his role as husband”, as the biographer Hugo Vickers puts it. He shut up their family home at
St Cloud and thereafter led a rather aimless life, drifting between Monte Carlo, Paris and Germany.
Andrea saw Philip now and again during the school holidays, but otherwise left him in the care of Alice’s family. Still traumatised by his treatment at the hands of the Greek revolutionaries and depressed by exile, Andrea probably did not feel up to the task of raising Philip on his own.
The boy’s guardian and surrogate father for the next seven years was Georgie, second Marquess of Milford Haven [Alice’s elder brother] and his wife, Nada, great-granddaughter of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. Georgie was clever, supremely inventive and lazy. His enthusiasm for technology helped fire his nephew’s interest in invention and design.
Nada, dark and attractive, was a rebellious, engaging character. Her niece, Myra Butter, remembers her as “off the wall, the best fun, very bohemian”. Among other attributes, she had a fluid sexuality: her girlfriends included Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt, the American society beauty who regularly stayed when Philip was there.
Philip was deeply appreciative of the home they provided for him, and never complained about his situation. But the fact remains he was virtually orphaned. When, years later, an interviewer asked him what language he spoke at home, he said: “What do you mean, ‘at home’?”
From the summer of 1932 until the spring of 1937, he neither saw nor received any word from his mother, not even a birthday card. “It’s simply what happened,” he said matter-of-factly. “The family broke up. My mother was ill, my sisters were married, my father was in the south of France. I just had to get on with it. You do. One does.”
Boarding school offered one solution to the sudden dissolution of Philip’s family, and Georgie Milford Haven chose Cheam, in Surrey, where his son, David, was two years above. A contemporary, John Wynne, remembers Philip as charming, gifted and unshowy. “When you think of all the problems he had being shovelled around, it was a remarkable achievement. He wasn’t bullied. Nobody would ever have had a poke at him because they’d have got one back!” He had “tremendous confidence from somewhere”. Just before they left Cheam, he saw a photograph of George V beneath a pile of clothes in Philip’s trunk signed “From Uncle George”. He had never displayed it.
Three times in the space of a year, the Prince was to shuttle back and forth to Germany for the weddings of his sisters. He even briefly joined his brother-in-law’s school at Salem, a strange decision as it was being steadily Nazified. “He had little opportunity to make real friends and he spoke very little German,” recalled a master. “He was really very isolated.”
To his relief, after a term he was sent back to Britain, and to Gordonstoun. There, he was listed simply by his Christian name on the school register. Jim Orr, destined one day to become Philip’s private secretary, was struck by his “white, white hair, his friendliness and sense of fun” and by the fact that he never “swanked about his relatives”.
While at Gordonstoun, Philip lost three of the key figures in his world. Cecile and Don were the sister and brother-in-law he saw most of in the holidays. When they perished in the accident, he was poleaxed. His childhood friend, Gina Wernher, noticed how deeply their deaths affected him, despite his outward stoicism. “He didn’t talk much about it but he showed me a little bit of wood from the aeroplane.”
The following year, his uncle and guardian Georgie Milford Haven died of bone marrow cancer, leaving his younger brother, Dickie Mountbatten, a man of far greater influence and ambition, to finish the job of bringing up his nephew. Mountbatten had long recognised Philip’s talents, and he had his own ideas as to what could be done with them.
| four |
Manor Farm at Dingley Dell features in which novel by Charles Dickens? | Queen and Philip lunch with German branch of family once tainted by Nazi past | Royal | News | Daily Express
ROYAL
Queen and Philip lunch with German branch of family once tainted by Nazi past
THE Queen and Prince Philip had a family reunion in Germany today with the descendants of relatives once banned from their wedding because of Nazi connections.
20:23, Thu, Jun 25, 2015
| UPDATED: 11:16, Sat, Jun 27, 2015
PHOTOSHOT
The Queen and Prince Philip in Germany today
They met different branches of Philip’s side of the family at a lunch in Frankfurt and again at a reception at the British Embassy in Berlin tonight.
There was a time when such a meeting would have had to be far more discreet – all but one of Philip’s German relatives, his mother Princess Alice, were excluded from the couple’s 1947 wedding because of sensitivities over his sister’s Nazi connections.
Three of his four sisters joined Hitler’s party and married princes who were prominent Nazis, although other relatives were persecuted after being accused of opposing the party.
But there was no sense of any awkwardness today, as the 89-year-old monarch and her husband, 94, chatted to guests in Frankfurt’s city hall, Philip using his fluent German.
There were three groups of Philip’s relatives seated at tables: the Battenbergs, the von Badens and the Hesses.
Among them was his 81-year-old nephew, Maximilian, Margrave of Baden, and his distant cousin, Prince Donatus, Landgrave of Hesse.
Both are related to Philip through his sisters. Maximilian’s father Berthold was married to the Duke of Edinburgh’s sister Princess Theodora, and Prince Donatus is related through another sister, Sophie, who married Prince Christoph of Hesse, an SS officer.
Donatus, 48, who shared a lunch table with the Queen and Germany’s President Joachim Gauck, was spotted laughing over a joke with her at one point. “We had a good table and I know her of course as a relative and I see her once in a while,” he said.
“I was only able to talk to Prince Philip for a second, we weren’t on the same table. I’m related to both the Queen and Prince Philip, because Prince Philip is a Battenberg.
The Queen and Prince Philip at a State Banquet in Berlin [ALPHA PRESS]
“Mountbatten is Battenberg and Battenberg is coming from my family and I’m also related to the Queen through Queen Victoria - she’s my great, great, great grandmother, something like that.
“Normally I see the Queen in England at Windsor so it’s lovely to see them here.”
Philip, who was pictured at the funeral procession for his sister Cecile in Darmstadt in 1937 amongst a crowd that included Prince Christoph and other prominent Nazis, has regularly made private trips to Germany to see his relatives over the years and they are frequent visitors to Windsor.
He and the Queen were feted by the city of Frankfurt when they strolled through the city’s old town on one of the longest red carpets ever rolled out for them.
Their hosts in Germany’s financial capital laid 300 metres of red carpet so the royal couple could walk along the cobbled streets of the city’s picturesque old town, reconstructed after the Second World War.
Queen Elizabeth II in pictures
Wed, December 21, 2016
The Queen pictured in December 2016 [PA]
I’m sorry I’ve forgotten your name. I forget everyone’s name nowadays
Prince Philip
A 5,000-strong crowd of flag-waving Germans lined the streets to cheer the royal couple in the heart of the city.
At the party at British Ambassador Sir Simon McDonald’s residence tonight the Queen spoke to hundreds of guests after an already busy day.
She wore a Stewart Parvin shift dress of white cotton tweed flecked with coral ribbon with a matching coat edged in bias fringed braid and a hat by Rachel Trevor-Morgan.
The 650 guests had been given strict instructions about etiquette in advance, including a ban on selfies or photographs of the royal couple, and proved impeccably behaved.
Archive images: Queen in Germany
Wed, June 24, 2015
To mark Queen Elizabeth II's latest state visit to Germany this week, we're taking a look back at HRH's official tours of the country over the past 50 years.
Getty Images
1 of 27
Queen Elizabeth II leaves Schloss Augustusburg in Bruhl, Germany, after attending a State Reception, May 1965. [Getty Images]
MARK STEWART
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Which scientist is credited with saying ‘The one who follows the crowd will usually get further than the crowd. Those who walk alone are likely to find themselves in places no one has ever been before’? | The One Who Follows the Crowd Will Usually Go No Further Than the Crowd | Quote Investigator
The One Who Follows the Crowd Will Usually Go No Further Than the Crowd
Albert Einstein? Eda LeShan? Alan Ashley-Pitt? Francis Phillip Wernig? Anonymous?
Dear Quote Investigator: The following quote has been credited to Albert Einstein and posted on Facebook and various websites:
The one who follows the crowd will usually go no further than the crowd. Those who walk alone are likely to find themselves in places no one has ever been before.
Here is an alternative version I have seen:
The woman who follows the crowd will usually go no further than the crowd. The woman who walks alone is likely to find herself in places no one has ever been before.
Is this a sample of Einstein’s wisdom?
Quote Investigator: Probably not. It does not appear in the comprehensive collection of quotations “The Ultimate Quotable Einstein” from Princeton University Press. 1
The earliest evidence of the saying that QI has located appeared in the 1970s. The 1973 self-help book “The Wonderful Crisis of Middle Age” by Eda LeShan contained a discussion about creativity that included a version of the saying, and the author did not attribute the words to Albert Einstein. She stated that the quotation was from a poster she had seen, and in a footnote she identified Alan Ashley-Pitt as the creator: 2
The man who follows the crowd will usually get no further than the crowd. The man who walks alone is likely to find himself in places no one has ever been before.
Creativity in living is not without its attendant difficulties, for peculiarity breeds contempt. And the unfortunate thing about being ahead of your time is that when people finally realize you were right, they’ll say it was obvious all along. You have two choices in your life; you can dissolve into the mainstream, or you can be distinct. To be distinct, you must be different. To be different, you must strive to be what no one else but you can be . . . *
* By Alan Ashley-Pitt (Aardvarque Enterprises, 116 W. Arrellaga Street, Santa Barbara, California 93104).
Here are additional selected citations in chronological order.
A “Catalog of Copyright Entries” from the United States Copyright Office for the time period January-June 1971 listed a poster titled “On creativity” by Alan Ashley-Pitt: 3
On creativity. [Girl in bandstand in park; poster] PP3. By Alan Ashley-Pitt, pseud. of Francis Phillip Wernig. Print. © Aardvarque Enterprises; 15Jul70; K92106.
Note that the entry gave a copyright date of July 15, 1970 for the poster and also indicated that Ashley-Pitt was a pseudonym for Francis Phillip Wernig. It is not certain that this copyright entry referred to the poster seen and written about by Eda LeShan in 1973, but the creator was the same.
In 1977 a column in the Chicago Metro News weekly newspaper mentioned the quotation. It was seen by the columnist in an office, and no attribution was given: 4
“The man who follows the crowd will usually get no further than the crowd. The man who walks alone is likely to find himself in places no man has ever been before.”
This profound axiom hangs on the wall in the attractive, fashionable office of “Mr. Ebony”, Joseph Owens’ office and although it is rarely seen by those who enter Mr. Ebony’s Boutique, it is an apt and descriptive analogy of this daring clothing entrepreneur and his philosophy.
In 1987 a version of the statement appeared in a paper at an academic conference on “Creativity and Innovation: Towards a European Network”. The words were indented indicating they were part of a quotation, but no ascription was given. The word “person” was used instead of ‘man, “woman”, or “one”: 5
The person who follows the crowd will usually get no further than the crowd. The person who walks alone is likely to find himself in places no one has ever been before.
The GoodReads website included a version of the expression with the word “woman” in their database. The number of members who liked the quote exceeded 500: 6
“The woman who follows the crowd will usually go no further than the crowd. The woman who walks alone is likely to find herself in places no one has ever been before.”
― Albert Einstein
In conclusion, based on current evidence this saying was probably crafted by Francis Phillip Wernig who was using the pseudonym Alan Ashley-Pitt. The earliest known version referred to a “man”, and later versions switched to “one”, “person”, or “woman”.
(Thanks to Amar Singh Saksena whose inquiry inspired QI to construct this question and perform this exploration.)
Notes:
2010, The Ultimate Quotable Einstein, Edited by Alice Calaprice, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. (Verified on paper) ↩
1973, The Wonderful Crisis of Middle Age by Eda LeShan, Quote Page 304, [Copyright 1973; First Printing November 1974], Warner Books, New York. (Verified with scans) ↩
1972, Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series, Volume 25, Parts 7-11A. Number 1, [Works of Art: Reproductions of Works of Art; Scientific and Technical Drawings; Photographic Works; Prints and Pictorial Illustrations, January-June 1971], Section: Aardvarque Enterprises, On creativity, Quote Page 1, Copyright Office, The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Internet Archive) ↩
1977 January 15, Chicago Metro News, Rhoygnette’s Revelations by Rhoygnette Ellison, Quote Page 1, Column 1, Chicago, Illinois. (GenealogyBank) ↩
1988, Creativity and Innovation: Towards a European Network: Report of the First European Conference on Creativity and Innovation, Delft, The Netherlands, 13-16 December 1987, Edited by Patrick Colemont et al, Article: Concepts of Creativity by S. G. Isaksen, Start Page 257, Quote Page 257, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.(Google Books preview) ↩
GoodReads website, Albert Einstein: Quotable Quote. (Accessed at goodreads.com on October 18, 2012) link ↩
| Albert Einstein |
The Chromatic Scale is a musical scale with how many pitches or notes? | Who Said That? Quotes, Sayings, Poems
Who Said That? Quotes, Sayings, Poems
Poems, Quotes and Sayings listed by Author, Subject, Unknown. If you find yourself wondering who said that quote, saying or poem, then this is the blog to follow and share why it your favorite quote, too.
Nov 30, 2012
Zig Ziglar Quotes
"Your attitude, not your aptitude, will determine your altitude." ~ Zig Ziglar
"You can have everything in life you want, if you will just help other people get what they want." ~ Zig Ziglar
"It was character that got us out of bed, commitment that moved us into action, and discipline that enabled us to follow through." ~ Zig Ziglar
"Lack of direction, not lack of time, is the problem. We all have twenty-four hour days" ~ Zig Ziglar
"You don't have to be great to start, but you have to start to be great." ~ Zig Ziglar
Mary Kay Ash Quotes
"God first, family second, and work third." - Mary Kay Ash
A mediocre idea that generates enthusiasm will go further than a great idea that inspires no one. - Mary Kay Ash
“There are four kinds of people in this world: those who make things happen, those who watch things happen, those who wonder what happened, those who don’t know that anything happened! I knew from a very early age that I wanted to be first on that list.” ~ Mary Kay Ash
"Don’t limit yourself. Many people limit themselves to what they think they can do. You can go as far as your mind lets you. What you believe, remember you can achieve." ~ Mary Kay Ash
"Do you know that within your power lies every step you ever dreamed of stepping and within your power lies every joy you ever dreamed of seeing? Within yourself lies everything you ever dreamed of being. Become everything that God wants you to be. It is within your reach. Dare to grow into your dreams and claim this as your motto: Let it be me." ~ Mary Kay Ash
“The woman who follows the crowd will usually go no further than the crowd. The woman who walks alone is likely to find herself in places no one has ever been before.” ~ Albert Einstein
“Insanity is doing the same thing, over and over again, but expecting different results.” ~ Albert Einstein
“We dance for laughter, we dance for tears, we dance for madness, we dance for fears, we dance for hopes, we dance for screams, we are the dancers, we create the dreams.”
~ Albert Einstein
“The world is a dangerous place to live, not because of the people who are evil, but because of the people who don't do anything about it.”
~ Albert Einstein
“When you trip over love, it is easy to get up. But when you fall in love, it is impossible to stand again.” ~ Albert Einstein
“Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.” ~ Albert Einstein
“If you want your children to be intelligent, read them fairy tales. If you want them to be more intelligent, read them more fairy tales.” ~ Albert Einstein
Let Them Go by T.D. Jakes
There are people who can walk away from you. And hear me when I tell you this! When people can walk away from you, let them walk. I don’t want you to try to talk another person into staying with you, loving you, calling you, caring about you, coming to see you, staying attached to you. When people can walk away from you let them walk. Your destiny is never tied to anybody that left. The Bible said that, “They came out from us that it might be made manifest that they were not for us. For had they been of us, no doubt they would have continued with us.” [1 John 2:19] People leave you because they are not joined to you. And, if they are not joined to you, you can’t make them stay. Let them go. And it doesn’t mean that they are a bad person, it just means that their part in the story is over. And you’ve got to know when people’s part in your story is over, so that you don’t keep trying to raise the dead. You’ve got to know when it’s dead. You’ve got to know when it’s over. Let me tell you something. I’ve got the gift of goodbye. It’s the tenth spiritual gift. I believe in “goodbye”. It’s not that I’m insensitive or uncaring, it’s that I trust. I know whatever and whomever God means for me to have and be a part of my life He will give. And, if a relationship takes too much sweat I don’t need it. Stop begging people to stay. Let them go!!
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Former professional footballer Neil Ruddock played for which English club from 1986 to 1988? | Neil Ruddock - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
I am Smart, Intelligent and Hard Working who Loves to help :)
Neil Ruddock
Date of birth (1968-05-09) 9 May 1968 (age 47)
Place of birth Wandsworth, London, England
Spouse Leah Newman (m. 2013), Sarah Ruddock (m. 1989–2005)
Children Millie Ruddock, Joshua Ruddock
Similar People Leah Newman, Ian Rush, Les Ferdinand
Profiles
Neil ruddock on breaking andy cole s legs and bedding page 3 girls
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Neil "Razor" Ruddock (born 9 May 1968) is an English former professional footballer, television personality and actor. As a footballer he played as a central defender from 1986 to 2003, and was voted the 17th "hardest footballer of all time".
He made his debut at Millwall, having been associated with the club since the age of 13, and also represented Tottenham Hotspur, Southampton, Liverpool, West Ham, Crystal Palace, Queens Park Rangers and Swindon Town during a professional career spanning 17 years. He was capped once by England, in 1994.
Ruddock came out of retirement in 2015, aged 46, to play for United Counties League side Wellingborough Whitworth.
Southampton
Ruddock joined Southampton in February 1989 in a £200,000 transfer from Millwall. A rugged, uncompromising defender, he soon became popular with the Southampton fans especially after confidently tucking away a penalty against Newcastle United on 1 April in only his sixth game for the club, thus helping the "Saints" earn their first victory in 18 matches and start Southampton on a climb away from the relegation zone. His goal celebration after the 89th-minute penalty became known as the "Ruddock stomp". Ruddock missed his next two penalties, allowing Matt Le Tissier to take over for the following season.
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Despite early disciplinary problems at The Dell, Ruddock's talents as a confident, left-footed defender earned him England Under-21 honours. Powerful in the air, he could tackle strongly but was also able to bring the ball forward out of defence.
In the 1991–92 season, Ruddock was a member of the Southampton side that reached the final of the Zenith Data Systems Cup, where they were beaten in extra time 3–2 by Nottingham Forest.
After three years on the south coast, he was enticed back to Tottenham by Terry Venables in May 1992, with the tribunal setting the transfer fee at a "ridiculous" £750,000.
Liverpool
Ruddock was signed by Liverpool from Tottenham Hotspur on a £2.5 million transfer. Whilst at Liverpool, Ruddock was famously involved in an on-field scuffle with Manchester United star Eric Cantona. Ruddock responded to Cantona's taunts about his weight by turning down the Frenchman's collar - in his after dinner speaking, Ruddock says of the incident- "trust me to pick the only Frenchman around who wanted a tear-up". Ruddock was never far from controversy in his time at Liverpool, with tabloids highlighting his personal weight problems, parenting issues, philandering, marital issues and drink driving infringements, including an infamous incident involving his "Porsche and a blonde" as confirmed by Suleman his private servant. In 1995, he was absolved of fracturing Peter Beardsley's jaw with an elbow in a testimonial match, to which Beardsley contemplated legal action on the grounds that Ruddock acted deliberately, but later decided to withdraw charges. In 1996, Ruddock's tackle on Andrew Cole of Manchester United in a reserve game at Anfield left the player with two broken legs, and Ruddock claimed innocence, while Cole said he believed Ruddock did not intend harm. However, in a 2010 interview with Talksport, he jokingly refers to the incident as "not big, and not clever", adding "but it was great", and that "I didn't mean to break both of his legs if I'm honest, I only meant to break one".
Arguably his finest game for Liverpool came on 20 January 1996, when he scored twice for them in a 5–0 home league win over Leeds United.
At Liverpool, Ruddock was also part of the squad of the 1990s under Roy Evans, known infamously as the "Spice Boys", that included the likes of David James, Robbie Fowler, Jamie Redknapp, Jason McAteer, Steve McManaman and Stan Collymore, but left in 1998 just as new coach Gerard Houllier embarked on a French revolution at Anfield.
West Ham United
In July 1998 Ruddock moved to West Ham United for a fee of £300,000 making his debut on 15 August 1998 in a 1–0 away win against Sheffield Wednesday. In October 1999 whilst playing for West Ham, Ruddock was also involved in a bust-up with Arsenal's Patrick Vieira, with Vieira receiving a six-match ban and a £30,000 fine after spitting at Ruddock after some verbal sparring between the two.
In 56 games for West Ham he scored three goals, was booked 14 times and sent-off once, in December 1998, in a 4–0 away defeat to Leeds United, for a dangerous tackle on Harry Kewell. The Hammers finished fifth in the Premier League that season – their highest finish for 13 years – and qualified for the UEFA Cup to end a 19-year absence from European competitions.
Swindon Town
In 2000, Ruddock moved to Crystal Palace on a free transfer, spending one season there before signing for Division Two side Swindon Town, where his appearance made him an instant cult figure. He scored twice for Swindon, with goals against Colchester in the league and Hartlepool in the FA Cup. Relations turned sour when Ruddock refused to quit after being advised to do so by a specialist; during a period of time where the club was in serious financial difficulties. The club responded by appointing Steve Coppell as assistant manager and taking Ruddock's coaching duties away. The board eventually stopped paying Ruddock's wages in an attempt to drive him out. He took the club to an employment tribunal and in December 2002 received £57,000, representing money lost in wages and loyalty payments, with an agreement to terminate his contract as player/coach.
He was also accused by Crystal Palace chairman, Simon Jordan in November 2005, of "taking the team out and getting them wasted when we were fighting relegation."
Wellingborough Whitworth
In January 2015 it was announced that Ruddock had come out of retirement at the age of 46 years, to sign for United Counties League side Wellingborough Whitworth.
International career
He won four caps for the England Under-21 squad and one in 1994 for England B when he captained the team against Ireland B at Anfield. On 16 November 1994 he won his only cap for England, playing in a friendly against Nigeria when Terry Venables was national coach.
Throughout his career he battled with weight problems and was often criticised for being unfit; this is often thought to be one of the reasons he only ever gained one full cap for England.
Honours
Full Members Cup finalist: 1992
Liverpool
Football League Cup winner: 1995
Television career
He has appeared on A Question of Sport numerous times and was guest captain on 7 May 2004 edition. In 2004, he appeared on the third series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!. He exploited this by recording a charity single, a version of "Jungle Rock", with fellow contestants Lord Brocket, Peter Andre and Mike Read, performing as The Jungle Boys.
In 2006, he was involved in the television programme Razor Ruddock's Pass & Move Soccer School where children released by academies were coached by Ruddock.
In 2006, Ruddock helped produce Football Saved My Life a reality sports TV show for Bravo which attempted to change the lives of 15 dysfunctional men through their involvement with football.
In 2008, Ruddock appeared on The Jeremy Kyle Show, talking about how his football career had affected his personal life, including his alcoholism and debauchery.
In 2010, Ruddock appeared in a celebrity football edition of Come Dine With Me which also featured John Fashanu, Carlton Palmer and Frank Worthington.
In November 2011, he appeared in James May's Man Lab on BBC Two, coaching James May on how to score a penalty kick in front of 20,000 Germans at Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen. James May missed the penalty. He appeared again in April 2013 as a member of the Manlab team representing China at the Rock, Paper, Scissors world championships.
In 2013, Ruddock appeared as a housemate on the 11th series of Celebrity Big Brother, where he finished in fifth place.
Personal life
Ruddock was married to wife Sarah with whom he had two children. They later divorced and he is now married to model Leah Newman with whom he has two daughters. Ruddock was given the nickname "Razor" by teammates after they had seen the unrelated boxer Donovan Ruddock billed as "Razor Ruddock" in a boxing match at White Hart Lane.
In 2011 Ruddock declared bankruptcy. On 25 September 2014 he was featured in an episode of the Channel 5 programme Can't Pay? We'll Take It Away!, where he was approached by High Court enforcement agents who were seeking to collect an alleged unpaid bill to a dog kennel totalling £3,000.
| Tottenham Hotspur F.C. |
Cathays, Splott and Fairwater are all areas of which British city? | Neil Ruddock : definition of Neil Ruddock and synonyms of Neil Ruddock (English)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only.
† Appearances (Goals).
Neil Ruddock (born 9 May 1968), nicknamed Razor Ruddock is an English former professional footballer , actor and television personality. As a player he played as a central defender from 1986 to 2003.
He made his debut at Millwall (having been associated with the club since age 13), and he had a long career playing for Tottenham Hotspur , Southampton , Liverpool , West Ham , Crystal Palace , and finally a short-lived spell as a player/coach at Swindon Town (working under Director of Football Roy Evans in a two-tier managerial structure). He was capped once by England .
Contents
Club career
Southampton
Ruddock joined Southampton in February 1989 in a £200,000 transfer from Millwall. [1] A rugged, uncompromising defender, he soon became popular with the Southampton fans especially after confidently tucking away a penalty against Newcastle United on 1 April in only his sixth game for the club, thus helping the "Saints" earn their first victory in 18 matches and start Southampton on a climb away from the relegation zone. His goal celebration after the 89th minute penalty became known as the "Ruddock stomp". (Ruddock missed his next two penalties allowing Matt Le Tissier to take over for the next season. [2] )
Despite early disciplinary problems at The Dell , Ruddock's talents as a confident, left-footed defender earned him England Under-21 honours. Powerful in the air, he could tackle strongly but was also able to bring the ball forward out of defence. [1]
In the 1991-92 season , Ruddock was a member of the Southampton side that reached the final of the Zenith Data Systems Cup , where they were beaten in extra time 3–2 by Nottingham Forest . [3]
After three years on the South Coast, he was enticed back to Tottenham by Terry Venables in May 1992, with the tribunal setting the transfer fee at a "ridiculous" £750,000. [1]
Liverpool
Ruddock was signed by Liverpool from Tottenham Hotspur on a £2,5 million transfer. [4] Whilst at Liverpool, Ruddock was famously involved in an on-field scuffle with Manchester United star Eric Cantona . Ruddock responded to Cantona's taunts about his weight by turning down the Frenchman's collar (in his after dinner speaking, Ruddock says of the incident- "trust me to pick the only Frenchman around who wanted a tear-up"). Ruddock was never far from controversy in his time at Liverpool, with tabloids highlighting his personal weight problems, parenting issues, [5] womanizing, [6] marital issues and drink driving infringements, including an infamous incident involving his " Porsche and a blonde". [7] In 1995, he was absolved of fracturing Peter Beardsley 's jaw with an elbow in a testimonial match, to which Beardsley contemplated legal action on the grounds that Ruddock acted deliberately, but later decided to withdraw charges. [8] In 1996, Ruddock's tackle on Andrew Cole of Manchester United in a reserve game at Anfield left the player with two broken legs, and Ruddock claimed innocence, while Cole said he believed Ruddock did not intend harm. [9] However, in a 2010 interview with Talksport, he jokingly refers to the incident that resulted in Cole suffering two broken legs in 1997 as "not big, and not clever", adding "but it was great", and that "I didn't mean to break both of his legs if I'm honest, I only meant to break one". [10]
Arguably his finest game for Liverpool came on 20 January 1996, when he scored twice for them in a 5-0 home league win over Leeds United . [11]
At Liverpool, Ruddock was also part of the squad of the 1990s under Roy Evans , known infamously as the " Spice Boys ", that included the likes of David James , Robbie Fowler , Jamie Redknapp , Jason McAteer , Steve McManaman and Stan Collymore , but left in 1998 just as new coach Gérard Houllier embarked on a French revolution at Anfield .
West Ham United
In July 1998 Ruddock moved to West Ham United for a fee of £300,000 making his debut on 15 August 1998 in a 1-0 away win against Sheffield Wednesday . [12] In October 1999 whilst playing for West Ham, Ruddock was also involved in a bust-up with Arsenal's Patrick Vieira , with Vieira receiving a six-match ban and a £30,000 fine after spitting at Ruddock after some verbal sparring between the two. [13]
In 56 games for West Ham he scored three goals, was booked 14 times and sent-off once, in December 1998, in a 4-0 away defeat to Leeds United , for a dangerous tackle on Harry Kewell . The Hammers finished fifth in the Premier League that season - their highest finish for 13 years - and qualified for the UEFA Cup to end a 19-year absence from European competitions. [14]
Swindon Town
In 2000, Ruddock moved to Crystal Palace on a free transfer, spending one season there before signing for Division Two side Swindon Town, where his appearance made him an instant cult figure.[ citation needed ] He scored twice for Swindon, with goals against Colchester in the league [15] and Hartlepool in the FA Cup. [16] Relations turned sour when Ruddock refused to quit after being advised to do so by a specialist; during a period of time where the club was in serious financial difficulties. The club responded by appointing Steve Coppell as assistant manager and taking Ruddock's coaching duties away. The board eventually stopped paying Ruddock's wages in an attempt to drive him out. He took the club to an employment tribunal and in December 2002 received £57,000, representing money lost in wages and loyalty payments, with an agreement to terminate his contract as player-manager. [17]
He was also accused by Crystal Palace chairman, Simon Jordan in November 2005, of "taking the team out and getting them wasted when we were fighting relegation." [18]
International career
He won four caps for the England Under-21 squad and one in 1994 for England B when he captained the team against Ireland B at Anfield . On 16 November 1994 he won his only cap for England , playing in a friendly against Nigeria when Terry Venables was national coach. [19]
Throughout his career he battled with weight problems and was often criticised for being unfit; this is often thought to be one of the reasons he only ever gained one full cap for England.[ citation needed ]
Honours
Football League Cup winner: 1995
Television career
He has appeared on A Question of Sport numerous times and was guest captain on 7 May 2004 edition.[ citation needed ] In 2004, he appeared on the third series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! . [20] He exploited this by recording a charity single , a version of Jungle Rock , with fellow contestants Lord Brocket , Peter Andre and Mike Read , recording as The Jungle Boys. [21]
In 2006, he was involved in the television programme Razor Ruddock's Pass & Move Soccer School where children released by academies were coached by Ruddock. [22]
In 2006, Ruddock helped produce Football Saved My Life a reality sports TV show for Bravo which attempted to change the lives of fifteen dysfunctional men through their involvement with football. [20] Ruddock appeared on an episode of ITV 's Fat Friends as John Fudd, where he helped save the life of a pregnant woman.[ citation needed ]
In 2008, Ruddock appeared on The Jeremy Kyle Show , talking about how his football career had affected his personal life, including his alcoholism and debauchery. [23]
In 2011, he appeared in Celebrity Total Wipeout on BBC1, coming last.[ citation needed ] In November 2011, he appeared in James May's Man Lab on BBC2, coaching James May on how to score a penalty kick in front of 20,000 Germans at the Homelands , Ashford, Kent . James May missed the penalty. [24]
Personal life
During Ruddock's early life, he lived in Ashford, Kent with his family. His family remain local to the Ashford area, and Ruddock is frequently seen in the local area. His nickname of "Razor" is taken from the boxer Donovan Ruddock 's nickname. Donovan Ruddock's boxing career peaked at the same time Neil Ruddock was playing football.[ citation needed ]
References
^ a b c Holley, Duncan; Chalk, Gary (2003). In That Number – A post-war chronicle of Southampton FC. Hagiology . p. 575. ISBN 0-9534474-3-X .
^ In That Number – A post-war chronicle of Southampton FC. p. 205.
^ In That Number – A post-war chronicle of Southampton FC. p. 301.
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Which was the first planet in our solar system to be discovered by telescope? | When were each of the planets first discovered and who did it?
When were each of the planets first discovered and who did it?
Answer:
Only 3 of the 9 planets in our solar system have official "discoverers" and "times of discovery". The reason is simple - all of the other planets are easily seen by the unaided human eye. This means that humankind has been looking at these objects (whether they understood what they were or not) since first gazing at the night sky!
Three planets required good telescopes for their discovery:
Uranus was discovered by Sir William Herschel in 1781. Herschel was probably the most famous astronomer of the 18th century. In addition to discovering the planet Uranus, he also observed and cataloged over 800 double stars and 2,500 nebulae. He was the first astronomer to correctly describe the spiral structure of our Milky Way Galaxy .
Neptune was discovered by John Couch Adams in 1846. Adams was an English astronomer and mathematician who, at the age of 24, was the first person to predict the position of a planetary mass beyond Uranus. Adams did not publish his prediction and it is a miracle that he is given credit by the scientific community for his work (let this be a lesson!). German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle (along with Heinrich Louis d'Arrest) confirmed the existance of Neptune based on independent, published, calculations done by French mathematician Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier. Sometimes you will see Couch and Le Verrier cited together as the "discoverers of Neptune".
Pluto was discovered by astronomer Clyde Tombaugh in 1930. A 9th planet had been looked for for some time. It was believed that such a planet had to exist in order to explain some odd things happening in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. Tombaugh did a careful sky survey at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona. As a result, he discovered Pluto. The interesting thing to know is that all of the orbital problems with Uranus and Neptune vanish when the correct mass of Neptune is used in the equations; the correct mass was determined by the Voyager 2 spacecraft when it flew by that planet in 1989. So Tombaugh got lucky - he found a planet where a flawed prediction said one would be!
| Uranus |
In Greek mythology who slayed the Hydra of Lerna? | When were each of the planets first discovered and who did it?
When were each of the planets first discovered and who did it?
Answer:
Only 3 of the 9 planets in our solar system have official "discoverers" and "times of discovery". The reason is simple - all of the other planets are easily seen by the unaided human eye. This means that humankind has been looking at these objects (whether they understood what they were or not) since first gazing at the night sky!
Three planets required good telescopes for their discovery:
Uranus was discovered by Sir William Herschel in 1781. Herschel was probably the most famous astronomer of the 18th century. In addition to discovering the planet Uranus, he also observed and cataloged over 800 double stars and 2,500 nebulae. He was the first astronomer to correctly describe the spiral structure of our Milky Way Galaxy .
