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‘Four ‘what’ Falls’ was the third puppet television show produced by Gerry Anderson for Granada Television? | Watch Four Feather Falls (1960) online. Free streaming
Streaming resources for this Animation, Family, Western TV Show
Four Feather Falls - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Four Feather Falls was the third puppet TV show produced by Gerry Anderson for Granada Television. ... published by Collins in 1960 and 1961. The first book featured a short text story based on the pilot episode of the TV series. In Pop Culture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Feather_Falls
Four Feather Falls (TV Series 1960) - IMDb
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Toonhound - Four Feather Falls (1960)
Gerry Anderson, David Elliott, Alan Pattillo Gerry Anderson, Barry Gray, Arthur Provis, Philip Wrestler Four Feather Falls is based on
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FOUR FEATHER FALLS | A TELEVISION HEAVEN REVIEW
FOUR FEATHER FALLS (1960) Whilst working on Roberta Leigh’s 'Torchy the Battery Boy', Gerry Anderson and Arthur Provis of AP Films, decided that they wanted to branch out and produce a puppet series of their own creation. ... Four Feather Falls’ harmonica player was Tommy Reilly, ...
http://www.televisionheaven.co.uk/four_feather_falls.htm
TV ACRES: Westerns > Four Feather Falls (in Supermarionation)
Four Feather Falls: Syndicated: 1960: ... Other folks in the Four Feather Falls community included: Grandpa Twink, who told tales about Sheriff Tex Tucker ("This kinda reminds of something strange that happened a while back ...") ...
http://www.tvacres.com/west_four_feather_falls.htm
Four Feather Falls (TV Series 1960) - Episodes - IMDb
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Four Feather Falls - Watch Free Viooz TV Series Download ...
Four Feather Falls was the third puppet TV show produced by Gerry Anderson for Granada Television. ... broadcast by Granada from February until November 1960. The setting is the late 19th-century fictional Kansas town of Four Feather Falls, where the hero of the series, ...
http://www.vioozmoviesonline.com/tv/1811/four-feather-falls-1960
Four Feather Falls: Episode 1 - How It Began - Part 1 - YouTube
... Four Feather Falls, ... Four Feather Falls, about a town full of magic. In this episode Sheriff Tex Tucker arrives in Four Fea... ...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqLyY4zQOjk
Four Feather Falls - TV Comic, 1960 - Virgin Media
Four Feather Falls: TV Comic - 1960 I have a confession to make. I don't like westerns. Never have, probably never will. I'm not that keen on the earlier Gerry Anderson series either.
http://www.technodelic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Upload01/4FeatherFalls1.htm
Four Feather Falls (1960) – Mediatly
The series is set in the late 19th Century Western town of Four Feather Falls, Kansas and features the adventures of its sheriff, Tex Tucker. In the...
http://www.mediatly.com/cards/view/312886
Four Feather Falls - TV.com
Four Feather Falls: Watch full length episodes & video clips. Read the latest Four Feather Falls ... TV.com. Shows; Videos; News; Listings; People; Community; Search. Four Feather Falls. Follow. ITV (ended 1960) USER EDITOR. mrdivot. User Score: 394. Overview; Episode Guide; Watch Online; Cast ...
http://www.tv.com/shows/four-feather-falls/
Four Feather Falls - ClassicKidsTv.co.uk
Four Feather Falls is a series set in the late 19th Century Western town of the same name, and features the adventures of its Sheriff Tex Tucker who was given four magic feathers by Indian Chief Kalamakooya as a reward for saving the life of Makooya, the chief's son.
http://classickidstv.co.uk/wiki/Four_Feather_Falls
FOUR FEATHER FALLS DVD 1960 GERRY ANDERSON TV COMPLETE SERIES ...
welcome to my online store containing the best of rare lost TV shows from the 50's and 60's . show title _FOUR FEATHER FALLS CREATED BY GERRY ANDERSON_____
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Four Feather Falls News - TV.com
Four Feather Falls. Favorite Watched It I've Watched This 2. ITV (ended 1960) USER EDITOR. No Editor. User Score: 0. Overview; Episode Guide; Watch Online; Cast & Crew; Fan Reviews; Forums; News; Photos; Trivia; News. Looks like we don't have any news for Four Feather Falls.
http://www.tv.com/shows/four-feather-falls/news/
Four Feather Falls - crackflix
Four Feather Falls (1960) Animation ; Western ; Action & Adventure ; Sci-Fi & Fantasy; Four Feather Falls was the third puppet TV show produced by Gerry Anderson for Granada Television.
http://crackflix.com/series/10469-four-feather-falls
Four Feather Falls (1960) - Smartburk
Bli medlem gratis och följ Four Feather Falls (1960) för att inte missa något.
http://www.smartburk.se/tv-serier/four-feather-falls-1960
Four Feather Falls- Soundtrack details - SoundtrackCollector.com
Four Feather Falls : Four Feather Falls (1960) Composer(s): Barry Gray Released in: 1960 Country: Great Britain: Other Resources: Other information: Total number of members who have this title in their: Collection: 21 Wish list: 5
http://www.soundtrackcollector.com/title/87471/Four+Feather+Falls
Four Feather Falls - YIFY TV Series Torrent Download - YIFY ...
Four Feather Falls (1960) Animation Western Action & Adventure Sci-Fi & Fantasy. Four Feather Falls was the third puppet TV show produced by Gerry Anderson for Granada Television.
http://www.yifymovies.org/tv/1811/four-feather-falls-1960
Four Feather Falls a puppet show – western TV show ...
Four Feather Falls is the third puppet TV show produced ... Thirty-nine 13-minute episodes were produced and broadcast by Granada from February 1960 – November 1960. The four feathers of the title refers to four magical feathers given to Tex by the Indian chief Kalamakooya as a reward for ...
http://www.westernstv.com/westerns-tv-shows-to-watch-free/four-feather-falls-a-puppet-show-western-tv-show/
Tower Press Four Feather Falls Card Game Boxed 1960
Tower Press Four Feather Falls Card Game Boxed 1960. Four Feather Falls was the third 'supermarionette' TV series created by Gerry Anderson, this one for Granada TV.
http://www.thetoycabin.com/tower_press_four_feather_falls_card_game_boxed_1960.html
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Amazon details
United Kingdom released, PAL/Region 2 DVD: it WILL NOT play on standard US DVD player. You need multi-region PAL/NTSC DVD player to view it in USA/Canada: LANGUAGES: English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 ), SPECIAL FEATURES: 3-DVD Set, Black & White, Commentary, Interactive Menu, Photo Gallery, Scene Access, Trailer(s), Uncut, SYNOPSIS: This charming puppet series was Gerry Anderson's first Supermarionation series - a process which uses electronic lip-synch and eye movement, a technique he was later to perfect on shows like 'Supercar' and 'Thunderbirds'. When Sheriff Tex Tucker saves a young Indian boy, his father - a great Indian chief - gives him the gift of four magic feathers. Two of them allow the Sheriff's companions (Dusty the dog and Rocky the horse) to talk three allowed his guns to fire automatically whenever he is in danger and four made him, Dusty and Rock invisible when they were in a sticky situation. The complete series of 39 episodes has not been seen anywhere in the world for decades and is presented here in a digitally remastered format. Episodes comprise: 1. How It Began 2. Kidnapped 3. Pedro Has A Plan 4. Pedro's Pardon 5. A Close Shave 6. Indian Attack 7. Sheriff For A Day 8. Dusty Becomes Deputy 9. Gunrunners 10. Trouble At Yellow Gulch 11. Frame-Up 12. Gold Diggers 13. Gold Is Where You Find It 14. Trapped 15. Best Laid Schemes... 16. Escort 17. The Toughest Guy In The West 18. Ghost Of A Chance 19. Gunplay 20. A Lawman Rides Alone 21. Jailbreak 22. A Little Bit Of Luck 23. Landgrabbers 24. Once A Lawman 25. Election Day 26. Gunfight On Main Street 27. A Bad Name 28. Horse Thieves 29. The Ma Jones Story 30. Bandits Abroad 31. A Cure For Everything 32. Teething Troubles 33. Buffalo Rocky 34. Safe As Houses 35. First Train Through 36. Happy Birthday 37. Fancy Shootin' 38. Ambush 39. Ride 'Em Cowboy ...Four Feather Falls - The Complete Series - 3-DVD Set ( 4 Feather Falls )
| Feather |
What is the name of the Doctor of Space Medicine, voiced by Sylvia Anderson, in the children’s television series ‘Fireball XL5’? | Gerry Anderson obituary | Television & radio | The Guardian
Gerry Anderson obituary
Thunderbirds creator who made some of the most popular children's TV shows of the 1960s
Gerry Anderson with some Thunderbirds figures in 2000. The Tracy brothers were named after US astronauts and fought evil from their International Rescue base on a south Pacific island. Photograph: Sean Smith for the Guardian
Wednesday 26 December 2012 12.41 EST
First published on Wednesday 26 December 2012 12.41 EST
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Gerry Anderson, who has died aged 83 after suffering from Alzheimer's disease, was the main mover behind a number of puppet series commissioned by Lew Grade's Independent Television Corporation. They made the company a fortune from the space age: perhaps the best known was Thunderbirds (1965-66), and among the others were Fireball XL5 (1962-63), Stingray (1964) and Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons (1967-68).
Anderson embarked on Thunderbirds in 1964. For Grade, international sales – particularly into the US market – were a key concern. So Thunderbirds focused on the Tracy brothers, with first names borrowed from the US astronauts Scott Carpenter, Virgil Grissom, Alan Shepard, John Glenn and Gordon Cooper. Enormously popular in its time, the series is still being repeated today.
Scott and the others were members of International Rescue, based on a south Pacific island, set up, in a nod to the Bonanza western series, by their father, former astronaut Jeff Tracy. Thus did the brothers, with their motto "Thunderbirds are go!", fight fires in mines and villains in Monte Carlo, rescue solarnauts from the sun, quench blazing gasfields and take on the evil of The Hood, a villainous mastermind operating from a Malaysian jungle temple over some 32 episodes. The British featured with aristo blonde bombshell Lady Penelope (voiced by, and modelled on, Anderson's then wife Sylvia Thamm) and Parker, Cockney butler-cum-chauffeur of Penelope's 21st-century Rolls-Royce, FAB 1.
The pre-ITV world of the early 50s had been one of puppets such as Muffin the Mule and the Flowerpot Men, a mirror for a Britain on extremely visible strings. Rocket men, on BBC radio, Radio Luxembourg and in the Eagle comic, meant Dan Dare and Jet Morgan – recycled Biggles and Battle of Britain pilots. After Anderson, they were destined for the galactic dole queue, just as Eagle's demise was hastened by the arrival of Anderson spin-offs such as TV Century 21 (1965-71). "Everything we did," Anderson told his biographers Simon Archer and Marcus Hearn, in What Made Thunderbirds Go! (2002), "was in an endeavour to sell to America," and Grade spectacularly achieved that with Fireball XL5, a US network sale to NBC . Thunderbirds, shown across the world and more than a dozen times on British TV, is the show that defines the Anderson achievement, yet never attracted a US network.
There was also the merchandising, for all the hit Anderson series, but spectacularly for Thunderbirds. While listening to the Royal Netherlands Air Force's rendition of the theme tune, the consumer could contemplate the purchase of the Dinky Toy FAB 1. There was a (very) minor hit record for Fireball XL5 and, beyond toys, wrote Chris Bentley in The Complete Gerry Anderson (2003), there were "clothing, toiletries, crockery, bedding, soft furnishings, ornaments, stationery, confectionery and baked beans".
Grade and Anderson's collaboration began in 1960, in the wake of the latter's western series for children, Four Feather Falls. Anderson proposed Supercar, featuring – just before astronauts took off – a test pilot hero from Arizona, Mike Mercury. Grade slashed Anderson's projected budget by a third, commissioned 39 episodes, and sold the series to the US, where it was a huge hit. That year, Anderson married Sylvia, beginning their tempestuous creative partnership.
Two years later, as Fireball XL5 was going to NBC, Grade's Associated Television (ATV) purchased Anderson's company, Anderson Provis Films (APF). The deal enriched Anderson, and left him, Grade aside, in creative control. In October 1964 Stingray, with Captain Troy Tempest of the World Aquanaut Security Patrol, battling, among others, Titan, ruler of Titanica, waded ashore on ITV – and netted ITC millions worldwide. After Thunderbirds came Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, and then Joe 90 (1968), which was erratically broadcast – or not – around the ITV network.
However, the moment seemed to have passed: television appeared clogged up with Anderson's Supermarionation puppets. Two Thunderbird movies had flopped; the tide was ebbing.
Anderson was born in London, the younger son of Deborah and Joseph Abrahams. Joseph's parents were Jews from eastern Europe. Deborah Leonoff's background mixed Jewish and Cornish roots. Their vituperative marriage gave Anderson an unhappy childhood. His father was a socialist, increasingly debt-ridden and trapped in low-paid jobs. The family gravitated from Willesden Green to penury in Kilburn, and then on to Neasden. In the face of the commonplace antisemitism of the times, mother and son, prevailing over Joseph, had the family surname changed to Anderson.