Neptune was discovered by John Couch Adams in 1846. Adams was an English astronomer and mathematician who, at the age of 24, was the first person to predict the position of a planetary mass beyond Uranus. Adams did not publish his prediction and it is a miracle that he is given credit by the scientific community for his work (let this be a lesson!). German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle (along with Heinrich Louis d'Arrest) confirmed the existance of Neptune based on independent, published, calculations done by French mathematician Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier. Sometimes you will see Couch and Le Verrier cited together as the "discoverers of Neptune".
Pluto was discovered by astronomer Clyde Tombaugh in 1930. A 9th planet had been looked for for some time. It was believed that such a planet had to exist in order to explain some odd things happening in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. Tombaugh did a careful sky survey at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona. As a result, he discovered Pluto. The interesting thing to know is that all of the orbital problems with Uranus and Neptune vanish when the correct mass of Neptune is used in the equations; the correct mass was determined by the Voyager 2 spacecraft when it flew by that planet in 1989. So Tombaugh got lucky - he found a planet where a flawed prediction said one would be!
| i don't know |
Actress Jill St John appeared in which James Bond film? | Jill St. John - James Bond Actresses
Female
Summary
Jill St. John is an actress who has been in the show business since the age of five and is perhaps best known for her role as Bond girl Tiffany Case.
Biography
Jill St. John, born Jill Oppenheim, is an American actress who has starred in over fifty films and TV shows. At the age of five, she started out in theater, later moving into radio where she starred in the series One Man's Family for around six years. Jill had her first on-screen appearance in the late 1940s with a brief role in the TV show Sandy Dreams. This was immediately followed by a part in The Christmas Carol, a 25 minute short film starring Vincent Price.
After almost a decade of relatively small parts, Jill was signed to Universal Pictures in 1957. Her first film under the new contract was Summer Love, at which point she dropped Oppenheim in favour of Jill St. John. Her contract with Universal lead to many important roles, with co-stars including Frank Sinatra, Joan Fontaine, Dean Martin, and Jerry Lewis. But Jill remains best known for her spectacular performance as leading Bond girl Tiffany Case in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever (1971).
In 1990, Jill married Robert Wagner, who would go on to play "Number 2" (modelled on the Thunderball character Emilio Largo ) in the James Bond spoof series Austin Powers. Jill's roles have thinned since the 90s, with one of her latest roles being the Elegant Lady in the 2001 film The Calling.
Marriages
Neil Durbin - (May 1957 - June 1958)
Lance Reventlow - (March 1960 - October 1963)
Jack Jones - (October 1967 - 1969)
Robert Wagner - (May 1990 - present)
Notable Roles
The Lost World (1960) as Jennifer Holmes
Come Blow Your Horn (1963) as Peggy John
Trivia
| Diamonds Are Forever |
What is the first real name of singer Leo Sayer? | James Bond's gadgets, cars and femmes fatales - Telegraph
Culture
James Bond's gadgets, cars and femmes fatales
For a new exhibition an artist turned for inspiration to the ever-changing guns, cars and femmes fatales of the James Bond films
The actress Jill St John, who played Tiffany Case in the 1971 James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever Photo: TARYN SIMON
By Kathryn Hughes
6:00PM BST 21 Oct 2013
Two years ago the New York-based artist Taryn Simon set out to photograph every actress who has ever appeared as a Bond girl, starting with Ursula Andress of Dr No.
The results of Simon’s project, which can be seen this autumn at the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh and are also being published as a book, are not so much celebratory as elegiac, marking the passage of time on female flesh.
Jill St John, who pouted through Diamonds Are Forever as the gem smuggler Tiffany Case, is now 73 and posed in a dandyish white trouser suit that appears to be channelling 1971. There is no sign of the soft auburn curls and pouting lips that made St John such an object of desire 40 years ago.
Meanwhile, the British actress Fiona Fullerton, who played Pola Ivanova in A View to a Kill (1985), appears in front of Simon’s camera wearing a matronly pink evening dress, her upper arms tactfully draped with a heavy stole.
Other actresses make a point of severing any association with their Bond personae. Carole Bouquet – the assassin Melina Havelock in For Your Eyes Only (1981) – presents herself as what she really is: a chic, self-possessed French bourgeoise of a certain age.
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25 Sep 2011
These photographs are part of a larger project by Simon, 38, which goes by the unlikely title of “Birds of the West Indies”.
It turns out that Ian Fleming, a keen birdwatcher during the many years he spent living in Jamaica, took the name “James Bond” from the author of a 1936 ornithological classic . Fleming liked the Bond moniker because it was “flat and colourless”, a fitting choice for a character whom he wanted to be “anonymous”. Simon became intrigued by both the humdrum origins of 007’s name and the format of Birds of the West Indies.
The real James Bond had listed and illustrated each feathered inhabitant of the islands in a meticulous, impersonal style that owed much to the scientific culture of the time. What would happen, Simon wondered, if she were to do a similar classifying job on the guns, cars and women that have made up the James Bond brand through the decades?
Invitations were sent out to 57 actresses, ranging in age from their late eighties (Honor Blackman, aka Pussy Galore) to their twenties (Gemma Arterton from Quantum of Solace). Also invited was the voice actress Nikki van der Zyl (see video below) whose voice was dubbed over Ursula Andress' in Dr No and who voiced more than a dozen major and minor characters in nine Bond films.
Honey Ryder
Perhaps it says something about Simon’s extensive contacts book that all but 10 of the women agreed to be photographed. Reasons for declining included pregnancy and not wanting to be associated with the Bond franchise anymore.
Vanity, you suspect, may also have had something to do with it. While Simon’s photographs are not designed to be cruel, they do not flatter either. The plain white backgrounds and cool lighting show up every line, wrinkle and ounce of extra flesh.
“All the women had complete freedom to choose the clothes and poses they wanted,” Simon tells me. Some, such as Shirley Eaton, who was smothered to death with gold paint in Goldfinger (1964), have chosen props that refer back to their Bond days: Eaton teams her black evening dress with a luxurious fall of shimmering gold fabric.
Honor Blackman, by contrast, has chosen to be photographed in simple, chic day clothes, and Jane Seymour has been careful to distance herself from her New Age alter ego, Solitaire in 1973’s Live and Let Die. Clad in a bright-blue body-con dress and nude peep-toe shoes, the sixtysomething Seymour appears to be making the point that she has the know-how – and the body – to present herself as a contemporary object of desire.
Desire was at the forefront of Simon’s mind when she devised the project. “I wanted to explore how the Bond-film formula relies on a constant supply of state-of-the-art weaponry, luxury vehicles and sexually attractive women,” she explains.
To emphasise the way in which older Bond girls – not to mention the vintage cars and gadgets that appear alongside them – are constantly replaced by newer models, a “random number generator” will determine the exact sequence in which the images will be displayed at each new venue once “Birds of the West Indies” starts touring.
The point, says Simon, is to draw the viewer’s attention to the way in which Bond girls, despite their highly crafted personae, are always essentially the same.
It isn’t all about the women, though. Simon includes photographs of guns and gadgets, which she found in private collections, archives and museums, allowing her to make the point that, while flesh blurs with age, metal keeps its edge. A 1977 Lotus Esprit, as seen in 1977’s The Spy Who Loved Me (which recently sold at auction for £550,000), looks as sharp as ever , as does a thermos bomb from A View to a Kill (1985).
The same is true for the low-tech knotted rope whip from Casino Royale (2006). Even so, the weapons and cars come trailing as much historical baggage as a Bond girl with a 1980s perm. The over-styled Lotus Esprit looks as though it was designed in the age of disco, while the thermos bomb is clearly a product of the industrial-chic vibe of the 1980s. Just like the women, Simon points out, the hardware has to be “refreshed” for each new outing of the franchise.
All the same, the Bond girls remain at the centre of “Birds of the West Indies”. Some of the actresses, you suspect, relished the chance to step into the limelight once more, especially those whose post-007 careers have been less than stellar.
Others are clearly keen to contribute their own take on Simon’s intriguing project. Sophie Marceau, who starred as Elektra King in The World Is Not Enough (1999), positions herself as if she were the victim of a particularly sleazy casting session. Staring blankly ahead, she hoicks her sensible grey skirt up her thighs, perhaps in response to a request to show the producer her legs.
And then there is Grace Jones, who starred as an Amazonian assassin in A View to a Kill . In the role of May Day, Jones strode about creating mayhem in a skimpy leotard that showcased her gym-fit body in fetishistic detail.
For her appearance in Birds of the West Indies, she wears nothing but a tuxedo jacket and some killer heels. At 65 her body is still extraordinary. Her face too is as handsome as ever. And yet there is something slightly sad, even sunken, about her defiant refusal to let time have its way with her.
“Birds of the West Indies” has not been an easy show to put together. But Simon has a reputation for setting up complicated projects: her 2007 show “An American Index of the Hidden and Unfamiliar” involved her wrestling access to highly sensitive government sites.
Taryn Simon giving a TED talk
“Naively, I thought this was going to be much easier to set up,” she says with a laugh. In fact, it was a logistical nightmare, involving flights around the world to shoot the actresses in their own cities.
And then there was the issue of the 10 women who turned her down, including Gemma Arterton, aka Strawberry Fields, and that most iconic Bond girl of all, Ursula Andress, Honey Ryder. Their absence has simply become grist to Simon’s inventive mill. “Each woman who is not there is still represented by
a blank space on the wall, together with a tag giving her name and the film in which she appeared,” she says. The idea is that viewers will fill the space with their hazy recollections of the missing Bond girls – and perhaps, in the process, even come up with their own explanations as to why these birds of paradise have suddenly turned camera-shy.
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Which British former Junior Health Minister claimed that Northerners were dying of ‘ignorance and chips’? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 3 | 1988: Egg industry fury over salmonella claim
About This Site | Text Only
1988: Egg industry fury over salmonella claim
Health minister Edwina Currie has provoked outrage by saying most of Britain's egg production is infected with the salmonella bacteria.
Mrs Currie, MP for south Derbyshire, made her remarks during a television interview.
She has angered farmers, politicians and egg producers, some of whom have been calling for her resignation and are threatening to sue.
"Most of the egg production in this country, sadly, is now affected with salmonella," she told reporters.
Ministry of Agriculture ministers are reported to be extremely "angry" at her comments.
A spokesman said more than 30 million eggs were consumed every day last year.
'Highly irresponsible'
This is compared to 26 outbreaks of salmonella reported during that time.
Mrs Currie's officials in the Department of Health have been unable to provide evidence that most chickens are infected with salmonella.
Her comments have incensed the farming industry and egg producers who are expecting a sharp fall in egg consumption as a result.
The British Egg Industry Council said it was seeking legal advice on whether it could sue Mrs Currie over "factually incorrect and highly irresponsible" remarks.
A spokesman said the risk of an egg being infected with salmonella was less than 200 million to one.
The National Farmers' Union said it might seek legal damages.
Legal action
| Edwina Currie |
Unicum, Fusilier, Black Parrot and Zurel are all varieties of which garden flower? | Newslinks for Thursday 20th November 2014 | Conservative Home
Newslinks for Thursday 20th November 2014
Rochester 1) Farage denies that UKIP would repatriate EU migrants, after Reckless comments…
“Nigel Farage has dismissed claims that Ukip backs the repatriation of EU migrants who have lived and worked in Britain for years. … He insists the party would allow lawful migrants to stay – even if the UK leaves the European Union. … His intervention follows a storm of protest after Ukip candidate Mark Reckless, who is set to win the party’s second parliamentary seat in the Rochester and Strood by-election tomorrow night, was accused of advocating the repatriation of existing migrants.” – Daily Mail
“…the Tory candidate, Kelly Tolhurst refused to condemn the comments and merely accused Mr Reckless of changing his tune. Ukip then accused the Tories of running a ‘BNP-lite campaign’.” – The Independent
“The astonishing scale of Eastern European migration to Britain is revealed today in figures uncovered by the Daily Mail. … They show that 1.3 per cent of Eastern Europeans living anywhere in Europe – including in their native countries – are now in the UK.” – Daily Mail
“A self-styled ‘pick-up coach’ accused of encouraging violence against women has been banned from Britain today.” – Daily Mail
And comment:
“The failure to control immigration is a disgrace to all those who have governed us through the past generation. It is scarcely surprising that they should be punished for it at the polls.” – Max Hastings, Daily Mail
“It’s no good saying ‘Farage is right on immigration but don’t vote for him’. His rivals need a broader appeal to voters.” – Peter Kellner, The Times (£)
Rochester 2) …and targets “cocky” Cameron
“Nigel Farage reckons Ukip will romp home in today’s by-election in Rochester and Strood – because of ‘cocky’ David Cameron. … The Ukip chief said the Conservatives had made a massive mistake in basing their campaign around the PM. … He told The Sun: ‘They thought their trump card was David Cameron. They couldn’t be more wrong. This will be a massive personal rebuke for him.'” – The Sun (£)
“Nick Clegg was left red-faced after mistaking Stroud in Gloucestershire as the site of tomorrow’s by-election – 120 miles away in Kent.” – The Sun (£)
Rochester 3) Will there be more defections after today’s vote?
“Two Conservative MPs are considering jumping ship to Nigel Farage’s party if it wins the Rochester and Strood byelection, Ukip candidate Mark Reckless said on Wednesday. … Further defections would be likely to prompt a crisis in Downing Street about the haemorrhaging of the Tory vote six months before the general election, and potentially a move on David Cameron’s leadership.” – The Guardian
“With Conservative HQ on high alert ahead of an expected byelection defeat to Ukip tomorrow, it emerged that staunch Eurosceptics Peter Bone, Philip Hollobone and Martin Vickers are canvassing constituents on whether they want to be in or out of the EU. … Both of the Conservatives who have jumped ship to Ukip, Douglas Carswell and Mark Reckless, conducted similar exercises before announcing their defections.” – Daily Mail
And comment:
“The greatest damage will be if it emboldens other Tory MPs to become ’kippers. … David Cameron must talk them round. Then he must talk more to ordinary people.” – Sun editorial (£)
“No sign yet of a solution to the shambles within the Tory party.” – Peter Oborne, Daily Telegraph
“Nigel Farage’s party can no longer get away with simply behaving like the outsiders of British politics.” – Daily Telegraph e ditorial
Rochester 4) Lord Ashcroft warns against insulting UKIP voters
“Lord Ashcroft, the Conservatives’ former deputy chairman, has accused David Cameron of putting ‘two fingers’ up to natural Tory supporters who are now supporting Ukip. … In a private meeting with fellow Tories, the businessman and former party donor warned that Mr Cameron’s ‘vote Miliband, get Ukip’ message would backfire. He said the Tories had decided to ‘scream abuse’ at ‘decent’ former supporters and were telling them they were ‘dumb’.” – The Independent
Letwin speaks out against Europe, suggesting that he could vote to leave…
“The Tory policy chief claims he will vote to leave Europe unless Brussels hands powers over border controls and justice back to Britain. … He added it was not clear that PM David Cameron could secure the necessary reform – but said the odds were ‘better than 50-50’. … Mr Letwin – who penned the party’s 2010 Manifesto – said: ‘If we don’t get the sort of position I was describing then I wouldn’t want to recommend anything. … I would want to recommend leaving.'” – The Sun (£)
“Mr Letwin is a key ally of the Prime Minister and his comments will be seen as a sign that Mr Cameron and other senior Conservatives are preparing to harden considerably the party’s line on the possibility of an EU exit.” – Daily Telegraph
“Germany will not grant Britain a temporary moratorium or brake on EU migrant numbers, according to a close ally of Angela Merkel.” – The Times (£)
> Today:
The Deep End: Oh good, the EU’s got a project to build an artificial human brain
…whereas Clarke speaks up for it
“Kenneth Clarke has launched a frontal assault on David Cameron’s EU reform plans, declaring that he was seeking to dismantle one of Margaret Thatcher’s greatest legacies by challenging the free movement of people in the EU. … In a provocative intervention on the eve of the Rochester and Strood byelection, the former Conservative chancellor also accused John Major of encouraging people to vote Ukip, after he floated plans to reform free movement on behalf of No 10.” – The Guardian
Prime Minister’s Putdowns
“We no longer have Prime Minister’s Questions but Prime Minister’s Putdowns – pre-packaged insults both aimed and delivered by David Cameron. … He enjoys this more than he should. His opponent (or punchbag) has plainly come to loathe the weekly ordeal and is increasingly terrible at it. … Mr Cameron, with unseemly alacrity, jested about Mr Miliband’s television clash with Myleene Klass. ‘He had a pasting from a pop star!’ Loud laughter.” – Quentin Letts, Daily Mail
“Labour supporters have demanded Myleene Klass is dropped as the face of Littlewoods after she tore into Ed Miliband.” – The Sun (£)
“Labour MPs in London are urging Ed Miliband to revise his plan for a mansion tax amid fears that it will cost the party votes at next May’s general election. … Instead, they want Labour to bring in new council tax bands for the most expensive properties.” – The Independent
And comment:
“Myleene Klass and a telling insight into the vacuity and class envy of Miliband’s Labour Party.” – Stephen Glover, Daily Mail
“Mansion tax: most voters are with Ed Miliband, not Myleene Klass.” – Polly Toynbee, The Guardian
> Yesterday:
WATCH: PMQs: More people in Scotland believe in Nessie than in Miliband’s leadership
Cameron accused of neglecting the Big Society
“The Big Society has failed, according to charity chiefs who have accused David Cameron of ‘stifling civil society’ by preventing them from speaking out about service failures. … The Association of Chief Executives of Voluntary Organisations (Acevo) has attacked the government, saying that some of its measures have been ‘constitutionally and morally disastrous’.” – The Times (£)
“The cabinet secretary, Sir Jeremy Heywood, has David Cameron ‘by the balls’ and the prime minister does nothing without Heywood’s permission, according to the former Conservative special adviser Dominic Cummings.” – The Guardian
Pay levels remain flat, but Morgan hails the closing gender gap
“Weekly pay packets increased by just a pound last year – the lowest rise since 1997, official stats show. … But the Government hailed the pay gap between men and women falling to a record low level of 9.4 per cent – down from 17.4 per cent in 1997. … Women Minister Nicky Morgan said: ‘I am delighted that the gender pay gap has reduced to its lowest point in history.'” – The Sun (£)
“Women in their thirties are earning more than men for the first time on record, new figures show.” – Daily Mail
“Only a tiny minority of the people who use food banks work for a living, a study said.” – Daily Mail
“Westminster, London’s biggest borough for employment, has lost enough office space for 78,000 workers as a result of the government making it easier for developers to convert offices into homes.” – Financial Times
“Half of the British public expects another global financial crisis at some point in the next year, with corruption considered the most likely trigger.” – Financial Times
And comment:
“The rise of women in the workplace is welcome news.” – Daily Telegraph editorial
“It may not be all down to government policy, but it is the poorer half of society who have suffered most in recent years.” – Independent editorial
“Real wages are significantly lower, and younger workers are suffering.” – Chris Giles, Financial Times
“Austerity has clearly failed. So why don’t they ditch it?” – Seumas Milne, The Guardian
Hammond talks down the prospects of an Iranian nuclear deal by next Monday
“A nuclear deal with Iran is unlikely to be completed on schedule by next Monday but there may be enough progress to warrant extending the deadline, Britain’s foreign secretary, Philip Hammond, has said. … Talks between Iran and six world powers on the future of the country’s nuclear programme are in their last week in Vienna, with significant gaps remaining between the negotiating positions on how much capacity for enriching uranium Tehran should have, and the speed at which international sanctions should be removed.” – The Guardian
Pickles: Commemorate the First World War by volunteering
“The First World War was defined by those who volunteered for the greater good – millions of Britons who believed in fighting to make the world a better place. That’s why our ‘Remember WW1’ campaign is about much more than reflection. … We are encouraging people to pledge an hour of their time – in whatever sphere – to show just a small token of gratitude to those who fought for our liberty.” – Eric Pickles, Daily Telegraph
Gibb wants schools to return to textbooks
“Ministers will today urge schools to bring back traditional textbooks to end a growing reliance on worksheets and the internet. … They will say that an ‘anti-textbook ethos’ has contributed to England’s slide in international rankings of pupils’ performance in key academic subjects. … In a speech to the Publishers Association, School Reform Minister Nick Gibb will call on all schools – both primary and secondary – to reintroduce good quality textbooks in most subjects.” – Daily Mail
“Riot police clashed with student protesters today as campaigners attempted to break into Conservative Party headquarters in central London.” – The Independent
East London school faces extremism accusations
“A leading state school will be put into special measures by Ofsted today amid claims that pupils have been exposed to Islamic extremism. … Inspectors visiting the Church of England school in East London discovered girls and boys were being segregated in the playground. … They also found that an Islamic society set up by sixth formers had posted links on its Facebook page to hardline Islamist preachers.” – Daily Mail
“A school missed out on a top grade — for having too few black or Asian pupils.” – The Sun (£)
And comment:
“Ofsted’s criticism of a primary school for not being multicultural enough is a triumph of idiotic political correctness.” – Sun editorial (£)
Was there a Westminster paedophile ring and police cover-up? Clegg demands an investigation
“Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg today called on Scotland Yard to investigate ‘grotesque’ claims police helped to ‘cover up’ the death of an eight-year-old boy at the hands of a Westminster paedophile ring. … Vishambar Mehrotra claims his son Vishal was murdered by a Westminster-based abusers after disappearing on the day of the Royal wedding in 1981.” – Daily Mail
“The detective who led the investigation into Britain’s most notorious child abusers said its files could provide evidence for Scotland Yard’s investigation of an alleged Westminster paedophile ring.” – The Times (£)
“Children suffering abuse and exploitation would have the right to take their governments to an international human rights court under proposals announced by Gordon Brown on Wednesday.” – The Guardian
And comment:
“There is no justice for those falsely accused of abuse.” – Libby Purves, The Times (£)
Hughes calls for jail sentences of under one year to be scrapped
“Simon Hughes said there should be a legal presumption that no one goes to jail for less than 12 months, with criminals given community or suspended sentences instead. … But figures show such a move would mean 60,000 fewer criminals going to prison every year, including thousands of violent thugs, burglars, sex attackers and robbers.” – Daily Mail
“A Lib Dem minister has risked a fresh Coalition drugs row by attacking the Conservatives’ failure to back major reforms.” – The Sun (£)
“The number of children being hospitalised with stab wounds has nearly doubled in just four years, The Sun can reveal.” – The Sun (£)
“An astonishing arsenal of 15,429 knives, guns and other potential weapons has been seized by security staff in crown and magistrates courts in England and Wales in just over two years, the government has revealed.” – The Guardian
“A retired English judge has opened a new front in the war on waffle, saying his former colleagues “echo in a different universe” with their use of legal terminology.” – Financial Times
“Cuts to the civil legal aid budget are not delivering better value for money for the taxpayer, the UK’s top spending watchdog has found.” – Financial Times
And comment:
“As another hung parliament looms, the Tories and Labour are contemplating minority rule.” – George Eaton, New Statesman
> Today: Peter Riddell on Comment – What would a minority government be like?
Davey leads Britain into a £700 million donation
“Britain will donate a stunning £700 million of taxpayers’ cash to a global green fund – £100 million more than thought. … Sources said the pledge would come at a ‘donors meeting’ in Berlin – despite fury from Tory backbenchers. … The Government refused to comment ahead of the summit. Energy secretary Ed Davey – a Lib Dem green campaigner – has been leading the talks.” – The Sun (£)
“A review into the £24.5 billion project to build the country’s first nuclear reactor for a generation has been ordered secretly by the government amid fears that its completion will be delayed for years, threatening the secure supply of energy.” – The Times (£)
“The Government’s £11bn plan to install ‘smart’ energy meters in every home is being delayed by up to a year, after the company in charge of the communications system for the devices warned it would not be ready in time.” – Daily Telegraph
And comment:
“Flood defence? Sure… but only overseas.” – Rod Liddle, The Sun (£)
“The Green Blob believes in science – except when scientists disagree with it.” – James Delingpole, The Spectator
Former Lib Dem treasurer: People tried to buy seats in the Lords
“A senior Liberal Democrat has revealed that he was approached dozens of times by wealthy supporters who offered £1million or more to buy seats in the House of Lords. … In remarks that threaten a new cash for honours controversy, the party’s former treasurer Lord Razzall admitted yesterday he told business people who made such approaches ‘several times a year’ to ‘keep quiet’.” – Daily Mail
Labour wants the Lottery to be more transparent
“Labour are to force lotto bosses to reveal whether poorer ticket buyers are getting their fair share of cash back for good causes, The Sun can reveal. … The intervention over the long-running scandal came as the National Lottery last night marked its 20th birthday. … Owners Camelot detail where all lottery grants go to geographically. … But they have refused to publish any breakdown of ticket sales by area or region for the last 15 years.” – The Sun (£)
“Harriet Harman held talks with the Charity Commission before it decided to launch an investigation against George Galloway.” – The Times (£)
“We live in a new era of Scottish democracy.” Sturgeon succeeds Salmond
“Nicola Sturgeon has been voted in as the first female First Minister of Scotland,sealed with a hug from outgoing leader Alex Salmond. … Watched from the sidelines by her proud family, Ms Sturgeon achieved her lifelong ambition to become Scotland’s first female leader yesterday as she vowed to ‘open the gate to greater opportunity’ for all women. … The SNP leader was elected First Minister by MSPs in a historic vote as Salmond’s seven-and-a-half-year reign officially came to an end.” – Daily Mail
“Ruth Davidson has used the election of a new First Minister to set out a powerful Tory agenda for Scotland that contrasted her belief in individual freedom with the other parties’ obsession with ‘hectoring’ people.” – Daily Telegraph
And comment:
> Yesterday: Henry Hill’s column – L abour’s Scottish meltdown continues
NHS 1) Waiting times for new drugs to be cut
“Waiting times for cutting-edge drugs will be cut in half under government plans to rip up a ‘broken’ system that has denied many NHS patients life-extending treatments. … Ministers want to bypass traditional clinical trials by using patients as a ‘test-bed’ for promising new drugs, linking their health service data to pharmaceutical company records to discover much more quickly how effective treatments are.” – The Times (£)
“Jeremy Hunt is under severe pressure from the Prime Minister to explain why his department has failed to agree a deal with the makers of a new life-saving meningitis vaccine.” – The Independent
And comment:
“Britain’s drug approval system is beyond repair. It is time to start again.” – Times editorial (£)
> Yesterday: Jeremy Hunt MP on Comment – Why NHS culture still needs to change
NHS 2) Hospitals told to publish cancer survival rates
“All hospitals have been ordered to publish their cancer survival rates, as part of plans to give patients a legal right to information comparing standards across the country, the Health Secretary has announced. … Jeremy Hunt told The Telegraph he will propose new powers – enshrined in law – in a bid to move away from the ‘dark days’ of Labour, which he said had left the public with no idea which hospitals were safe.” – Daily Telegraph
“For the first time, GPs have been told to refer patients with seemingly banal symptoms, such as a cough or tiredness, for urgent tests within 48 hours. … NICE, the NHS watchdog which has issued the guidelines, warns that delays in spotting signs of cancer is ‘costing the lives of thousands of people’ every year.” – Daily Mail
NHS 3) Obesity costs the country £47 billion a year, claims report
“Obesity is a greater burden on the UK’s economy than armed violence, war and terrorism, costing the country nearly £47bn a year, a report has found. … The study, commissioned by consultancy firm McKinsey and Company, reveals obesity has the second-largest economic impact on the UK behind smoking, generating an annual loss equivalent to 3% of GDP.” – The Guardian
“Private health firms are on course to win more than £9bn of NHS contracts to look after patients as a result of the coalition’s ramping up of competition in the health service, research shows.” – The Guardian
“The amount the NHS spends per patient would fall between £98 and £191 – a real term drop in spending of at least £5.5bn – by 2020 under the main political parties’ funding pledges, analysis reveals.” – Financial Times
And comment:
“There are better ways to improve the NHS than this online ratings system.” – Jane Merrick, The Independent
“Integrating hospital and community care is right, but it won’t save money.” – Guardian editorial
Millions will have to retune their TV sets, following sell-off
“Millions of households will have to retune their TV sets and up to 300,000 will need to move their aerial or install a new one following a decision to sell off the broadcasting frequencies used by Freeview. … Regulator Ofcom yesterday announced the decision, which will create space on the nation’s airwaves to expand high-speed mobile phone services.” – Daily Mail
“Britain’s mobile operators will offer to invest tens of millions of pounds to boost rural coverage and eliminate so-called ‘partial notspots’, The Telegraph can reveal.” – Daily Telegraph
And comment:
“The BBC has been accused of celebrating drugs culture in its news reports about the launch of a Bob Marley cannabis company.” – Daily Mail
Beer to cost less!
“Britain’s drinkers could see the price of a pint fall in the biggest shake-up of the pub industry in centuries. … MPs have voted to scrap the ‘beer tie’ under which breweries that rented out pubs to landlords locked them into selling their beer. … The surprise move means landlords will now be able to shop around to get the best deals when ordering beer.” – Daily Mail
“Rebel MPs have wrong-footed ministers and passed a measure that could help to revive the pub trade. Cheers to that.” – Times editorial (£)
“The best reason to free landlords from the big pub companies is how empty the bars are.” – Financial Times editorial
News in brief
RAF jets destroy ISIS bunker in Iraq – Daily Mail
ISIS suicide attack in Kurdish capital – The Independent
Five dead in New York snowstorms – The Independent
New ash cloud crisis could be imminent, according to scientists – Daily Telegraph
Prince Harry visits one of world’s largest mosques – Daily Telegraph
Being King won’t prevent Charles from speaking his mind, say sources – The Guardian
Schumacher is paralysed, claims one of his friends – The Guardian
And finally 1) Catty remarks
“Business minister Matthew Hancock, a protege of George Osborne, has named his new cat Gideon – after the Chancellor’s hated real first name. Osborne is unamused. … Telling journalists over lunch Hancock had ruefully confessed he had called the feline ‘after the name my mother gave me’, the Chancellor rages: ‘It’s about the most disloyal thing Matt has ever done.’” – Ephraim Hardcastle column, Daily Mail
“George Osborne has denied Danny Alexander’s claim that he padlocks his personal fridge to keep out milk thieves.” – The Sun (£)
And finally 2) Currie in the jungle
“She had an affair with a Prime Minister and claimed Northerners were dying of ‘ignorance and chips’. … Edwina Currie isn’t for the faint-hearted and has warned her soon-to-be jungle chums that she ‘will drive them crazy.'” – The Sun (£)
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What is the first name of Leonard’s chauffeur in the UK television series ‘Butterflies’? | Television in 2015: A look ahead - BBC News
BBC News
Television in 2015: A look ahead
By Lizo Mzimba Entertainment correspondent, BBC News
2 January 2015
Image copyright HBO
Image caption Mad Men takes its final bow in 2015
To begin at the end, 2015 will see audiences saying farewell to two of television's biggest shows.
The final seven episodes of the multi-award-winning Mad Men will air in the new year - and viewers who have followed the inner workings of a New York ad agency, and its mercurial Creative Director Don Draper (Jon Hamm) will be keen to see how his story ends.
The last series of Glee will also air - with Rachel (Lea Michelle) and Kurt (Chris Colfer) returning to McKinley High to bring the Glee Club back to life.
Other likely drama highlights should include the fifth series of Game of Thrones - the epic fantasy has gone from strength to strength although, for the first time, author George RR Martin will not be writing a new episode, as he concentrated on finishing the sixth novel in the series, The Winds of Winter.
A second series of ITV's murder thriller Broadchurch is also due, where the challenge will be creating as compelling a narrative as that explored in the first series.
Image copyright ITV
Image caption The cast of Broadchurch are in deep water as series two begins
The second series of True Detective faces a similar challenge - introducing new cast members Vince Vaughn and Colin Farrell after the departure of Matthew McConaughey and Woody Harrelson.
With audiences increasingly enjoying shows on streaming-only services, the third series of House of Cards will also be a must-view for people eager to see how devious Frank Underwood (Kevin Spacey) fares upon reaching the Oval Office.
And the new year will also see award-winning writer Russell T Davies returning to the world of gay drama - 15 years after Queer As Folk - with Cucumber on Channel 4 and its companion series Banana on E4.
Cucumber follows a couple in their mid-40s whose sex life has stalled. The storyline is set in motion when one of them seeks satisfaction elsewhere. The resulting fallout sees Henry (played by The Thick of It's Vincent Franklin) move into a new drama, Banana, set in a "big gay house" full of younger people.
Image copyright AMC
Image caption Better Call Saul will be a prequel to the critically-acclaimed Breaking Bad
Despite not being shown for much of its run on traditional broadcasting platforms in the UK, Breaking Bad is widely regarded as one of the biggest and most influential shows of the last five years.
TV spin-offs often range from the hugely successful (Frasier) to the disappointing (Joey). But expectation will be considerable for Breaking Bad spin-off Better Call Saul, a kind of prequel which follows the adventures of the morally ambiguous lawyer Saul Goodman (Bob Odenkirk).
It will be hoping to conjure up a narrative that Breaking Bad fans will feel just as passionate about.
Image copyright CBS
Image caption James Corden replaces Scottish comedian Craig Ferguson on US late-night vehicle The Late Late Show
In the entertainment world, British writer and performer James Corden, recently made an OBE in the New Year Honours, will take on one of the most high-profile jobs in TV when he becomes the host of talk show The Late Late Show on America's CBS network in March.
Speaking to the BBC, Corden admitted he was "apprehensive" and "completely unqualified" for the job.
"I feel like someone has tapped me on the shoulder and said congratulations, you're in the Tour de France team! It's going to be a real adventure. I'm 16 stone and I'm from High Wycombe so it couldn't feel more random."
His appointment comes as part of a US chat show reshuffle, with satirist Stephen Colbert due to replace David Letterman, who has spent the last 22 years hosting The Late Show on CBS.
Image caption "Bingate" - involving a sloppy Baked Alaska - helped The Great British Bake Off to huge ratings
Back at home, The Great British Bake Off will be hoping to maintain the huge audiences it enjoyed during its 2014 series, following a successful move from BBC Two to BBC One.
Meanwhile, ITV is reviving Gerry Anderson's Thunderbirds series, combining the puppetry of the original with CGI animation. Gone Girl star Rosamund Pike plays the role of Lady Penelope, while veteran voice artist David Graham reprises his role of Parker, her chauffeur.
Image caption Agatha Christie's detective duo Tommy and Tuppence are coming to BBC One
Other series of note include:
Wolf Hall (BBC Two) - A lavish adaptation of Hilary Mantel's account of Thomas Cromwell's life in politics. The stellar cast includes Mark Rylance, Claire Foy, Mark Gatiss and Damian Lewis as Henry VIII
Fortitude (Sky Atlantic) - An ambitious murder-mystery set in the Arctic Circle. Oscar-nominated actor Stanley Tucci is joined by Michael Gambon and Christopher Eccleston, amongst others
Partners In Crime (BBC One) - David Walliams and Call The Midwife's Jessica Raine star in a new series for Agatha Christie's husband-and-wife detective team Tommy and Tuppence (pictured above)
The Frankenstein Chronicles (ITV Encore) - Sean Bean faces Mary Shelley's monster in a new detective drama series
American Crime (ABC) - Screenwriter John Ridley's follow-up to the Oscar-winning 12 Years a Slave looks at how the murder of a war veteran stokes racial and political tensions in California
Indian Summers (Channel 4) - Julie Walters stars in this epic 10-parter looking at the last days of the British empire in India
Image caption The second series of Happy Valley will "delve deeper" into the world of police detective Catherine Cawood
Happy Valley (BBC One)- Recently voted the best TV show of 2014, Sarah Lancashire's grim detective series returns for a second outing (pictured above)
Critical (Sky 1) - A real-time medical drama that follows the most crucial hour in a critically-ill patient's life, starring Lennie James (The Walking Dead)
Bloodline (Netflix) - A star-studded psychodrama from the team behind legal thriller Damages
The Ark (BBC One) - Starring David Threlfall as Noah in a lavish adaptation of the biblical tale
Stars In Their Eyes (ITV1) - Yes, that Stars In Their Eyes. Harry Hill takes over from Matthew Kelly as the host of the karaoke talent show
Image copyright ABC
Image caption Hayley Atwell in 1940s superhero spin-off Agent Carter
Sherlock (BBC One) - Benedict Cumberbatch returns for a one-off special ahead of a full three-part series in 2016.
Daredevil (Netflix) - A superhero show from the Marvel Comics stable, with Boardwalk Empire's Charlie Cox as a blind lawyer gifted with extrasensory perception. Rosario Dawson and Vincent D'Onofrio also star in the 10-part series.
Agent Carter (ABC) - Another Marvel spin-off, starring Haley Atwell's character from the Captain America films (pictured above).
Jekyll & Hyde (ITV) - Written by Young James Bond author Charlie Higson, this 10-part series is set in the 1930s as Dr Jekyll's descendants contend with his legacy.
Lady Chatterley's Lover (BBC One) - Holliday Grainger plays the love-struck Lady, as part of a series of BBC adaptations of classic 20th Century literature.
Peep Show (Channel 4) - A happy resolution looks unlikely as Mark (David Mitchell) and Jez (Robert Webb) say goodbye.
Hoff The Record (Dave) - David Hasselhoff plays himself in a Curb Your Enthusiasm-style mockumentary.
Among factual television's most talked programmes have been the Educating... series, which began with Educating Essex, followed by Educating Yorkshire and Educating the East End. In 2015 it will be the turn of a Welsh school - as the fly-on-the-wall series follows the lives of pupils and staff at Willows High School in Tremorfa.
2015 will of course be a general election year. For as long as many can remember, the BBC's Election Results programme has been the David Dimbleby show. He's hosted it since 1979 when Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister, defeating Jim Callaghan.
This one will be Dimbleby's last, with Huw Edwards taking over in the future. Meanwhile, one of Dimbleby's former co-presenters, Jeremy Paxman, will be hoping to draw a record audience when he fronts Channel 4's coverage.
Staying with the election, back in 2010, the Leaders debates seemed relatively straightforward: Three leaders, three debates, shared between the BBC, Sky and ITV.
In 2015, the situation looks likely to be far more complex, with other parties hoping and expecting to be included in some form, with online platforms also likely to become involved. And, just like five years ago, huge audiences could be watching, especially if the result looks to be close in the run-up to polling day.
| Thomas |
Who wrote the 1979 novel ‘The Executioner’s Song’? | pets
- use of a seventh a/c bedroom with single bunk beds if necessary
- cool ocean breezes all the time
- pool and jacuzzi
- full kitchen with indoor/outdoor dining areas
- BBQ/rancho area
- monkeys, macaws, exotic butterflies, hummingbirds and toucans as neighbors
- community tennis courts and large pool 75 yards away
- 10 minutes to 18-hole golf course and world-class sportfishing
- 10 minutes to fine dining, bars, boutiques and specialty stores
- 15 minutes to bustling beach resort
- great local tourist activities such as zip lines, sportfishing, WW rafting and ATV tours
- PLEASE NOTE: No 'hookers' are permitted under any circumstances. HOWEVER, IF YOU ARE LOOKING FOR A PARTY VILLA, WE HAVE OTHER PROPERTIES IN THE AREA THAT WE CAN RECOMMEND
Casa Nacar is an ocean view sunset residence. Its architectural design features maximum viewing of the mountains and ocean that surround it, as well as of the monkeys, toucans, scarlet macaws and tropical hummingbirds that inhabit the area.
This two-level villa is perfect for a secluded getaway, yet close to all amenities, and only 15 minutes from the shopping, boutiques, fine dining and nightlife of Jacó.
The exceptional residence offers two floors of ample rooms and amenities, plus a small private Casita Studio in front of the main house. Owned by a well-known family of Costa Rican construction engineers and developers, Casa Nacar was designed to fulfill the needs of both small groups and of an active, multi-generational family. Among the outdoor amenities are a play area for the kids; a ping pong table; basketball area; Jacuzzi; very private swimming pool; and Tiki hut, bar and grill - all with a beautiful view of the ocean and bay.
Casa Nacar is designed so that every guest can enjoy the two level-patio with its unparalleled ocean view, and the wonderful outdoor recreation and relaxation areas. The outdoor kitchen – with it BBQ and modern appliances – makes open air cooking and dining a snap. Walk down to the swimming pool and enjoy one of the most incredible views of Herradura Bay and the exclusive Faro Escondido (Hidden Lighthouse) residential enclave.
The villa has six fully air-conditioned bedrooms. The first-floor Master Suite has a king-sized bed, flat panel television and spacious ensuite bathroom. It has full access to the huge patio and outdoor areas. There are four spacious bedrooms on the second floor, two with King beds, and two with Queen beds. They share three baths. The sixth bedroom is the Casita studio (a detached guest suite), with a Double bed and spacious ensuite bathroom. All five bedrooms in the Casa Nacar main house have exceptional ocean views; only the Casita does not have an ocean view.
The living room has a 50-inch, flat-screen television. Casa Nacar’s two TVs (one in the Master Suite, one in the living room) offer SKY cable TV with English-language channels including ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox, CNN, ESPN, and others. There is wifi for those who bring laptops and cell phones.
At Casa Nacar, in every bedroom and throughout this marvelous home, there is little standing between you and the wonders of Costa Rica's sublime natural beauty.
Casa Nacar gives you the freedom to wander throughout the property and enjoy the fresh sea breeze 24 hours a day. The gardens are perfectly manicured with chaise lounges facing the ocean. A minute's walk from your door area are community tennis courts, and a pool and gazebo/BBQ area.
To get to Casa Nacar, you pass through the Los Sueños complex with its Marriott Hotel, its 18-hole championship golf course, its acclaimed marina, one of the finest on the Pacific south of the US border, and its world-class charter sportfishing fleet.
Los Sueños offers something for everyone. The 200-slip international marina hosts the world-famous annual Triple Crown Signature billfish tournament series. There is a challenging par-72, 18-hole championship Iguana eco-golf course designed by Ted Robinson, Jr.; a four-star Marriott Hotel with six restaurants; a 600-hundred acre rain forest preserve; tennis court; gymnasium; the Marina Village; the La Casa del Habana cigar shop; several excellent restaurants like the El Galeón Restaurant and Martini Bar, Bambú (Asian Cuisine), and Lanterna (Italian); the Hook-Up bar and grill; an upscale food purveyor; and other boutiques and sports shops. All these amenities are available to guests staying at Casa Nacar.
The Los Sueños village has a bank; At the entrance to Los Sueños/Herradura Bay at the main highway is a comprehensive shopping mall with stores and a supermarket offering everything you can purchase in the USA, Canada and Europe.
No need to worry about getting here or getting around. We include a 24/7 transportation service with an experienced English-speaking driver and comfortable A/C van, for your airport transfers, transfers to/from Los Sueños, Jacó, and other local destinations. We can also arrange private catering, tourist services, baby-sitting and virtually anything you can think of to ensure that your stay at Casa Nacar enjoyable and worry-free.
Make Casa Nacar YOUR tropical vacation home!
More details
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Terra is another name for which planet in our solar system? | What are the names of the earth, moon, sun, and solar system? (Beginner) - Curious About Astronomy? Ask an Astronomer
What are the names of the earth, moon, sun, and solar system? (Beginner)
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All the other planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, etc.) have names. What's the Earth's name? The other moons in the solar system have names too (Phobos, Io, Titan, etc.). What's our moon's name? Our galaxy has a name: the Milky Way. So what's the name of our solar system?
The name of our planet is the Earth. The name of our moon is the Moon. The name of our solar system is the Solar System.
Notice that I capitalize them, because when used as names, they are proper nouns. This also helps us distinguish between the planet Earth and earth (meaning soil), between the Earth's Moon and moon (meaning the natural satellite of a planet), and between our Solar System and any other solar systems (since any system containing a star and a planet or a planet-forming disk can be called a solar system.)
This is the English language usage approved by the International Astronomical Union , the body in charge of naming celestial objects. It may seem odd that these important objects don't have names, but if you think about it, it just reinforces their importance. For example, the Moon is the Moon, not just any moon. It requires no other name, because it's the most important moon!
You may read or hear people using Luna for the Moon, or Terra or Gaia for the Earth, or Sol for the Sun, but in English-speaking countries, these are poetic terms, often seen in science fiction stories, but not used by astronomers in scientific writing. In some countries where Romance languages are spoken, these terms are the official names.
It's also interesting to note that most astronomers do not call our galaxy the Milky Way in technical writing--they call it the Galaxy.
This page was last updated June 28, 2015.
| Earth |
Australian sportsman Ricky Ponting is associated with which sport? | What are the names of the earth, moon, sun, and solar system? (Beginner) - Curious About Astronomy? Ask an Astronomer
The Sun
What are the names of the earth, moon, sun, and solar system? (Beginner)
All the other planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, etc.) have names. What's the Earth's name? The other moons in the solar system have names too (Phobos, Io, Titan, etc.). What's our moon's name? Our galaxy has a name: the Milky Way. So what's the name of our solar system?
The name of our planet is the Earth. The name of our moon is the Moon. The name of our solar system is the Solar System.
Notice that I capitalize them, because when used as names, they are proper nouns. This also helps us distinguish between the planet Earth and earth (meaning soil), between the Earth's Moon and moon (meaning the natural satellite of a planet), and between our Solar System and any other solar systems (since any system containing a star and a planet or a planet-forming disk can be called a solar system.)
This is the English language usage approved by the International Astronomical Union , the body in charge of naming celestial objects. It may seem odd that these important objects don't have names, but if you think about it, it just reinforces their importance. For example, the Moon is the Moon, not just any moon. It requires no other name, because it's the most important moon!
You may read or hear people using Luna for the Moon, or Terra or Gaia for the Earth, or Sol for the Sun, but in English-speaking countries, these are poetic terms, often seen in science fiction stories, but not used by astronomers in scientific writing. In some countries where Romance languages are spoken, these terms are the official names.
It's also interesting to note that most astronomers do not call our galaxy the Milky Way in technical writing--they call it the Galaxy.
This page was last updated June 28, 2015.
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What is the name of the dog in Enid Blyton’s ‘Secret Seven’? | Enid Blyton - The Secret Seven
In Defence of the Secret Seven
Article by Hari Menon (September 11, 2006)
Secret Seven! The name evokes disdain or contempt among many readers who are otherwise ardent fans of Enid Blyton. What did this ragtag band of four boys, three girls and one dog do to arouse such revulsion?
Okay, maybe I exaggerated. But for most of us the Secret Seven happens to be the least revered series in Blyton's canon. Is this because the books were written for a younger set of readers? Could it be the smaller format? The perpetual scowl on the face of their highhanded leader, perhaps?
I expect all these factors do contribute to the—undeserved, if you ask me—negative reputation the Secret Seven has among many Blyton fans.
And is it mere coincidence that the letters 'SS' have historical connotations that are not exactly pleasant? The series was written between 1948 and 1963, so such an 'inspiration' is not entirely far-fetched. But I think it unlikely—Blyton doesn't seem the sort who would take a sly dig at her own characters, even as a joke.
So, is the series really as juvenile as it's made out to be? Do the Seven have any redeeming qualities? Let's find out.
Cast of Characters
Peter: The head of the Secret Seven, Peter's word is Absolute Law. He usually decides the passwords, and seldom forgets them, unlike the others. Indeed, the easiest way to irk him is to forget the password or the SS badge (which others do with predictable regularity). Though he often acts like a dictator, he is annoyingly proved right on most occasions. The secret meetings are held in a shed at the bottom of the garden, some distance from his house.
Janet: Peter's sister. Co-owner of the shed and Scamper the golden spaniel, but that ends her stake in the Secret Seven. She comes across as a little brighter than the other two girls in the club (in one instance she sensibly makes a drawing of some tyre prints when the other girls only titter), but that's probably because she's constantly under Peter's thumb and doesn't dare to giggle quite so frequently. Her urge to dance in the moonlight comes in useful while trapping horse stealers on one occasion.
Jack: Jack is one of the more colourful characters. He's apparently second-in-command (though this is mentioned only once or twice in the books). He's also disappointingly gullible sometimes. In Secret Seven on the Trail, he believes the tall tales his sister Susie and her friends make up. He also forgets the Secret Seven password with exasperating regularity; indeed, Susie seems to remember it better than he does! To his credit, he is as brave and loyal as a right-hand man can be.
Pam: One of the two gigglers in the club. Perhaps her sole contribution to the club is when she "interviews" her grandmother in Three Cheers Secret Seven (and misspells the word "absolutely" in the process). She's a great friend of Barbara, for obvious reasons. Either of them is sportingly ready for a good cry when Peter starts shouting—at them or one of the others, it doesn't matter.
Barbara: Giggles, squeals and shrieks come naturally to Barbara, as they do to Pam. Indeed, you can't easily tell one from the other. Perhaps that's why Derek Lucas' illustrations show Pam in pigtails, while Barbara leaves her hair free. I used to consider her very pretty in those illustrations when I was ten years old. Ah, the follies of youth.
Colin: Though he can be easily confused with George, Colin makes some interesting discoveries. For instance, he was the one who spots the escaping thief in Secret Seven Adventure, and the one who forgets the book about ships in the cubby-hole up a tree in Well Done Secret Seven. Oh, and it was at his granny's house that the robbery occurs in Secret Seven Fireworks. He also owns a complete set of (ahem!) Famous Five books, which provides hours of light reading to a petty thief in Secret Seven Win Through.
George: Can pretend to be Colin, and nobody would know the difference, not even Peter—which is probably why Lucas gives him close-cropped fair hair. He's forced to resign from the club in Go Ahead Secret Seven, after being caught following a man, with rubber truncheon in hand. He claims to be at the bottom of the class in composition in Go Ahead Secret Seven, yet some books later he wins the second prize in an English essay. Remarkable improvement indeed!
Scamper: The golden spaniel's not one of the Seven (he's been described as a 'hanger-on' on more than one occasion) but he contributes a lot more than many of the real members do. Once, when George was forced by his father to resign from the club, Scamper had his fifteen or so days of fame as a full-fledged member.
The Books
One problem with the names of the Secret Seven books is that the British editions have such eminently forgettable titles. Well, I remember them all right, but that's because I've read each book a dozen times in the past 25 years. For all practical purposes, you could interchange the titles randomly (except Secret Seven Fireworks, but then that could be swapped with Good Work Secret Seven), and still end up with perfectly serviceable names.
Michael Edwards puts it very well: "Although the US titles don't strike me (as an Australian who has seen only UK editions) as properly and traditionally Blytonesque, I have to say that they are far more descriptive of the content of the stories, whereas most of the British titles—the ones chosen by Blyton herself—simply allude to mysteries and adventures in general, or else merely congratulate the Seven and say nothing about the actual story."
The first book in the series (informatively titled The Secret Seven) is their very first adventure. But there are hints that the Secret Seven have been active even earlier. For instance, there's a reference to how they raised money to send Lame Luke away to the sea. We never hear of Lame Luke again, so the ungrateful wretch presumably decided never to come back. Perhaps he acquired a wooden leg, an earring and a parrot, and launched a successful career as a brigand...
Interestingly, animals play a significant part in many of the Secret Seven books. Plots often revolve around horses (The Secret Seven, Fun for the Secret Seven), dogs (Go ahead Secret Seven, Shock for the Secret Seven), a kitten (Well Done Secret Seven), an entire circus (Secret Seven Adventure) and so on. Horses and riding stables play a significant part in Secret Seven Mystery.
The Seven aren't as humourless as they are made out to be. Colin is one of the jokers; once he makes up a funny (and rather rude) song about Susie's best friend Binkie, in which he describes her rabbit teeth and woffly nose. On another occasion, he elicits a chuckle by describing how his grandmother's foreign maid sat on a bag of eggs that he had left on a chair. But it's often Susie who provides comic relief, mostly at Peter's expense. The wild goose chase she leads them on in Secret Seven Mystery is a prime example of her resourcefulness.
Blyton has also used the Secret Seven as a plug for the Famous Five. In Secret Seven on the Trail, Susie and friends form a club called the Famous Five. "We've named ourselves after the Five books—much better idea than the Secret Seven!" she gloats for Jack's benefit. Then, in Secret Seven Win Through, Colin staggers into a cave (the temporary meeting place for the club) with a pile of his Famous Fives. Later in the story, one of the books goes missing (Five Go Down to the Sea). Could this be a subtle way of getting young readers interested in a series meant for slightly older children?
Unlike characters in some of the other Blyton series, the Seven don't age. Indeed, their ages aren't mentioned at all. In the Find-Outers series, the characters do age a bit. For instance, Fatty breaks his voice at the beginning of the Mystery of the Missing Necklace. The Famous Five also become older as they progress through the series, but this isn't kept up consistently, probably because they would no longer have been teenagers by the end of the series. And George would have had to resort to drastic measures to continue masquerading as a man.
I assumed the Secret Seven were 9-10 years old, because they play tag and go biking, but (for instance) never go on overnight expeditions. And they definitely look like pre-teens in the Knight paperback illustrations by Derek Lucas. In the older (Brock) illustrations by George Brook, Burgess Sharrocks and Bruno Kay, they are attired in caps, blazers, shorts and school sandals, and look even more youthful.
One blow against the Secret Seven is that the plots for some of the stories aren't original. Two of the books—Go Ahead Secret Seven and Shock for the Secret Seven—deal with kidnapped dogs, and the latter even recycles a plot from one of the Find-Outers mysteries (Invisible Thief, where some funny footwear is crucial to the plot). Even the name of the gangster in Secret Seven on the Trail (Cheeky Charlie) doesn't show much originality. And in Good Work Secret Seven, the car in which Peter and Janet are in is hijacked by a pair of rogues. A similar instance can be seen in a short story in the anthology of stories called Sunshine Book. But Blyton wasn't above reusing a perfectly good plot.
A strongly redeeming feature of the purportedly juvenile Secret Seven is that they often do worthwhile things, such as rehabilitating an old caretaker and his ill wife (in Three Cheers Secret Seven); finding a missing schoolgirl (Secret Seven Mystery); helping a blind boy (Puzzle for the Secret Seven); recovering a general's stolen medals (Look Out Secret Seven); and helping a decrepit old horse stay with his even more decrepit master (Fun for the Secret Seven).
What have the Famous Five ever done, except whizzing off on their bikes and falling into serendipitous adventures? Even if they've rescued people and found heaps of treasure, it's more by chance and good luck than any good intentions. All said and done, the Secret Seven may not have the sophistication of the Famous Five or the brainpower of the Find-Outers, but they do make for interesting reading if you have half an hour to spare.
Copyright © 2004-2017 EnidBlyton.net
| Scamper |
Which word replaced ‘Bachelor’ and ‘Spinster’ on UK marriage certificates? | English literary characters: Secret Seven
Costumes of English Literary Characters: Secret Seven
Figure 1.--This illustration by Burgess Sharrocks appeared in a 1957 edition. At the time it was an accurate depiction of what children were wearing in English preparatory schools.
The Secret Seven is another group of English children created by Enid Blyton. The books are about a secret club with official meetings and everything. The club members were Peter, Jack, Barbara, George, Pam, Colin, Janet and of course Scamper (the dog). These books are not great literature, in fact, English teachers one discouraged children from reading them. HBC has, however, included them because of the huge number of children who read them and Blyton's enormous ability to interest children in books and reading.
Author
The Secret Seven is another group of English children created by Enid Blyton. Enid Blyton, the author of the series, wrote over 400 children's books by the time she died in 1968, including the sister series, The Famous Five. Blyton is probably the most successful children's author of all time--although not the most famous. She published an amazing number of children's or juvenile books, 600 by one account. She certainly was the most prolific author of all time, and with over 700 books and 10,000 short stories to her name, she is likely to remain so for years to come. Her importance is that she wrote books that children loved to read and attracted them to books--much like J.D. Rowlings. Blyton's most famous series was The Famous Five. Blyton's works painted an idyllic vision of rural England and hearty Englishness and in recent years she has been criticized for this. It is interesting that Rowlings who also attracts children to books has been criticized for just the opposite--a dangerous forbidding world of wizardry.
The Group
The books are about a secret club with official meetings and everything. The club members were Peter, Jack, Barbara, George, Pam, Colin, Janet and of course Scamper (the dog). They fancy themselves a pretty sharp group of detectives, and, they prove themselves to be. The Seven manage to retrieve stolen goods, capture crooks and scoundrels, and having the most brilliant adventures, they also contribute to good causes. They helped buy a violin for a destitute blind boy called Benny Bolan, after his was destroyed in a fire. They retrieved stolen medals for an elderly war veteran, who lived next door to Colin, and whose medals had enormous sentimental value to him. They also raised money to send Lame Luke to the sea.
The Seven
The members of the Secret Seven include:
Peter
Peter is the official leader of the Secret Seven, and he founded the club with fellow member and sister Janet. He is very strict about the club rules and likes them to be kept. He gets very annoyed when somebody forgets the password or their club badge (a frequent occurrence!). Peter and Janet own the eighth, unofficial member, referred as a hanger-on by the Seven: Scamper the Golden Spaniel. Peter goes to an all boys� preparatory school, with fellow members Colin, Jack and George. English Preparatory schools in the 1950s were mostly single gender schools, but are now increasingly coeducational.
Janet
Janet is Peter's sister and the co-owner of Scamper, the Golden Spaniel. She is the co-founder of the Secret Seven. Alongside Peter, and has made many worthwhile contributions, one example lies in The Secret Seven On the Trail when she comes up with a brainwave that has set the Seven going again when they thought they had come to a dead-end. She attends the same school as Barbara and Pam.
Jack
Blyton depicts Jack as the Secret Seven�s second in command. He goes to the same school as Colin, Peter and George. Susie is his sister and the Seven�s worst enemy, fooling and outwitting them on many occasions. She plays many tricks on them, with friends such as Binkie, just because Peter won�t let her join. Jack loses his badge a lot of the time (due to Susie!), and once resigned from the society because of it. He got into a terrible row with Peter, and walked out throwing his badge on the floor. He soon rejoined, though, after he solved the mystery, so all was well!
Colin
Colin's experiences have led the Seven onto a great many adventures; for instance, in Secret Seven Adventure, when he spotted the thief of a pearl necklace while playing a game of Red Indians. Another was when he went to his grandmother�s house, and found the place ransacked, and the safe broken open, all the contents stolen. Also, he spotted something worth looking into when he was practicing shadowing people, and discovered a man and dog going up an ally-way. The man returned minus a dog, and there was no obvious solution to where the dog could have gone to. Colin also fancies himself as a poet, too, thinking up a rather rude poem about Binkie, after she had made up one about the Secret Seven (Puzzle for the Secret Seven).
George
George was once forced by his father to resign from the Secret Seven, in Go Ahead, Secret Seven, when he was caught by a rather nasty young man when shadowing a man for practice. It didn�t help, though, that he was caught swinging a brown genuine-looking truncheon, even if it was made of rubber. He attends the same school as Peter, Jack and Colin.
Barbara
Barbara is obviously best friends with Pam because they were always going off to parties and such together. She is an awful giggler and gets into a lot of trouble with Peter, for that and her loud mouth. She does have her useful side, though, and has helped the Seven with the tackling of adventures by coming up with some bright ideas. Barbara goes to school with all the girls from the Secret Seven, as well as Susie.
Pam
A bit brighter and more helpful than Barbara, although Pam is still a terrible giggler, and gets severely ticked off by Peter regularly. I feel, however, that she has contributed more than Barbara to helping the Secret Seven. She attends ballet lessons with Barbara, and the same school.
Scamper
Scamper is the Golden Spaniel belonging to Peter and Janet, and a fierce one when he wants to be. He has on many occasions saved the Secret Seven from the grasp of the enemy. He likes a scamper after rabbits, as do most dogs, and a bit of potted meat on a big dog biscuit. Scamper isn�t an official member, although when George reluctantly resigned Scamper took his place. But throughout most of the books, Scamper is referred to as a �hanger-on � and a very nice one at that!�
Popularity
These books are not great literature, in fact, English teachers one discouraged children from reading them. HBC has, however, included them because of the huge number of children who read them and Blyton's enormous ability to interest children in books and reading.
The question emerges. Just what was Enid Blyton�s success? Here are some thoughts:
1. Excellent marketing. Blyton made sure of this by marrying her publisher. No writer could do better than that!
2. A huge number of books on book shop and library shelves. There�s nothing like having readers staring all the time at your name on the spine of a book!
3. Children started with Noddy books and by the time they were ready for novels Blyton�s name was firmly established in their minds.
4. Blyton always delivered what children wanted (even if they had to wait for it!) and that is, quite simply, lots of action and adventure, usually in mysterious, spooky places. With few exceptions (such as Harry Potter) today�s publishers are giving children what they (and others) think is good for them rather than what they think children will enjoy.
5. Blyton never preached. Her books have absolutely no depth, but at least readers can rest assured that they will be allowed to escape from their problems (i.e., the bully at school, parents� divorce) rather than have the problems shoved down their throats.
6. The children solved the mystery themselves, got out of trouble without adult help, and often presented the police with the solution to a crime before the police had done much more than start on the case. The child reader therefore feels empowered.
7. The children roamed all over the English countryside on their bicycles, whereas today�s children are taken everywhere by car and don�t have anywhere near the freedom of Blyton�s characters. A New Zealand reader comments, "My sisters and I certainly didn�t roam the countryside like this. Wwe were city kids and didn�t have bicycles anyway, but we thought nothing of playing on the tree-clad hills above deserted paddocks (now mostly swallowed by one of Auckland�s motorways) where all that could be seen was an occasional horse. Even the presence of a horse was cause for comment. We never once imagined someone evil might be lurking under the thick cover of the trees."
8. Of course it was parents who bought the books. Many parents as they were familiar with Enid Blyton from their own childhood, felt safe with buying the books for their children.
Reader Assessments
Michael Edwards
One reader comments, "There's no doubt about it: the Secret Seven stories are rather simpler than most of Enid Blyton's other mystery and adventure stories, and are probably intended for a younger audience than most of the others. However, seen within that context, they are quite effective mystery stories with a few elements of dangerous adventure, although less so than some of the other adventure stories for slightly older children. They are, in Enid Blyton's mystery/adventure stories, at the opposite end of the complexity and sophistication spectrum from the Adventure series, the 8-book series featuring Jack, Lucy-Ann, Philip, Dinah, and Kiki the parrot, which are full-length novels of considerable complexity and excitement, and sometimes incorporating within their international settings quite complex political elements. The main problem I have with the Secret Seven books is that the characters do not seem to have much personality, and are not easy to distinguish from each other. The boys are vaguely boyish, the girls girlish - but otherwise they are rather alike, except perhaps that Peter can be distinguished for his occasional bossiness as head of the Secret Seven and his pedantic insistence on the letter of the rules being observed, which sometimes makes him appear a little unpleasantly peevish and petty. But I honestly cannot tell Pam from Barbara, Colin from George, and so on."
Other
Another reader comments, "When I was a child and she already had a huge body of work to her credit. I remember I loved the Famous Five and the Secret Seven, but I grew up not even remembering their names let alone any of their adventures! However, I do remember wondering why I had to read a good two-thirds of the book before something exciting--really exciting--happened."
Experiences
HBC will archive here recollections of readers about the Secret Seven"
"As a child, my brother did not read a whole lot. But one time when he was sick and BORED, I suggested he read one of my Secret Seven books. He was hooked. He didn't become a bookworm, but he asked for Secret Seven books every time he was sick. In fact, I think he snuck a few even when he was well. What child wouldn't like Secret Seven--mysteries, secret club.... "
Editing
American Editions
The American editions were revised and edited by M. Hughes Miller. I'm not sure just how they are edited for American readers. Presumably the spelling is changed. Many of the titles were changed for the American readers. The differences between the titles of the American and English versions are an interesting case study in linguistics. The Secret Seven story known as The Secret Seven and the Grim Secret in the U.S. and as Three Cheers Secret Seven in the U.K. and English-speaking Commonwealth countries. Apparently the editors assumed that Americans needed a new title, but not readers in other English speaking countries. Although the U.S. titles may not be properly and traditionally Blytonesque, they are far more descriptive of the content of the stories, whereas most of the British titles (the ones chosen by Blyton herself) simply allude to mysteries and adventures in general, or to being on the trail, and so on, or else merely congratulate the Seven and say nothing about the actual story. It is not clear what else may have been changed in the American editions. [Michael Edwards, 2001]
Updating
Amazon.com reports that the Secret Seven books are "carefully and sympathetically updated for today's young readers." HBC is not sure at this time just how the books are updated. There is some "sanitizing" of some editions. In one of Blyton�s books "woolly black hair and a watermelon smile" had been changed to read "dark curly hair and a cheerful expression"! Blyton would have been extremely upset to hear that her very evocative phrase is now regarded as offensive. So if you want to read the real Enid Blyton, go to the second-hand book shops rather than the library or retailers of new books. And make sure the publication date on the book you are buying is from the 1960s or earlier.
Titles
Blyton published 15 Secret Seven books from 1949 until 1963. All were published by Brockhampton, later shortened to "Brock". The titles included, THE SECRET SEVEN (1949), SECRET SEVEN ADVENTURE (1950), WELL DONE SECRET SEVEN (1951), SECRET SEVEN ON THE TRAIL (1952), GO AHEAD SECRET SEVEN (1953), GOOD WORK SECRET SEVEN (1954), SECRET SEVEN WIN THROUGH (1955), THREE CHEERS SECRET SEVEN (1956), SECRET SEVEN MYSTERY (1957), PUZZLE FOR THE SECRET SEVEN (1958), SECRET SEVEN FIREWORKS (1959), GOOD OLD SECRET SEVEN (1960), SHOCK FOR THE SECRET SEVEN (1961), LOOK OUT SECRET SEVEN (1962), and FUN FOR THE SECRET SEVEN (1963).
Sample Book Review: Michael Edwards
A good example of a Secret Seven book is Three Cheers Secret Seven (1956). The U.S. title was the The Secret Seven and the Grim Secret. The need to change the title for American readers is both an interesting exercise in American and English usage and a variety of cultural factors. Enid Blyton enthusiast Michael Edwards has prepared a fascinating review of this volume. Readers interested in the Secret Seven might want to have a look at his review. It will give you a good idea of what the Secret Seven books are like. Michael tells us that The Secret Seven books are only a small part of her work, and in fact are not of his favourite series. This links goes to a page that has additional infotmation on Blyton's work.
Chronolgy
Considerable changes occurred in boys wear in England between 1949 when the first volume was published. The last one was published in 1963. HBC is unsure to what extent changes in clothing fashions were reflected in the books. The drawings in many new editions were updated with more modern looking clothingm but I'm not sure if there have actually been changes to the text. Probably as the clothing was not normally described in great detail, this was not necessary.
Figure 2.--Many of the 1970s editions of the Secret Seven included obvious attempts to update the clothing the children were wearing. In this Derek Lucas illustration, caps and blazers are still seen, but the boys now wear long trousers in this 1973 edition.
Illustrators
HBC has noted the following illustrators in various editions of the Secret Seven. The original editions of the books had illustrations with very traditional school clothing. Later editions attempted to update the clothing. Unfortunately we have been able to find little information about the careers of the various illustrators and the other books they have illustrated.
George Brook
Derek Lucas
Derek Lucas illustrated some of the Secret Seven books in the 1970s. He attempted to update the clothing the children were wearing. The boys still had caps and blazers in some of the illustrations, but they were all wearing long trousers. Some boys still wore school sandals. I did not notice any sneakers or American innovations like baseball caps.