Gerry was educated at Kingsgate infants school in Kilburn and Braintcroft junior and senior schools in Neasden. Puppetry did not feature – indeed, he preferred knitting. Escape was provided in the front stalls at the Kilburn State and Grange cinemas, facing each other across the Kilburn high road. He won a scholarship to Willesden county secondary school and became a chain smoker. The death of his Mosquito pilot brother, Lionel, on active service in 1944 devastated the family. Anderson enrolled at the local polytechnic, flirted with a career in architecture, and developed an aptitude for plaster modelling, which triggered dermatitis.
Then a friend invited him to the Pathé laboratories at Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, and Anderson the moviegoer became intrigued by film. At the end of the war he became a trainee at the Colonial Film Unit, before joining Gainsborough Pictures as an assistant editor. Work on two bodice rippers, Caravan (1946) and Jassy (1947), and a thriller, Snowbound (1948), was followed by a posting as an RAF radio operator. By 1950, he was a freelance dubbing editor. The films included The Clouded Yellow (1950) with Trevor Howard and Jean Simmons, Appointment in London (1953) with Dirk Bogarde, A Prize of Gold (1955) with Richard Widmark and Mai Zetterling, and Devil Girl from Mars (1954). It was a journeyman's career path, in a then declining industry.
In the mid-50s, commercial TV arrived. Anderson and Arthur Provis, a camera operator, set up Pentagon Films, whose recruits included Sylvia as a secretary. After Pentagon went bust came APF, which struggled until commissioned to produce a 52-part, 15-minute puppet series, The Adventures of Twizzle (1957-58). This was followed by Torchy the Battery Boy (1959-60). The wild west was big on late 50s British TV, via shows such as Wagon Train and Wells Fargo. APF came up with Four Feather Falls . Nicholas Parsons voiced, and Michael Holliday sang, Sheriff Tex Tucker. Bought by Granada, the programme debuted on ITV in February 1960. Tucker, his English-accented horse Rocky (Kenneth Connor), his dog Dusty and Pedro the villainous bandit rode into British children's teatime – to be followed by Supercar.
In 1960 Anderson had produced and directed the B-movie Crossroads to Crime. At the other end of the decade, alongside a late and ill-starred puppet-live action series The Secret Service (1969), he produced the science fiction movie Doppelgänger. The live action TV series UFO (1970), The Protectors (1972-74) and Space 1999 (1975-78) followed. None greatly prospered.
In 1975, financially battered, and in the era before video sales, Anderson sold off his share of APF royalties. That year, too, he and Sylvia separated. Soon his relationship with ATV, in decline since the late 60s, ended. Anderson's finances were collapsing; his career reached its nadir before signs of revival in the 80s.
From the 1990s onwards the work of Anderson and the group of gifted puppeteers and film-makers he had worked with in 1960s Slough was rediscovered. There were conventions, live shows and repeat showings. Anderson developed other projects, but nothing really compared with those strange times – and the mystery of Supermarionation, credited from the later episodes of Supercar.
Not that there was a mystery: it was the product, as the 60s advanced, of increasingly sophisticated and expensive technique. Just as the Wizard of Oz turned out to be a man behind a curtain, so Supermarionation merely combined the words "super", "marionette" and "animation". "It didn't mean," Anderson told Archer and Hearn, "anything other than that."
He was appointed an MBE in 2001. His first two marriages ended in divorce. He is survived by his wife, Mary, two daughters from his first marriage, a son from his second, and a son from his third.
• Gerald Alexander Anderson, film and TV producer, director and writer, born 14 April 1929; died 26 December 2012
Animator behind popular puppet TV shows Captain Scarlet, Stingray and Joe 90 died in his sleep, his son announces
Published: 26 Dec 2012
Gerry Anderson, who has died aged 83, had TV hits with Thunderbirds, Captain Scarlet Joe 90 and Stingray
Published: 26 Dec 2012
The British director behind puppet TV shows Thunderbirds, Stingray and Captain Scarlet has died aged 83
Published: 26 Dec 2012
Stephen La Rivière and Howard Dawber on how Gerry Anderson paved the way for a range of cinematic special effects
Published: 27 Dec 2012
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How many sons does Jeff Tracy have in the children’s television series ‘Thunderbirds’? | Thunderbirds - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com
EDIT
In 2065, former astronaut and millionaire Jeff Tracy forms an secret organization named International Rescue. Its mission is to intervene when human life is at threat and nobody else is able to help. They're based on a small tropical island in the Pacific. While it appears to all the world as a reclusive millionaire's retreat, complete with luxurious hillside house (appropriately in the International Style of architecture) and swimming pool, hidden beneath the house and inside a cliff face are various facilities for the enormous complex where their equipment is built, maintained and stored. The equipment, including the specialized Thunderbird vehicles, is designed and assembled by Brains, a brilliant engineer fiercely loyal to Jeff. Supporting the team is Lady Penelope, a famous society figure who secretly acts as their London operative, assisted by her butler, Parker. The five Thunderbird craft are piloted by each of Jeff's five sons, all named after members of America's Mercury program: - Thunderbird 1, piloted by Scott, named after Scott Carpenter. This ramjet-powered plane is their fastest aircraft, always first on the scene to assess the situation and coordinate the rescue. - Thunderbird 2, piloted by Virgil (after Virgil "Gus" Grissom." A fan favorite, Thunderbird 2 is the heavy lift air transport, responsible for carrying all manner of large and bulky machinery to rescue sites. - Thunderbird 3 is piloted by Alan (after Alan Shepard) or John (after John Glenn,) depending on who is on station in Thunderbird 5. 3 is the spaceship for International Rescue. - Thunderbird 4, piloted by Gordon (after Gordon Cooper), is a mini-submarine usually carried to sites inside Thunderbird 2. - Thunderbird 5 is manned by John and Alan on rotating monthly shifts. It's an orbital space platform where all communications around the world can be monitored and issues alerts to Jeff whenever trouble arises. International Rescue insists on complete secrecy. Their identities aren't known to anyone outside the organization and photography of their equipment is forbidden. Thunderbirds was produced by Gerry Anderson and was the culmination of his Supermarionation process, which used marionette puppets instead of live actors. Originally intended for children, the show still has a devoted fanbase of adult viewers, both in the United Kingdom where it originated and in the United States, where it was syndicated in the 1960s and 70s. The series spawned three theatrical features. Thunderbirds Are Go! and Thunderbird Six were produced soon after the series left the air, although neither met with box office success. In 2004, a live action feature of the same name was made without Anderson's involvement. It drew scathing comments from professional movie reviewers who compared it unfavorably to the original show.moreless
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What is the surname of Joe in the children’s television series ‘Joe 90’? | Thunderbirds (TV Series 1960–1966) - IMDb
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Gerry Anderson's third SF supermarionation saga told the adventures of the WASPs (the World Aquanaut Security Patrol) as they explored the oceans and kept the world safe from a variety of ... See full summary »
Stars: Ray Barrett, Robert Easton, David Graham
A literally unkillable agent leads an international intelligence agency's fight against an extra-terrestrial terror campaign.
Stars: Francis Matthews, Ed Bishop, Donald Gray
The International Rescue team is faced with one of its toughest challenges yet, as the revolutionary lighter-than-air craft Skyship One is hijacked while on her maiden voyage around the ... See full summary »
Director: David Lane
The adventures of a preteen secret agent who can have any useful skills downloaded into his brain.
Stars: Len Jones, Rupert Davies, Keith Alexander
Thunderbirds Are Go (TV Series 2015)
Animation | Action | Adventure
In the future, the Tracy family run a private mechanized emergency response service.
Stars: Thomas Brodie-Sangster, Rasmus Hardiker, Kayvan Novak
When The Hood finds and invades International Rescue's secret base and traps most of the Tracy family, only young Alan Tracy and his friends can save the day.
Director: Jonathan Frakes
Fireball XL5 was part of the fleet of interplanetary rockets protecting Sector 25 of the Solar System from alien invasion under the supervision of the World Space Patrol. In command of XL5 ... See full summary »
Stars: Paul Maxwell, Sylvia Anderson, David Graham
Gerry Anderson's first science fiction Supermarionation series. Super Car was a prototype vehicle that could travel in the air, on land or beneath the sea. Its test pilot was Mike Mercury, ... See full summary »
Stars: David Graham, Graydon Gould, Sylvia Anderson
In the year 2020 Earth is under threat from Martian androids who want revenge on the human race. They consist of Zelda, her son Yung-star and her sister called Cy-star. An organisation is ... See full summary »
Stars: Jeremy Hitchen, Denise Bryer, Anne Ridler
Camberwick Green (TV Series 1966)
Animation | Family
Iconic British children's animated series set in the fictional, picturesque village of the title. Each episode opens with a character emerging from a music box and they will be the central character of the forthcoming story.
Stars: Brian Cant
Children's animation from the 'Smallfilms' team of Postgate and Firmin. In the 'top, left hand corner of Wales' runs an archaic railway line staffed by such characters as Jones the Steam ... See full summary »
Stars: Olwen Griffiths, Anthony Jackson, Oliver Postgate
The Wombles (TV Series 1973)
Animation | Family
The misadventures of a fantasy folk community dedicated to cleaning up litter and put it to their own use.
Stars: Bernard Cribbins, Dieter Hallervorden
Edit
Storyline
The year is 2065. The location is a secret island base. The Tracy family run International Rescue - a top secret organization whose ongoing mission is to aid humanity. With the support of five incredible THUNDERBIRDS craft, the London agent Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward, her butler and ex safe-cracker Parker and genius Brains, the Tracy family battle the forces of evil. Written by Back of Digitally Remastered DVD
30 September 1965 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
Mono (Westrex Recording System)| Stereo (re-mastered version)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The faces of the Tracys were composites of those of famous actors: Jeff was modeled upon Lorne Greene of Bonanza (1959) fame, Alan modeled upon Robert Reed of The Protectors (1964), Scott after Sean Connery and John after Adam Faith and Charlton Heston . Virgil is an older-looking Alan and Gordon a younger version of John. See more »
Goofs
In five episodes, there are newspapers with the date Friday, 24 December 1964 on the front cover, and was clearly not intended to be seen by viewers. (Oddly enough, 24 December 1964 was a Thursday). See more »
Quotes
Virgil Tracy : Thunderbird Two to Thunderbird One, do you read me?
[Thunderbird One does not answer]
John Tracy : He's got to have made it, he's GOT to.
Virgil Tracy : Thunderbird Two to Thunderbird One, do you read me?
[static]
See more »
Crazy Credits
The opening credits include scenes from that week's episode. Gerry Anderson would later reuse this gimmick in "Space: 1999" (1975) and "Space Precinct" (1995). See more »
Connections
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Produced in the UK between 1961 and 1962, what was the first UK Gerry Anderson series to be shown overseas? | Supercar - Series 1 (1961) - YouTube
39,458 views
Last updated on Jul 20, 2015
Supercar was a children's TV show produced by Gerry Anderson and Arthur Provis's AP Films for ATV and ITC Entertainment. 39 episodes were produced between 1961 and 1962,[1] and it was Anderson's first half-hour series. In the UK it was seen on ITV and in the US in syndication (the first Anderson series to be shown overseas). The format uses puppets in a technique called supermarionation, a name that was first seen in the closing titles of the last 13 episodes.
The plot of the show consisted of Supercar, a vertical takeoff and landing craft invented by Rudolph Popkiss and Horatio Beaker, and piloted by Mike Mercury. On land it rode on a cushion of air rather than wheels. Jets in the rear allowed it to fly like a jet and retractable wings were incorporated in the back of the car. Retrorockets on the side of the car slowed the vehicle. The car used "Clear-Vu", which included an inside television monitor allowing the occupant to see through fog and smoke. The vehicle was housed in a laboratory and living facility at Black Rock, Nevada, U.S.A. In the show's first episode, "Rescue", the Supercar crew's first mission is to save the passengers of a downed private plane. Two of the rescued, young Jimmy Gibson and his pet monkey, Mitch, are invited to live at the facility and share in the adventures.
The series inaugurated what would become an Anderson trademark, the launch sequence. Every one of his series up until Space: 1999 would include these -- in Supercar's case, the charging and firing of port and starboard engines, the activation of an interlock, the opening of (overhead) hangar doors, and finally the vertical take-off.