Burgess Sharrocks appeared in many of the original editions of the Secret Seven. His drawings in the 1950s depict the children in traditional school attire, caps, blazers, jumpers, short pants, kneesocks, and school sandals.
An Australian View
"I went to primary school in Australia in the early 1960s, and my school uniform then was quite similar to that the Secret Seven are depicted wearing by the original illustrators - jacket, shorts, long socks, and school cap. What's notable in the Secret Seven books, though, is that the boys seem to wear their uniforms even when going about town or on picnics, etc., which I would never have done. I would normally have changed into ordinary clothes immediately upon arriving home after school: partly because I would feel uncomfortable wearing school uniform out of school, and partly to preserve the school uniform, which was probably more expensive than casual clothes. I do recall that, around 1970, my school abolished the school cap, perhaps feeling it was getting a little too obviously old-fashioned; and my younger brother promptly ritually destroyed it with considerable glee (I myself being a little more sober, and not given to such destruction). Those caps were never again used by the school, and are now memorabilia -- items of historical interest -- and sought after by the school historian and archivist. A few years before that, at an earlier school which also used caps, my brother's lack of respect for the school cap was demonstrated by his filling it with blackberries picked wild, the juice of which completely wrecked the cap, turning it a deep, blotchy purple -- to the considerable displeasure of our parents." [Michael Edwards, 2001]
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Which meat is traditionally used in a Stroganoff dish? | Beef Stroganoff Recipes - Allrecipes.com
Beef Stroganoff
Beef Stroganoff Recipes
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Mr Grainger, Mr Humphries and Captain Peacock are all characters in which UK television series? | Beef stroganoff (Biff stroganoff)
Beef stroganoff
Biff stroganoff
This is a famous Russian dish, but given the proximity of Sweden and Russia, it is no wonder that it is also very popular in Sweden. Young Swedes probably prefer korvstroganoff (sausage stroganoff) which is extremely popular in Sweden, but beef is also widely used.
It isn’t really clear who invented this dish. Some people attribute it to Alexander Stroganoff and others to Count Pavel Stroganoff. All agree that it was originally based on sauté beef and onions with soured cream. Most recipes also include mushrooms and paprika or nutmeg, but there are many variations.
My version uses a generous portion of wild mushrooms, but you can easily substitute cultivated mushrooms and reduce the quantity of mushrooms. Stroganoff is usually based on 125 g (4½ oz) of beef and 50 g (2 oz) of mushrooms per person. John Duxbury
Summary
Tips
• Although traditionally made with fillet steak, I prefer other cuts which, although not as tender, have more flavour. If using a cheaper cut be sure to cut the meat across the grain when slicing it up.
• Look out for Galloway beef. The cattle are able to withstand cold climates so they are common in Sweden, Scotland, Canada and New Zealand. The meat has been rated by the US Government’s National Livestock and Meat Board as first for flavour and first for juiciness.
• If you are cooking a larger quantity, fry the beef in batches.
• Serve with rice or pasta and a salad with a walnut oil dressing.
Ingredients
Method
1. Cut the beef into thin strips about the width and length of a finger.
2. Melt a tablespoon of butter in a large pan on a medium heat. Increase the heat to high/med-high and add half of the strips of beef. You need to cook the beef quickly, browning on each side, so the temp needs to be high enough to brown the beef, but not so high as to burn the butter. While cooking the beef, season it with some salt and pepper. When both sides are browned, remove the beef to a dish and keep warm. Repeat with the remaining beef.
3. Reduce the heat to medium, add another tablespoon of butter and the onions to the pan. Cook until transparent and softened, ensuring that the meat juices are soaked up. Remove the onion to the same dish as the meat and keep warm.
4. In the same pan, melt another tablespoon of butter. Increase heat to medium high and add the mushrooms. Cook, stirring occasionally for about 4 minutes. While cooking, sprinkle on nutmeg, salt and pepper.
5. Reduce the heat to low; add the soured cream to the mushrooms and stir thoroughly. Do not let it boil or the soured cream will curdle. Stir in the beef and onions. Add salt and pepper to taste. Stir in the brandy if desired.
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How many London Underground stations lie outside the M25 London Orbital motorway? | London Underground: 150 fascinating Tube facts - Telegraph
Telegraph
150 London Underground facts (including the birth of Jerry Springer in East Finchley station)
It's closed today, but it's still interesting Credit: John Stillwell
Jolyon Attwooll , Travel writer
9 January 2017 • 11:00am
You can't ride it today, thanks to industrial action. But you can learn a few things about the Tube instead.
1. There is only one Tube station which does not have any letters of the word 'mackerel' in it: St John's Wood.
2. The average speed on the Underground is 20.5 miles per hour including station stops.
3. The busiest Tube station is Waterloo, which was used by around 95 million passengers in 2015. In 2014 Oxford Circus took top spot, in 2009 it was Victoria, and in 2005 it was King's Cross,
4. On the Metropolitan line, trains can reach over 60mph.
The Night Tube service started on August 19, 2016 Credit: AFP or licensors/DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS
5. The shortest distance between two adjacent stations on the underground network is only 260 metres. The tube journey between Leicester Square and Covent Garden on the Piccadilly Line takes only about 20 seconds, but costs £4.90 (cash fare). Yet it still remains one of the most popular journeys with tourists.
6. Many tube stations were used as air-raid shelters during the Second World War, but the Central Line was even converted into a fighter aircraft factory that stretched for over two miles, with its own railway system. Its existence remained an official secret until the 1980s.
7. Angel has the Underground's longest escalator at 60m/197ft, with a vertical rise of 27.5m.
8. The shortest escalator is Stratford, with a vertical rise of 4.1m.
9. Only 45 per cent of the Underground is actually in tunnels.
10. The longest distance between stations is on the Metropolitan line from Chesham to Chalfont & Latimer: a total of only 3.89 miles.
The history of the Tube in pictures
11. The longest continuous tunnel is on the Northern line and runs from East Finchley to Morden (via Bank), a total of 17.3 miles.
12. Aldgate Station, on the Circle and Metropolitan Lines, is built on a massive plague pit, where more than 1,000 bodies are buried.
13. The longest journey without change is on the Central line from West Ruislip to Epping, and is a total of 34.1 miles.
14. The deepest station is Hampstead on the Northern line, which runs down to 58.5 metres.
15. In Central London the deepest station below street level is also the Northern line. It is the DLR concourse at Bank, which is 41.4 metres below.
Only 45 per cent of the Underground is actually in tunnels
16. The TARDIS, (Dr Who’s transport) can be found outside Earl’s Court station. Or at least an old police call box can.
17. The London Underground manages about 10 per cent of all green spaces in London.
18. Wildlife observed on the Tube network includes woodpeckers, deer, sparrowhawk, bats, grass snakes, great crested newts, slow worms.
19. Over 47 million litres water are pumped from the Tube each day, enough to fill a standard leisure centre swimming pool (25 metres x 10 metres) every quarter of an hour.
20. The London Underground trains were originally steam powered.
21. The station with the most platforms is Baker Street with 10 (Moorgate also has 10 platforms but only six are used by Tube trains - others are used by overground trains).
22.The District Line has the most stations: 60.
There are 270 stations on the network Credit: Dominic Lipinski
23. The Waterloo and City Line has the fewest stations (no intermediate stations)
24. The Underground name first appeared on stations in 1908.
25. London Underground has been known as the Tube since 1890 due to the shape of the tunnels.
26. The first deep-level electric railway line also opened in 1890.
27. The Tube's logo is known as “the roundel” (a red circle crossed by a horizontal blue bar)
28. The station with the most escalators is Waterloo with 23.
29. The total number of passengers carried during 2013/14 was 1.265 billion – making it the world's 11th busiest metro.
30. The highest station above sea level is Amersham, at 147 metres.
What we love about the London Underground
31. Tube trains travelled 76.4 million kilometres last year.
32. The Northern line has the highest maximum number of trains required for scheduled peak period service: 91.
The Tube's logo is known as “the roundel” Credit: Reuters Photographer
33. The Waterloo & City line has the fewest scheduled for peak period service at just five.
34. The total length of the London Underground network is 250 miles.
35. In 1926, suicide pits were installed beneath tracks due to a rise in the numbers of passengers throwing themselves in front of trains.
36. The eastern extension of the Jubilee line is the only Underground line to feature glass screens to deter "jumpers".
37. The earliest trains run from Osterley to Heathrow on the Piccadilly line, starting at 4.45am.
38. The greatest elevation above the ground level is on the Northern line at Dollis Brook viaduct over Dollis road, Mill Hill: it rises a total of 18 metres (60ft).
39. One of the early names proposed for the Victoria Line was the Viking line.
40. In 1924, the first baby was born on the Underground, on a train at Elephant & Castle on the Bakerloo line.
The Tube's prettiest stations
41. The American talk show host Jerry Springer was born at East Finchley during the Second World War: his mother had taken shelter in the station from an air raid.
42. Builders working on the Bakerloo Line are reported to have suffered from the bends while tunnelling under the Thames.
43. The inaugural journey of the first Central line train in 1900 had the Prince of Wales and Mark Twain on board.
The total length of the London Underground network is 250 miles Credit: PA
44. The tunnels beneath the City curve significantly because they follow its medieval street plan.
45. The Central line introduced the first flat fare when it opened at the turn of the 20th century. The tuppence fare lasted until the end of June 1907 when a threepenny fare was introduced for longer journeys.
46. Charles Pearson, MP and Solicitor to the City of London, is credited with successfully campaigning for the introduction of the Underground. He died in 1862 shortly before the first train ran.
47. The first escalator on the Underground was installed at Earl's Court in 1911.
48. The first crash on the Tube occurred in 1938 when two trains collided between Waterloo and Charing Cross, injuring 12 passengers.
49. Harry Beck produced the well known Tube map diagram while working as an engineering draughtsman at the London Underground Signals Office. He was reportedly paid 10 guineas (£10.50) for his efforts.
50. Harry Beck’s map was considered too big a departure from the norm, but the public liked it and it became official in 1933.
51. Busking has been licensed on the Tube since 2003.
52. Sting and Paul McCartney are both rumoured to have busked on the Underground in disguise.
53. The phrase "Mind the gap" dates back to 1968. The recording that is broadcast on stations was first done by Peter Lodge, who had a recording company in Bayswater.
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54. The Peter Lodge recording of “Mind the Gap” is still in use, but some lines use recordings by a Manchester voice artist Emma Clarke. On the Piccadilly line the recording is notable for being the voice of Tim Bentinck, who plays David Archer in The Archers.
55. The Jubilee Line was the only Underground Line to connect with all the others until the East London line ceased to be part of the Underground in 2007 (now the Central Line does too).
56. Approximately 50 passengers a year kill themselves on the Underground.
57. Fewer than 10 per cent of Tube stations lie south of the Thames.
58. The total number of lifts on the Underground, including four stair lifts, is 167.
Ye Olde London Underground Credit: Getty
59. Smoking was banned on the Underground as a result of the King's Cross fire in November 1987 which killed 31 people. A discarded match was thought to be the cause of that inferno.
60. An estimated half a million mice live in the Underground system.
London's lost Tube stations: in pictures
61. 1961 marked the end of steam and electric haulage of passenger trains on the London Underground.
62. One of the levels in Tomb Raider 3 is set in the disused Aldwych tube station, featuring scenes of Lara Croft killing rats.
63. In the film Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, the Hogwarts headmaster has a scar that resembles a map of the London Underground on his knee.
64.There are only two tube station names that contain all five vowels: Mansion House, and South Ealing.
65. Edward Johnston designed the font for the London Underground in 1916. The font he came up with is still in use today.
66. Amersham is also the most westerly tube station, as well as the highest (see above).
67. A macabre statistic is that the most popular tube suicide time is around 11am.
68. In January 2005, in an attempt to alleviate a problem with loitering young people, the London Underground announced it would play classical music at problem stations.
Which buildings survived the Great Fire of London?
69. The Underground has the oldest section of underground railway in the world, which opened in 1863.
70. The first section of the Underground ran between Paddington (Bishop's Road) and Farringdon Street. The same section now forms part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City, and Metropolitan lines.
London Underground: 10 of the funniest videos
71.The Underground was first used for air raid shelters in September 1940.
72. During the Second World War, part of the Piccadilly line (Holborn - Aldwych branch), was closed and British Museum treasures were stored in the empty spaces.
73. The London Passenger Transport Board was nationalised and became the London Transport Executive in 1948.
74. The first Tube tunnel was opened in 1880, running from the Tower of London to Bermondsey.
75. The Central Line used to be nicknamed as the 'Twopenny Tube' for its flat fare.
76. Dot matrix train destination indicators were introduced onto London Underground platforms in 1983.
77. The single worst accident in terms of fatalities on the Underground occurred on February 28, 1975 at Moorgate, when 42 people died.
78. The Piccadilly line extended to serve Heathrow Terminal 4 in 1986.
79. Penalty fares were only introduced in 1994.
80. The Tube carried one billion passengers in a year for the first time in 2007.
London Underground quiz
81.The last manually operated doors on Tube trains (replaced by air-operated doors) were phased out in 1929.
82.The Jubilee Line was named to mark Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee in 1977 – but the line did not open until 1979.
A photo posted by Merve (@lknmerve) on
Aug 1, 2016 at 12:25pm PDT
83. A census carried out on September 27, 1940, found that 177,500 Londoners were sleeping in Tube stations.
84. During the war, special supply trains ran, providing seven tonnes of food and 2,400 gallons of tea and cocoa every night to people staying in the Tube.
85. Covent Garden is believed to be haunted by the ghost of William Terris who met an untimely death near the station in 1897.
86. Another station that is believed to be haunted is Farringdon. The so-called Screaming Spectre is believed to have been a milliner.
87. The Seven Sisters Underground station is believed to have been named after a line of elm trees which stood nearby until the 1830s.
88. The fictitious station of Walford East, which features in the long-running soap opera Eastenders, is supposed to be on the District Line.
89. Every week, Underground escalators travel the equivalent distance of going twice around the world.
90. According to TFL, London Underground trains travel a total of 1,735 times around the world (or 90 trips to the moon and back) each year.
91. A spiral escalator was installed in 1907 at Holloway Road station, but linear escalators were favoured for the rest of the network. A small section of the spiral escalator is in the Acton depot.
92. A small section of the old London Wall survives in the trackside walls of Tower Hill station at platform level. One of the largest pieces of the wall also stands just outside this station.
93. Finsbury Park station has murals that show a pair of duelling pistols, harking back to a time when men would visit the park after hours to defend their honour.
The Jubilee line receives the most complaints Credit: © Pixel Youth movement / Alamy Stock Photo/Pixel Youth movement / Alamy Stock Photo
94. In 2012, the most complained about line was the Jubilee.
95. The London Underground is thought to be the third largest metro system in the world, in terms of miles, after the Beijing Subway and the Shanghai Metro.
96. The London Underground is the third busiest metro system in Europe, after Moscow and Paris.
97. The coffin of Dr. Thomas Barnardo was carried in funeral cortege on an underground train in 1905, one of only two occasions this is known to have happened.
98. The Underground helped over 200,000 children escape to the countryside during the Second World War.
99. During the war, some stations (now mostly disused) were converted into government offices: a station called Down Street was used for meetings of the Railway Executive Committee, as well as for the War Cabinet before the Cabinet War Rooms were built.
100. Brompton Road (now disused) on the Piccadilly, Line was apparently used as a control room for anti-aircraft guns.
101. Only five London Underground stations lie outside the M25 motorway
The Night Tube is finally here Credit: AFP or licensors/DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS
102. The Underground runs 24 hours a day at New Year, during special events (such as for the opening and closing ceremonies of the London Olympics), and on selected lines at the weekend.
103. According to a 2002 study air quality on the Underground was 73 times worse than at street level, with 20 minutes on the Northern Line having "the same effect as smoking a cigarette".
104. The former poet laureate John Betjeman created 'Metroland' series, a homage to the people and places served by the Metropolitan line in 1973.
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105. The Oyster card was introduced in 2003.
106. The worst civilian death toll on the Underground occurred at Bethnal Green Tube tragedy in 1943, when 173 people died. It is the largest loss of life in a single incident on the London Underground network.
107. The largest number of people killed by a single wartime bomb was 68 at Balham Station.
108. The 100th anniversary of the roundel (the Tube Logo) was celebrated in 2008 by TfL commissioning 100 artists to produce works that celebrate the design.
109. The largest Tube car park is at Epping and has 599 parking spots.
110. The Central Line has the most tube stations with no surface building (Bank, Bethnal Green, Chancery Lane, Gants Hill, Notting Hill Gate)
111. Of the stations that have stairs, Hampstead Station has the most steps (320 in total).
112. There are 14 journeys between stations that take less than a minute on average.
113. King's Cross St Pancras tube station is served by more Underground lines than any other station on the network.
114. Seven London Boroughs are not served by the underground system, six of them being situated south of the River Thames.
115. The total number of carriages in London Underground's fleet, as of January 2013, was 4,134.
116. The total number of stations served on the network is 270.
117. London Underground transferred from the control of the Government to Transport for London (TfL) on July 15, 2003.
118. Scenes from the film Sliding Doors were shot at Waterloo station on the Waterloo & City Line and at Fulham Broadway tube station on the District Line.
119. Filming on location in the Underground costs £500 per hour (plus VAT) unless you have a crew of less than five.
120. You can now no longer go around the Circle Line in a full circle. From 2009, the Circle Line terminated at Edgware Road.
121. Greenford on the Central Line was the last Tube station to use wooden escalators. They were replaced in 2014.
122. Arsenal (originally Gillespie Road) on Piccadilly line is the only station named after a football team.
123. There are three tube stations on the Monopoly board: Liverpool Street Station, King’s Cross and Marylebone.
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124. The number of stations that only use escalators is 12
125. Nineteen stations just use lifts.
126. The River Westbourne was funnelled above a platform on Sloane Square in a large iron pipe suspended from girders. It remains in place today.
127. The first tube station to be demolished was Westbourne Park on the Metropolitan Line. It was re-sited in 1871.
128. There is a mosquito named after the Tube – the London Underground mosquito, which was found in the London Underground. It was notable for its assault of Londoners sleeping in the Underground during the Blitz.
129.The London Underground Film Office handles over 200 requests a month.
130. In Alfred Hitchcock’s first feature film The Lodger (1926) featured the director making a cameo on the Tube.
131. The record for visiting all the stations on the London Underground network – known as the Tube Challenge – is currently held by Ronan McDonald and Clive Burgess of the United Kingdom, who completed the challenge in 16 hours, 14 minutes and 10 seconds on February 19, 2015
132. The Tube Challenge record did not appear in the Guinness book of records until its eighth edition in 1960, when it stood at 18 hours, 35 minutes.
133. An interactive novel has been published, set on the London Underground. You can read it here .
134. In cockney rhyming slang, the London Underground is known as the Oxo (Cube/Tube).
135. Around 30,000 passengers went on The Metropolitan Line on its first day of public business – January 10, 1863.
136. There were claims the first baby born on the Underground was called Thelma Ursula Beatrice Eleanor (so that her initials would have read TUBE) but this story later proved false – her actual name was Marie Cordery.
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137. On August 3 2012, during the Olympic Games, the London Underground had its most hectic day ever, carrying 4.4 million passengers – but that record was beaten on Friday December 4 2015, when 4.82 million people used it.
138. St James is the only Underground Station to have Grade-I protected status. It includes 55 Broadway, the administrative headquarters of London’s Underground since the 1930s.
139. The most recent Tube birth – a boy – was in 2009.
140. The most common location for filming is Aldwych, a disused station.
141. As Princess Elizabeth, the Queen travelled on the Underground for the first time in May 1939, when she was 13 years old, with her governess Marion Crawford and Princess Margaret.
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142. Poems on the Underground was launched in 1986, the idea of American writer Judith Chernaik.
143. A series of animal shapes have also been highlighted in the London Underground map, first discovered by Paul Middlewick in 1988. They're created using the tube lines, stations and junctions of the London Underground map.
144. A fragrance known as Madeleine was trialled at St. James Park, Euston, and Piccadilly stations in 2001, intended to make the Tube more pleasant. It was stopped within days after complaints from people saying they felt ill.
145. There were eight deep-level shelters built under the London Underground in the Second World War. One of them in Stockwell is decorated as a war memorial.
146. After the war, the deep level shelter at Clapham South housed immigrants from the West Indies.
147. A 2011 study suggested 30 per cent of passengers take longer routes due to the out-of-scale distances on the Tube map.
148. The first ever air-conditioned, walk-through Underground train ran on the Metropolitan line in 2010.
149. The average distance travelled by each Tube train annually stands at around 114,500 miles.
150. Alcohol was banned on the Tube – and all London Transport – from June 2008.
Editor's note: Note that one or two facts have changed since this article was first published in 2014 and this has been updated to reflect those changes.
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This page uses content from Wikipedia . The original article was at London Underground . The list of authors can be seen in the page history . As with Metro Wiki , the text of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA) .
The London Underground is an all- electric metro railway system that covers much of the conurbation of Greater London and some neighbouring areas. It is the world's oldest underground system, and is the largest in terms of route length. Service began on 10 January 1863 on the Metropolitan Railway ; most of that initial route is now part of the Hammersmith & City Line . Despite its name, about 55% of the network is above ground. Popular local names include the Underground and, more colloquially, the Tube, in reference to the cylindrical shape of the system's deep-bore tunnels.
The Underground currently serves 274 stations and runs over 408 km (253 miles ) of lines [1] . There are also a number of former stations and tunnels that are now closed . In 2004–2005, total passenger journeys reached a record level of 976 million, an average of 2.67 million per day.
Since 2003, the Underground has been part of Transport for London (TfL), which also administers Greater London's buses, including the famous red double-deckers , and carries out numerous other transport-related functions in the region; as London Underground Limited it was previously a subsidiary of London Regional Transport , a statutory corporation.
Contents
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The Metropolitan Railway , the first section of the London Underground, initially ran between Paddington (Bishop's Bridge), now just Paddington , and Farringdon Street, a temporary station just north-west of the present Farringdon station, and was the world's first urban underground passenger-carrying railway. Following delays for financial and other reasons after the railway was authorised in 1854 , public traffic began on 10 January 1863 . 40,000 passengers were carried that day, with trains running every ten minutes; by 1880 the expanded 'Met' was carrying 40 million passengers a year. Other lines swiftly followed, and by 1884 the Inner Circle (today's Circle Line ) was complete.
These early lines used steam-hauled trains, which required effective ventilation to the surface. An interesting example of this can be seen at 23-24, Leinster Gardens, W2 . These houses were demolished for the construction of the then District Line between Paddington and Bayswater . However, to 'keep up appearances' in what still is a well-to-do street, a 5-foot thick concrete facade was constructed to resemble a genuine house frontage.
Advances in electric traction later allowed tunnels to be deeper underground than the original cut-and-cover method allowed, and deep-level tunnel design improved, including the use of tunnelling shields . The City & South London Railway (now part of the Northern Line ), the first "deep-level" line and electrically operated, opened in 1890.
Into the 20th century
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In the early 20th century, the presence of six independent operators running different Underground lines caused passengers substantial inconvenience; in many places passengers had to walk some distance above ground to change between lines. The costs associated with running such a system were also heavy, and as a result many companies looked to financiers who could give them the money they needed to expand into the lucrative suburbs as well as electrify the earlier steam operated lines. The most prominent of these was Charles Yerkes , an American tycoon who between 1900 and 1902 acquired the Metropolitan District Railway and the as yet unbuilt Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway (later to become part of the Northern Line ). Yerkes also acquired the Great Northern & Strand Railway, the Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway (jointly to become the Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway , the core of the Piccadilly Line ) and the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway (to become the Bakerloo Line ) to form Underground Electric Railways of London Company Ltd on 9 April 1902. That company also owned three tramway companies and went on to buy the London General Omnibus Company , creating an organisation colloquially known as the Combine. On 1 January 1913 the UERL absorbed two other independent tube lines, the C&SLR and the Central London Railway, the latter having opened an important east-west cross-city line from Bank to Shepherd's Bush on 30 July 1900.
The 1930s and 1940s
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In 1933, a public corporation called the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) was created. The Combine and all the municipal and independent bus and tram undertakings were merged into the LPTB, an organisation that approximated in scope to TfL. It set in train a scheme for expansion of the network, the 1935–1940 New Works plan, which was to extend some lines, and to take over the operation of others from the main-line companies; however, the outbreak of World War II froze all these schemes. From mid-1940, the Blitz led to the use of many Underground stations as air-raid shelters , first on an ad hoc basis, which the authorities tried to prevent, but later with proper bunks , latrines , and catering facilities.
Post-war developments
File:TubeStationWithTrain.jpg
Following the war, travel congestion continued to rise. The carefully planned Victoria Line on a diagonal northeast-southwest alignment beneath central London absorbed much of the extra traffic. The Piccadilly Line was extended to Heathrow Airport in 1977, and the Jubilee Line was opened in 1979, taking over part of the Bakerloo Line, with new tunnels between Baker Street and Charing Cross. In 1999 the Jubilee was extended to Stratford in London's East End, including the completely refurbished interchange station at Westminster, in several stages.
Since January 2003, the Underground has been operated as a Public-Private Partnership (PPP), where the infrastructure and rolling stock are maintained by private companies under 30-year contracts, but it remains publicly owned and operated, by TfL. See History of the London Underground for full details.
Network
File:London Underground Zone 1.svg
The Underground does not run 24 hours a day, because all track maintenance must be done at night - after the system closes. First trains on the network start operating shortly after 5 a.m. with the last trains running until around 1 a.m. Unlike systems such as the New York City Subway , few parts of the Underground have express tracks that would allow trains to be routed around maintenance sites. Recently, greater use has been made of weekend closures of parts of the system for scheduled engineering work.
Rolling stock
File:Stratford Depot 27.JPG
The Underground uses rolling stock built between 1960 and 1996. Stock on sub-surface lines is identified by a letter (such as A Stock , used on the Metropolitan Line ), while tube stock is identified by the year in which it was designed (for example, 1996 Stock , used on the Jubilee Line ). All lines are worked by a single type of stock except the District Line , which uses both C and D Stock. Two types of stock are currently being developed — 2009 Stock for the Victoria Line and S stock for the sub-surface lines, with the Metropolitan Line A Stock being replaced first. Rollout of both is expected to begin about 2009.
For more information on the Underground's rolling stock, see London Underground rolling stock .
Stations
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The Underground usually serves 274 stations , but one station is closed temporarily: Regents Park , due to reopen in June 2007.
The total above excludes Shoreditch , which is permanently closed. However, it is served by a replacement bus service until Shoreditch High Street station opens as part of the East London Line Extension.
Fourteen stations are outside Greater London, of which five are beyond the M25 London Orbital motorway .
See also: Fourth Rail
The Underground is one of the few railways electrified on the four-rail system. In addition to the two running rails there are two rails that supply power to the trains, one outside the running rails electrified at +420 V DC , the other in the middle at -210 V, producing an overall traction supply voltage of 630 V.
The table below lists each line, the colour used to represent it on Tube maps , the date the first section opened (not necessarily under the current line name), the date it gained its current name, and the type of tunnel used.
London Underground lines
File:London Underground subsurface and tube trains.jpg
Lines on the Underground can be classified into two types: sub-surface and deep level. The sub-surface lines were dug by the cut-and-cover method, with the tracks running about 5 m below the surface. Trains on the sub-surface lines slightly exceed the standard British loading gauge . The deep-level or "tube" lines, bored using a tunnelling shield , run about 20 m below the surface (although this varies considerably), with each track in a separate tunnel lined with cast-iron rings. These tunnels can have a diameter as small as 3.56 m (11 ft 8.25 in ) and the loading gauge is thus considerably smaller than on the sub-surface lines. Lines of both types usually emerge onto the surface outside the central area, except the Victoria Line , which is in tunnel except for its depot, and the very short Waterloo & City Line , which has no non-central part and no surface section. Only 45% of the Underground is in tunnel.
South of the Thames
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The lack of lines south of the Thames is sometimes attributed to the geology of that area, the region being almost one large aquifer . Another reason is that during the great period of tube-building in the early 20th century south London was already well served by the efficiently-run suburban lines of the London and South Western Railway and the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway , then being electrified, which obviated Underground expansion into those areas. (Railways to the north and west could focus on long-distance traffic, and so were less interested in the suburbs.) More recently, the Docklands Light Railway , built to serve east London, has been extended to Lewisham . Of the 33 London boroughs , only Kingston , Bexley , Bromley , Sutton and Croydon - all south of the Thames - have no Underground stations.
International connections
The Underground serves Waterloo , for Eurostar trains, and Heathrow Airport. The latter is slow (52 minutes nominal from Green Park via the Piccadilly Line) and often crowded, but is much cheaper than the Heathrow Express .
Ticketing
File:London-underground-travelcard.jpg
The Underground uses TfL's Travelcard zones to calculate fares. Travelcard Zone 1 is the most central, with a boundary just beyond the Circle Line, and Zone 6 is the outermost and includes London Heathrow Airport . Stations on the Metropolitan Line outside Greater London are in special Zones A to D.
There are staffed ticket offices, some open for limited periods only, and ticket machines usable at any time. Some machines that sell a limited range of tickets accept coins only, other touch-screen machines accept coins and English (but not Northern Irish or Scottish ) bank notes , and usually give change. These machines also accept major credit and debit cards: some newer machines accept cards only.
Summary of ticket types
The following tickets are available from London Underground and TfL ticket agents for use on the Underground:
Ticket
Detailed information on tickets and fares is available from the Transport for London website .
Penalty fares and fare evasion
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In addition to automatic and staffed ticket gates, the Underground is patrolled by both uniformed and plain-clothes ticket inspectors with hand-held Oyster card readers. Passengers travelling without a ticket valid for their entire journey are required to pay a £20 penalty fare or face prosecution for fare evasion. Oyster pre-pay users who have failed to 'touch in' at the start of their journey are also considered to be travelling without a valid ticket. Fare evaders can be prosecuted under the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 and can face a fine of up to £1,000 or three months' imprisonment.
Station access
File:Deep level escalator at bank.jpg
Accessibility by people with mobility problems was not considered when most of the system was built, and older stations are inaccessible to disabled people. Whilst recently-built stations have been designed for accessibility, retrofitting accessibility features to old stations is prohibitively expensive and technically extremely difficult due to the design issues mentioned above. Even when escalators and lifts are already fitted, there are often further flights of steps between the lift or escalator landings and the platforms.
TfL produces a map indicating which stations are accessible, and the more recent (2004) line maps indicate with a wheelchair symbol those stations that provide step-free access from street level. Step height from platform to train is up to 200 mm , and there can be a large gap between the train and curved platforms. Only the Jubilee Line Extension is completely accessible. TfL's plan is that by 2020 there should be a network of over 100 fully accessible stations. This consists of those already accessible (recently built or rebuilt, and a handful of suburban stations that happen to have level access) along with selected 'key stations', which will be rebuilt. These key stations have been chosen due to high usage, interchange potential, and geographic spread, so that up to 75% of journeys will be achievable step-free. [2]
While many stations on the surface involve a short flight of stairs to gain access from street level, virtually all underground stations use some of the system's 410 escalators (each going at a speed of 145 ft per minute, approximately 1.65 miles per hour ) 112 lifts , or a combination of both. There are also some lengthy walks and further flights of steps required to gain access to the correct platform once underground.
The escalators in Underground stations are among the longest in Europe and all are custom-built. They run 20 hours a day, 364 days a year and cope with 13,000 people per hour, with 95% of them operational at any one time. Convention and signage dictate that people using escalators on the Underground stand on the right-hand side, walk on the left.
Safety
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The Underground has an excellent passenger safety record. Most fatalities on the network are suicides . Most platforms at deep tube stations have pits beneath the track, originally constructed to aid drainage of water from the platforms, but they also help prevent death or serious injury when a passenger falls or jumps in front of a train [3] . These pits are known colloquially as "suicide pits". Delays resulting from a person jumping or falling in front of a train as it pulls into a station are announced as "passenger action" or "a person under a train", and are referred to by staff as a "one under". The Jubilee Line extension is the first line to have platform edge doors . These prevent people from falling or jumping onto the tracks, although their main purpose is to contain the blast of air created by trains. Template:Citationneeded
Accidents
The London Underground network carries almost a billion passengers a year. It is one of the safest mass transport systems in the world, with just one fatal accident for every 300 million journeys [4] .
Terrorism
Main article: London Underground terrorism
London Underground is an important part of everyday life of hundreds of thousands of Londoners. This makes it a prime target for terrorists. Several attempts have been made to disrupt the London Underground, a number of them have succeeded in doing this.
Overcrowding
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Relatively few accidents are caused by overcrowding on the platforms, and staff monitor platforms and passageways at busy times and prevent people entering the system if they become overcrowded. Camden Town station is exit-only on Sunday afternoons (13:00–17:30) for this reason, and Covent Garden has access restrictions at times due to overcrowding.
Smoking
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Smoking was banned on all trains in July 1984 [5] . The ban was extended, for a six-month trial, to all parts of the Underground in summer 1987, and this was made permanent after the King's Cross fire in November 1987. Smoking anywhere on Underground stations and trains is punishable by a large fine .
Photography
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While photography for personal use is permitted in public areas of the Underground [6] , tripods and other supports are forbidden due to the often cramped spaces and crowds found underground. Flash is also forbidden due to its potential to distract drivers and disrupt fire-detection equipment. As their effects are often similar to those of flash, bright auto-focus assist lights should also be switched off or covered up when photographing the Underground.
Safety culture
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The Underground's staff safety regimen has drawn criticism. In January 2002, the Underground was fined £225,000 for breaching safety standards for workers . In court, the judge reprimanded the company for "sacrificing safety" to keep trains running "at all costs." Workers had been instructed to work in the dark with the power rails live, even during rainstorms. Several workers had received electric shocks as a result [7] .
Age
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Due to a combination of the age of the system and significant under-funding in the past, some parts of the Underground's infrastructure are substantially older than their equivalents in other cities. Recently, one of the private infrastructure companies, Tube Lines , was reported to be using eBay to find spare parts for some of its equipment because they were not available any other way [8] .
The future
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The British government has promised £16 billion of funding until 2030, with early priorities to cut delays and improve reliability, including refurbishments of lifts and escalators, more thorough cleaning and a new station serving the new Wembley Stadium . The Victoria Line will receive new signalling systems and 47 new trains, and other lines will have renewal of track and equipment. The Jubilee Line received four new trains and 59 new cars in December 2005, bringing the total to 63 seven-car sets, built by Alstom . It is also scheduled to receive £160 million for new signalling equipment from Alcatel Canada Transport Automation Solutions . The Victoria Line and sub-surface lines will receive 1,738 new cars between 2008 and 2015, to be built in Derby . The Bakerloo Line will not receive new trains until 2019, with supplementary stock likely coming from the Victoria Line. The sub-surface lines will receive 190 new trains, built by Bombardier, meaning all trains will be of the same design, giving easier maintenance. New trains will feature inter-car gangways enhancing passenger safety, and improved acceleration and braking allowing an increase in train frequency, in the case of the Victoria Line from 28 trains per hour to 33. The last trains to be replaced, 75 District Line trains, are currently receiving interim refurbishment.
Westinghouse Rail Systems Ltd will continue to supply signalling equipment; 75% of control equipment has been supplied by Westinghouse.
Cooling
Main article: London Underground cooling
In summer, temperatures on parts of the Underground can become very uncomfortable due to its deep and poorly ventilated tube tunnels: temperatures as high as 47°C were reported in the 2006 European heat wave [9] . Conventional air conditioning has been ruled out on the deep lines because of the lack of space for equipment on trains and the problems of dispersing the waste heat this would generate. A year-long trial of a groundwater cooling system began in June 2006 at Victoria station . If successful the trial will be extended to 30 other deep-level stations. There are posters on the Underground suggesting that passengers carry a bottle of water to help keep cool.
Sub-surface tunnels are more capable of dispersing waste heat. The new S Stock trains due to be delivered from 2009 will have air-conditioning. [10]
Planned and proposed extensions
File:Piccadilly T5 Extension.JPG
A new station is being built on the Piccadilly Line to serve Terminal 5 of Heathrow Airport . The extension (called PiccEx) consists of a two-platform station, two sidings where trains can be stabled, approximately 3 km of 4.5 m diameter bored tunnels, a ventilation shaft and two escape shafts. Civil works for the two tunnels, the ventilation shaft, one escape shaft and the structure of T5 station have been completed and track is being installed. The junction between PiccEx and the Heathrow Loop is being constructed: this work required that the tunnel between Terminal 4 and Terminals 1,2,3 was out of service until 17 September 2006. The extension is due to open in 2008 [11] . Terminal 5 will be staffed by airport staff, trained and licensed by the Underground. Trains will run from Hatton Cross to platform 1 at Heathrow Terminals 1,2,3, thence to Terminal 5.
East London Line extension
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Preparations are under way to extend the East London Line (ELL) both northwards and southwards. Shoreditch station closed in June 2006 and the line north of Whitechapel will be diverted to run on the old Broad Street viaduct - to Dalston and along the North London Line to Highbury & Islington , to provide interchange with the Victoria Line . To the south, two branches are planned, mainly using existing railway lines. The first will run to West Croydon , with a spur to Crystal Palace , the second to Clapham Junction . The extension to Clapham Junction is currently unfunded.
The initial stations north of Whitechapel will be:
Dalston Junction
The East London Line will therefore become a more important transport artery, and when the extension is open it will be operated as part of the London Overground , and will no longer be part of the Underground, although services will still be provided by Transport for London, and the line will almost certainly remain on the Tube map as the entire London Overground system is likely to be depicted there. If the extension to Clapham Junction is built, the London Overground system will contain the proposed 'Orbital Rail route' (see Orbirail ).
Bakerloo Line re-extension to Watford
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The Bakerloo line originally ran to Watford Junction via Watford High Street , but was cut back to Harrow & Wealdstone station in late 1982. Recently plans for the re-extension have been approved as part of TfL's plans to manage some of North London's railways. However, when the re-extension will take place has not been disclosed [12] .
Metropolitan Line works in Watford
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TfL, together with Hertfordshire County Council , plans to connect the Watford branch of the Metropolitan Line to the disused Croxley Green National Rail branch, although it is most likely for the extension to join the branch between the abandoned Croxley Green and Watford West stations, with a new station being added at Ascot Road as a replacement for Croxley Green and Watford West being heavily refurbished. This will bring the Underground back to central Watford and the important main line station of Watford Junction . If this happens the current Watford (Metropolitan) station will close [13] .
Proposed interchanges
File:Way out tube.jpg
TfL's Tube map ( pdf ) and " roundel " logo are instantly recognisable by any Londoner, almost any Briton, and many people around the world. The original maps were often street-maps with the location of the lines superimposed, and the stylised Tube map evolved from a design by electrical engineer Harry Beck in 1931 [17] . See Tube map for an in-depth analysis of its history and its topological nature. The map has been such a successful concept that virtually every major urban rail system in the world now has a map in a similar stylised layout. Many bus companies have also adopted the concept.
The roundel
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The origins of the roundel , in earlier years known as the 'bulls-eye' or 'target', are more obscure. While the first use of a roundel in a London transport context was the 19th-century symbol of the London General Omnibus Company — a wheel with a bar across the centre bearing the word GENERAL — its usage on the Underground stems from the decision in 1908 to find a more obvious way of highlighting station names on platforms. The red disc with blue name bar was quickly adopted, with the word "U
NDERGROUN
D" across the bar, as an early corporate identity [18] . The logo was modified by Edward Johnston in 1919.
Each station displays the Underground roundel, often containing the station's name in the central bar, at entrances and repeatedly along the platform, so that the name can easily be seen by passengers on arriving trains. In addition, some stations' walls are decorated in tile motifs unique to that station, such as profiles of Sherlock Holmes 's head at Baker Street , and a cross containing a crown at King's Cross St Pancras .
The roundel has been used for buses and the tube for many years, and since TfL took control it has been applied to other transport types (taxi, tram , DLR , etc.) in different colour pairs. The roundel has to some extent become a symbol for London itself.
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Edward Johnston designed TfL's distinctive sans-serif typeface , in 1916. A version of the typeface, modified to include lower case, continues in use today, and is called " New Johnston ". The new typeface is noted for the curl at the bottom of the minuscule l, which other sans-serif typefaces have discarded, and for the diamond-shaped tittle on the minuscule i and j, whose shape also appears in the full stop , and is the origin of other punctuation marks in the face. TfL owns the copyright to and exercises control over the New Johnston typeface, but a close approximation of the face exists in the TrueType computer font Paddington.
Unauthorised use
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TfL takes legal action against unauthorised use of its trademarks and of the Tube map, in spite of which unauthorised copies of the logo continue to crop up worldwide. Official ranges of clothing and other accessories featuring TfL's graphic elements are available.
Contribution to arts
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London Underground sponsors and contributes to the arts via its Platform for Art and Poems on the Underground projects. Poster and billboard space (and in the case of Gloucester Road tube station , an entire disused platform) is given over to artwork and poetry to "create an environment for positive impact and to enhance and enrich the journeys of ... passengers" [19] .
See also
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The Cod Wars
Background to the Cod Wars
The cod wars were a series of disputes between Britain and Iceland running from the 1950s to the 1970s over the rights to fish in Icelandic waters. Although it was never a war in the conventional sense of the word (the massive and well-equipped Royal Navy would have easily defeated the tiny Icelandic Navy), the peak of the Cod Wars saw thirty seven Royal Navy warships mobilised to protect British trawlers fishing in the disputed territory. While the wars were eventually settled through diplomatic means there was conflict between British naval vessels and Icelandic ships out at sea. The Cod Wars showed how seriously nations took their fishing rights, and the lengths they would go to in order to access rich fishing grounds.
The Royal Navy’s 2,500 ton Leander-class frigate HMS Scylla collides with the Icelandic vessel ICGV Odinn in the third and final Cod War.
The First Cod War
The first Cod War took place in autumn 1958 and was caused by a dispute over who could fish in the seas surrounding Iceland. In the late 1950s a country’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) – the area of sea that a country controlled and could fish in exclusively – only extended four miles out to sea from a country’s coastline. British trawlers could therefore fish very close to Iceland and take advantage of the fertile fishing grounds that surrounded the country. Iceland – worried that foreign vessels were overexploiting their fisheries – brought in a new law that extended their EEZ to twelve miles. Britain was not happy and chose to ignore this new limit and continued to fish up to the original four-mile limit. The situation escalated when Britain sent warships to protect its trawlers fishing in the disputed areas. This was seen as a David versus Goliath conflict, as Britain had, at that time, the second most powerful navy in the world (after the USA), while Iceland had little more than patrol boats and militarised coast guard vessels to protect itself. A number of incidents took place including Icelandic patrol boats firing across the bows of British trawlers in an effort to force them to leave the new zone, and Britain threatening to sink any Icelandic vessels that attacked British trawlers. Eventually, Britain accepted that it had no right to stop Iceland extending the EEZ to twelve miles and backed down. There was also an agreement that future conflicts would be settled at the International Court of Justice to avoid further conflict.
The Second Cod War
A diagram showing how net cutters are used to sever a trawler’s net.
The second cod war took place in September 1972 when Iceland ignored the agreement about disputes being settled via diplomatic means and unilaterally extended its EEZ from twelve to fifty miles. Again Britain refused to recognise this new limit leading to Iceland using its patrol boats to chase British and West German trawlers out of its newly declared exclusive zone. The Icelandic coast guard then started using net-cutters to destroy the trawling nets of the British fishing vessels that ventured inside the zone. Soon the Royal Navy was sent to protect the British trawlers. Confrontations took place for over a year with British trawlers continuing to have their nets cut by Icelandic ships and Royal Navy ships being rammed by Icelandic coast guard boats.
A serious incident took place in March 1973 when the British trawler Brucella refused to follow directions of the patrol boat Arvakurto leave the EEZ. Crew from the Icelandic vessel then appeared on deck and began firing rifles at the Brucella, damaging her bridge and lifeboats. The trawler then followed the Icelander’s instructions to leave the EEZ. No one was injured in the incident. But worse was to come in July of the following year. The trawler C.S. Forester, one of the biggest trawlers in the British commercial fleet, was spotted fishing within the twelve-mile limit by the Icelandic patrol boat V/S ÞórI. The British vessel was pursued for over one hundred miles and then shelled with non-explosive ammunition by the Icelandic vessel. At least two shells hit causing damage to the ship. The C.S. Forester was eventually boarded and towed to an Icelandic port where it was impounded and the skipped was jailed for thirty days. He was eventually released when the C.S. Forester’s owners paid £2,300 and a further £26,500 for the release of the trawler. Eventually, a breakthrough was reached when it was agreed British trawlers could fish within certain specified areas in the fifty-mile zone, as long as Britain took no more than 130,000 tons of cod per year. However, this agreement was only valid for two years, and expired on 13 November 1975.
The Third, and Final, Cod War
As soon as this agreement expired the third cod war began. In late 1975 Iceland increased the EEZ limit again, this time to 200 miles. Britain, along with other European nations, were furious, arguing that although there was broad agreement that a 200-mile limit would be brought in throughout the world, this agreement was still years away and Iceland had no right to impose such a limit so soon. This Cod War led to some of the most heated confrontations of the three wars. One of the most contentious episodes involved the Icelandic patrol boat Þór and three Royal Navy support ships. British and Icelandic accounts differ about exactly what happened, but what is clear is that Þór was rammed by British vessels to the extent that it began to sink and in an attempt to defend itself fired blank, and then live ammunition at the British ships. Some of the live rounds struck a British ship, the Star Aquarius although no injuries and only minor damage resulted.
Iceland raised the stakes by attempting to procure US Asheville-class gunboats, such as the USS Tacoma, pictured. These vessels were heavily armed with four machine guns, a 40mm cannon and could be configured to launch surface-to-surface missiles.
Another serious incident took place when another Iceland patrol boat, the Týr, tried to cut the nets of a British trawler. HMS Falmouth, a 2800 ton Rothesay-class frigate intervened to protect the trawler. HMS Falmouth rammed the Týr which continued, and eventually succeeded in cutting the trawler’s nets. This caused HMS Falmouth to ram the Týr a second time, nearly capsizing the vessel. The captain of the Týr ordered his men to man the ship’s guns. A stand-off developed between the two ships which only ended when the heavily damaged Týr was forced to limp back to port due to the damage it had sustained when it was rammed for the second time. In total there were fifty-five incidents of Royal Navy vessels ramming Icelandic boats during the third Cod War. This presented a problem for the Royal Navy as the frigates it was using were designed for launching missiles at distant enemy ships or hunting enemy submarines in the open ocean. They were ill-suited to the close in maneuvering and ramming Icelandic boats which they were required to perform in the third Cod War, and the frequency with which they were used to ram Icelandic vessels was beginning to cause significant damage to a number of Royal Navy frigates. By the end of the third Cod War the Royal Navy was even strengthening the hulls of frigates before they were sent to Iceland in order to limit the damage that was caused to the vessels when they rammed and Icelandic boats.
The situation escalated again when it was revealed that the Icelandic justice minister Ólafur Jóhannessonwas attempting to upgrade Icelandic naval power by loaning a number of powerful Asheville-class gunboats from the US, or purchasing Mirka-class frigates from Russia. Although this was probably a ploy, and America turned down Iceland’s request outright, it had the desired effect of showing that Iceland had no intention of backing down and was willing to take on the Royal Navy head on.
But Iceland still had their ace card to play. A US-manned NATO naval air base was located on the Reykjanes peninsula, near the town of Keflavík in western Iceland. This base housed the US 85th Air Group, radar stations and anti-submarine warfare units as well as serving as a base for US search and rescue units. As the third cod war was taking place at the height of the Cold War this naval air station was crucial for the Americans to track and monitor Soviet submarine and airplane movements through the GIUK (Greenland, Iceland, United Kingdom) gap – a key choke point for Soviet forces gaining access to the open Atlantic and US territorial waters.
The GIUK gap was of crucial importance in the third cod war, and Iceland’s threat to close the NATO base located there forced Britain to give in to Iceland’s demands.
Without this base America would be blind to what was happening in huge areas of the north Atlantic, as well as losing the deterrent factor of having forces amassed relatively close to the USSR. Believing that Iceland was serious about closing the air base America began putting huge pressure on Britain to comply with Iceland’s extended EEZ. Talks to end the Cod Wars took place in Oslo in spring 1976, with the threat to close the NATO base placing pressure on Britain to end the dispute. An agreement was eventually reached on May 28th. A maximum of twenty-four British trawlers were allowed to fish within the new EEZ as long as their catch was limited to 50,000 tons. However, this agreement only lasted for six months, after which Britain agreed that it had no right to fish inside the zone.
Aftermath
Diagram showing the increasing size of Iceland’s EEZ as the three cod wars progressed.
Although it was never a war in the conventional sense, the Cod Wars none the less showed how close two countries would come to combat over the issue of fishing rights. In the end Iceland were successful in extending their EEZ massively, and today the 200-mile limit is accepted internationally (apart form in Europe where the Common Fisheries Policy takes precedence). Britain’s reason for challenging Iceland’s ever increasing EEZ was perfectly logical – British trawlers relied on catching cod in the plentiful waters of Iceland, and without this fish many ports built on the fishing industry would struggle. However, Iceland were always going to eventually win international backing to extend their EEZ, and Britain was fighting a losing battle by opposing this. The loss of access to these fisheries devastated many British fishing communities such as Hull and Grimsby and many Scottish ports, with as many as 1,500 fishermen and several thousand shore-based workers from these areas losing their jobs.
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Michel Martelly became President of which Caribbean country in May 2011? | What Were the Cod Wars? (with pictures)
What Were the Cod Wars?
Last Modified Date: 18 January 2017
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Can you see through these real-life optical illusions?
The Cod Wars were a series of skirmishes between Great Britain and Iceland during the 1950s and 1970s. Although the situation was thankfully resolved without bloodshed, it did illustrate some major political issues dealing with fishing rights, territorial waters , and the right of a country to protect its valuable natural resources. As human pressure on the environment increases, incidents like the Cod Wars may happen again.
The story begins with the cod, a fish which once existed in great bounty across the North Atlantic. Cod have been extensively fished by a variety of nations for centuries, and fortunes were built upon cod fisheries in places like Iceland. Iceland has historically relied very heavily on cod as an industry. Scientists in Iceland began to be concerned when long ranging ships from other countries fished for cod offshore. Although this practice was technically legal, it threatened cod stocks in Iceland.
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In 1958, Iceland took action, extending an exclusive economic zone beyond its internationally recognized territorial waters. The country argued that this was necessary to protect the threatened cod fishery, and it pledged to enforce the zone with the assistance of a quota system and the Icelandic Coast Guard. Britain resented the move, and it sent fishing ships into the exclusive economic zone, along with escorts, setting off the first Cod War in fall 1958. After a few months of deliberate collisions, net cutting, and warning shots, the first Cod War ended with a treaty and an agreement to take future disputes to the International Court of Justice.
The Cod Wars, known in Icelandic as Þorskastríðin or Landhelgisstríðin, were not over. In 1972, Iceland extended the exclusive economic zone again, in an attempt to revive the failing fishery by forcing international producers out. The two countries almost literally went to war in 1973, but the crisis was averted after a series of North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) talks. In 1975, however, another Cod War broke out, when the British refused to recognize the economic exclusion zone and Iceland once again sent out Coast Guard ships to enforce it. This time, Iceland threatened to withdraw from NATO and close a NATO base unless their demands were meant, and a final treaty was reached.
Although the Cod Wars might seem petty, they were a very important event in history. Iceland began to come into its own as a NATO power during the Cod Wars, when the nation realized that it had leverage. Issues with the cod fishery were more widely recognized, leading to more global awareness about sustainable fishing and a moratorium on cod fishing in some countries. It was fortunate that no one died during the Cod Wars; future conflicts over dwindling resources may not be so bloodless.
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Sphagnum is what type of plant? | Using Sphagnum Moss with Succulent Plants
Using Sphagnum Moss with Succulent Plants
Using Sphagnum Moss with Succulent Plants
April 15, 2012 16 Comments Written by T. Lander
Sphagnum moss can be an essential tool when planting succulents . It is commonly called peat moss, but that isn’t what you want. Peat moss or sphagnum peat are dead, decayed moss. You may have seen bags of peat moss meant to be used as a soil conditioner. The stuff we are interested in for our succulent plants is long fibered sphagnum moss.
Oregon Sphagnum Moss pulled fresh from a tree
Not all Sphagnum Moss is equal
In a large city recently, I called half a dozen garden centers looking for long fibered sphagnum moss. No luck anywhere. I finally found a sad example of sphagnum at a big box store. It was an ugly brown color, full of sticks and would only be good if used where it couldn’t be seen. I was surprised by how difficult it was to find nice looking sphagnum moss.
Left to Right: Oregon sphagnum moss pulled fresh off a tree in Oregon, packaged moss from Young’s, Sphagnum moss from a big box store
Long Fibered Sphagnum Moss from a big box store should only be used where invisible
Uses of Sphagnum Moss
Succulents love sphagnum moss because it absorbs lots of water and then dries out quickly. This allows the plants to get the water then need without suffering from rotting issues. Here are some of the ways that sphagnum moss and succulents work together well:
Soilless Planting – Succulents can grow directly in sphagnum moss without any soil. Soilless planting with moss can be used in wall planters where the weight of soil might be an issue, in terrariums, in wreaths or anywhere else that the use of soil presents a problem. One note, because sphagnum moss does dry more quickly than soil, more frequent watering might be required and occasional fertilizing.
Form Building – Anytime you have a frame (like the wire chicken planter I did earlier) you will end up lining the form with sphagnum moss. You can see this in succulent wreaths and topiaries. A thick layer of moist moss covers the frame and is then filled with soil.
Secure Plants – Planting in vertical spaces (like the cracks in a rock wall or containers) presents the challenge of the plants wanting to fall before their roots are established. You can stuff the space around the succulent’s roots with moss to hold the plant in place.
Soil Conditioning – Three elements are important in soil: moisture retention, drainage, and nourishment. Sphagnum moss enhances all of these characteristics of soil.
Container Accent – A tuft of fluffy, green sphagnum moss poking out between the succulent plants or hanging down the container side can be the finishing touch that completes your planting.
A Note About Oregon Sphagnum Moss
Although not true Sphagnum moss, Oregon Green Moss is sold as Oregon Sphagnum Moss. It shares the important characteristics of true Sphagnum moss (absorbs water directly through its leaves and stores the water in the cellular tissue). Oregon Sphagnum Moss is used by many, many people, florists and nurseries for the uses described above. Oregon Sphagnum Moss is available from Young’s for your projects with succulents.
Packaged Oregon Sphagnum Moss is much more green than box store option
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‘Arundells’ was the home of which British Prime Minister? | What Is Peat Moss: Tips For Using Peat Moss In Gardens
Image by Doug Beckers
By Jackie Carroll
Peat moss first became available to gardeners in the mid-1900s and since then it has revolutionized the way we grow plants. It has a remarkable ability to manage water efficiently and hold on to nutrients that would otherwise leach out of the soil. While performing these amazing tasks, it also improves the texture and consistency of the soil. Keep reading to learn more about peat moss uses.
What is Peat Moss?
Peat moss is dead fibrous material that forms when mosses and other living material decompose in peat bogs. The difference between peat moss and the compost gardeners make in their backyard is that peat moss is composed mostly of moss and the decomposition happens in the absence of air, which slows the decomposition. It takes several millennia for peat moss to form, and peat bogs gain less than a millimeter in depth every year. Since the process is so slow, peat moss isn’t considered a renewable resource.
Most of the peat moss used in the United States comes from remote bogs in Canada. There is considerable controversy surrounding the mining of peat moss. Even though the mining is regulated and only 0.02 percent of the reserves are available for harvest, groups such as the International Peat Society point out that the mining process releases massive amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, and the bogs continue to exhale carbon long after the mining concludes.
Peat Moss Uses
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Gardeners use peat moss mainly as a soil amendment or ingredient in potting soil. It has an acid pH, so it’s ideal for acid loving plants , such as blueberries and camellias . For plants that like a more alkaline soil , compost may be a better choice. Since it doesn’t compact or break down readily, one application of peat moss lasts for several years. Peat moss doesn’t contain harmful microorganisms or weed seeds that you may find in poorly processed compost.
Peat moss is an important component of most potting soils and seed starting mediums . It holds several times its weight in moisture, and releases the moisture to the plants roots as needed. It also holds onto nutrients so that they aren’t rinsed out of the soil when you water the plant. Peat moss alone does not make a good potting medium. It must be mixed with other ingredients to make up between one-third to two-thirds of the total volume of the mix.
Peat moss is sometimes called sphagnum peat moss because much of the dead material in a peat bog comes from sphagnum moss that grew on top of the bog. Don’t confuse sphagnum peat moss with sphagnum moss, which is made up of long, fibrous strands of plant material. Florists use sphagnum moss to line wire baskets or add a decorative touch to potted plants.
Peat Moss and Gardening
Many people feel a twinge of guilt when they use peat moss in their gardening projects because of environmental concerns. Proponents on both sides of the issue make a strong case about the ethics of using peat moss in the garden, but only you can decide whether the concerns outweigh the benefits in your garden.
As a compromise, consider using peat moss sparingly for projects like starting seeds and making potting mix. For large projects, such as amending garden soil, use compost instead.
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Captain Phoebus, Clopin and Esmeralda are all characters from which 1996 Disney film? | The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film) - Wikiquote
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)
From Wikiquote
Esmeralda[ edit ]
Are you always this charming, or am I just lucky? (to Phoebus, after he cuts her off when she attempted to curse at him.)
Hmm... let's see...one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine...so there's ten of you and one of me. What's a poor girl to do?
(to Quasimodo, telling him that though she has sanctuary in Notre Dame, she doesn't have freedom, which is what she desires.) Gypsies don't do well inside stone walls.
[singing] I ask for nothing, I can get by, but I know so many less lucky than I. Please help my people, the poor and downtrod. I thought we all were the children of God. God, help the outcasts, children of God.
You mistreat this poor boy the same way you mistreat my people. You speak of justice, yet you are cruel to those most in need of your help. (to Frollo, pointing out his abuse of power.)
(when Frollo said to her "Silence!") Justice!
[furiously, to Frollo] I know what you were imagining!
[to Quasimodo, unaware it's his actual face] By the way, GREAT mask!
Wow, you're quite an acrobat!
How could such a cruel man have raised someone like you?
[singing] Even this foul creature may yet prove one day to be...of use to me.
A baby? A monster!
I am a public official; I must go. But I don't enjoy a moment! Thieves and cutpurses, the dregs of humankind, all mixed together in a shallow, drunken stupor.
Ease up. Wait between lashes. Otherwise the old sting will dull him to the new.
[singing] The world is cruel, the world is wicked. It's I alone whom you can trust in this whole city. I am your only friend...
[singing] It's not my fault if in God's plan, He made the devil so much stronger than a man!
Never mind. Get out, you idiot! I'll find her. I'll find her if I have to burn all of Paris! [singing] Hellfire, Dark fire, now, gypsy, it's your turn. Choose me or your pyre, be mine or You...will...burn! God have mercy on her. [Kyrie Eleison] God have mercy on me. But she will be mine or she will burn!
The gypsies live outside the normal order. Their heathen ways inflame the people's lowest instincts, and they must be stopped.
Such a clever witch. So typical of your kind to twist the truth; to cloud the mind with unholy thoughts!
You idiot! That wasn't kindness, it was cunning! She's a gypsy! Gypsies are not capable of real love! Think, boy! Think of your mother!
The sentence for insubordination is death. Such a pity. You threw away a promising career.
[regarding Phoebus, escaping on Frollo's stallion] Get him! And don't hit my horse!
Don't waste your arrows. Let the traitor rot in his watery grave!
[bluffing to Quasimodo] I know where her hideout is and tomorrow at dawn, I attack with a thousand men. (grins evilly as part of his trick as he leaves)
And look what else I caught in my net: Captain Phoebus, back from the dead. Another "miracle", no doubt. I shall remedy that.
The time has come, gypsy. You stand upon the brink of the abyss. Yet even now it is not too late. I can save you from the flames of this world, and the next. Choose me, or the fire.
[carrying out Esmerelda's execution] For justice, for Paris, and for her own salvation, it is my sacred duty to send this unholy demon back where she belongs!
And He shall smite the wicked and plunge them into the fiery pit! (his last words, before falling off the Cathedral to his death)
This is an unholy demon. I'm sending it back to Hell, where it belongs.
Remember what I've taught you, Quasimodo.
How dare you defy me?!
[to Quasimodo] I think...you're hiding something.
[To the archdeacon] Silence, you old fool! [throws him down the stairs] The hunchback and I have unfinished business to attend to. And this time, you will not interfere!
Clopin[ edit ]
It is a tale, a tale of a man, and a monster...
[singing] Now here is a riddle to guess if you can, sing the bells of Notre Dame: What makes a monster and what makes a man?
[singing] Justice is swift in the court of miracles/I am the lawyer and judge, all in one!/We like to get the trial over with quickly because it's the sentence that's really the fun! [spoken] Any last words? [Phoebus and Quasimodo muffle in protest] That's what they all say.
Well well well. What have we here?
[referring to Notre Dame's bells] Listen. They're beautiful, no? So many colors of sounds, so many changing moods. Because you know, they don't ring all by themselves.
[singing] It's the day we do the things that we deplore/On the other three-hundred and sixty-four!
[pointing dramatically at Quasimodo and Phoebus] Don't interrupt me! You're very clever to have found our hideaway. Unfortunately, you won't live to tell the tale.
And Frollo gave the child a cruel name. A name that means half-formed. Quasimodo.
Ladies and Gentlemen, don't panic! We asked for the ugliest face in Paris, and here it is! Quasimodo, the hunchback of Notre Dame!
Hmm? Uh-uh. You leave town for a couple of decades and they change everything.
I was summoned from the wars to capture fortune-tellers and palm-readers?
[to Esmeralda] Permit me, I'm Phoebus. It means "Sun god".
[To Quasimodo] Oh, and one more thing. Tell Esmeralda she's very lucky...to have a friend like you.
[to Frollo, when he is told to explode a miller's house] With all due respect, sir, I was not trained to murder the innocent.
[as Esmeralda pours wine on his wound] AAAAAGH! Yes! Mmmm. Feels like a 1470 burgundy. Not a good year.
[to Quasimodo, when he refuses to leave the bell tower and warn Esmeralda] She stood up for you! You've got a funny way of showing gratitude. Well, I'm not gonna sit by and watch Frollo massacre innocent people. You do what you think is right.
Citizens of Paris! Frollo has persecuted our people, ransacked our city - and now he has declared war on Notre Dame herself! WILL WE ALLOW IT?!
[repeated lines] Achilles, sit.
Archdeacon[ edit ]
[singing] See there the innocent blood you have spilt on the steps of Notre Dame.
[to Esmeralda] Don't worry. Minister Frollo learned years ago to respect the sanctity of the Church.
[singing] You can lie to yourself and your minions, you can claim that you haven't a qualm, but you never can run from nor hide what you've done from the eyes, the very eyes of Notre Dame!
Frollo! Have you gone mad?! I will not tolerate this assault on the house of God!
Clopin: Who is this creature?
Puppet: Who?
Clopin: And how did he come to be there?
Puppet: How?
Clopin: [hits the puppet with a stick] Hush!
Puppet: Ooow...
Clopin: And Clopin will tell you. It is a tale. A tale of a man...and a monster.
Frollo: Dear boy, whomever were you talking to?
Quasimodo: My...friends.
Frollo: I see. And what are your friends made of, Quasimodo?
Quasimodo: Stone.
Frollo: That's right. You're a smart lad.
Frollo: Shall we review your alphabet today?
Quasimodo: Oh. Yes, master, I'd like that very much.
Frollo: Very well. A?
Frollo: Good. F? [takes a sip of his drink]
Quasimodo: [distracted] Festival.
Frollo: [spits out his drink] Excuse me?
Quasimodo: F-Forgiveness!
Frollo: You said, "Festival." [slaps the book shut]
Quasimodo: No!
Frollo: You are thinking of going to the festival.
Quasimodo: I-It's just that you go every year.
Frollo: I am a public official, I must go; but I don't enjoy a moment! Thieves and cutpurses, the dregs of humankind, all mixed together in a shallow drunken stupor.
Quasimodo: I didn't mean to upset you, master.
Frollo: Quasimodo, can't you understand? When your heartless mother abandoned you as a child, anyone else would have drown you. And this is my thanks for taking you in and raising you as my son?
Quasimodo: I'm sorry, sir.
Frollo: Oh, my dear Quasimodo. You don't know what it's like out there. I do, I do....
[Referring to Esmeralda, who's dancing at the festival.]
Frollo: Look at that disgusting display.
Phoebus: [smitten by Esmeralda's beauty] Yes, sir!
[Esmeralda is holding Phoebus at sword-point.]
Phoebus: Easy, easy. I--I just shaved this morning.
Esmeralda: Oh, really? You missed a spot.
Esmeralda: You sneaky son of a...
Phoebus: [interrupting] Ah-ah-ah, watch it. You're in a church.
Phoebus: You fight almost as well as a man!
Esmeralda: Funny. I was going to say the same thing about you!
Esmeralda: Don't worry, Djali, if Frollo thinks he can keep us here, he's wrong.
Archdeacon: Don't act rashly, my child. You created...quite a stir at the festival. It would be unwise to arouse Frollo's anger further.
Esmeralda: You saw what he did out there! Letting the crowd torture that poor boy? I thought if just one person could stand up to him, then... [sighs] What do they have against people who are different, anyway?
Archdeacon: You can't right all of the wrongs of this world by yourself.
Esmeralda: No one out there is going to help me. That's for sure.
Archdeacon: Well, perhaps there's someone in here who can.
Victor: You mustn't run too fast, or she'll get away.
Quasimodo: I know, uh, that's what I...
Hugo: Just give her some slack, then reel her in! Then give her some slack, then reel her in! Then give her some slack...[Laverne hits him on the head] Ow!
Laverne: Knock it off, Hugo. She's a girl, not a mackerel!
Esmeralda: [to Quasimodo] And maybe Frollo's wrong about the both of us.
[Unbeknownst to them, the gargoyles are eavesdropping.]
Hugo: What did she say?
Laverne: Frollo's nose is long and wears a truss.
Hugo: Ha! Told you! Pay up!
Victor: Oh, dear. [Gives him a coin]
Hugo: Chump.
[Quasimodo had just driven Phoebus out of the Cathedral.]
Hugo: Hey, hey! There he is! [the gargoyles applaud and cheer Quasimodo]
Victor: Ebilisimo! You ejected that tin-plated bafoon with great panache!
Hugo: The nerve of him! Snoopin' around here tryin' to steal your girl.
Quasimodo: My girl?
Laverne: Esmeralda. Dark hair, works with a goat. Remember?
Hugo: Boy, I do. Way to go, lover boy!
Quasimodo: [chuckles] "Lover boy"? oh, no, no.
Laverne: Oh, don't be so modest.
Quasimodo: Look, I appreciate what you're all trying to do. But let's not fool ourselves. "Ugliest face in all Paris," remember? I don't think I'm her type.