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What was the name of the children’s television show, created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson, which followed the adventures of Father Stanley Unwin? | Supercar (1961) Cast and Crew, Trivia, Quotes, Photos, News and Videos - FamousFix
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Supercar was a children's TV show produced by Gerry Anderson and Arthur Provis's AP Films for ATV and ITC Entertainment . 39 episodes were produced between 1961 and 1962, and it was Anderson's first half-hour series. In the UK it was seen on ITV and in the US in syndication (the first Anderson series to be shown overseas) debuting in January 1962. The series uses Supermarionation , based on the complex and difficult Czech style of marionette puppetry . Wikipedia
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What is the name of the ‘hoverchair’ bound commander in the children’s television series ‘Stingray’? | Stingray TV Series (download torrent) - TPB
Stingray TV Series
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Stingray TV Series - total of 39 episodes. Each episode is approx 26-27 mins long. Stingray is a children's marionette television show, created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson and produced by AP Films for ATV and ITC Entertainment from 1964–65. Its 39 half-hour episodes were originally screened on ITV in the UK and in syndication in the USA. The scriptwriters included Gerry and Sylvia Anderson, Alan Fennell, and Dennis Spooner. Barry Gray composed the music, and Derek Meddings was the special effects director. Stingray was the first Supermarionation show to be filmed in colour, and also the first in which marionettes had interchangeable heads with different facial expressions. It was also the first British television programme to be filmed entirely in colour. Stingray, a highly sophisticated combat submarine built for speed and manoeuvrability, is the flagship of the World Aquanaut Security Patrol (WASP), a 21st Century security organisation based at Marineville in the year 2065. She is capable of speeds of up to 600 knots and advanced pressure compensators allow her to submerge to depths of over 36,000 feet, which permits cruising to the bottom of any part of any ocean in the world. Marineville is located somewhere on the California coast of the United States. In the event of attack, the entire base can descend on hydraulic jacks into underground bunkers. Marineville is 10 miles inland, and Stingray is launched from the base's "Pen 3" through a tunnel leading to the Pacific Ocean. "Action Stations," "Launch Stations," and "Battle Stations" are sounded not by sirens but by a rapid drum-beat, composed and recorded by series composer Barry Gray, played over the Marineville public address system. The pilot of Stingray is the square-jawed Captain Troy Tempest, the Supermarionation puppet who was accidentally modelled on James Garner, accompanied by Dixie navigator Lieutenant George Lee "Phones" Sheridan, nicknamed "Phones" because of his job as Stingray's hydrophone operator. His real name, George Sheridan, is referred to in the show's publicity material, but is never mentioned on-screen. Troy and Phones board Stingray by sitting down in their side-by-side command chairs in the stand-by lounge, which are lowered rapidly into the submarine on long tubular poles called injector tubes. An additional seat and pole is situated just behind theirs, for use by a third crew member, usually Marina, or a passenger. They take their orders from the crusty, "hoverchair"-bound Commander Samuel Shore, whose daughter, Lieutenant Atlanta Shore, is also a WASP operative and is enamoured of Troy. Sub-Lieutenant John Fisher also regularly takes shifts at Marineville Control. The reason Shore is confined to a hoverchair is revealed in the episode The Ghost of the Sea. As a security agent for a deep sea mining platform, he was attacked by a submarine. He managed to ram his attacker in return, and then escape to the surface with scuba gear, but in so doing, he lost the use of his legs. All this took place five years before the time in which Stingray is set. During the course of the series, Stingray encounters a number of underwater races, both hostile and otherwise. The "aquaphibians," a submarine warrior race, appear frequently, often under the command of King Titan, whose puppet was accidentally modelled on Laurence Olivier, and who is the ruler of the underwater city of Titanica. Video: 720x536 xVid 29.97fps Audio: 48K 224Kbps AC3 2-channel stereo (L/R) Enjoy! Comments welcome.
| Hamby Shore |
What colour sash does Alan Tracy wear in the children’s television series ‘Thunderbirds’? | STING RAY STINGRAY
Stingrays are a group of rays, which are cartilaginous fishes related to sharks . They are classified in the suborder Myliobatoidei of the order Myliobatiformes, and consist of eight families: Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray), Plesiobatidae (deep water stingray), Urolophidae (stingarees), Urotrygonidae (round rays), Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays), Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays), Gymnuridae (butterfly rays), and Myliobatidae (eagle rays).
Most stingrays have one or more barbed stings (modified from dermal denticles) on the tail, which are used exclusively in self-defense. The stinger may reach a length of approximately 35 cm (14 in), and its underside has two grooves with venom glands. The stinger is covered with a thin layer of skin, the integumentary sheath, in which the venom is concentrated. A few members of the suborder, such as the manta rays and the porcupine ray, do not have stingers.
Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world, and also includes species found in warmer temperate oceans , such as Dasyatis thetidis, and those found in the deep ocean, such as Plesiobatis daviesi. The river stingrays, and a number of whiptail stingrays (such as the Niger stingray), are restricted to fresh water. Most myliobatoids are demersal, but some, such as the pelagic stingray and the eagle rays, are pelagic.
While most stingrays are relatively widespread and not currently threatened, for several species (for example Taeniura meyeni, D. colarensis, D. garouaensis, and D. laosensis), the conservation status is more problematic, leading to them being listed as vulnerable or endangered by IUCN. The status of several other species are poorly known, leading to them being listed as Data Deficient.
ECOTOURISM
Stingrays are usually very docile and curious, their usual reaction being to flee any disturbance, but they will sometimes brush their fins past any new object they encounter. Nevertheless, certain larger species may be more aggressive and should be approached with caution, as the stingray's defensive reflex (use of its poisoned stinger) may result in serious injury or death.
Dasyatids are not normally visible to swimmers, but divers and snorkelers may find them in shallow, sandy waters, more so when the water is warm. In the Cayman Islands several dive sites called Stingray City, Grand Cayman, allow divers and snorkelers to swim with large southern stingrays (D. americana) and feed them by hand. A "Stingray City" in the sea surrounding the Caribbean island of Antigua consists of a large, shallow reserve where the rays live, and snorkeling is possible, since the rays are used to the presence of humans .
In Belize, off the island of Ambergris Caye, there is a popular marine sanctuary, Hol Chan, where divers and snorkelers often gather to watch stingrays and nurse sharks drawn to the area by tour operators who feed the animals.
Many Tahitian island resorts regularly offer guests the chance to "feed the stingrays and sharks". This consists of taking a boat to the outer lagoon reefs, then standing in waist-high water while habituated stingrays swarm around, pressing right up against tourists seeking food from their hands or that being tossed into the water. The boat owners also "call in" sharks, which, when they arrive from the ocean, swoop through the shallow water above the reef and snatch food offered to them.
BEHAVIOUR
The flattened bodies of stingrays allow them to effectively conceal themselves in their environment. Stingrays do this by agitating the sand and hiding beneath it. Because their eyes are on top of their bodies and their mouths on the undersides, stingrays cannot see their prey; instead, they use smell and electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) similar to those of sharks. Stingrays feed primarily on molluscs, crustaceans, and occasionally on small fish. Some stingrays' mouths contain two powerful, shell-crushing plates, while other species only have sucking mouthparts. Stingrays settle on the bottom while feeding, often leaving only their eyes and tail visible. Coral reefs are favorite feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide.
REPRODUCTION
When a male is courting a female, he will follow her closely, biting at her pectoral disc. He then places one of his two claspers into her valve.
Stingrays are ovoviviparous, bearing live young in "litters" of five to 13. The female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta. Instead, the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac, and after the sac is depleted, the mother provides uterine "milk".
At the Sea Life London Aquarium, two female stingrays have delivered seven baby stingrays, although the mothers have not been near a male for two years. "Rays have been known to store sperm and not give birth until they decide the timing is right".
THE STING
Stingray injuries are caused by the venomous tail spines or stingers of rays in the order Myliobatiformes, most significantly those belonging to the families Dasyatidae, Urotrygonidae, Urolophidae, and Potamotrygonidae. Stingrays generally do not attack aggressively or even actively defend themselves. When threatened, their primary reaction is to swim away. However, when attacked by predators or stepped on, the stinger in their tail is whipped up. This is normally ineffective against sharks, their main predator.
Depending on the size of the stingray, humans are usually stung in the lower limb region. Stings usually occur when swimmers or divers accidentally step on a stingray, but a human is less likely to be stung by simply brushing against the stinger. Surfers and those who enter waters with large populations of stingrays have learned to slide their feet through the sand rather than taking steps, as the rays detect this and swim away, as will stamping on the bottom as one treads through murky water.
The stinger usually breaks off in the wound. This is not fatal to the stingray as it will be regrown at a rate of about 1.25 to 2 centimetres (0.49 to 0.79 in) per month (though with significant variations depending on the size of the stingray and the exact species). Contact with the stinger causes local trauma (from the cut itself), pain, swelling, and muscle cramps from the venom, and possible later infection from bacteria or fungi. Immediate injuries to humans include, but are not limited to: poisoning, punctures, severed arteries and veins, and occasionally death. Fatal stings are very rare, but can happen, famously including Steve Irwin. In this case, the stinger penetrated the thoracic wall, causing massive trauma.
Many victims of stingray related injuries suffer from physical effects including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, extreme pain at the wound, muscle cramps, and a laceration at the puncture site. There have been cases of severe consequences which may include embedded spines, infection, hypotension, and even possible amputations or death. Stingray wounds have also been found to bleed profusely and for a long amount of time after the initial puncture. It has been suggested that there may be some sort of anti-hemoglobin agent incorporated with the secreted venom, but James H. Diaz, Professor at the School of Public Health has refuted that theory.
TREATMENT
Treatment for stings may include application of hot water (optimum temperature is 45 �C (113 �F), taking care not to cause burns), which can help ease pain by denaturing the complex venom protein. Antibiotics may be administered to prevent infection if there is a delay in treatment, if the wound is deep, or if there is a large amount of foreign material in the wound. Immediate injection of a local anesthetic in and around the wound, or a regional nerve blockade, can be helpful, as can the use of parenteral opiates such as intramuscular pethidine. Local anesthetic may bring almost instant relief for several hours. Vinegar and papain are ineffective. Pain normally lasts up to 48 hours, but is most severe in the first 30�60 minutes and may be accompanied by nausea, fatigue, spreading cramps, headaches, fever, and chills. All stingray injuries should be medically assessed; the wound must be thoroughly cleaned, and surgical exploration is often required to remove any barb fragments remaining in the wound. Following cleaning, an ultrasound is helpful to confirm removal of all the barb fragments. Not all remnants are radio-opaque; x-ray radiography imaging may be helpful where ultrasound is not available.
STINGRAY SUBMARINE (TV PUPPET SERIES)
Stingray was a British children's Supermarionation television series, created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson and produced by AP Films for ATV and ITC Entertainment between 1964 and 1965. Its 39 half-hour episodes were originally screened on ATV in the United Kingdom and in syndication in the United States . The scriptwriters included the Andersons, Alan Fennell and Dennis Spooner. Barry Gray composed the music, and Derek Meddings served as special effects director.
Stingray was the first Supermarionation production to be filmed in colour, and also the first in which the marionette puppet characters had interchangeable heads featuring a variety of expressions. It was furthermore the first British TV programme to be filmed entirely in colour. At this time American TV networks were preparing for full-time colour broadcasting, although independent television in the UK did not commence colour transmission until November 1969.
SUBMARINE PLOT
The series revolved around a rather futuristic looking submarine, the design of which was enough to capture the hearts and imagination of the children watching at the time.
Stingray, a highly-sophisticated combat submarine built for speed and manoeuvrability, is the flag vessel of the World Aquanaut Security Patrol ( WASP ), a security organisation based at Marineville in the year 2065. She is capable of speeds of up to 600 knots (1,100 km/h), while advanced pressure compensators allow her to submerge to depths of over 36,000 feet (11,000 m), enabling cruising to the bottom of any part of any of Earth's oceans. Marineville is located somewhere in California, on the West Coast of the United States. In the case of it being under attack, Battle Stations is called and the entire base is lowered down on hydraulic jacks into the safety of underground bunkers. The base lies 10 miles (16 km) inland, and Stingray is launched from "Pen 3" through a tunnel leading to the Pacific Ocean. The alerts "action stations", "launch stations", and "battle stations" are sounded not by sirens but by a rapid drum-beat (composed and recorded by series composer Barry Gray) that is played over Marineville's public address system.
The pilot of Stingray is the square-jawed Captain Troy Tempest (whose Supermarionation puppet was modelled on actor James Garner). He is paired with Dixie navigator Lieutenant George Lee "Phones" Sheridan, nicknamed "Phones" for his role as Stingray's hydrophone operator. (Phones' real name, George Sheridan, is referred to in the series' publicity material but is not mentioned on-screen.) Troy and Phones board Stingray by sitting down in twin command chairs in Marineville's stand-by lounge, which are lowered rapidly into the submarine via tubular poles. They answer to the crusty, "hoverchair"-bound Commander Samuel Shore, whose daughter, Lieutenant Atlanta Shore, is enamoured of Troy. The reason for Shore's disability is revealed in the episode "The Ghost of the Sea": as a security agent for a deep-sea mining platform, he was injured when a hostile submersible attacked the facility and damaged his patrol craft. He managed to ram the enemy in return, and then escape to the surface, but in so doing lost the use of his legs. Sub-Lieutenant John Fisher also regularly takes shifts in the Marineville control room.
During the course of the series, Stingray encounters a number of undersea races, both hostile and otherwise. The Aquaphibians, an aquatic warrior race, appear regularly�usually under the command of King Titan (modelled on Laurence Olivier), who is the tyrannical ruler of the underwater city of Titanica. In the pilot episode, Stingray is attacked by Titan's forces and Troy and Phones are captured. They are rescued by Titan's slave girl, Marina (modelled on Brigitte Bardot), a mute young woman who can breathe underwater. Troy immediately becomes infatuated with Marina, causing Atlanta to become jealous. Titan, meanwhile, swears revenge for Marina's betrayal. Marina becomes a regular member of Stingray's crew, and later acquires a pet seal pup named Oink, who appears in a number of episodes.