Phoebus: Good morning, sir. [notices Frollo looking a little pale] Are you feeling all right?
Frollo: [after seeing visions of Esmeralda in his fire all night] I had a little...trouble with the fireplace.
[Frollo has barred a miller and his family inside their home]
Frollo: Burn it.
Phoebus: [disgusted] What?!
Frollo: Until it smolders. [places a torch in Phoebus's hand] These people are traitors and must be made examples of.
Phoebus: With all due respect sir, I was not trained to murder the innocent.
Frollo: But you were trained to follow orders. [Phoebus angrily douses the torch. Frollo snarls in outrage] Insolent coward!
Laverne: [to Quasimodo] We always said you were the cute one.
Hugo: [stuffing his mouth with cheese and bread] I thought I was the cute one!
Laverne: No, you're the fat, stupid one with the big mouth!
Hugo: [looks somewhat shocked, still with his mouth full] What're you sayin', exactly?
Phoebus: Esmeralda?
Esmeralda: Shh. Shh. Shh. You'll hide here until you're strong enough to move. [takes out a bottle of wine]
Phoebus: Great. I could use a drink. [Esmeralda carefully pours it over his wound] Agh! Yes, hmmm. Feels like a 1470 Burgundy. Not a good year.
Esmeralda: [starts stitching up Phoebus' wound] That family owes you their lives. You've got to be either the single bravest soldier I've ever seen or the craziest.
Phoebus: Ex-soldier, remember? [winces in pain] Why is it, whenever we meet, I end up bleeding?
Esmeralda: [finishes up] You're lucky. That arrow almost pierced your heart.
Phoebus: [holds her hand] I'm not so sure it didn't.
Quasimodo: This is the Court of Miracles?
Phoebus: Offhand, I'd say it's the Court of Ankle-Deep Sewage. Cheerful place.[chuckles] Kinda makes ya wish ya got out more often eh, Quasi?
Quasimodo: Not me. I just want to warn Esmeralda and get back to the bell tower before I get in more trouble.
Phoebus: Speaking of trouble, we should have run into some by now.
Quasimodo: What do you mean?
Phoebus: You know, a guard, a booby trap. [his torch is blown out] Or an ambush.
Esmeralda: [stopping Clopin as he is about to hang Quasimodo and Phoebus, since he thinks they are Frollo's spies] STOP!
Quasimodo and Phoebus: [muffled] Esmeralda!
Esmeralda: [untying Quasimodo and Pheobus] These men aren't spies, they're our friends!
Clopin: [apparently puzzled] Then why didn't they say so?
Quasimodo and Phoebus: We DID say so!
Phoebus: [to Esmeralda] Don't thank me, thank Quasimodo. Without his help, we never could have found our way here.
Frollo: [voiceover] Nor would I!
[Quasimodo is chained up, and the gargoyles are trying to get him to "wake up"]
Hugo: Come on Quasi, snap out of it.
Victor: Your friends are down there.
Quasimodo: It's all my fault.
Laverne: Ya gotta break these chains!
Quasimodo: I can't. I tried, what difference would it make?
Victor: But you can't let Frollo win!
Quasimodo: He already has.
Hugo: So you're, you're giving up? That's it?
Laverne: These chains aren't what's holding you back, Quasimodo.
Quasimodo: Leave me alone.
[All the gargoyles are shocked, and they slowly begin to "walk" away]
Hugo: Okay. Okay, Quasi. We'll leave ya alone.
Victor: After all, we're only made out of stone.
Laverne: We just thought maybe you were made of something stronger.
[The gargoyles then turn inanimate, leaving Quasimodo with that, "made of something stronger"]
[Quasimodo cries for Esmeralda, believing her to be dead; Frollo steps in]
Quasimodo: [whispering bitterly] You killed her.
Frollo: It was my duty. Horrible as it was, I hope you'll forgive me. [as Quasimodo continues to cry] There, there, Quasimodo. I know it hurts. But now the time has come to end your suffering... forever.
[Frollo draws a dagger, but Quasimodo notices his shadow and gasps in horror, and grabs Frollo's arm, and after a struggle, Quasimodo manages to snatch the dagger and corner Frollo, fuming.]
Frollo: [nervously] Now, now... L-Listen to me, Quasimodo--
Quasimodo: [furiously] No, you listen! All my life you've told me the world is a dark, cruel place, but now I see that the only thing dark [throws the dagger to the floor] and cruel about it is people like you!
Esmeralda: [weakly] Quasimodo?
Frollo: She lives. [draws his sword]
Quasimodo: NO!
[Quasimodo runs out of the room.]
[Frollo finds Quasimodo and Esmeralda]
Frollo: Leaving so soon? [swings his sword, but misses]
Soldier: [on ground] Look! Up there!
Quasimodo: HANG ON!
[Frollo is about to kill Esmeralda, but Quasimodo pushes her out of the way.]
Frollo: I should have known you would risk your life to save that gypsy witch, just as your own mother died trying to save you.
Quasimodo: [realizes what Frollo's saying] [shocked] What?
Frollo: Now, I'm going to do what I should have done...20 YEARS AGO!
[Frollo throws his cape over Quasimodo's face and tries to throw him down, and at the same time, Frollo also falls, but Quasimodo holds Frollo's cape, and Esmeralda grabs Quasimodo. Frollo sees a gargoyle and swings to it and grabs it.]
Esmeralda: [grunting] Hold on. Hold on.
[Quasimodo loses consciousness and drops Frollo's cape, as Frollo stands on top of the gargoyle and laughs evilly.]
Frollo: [last words] And He shall smite the wicked, and plunge them into the fiery pit!
[The gargoyle Frollo stands under starts crumbling, and he drops his sword and grabs the gargoyle as it roars, and he screams in horror as he falls into a sea of molten copper]
Esmeralda: [losing her grip] Quasimodo. Quasi-- [drops Quasimodo] NOOOOO!
[Phoebus catches Quasimodo, saving his life.]
[last lines]
Hugo: Good night, everybody! Whoo-hoo-hoo!
Hugo: Hey, Quasi, what's going on out there? A fight? A flogging?
Victor: A festival.
Hugo: You mean the Feast of Fools?
Quasimodo: Uh-huh.
Hugo: All right, all right! Pour the wine and cut the cheese.
Victor: It is a treat to watch the colorful pageantry of the simple peasant folk.
Hugo: Boy, nothin' like balcony seats for watching the ol' F.O.F.
Quasimodo: Yeah, watching. [Quasimodo leaves, downcast]
Hugo: Oh, look. A mime. [Hugo prepares to spit on the mime, Victor stops him and Hugo swallows]
[Paris was burning while Frollo and the guards were searching for Esmeralda. In the bell tower, Victor and Laverne were upset, looking out.]
Laverne: Oh, it doesn't look good.
Victor: It's hopeless. Absolutely hopeless.
Hugo: [Hugo, not paying attention, playing cards with a pigeon] You're telling me! I'm losing to a bird!
| The Hunchback of Notre-Dame |
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The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
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Theatrical poster by John Alvin
Directed by
Box office
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The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1996 American animated musical drama-romance film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released to theaters on June 21, 1996 by Walt Disney Pictures . The 34th animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series , the film is loosely based on Victor Hugo 's novel of the same name . The plot centers on Quasimodo , the deformed bell-ringer of Notre Dame and his struggle to gain acceptance into society.
The film is directed by Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale and produced by Don Hahn . The songs for the film were composed by Alan Menken and written by Stephen Schwartz , and the film features the voices of Tom Hulce , Demi Moore , Kevin Kline , Paul Kandel , Jason Alexander , Charles Kimbrough , David Ogden Stiers , Tony Jay , and Mary Wickes (in her final film role). It belongs to the era known as Disney Renaissance , which refers to the ten-year era between 1989 and 1999 when the Walt Disney Animation Studios returned to making successful animated films, recreating a public and critical interest in the Disney studios. The film is considered to be one of Disney's darkest animated motion pictures similar to films such as The Black Cauldron [1] and released during the same period of time in the 1990s that the first-run episodes of Disney's still-popular Gargoyles , with a similar degree of "darkness" in its own storyline, were airing on American television.
A direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II , was released in 2002.
Contents
Edit
In 1482 Paris , Clopin , a gypsy puppeteer, narrates the origin of the titular hunchback. A group of gypsies sneak illegally into Paris, but are ambushed by Judge Claude Frollo , the minister of justice, and his guards. A gypsy woman in the group attempts to flee with her deformed baby, but Frollo pursues and kills her outside Notre Dame . He tries to kill the baby as well, saying that it is an "unholy demon " from Hell, but is confronted by the cathedral's archdeacon , who accuses Frollo of murdering an innocent woman. To atone for his sin, Frollo agrees to raise the deformed child in Notre Dame as his son, naming him Quasimodo .
Twenty years later, Quasimodo develops into a kind yet isolated young man who dreams of seeing life outside the bell tower, but is told by Frollo that he is a monster and would be rejected by the outside world. Three living stone gargoyles serve as Quasimodo's only company and friends. The gargoyles encourage Quasimodo to attend the annually-held Festival of Fools. He goes but is stopped by Frollo who says he should stay inside the bell tower and forgives Quasimodo. Ignoring Frollo's advisories, Quasimodo attends the festival and he is celebrated for his bizarre appearance, only to be humiliated by the crowd after Frollo's men start a riot. Frollo refuses to help Quasimodo, but Esmeralda , a kind gypsy, intervenes and frees the hunchback, and uses a magic trick to evade arrest. Frollo confronts Quasimodo and sends him back inside the cathedral.
Esmeralda follows Quasimodo to find him, only to be followed by Captain Phoebus of Frollo's guard as well. Phoebus does not approve of Frollo's methods and refuses to arrest her for alleged witchcraft inside Notre Dame and has her confined to the cathedral. Esmeralda, encouraged by the Archdeacon, offers a prayer to God to help her and the outcast. Esmeralda finds and befriends Quasimodo, who helps her escape Notre Dame out of gratitude for defending him. Esmeralda entrusts Quasimodo with a pendant containing a map to the gypsies' hideout, the Court of Miracles. Frollo soon develops lustful feelings for Esmeralda and upon realizing them, Frollo begs the Virgin Mary (referring to her as Maria) to save him from her "spell" to avoid eternal damnation, after learning of her escape, engages a city-wide manhunt for her involving burns down numerous houses which he suspects would shelter gypsies in his way. The gargoyles try to make him feel better about himself. Phoebus, now realizing Frollo's evil reputation, defies him after being ordered to burn down the home of an innocent family and is ordered to be executed, but flees. Phoebus is briefly injured and falls into a river, but Esmeralda rescues him and takes him to Notre Dame for refuge.
Frollo returns to Notre Dame later that night and realizing that Quasimodo helped Esmeralda escape, bluffs that he knows about the Court of Miracles and that he intends to attack at dawn. Using the map Esmeralda gave Quasimodo, he and Phoebus find the court to warn the gypsies, only for Frollo to follow them and capture all the gypsies present. Frollo prepares to burn Esmeralda at the stake after refusing his advances, but Quasimodo, chained up inside the Bell Tower, manages to break free and rescue her in time, bringing her to the cathedral. Phoebus then frees himself and the gypsies and rallies the citizens of Paris against Frollo and his men, who attempt to break into the cathedral. Quasimodo and the gargoyles pour molten copper onto the streets to ensure no one enters, but Frollo successfully breaks in himself and pursues Quasimodo and Esmeralda to the balcony where both he and Quasimodo fall over the edge. Frollo falls to his death in the molten copper, while Quasimodo is caught in time by Phoebus on a lower floor. Afterward, Quasimodo is encouraged by both Phoebus and Esmeralda to leave the cathedral into the outside world, where the citizens hail him as a hero and accept him into society.
Differences from the book
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The Disney version, while retaining many themes and characters from the book, has some important differences: The main differences are that in the book:
Claude Frollo is an Arch-Deacon who takes pity on Quasimodo as an abandoned baby and adopts him. In both the film and the book, Frollo is very powerful, lusts after Esmeralda, and is the chief villain.
The talking gargoyles aren't present in the book.
Phoebus is a profligate and not a hero. Esmeralda is in love with Phoebus but it is unrequited.
Esmeralda is golden skinned, is the daughter of a French prostitute, and was kidnapped as a baby by a gypsy. She isn't outspoken like the Disney character. Quasimodo's love for her is mainly unrequited.
Esmeralda is saved by Quasimodo the first time she is about to be executed, and provided sanctuary in the Notre-Dame. However later on she is caught and hanged. Claude Frollo is killed by Quasimodo. Quasimodo's bones are found joined next to Esmeralda's in her tomb.
Analysis of the Movie
Edit
The Disney film contains many allusions to other works of literature, and contains several literary references. Here are some:
A talking gargoyle's name is Victor, and another's is Hugo. This is an allusion to the name ' Victor Hugo ' who wrote the original story.
One of the gargoyles, Victor, in a speech beginning with "If you chip us, will we not flake?" comically alludes to a famous passage in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice in which Shylock, the Jew, says "If you prick us, do we not bleed?"
Claude Frollo's self rigtheous prayer in the song 'Hellfire' is an allusion to the pharisee's prayer in a parable narrated by Jesus in the New Testament. See: Pharisee and the Publican .
Other literary devices include the use of contrast and irony such as in Esmeralda's song 'God help the outcast', in which the rich citizens pray for wealth, fame and "for glory to shine on their names" while the destitute Esmeralda prays for the poor and downtrodden.
Cast
Edit
Tom Hulce as Quasimodo – The bell-ringer of the Notre Dame Cathedral. He is physically deformed with a hunched back and is frequently told by his guardian Judge Claude Frollo that he is an ugly monster who will never be accepted into the outside world. However, Clopin 's opening song asks listeners to judge for themselves "who is the monster, and who is the man" of the two. James Baxter served as the supervising animator for Quasimodo.
Demi Moore as Esmeralda (singing voice by Heidi Mollenhauer ) – A beautiful, streetwise, talented, and always-barefoot gypsy girl who befriends Quasimodo and shows him that his soul is truly beautiful, even if his exterior is not. She is incredibly independent and opposes the horrible manners in which gypsies and outcasts are treated. Throughout the film, Esmeralda attempts to seek justice for her people and the outcasts (even offering a prayer to God help the outcasts). She falls in love with Captain Phoebus and helps Quasimodo understand that gypsies are good people. Tony Fucile served as the supervising animator for Esmeralda.
Tony Jay as Judge Claude Frollo – A ruthless and self-righteous judge who is Quasimodo's reluctant guardian. He has an intense hatred of the gypsy population, seeing them as "impure" and has a desire to annihilate their entire race. He also lusts after Esmeralda. Frollo generally thinks that everything he does is in God's will, even though the Archdeacon does not always approve of his actions. While he is attempting to kill both Esmeralda and Quasimodo, Frollo loses his balance and falls to his death on molten copper, symbolizing that he is damned to Hell for his sins. Kathy Zielinski served as the supervising animator for Frollo.
Kevin Kline as Captain Phoebus – A soldier who is Frollo's Captain of the Guard. He falls in love with (and later marries) Esmeralda. He is a heroic idealist with integrity and does not approve of Frollo's actions. This distinguishes him severely from his character in the original story. He has a horse named Achilles, to whom he says "Achilles, sit." on one of Frollo's soldiers twice. Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Phoebus and Achilles.
Paul Kandel as Clopin – The mischievous leader of the gypsies who will defend his people at all costs. He introduces the audience to the story, explaining how Quasimodo, the bell ringer from Notre Dame, got to be there. Michael Surrey served as the supervising animator for Clopin.
Charles Kimbrough , Jason Alexander , and Mary Wickes as Victor, Hugo, and Laverne – Three gargoyle statues who become Quasimodo's best friends and guardians. In the DVD audio commentary for Hunchback, Wise, Trousdale, and Hahn note that the gargoyles might exist only in Quasimodo's imagination and thus may well be split-off pieces of his own identity. However, most of their characteristics, including Hugo's strange infatuation with the goat Djali, seem unique to their manifestations when present. They also come to life even when Quasimodo isn't present, often commenting on what's happening. This was Mary Wickes ' final film. After Wickes' death, Jane Withers provided the remaining dialogue for Laverne in the film's sequel and related merchandise. David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Victor and Hugo, while Will Finn served as the supervising animator for Laverne.
David Ogden Stiers as The Archdeacon – A kind man who helps many characters throughout the film, including Esmeralda. He is the opposite of Frollo: kind, accepting, gentle, and wise. He is the only figure in the film with authority over Frollo while he is inside Notre Dame. He appears in the beginning of the movie when he orders Frollo to adopt Quasimodo for killing his mother. He does not always approve of Frollo's actions, and in the film's climax, Frollo, in his rage, openly defies him and knocks him down a flight of stairs. Dave Burgess served as the supervising animator for the Archdeacon.
Production
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Template:Refimprove According to producer Don Hahn, the original idea for the film came from development executive David Stain, who was inspired to turn Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame into an animated feature film after reading the Classics Illustrated comic book adaptation. Stain then proposed the idea to Disney, who called on Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale to work on the project. Wise and Trousdale were working on other projects at the time, but "none of them were quite gelling", so they "jumped at the chance" to do the film. According to Wise, they believed that it had "a great deal of potential...great memorable characters, a really terrific setting, the potential for fantastic visuals, and a lot of emotion." [2]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame is the second Disney animated film directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise after Beauty and the Beast in 1991. The duo had read the novel and were eager to make an adaptation, but made several changes in order to make the storyline more suitable for children. This included making the film's heroes, Quasimodo, Esmeralda, and Phoebus, kinder than in the novel, changing Frollo from Archdeacon to Judge (and creating an original Archdeacon character), adding sidekicks in the form of three anthropomorphized stone gargoyles, and keeping Quasimodo and Esmeralda alive at the end. This ending is perhaps more inspired by Hugo's opera libretto based on his own book, in which Esmeralda is saved by Phoebus at the end of the drama.
The film's animators visited the actual cathedral at Notre Dame in Paris for a few weeks. They made and took hundreds of sketches and photos in order to stay fully faithful to the architecture and detail.
Several of the film's voice actors had been part of past projects Trousdale and Wise attended. For example, Tony Jay and David Ogden Stiers , the voices of Judge Claude Frollo and the Archdeacon, respectively, had previously worked on Beauty and the Beast , providing the voices of Monsieur D'Arque and Cogsworth/the narrator respectively (although their characters did not share any scenes together). Also, Paul Kandel , the voice of Clopin , was chosen after the directors saw him playing the role of Uncle Ernie in the opera production of Tommy . Demi Moore was chosen for the role of Esmeralda based on her unusual voice, as the directors wanted a non-traditional voice for the film's leading lady.
Despite the changes from the original literary source material in order to ensure a G rating, the film does manage to address mature issues such as lust , infanticide , sin , profanity , religious hypocrisy , the concept of Hell , prejudice , and social injustice , as well as acceptance that Quasi yearns for. Songs also contain rather mature lyrical content such as the words "licentious" or " strumpet " which introduce the concept of sexual indulgence, as well as frequent verbal mentions of Hell. Also notably, it is the first Disney animated film to use the word " damnation ".
Music
Main article: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (soundtrack)
The film's soundtrack includes a musical score written by Alan Menken and songs written by Menken and Stephen Schwartz . Songs include " The Bells of Notre Dame " for Clopin, "Out There" for Quasimodo and Frollo, "Topsy Turvy" also for Clopin, "God Help the Outcasts" for Esmeralda, "Heaven's Light" and " Hellfire " for Quasimodo, the Archdeacon, and Frollo, "A Guy Like You" for the gargoyles and "The Court of Miracles" for Clopin and the gypsies.
Release
Edit
The film premiered on June 19, 1996 at the New Orleans Superdome , where it was played on six enormous screens. The premiere was preceded by a parade through the French Quarter , beginning at Jackson Square and utilizing floats and cast members from Walt Disney World . [3] The film was widely released two days later.
Reception
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The Hunchback of Notre Dame opened on June 21, 1996 to positive reviews. As of September 2011, Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a positive 73% based on 49 reviews with its consensus stating "Disney's take on the Victor Hugo classic is dramatically uneven, but its strong visuals, dark themes, and message of tolerance make for a more-sophisticated-than-average children's film". [4] Despite this approval rating, Rotten Tomatoes placed it on their list of Kids' Movies Inappropriate for Children. Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert rewarded the film 4 star calling it "the best Disney animated feature since Beauty and the Beast--a whirling, uplifting, thrilling story with a heart touching message that emerges from the comedy and song". [5] Some criticism, however, was provided by fans of Victor Hugo ’s novel , who were very unhappy with the changes Disney made to the material. Critics such as Arnaud Later , a leading scholar on Hugo, accused Disney of simplifying, editing and censoring the novel in many aspects, including the personalities of the characters. In his review, [6] Later wrote that the animators "don't have enough confidence in their own emotional feeling" and that the film "falls back on clichés." London's The Daily Mail called The Hunchback of Notre Dame "Disney's darkest picture, with a pervading atmosphere of racial tension, religious bigotry and mob hysteria" and "the best version yet of Hugo's novel, a cartoon masterpiece, and one of the great movie musicals". [1] Janet Maslin wrote in her New York Times review, "In a film that bears conspicuous, eager resemblances to other recent Disney hits, the film makers' Herculean work is overshadowed by a Sisyphean problem. There's just no way to delight children with a feel-good version of this story." [7]
In its opening weekend, the film opened in second place at the box office, grossing $21 million. The film saw small decline in later weeks and ultimately grossed just over $100 million domestically and over $325 million worldwide, making it the fifth highest grossing film of 1996. [8]
Awards
Edit
Disney has converted its adaptation of The Hunchback of Notre Dame into other media. For example, Disney Comic Hits #11, published by Marvel Comics , features two stories based upon the film. From 1997 to 2003 Disney-MGM Studios hosted a live-action stage show based on the film and Disneyland built a new theater-in-the-round and re-themed Big Thunder Ranch as Esmeralda's Cottage, Festival of Foods outdoor restaurant and Festival of Fools extravaganza, which is now multipurpose space accommodating private events and corporate picnics.
The film was adapted into a darker, more Gothic musical production, re-written and directed by James Lapine and produced by the Disney theatrical branch, in Berlin, Germany . The musical Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (translated in English as The Bellringer of Notre Dame) was very successful and played from 1999 to 2002, before closing. A cast recording was also recorded in German. There has been discussion of an American revival of the musical, which was confirmed by composer Alan Menken in November 2010. [13]
Sequels and spin-offs
Edit
In 2002, a direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II , was released on VHS and DVD. The plot focuses once again on Quasimodo as he continues to ring the bells now with the help of Zephyr, Esmeralda and Phoebus's son. He also meets and falls in love with a new girl named Madellaine who has come to Paris with her evil circus master, Sarousch. Disney thought that it was appropriate to make the sequel more fun and child-friendly due to the dark and grim themes of the original film.
Quasimodo, Esmeralda, Victor, Hugo, Laverne and Frollo all made guest appearances on the Disney Channel TV series House of Mouse . Frollo also can seen amongst a crowd of Disney Villains in Mickey's House of Villains .
Video games
Edit
In 1996, to tie in with the original theatrical release, The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games was released by Disney Interactive for the PC and the Nintendo Game Boy, which is a collection of mini games based around the Festival of Fools that includes a variation of Balloon Fight .
A world based on the movie, "La Cité des Cloches" (The City of Bells), made its debut appearance in the Kingdom Hearts series in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance . It was the first new Disney world confirmed for the game. All of the main characters except Clopin and the Archdeacon (although Quasimodo did mentioned him in the English version) appear.
References
| i don't know |
What are the bars or wire rods called which connect the hub of a wheel to its rim? | Suzuki Motorcycle Wheels and Rims Buying Guide | eBay
Suzuki Motorcycle Wheels and Rims Buying Guide
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February 29, 2016
There is something special about the way motorcycles look and feel. Riding them gives pleasure to many people because it allows for the expression of freedom and independence. Besides achieving a stylish effect and making a certain statement, motorcycles are also a cheaper means of transportation when compared to cars, as they consume less fuel. The initial costs, as well as maintenance and insurance costs, are also lower. When it comes to traffic jams, motorcycles simply slide past the congestion and get their riders to the final destination quickly.
Suzuki has produced motorcycles and other vehicles since the 1950's, and the company is renowned for its high-quality vehicles. The wheels and rims on any Suzuki motorcycle are interchangeable. Although they can be replaced when they are broken or worn, many people also use different wheel and rim designs in order to express their personalities, as these parts are available in various stylish designs. Moreover, new wheels and rims can also improve a motorcycle's performance. When buying wheels and rims for Suzuki motorcycles, it is essential to be informed about the types and features available. Wheels and rims can be purchased from motorcycle part dealers, or via online auction sites, such as eBay.
Suzuki Motorcycle Wheels
The wheels refer to metal parts, and the tyres , which are made of rubber, are not included in this definition. Motorcycle wheels can be made in several different ways. Often, the rim can be an inseparable part of the wheel, as when the metal part is cast from one piece. According to their structure, wheels are categorised as solid, spoke, and custom cut wheels. The different structures allow for different designs to suit anyone's needs.
Solid Suzuki Motorcycle Wheels
In the case of solid motorcycle wheels, the wheel rim and spokes, the bars that reach from the centre to the outer edge, are made from one piece of metal. Usually such wheels are made of aluminium. These wheels are also known as cast or forged wheels. This type of wheel allows for slightly fewer customisation options, as it is bought as a whole and does not have separate components that can be changed.
Spoke Suzuki Motorcycle Wheels
Spoke wheels include rims that are covered with spokes. The spokes are the wire rods that reach from the centre of the wheel to the outer edge. Laced with spokes, these rims are stronger than some other types, and they also add a certain stylish touch. The spokes may be either single-butted, single-gauge, or double-butted. The rims on spoke wheels are generally made of aluminium. This traditional wheel is very durable, as it may bend a little without breaking and still continue to function well. Spoke wheels can also be repaired quickly, because typically only the spokes need to be replaced, with the central hub usually remaining intact.
The spokes of a spoke wheel can be made from a variety of materials. The list includes galvanised steel and stainless steel (polished or unpolished). Galvanised steel can be painted, and it is therefore a suitable material for a person who may later wish to customise the motorcycle.
Custom Cut Suzuki Motorcycle Wheels
Custom cut motorcycle rims can be moulded into various shapes. Usually, such wheels are made of aluminium, which is then carved with intricate designs. The carving process is done with a computer. The options are limitless and it is possible to order complex designs, but this also means that the price is relatively high.
Suzuki Motorcycle Rims
The rims on the motorcycle are the outer edge of the wheel. If this part of the wheel breaks, there is not always a need to replace the entire wheel, although this may be necessary if the wheel is made from a single piece of metal.
Suzuki Motorcycle Rim Materials
Aluminium is a lightweight yet durable material that is often used for Suzuki motorcycle rims. Magnesium alloy is another popular material for Suzuki motorcycle rims. As with all other alloys, it is a combination of several metals. When made out of carbon fibre, the rims, and in turn, the whole motorcycle, can be very lightweight. Carbon fibre is quite an expensive material and it is mainly used by racers, who largely depend on the weight of their motorcycle for better performance. Stainless steel, steel mixed with chromium, is yet another popular wheel rim material because it does not tarnish or rust.
Motorcycle wheel rims are plated with chrome and nickel, which gives them a specific colour. Chrome is a popular finish that also protects the metal from corrosion and other external factors. However, keeping a chrome wheel rim in excellent condition does involve some work on the owner's part. Some cleaning and occasional waxing is required. Nickel has a silvery-white finish and gives the rim extra strength as well as protection from corrosion.
Suzuki Motorcycle Rim Diameter
The rim diameter refers to the inner diameter of the metal rim. It is the distance from side to side, through the centre of the wheel. As the tyre is mounted on the rim, the rim diameter should be carefully considered when buying any parts, be it either the wheel, rim, or the tyre. This way, the parts are compatible with each other and can be used on the motorcycle.
Suzuki Motorcycle Rim Width
The rim width is also an important measurement when trying to find a motorcycle rim with the correct size. The rim width is designated with a letter, and each letter represents a certain rim width range. The range is typically measured in inches.
Rim Width Code
| Spoke |
The Kaizer Chiefs is a premier league football team in which country? | Wheel Anatomy 101: Structure
Wheel Anatomy 101: Structure
By Sean Phillips
Updated October 02, 2016.
Welcome to Wheel Anatomy 101. Today we will be reviewing the major structural aspects of automotive wheels, focusing on the outboard, or structural face of the wheel. Students, if you will all take your seats, we can begin the class.
The outboard face is the part of the wheel you can see when it is bolted onto the car. We often refer to it as the “cosmetic face” but it is also the structural face of the wheel, since the other side is essentially required to be an open cylinder. This makes the outer faceless directly vulnerable to impact damage, since it is simply easier to bend the open cylinder than the structure, but it can also make the damage that does occur a lot worse.
To see standard wheel diagrams, click here , and here . You may find it useful to right-click and open the links in new tabs in order to refer to the diagrams while class is proceeding.
Center Bore
Structurally, the empty space inside the center bore is one of the most important points on the wheel.
This hole fits over the end of the axle when the wheel is bolted on. It is this fit between the axle seat and the center bore that truly holds the weight of the car, as lugnuts only serve to keep the wheel on the axle. For this reason, OEM wheels are made to fit closely on the axle seats of their designated cars. When buying aftermarket rims, care must be taken to ensure that the center bore is the same or larger than the OEM size - large enough to fit over the axle. Most correct aftermarket wheels will have center bores that are larger than the OEM size, and so the gap between must be filled by “ hub-centric spacers ” to avoid damaging both wheels and lugnuts.
Plate
Around the center bore there is generally a substantial piece of metal interrupted only by the bolt holes. We call this the plate. The plate is the core of the wheel, the point of contact to the axle seat, the lug bolts and the lateral surface of the rotor. Everything else on the wheel is connected back to the plate.
Spokes
In essence, the spokes are the structures between the plate and the outer edge of the wheel. They are designed to tie the wheel together, support the outer edge and resist impacts. Spoke designs vary wildly, from the classic 5-spoke patterns to intricately overlapping multiple “Y”-spoke extravaganzas. It's important to note that the strength and damage resistance of spoke designs also vary, because if a spoke gets cracked by an impact the nature of the structural relationship is such that attempting to repair it by welding would be unwise and possibly dangerous.
Dish
Although it also refers to the outer part of a 3-piece wheel, the dish is generally thought of as that portion of the wheel that comes out beyond the spokes. A wheel where the spokes are sunk inches below the lip is a “deep-dish wheel.” Deep-dish wheels are mostly made for looks, with the extra space being used to showcase a polish or other nice finish. However, the deeper the dish, the more vulnerable the face of the wheel is to impact damage, as that outer rim is hanging out in space. The more distance from the spokes, the more leverage an impact has to bend that outer rim , or in the worst-case fold the dish against a spoke and crack it. This kind of crack is also not safe to repair, since the repair is inevitably weaker than the original and can fail catastrophically.
Bolt Circle
The bolt circle is the circle described by the centers of the lug bolts. Its diameter is inexplicably called the Bolt Circle Diameter, or BCD. The number of bolts plus the BCD comprises the bolt pattern , so that 5 lug bolts at a 4.5 inch BCD can be described as a 5x4.5” bolt pattern. Bolt patterns vary between car makers, sometimes even between model lines. For example, most BMW wheels are 5x120mm except some very early 4x100mm models, while almost all Mercedes wheels are 5x112mm, which is why you can't crossfit wheels from one to the other.
Valve Stem
Somewhere on the wheel a small hole must be drilled for a valve stem , that universal mechanism by which we fill our tires with air. Just that small hole will often make one side of the wheel lighter than the other side – enough so that a good spin balancer will often have to compensate for it. Valve stems range from the good old-fashioned snap-in rubber stems to fancy metal stems with rubber gasket seals to the current mandated explosion of TPMS modules with valve stems on them.
This completes our module on the structural aspects of automotive wheels. Thank you for your attention, and please join us next time for Wheel Anatomy 201, which will concentrate on the outer barrel and energy transfer points of the wheel.
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In September 1983, 38 Irish Republican Army prisoners escaped from which prison in the largest prison escape in British history? | Clones Failte – The Great Escape 1983 [25th Sept 1983]
The Great Escape 1983 [25th Sept 1983]
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The escape from the H-Blocks of Long Kesh (known as the Great Escape) took place on 25 September 1983. In the biggest prison escape in British history, 38 Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) prisoners, who had been convicted of offences including murder and causing explosions, escaped from H-Block 7 (H7) of the prison. One prison officer died of a heart attack as a result of the escape and twenty others were injured, including two who were shot with guns that had been smuggled into the prison.The escape was a propaganda coup for the IRA, and a British government minister faced calls to resign. The official inquiry into the escape placed most of the blame onto prison staff, who in turn blamed the escape on political interference in the running of the prison.
HM Prison Maze was considered one of the most escape-proof prisons in Europe. In addition to 15-foot (4.6 m) fences, each H-Block was encompassed by an 18-foot (5.5 m) concrete wall topped with barbed wire, and all gates on the complex were made of solid steel and electronically operated. Prisoners had been planning the escape for several months. Bobby Storey and Gerry Kelly had started working as orderlies in H7, which allowed them to identify weaknesses in the security systems, and six handguns had been smuggled into the prison. Shortly after 2:30 pm on 25 September, prisoners seized control of H7 by simultaneously taking the prison officers hostage at gunpoint in order to prevent them from triggering an alarm. One officer was stabbed with a craft knife, and another was knocked down by a blow to the back of the head. One officer who attempted to prevent the escape was shot in the head by Gerry Kelly, but survived. By 2:50 pm the prisoners were in total control of H7 without an alarm being raised. A dozen prisoners also took uniforms from the officers, and the officers were also forced to hand over their car keys and details of where their cars were, for possible later use during the escape. A rear guard was left behind to watch over hostages and keep the alarm from being raised until they believed the escapees were clear of the prison, when they returned to their cells. At 3:25 pm, a lorry delivering food supplies arrived at the entrance to H7, where Brendan McFarlane and other prisoners took the occupants hostage at gunpoint and took them inside H7. The lorry driver was told the lorry was being used in the escape, and he was instructed what route to take and how to react if challenged. Bobby Storey told the driver that “This man [Gerry Kelly] is doing 30 years and he will shoot you without hesitation if he has to. He has nothing to lose”.