Many later episodes revolve around Titan's schemes to destroy Stingray and Marineville. These often fail due to the incompetence of his spy on land, Surface Agent X-Two-Zero (whose likeness is modelled on Claude Rains but whose voice is imitative of Peter Lorre).
Most of the characters, vehicles and places featured the series have names that are connected, in some manner, with the sea. Character names of this type include Tempest (synonymous with "storm"), Shore, Atlanta (from "Atlantic"), Marina, Lieutenant Fisher and the hostile Aquaphibians. Place names inspired by the sea or its elements include Marineville and Aquatraz, Titanica's prison. Vehicle names include Stingray itself and Titan's lethal submersibles, the mechanical fish, named "Terror Fish" in merchandise and comics but never in the series itself (where they are only referred to as "mechanical fish").
According to the audio adventure Journey to Marineville, the "3" on Stingray's fins indicates that the vessel is Stingray Mark III. Marineville is stated to be 20 miles inland, as opposed to the 10 miles mentioned in the TV episode "The Big Gun".
STINGRAY CLASS
According to the Stingray comic strip in the weekly Countdown comic, more than one Stingray-class submarine was in service in the Marineville fleet. These vessels had names such as Spearfish, Barracuda, Moray and Thornback and were identified by different numbers on their fins, suggesting that the "3" painted on Stingray's tail fin did not indicate that the submarine was a "Mark III" after all.
A similar idea had been adopted by author John Theydon for his second Stingray tie-in novel, Stingray and the Monster, some years prior. In the novel, another WASP submarine (unnamed and referred to as "Number Thirteen") is hi-jacked by an old enemy of Commander Shore. Theydon's description of the hi-jacked boat, both inside and out, is recognisably similar to that of Stingray, with the exception that "Number Thirteen" is stated not to possess Stingray's exceptional performance, being limited to roughly 400 knots (740 km/h) instead of the 600 knots (1,100 km/h) that Stingray is quoted as being able to attain. The implication, not explicitly stated, is that Stingray is an upgraded version of the design. Later, TV21 comic mentioned a second "super-sub" due to enter service under the WASP that is stolen by a Mysteron agent as part of the plot of a Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons story.
| i don't know |
What is the name of the pilot of The Battlehawk in the children’s television series ‘Terrahawks’? | TV – Kids | Child Of The 1980's - Part 5
Child Of The 1980's
The Littlest Hobo
Posted by Big Boo on August 26th, 2008
The Littlest Hobo is a well remembered show from the early 1980’s that follows the adventures of a stray german shepherd dog as it travels across America making friends with different humans with problems that the dog somehow manages to help them sort out. Once that weeks adoptive owner had been helped, off the dog went to find another needy human to help.
In the average episode it seemed that the human being helped would normally choose a name for the dog, which always seemed to be something like “lucky” or “champ”, usually chosen because the dog just happened to turn up at a time of need and would help the human achieve some goal they were struggling with. The real name of the dog actor (for want of a better phrase) that portrayed The Littlest Hobo was actually London however.
Whilst there were obvious similarities to that other famous dog star Lassie, I always preferred The Littlest Hobo. Lassie always bored me, as it seemed to just be about some stupid kid getting into trouble every week and the dog coming to the rescue. I also always thought Lassie sounded really sad when she whined. The Littlest Hobo may have been similar in so far as the dog helped a human out of some scrape each week, but at least it was a different human each week, so the storylines seemed less repetitive than Lassie.
A Handful of Songs
Posted by Big Boo on July 29th, 2008
For those that don’t recognise the name, A Handful of Songs was one of ITV’s midday childrens shows that kept little ones enthralled for a full ten minutes as two friendly adults sat and sang songs whilst playing a guitar. Now they certainly don’t make TV shows like this any more, but one really has to wonder why? It can’t have been an expensive show to make, and singing songs is something that most pre-school children love to listen to and join in with.
As mentioned the format consisted of a man playing the guitar and a woman singing songs, which had normally been requested by one of the viewers of the show. Requests were normally made by a child painting a picture representing the song they wanted to hear, which then got put up as a backdrop behind the two presenters.
My memory isn’t good enough to recall the names of the presenters, but a trip to the wonderful Little Gems website provided both the names and the image accompanying this post. The show was first hosted by Kathy Jones and Alistair Johns but was only shown in the Granada ITV region. Eventually it made its way onto the full ITV network, where it was presented by Maria Morgan and Keith Field.
Why Don’t You?
Posted by Big Boo on June 20th, 2008
When it came to the school holidays if there was one thing you could be almost certain of appearing on the BBC morning kids tv schedule it would have been Why Don’t You? The show is another shining example of the BBC’s ability to make long running TV series, with it first appearing on screens in 1973 and disappearing 42 series later in 1995.
The premise of the show was to give you ideas for things to do once you finally switched the goggle box off. Indeed, its official full title was actually Why Don’t You Just Switch Off Your Television Set And Go Do Something Less Boring Instead? but being a bit of a mouthful was thankfully shortened to just Why Don’t You? The format as I remember it best was a group of vair unobnoxious child presenters informing you of things to make or cook and introducing short films following some viewers hobby, rounded off with some jokes and sketches.
During the 1980’s there were a number of Why Don’t You? gangs, as they were called, who all hailed from different parts of the UK. Initially there was just the Bristol gang, but they were soon joined by gangs from Newcastle, Liverpool, Cardiff, and cities in Scotland and Ireland too, though I forget which ones now. This was quite amusing as some of the kids had some pretty thick accents.
Terrahawks
Posted by Big Boo on June 5th, 2008
Gerry Anderson is a bit of a sci-fi legend, and I guarantee you will have watched, or at least heard of, one of his many series from over the years. He is best known for his puppet TV shows, the most famous of which is surely Thunderbirds, but also included Stingray, Fireball XL5, Joe 90 and of course the subject of this post, Terrahawks.
The first series of Terrahawks hit our screens in 1983, and was set in the year 2020. Funny, that doesn’t seem quite so far away now does it! Earth has come under attack for a race of androids who have set up a base on Mars from which they launch their attacks. In response a special force called the Terrahawks was put together to fight off this unwelcome menace.
The Terrahawks were led by Doctor Tiger Ninestein, so called because he was one of nine clones, originally created by a Professor Stein! He is joined by Captain Mary Falconer, who was pilot of the Terrahawks main space craft known as Battlehawk. Lieutenant Hiro is a brilliant scientist who works from space in an orbiting space station, and there are two fighter pilots named Hawkeye and Kate Kestrel. Kate also happens to be a famous pop star, so she has to balance saving the Earth with recording her latest hit, much to the annoyance of her manager (I think that’s what he was anyway) who had the wonderful name of Stu Dapples (Stewed Apples – I have no idea what the relevance of this was!).
Posted by Big Boo on May 16th, 2008
It’s Friday, it’s five to five, it’s…
Love it or hate it, Crackerjack (Crackerjack!) managed to notch up almost 30 years on the old goggle box. It originally started way back in 1955 in glorious monochrome, hosted by none other than the late Eamonn Andrews, who you will more likely remember as the man with the red book who surprised celebrities on This Is Your Life. Perhaps your parents watched it too?
Crackerjack (Crackerjack!) was a kids variety show featuring comedy sketches, music and competitions. As the years went by it featured many stars who became household names in the UK. Max Bygraves, Leslie Crowther, Michael Aspel and Ed “Stewpot” Stewart all hosted, whilst comedians such as Don Maclean (no, not the singer), Ronnie Corbett and Bernie Clifton (the guy who was always “riding” a fake ostrich) plied their trade in front of the kids. Most of these names featured before the 1980’s, but I felt they were worth a mention in order to demonstrate the long history of the show.
In the 1980’s we were treated (if that is the right word) to the hosting skills of Stu Francis, a slightly camp comedian who seemed to have come straight from being a children’s entertainer at a holiday camp. Stu played on his general lack of butchness with his seemingly endless stream of catchphrases ranging from “Ooh! I could wrestle an Action Man !” through to the most famous example of “Ooh! I could crush a grape!“. Catchphrases were always a big part of Crackerjack’s (Crackerjack!) appeal though, as all the kids in the studio audience were expected to shout out the name of the show whenever anybody said it. OK, I know it’s a lame joke to do this in the written word, but that’s not going to stop me!
Roland Rat Superstar
Posted by Big Boo on April 29th, 2008
Roland Rat Superstar, self proclaimed saviour of TVam, as well as self proclaimed superstar for that matter, first hit our TV screens in 1983. He was brought in to introduce the five minute cartoon breaks that TVam had at certain times every morning. My favourite of these was Superchicken, but that’s potentially something for another time.
Anne Diamond and Nick Owen would hand over to Roland from their comfy sofa to Roland and his Shedvision. This was a motif that was set to continue with Roland Rat. Whilst he pretended to have all the trimmings of a superstar, everything around him was quite obviously not all that wonderful, as broadcasting from a shed is a good example of. Roland would come on screen, usually insult Anne and Nick in some way, and then the cartoon would start.
Roland was soon joined by fellow puppet Kevin the Gerbil, a slightly effeminate rodent with a penchant for anything pink. This was particularly irritating to Roland when he instructed Kevin to get a car for him, which ended up being an old Ford Zodiac sprayed pink, with Ratmobile written along the side.
Another associate who arrived slightly later was Errol the Hamster, who was in charge of anything technical to do with sound or video. It was Errol’s job to start the cartoons running, which was cued by Roland shouting “Errol! Run VT“. Errol was a Welsh hamster, which meant that Roland usually poked fun of him with jokes about leeks.
Fraggle Rock
Posted by Big Boo on April 23rd, 2008
The Fraggles were a group of funny little care-free creatures that lived in caves and were generally always ready to party with a song and a dance. The programme was made by Jim Henson, creator of the Muppets, and the Fraggles were of course made out of the same sort of spongey looking material that was used for the Muppets themselves, with a bit of fur added in for good measure.
Whilst there were a great many Fraggles, the stories generally revolved around five in particular. Gobo was, for want of a better word, the leader, being a very practical Fraggle, though one with a taste for exploring. Gobo’s best friend was Wembley, a younger more excitable Fraggle who was very indecisive, mainly because he didn’t like to let anybody down. Mokey was a bit of a hippy, female Fraggle, who had a very calming influence. Her friend Red was the exact opposite, and could be described as the closest the Fraggles had to a stuntwoman! Finally there was Boober, who’s biggest interest was doing the laundry, and was guaranteed to always find the down side in everything.
The Fraggles shared their caves with the Doozers, little green characters who were constantly busy building structures. One of the reasons they were kept so busy is because the structures were made out of little crystal rods, which the Fraggles found very tasty and would often break off a length and eat.
Save British Kids TV!
Posted by Big Boo on April 11th, 2008
Like the campaign to save the phrase Nitty Nora from becoming a trademark of a chemical company (if you’re quick there’s still time to pledge your support to this one today), here’s another campaign we at Child of the 1980’s feel strongly about, covering as we do some of the finest examples of children’s TV (in our opinion) from the 80’s.
The Save British Kids TV campaign has been set up to try and redress the balance in terms of kids television programmes that are made in the UK. It is alleged that only 1% of the programmes aimed at children that are currently shown on British TV have originated in the UK, a statistic I personally find startling and disheartening. Apparently the main UK TV stations, aside from the BBC, have either cut or completely removed from their budgets the commissioning of new programmes aimed at children.
To illustrate the point, a video has been made from old clips of The Wombles, a classic show from the 1970’s (which was still shown a lot in the 1980’s and is still shown today). It’s called Badass Wombles of Central Park, and gives a chilling (and hilarious) example of what The Wombles could have been had it come from the US! Obviously this is a bit of an exaggeration (there are some fine US kid’s shows such as Sesame Street after all) but it makes a good point. You can view it below, or on the campaign website.
If you are a UK citizen then please show your support by signing up to the Number 10 petition and by e-mailing a letter to your MP, both of which are easily achievable via links on the Save British Kids TV website.
| captain mary falconer |
In 1991, Gerry Anderson directed the video for which Dire Straits album, which featured Thunderbirds puppets? | TV | Child Of The 1980's - Part 21
Child Of The 1980's
The Krypton Factor
Posted by Big Boo on July 11th, 2008
The Krypton Factor ran from 1977 to 1995 and was a great example of a TV game show that actually made the contestants work for their prize. I guess it was ITV’s answer to the BBC’s ever popular Mastermind show, but it took things a little further as it didn’t just test the intellect of the contestants but their physical abilities too. The show was hosted by Gordon Burns, and presumably took its name from Superman’s home planet, given that the title awarded to the eventual winner was Superperson of the Year.
A series normally consisted of a number of groups of contestants. Each week four contestants from the current group would compete against each other, with the winners going on to a group final. The winners of the group finals then went on to the grand final. Normally the highest scoring runner up from each group also got a place in the group final, and the final member of the grand final line up was the highest scoring runner up from the group finals.
Each programme was split into a number of different rounds entitled Mental Agility, Observation, Physical Ability, Intelligence, General Knowledge and Response. In each round (except General Knowledge) the winner was awarded 10 points, then 6, 4 and 2 points after that, to be added to their “Krypton Factor”, or score to you and me.
Mysterious Cities of Gold
Posted by Big Boo on July 3rd, 2008
Dogtanian may have been a long serialised cartoon but even it couldn’t match the length of Mysterious Cities of Gold! Running to no less than 39 episodes, it was truly an epic cartoon series, following the search for the fabled Cities of Gold of South American legend by Spanish orphan Esteban and his friends Zia, a young Inca girl, and Tao, who is the last of his people after their empire was sunk beneath the waves.
The story starts in the early 16th century when a baby named Esteban is rescued at sea by Mendoza, a navigator on a ship. Esteban wears a medallion of the sun, which is thought to link him to the Cities of Gold. Mendoza looks after Esteban and as the child grows it appears he has some kind of magical control over the sun, being able to make it appear from behind the clouds when needed. When he is old enough, Mendoza and his friends Pedro (a tall skinny man who’s face looks somewhat like a monkey – but he was indeed human) and Sancho (an overweight dimwitted oaf) set sail for South America, hoping to find the fabled Cities of Gold and Esteban’s long lost father.
They are eventually joined on their quest by Zia also wears a pendant of the sun, and is also missing her father after she was kidnapped from Peru and taken to Spain. Tao also adds to the group, along with his pet parrot Kokapetl. Being the last of his people Tao is quite headstrong at times, but he knows a lot about the strange technologies that the group come across during their journeys. The Mysterious Cities of Gold were actually built by Tao’s people, who had a grasp of technology far beyond that of the time in which the series is set.
Street Hawk
Posted by Big Boo on July 2nd, 2008
Knight Rider did it for cars, Airwolf did it for helicopters, and it was Street Hawk that did it for motorbikes. In the 1980’s we loved our shows about technologically advanced forms of transport, and the short lived Street Hawk was no exception.
It aired in 1985 and whilst it only managed to make it to 13 episodes it still holds a place in my heart. Amazingly, despite such a small episode count there were no less than four different versions of the bike made for the show, but the common specifications were that it could travel very fast (200mph, or 300mph with the computer assisted Hyperthrust mode) and that it featured weaponry such as lasers, missiles and machine guns.
The funniest feature was the anti-theft device though. Obviously KITT and Airwolf both had doors that could be locked, but a motorbike doesn’t have that luxury. Instead it had an ejector seat which was triggered if someone other than the designated driver tried to mount it. Authorisation to ride was provided via what essentially amounts to a bum imprint detection system! The rider had to have a special suit made which was moulded to their body shape – the mould being created by having them stand in a glass cylinder that filled up with foam!
Jacob’s Club
Posted by Big Boo on June 27th, 2008
Jacob’s Club have been around for years and are still going strong today, but the 1980’s was a particularly popular time for them thanks mainly to the advertising campaign for them, of which more in a moment. The bars themselves come in a number of different flavours, the most common being mint, orange, milk chocolate and fruit, although I’m sure there have been others over the years. They consist of a biscuit, normally topped with a layer of flavoured cream, which has then been thickly coated in chocolate, and very tasty they are too.
Anyway, in the 1980’s Jacob’s had a very strong TV advertising campaign for the biscuits which centred around the jingle “if you like a lot of chocolate on your biscuit join our club“. There were several different adverts made around this theme, but they followed the pattern of having one person start eating a Club biscuit and somebody starting to sing the above line. When they got to the end of the line somebody else would join in and start singing it too.
Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles
Posted by Big Boo on June 25th, 2008
If you come from outside of the UK, Ireland or several other European countries then you would be forgiven for thinking that the title of this post was wrong, and should in fact be Ninja Turtles. Well, these days that is definitely the case, but back in the mid 1980’s, when the Turtles cartoon first aired in the UK it was renamed because the word Ninja was seen as being too violent to be associated with a childrens TV programme.
Luckily this didn’t really effect the cartoon too badly. Other than a change to the logo and a few changes to the theme song the adventures of Raphael, Donatello, Leonardo and Michelangelo were relatively untouched by the censors scissors, at least as far as I’m aware. Michelangelo did have some nunchuks, which were banned in films and on TV for many years in the UK, even in adult films (most notably Bruce Lee’s Enter The Dragon, which suffered a fairly heavy cut) so there may have been a few scenes cut here and there involving those, but given these would have only been fight scenes the storylines and humour of the series would not have been compromised too much.
Originally the Turtles started life as comic book characters, but it wasn’t until the cartoon series appeared in 1987 that Turtle Power really hit the big time and they became a merchandising sensation stretching to action figures, films, videogames and all the other associated things like pencil cases and lunch boxes. More on some of these another time perhaps, but for now we’ll concentrate on the cartoon.
Why Don’t You?
Posted by Big Boo on June 20th, 2008
When it came to the school holidays if there was one thing you could be almost certain of appearing on the BBC morning kids tv schedule it would have been Why Don’t You? The show is another shining example of the BBC’s ability to make long running TV series, with it first appearing on screens in 1973 and disappearing 42 series later in 1995.
The premise of the show was to give you ideas for things to do once you finally switched the goggle box off. Indeed, its official full title was actually Why Don’t You Just Switch Off Your Television Set And Go Do Something Less Boring Instead? but being a bit of a mouthful was thankfully shortened to just Why Don’t You? The format as I remember it best was a group of vair unobnoxious child presenters informing you of things to make or cook and introducing short films following some viewers hobby, rounded off with some jokes and sketches.
During the 1980’s there were a number of Why Don’t You? gangs, as they were called, who all hailed from different parts of the UK. Initially there was just the Bristol gang, but they were soon joined by gangs from Newcastle, Liverpool, Cardiff, and cities in Scotland and Ireland too, though I forget which ones now. This was quite amusing as some of the kids had some pretty thick accents.
Blind Date
Posted by Big Boo on June 19th, 2008
Blind Date first hit the screens in the mid 1980’s and managed to stick around for almost 20 years, and was hosted by the UK’s favourite Liverpudlian, Cilla Black, for the entire duration. It marked the beginning of Saturday nights line-up of shows on ITV, and only came to an end when Cilla herself, realising the shows waning popularity, decided to announce on air that she was going to give up the show at the end of the current series, much to the surprise of the TV company!
The show centred around the idea of Cilla being a kind of match maker, sorting out blind dates for the contestants. Three contestants were sat on stools on one side of a movable wall. A single contestant of the opposite sex was then brought on to choose between the three potential dates, but they were only allowed to ask three questions to each of the contestants. These were normally laced with innuendo, and the reply was similarly full of double entendres. The Carry On team would have been proud! It would normally go something like this:-
Contestant: “I’m a bit of a whizz in the kitchen, but what kind of dish would you say you’re most like?”
Date 1: “I’d say I’m most like a curry, because I’m hot and spicy”
Date 2: “A jam doughnut, because I’m soft and cuddly with a sweet surprise in the middle”
Date 3: “I’m like a cheese burger, thick and meaty and fills the hole in your stomach”
Terrahawks
Posted by Big Boo on June 5th, 2008
Gerry Anderson is a bit of a sci-fi legend, and I guarantee you will have watched, or at least heard of, one of his many series from over the years. He is best known for his puppet TV shows, the most famous of which is surely Thunderbirds, but also included Stingray, Fireball XL5, Joe 90 and of course the subject of this post, Terrahawks.
The first series of Terrahawks hit our screens in 1983, and was set in the year 2020. Funny, that doesn’t seem quite so far away now does it! Earth has come under attack for a race of androids who have set up a base on Mars from which they launch their attacks. In response a special force called the Terrahawks was put together to fight off this unwelcome menace.
The Terrahawks were led by Doctor Tiger Ninestein, so called because he was one of nine clones, originally created by a Professor Stein! He is joined by Captain Mary Falconer, who was pilot of the Terrahawks main space craft known as Battlehawk. Lieutenant Hiro is a brilliant scientist who works from space in an orbiting space station, and there are two fighter pilots named Hawkeye and Kate Kestrel. Kate also happens to be a famous pop star, so she has to balance saving the Earth with recording her latest hit, much to the annoyance of her manager (I think that’s what he was anyway) who had the wonderful name of Stu Dapples (Stewed Apples – I have no idea what the relevance of this was!).
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In the children’s television series ‘Four Feather Falls’, which British radio and television presenter provided the voice of Tex Tucker? | Nicholas Parsons - IMDb
IMDb
Actor | Director | Writer
Nicholas Parsons is without doubt one of the UK's most popular and beloved television and radio personalities. Few have had such a long entertainment career. The son of a doctor, he was raised in Lincolnshire until the age of eight, when the family moved to London. He was educated at St. Paul's School, London. He trained as an engineer but really ... See full bio »
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Sale of the Century Himself - Host / Himself - Presenter
(1971-1983)
2010 The Wotwots (TV Series)
Narrator (England)
1991 Bodger and Badger (TV Series)
The Mayor
1973 Comedy Playhouse (TV Series)
Guy Shelmerdine
1965/II Call My Bluff (TV Series)
Chairman
1964 Vacation Playhouse (TV Series)
Squifft
1954-1956 Rheingold Theatre (TV Series)
Ronnie / Steve Brown
1951 The Passing Show (TV Series)
Robert MacKay
1950 BBC Sunday-Night Theatre (TV Series)
Edgar Fuller
1946 Hay Fever (TV Movie)
Sandy Tyrell
1979 Mad Dogs and Cricketers (TV Movie documentary)
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1960 Blue Skies Ahead (TV Mini-Series short) (writer)
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1960 Blue Skies Ahead (TV Mini-Series short) (camera operator)
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1960 Blue Skies Ahead (TV Mini-Series short) (producer)
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2015 The Secret Life of Books (TV Mini-Series documentary)
Himself - Presenter
2014-2015 It Was Alright in the... (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2014 Fern Britton Meets... (TV Series)
Himself
Himself - Host, Sale of the Century
- Episode #1.4 (2014) ... Himself - Host, Sale of the Century
- Episode #1.2 (2014) ... Himself - Host, Sale of the Century
2004-2014 Loose Women (TV Series)
Himself
2014 Glasgow: Big Night Out (TV Movie documentary)
Himself - Actor / Shipyard Worker 1939-1944
2013 Greatest Stand Up Comedians (TV Movie documentary)
Himself (as Nicholas Parsons OBE)
2013 This Week (TV Series)
Himself
2013 Frost on Sketch Shows (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2013 Funny Business (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2012 TV's Biggest Blockbusters (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2012 Britain's Funniest Comedy Characters (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2012 Just a Minute (TV Series)
Himself - Host
2008-2012 The One Show (TV Series)
Himself - Guest / Himself
2012 The Talent Show Story (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2011 The Unforgettable Norman Wisdom (TV Movie documentary)
Himself - Friend
2011 Me & Arthur Haynes (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2010 Heston's Feasts (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2009 The Story of Slapstick (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2009 The Funny Side of... (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2005-2009 The Daily Politics (TV Series)
Himself
2009 Outbreak 1939 (TV Movie documentary)
Himself - Broadcaster
2009 What the Dickens? (TV Series)
Himself
2008 Timeshift (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2008 How TV Changed Britain (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2008 Auntie's War on Smut (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2008 Happy Birthday Brucie! (TV Movie documentary)
Himself - Audience Member
2007 Screenwipe (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2007 Mousetrapped (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2006 Is Benny Hill Still Funny? (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2006 TV's 50 Greatest Stars (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2006 The Story of Light Entertainment (TV Mini-Series documentary)
Himself
2006 Britain's Funniest Comedy Characters (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2005 2005 TV Moments (TV Movie)
Himself - Audience Member (uncredited)
2005 Christmas Mania 2005 (TV Movie)
Himself
2005 50 Questions of Political Incorrectness (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2005 Rock School (TV Series)
Himself
2005 This Morning (TV Series)
Himself
2005 Britain's 50 Greatest Comedy Sketches (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2005 The Comedians' Comedian (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2004 Porridge @ 30 (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2004 Beat the Nation (TV Series)
Himself
2004 Hell's Kitchen (TV Series)
Himself
2004 Bob Monkhouse: A BAFTA Tribute (TV Special documentary)
Himself - Audience Member (uncredited)
2002-2004 Breakfast with Frost (TV Series)
Himself
2003 Dale's Wedding (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2003 The Joy of Christmas (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2002 Arena (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2002 50 Greatest Magic Tricks (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2002 Channel 4 News (TV Series)
Himself
2002 Through the Keyhole (TV Series)
Himself
2001 Live Lunch (TV Series)
Himself - Interviewee
2001 Annie Goes to Hollywood (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2000 The Weakest Link (TV Series)
Himself
2000 Our House (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2000 Legends (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2000 What a Performance! (TV Series)
Himself
2000 Top Ten (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1999 Anglia at Forty (TV Series)
Himself
1994-1999 Just a Minute (TV Series)
Himself - Host
1997 Selection Box (TV Series)
Himself
1997 Brass Eye (TV Series)
Himself
1996 Cryer's Crackers (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
1996 The 10 Percenters (TV Series)
Himself
1989-1996 Surprise Surprise! (TV Series)
Himself
1995 Heroes of Comedy (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1995 The Clothes Show (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1995 Celebrity Squares (TV Series)
Himself
1993 The Music Game (TV Series)
Himself
1992 TV's Greatest Hits (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1989-1991 World in Action (TV Series documentary)
Himself - Presenter / Game Show Host
- Beat the Taxman (1991) ... Himself - Presenter
- Spongers (1989) ... Game Show Host
1991 Naruhodo: The World! (TV Movie)
Himself - Host
1989 The Joke Machine (TV Series)
Himself
1989 My Secret Desire (TV Series)
Himself
1989 You Bet! (TV Series)
Himself
1989 The New Statesman (TV Series)
Himself
1988 Roland's Rat Race (TV Series)
Himself - Co-Host
1987 Night Network (TV Series)
Himself
1986 Looks Familiar (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
- Episode #14.7 (1986) ... Himself - Guest
1986 Wogan (TV Series)
1979-1985 Blankety Blank (TV Series)
Himself
1985 Super Troupers (TV Series)
Himself
1985 No 73 (TV Series)
Himself
1982 Family Fortunes (TV Series)
Himself
1981 Look Who's Talking (TV Series)
Himself - Interviewee
- Nicholas Parsons (1981) ... Himself - Interviewee
1981 Omnibus (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1978 Star Games (TV Series)
Himself
1970-1978 This Is Your Life (TV Series documentary)
Himself / Himself - Guest
1976 Just a Minute (TV Movie)
Himself - Host
1974 The Golden Shot (TV Series)
Himself
1973 S.S. France (Documentary short)
Himself - Narrator
1973 Whose Baby? (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
1971 The Evolution Bit (Documentary short)
Himself - Narrator
1971 The Hagenbeck Story (Documentary short)
Himself - Narrator
1969 Just a Minute (TV Movie)
Himself - Host
1966 Quiz Ball (TV Series)
Himself - Guest Supporter
1960 Blue Skies Ahead (TV Mini-Series short)
Himself - Presenter
1960 Dial for Music (TV Series)
Himself - Host
1957 Summers Here (TV Series)
Himself - various roles
1956 They're Off! (TV Series)
Himself - Host
1954 Garrison Theatre (TV Series)
Himself
1953 The Services Show (TV Series)
Himself
2009 Timeshift (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2007 Comedy Connections (TV Series documentary)
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Sir Walter of the Glen
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Personal Details
Other Works:
He acted in David Heneker and John Taylor's musical, "Charlie Girl", at the Victoria Palace in London, England with Dora Bryan , Paul Nicholas , Cyd Charisse , Mark Wynter and Lisa Hull in the cast. Stewart Trotter was the director. See more »
Publicity Listings:
1 Portrayal | 1 Interview | 1 Article | See more »
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Did You Know?