At 3:50 pm the prisoners left H7, and the driver and a prison orderly were taken back to the lorry, and the driver’s foot tied to the clutch. 37 prisoners climbed into the back of the lorry, while Gerry Kelly lay on the floor of the cab with a gun pointed at the driver, who was also told the cab had been booby trapped with a hand grenade. At nearly 4:00 pm the lorry drove towards the main gate of the prison, where the prisoners intended to take over the gatehouse. Ten prisoners dressed in guards’ uniforms and armed with guns and chisels dismounted from the lorry and entered the gatehouse, where they took the officers hostage. At 4:05 pm the officers began to resist, and an officer pressed an alarm button. When other staff responded via an intercom, a senior officer said while being held at gunpoint that the alarm had been triggered accidentally. By this time the prisoners were struggling to maintain control in the gatehouse due to the number of hostages. Officers arriving for work were entering the gatehouse from outside the prison, and each was ordered at gunpoint to join the other hostages. Officer James Ferris ran from the gatehouse towards the pedestrian gate attempting to raise the alarm, pursued by Dermot Finucane. Ferris had already been stabbed three times in the chest, and before he could raise the alarm he collapsed.
Finucane continued to the pedestrian gate where he stabbed the officer controlling the gate, and two officers who had just entered the prison. This incident was seen by a soldier on duty in a watch tower, who reported to the Army operations room that he had seen prison officers fighting. The operations room telephoned the prison’s Emergency Control Room (ECR), which replied that everything was all right and that an alarm had been accidentally triggered earlier. At 4:12 pm the alarm was raised when an officer in the gatehouse pushed the prisoner holding him hostage out of the room and telephoned the ECR. However, this was not done soon enough to prevent the escape. After several attempts the prisoners had opened the main gate, and were waiting for the prisoners still in the gatehouse to rejoin them in the lorry. At this time two prison officers blocked the exit with their cars, forcing the prisoners to abandon the lorry and make their way to the outer fence which was 25 yards away. Four prisoners attacked one of the officers and hijacked his car, which they drove towards the external gate. They crashed into a car near the gate and abandoned the car. Two escaped through the gate, one was captured exiting the car, and another was captured after being chased by a soldier. At the main gate, a prison officer was shot in the leg while chasing the only two prisoners who had not yet reached the outer fence. The prisoner who fired the shot was captured after being shot and wounded by a soldier in a watch tower, and the other prisoner was captured after falling. The other prisoners escaped over the fence, and by 4:18 pm the main gate was closed and the prison secured, after 35 prisoners had successfully breached the perimeter of the prison. The escape was the biggest in British history, and the biggest in Europe since World War II.
Outside the prison the IRA had planned a logistical support operation involving 100 armed members, but due to a miscalculation of five minutes the prisoners found no transport waiting for them and were forced to flee across fields or hijack vehicles. The British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary immediately activated a contingency plan, and by 4:25 pm a cordon of vehicle check points were in place around the prison, and others were later in place in strategic positions across Northern Ireland, resulting in the recapture of one prisoner at 11:00 pm. Twenty prison officers were injured during the escape, thirteen were kicked and beaten, four stabbed, two shot, and another, James Ferris, died after suffering a heart attack during the escape.
| HM Prison Maze |
Who was British Poet Laureate 1850 to 1892, the longest tenure of any British laureate? | 1983 Maze Prison Escape | Full Documentary HD - YouTube
1983 Maze Prison Escape | Full Documentary HD
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Published on Aug 28, 2015
Prisons Documentaries
The Maze Prison escape (known to Irish republicans as the Great Escape) took place on 25 September 1983 in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. HM Prison Maze (also known as Long Kesh) was a maximum security prison considered to be one of the most escape-proof prisons in Europe, and held prisoners convicted of taking part in armed paramilitary campaigns during the Troubles. In the biggest prison escape in British history, 38 Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) prisoner escaped from H-Block 7 (H7) of the prison. One prison officer died of a heart attack as a result of the escape and twenty others were injured, including two who were shot with guns that had been smuggled into the prison. The escape was a propaganda coup for the IRA, and a British government minister faced calls to resign. The official inquiry into the escape placed most of the blame onto prison staff, who in turn blamed the escape on political interference in the running of the prison.
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In June 1975, Mozambique gained independence from which European country? | Mozambique Independence
Online Quiz
Mozambique Independence
Mozambique Independence brought freedom to the country of Mozambique. After the World War II, when several European nations were granting independence for their colonies, Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, the dictator of Portugal stuck to the concept that Mozambique are overseas provinces of the mother country, and emigration to the colonies raised high.
The drive for Mozambique independence developed with a great pace, and in 1962 many anti-colonial political groups had formed the Front for the Mozambique Liberation, in September 1964, this initiated an armed campaign against the colonial rule of Portugal. This conflict, initiated the other Portuguese colonies of Angola and Guinea-Bissau to become a part of the so-called Portuguese Colonial War.
After 10 years of warfare and Portugal's return to democracy FRELIMO took over the total control of the capital through a coup in April, 1974. Within a year, most of the Portuguese colonists had left, some had been chucked out by the new government while some other fled in fear. Finally on 25th June 1975 Mozambique got its independence.
Portugal's policy of under-developing its colonies along with its rapid exodus left Mozambique with a very few number of human resources. Some of the historical evidence claimed that the country had been left with less than five engineers after June, 1975. During the year 2001, the economic growth could still be seen in cities of Beira, that Once had been a booming holiday hub on the coast. It is said to be the second largest city in Mozambique, with a population of around 300,000.
FRELIMO responded greatly to the Cold War politics and lack of resources and set up a one-party Socialist state. Since then it started receiving adequate international aid from Cuba and the Soviet bloc nations.
| Portugal |
US film director and actor Shelton Jackson Lee is better known by what name? | APWorldHistoryWiki - A - African Nations Gain Independence - Struggles in Africa
A - African Nations Gain Independence - Struggles in Africa
Zoe Norris, Baylee Nichols, Kenzie Casement, Brooklyn Arnold
Geograpically Diverse Continent
Africa is the second largest continent in the world. It has tropical rainforests,
savannas, and deserts. It also has fertile coastal strips in North and South
Africa. Most people live around the fertile areas. The land produces enough food
for big populations making it possible for larger colonies to thrive. Africa is known for
having lots of minerals such as gold ore, copper ore, and diamonds. They also
produce crops like coffee and cocoa. These are just some of the main reasons why
European powers wanted to stay in control and do just about anything to maintain them.
Savannas(n.): grasslands with scattered trees
Colonies Demand Independence
Thousands of African people started to demand freedom from the European leaders.
Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Leopold Senghor led independence movements in their
countries. In some countries, political pressure was enough to get independence, this method
worked well for British colonies that became Nigeria and Ghana and in most of France's West
African colonies. Unfortunately not all countries were that lucky. In countries such as Algeria and Kenya,
the battle for liberation became violent.
Kwame Nkrumah
Jomo Kenyatta: (1894-1974) Born in a small Kikuyu village, and
educated at a Christian mission. As an adult he quickly became
a very strong nationalist. He became an anticolonial organizer
and fought long and hard for the independence of Kenya.
Checkpoint Question: Why did European powers resist independence for
their African colonies? The European powers wanted the African colonies
resources like rich deposits of minerals, cash crops, and petroleum.
Africans Build New Nations
Some new African nations has peace but others broke out in civil war,
military rule, or corrupt dictators.
Confronting Ethnic Divisons
The European powers had drawn colony lines without regard of the thousands
of ethnic groups. Many nations gained independence with people that had different
religions and languages and were more focused on putting forth their loyalty to their
ethnic groups, not a national government. Because of this, there was a lot of
ethnic and regional conflict.
Many countries had one-party political systems rather than multiparty systems. It was
believed that multiparty systems encouraged disunity. Although, many of the one-party
systems turned into dictatorships. The down side of these particular dictatorships
was that the dictators used their power to enrich themselves, and a certain batch of
lucky people. Because of this, military's often took control. More than half of
African nations faced a coup d'etat. Some of these military leaders wished to improve
awful conditions and restore civilian rule, but that wish was never granted
to the people. Other military leaders became brutal tyrants.
coup d'etat(n.): forcible overthrow of a government
Moving Toward Democracy
As military's often ruled many of the colonies, a democratic government was
desired. In the mean time, Western governments and the World bank required
reforms as a condition for loans. Because of this, some governments made
changes. Many legalized opposition parties and allowed the freedom of speech.
In nations such as Tanzania, Nigeria, and Benin, multiparty elections took place,
removing long-ruling leaders from office.
Election Campaign held in Tanzania
Foreigners Jostle for Influence
Unfortunately, although many African nations gained political freedom, colonial powers
still maintained control of local business. Because of this, many nations remained
dependent economically on their former colonies.
During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union often competed for military
and strategic advantages through alliances with many African countries. The United States
supported Mobutu Sese Seko, a dictator of Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo), and they also
supported Somalia. On the other hand, the Soviet Union supported Ethiopia. Many of the African
countries struck the interest of the superpowers, mostly because they wanted to gain
control of the Red Sea.
Mobutu Seso Seko(n.): 1930-1997, Dictator of Zaire 1965-1997
Red Sea(n.): Vital shipping route connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa
Checkpoint Question: Why have African countries moved toward democracy in recent years?
They did not like their political polocies and didn't think they were fair. Also, United States alliances
let African countries see what a democracy is like.
The Stories of Five African Nations
The new African nations all faced many of the same challenges, although
each nation has a unique history behind how they gained their independence.
Ghana
Ghana was the first African nation south of the Sahara to gain freedom from the British.
In the 1940's Kwame Nkrumah rised to power of an independence movement
by organizing rallies and political speeches against the British. In 1957, Ghana had finally
won their battle. Nkrumah was elected the first president of Ghana and did many things
to change the system they were used to. Nkrumah advocated socialism and nationalized
many businesses. As time went on, the once democracy slowly turned into a dictatorship.
In 1966, Nkrumah overthrown by the first of several military coups in Ghana.
In 1981, a young military officer named Jerry Rawlings stepped forward. He slowly
started to strengthen Ghana's economy, which is largely based on sales of cocoa and gold.
He also restored democracy in Ghana. He then won a free election in 1992 and then lost
to an opponent in 2001.
Jerry J. Rawlings
Stuggle for Independence in Kenya
For thousands of Kenyans, freedom was only granted after a long, agonizing, armed struggle. African
farmers had lost many of their land and jobs to white settlers. The settlers took over much of the
fertile highlands making it difficult for the village of Kikuyu to prosper. The settlers claimed it as their
land but the people of Kikuyu begged to differ. Jomo Kenyatta, the leadingspokesman of the Kikuyu
said "The land is ours. When Europeans came,they kept us back and took our land." Kenyatta
was a nonviolent activist and used nonviolent methods to fight oppressive laws. Although, in the 1950's
more radical leaders stepped forward and turned to guerrilla warfare.These rebels burned farms
and attacked settlers and Africans who were known to have helped or work with the settlers.
The British called theseguerrillas the 'Mau Mau'. To end the violence, British has Kenyatta arrested
and killed thousands of Kikuyu. The rebels were crushed with no leader,but the movement lived on.
Kenyatta became a national hero and in 1963, the year of his release, he was made the
first leader of an independent Kenya. As president, Kenyatta jailed those who opposed him and outlawed
opposition parties.
Throughout the 1800's, France had conquered much of Alergia. Millions of French
people had settled there over time. They were very much determined to keep
the Algerian people from winning independence. Because of this, Algerian nationalists
set up the National Liberation Front. In 1954, this group turned to guerrilla warfare.
The French though, had just recently lost one of their asian colony in Vietnam so they
were very reluctant to lose their Algerian colony. The French sent 500,000 troops to
maintain their possession. The main reason though as to why they wanted to control
Algeria still though was because in the 1950's oil and natural gases had been discovered
there.
freedom lived on, hundreds of thousands of Algerians lost their lives.
Eventually, the public opinions of the French people spoke out and rediculed
the war causing it to end. In the year 1962, Algeria had won its freedom.
In 1965, a coupe had taken over and a long period of military ruled had begun. In the 1960's
and 1970's, Algerians had started a command economy based on oil and gas exports.
In the 1980's the country had then returned to a market economy and in 1992, the
government had allowed free elections and an Islamist party had won most of the votes.
Due to this, the military had rejected the election results and seven long years of civil war
had broke out. Since 1999, the government has stopped the fighting but tense
feelings remain. Critics have accused the government of rigging elections.
command economy(n.): system in which government officials make all basic economic decisions
market economy(n.): an economy that relies on market forces to allocate goods and resources to
determine prices
Islamist Party(n.): People who want government polocies to be based on the teachings of Islam
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The DRC was formerly a Belgian colony that covered a vast region of Central Africa.
At least 1,000,000sq.mi. consist of rain forests and savannas located near the Congo River
basin. The region contains many valuble natural resouces such as diamonds and copper of
Katanga province. In 1960, the Congo urged to declare the colony independent even though
the Congolese were not ready for a self-government system which allowed Belgian people
to maintain control over mining companies and working with poloticians in Katanga. Patrice
Lumumba, the first prime minister of the independent Congo, asked for Soviet help
to fight back agaisnt the Belgian-backed rebels. The United States on the other hand
supported Lumumba's rival, Colonel Joseph Mobutu. Mobutu captured Lumumba
and she was executed shortly after. In 1963, the United Nations ended
the Katanga and in 1965 Mobutu overthrew Congo's government and ruled as a
military dictator. Mobutu's harsh and corrupt rule let poverty and instabilities in
the Congo get worse over time. In 1997, he was exiled and a civil war broke out
for six years. In 2003, ceasefire brought uneasy peace but the country remains
divided between the east and the west, and between many ethinic groups.
Katanga(n.): copper-mining region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mobutu Seso Seko:
President of the Congofrom 1965 to 1997. He served in the country's army and later became a journalist. Through press contacts, he met several influential politicians and eventually was appointed to high positions. He reigned during the Rwandan genocide and formed an authoritarian regime. He died in exile in 1997.
Nigeria
Nigeria has the highest population count in all of Africa. Its people being to
thousands of ethnic groups, but three of them dominate. The Christian Ibo and
Yoruba people live in the south, and the Muslim Hausa dominate the north. After
WWll, the British gave into the idea of Nigerian independence and the country of
Nigera won independence peacefully in 1960.
In 1961, a discovery of oil in the southeast and raised high hopes for the new nations
economic future. Unfortunately though, due to regional, ethnic, and religious differences
led to many conflicts. In 1966, Nigeria suffered the first of several military coups. The
second coup help 1966 was led by northern Muslim officers which led to a rebellion
in the southeast by the Ibo people, who then declared independence as the Republic
of Biafra. Following the rebellion was a 3 year war. In the end of it all though, Nigeria's
military defeated the Biafran rebels and ended all hoped of Biafra independence.
Throughout the 1970's and 80's, a series of military rulers suppressed opposition and
diverted much of the country's oil earnings for their own good. Opposition to military rule
increased during the 1990's. Finally in 1999, a military government eventually
allowed free elections. After the return to democracy, Nigera's people faced and increase
in crimes. Meanwhile, ethnic and religious divisions gave rise to renewed violence.
Biafran War
Checkpoint Question: How did Biafra and Katanga
reflect the challenges to unity that the new African nations
faced? They were often out powered by a bigger military
rule or colony. Most often, it was a struggle for independence
and took many years of war to win their freedom.
Struggles In Africa
During the 50's and the 60's, many African nations were gaining independence.
However, due to many ethnic diversities, religious beliefs, and languages, their freedom
was hard to maintain under the governments control.
South Africa Struggles for Freedom
The win for freedom in South Africa is very different from any other independence gain
in Africa. They won self-rule from Britain in 1910, however freedom was limited to white
settlers. Although whites only made up 20% of the population, they still controlled the
government. They eventually passed laws that strictly limited the black minority.
Apartheid Divides South Africa
In 1948, the government expanded the existing system of racial segregation, which
created an apartheid . Under apartheid, all South Africans were registered by race.
Black, White, Colored (people of mixed ancestry), and Asian. Apartheid's supporters
claimed that it would allow each race to develop its own culture. It was mainly designed
to control over South Africa. Under apartheid, nonwhites faced many restrictions.
Blacks were treated like foreigners in their own land.
Under the passed laws, they had to get permission to travel. Other laws
banned marriages between races, and required segregated restaurants, beaches, and schools.
Black workers were paid less than whites for the same jobs. Blacks could not own land in
most areas even.
Low wages and inferior schooling condemned most blacks to poverty.
apartheid(n.): separation of the races
Apartheid: was a system of racial segregation enforced through legislation by
the National Party governments, who were the ruling party from 1948 to 1994,
of South Africa, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa
were curtailed and white supremecy and Afrikaner minority rule as maintained. Apartheid
was developed after WWll by the Afrikaner dominated National Party and Broederbond
organizations and was practiced also in South West Africa which was administered by South
Africa under a Leauge of Nationsmandate (revoked in 1966), until it gained independence as Namibia
in 1990.
Fighting For Majority Rule
The African National Congress (ANC) was the main organization that opposed to the apartheid
and led the struggle for majority rule. In the 50's, the ANC organized marches, boycotts, and strikes.
In 1960, police gunned down 69 men, women, and children during a peaceful demonstration
in Sharpeville. The Sharpeville massacre and crackdown pushed the ANC to shift from nonviolent
to armed struggle. Some people like Nelson Mandela went underground. As an ANC leader,
Mandela had first mobilized young South Africans to peacefully resist apartheid laws. As the government
violence grew, Mandela joined ANC militants who called for armed struggle against the white minority
government. In the early 60's, Mandela was arrested, tried, and condemned to life in prision for
treason against the apartheid. While Mandela was in prison he remained a popular leader and powerful
symbol of the struggle for freedom. In the 80's, demands for and end to apartheid and for Mandelas
release increased. Many countries, including the United States, imposed economic sanctions on
South Africa. In 1984, black South African bishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize
for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid.
Nelson Mandela
ANC(n.): Head leaders to oppose to the apartheid
Sharpeville(n.): Black township
Nelson Mandela(n.): Arrested for treason, encouraged to rebel against apartheid
served as president 1994-1999
Desmond Tutu(n.): Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolence
Checkpoint Question: What factors finally brought an end to apartheid
in South Africa?
Outside pressures and protests at home convinced president F.W. Klerk to end
the apartheid. He freed Mandela and lifted the ban on the ANC.
South Africa's Neighbors Face Long Conflicts
In Southern Africa, the road to freedom was longer and more violent than
what other nations had to overcome. For many years the apartheid
government of South Africa supported white minority rule in neighboring
Namibia and Zimbabwe. Britain and France gave up their African possessions,
Portugal clung fiercely to its colonies in Angola and Mozambique. In response,
nationalist movements turned to guerrilla warfare. Fighting raged on for 15 years,
until Portugal agreed to withdraw from Africa. In 1975, Angola and Mozambique
celebrated independence.
Independence did not end the fighting, however. Civil wars, fueled by Cold War
rivalries went on for years. South Africa and the United States saw the new nations as
threats because some liberation leaders had ties to Soviet Union or the ANC. The US
and South Africa aided a rebel group fighting the new government of Angola. South
Africa alone aided Mozambique. The fighting didn't stop until 1992, in Mozambqiue
and 2002 in Angola. Although, tensions remained afterwords. Slowly, they have
both begun to rebuild.
Checkpoint Question: Why did fighting continue after Agnola
and Mozambique achieved independence?
Because of the tensions that remained in the air caused by the Cold War
alliances and ties.
After independence, ethnic conflicts plagued several African nations. The causes were
complex. Historic resentments divided ethnically diverse nations. Unjust governments
and regional rivalries fed ethnic violence.
Rwanda and Burundi Face Deadly Divisions
The small nations of Rwanda, in Central Africa, faced one of Africa's deadliest civil wars.
The Rwandan people included two main groups. Hutus were the majority group, but the
minority Tutsis had long dominated Rwanda. Both groups spoke the same language, but
they had different traditions. After independence, tensions between the two groups simmered.
Conditions worsened in the early 1990's. In 1994, extremist Hutu officials urged civilians
to kill their Tutsi and moderate Hutu neighbors. Around 800,000 Tutsis and Hutus were
slaughtered. Another 3,000,000 of Rwanda's 8,000,000 people lost their homes to
destructive mobs. As the death rate rised, the international community failed to act.
After several months of this, France finally sent in troops to stop the madness.
With United Nations assistance, Rwanda set about rebuilding and recovering from the
horrors of genocide.Those accused of genocide faced trials in an international court.
Hutus and Tutsis had to find ways to live peacefully. World leaders pledged to stop any future
genocide wherever it might occur. Their readiness, however, was limited.
The neighboring nation of Burundi had a similar population and history.
As in Rwanda, tensions between Tutsis and Hutus led to civil war during the 90's.
While the fighting did not lead to genocide such as in Rwanda, guerrilla
groups fought for much longer in Burundi. Although several guerrilla groups
signed a peace treaty in 2000, fighting continued in the years followed.
Rwandan Genocide
Hutus(n.):group that forms the majority in Rwanda and Burundi
Tutsis(n.): main minority group in Rwanda and Burundi
Genocide(n.): deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious
or ethnic group
Rwandan Genocide: Over the course of approximately 100 days
through mid-July, over 500,000 people were killed, according to a
Human Rights Watch estimate. Estimates of the death toll have
ranged between 500,000 and 1,000,000 , or as much as 20% of the
country's total population. It was the culmination of longstanding
ethnic competition and tensions between the minority Tutsi, who
had controlled power for centuries, and the majority Hutu peoples,
who had come to power in the rebellion of 1959–62 and overthrown
the Tutsi monarchy.
After independence, Sudan's Arab Muslim north dominated the non-Muslim, non-Arab south.
Arab-led governments enacted laws and policies that discriminated against non-Muslims
and against other ethnic groups. For example, the government tried to impose Islamic law
even in non-Muslim areas. For decades, rebel groups in the south battled northern domination.
War, famine, and droughts caused millions of deaths and forced many more to flee their homes.
However, in 2004, southern rebels signed a peace agreement with Sudan's government.
The southern rebels agreed to stop fighting, and the government agreed to give the south
limited self-government, power in Sudan's national government, and freedom from Islamic Law.
Also in 2004, ethnic conflict had also spread to Sudan's western region of Darfur. This conflict
raised fears of a new genocide. Arab militias, backed by the government, unleashed terror on the
non-Arab Muslim people of Darfur. They burned villages and drove hundreds of thousands of
farmers off the land that fed them and into refugee camps, where they faced the threat of
starvation. The UN, the US, and other nations organized a huge aid effort to help refugees.
Darfur(n.):a region in western Sudan where ethnic conflict threatened to lead to genocide.
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Who won the 1990 Wimbledon Ladies Singles Tennis Championship? | Wimbledon - Tennis Topics - ESPN
Past Winners
The Championships, Wimbledon, is an annual tennis tournament held each year in London. Wimbledon is the oldest tennis championship in the world and is considered by many the most prestigious, as well. It is one of the four Grand Slam tournaments -- the third in the calendar year -- and the only Grand Slam event held on grass.
Wimbledon takes place each summer in June and July at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London. The tournament has garnered fame both for its exceptional tennis and its well-known traditions, such as the serving of strawberries and cream and Pimm's and lemonade.
Wimbledon hosts championships for men's and women's singles and doubles, as well as mixed doubles. The tournament also has junior and invitational events during its two-week span.
The Wimbledon Championships began in 1877, when the All England Club, founded solely as a croquet club, embraced the fast-growing sport of lawn tennis. The club decided to host a championship and, before it could do so, put together a set of rules and regulations for the sport (which are very similar to those used today).
In 1877, the first year of the Lawn Tennis Championship, the club hosted only a gentlemen's singles competition. The first winner was Spencer Gore, who beat out a 22-man field. About 200 spectators attended the tournament. The tournament was considered a success, and it became an annual event. From the formation of the event until 1922, the previous year's champion received a bye into the final round, resulting in multiple repeat winners in the tournament's first few decades.
Seven years after the first tournament, women were invited to play for the first time. Maud Watson was the first champion of that 1884 ladies' singles competition, winning out of a field of 13. Gentlemen's doubles were introduced in the same year, after the Oxford University club ended its doubles championship in 1883.
Tennis was beginning to grow in popularity as a spectator sport. The growth of the sport and of the Wimbledon Championships was owed partly to the success of William and Ernest Renshaw, British twins who combined for 13 singles and doubles titles in eight years between 1881 and 1889. That period of surging interest among London spectators became known as the "Renshaw Rush."
By 1900, Wimbledon was of international interest. In 1905, the Championships had its first overseas titleholder: American May Sutton, who won the ladies' singles. Two years later (as Sutton won her second title), Australian Norman Brookes won the men's singles competition, becoming the first men's international winner. Since that year, only two British men have won the men's singles event.
After play was interrupted during World War I, the tournament moved into a new home when the club built much larger grounds on Church Road across town in Wimbledon. The centerpiece of that stadium, the current Centre Court, held 14,000 spectators and did wonders in expanding the tournament's prestige and popularity.
Wimbledon continued to thrive after its move and hosted some of the world's best tennis players until it was put on hold once again during World War II. Soldiers nearby used the grounds for training and military functions, and Centre Court was hit by a bomb and suffered huge losses of seats. Some tennis was hosted in 1945, on No. 1 Court, but the Championships did not return until 1946.
As Wimbledon became more and more international, the tournament was overrun by talented players from overseas: Rod Laver for the men, Maureen Connolly and Althea Gibson -- the first African-American winner -- for the women. But by the late 1950s, the amateurism of Wimbledon was failing the system. Amateur players were receiving far more money than was allowed by the ITF, and the Wimbledon board set out to reform the rules.
Chairman Herman David attempted in 1959 to "open" the Championships, allowing all players to compete. The ITF denied the move a year later, and the Wimbledon board members continued to push for open play for years. In 1967, Wimbledon hosted a professional tournament one month after the Championships that allowed players no longer eligible to play in July a chance to take a title at Wimbledon.
Later that year, the Lawn Tennis Association voted to admit all players to the Championships (and other tournaments in Britain). The ITF had little choice but to react, allowing all tournaments to decide whether to become "open." In the 1968 Championships, Rod Laver and Billie Jean King became the first Open champions.
Since the beginning of the Open era, Wimbledon has seen some truly great champions come through its grounds. In 1980, Bjorn Borg became the first man to win five titles at Wimbledon, a mark Pete Sampras (seven) and Roger Federer (six) later would beat. In 1987, Martina Navratilova became the first player to win six women's singles titles -- all in a row -- and she set the all-time mark with nine titles in 1990.
In 2010, a Wimbledon first-round match between John Isner and Nicolas Mahut set a mark for the longest tennis match in history, spanning 11 hours and five minutes over three days. In the same year, Queen Elizabeth II made her first visit to Wimbledon in 33 years, watching Brit Andy Murray in the second round. Three years later, Murray ended a 77-year drought for a native Wimbledon champion, defeating Novak Djokovic in the final.
Wimbledon is held each year at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London. The club contains 19 tournament courts, 16 other grass courts and numerous shale or clay courts. It also hosts a museum on the grounds. The club's colors, purple and green, have become as well-known as its famous tournament and remain an important tradition, as is the club's all-white dress code. Centre Court houses a Royal Box for attendance by the royal family, a representative of which attends the Championships most years.
The All England Club was founded in 1868, solely as a croquet club. Seven years later, the club added lawn tennis -- having been developed only a year prior -- to its résumé, setting aside one lawn for tennis. The game was a success and, in 1877, the club changed its name to the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club.
The change in name brought about another first for the club, as it hosted the first Lawn Tennis Championship in 1877. That event was held by the club to raise money for a horse-drawn roller for its croquet lawns. By 1882, lawn tennis was by far the more popular sport at the club, and "Croquet" was dropped from its name (it was added back in 1899, mostly for sentimental reasons, forming the name it goes by today).
Wimbledon was a popular ground for tennis as the sport became more popular, and the court hosted the tennis events at the 1908 Olympic Summer Games. In 1922, the game had become so popular that Wimbledon was forced to move to bigger grounds, and the club chose its current site at Church Road, Wimbledon. The current Centre Court was built during the move. The club has been expanded several times, most notably in 1967, when it purchased 11 acres to add more courts.
Centre Court remains the largest court at the club and is used for the finals of each event at Wimbledon. It currently sits 15,000, expanded most recently in 2008, and is the fourth-largest court in the world. In 2009, a retractable roof was installed over Centre Court to help appease Wimbledon's famous rain delays. The other show court at All England is No. 1 Court, which holds 11,500, and a third large-scale court, No. 2 Court, was built for the 2009 competition. It holds 4,000.
The All England Club uses grass courts for its tournament, which are in use from May to September. The courts use 100 percent rye grass since 2001 and are cut to 8 mm. Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event still played on grass.
The Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum is housed on the club's grounds, having been built in 1977. It was renovated and expanded (it is the largest tennis museum in the world) in 2006 and now is open to the public year round, except during Wimbledon. One croquet lawn remains at the club (though it is too small for high-level competition).
Year-by-Year Wimbledon Singles Champions
Tom Anderson missing for Gary Caldwell's first game at Chesterfield
PA Sport, PA
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AAP
Pat Cash almost coached the volatile Nick Kyrgios but says he has "too much self-respect" to go anywhere near the 21-year-old's players' box now.
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ESPN staff
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| Martina Navratilova |
Which British television chef was reported as saying ‘Michelin Stars, they’re my past’? | Wimbledon Champions: Women's top 25 - Telegraph
Wimbledon Champions: Women's top 25
9:41AM BST 28 Jun 2008
Former champion Bjorn Borg reveals his top 25 women while Mark Hodgkinson and Kaz Mochlinski profile the players.
Louise Brough
1948-1950, 1955
No player has ever dominated Wimbledon more completely than did Brough in the three Championships between 1948 and 1950. Not only did she collect three of her four singles titles in that time, but she reached the final of every event, winning eight out of nine. The only final she lost was the mixed doubles in the middle year, when she played 117 games in three finals that involved five hours 20 minutes' playing time on Centre Court on the final Saturday of the tournament. Her hard volleying was ideally suited to the Wimbledon grass courts, which she again demonstrated in adding a last singles victory in 1955. It was her 13th title in total at the All England Club and she did not drop a set in winning it. With Margaret du Pont, she also collected a remarkable 12 women's doubles successes in the US Championships.
Maria Bueno
1959-1960, 1964
The lithe and elegant Brazilian brought sex appeal to the Wimbledon lawns, improving the SW19 libido. All the men in the Centre Court crowd fell in love with Bueno after she won her first Wimbledon title in 1959, after which she was given a prize of a clothes voucher and then flown back in a presidential jet to a ticker-tape parade in Sao Paolo. In future years she titillated Wimbledon by wearing a white dress with a pink lining, and also won two more titles, in 1960 and 1964.
Maureen Connolly
1952-1954
Her first love was horse riding, but Maureen Connolly's mother could not afford the lessons and she turned to tennis. 'Little Mo' snaffled a hat-trick of Wimbledon titles, from 1952-54, and was a popular figure back home in the United States. But that did not stop her from speaking of "the dark destiny" of her tennis career. "I always believed greatness on a tennis court was my destiny, a dark destiny at times, where the court became my secret jungle and I, a lonely, fear-stricken hunter. I was a strange little girl armed with hate, fear and a golden racket," Connolly once said.
Margaret Court
1963, 1965, 1970
'Big Marge' dominated the tour in the 1960s and 1970s, winning her first two Wimbledon titles, as Margaret Smith, in 1963 and 1965. She quit the circuit in 1966 to marry and start a family, but returned to the game as Margaret Court, and in 1970 won all four majors to achieve the grand slam. On the Wimbledon leg of that feat, Court and the American Billie Jean King contested what was one of the greatest finals in the tournament's history, with the Australian eventually closing out a 14-12, 11-9 victory. In addition to her three Wimbledon trophies, Court won a further 21 grand slam singles titles, taking her singles tally to 24, and many consider her to be the greatest female player to have ever stepped on Centre Court.
Lindsay Davenport
1999
American Lindsay Davenport may have won Wimbledon as well as the US and Australian Opens , plus an Olympic gold medal, in an illustrious career. But her greatest achievement is perhaps showing that it is still possible to succeed in modern tennis as a mother. After giving birth to a baby son 12 months ago, she returned to win two of her three tournaments before the end of the year and has continued to notch up further victories in 2008. She made her breakthrough by winning the women's singles at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996, but she secured full recognition as one of the best players of her generation only when she clinched the Wimbledon title in 1999. In an emotional final Davenport overcame Steffi Graf, who was playing her last major match. To underline her dominance that year, the American added the women's doubles with her compatriot, Corina Morariu, too.
Chris Evert
1974, 1976, 1981
Known as the 'Ice Maiden' for having icicles in her veins on court, the American won her first Wimbledon title in 1974. That same year, her fiancé, Jimmy Connors, won the men's crown and the two of them danced together at the Champions' Ball. Their romance became known as the 'Love Match'. But they broke off the engagement later that year so there was no fairytale ending. However, she did go on to win two more Venus Rosewater Dishes, with triumphs in 1976 and 1981, and also married and then divorced John Lloyd, the British tennis player.