Personal Quote:
[on his performance in Doctor Who: The Curse of Fenric: Part One (1989)] I'm very flattered as I've always loved the show and it's nice to be associated with something which is a cult, but to be in one of the best episodes of a cult show has been to me one of the most treasured memories. See more »
Trivia:
In a The Benny Hill Show (1969) sketch, the vampire Dracula is waved away from a would-be victim not with a cross, but with a photo of Parsons smiling. See more »
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| Nicholas Parsons |
Doctor Beaker, Zarin, Mitch the Monkey and Professor Popkiss are all characters from which children’s television series created by Gerry Anderson? | Nicholas Parsons : definition of Nicholas Parsons and synonyms of Nicholas Parsons (English)
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Early life
Parsons was born at 1 Castlegate, Grantham , Lincolnshire , the middle child, with an older brother and a younger sister. His father was a general practitioner in Vine Street, whose patients included the parents of Margaret Thatcher . It is possible he delivered the future Prime Minister in 1925. [1] His mother, born in Bristol to a founder of local company WB Maggs & Co., was training as a nurse when she met Parsons' father in a hospital.
Parsons was born left-handed but was made to write with his right hand. As a child, Parsons had a stutter , which he overcame by the age of 15, and was slow to learn owing to dyslexia . He also suffered migraines . [2] Educated at St Paul's School in London, he wanted to be an actor. However, his parents considered that a career in engineering would be better, as he had repaired clocks and was good with his hands. [2]
After he had left school, his family contacted relatives in Scotland who arranged a job for him in Clydebank near Glasgow , where he spent five years employed in the shipyards of Clydeside by Drysdales, in the manufacture of pumps. Whilst there he also had two six-month periods studying engineering at the University of Glasgow . [3] Although he never graduated, he gained enough qualifications to become a marine engineer and was given a position in the Merchant Navy during World War II, which he never took up owing to illness.
Broadcasting career
He started his career while training as an engineering apprentice; he was found by Canadian impresario Carroll Levis , doing impressions and working in small repertory theatres in Glasgow. [4]
Parsons made his film debut in Master of Bankdam in 1947. He continued his stage career in small parts in West End theatre shows, then did two years in repertory at Bromley , Kent and later Windsor , Maidstone and Hayes . After becoming a resident comedian at the Windmill Theatre in 1952, Parsons became well known to TV audiences during the 1950s as the straight man to comedian Arthur Haynes . After the pair appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1961, the partnership broke up at Haynes request allowing Parsons to return to the stage, before he became a regular on The Benny Hill Show from 1969 to 1974. After Haynes' sudden death, Parsons appeared as a personality in his own right, culminating in the long-running Anglia Television game show , Sale of the Century , broadcast weekly from 1971 to 1983.
Parsons has been the host of the BBC Radio 4 panel game Just a Minute since it was first broadcast on 22 December 1967. [5] The show continues to be transmitted and Parsons has been heard in every edition. The programme's longevity is arguably due in part to the chairman's ability to act as straight man to the comedians who participate. He was also the votes presenter for the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest from 1960 - 1963 .
He was also the non-singing voice of Tex Tucker in the TV series Four Feather Falls at the suggestion of his then wife, actress and voiceover artiste Denise Bryer. During the late sixties he presented a satirical programme on Radio Four called Listen to This Space, which by the standards of its time was very risqué. Also, in the late 1960s, he portrayed "David Courtney" on the short-lived American sitcom The Ugliest Girl in Town .
In 1988 he appeared as himself in The Comic Strip Presents episode " Mr Jolly Lives Next Door ", in which he had the misfortune to encounter two incompetent escort agency directors ( Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson in their usual cheerfully-violent, dipsomaniac personas) followed by the psychopathic and misnamed Mr Jolly himself (played by Peter Cook ). In 1989 he made a guest appearance in the long running BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who as the doomed Northumberland vicar Reverend Wainwright in the Seventh Doctor serial The Curse of Fenric . Another guest role in 1989 was in The New Statesman , where he played host to a daytime quiz show. He has also taken the role of the narrator in the stage musical The Rocky Horror Show . In 1993 he appeared in the final fourth series of the UK TV show Cluedo as Reverend Green. In 2010, he made a brief appearance as Father Gorman in Marple: The Pale Horse but was killed off three minutes into the show.
In April 2005 he was the weekly guest presenter on the BBC news quiz Have I Got News for You , having been turned down some time previously. According to Guy Adams, writing in The Independent 's "Pandora" column, Have I Got News for You team captain Paul Merton , also a regular panellist on Parsons' show Just a Minute, had commented shortly before the decision, "I have two contenders for the job, who represent the best possible choices. One would be Nicholas Parsons. The other would be Bagpuss ." Parsons surprised Merton's fellow team captain, Ian Hislop , by invoking the rules of Just a Minute for one of the rounds. [6]
Parsons came last on Celebrity Mastermind , broadcast on BBC1 in December 2007.
In 1994, Parsons published his autobiography, The Straight Man: My Life in Comedy. [7] In 2010, he was inducted into the UK Radio Hall of Fame, receiving the award at a recording of Just a Minute at the Lowry Centre, Salford.[ citation needed ]
In October 2011, the BBC announced that to celebrate the 45th anniversary of Just a Minute, the show would transfer to television for a ten part early evening series, with Parsons as host and regular panelist Paul Merton confirmed as a guest. The show was broadcast on BBC 2 from 26 March to 6 April 2012.
Roles outside broadcasting
From 1988 to 1991, Parsons served as Rector of the University of St Andrews . In 2005 he became honorary Chairman of the International Quizzing Association (IQA), a body which organises the World and European Quizzing Championships. He is a leading member of the Grand Order of Water Rats charity, a patron of the British Stammering Association , and a Pro Dono Ambassador. He was the president of the charity the Lord's Taverners 1998–1999. Parsons is also a high-profile supporter of the Liberal Democrats . Each year he holds his own live chat show in the Edinburgh Fringe Festival promoting up-and-coming comedians.
Selected filmography
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What is the name of the Tracy family’s manservant in the children’s television series ‘Thunderbirds’? | Thunderbirds - Childrens TV | Jedi's Paradise
Thunderbirds Thunderbirds is a 60’s Children’s TV puppet show that would become a Phenomena. The show has refused to die, as each generation of children get to see the show, they fall in love with it and Thunderbirds fever starts all over again. On numerous Christmas's the number one toy has been 'Tracy Island', the HQ of International Rescue. This was a children's show that was on for a staggering 60 minutes, with fantastic looking models and quirky looking puppets (but don't mention the visible strings). The kids loved it and so did the adults, it was a family show. Added to this, the production values and great camera angles, you couldn't ask for more. One thing we do know is that Gerry Anderson was never really excited about Thunderbird 3, which is why it wasn't used too often. Also he hated John Tracy as a character, so was happy to stick him out of the way (in space) on Thunderbird 5, but he wasn't very happy with the design of the Space Station either. Thunderbirds has spawned a number of movies over the years. Thunderbirds Are Go and Thunderbird 6 again used the puppets, but the third Thunderbirds movie was a live action one, which was directed by Jonathon Frakes (Commander William Riker from Star Trek the Next Generation). Also we should forget that the Japanese created a Thunderbirds cartoon called Thunderbirds 2086. Story The world didn't know it, but they were about to find out that there was a new global rescue service called International Rescue. There was no publicity, no interviews, nothing. Instead they just appeared one day to help rescue the Fireflash aircraft, which had a bomb on board. Their technology outstrips anything that has been seen before and they use craft called Thunderbirds. These are mostly rocket ships, but one of the Thunderbirds is a Space Station orbiting the Earth. The governments of the world don't know anything about them. International Rescue ask for assurances that they aren't tracked and the organisation is kept secret. But a mysterious character called 'The Hood' knows about International Rescue. He knew they were about to make an appearance on the international stage and he wanted to steal their secrets. The secret base of International Rescue resides on a tropical island in the middle of an ocean, called Tracy Island. This island is owned by the Tracy Family, but even if you visited the Island you would never know it was their base. This is because all of the Thunderbird Rockets are hidden from view in underground caverns. Each of the Thunderbirds is piloted by one of the Tracy brothers. Whenever they contact their father on Tracy Island, then the eyes of their portrait of light up showing who is calling in. This portrait then turns into a TV screen allowing them to talk and see each other. They inform their father of the emergency and he then decides which Thunderbird will get the rescue call. Once informed the pilot goes through a hidden door and takes a fantastic route to get to their craft. The palm trees part, or the swimming pool moves and Tracy Island reveals that it has been hiding a Thunderbird craft, before it blasts off to tackle the current emergency. The Thunderbird craft were designed and built by Brains and he used Sir Jeremy Hodge to help him get certain components of the Thunderbirds craft manufactured secretly in Europe. Thunderbirds Characters Jeff Tracy (voiced by Peter Dyneley) He is the head of International Rescue and the father of the Tracy boys. He was an astronaut for the USA and was one of the first men to land on the moon. When International Rescue is on a mission, then he is normally found co-ordinating the whole operation from Tracy Island. He has quite a domineering personality and is always bossing around his sons, even when they aren't on a mission. He likes saying 'Thunderbirds are go' and is the only person who calls Lady Penelope by a shortened name - 'Penny'. Scott Tracy (voiced by Shane Rimmer) He is the Tracy brother that pilots Thunderbird 1. This is the flagship of the International Rescue organisation and is used for rapid responses. When piloting the craft, the control area inside can rotate in line with the rocket (such as when Thunderbird 1 is horizontal). It can travel at speeds in excess of 15 thousand miles per hour. He is the most senior in command of the Tracy Brothers. When dealing with a situation, he come straight to the point and doesn't suffer fools gladly. He is a natural leader and thinks fast when under pressure and gives ultimatums when necessary. He is the on the scene co-ordinator and can send an airborne remote control camera to get a closer look in the danger zones. Virgil Tracy (voiced by David Holliday / Jeremy Wilkin) He is the Tracy brother that pilots Thunderbird 2. This a cargo carrying craft and it can carry a different containers each mission. The container (pod) fits into a hole in the middle of the craft to make it complete (we were always trying to guess which numbered pod they would use this time). Compared to Scott, he is calm and softly spoken. He is the king of controlling remote control vehicles. He normally drives one of the vehicles, while controlling the others. Who said that men can only do one thing at a time? Poor Virgil was on the receiving end from an experimental warship when Thunderbird 2 strayed into its path. The warship fired its missiles at it when it had no positive ID of it. They damaged the back end of the craft and he blacked out, luckily he regained consciousness and regained control of a heavily damaged Thunderbird 2. He also gets to drive most of the vehicles contained in the pods. To relax, he like to play the piano. Alan Tracy (voiced by Matt Zimmerman) He is the Astronaut that pilots Thunderbird 3, which is a giant space rocket (200 feet tall). It is used for space rescues and for transportation to and from Thunderbird 5. Alan is going out with Tin Tin (she's his girlfriend) and he is one of the youngest Tracy brothers. Gordon Tracy (voiced by David Graham) He is the Aquanaut that pilots Thunderbird 4, which is a underwater and sea surface craft (mini submarine). Most of the time it is transported to its destination by Thunderbird 2. This small craft is one of the fastest vehicles on or under the sea and is used for underwater rescues. John Tracy (voiced by Ray Barrett) John seems to have chosen a lonely existence on the Space Station called Thunderbird 5. Even though he is on his own most of the time, there is a massive International Rescue sign on the inside of it, wonder who's benefit that's for? But this Space Station has a very important job of monitoring all frequencies on the planet for people who are in need of aid from International Rescue. This is the centre of the organisation's communication network. Brains (voiced by David Graham) Brains is the person that designed and built the Thunderbirds and the gadgets that go with them. He even goes on missions with the others when his expertise is required. He wears massive glasses, but no one seems to mention it (maybe he's sensitive about them?). He also he has a stammer. He also has a great video watch that allows him to speak to the other members of International Rescue when he's out on a mission. Trouble is most people think he's just a nut speaking into his watch! Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward (voiced by Sylvia Anderson) She is one of International Rescue's Secret Agents. She lives in England in a massive mansion, so she has money. She is softly spoken (she speaks posh) and looks like she couldn't harm a fly, but this is a front and in fact she can be extremely cold and calculated when required. She is a very fashionable person and always looks good. She owns the biggest fashion accessory, a Pink Rolls Royce. This car was specially made and has 6 wheels and a host of hidden gadgets, such as machine guns, plus its bullet proof. Her communicator at her mansion is in the teapot lid. Parker (voiced by David Graham) He is the butler of Lady Penelope and knows that she is a Secret Agent for International Rescue. He helps her out with her missions and chauffeur drives her around in the Pink Rolls Royce. Parker tries to put on a posh accent, but doesn't quite make it. Kyrano (voiced by David Graham) Kyrano is the Manservant of the Tracy's and lives on Tracy Island. He is also the brother of International Rescue's nemesis, The Hood. The Hood tries to enforce his will on Kyrano via a telepathic link, which has Kyrano rolling around in agony. You would have thought he would have informed the Tracy family of this, but we can only assume he does not remember what has been done to him. Tin Tin Kyrano (voiced by Christine Finn) She is Kyrano's daughter and has been educated in the finest American Universities and she has travelled around Europe. Mainly she stays on Tracy Island and keeps Jeff company and carries out some secretarial duties. Tin Tin is classed as a member of the family and is currently the girlfriend of Alan Tracy. We would class her as a fashion victim, as she really tries to make a fashion statement, but don't always pull it off, such as the strange scuba diving outfit she wears. The Hood (voiced by Ray Barrett) The Hood is a mysterious man, who lives in a temple in a Malaysian jungle. He is always after the secrets of International Rescue to make him a wealthy man. To accomplish this he tries to lure International Rescue to pending disasters, such as a bomb on the nuclear powered Fireflash passenger aircraft. When a Thunderbird lands, then he is waiting to sneak aboard and take photographs of the equipment. Luckily the craft are fitted with surveillance detectors, which alert the pilots to this threat and in the process, destroy the photos. Kyrano is his brother and he uses mind control to take over him and do his evil bidding, to help him find the base of International Rescue. You see, he has powers that we do not fully understand and you can tell when he is using them as his eyes glow yellow. Luckily Kyrano eventually broke the control over him, but he can also use mind control on whoever else he meets! Always be on the lookout for The Hood. You might not recognise him as he is a master of disguise. He uses realistic rubber masks to hide his identity. Grandma (voiced by Christine Finn) She is the mother of Jeff Tracey and she likes to look after the boys. Once she baked an apple pie and accidentally put her edible transmitter in it. Unluckily it was Jeff Tracey that ate it!
Thunderbirds T-Shirts T-Shirts (Europe) - NONE T-Shirts (USA) - NONE
| Kyrano |
Which boyband represented the UK in the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest? | Thunderbirds - Childrens TV | Jedi's Paradise
Thunderbirds Thunderbirds is a 60’s Children’s TV puppet show that would become a Phenomena. The show has refused to die, as each generation of children get to see the show, they fall in love with it and Thunderbirds fever starts all over again. On numerous Christmas's the number one toy has been 'Tracy Island', the HQ of International Rescue. This was a children's show that was on for a staggering 60 minutes, with fantastic looking models and quirky looking puppets (but don't mention the visible strings). The kids loved it and so did the adults, it was a family show. Added to this, the production values and great camera angles, you couldn't ask for more. One thing we do know is that Gerry Anderson was never really excited about Thunderbird 3, which is why it wasn't used too often. Also he hated John Tracy as a character, so was happy to stick him out of the way (in space) on Thunderbird 5, but he wasn't very happy with the design of the Space Station either. Thunderbirds has spawned a number of movies over the years. Thunderbirds Are Go and Thunderbird 6 again used the puppets, but the third Thunderbirds movie was a live action one, which was directed by Jonathon Frakes (Commander William Riker from Star Trek the Next Generation). Also we should forget that the Japanese created a Thunderbirds cartoon called Thunderbirds 2086. Story The world didn't know it, but they were about to find out that there was a new global rescue service called International Rescue. There was no publicity, no interviews, nothing. Instead they just appeared one day to help rescue the Fireflash aircraft, which had a bomb on board. Their technology outstrips anything that has been seen before and they use craft called Thunderbirds. These are mostly rocket ships, but one of the Thunderbirds is a Space Station orbiting the Earth. The governments of the world don't know anything about them. International Rescue ask for assurances that they aren't tracked and the organisation is kept secret. But a mysterious character called 'The Hood' knows about International Rescue. He knew they were about to make an appearance on the international stage and he wanted to steal their secrets. The secret base of International Rescue resides on a tropical island in the middle of an ocean, called Tracy Island. This island is owned by the Tracy Family, but even if you visited the Island you would never know it was their base. This is because all of the Thunderbird Rockets are hidden from view in underground caverns. Each of the Thunderbirds is piloted by one of the Tracy brothers. Whenever they contact their father on Tracy Island, then the eyes of their portrait of light up showing who is calling in. This portrait then turns into a TV screen allowing them to talk and see each other. They inform their father of the emergency and he then decides which Thunderbird will get the rescue call. Once informed the pilot goes through a hidden door and takes a fantastic route to get to their craft. The palm trees part, or the swimming pool moves and Tracy Island reveals that it has been hiding a Thunderbird craft, before it blasts off to tackle the current emergency. The Thunderbird craft were designed and built by Brains and he used Sir Jeremy Hodge to help him get certain components of the Thunderbirds craft manufactured secretly in Europe. Thunderbirds Characters Jeff Tracy (voiced by Peter Dyneley) He is the head of International Rescue and the father of the Tracy boys. He was an astronaut for the USA and was one of the first men to land on the moon. When International Rescue is on a mission, then he is normally found co-ordinating the whole operation from Tracy Island. He has quite a domineering personality and is always bossing around his sons, even when they aren't on a mission. He likes saying 'Thunderbirds are go' and is the only person who calls Lady Penelope by a shortened name - 'Penny'. Scott Tracy (voiced by Shane Rimmer) He is the Tracy brother that pilots Thunderbird 1. This is the flagship of the International Rescue organisation and is used for rapid responses. When piloting the craft, the control area inside can rotate in line with the rocket (such as when Thunderbird 1 is horizontal). It can travel at speeds in excess of 15 thousand miles per hour. He is the most senior in command of the Tracy Brothers. When dealing with a situation, he come straight to the point and doesn't suffer fools gladly. He is a natural leader and thinks fast when under pressure and gives ultimatums when necessary. He is the on the scene co-ordinator and can send an airborne remote control camera to get a closer look in the danger zones. Virgil Tracy (voiced by David Holliday / Jeremy Wilkin) He is the Tracy brother that pilots Thunderbird 2. This a cargo carrying craft and it can carry a different containers each mission. The container (pod) fits into a hole in the middle of the craft to make it complete (we were always trying to guess which numbered pod they would use this time). Compared to Scott, he is calm and softly spoken. He is the king of controlling remote control vehicles. He normally drives one of the vehicles, while controlling the others. Who said that men can only do one thing at a time? Poor Virgil was on the receiving end from an experimental warship when Thunderbird 2 strayed into its path. The warship fired its missiles at it when it had no positive ID of it. They damaged the back end of the craft and he blacked out, luckily he regained consciousness and regained control of a heavily damaged Thunderbird 2. He also gets to drive most of the vehicles contained in the pods. To relax, he like to play the piano. Alan Tracy (voiced by Matt Zimmerman) He is the Astronaut that pilots Thunderbird 3, which is a giant space rocket (200 feet tall). It is used for space rescues and for transportation to and from Thunderbird 5. Alan is going out with Tin Tin (she's his girlfriend) and he is one of the youngest Tracy brothers. Gordon Tracy (voiced by David Graham) He is the Aquanaut that pilots Thunderbird 4, which is a underwater and sea surface craft (mini submarine). Most of the time it is transported to its destination by Thunderbird 2. This small craft is one of the fastest vehicles on or under the sea and is used for underwater rescues. John Tracy (voiced by Ray Barrett) John seems to have chosen a lonely existence on the Space Station called Thunderbird 5. Even though he is on his own most of the time, there is a massive International Rescue sign on the inside of it, wonder who's benefit that's for? But this Space Station has a very important job of monitoring all frequencies on the planet for people who are in need of aid from International Rescue. This is the centre of the organisation's communication network. Brains (voiced by David Graham) Brains is the person that designed and built the Thunderbirds and the gadgets that go with them. He even goes on missions with the others when his expertise is required. He wears massive glasses, but no one seems to mention it (maybe he's sensitive about them?). He also he has a stammer. He also has a great video watch that allows him to speak to the other members of International Rescue when he's out on a mission. Trouble is most people think he's just a nut speaking into his watch! Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward (voiced by Sylvia Anderson) She is one of International Rescue's Secret Agents. She lives in England in a massive mansion, so she has money. She is softly spoken (she speaks posh) and looks like she couldn't harm a fly, but this is a front and in fact she can be extremely cold and calculated when required. She is a very fashionable person and always looks good. She owns the biggest fashion accessory, a Pink Rolls Royce. This car was specially made and has 6 wheels and a host of hidden gadgets, such as machine guns, plus its bullet proof. Her communicator at her mansion is in the teapot lid. Parker (voiced by David Graham) He is the butler of Lady Penelope and knows that she is a Secret Agent for International Rescue. He helps her out with her missions and chauffeur drives her around in the Pink Rolls Royce. Parker tries to put on a posh accent, but doesn't quite make it. Kyrano (voiced by David Graham) Kyrano is the Manservant of the Tracy's and lives on Tracy Island. He is also the brother of International Rescue's nemesis, The Hood. The Hood tries to enforce his will on Kyrano via a telepathic link, which has Kyrano rolling around in agony. You would have thought he would have informed the Tracy family of this, but we can only assume he does not remember what has been done to him. Tin Tin Kyrano (voiced by Christine Finn) She is Kyrano's daughter and has been educated in the finest American Universities and she has travelled around Europe. Mainly she stays on Tracy Island and keeps Jeff company and carries out some secretarial duties. Tin Tin is classed as a member of the family and is currently the girlfriend of Alan Tracy. We would class her as a fashion victim, as she really tries to make a fashion statement, but don't always pull it off, such as the strange scuba diving outfit she wears. The Hood (voiced by Ray Barrett) The Hood is a mysterious man, who lives in a temple in a Malaysian jungle. He is always after the secrets of International Rescue to make him a wealthy man. To accomplish this he tries to lure International Rescue to pending disasters, such as a bomb on the nuclear powered Fireflash passenger aircraft. When a Thunderbird lands, then he is waiting to sneak aboard and take photographs of the equipment. Luckily the craft are fitted with surveillance detectors, which alert the pilots to this threat and in the process, destroy the photos. Kyrano is his brother and he uses mind control to take over him and do his evil bidding, to help him find the base of International Rescue. You see, he has powers that we do not fully understand and you can tell when he is using them as his eyes glow yellow. Luckily Kyrano eventually broke the control over him, but he can also use mind control on whoever else he meets! Always be on the lookout for The Hood. You might not recognise him as he is a master of disguise. He uses realistic rubber masks to hide his identity. Grandma (voiced by Christine Finn) She is the mother of Jeff Tracey and she likes to look after the boys. Once she baked an apple pie and accidentally put her edible transmitter in it. Unluckily it was Jeff Tracey that ate it!