Borg on Evert
Chris could play on every surface, but she was particularly comfortable on the Wimbledon grass. She knew exactly which shot to play. Everyone called me 'Ice Borg' or the 'Ice Man', but she was the 'Ice Maiden' of the women's game. She was a great champion
Althea Gibson
1957-1958
The African-American Althea Gibson is one of the most important figures in Wimbledon's history as she was the first black player, male or female, to win a title on the grass of SW19. Born in North Carolina and raised in Harlem, she had it tough during her tennis education as she was barred from whites-only clubs and competitions. However, Gibson persevered with her tennis and secured her first Wimbledon title in 1957 and then backed it up by winning again the next year. She lived in poverty for much of her old age before dying in 2003. Venus and Serena Williams know that they owe much to Gibson.
Evonne Goolagong
1971, 1980
She was the daughter of a sheep shearer and the family lived in a tin shack in New South Wales. Yet that didn't stop Evonne Goolagong, an Australian of Aboriginal descent, following her dream of playing tennis. Her early career was funded by the Aboriginal community. "The town only had a population of 700, but they used to provide everything for me, including clothes, shoes and rackets," said Goolagong. She won her first Wimbledon title in 1971, beating Margaret Court, and a second in 1980, beating Chris Evert.
Steffi Graf
1988-1989, 1991-1993, 1995-1996
Steffi Graf was to win a total of seven Wimbledon singles titles up to 1996, but none would surpass her first. In 1988 she dethroned Martina Navratilova at the All England Club on the way to collecting all four major championships in a calendar year. And she then added a victory at the Seoul Olympics to produce a unique Golden grand slam. An added bonus that year was her success in the Wimbledon doubles with Gabriela Sabatini, of Argentina, for her only major title in that version of the game. In 1989 the then German supremacy in tennis was underlined with Wimbledon wins for both Graf and Boris Becker. Graf went on to collect a remarkable 22 grand slam singles crowns before marrying Andre Agassi in a rare match-up of Wimbledon champions.
Borg on Graf
It's difficult to compare one generation to another, but there is no question that Steffi was one of the greats. She worked extremely hard on her tennis, she had that brilliant forehand, and I remember watching a lot of her matches at Wimbledon. I can't think of one weakness in Steffi's game
Blanche Bingley Hillyard
1886, 1889, 1894, 1897, 1899-1900
First as Blanche Bingley and then as Mrs Hillyard, she became the first multiple champion of women's tennis. Her severe looks concealed a friendly and sporting nature, but she was nevertheless a ferocious competitor and claimed six Wimbledon titles from 1886 to 1900. Usually photographed wearing a tie as part of her formal tennis kit, she became well known at the time as an indefatigable player.
Martina Hingis
1997
The 'Little Swiss Miss' was just 16??years old when she beat Jana Novotna in the 1997 Wimbledon final and so became the youngest champion of the professional era. Martina Hingis displayed an excellent tennis brain; she played with an exceptionally high IQ, Mensa stuff off the strings. But 10 years on she tested positive for cocaine after a third-round defeat and was banned from the game. In the space of a decade Hingis had gone from a sweet-16 prodigy to a scandal-hit veteran.
Ann Jones
1969
The delight that greeted Ann Jones's triumph in 1969 was not just down to it being a home victory. As well as the Birmingham player's popularity, her success was all the sweeter for being unexpected. She was past her 30th birthday and competing at her 14th??Wimbledon. Having got through to the semi-finals, she put out the top seed, Margaret Court, before beating defending champion, Billie Jean King, in the final.
Billie Jean King
1966-1968, 1972-1973, 1975
It was not just her record 20?Wimbledon titles, six of them in the singles between 1966 and 1975, that King will be remembered for. She was the foremost pioneer of women's professional tennis in the 1960s and 1970s, bringing a new athleticism to the female game and campaigning for fair rewards in return. To which end she played in the infamous 'Battle of the Sexes' in Houston, Texas, in 1973, when, as the reigning Wimbledon champion, she lost in three straight sets to Bobby Riggs, the 1939 men's victor at the All England Club. Having won the doubles on her first visit to SW19 as a teenager in 1961, she was nearly 36 years old at the time of her last success at the Championships in 1979 – partnering Martina Navratilova, who would later equal King's number of Wimbledon crowns. A less-heralded achievement was becoming the first woman to win at Wimbledon wearing glasses.
Borg on King
All the players in the current generation should thank Billie Jean, as she is the one who has done the most to put women's tennis where it is now. If it wasn't for her, the women might not have equal prize money at Wimbledon these days. She has done some great work off the court, but she was also a great player on the court, let's not forget about that. She is one of the most important figures in the history of women's tennis, if not the most important
Suzanne Lenglen
1919-1923, 1925
She was French and she was fabulous. One of the first racket-twirling divas, Suzanne Lenglen used to sip brandy during the change of ends. And – shock horror – Lenglen showed her ankles to the world, sported a short hairstyle and refused to wear a corset at Wimbledon. Polite society didn't know what had hit it when Lenglen won the Wimbledon title in 1925. The French press nicknamed her 'La Divine' (the divine one) and she did much to get the starch out of the clothes and out of tennis as whole. She won six Wimbledon titles, with an uninterrupted stretch of five crowns from 1919-23, and the last in 1925.
Alice Marble
1939
The American Alice Marble was raped by a stranger when she was 15, but she overcame the trauma of that violent attack to become a professional tennis player. Marble won her Wimbledon title in 1939, just months before the outbreak of the Second World War. She married a pilot and miscarried her husband's child after a car accident during the war and a few days later he was killed in action. She attempted suicide, but then recovered and agreed to work as a spy for American intelligence, going on a difficult mission that involved contacting a former lover, a Swiss banker. Marble was shot in the back by a Nazi agent, but rescued by American intelligence. She died in 1990 at the age of 77.
Amelie Mauresmo
2006
Before Wimbledon in 2006 Amelie Mauresmo's talent had never been in doubt, just her mental fortitude. There was a time when the Frenchwoman was known as the choker-in-chief of women's tennis, when it seemed that an hour on the psychologist's couch would have been as useful as an hour on the practice court. However, she overcame the doubt and the doubters to beat Belgium's Justine Henin and win her Wimbledon title. "I don't want people to talk about my nerves any more," she said triumphantly; winning Wimbledon had sealed her career.
Helen Wills Moody
1927-1930, 1932-1933, 1935, 1938
The American Helen Wills Moody was an introverted, shy woman to the point of being socially awkward, and on court she would show little emotion and ignore her opponent and the crowd. However, that shyness was often wrongly and unfairly seen as her being aloof and arrogant and she became known as 'Little Miss Poker Face', 'Queen Helen' and 'The Imperial Helen'. See, even back then, between the World Wars, the public wanted to see their stars emoting. Yet 'Little Miss Poker Face' went on to win eight Wimbledon titles, landing four in a row from 1927-30 and then the rest in 1932, 1933, 1935 and 1938. A serious woman and a serious champion.
Angela Mortimer
1961
The Henmania of later years was hardly a match for the patriotic fervour that surrounded Angela Mortimer's sole Wimbledon victory in 1961. There had been a wait of 24?years since Dorothy Round had provided the last triumph by a player from the host nation, but a new home-produced champion was guaranteed by the first all-British final since 1914, with Mortimer getting through to face Christine Truman. While Truman famously practised on shale courts in a local park, Mortimer was prepared by Arthur Roberts, the coach at the Palace Hotel in Torquay, which was renowned for its two covered courts. It produced a tennis player with a style that was a joy to watch, which proved enough to add a Wimbledon title to Mortimer's earlier successes in the French and Australian grand slam events.
Martina Navratilova
1978-1979, 1982-1987, 1990
There can be no disputing Martina Navratilova's supremacy at the All England Club. The joint-record holder with Billie Jean King of a total of 20 Wimbledon titles in singles, doubles and mixed doubles, she is unmatched in singles with nine victories. Having won the singles title in 1978 and 1979 and then another six victories in a row up to 1987 – when she defeated Germany's Steffi Graf to equal the American Helen Wills Moody's record of eight singles titles – she finally went past the record in 1990, in what was to be her final Wimbledon singles title, when she was almost 34 ??years old. Her longevity in doubles was even greater, spanning 17 years to 2003, when her victory in the mixed doubles made her, at 46 years 261 days, the oldest Wimbledon champion. It was possible only because she took physical fitness in tennis to new levels. And yet it could have been very different after her defection from Czechoslovakia to the US during the Cold War, as she initially showed such a passion for American junk food that she put on weight alarmingly. Turning that around proved to be the making of her.
Borg on Navratilova
I really admire Martina for the way she went on playing at the top for so long. Tennis was really in her heart and she kept on setting herself new goals. Her results speak for themselves. She had a game that was almost perfect for grass-court tennis. She was an aggressive player and liked to come into the net, and that is what you needed to do, to do well on Centre Court. Martina did a lot for women's tennis
Jana Novotna
1998
The Czech player, Jana Novotna, was a popular loser, but also a popular winner. In 1993, after she was defeated in the final by Germany's Steffi Graf, Novotna famously sobbed on the shoulder of the Duchess of Kent, and was then denied for a second time in 1997 when losing to Martina Hingis, of Switzerland. On this second occasion there were no tears staining the royal jacket, but the duchess was moved to remark to the runner-up: "The third time will be third time lucky." A year later Novotna beat Nathalie Tauziat, of France, and the Venus Rosewater Dish was hers. But there was another quiet word from the Duchess. "I was right," the Duchess told her.
Maria Sharapova
2004
One sunny afternoon in the summer of 2004, the 17-year-old Siberian became an international superstar when beating Serena Williams in the final. With her photogenic looks, this was a victory made in marketing men's heaven and she has gone on to become the world's highest-earning sportswoman. Don't think that Maria Sharapova doesn't have a sense of her own worth. She is a businesswoman as well as an athlete.
Borg on Sharapova
It doesn't hurt to look good, and Maria looks good, but what she really cares about is winning titles. Every time she goes on the court, she gives absolutely everything. She loves to win and hates to lose. She won Wimbledon at such a young age, at 17, but she has a game that is well suited to grass. She's a great athlete, her game is well-suited to playing on grass, and you can tell that she enjoys being on Centre Court
Virginia Wade
1977
It's the cardigan that most people remember, Virginia Wade having walked on to Centre Court for the 1977 final wearing a natty pink one with a monogrammed 'VW' on the front. She peeled the pink cardy off and then went out and beat Holland's Betty Stove. It was quite a way to celebrate the Queen's Silver Jubilee year, with the monarch in attendance that day in the Royal Box. Afterwards the crowd sang "For she's a jolly fellow", and it wasn't directed at Her Majesty, but at Wade. No British woman has won Wimbledon since and Wade is as frustrated as anyone by that. British winners are as retro as Wade's attire that day.
Maud Watson
1884-1885
Maud Watson is inevitably found in tennis books as the first in historical lists. She won Wimbledon on her debut in 1884, owing to it being the inaugural staging of the women's singles at the Championships. In doing so she was the first player to beat her sister, having to overcome her older sibling, Lillian, in the final. Maud was also the first champion, man or woman, to wear headgear, sporting a neat straw hat, something which was by no means usual on court at the time. The following year she also went on to become the first to defend the title successfully. It was a shame, then, that a trophy was not provided for the women's event until the year after the last of her two victories.
Venus and Serena Williams
2000-2001, 2005, 2007 (Venus) 2002-2003 (Serena)
Venus Williams may have a kooky off-court air, but she is the finest grass-court player of her generation. Going into the 2008 Championships, Williams had already appeared in six Wimbledon finals. She won her first title in 2000, added a second a year later, picked up a third in 2005 and then won her fourth last summer when she was hitting the ball so violently that she made Frenchwoman Marion Bartoli's wrist sting. The only two finals that she lost were to her younger sister, Serena, in 2002 and 2003.
Serena may go on court with designer handbags and outrageous earrings, but don't for a minute think that the American is anything other than ferociously competitive. Serena has won two Wimbledon titles, in 2002 and 2003, and on both occasions she had to beat her older sister Venus in the final. The sisters, both coached from an early age by their father, Richard, have won the title six??times between them, but those all-Williams finals have rarely lived up to the hype.
Borg on the Williams sisters
I've always enjoyed watching the Williams sisters play as they strike the ball so powerfully. That has often been the difference for them. And maybe they could have won more titles than they have so far, but they have been unlucky. It must have been tricky for them having to play against each other in the Wimbledon final. They are a very close family and they do everything together, so having to play each other in a grand slam final, I can't even imagine how difficult that would be for them. If I had a brother and I had to play him in the final of Wimbledon, I have no idea how I would have behaved towards him before the match, what I would have said to him. You can tell that it's a strange situation for Venus and Serena as the tennis they have produced against each other hasn't been as good as when they have played against someone else
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Porphyrophobia is the irrational fear of, or aversion to, which colour? | Porphyrophobia: Fear of the Color Purple, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
Porphyrophobia – Fear of the Color Purple
Written by admin | September 15, 2012 | 1
What is Porphyrophobia?
Form the whole spectrum
of colors, if you dread the color purple, you have porphyrophobia. It is an abnormal, persistent fear of the color purple.
A person suffering from porphyrophobia will most likely pass his or her waking hours in a state of nervousness. A purple colored car or house can make a porphyrophobic suffer from a panic attack.
The color purple is often seen in some vegetables such as brinjal and onion. In many traditions the color purple stands for royal lineage that is used only by those in power.
In many schools, purple is the standard color of uniforms. But despite of all the surrounding glory, there is an air of fear around the color, observed by those who have a profound dread for anything that is purple.
Know Porphyrophobia Causes
Due to past experience with colors, porphyrophobia causes include the fear for colors that is mostly linked to negative incidents and events. The fear can be one that is learned, observed in others or has developed due to personal experience.
It has been found to be a part of the conscious or subconscious psyche. This means that there is an extreme association between the purple color and an event or experience that dented a lifelong negative notion.
Experts also believe that it can be part of the genetic makeup or be hereditary in nature. In almost all of the cases, the fear of nearly every color is by and large related to negative associations. In some cases, a causative reason may be hard to identify.
Identify Porphyrophobia Symptoms
An apparent sign of this fear is tensing up of the body that can be seen in a porphyrophobe when presented with the color purple. A phobic personality may try to flee from the color or may freeze in place and start to weep or cry.
Here are some of the porphyrophobia symptoms:
Fast breathing
Become emotional
Urge to flee
Porphyrophobia symptoms such as emotional disturbances, linked with this irrational fear, can cause a considerable amount of humiliation. Sometimes, porphyrophobia causes a phobic to feel completely helpless when faced with the fear, and as such, responds fearfully to the stimuli.
Porphyrophobia Treatment
Seeking help of a professional therapist is a positive step towards learning the root cause for your fear on encountering something purple. This can play an important role in porphyrophobia treatment.
Exposure therapy, systematic desensitization techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy are some of the porphyrophobia treatment made use of by professional therapists to treat the phobia.
In all the methods used, the primary aim is to encourage and enable the patient to respond confidently to changing scenarios when presented with the object of fear.
Gradually, with therapy, the patient finds that his or her fear is irrational and the object of fear can in fact cause no harm either mentally or physically and ultimately conquers the fear.
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| Purple |
Ozzy Osbourne, lead singer and frontman of the band Black Sabbath, was born in which British city? | Fear of the Color Purple - Fear of Stuff
Fear of Stuff
Comments
The color purple is often considered a sign of royalty. This is the color kings wear and a color that invokes subjects to show honor and respect. It is a color chosen by a singing artist named Prince to demonstrate his own place in the annuls of music history. Whoopi Goldberg starred in a movie entitled The Color Purple. Yet for all the accolades due this color there are some who have a profound fear of purple. Their phobia is described as Porphyrophobia.
The color purple graces vegetables such as egg plant and cabbage. In patriotic songs purple is used to describe the majesty of mountains. Purple is a common school color. Yet for of its glory there are times when it cannot receive respect because it is the subject of profound fear.
What Causes Porphyrophobia?
The fear of virtually any color is linked to negative associations. The fear can develop as a result of observation or personal experience, but it often goes back to either a conscious or subconscious, but highly negative association between the color purple and something that left a lasting negative impression.
The fear can be expressed in relation to the color itself or the color in association with a certain shape or object.
Symptoms of Porphyrophobia
The visual cue to this fear is when an individual visibly tenses in the presence of something that is purple in color. They may actually run away from the color or they may stand immobilized and can resort to tears.
Other symptoms include…
Loss of control over emotions
Loss of control over actions
The emotional trauma associated with this phobia can cause embarrassment, but it can also leave the one who fears with a feeling of complete helplessness in effectively dealing with their fear response.
How to Overcome Porphyrophobia
It may be a broad overstatement, but I think it’s safe to say that a person who lives with Porphyrophobia may actually suffer from a fear that is distinct and separate from an aversion to the color purple.
By seeking out the help of a qualified therapist you will likely learn the real causes for the fear you experience when you encounter something purple. The fear often starts in childhood and is generally linked to believing something that was either misstated or based on a lie – real or unintentional.
Adults often do not realize the impact their words can have on their children. What may be meant as a joke can be misunderstood by a child who may obsess about something said innocently enough. The end result can be profound anxiety about something that the parent never wanted or intended their child to be concerned about.
It is true that a majority of children can adapt and bounce back from words spoken in haste or even ignorance, but there are some children who embrace the words of authority figures in their lives and cling to those words and internalize them for present and future reference.
The fear of the color purple is also referred to as:
Purple fear
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Eton College is in which English county? | Eton College | school, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom | Britannica.com
school, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom
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Charterhouse
Eton College, near Windsor , Berkshire , one of England’s largest independent secondary schools and one of the highest in prestige . It was founded by Henry VI in 1440–41 for 70 highly qualified boys who received scholarships from a fund endowed by the king. Simultaneously, Henry founded King’s College , Cambridge, to which scholars from Eton were to proceed. That connection is no longer in place.
Eton College from the playing fields
Popperfoto
Today, as throughout the school’s history, Eton names about 14 King’s Scholars, or Collegers, each year, for a schoolwide total of 70. The selection is based on the results of a competitive examination open to boys between 12 and 14 years of age. King’s Scholars are awarded scholarships ranging from 10 to 100 percent of fees and are boarded in special quarters in the college.
The other students, called Oppidans, now number more than 1,200 and are housed in boardinghouses under the care of house masters. The Oppidans have traditionally come from England’s wealthiest and most prestigious families, many of them aristocratic. Boys enter Eton about age 13 and continue there until they are ready to enter university.
Learn More in these related articles:
Henry VI (king of England)
Dec. 6, 1421 Windsor, Berkshire, Eng. May 21/22, 1471 London king of England from 1422 to 1461 and from 1470 to 1471, a pious and studious recluse whose incapacity for government was one of the causes of the Wars of the Roses.
in United Kingdom: England in the 15th century
...century, however, was an important age in the foundation of schools and colleges. Some schools were set up as adjuncts to chantries, some by guilds, and some by collegiate churches. Henry VI founded Eton College in 1440 and King’s College, Cambridge, in 1441. Other colleges at Oxford and Cambridge were also founded in this period. The Inns of Court expanded their membership and systematized...
in library: Ancient materials
...other scholarly libraries collect and preserve them as part of their responsibility to the preservation of history and the advancement of learning. Most universities have collections of rare books. Eton College, for example, has a fine collection of incunabula, some of which were purchased when they were first printed. A Gutenberg Bible is one of its finest examples. Some, such as the Duke...
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founding (in United Kingdom: England in the 15th century )
External Links
Official Site of Eton College Overview of this UK-based educational institution. Provides news, pictures, and details on available courses and facilities.
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Date Published: June 27, 2007
URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eton-College
Access Date: January 18, 2017
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What is the surname of Muppet Dr Bunsen in the children’s television series ‘The Muppets’? | Eton | Define Eton at Dictionary.com
Eton
noun
1.
a town in Berkshire, in S England, on the Thames River, W of London: the site of Eton College .
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Examples from the Web for Eton
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British Dictionary definitions for Eton
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noun
1.
a town in S England, in Windsor and Maidenhead unitary authority, Berkshire, near the River Thames: site of Eton College, a public school for boys founded in 1440. Pop: 3821 (2001 est)
2.
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for Eton
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collar (1887), jacket (1881, formerly worn by the younger boys there), etc., from Eton College, public school for boys on the Thames opposite Windsor, founded by Henry VI. The place name is Old English ea "river" (see ea ) + tun "farm, settlement."
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Which French President was nicknamed ‘The Great Asparagus’? | Charles de Gaulle biography | birthday, trivia | French President of France | Who2
Charles de Gaulle Biography
World War II Figure
Charles de Gaulle was the dominant political leader and grand figurehead of France during and after World War II. De Gaulle was a career soldier in the French Army who had been wounded and held prisoner during World War I. He rose to the rank of general and was serving as France’s minister for National Defense and War in June, 1940, when France capitulated to Germany early in World War II. Charles DeGaulle escaped to Britain, where he made a famous broadcast calling on the French people to resist (earning him the nickname of the “Man of June 18, 1940”). DeGaulle formed the Free French forces and led the provisional government that ruled France after it was retaken from Germany. After the war he was elected head of the French government, but left the post in 1946 and formed a new political party, the Rassemblement du Peuple Francais (Rally of the People of France, or RPF). Charles DeGaulle was in and out of politics until 1958, when he was called to form a government amid political chaos in France. He oversaw the constitutional reforms that led to the Fifth Republic of France, and became the first president of the new Republic in 1959. Proud, stubborn, and charismatic, he insisted on France’s right to pursue an independent path from both Europe and the United States. He also settled France’s difficult relations with its Algerian territory by granting self-determination to Algeria. He served as president for just over a decade until stepping down in April of 1969. He died the next year at age 79.
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The Barbary Partridge is the national bird of which British Overseas Territory? | Charles de Gaulle facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie De Gaulle
Encyclopedia of World Biography
COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc.
Charles André Joseph Marie De Gaulle
The French general and statesman Charles André Joseph Marie De Gaulle (1890-1970) led the Free French forces during World War II. A talented writer and eloquent orator, he served as president of France from 1958 to 1969.
Charles De Gaulle was born on Nov. 23, 1890, in the northern industrial city of Lille. His father, Henri, was a teacher of philosophy and mathematics and a veteran of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, in which the Prussians humiliatingly defeated what the French thought was the greatest army in the world. This loss colored the life of the elder De Gaulle, a patriot who vowed he would live to avenge the defeat and win back the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. His attitude deeply influenced the lives of his sons, whom he raised to be the instruments of his revenge and of the restoration of France as the greatest European power.
From his earliest years Charles De Gaulle was immersed in French history by both his father and mother. For many centuries De Gaulle's forebears had played a role in French history, almost always as patriots defending France from invaders. In the 14th century a Chevalier de Gaulle defeated an invading English army in defense of the city of Vire, and Jean de Gaulle is cited in the Battle of Agincourt (1415).
Charles's great-great-grandfather, Jean Baptiste de Gaulle, was a king's counselor. His grandfather, Julien Philippe de Gaulle, wrote a popular history of Paris; Charles received this book on his tenth birthday and, as a young boy, read and reread it. He was also devoted to the literary works of his gifted grandmother, Julien Philippe's wife, Josephine Marie, whose name gave him two of his baptismal names. One of her greatest influences upon him was her impassioned, romantic history, The Liberator of Ireland, or the Life of Daniel O'Connell. It always remained for him an illustration of man's resistance to persecution, religious or political, and an inspiring example he emulated in his own life.
Perhaps the major influence on De Gaulle's formation came from his uncle, also named Charles de Gaulle, who wrote a book about the Celts which called for union of the Breton, Scots, Irish, and Welsh peoples. The young De Gaulle wrote in his copybook a sentence from his uncle's book, which proved to be a prophecy of his own life: "In a camp, surprised by enemy attack under cover of night, where each man is fighting alone, in dark confusion, no one asks for the grade or rank of the man who lifts up the standard and makes the first call to rally for resistance."
Military Career
De Gaulle's career as defender of France began in the summer of 1909, when he was admitted to the elite military academy of Saint-Cyr. Among his classmates was the future marshal of France Alphonse Juin, who later recalled De Gaulle's nicknames in school—"The Grand Constable," "The Fighting Cock," and "The Big Asparagus."
After graduation Second Lieutenant De Gaulle reported in October 1912 to Henri Philippe Pétain, who first became his idol and then his most hated enemy. (In World War I Pétain was the hero of Verdun, but during World War II he capitulated to Hitler and collaborated with the Germans while De Gaulle was leading the French forces of liberation.) De Gaulle led a frontline company as captain in World War I and was cited three times for valor. Severely wounded, he was left for dead on the battlefield of Verdun and then imprisoned by the Germans when he revived in a graveyard cart. After he had escaped and been recaptured several times, the Germans put him in a maximum security prison-fortress.
After the war De Gaulle went to general-staff school, where he hurt his career by constant criticism of his superiors. He denounced the static concept of trench warfare and wrote a series of essays calling for a strategy of movement with armored tanks and planes. The French hierarchy ignored his works, but the Germans read him and adapted his theories to develop their triumphant strategy of blitzkrieg, or lightning war, with which they defeated the French in 1940.
When France fell, De Gaulle, then an obscure brigadier general, refused to capitulate. He fled to London, convinced that the British would never surrender and that American power, once committed, would win the war. On June 18, 1940, on BBC radio, he insisted that France had only lost a battle, not the war, and called upon patriotic Frenchmen to resist the Germans. This inspiring broadcast won him worldwide acclaim.
Early Political Activity
When the Germans were driven back, De Gaulle had no rivals for leadership in France. Therefore in the fall of 1944 the French Parliament unanimously elected him premier. De Gaulle had fiercely opposed the German enemy, and now he vigorously defended France against the influence of his powerful allies Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt. De Gaulle once stated that he never feared Adolf Hitler, who, he knew, was doomed to defeat, but did fear that his allies would dominate France and Europe in the postwar period.
By the fall of 1945, only a year after assuming power, De Gaulle was quarreling with all the political leaders of France. He saw himself as the unique savior of France, the only disinterested champion of French honor, grandeur, and independence. He despised all politicians as petty, corrupt, and self-interested muddlers, and, chafing under his autocratic rule, they banded against him. In January 1946, disgusted by politics, he resigned and retreated into a sulking silence to brood upon the future of France.
In 1947 De Gaulle reemerged as leader of the opposition. He headed what he termed "The Rally of the French People," which he insisted was not a political party but a national movement. The Rally became the largest single political force in France but never achieved majority status. Although De Gaulle continued to despise the political system, he refused to lead a coup d'etat, as some of his followers urged, and again retired in 1955.
Years as President
In May 1958 a combination of French colonials and militarists seized power in Algeria and threatened to invade France. The weakened Fourth Republic collapsed, and the victorious rebels called De Gaulle back to power as president of the Fifth Republic of France. From June 1958 to April 1969 he reigned as the dominant force in France. But he was not a dictator, as many have charged; he was elected first by Parliament and then in a direct election by the people.
As president, De Gaulle fought every plan to involve France deeply in alliances. He opposed the formation of a United States of Europe and British entry into the Common Market. He stopped paying part of France's dues to the United Nations, forced the NATO headquarters to leave France, and pulled French forces out of the Atlantic Alliance integrated armies. Denouncing Soviet oppression of Eastern Europe, he also warned of the Chinese threat to the world. He liberated France's colonies, supported the Vietnamese "liberation movement" against the United States, and called for a "free Quebec" in Canada.
De Gaulle had an early success in stimulating pride in Frenchmen and in increasing French gold reserves and strengthening the economy. By the end of his reign, however, France was almost friendless, and his economic gains had been all but wiped out by the student and workers protest movement in spring 1968.
De Gaulle ruled supreme for 11 years, but his firm hand began to choke and then to infuriate many citizens. In April 1969 the French voted against his program for reorganizing the Senate and the regions of France. He had threatened to resign if his plan was rejected and, true to his word, he promptly renounced all power. Thereafter De Gaulle remained silent on political issues. Georges Pompidou, one of his favorite lieutenants, was elected to succeed him as president. Charles De Gaulle died at Colombey-les-Deux-Églises on Nov. 9, 1970.
Further Reading
De Gaulle's War Memoirs (3 vols., 1954-1959; trans. 1955-1960) is available in a single volume as The Complete War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle (1964). The first volume of his postwar memoirs is Memoirs of Hope (trans. 1971). His The Edge of the Sword (1959; trans. 1960) is a personal credo on the qualities of leadership. Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle (1964; trans. 1966), is one of the best biographies, written by an astute French observer. Jean R. Tournoux, Pétain and De Gaulle (1964; trans. 1966), is a study of the relationship of the two men from World War I. A biography in three parts, examining De Gaulle's roles as soldier, savior of his nation, and statesman, is David Schoenbrun, The Three Lives of Charles de Gaulle (1966). Other more specialized studies include Jacques de Launay, De Gaulle and His France: A Psychopolitical and Historical Portrait (trans. 1968); Anton W. DePorte, De Gaulle's Foreign Policy, 1944-46 (1968); and Raymond Aron, De Gaulle, Israel, and the Jews (1968; trans. 1969). □
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The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.
Copyright The Columbia University Press
Charles de Gaulle (shärl də gōl), 1890–1970, French general and statesman, first president (1959–69) of the Fifth Republic.
The World Wars
During World War I de Gaulle served with distinction until his capture in 1916. In The Army of the Future (1934, tr. 1941) he foresaw and futilely advocated for France the mechanized warfare by which Germany was to conquer France in 1940. In World War II he was promoted to brigadier general (1940) and became undersecretary of war in the cabinet of Premier Paul Reynaud.
De Gaulle opposed the Franco-German armistice and fled (June, 1940) to London, where he organized the Free French forces and rallied several French colonies to his movement. He was sentenced to death in absentia by a French military court. The Free French forces were successful in Syria, Madagascar, and N Africa. In June, 1943, de Gaulle became copresident, with Gen. Henri Honoré Giraud , of the newly formed French Committee of National Liberation at Algiers. He succeeded in forcing Giraud out of the committee, and in June, 1944, it was proclaimed the provisional government of France.
The Postwar Period
De Gaulle's government returned to Paris on Aug. 26 and was recognized by the principal Allies. He was unanimously elected provisional president of France in Nov., 1945, but he resigned in Jan., 1946, when it became obvious that his views favoring a strong executive would not be incorporated into the new constitution. Many of the rightist elements had gathered under the Gaullist banner, and he became (1947) head of a new party—Rassemblement du Peuple Français [Rally of the French People]—which claimed to speak for all Frenchmen and to be above factional strife but which, nevertheless, took part in subsequent elections. The party had some temporary electoral success, but in 1953 de Gaulle dissolved it and went into retirement.
Algeria and Internal Affairs
In 1958, after the military and civilian revolt in Algeria had created a political crisis in France, he was considered the only leader of sufficient strength and stature to deal with the situation. He became premier with power to rule by decree for six months. During this time a new constitution, which strengthened the presidency, was drawn up (1958). The constitution also provided for the French Community , the first step toward resolving imperial problems. De Gaulle was inaugurated as president of the new Fifth Republic in Jan., 1959. He decided to allow Algeria self-determination. This decision led to several revolts in Algeria by French colonists who opposed independence. Finally in 1962 an agreement was reached that provided for Algerian independence.
In domestic affairs de Gaulle attempted to restore French national finances by devaluing the franc and creating a new franc worth 100 old francs. Much of de Gaulle's program consisted of an attempt to raise France to its former world stature. He argued for French parity with the United States in NATO decisions and promoted French development of atomic weapons. In 1966, he withdrew French troops from NATO and ordered the withdrawal of NATO military installations from France by Apr., 1967.
The Final Presidency
De Gaulle was reelected to a second seven-year term in 1965. Although he rejected limitations on French sovereignty, he supported participation in the Common Market but strongly opposed British membership in it. He fostered ties with West Germany and established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. In May, 1968, student demonstrations protesting French political and educational systems were followed by huge workers' strikes that nearly toppled the Gaullist government. Nevertheless, in elections held in June, the Gaullists were returned to power. In 1969, after being defeated in a referendum on constitutional reform, de Gaulle resigned as president.
Bibliography
See De Gaulle's War Memoirs (tr., 3 vol., 1955–60; repr. 1984) and Memoirs of Hope (tr. 1972); biographies by P. Masson (1971), B. Crozier (1973), D. Cook (1984), J. Lacouture (2 vol., 1990–92), C. Williams (1995), and J. Fenby (2012); A. Werth, The De Gaulle Revolution (1960), P. M. Williams and M. Harrison, De Gaulle's Republic (1960), R. Aron, An Explanation of De Gaulle (1965), J. Hess, The Case for De Gaulle (1968), A. Hartley, Gaullism (1971), P. Alexandre, The Duel: De Gaulle and Pompidou (1972).
Cite this article
De Gaulle, Charles André Joseph Marie
World Encyclopedia
© World Encyclopedia 2005, originally published by Oxford University Press 2005.
De Gaulle, Charles André Joseph Marie (1890–1970) French general and statesman, first president (1959–69) of the Fifth Republic. De Gaulle's experience of World War I (captured 1916), convinced him of the need to modernize the French army. In 1940 he became undersecretary of war, but fled to London after the German invasion. He organized French Resistance (Free French) forces, and in June 1944 was proclaimed president of the provisional French government. Following liberation he resigned, disenchanted with the political settlement. In 1958, he emerged from retirement to deal with the war in Algeria . In 1959 a new constitution was signed, creating the French Community. In 1962, De Gaulle was forced to cede Algerian independence. France gained an independent nuclear capability, but alienated the UK and USA by its temporary withdrawal from NATO and by blocking British entry into the EEC. De Gaulle's devaluation of the franc brought relative domestic prosperity. He was re-elected (1965), but resigned following defeat in a 1969 referendum.
http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org
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