Thunderbirds T-Shirts T-Shirts (Europe) - NONE T-Shirts (USA) - NONE
| i don't know |
Who wrote the 1902 play ‘The Admirable Crichton’? | The Admirable Crichton (TV Movie 1968) - IMDb
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A group of people are shipwrecked when their yacht runs around on a South Pacific island. The usable hierarchy in a upper-class British family breaks down quickly when it becomes apparent ... See full summary »
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Title: The Admirable Crichton (TV Movie 1968)
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Nominated for 2 Primetime Emmys. See more awards »
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Storyline
A group of people are shipwrecked when their yacht runs around on a South Pacific island. The usable hierarchy in a upper-class British family breaks down quickly when it becomes apparent that only the servant Crichton is capable of surviving on his own and he becomes the communities leader. Written by Anonymous
2 May 1968 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Hallmark Hall of Fame: The Admirable Crichton (#17.4) See more »
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Trivia
The original Broadway production of "The Admirable Crichton" by J.M. Barrie {on which the screenplay was based} opened at the Lyceum Theater on November 17, 1903, ran for 144 performances with William Gillette {famous for his Sherlock Holmes plays and portrayal} in the title role. The play was revived on Broadway in 1931. See more »
Connections
From the man who gave us Peter Pan
20 February 2006 | by theowinthrop
(United States) – See all my reviews
James Barrie's literary fame has never disappeared, but it has shrunk terribly. Although of late this seems to be changing, in reality it is still grounded on one work of his. He wrote the novel and then the play PETER PAN, immortalizing Peter, Wendy, her brothers, the lost boys, Captain Cook, Smee, the pirate crew, Tiger Lily and the Indians, and Tinker Bell the fairy. The recent film about how Barrie created the play was a success last year - but it remains firmly in place dealing with the one story everyone recalls Barrie created.
Forgotten, of course, is the various novels about Scottish life that gave him his early literary reputation. Best of these was THE LITTLE MINISTER, which was turned into a successful early movie with Katherine Hepburn. He also wrote other successful West End plays, such as DEAR BRUTUS (which was an early starring work for Helen Hayes), and this play: THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON. Yet Barrie's plays (pace PETER PAN) are rarely produced - especially on television.
The original "Admirable Crichton" was a figure in Elizabethan England, who had made a name for himself as a scholar (especially of languages), courtier, lover, minor writer, and adventurer, before he was killed in a fight in the late 16th Century. Ironically the term "the admirable Crichton" which was to complement the man for his achievements survived his actual achievements, so that he is but a footnote today. But the phrase now means (when it is used) that the person to whom it is applied is quite a clever and capable fellow in several fields.
Barrie took this to examine society and it's hypocrisy. Lord Loam (Laurence Naismith) is an outspoken "Liberal" peer of the realm who talks a great deal about equality and democracy. But his daughter (Virginia McKenna) is going to be married to another aristocrat soon. But first Loam and his family are going on a short vacation to the south seas. With them is the family butler, Crichton (Bill Travers), who is extremely capable to do all sorts of things that his betters just take for granted. He has good executive and organizational abilities as well. But he is from a class that produces butlers. Moreover he is supposedly engaged to one of the parlor-maids.
The family and Crichton board a chartered yacht. Ah, but it is sunk in a collision off a deserted island, and while everyone survives the social order does not. Crichton is the only one in the group who knows how to survive. When some of the men try to put him in his place, he knocks them down firmly putting them in theirs. Soon Crichton is ruling the group and the island, and his Lordship and the others are his vassals. This includes Lady Mary (McKenna) who finds she and Crichton are in love. The turning point comes when their is a possibility of rescue: will Crichton send the signal or let it pass to continue his uninterrupted reign over his mental inferiors.
It was only shown once, and I recall the performances were good, especially McKenna and Travers (fresh from their film triumph in BORN FREE). One hopes it is released again one day - revivals of all of Barrie aside from PETER PAN are still quite rare.
13 of 15 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
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| J. M. Barrie |
English sportswoman Laura Davies is associated with which sport? | The Admirable Crichton: James Matthew Barrie: 9781163073698: Literature: Amazon Canada
By Kurt A. Johnson on May 28 2003
Format: Paperback
I have been something of a fan of J.M. Barrie for a long time, and I was quite glad when this book fell into my hands. Barrie is mainly remembered today for his wonderful Peter Pan stories, but his literary talents extended far afield. He wrote this play in 1902 as a social commentary. In it, a haughty, Victorian family is presented, with their upstairs/downstairs, ironclad class prejudices, and no one is more of a supporter of this than their butler Crichton. But, when they are all shipwrecked on a desert island, a new social order is born - what was natural in England is unnatural on the island. And, if they should be rescued, what will happen then?
This play makes an absolutely wonderful read. Mr. Barrie included many sidebars and comments that make the play read just as well as a novel. If you are a fan of pre-1914 British literature (as I am), or just like a cracking good read, then I highly recommend that you get this book!
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5.0 out of 5 stars An absolutely wonderful read Feb. 15 2015
By The Reviewer Formerly Known as Kurt Johnson - Published on Amazon.com
Format: Paperback
I have been something of a fan of J.M. Barrie for a long time, and I was quite glad when this book fell into my hands. Barrie is mainly remembered today for his wonderful Peter Pan stories, but his literary talents extended far afield. He wrote this play in 1902 as a social commentary. In it, a haughty, Victorian family is presented, with their upstairs/downstairs, ironclad class prejudices, and no one is more of a supporter of this than their butler Crichton. But, when they are all shipwrecked on a desert island, a new social order is born – what was natural in England is unnatural on the island. And, if they should be rescued, what will happen then?
This play makes an absolutely wonderful read. Mr. Barrie included many sidebars and comments that make the play read just as well as a novel. If you are a fan of pre-1914 British literature (as I am), or just like a cracking good read, then I highly recommend that you get this book!
8 of 9 people found the following review helpful
| i don't know |
Inkberry, Carolina and Hawaiian are all varieties of which garden plant? | Ilex glabra | Fine Gardening
Genus: Ilex
The inkberry holly has narrow, glossy, spineless leaves and tiny black fruits. The narrow foliage produces a much finer texture than that of many other hollies. A slow-growing, evergreen shrub native to eastern North America, it produces greenish white, inconspicuous flowers in spring, followed by jet black drupes the size of peas. The fruit can persist until the next spring unless eaten by birds. Ilex glabra is rather more casual in form than the spinier hollies and can be used in borders, around ponds, as foundation plantings, or in woodland gardens.
Noteworthy Characteristics: Native to the eastern United States. Evergreen, spineless foliage. Black fruit is consumed by birds.
Care: Moist but well-drained, organically rich soil in full sun. Plant or transplant in spring. Pruning, if any, should be done in late winter or early spring.
Propagation: Sow seed in a cold frame in autumn. Ilex are slow to germinate from seed, sometimes taking several years. Take semi-ripe cuttings in summer or early fall.
Problems: Aphids may attack new growth. Scale insects, leaf miners, and Phytophthora root rot can sometimes be problems.
Overview
| Holly |
Suint is a natural grease formed from the dried perspiration on the coat of which animal? | 18 Species of Holly Trees and Shrubs
18 Species of Holly Trees and Shrubs
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What is the name of the female demon, or supernatural entity, believed to have sex with a sleeping man? | Top 10 Sex Demons - Listverse
Top 10 Sex Demons
Christian White
January 13, 2011
Throughout history and all across the world, people have reported sexual contact with all manner of supernatural beings. Many people believe “sex demons” were born out of a need to explain away subjects that were generally considered taboo. More often than not, things such as unexpected pregnancy, abortion and promiscuity were met with anger and persecution. As a result, society came up with a number of mythical creatures, ten of which are listen below.
10
Popobawa
Popobawa (meaning “bat-wing” in Swahili) is said to be a large, bat-like creature with one eye and a very large penis. It is said to stalk the men and women of Zanzibar, Africa, and surrounding islands. It is a shapeshifter, often taking the form of a human or animal. It usually visits households at night, and it doesn’t discriminate against men, women or children, often sodomising an entire household before moving on. Victims are warned by Popobawa to tell others about the attack, or risk it returning.
Popobawa first appeared on the island of Pemba in 1965, and sightings have been reported as recently as 2007. There are several different theories about Popobawa’s origin. Some say it is an angry spirit created by a Sheikh to take vengeance on his neighbours. In 2007, Researcher Benjamin Radford investigated Popobawa and found that its roots are in Islam, the dominant religion of the area. According to Radford, “holding or reciting the Koran is said to keep the Popobawa at bay, much as the Bible is said to dispel Christian demons.”
Others argue (perhaps more realistically) that Popobawa is an articulated social memory of the horrors of slavery. The way in which Popobawa is said to sodomise its victims may also have something to do with the fact that homosexuality is still illegal in Zanzibar.
9
Trauco and La Fiura
Chiloé, an island off the south of Chile, is said to be home to the Trauco, a sexually potent Dwarf with the power to paralyze women with a look, before having sex with them. The Trauco is described as being ugly and goblin-like, often wearing a hat and suit. His feet are stumps and he communicates through a series of grunts. Some reports suggest the Trauco doesn’t even need to have intercourse with his victims, that he can, in fact, impregnate them with his gaze.
Often, when a single woman on Chiloé falls pregnant people assume the Trauco is the father. In these cases the women are considered blameless as the Trauco is said to be irresistible to women.
El Trauco’s wife, La Fiura, is said to be a grotesquely ugly dwarf with the ability to cast a “sickness spell” against anyone who rejects her sexual advances. Her breath is so foul it can physically scar a human and turn animals lame. Despite her appearance, she is generally irresistible to men and, after having intercourse with them, she drives them insane.
8
Succubus and Incubus
Probably the most well known sex demon, the Succubus is a female demon who takes the form of an attractive seductress in order to seduce men. It is generally believed that the Succubus legend came about as a result of the medieval preoccupation with sin, especially sexual sins of women.
The male version of the Succubus is the Incubus. Like his female counterpart, the Incubus will drain the strength and life energy from his victims. Unlike the Succubus, the Incubus will impregnate his victims with another incubus. The victim will then carry the baby to term, but when she gives birth the baby appears to be stillborn. It will have no pulse and it won’t appear to breath. Then, around the age of seven the child will appear to behave normally, but will usually be very attractive and intelligent. According to some legends, the wizard Merlin is the product of an Incubus father and a human mother. It is also believed by some that the Virgin Mary was de-flowered by an Incubus.
Many believe the Incubi most likely came about as a scapegoat for rape and sexual assault. Both victim and rapist would have most likely found it easier to explain the attack supernaturally rather than confronting the truth.
7
Encantado
In Brazil, and the rainforests of the Amazon Basin, the Boto river dolphin was believed to have shapeshifting powers. It could turn into a very charming and beautiful man called Encantado, or “the enchanted one.” Encantado would take women back to the river, retake dolphin form, and impregnate them. Young women of the region were wary of any man wearing a hat because, according to legend, Encantado always wore a hat to cover up his blowhole.
In many parts of Brazil it is considered bad luck to kill Boto river dolphins. If you kill one, or in some cases just look them in the eye, it is said you will suffer nightmares for the rest of your life.
6
Lilu
Jewish folklore tells of Lilu, a demon who visits women while they sleep. His feminine counterpart is Lilin. These demons were a particular source of anxiety for mothers because they were known to kidnap children. Ardat Lili was another succubus who would visit men at night to ensure the continuation of her demonic race. The incubus was Irdu Lili, who would visit human women to ensure they would produce his offspring.
5
Liderc
In the Northern regions of Hungary there was said to live a creature called the Liderc (or ludvérc, lucfir, or ördög depending on the region). It hatches from the first egg of a black hen, and is often said to hide in people’s pockets. It enters its victims homes through the keyhole. Once inside, the Liderc shapeshifts into a human, often taking the form of a dead relative of the intended victim. It rapes its victim, and then makes the house very dirty before departing. Some reports say that Liderc becomes attached to its victims and never leaves. The Liderc can be exorcized by either sealing it inside a tree hollow, or persuading it to perform a near impossible task, such as carrying water with a bucket full of holes. It is common even today for children in Hungary to stomp on eggs taken from a black hen, or leave the eggs on doorsteps to cause mischief.
4
Orang Minyak
In the 1960’s a large number of young women were raped in several Malaysian towns. The attacker was described as a naked man, covered from head to toe with oil. Some said that Orang Minyak could appear invisible to non-virgins. Mass panic ensued, and many young women of the region began wearing sweaty, stinky clothes so the Orang Minyak would mistake them for male and leave them be.
Some speculate that the Orang Minyak was, in fact, a regular human criminal, who covered himself with oil to camouflage himself against the night, and to make him especially slippery to catch.
Sightings of the “Oily Man” have continued through the decades, with the last sighting in 2005.
3
Alp
Originating from Teutonic or German folklore, an Alp is a small, elf-like creature who is said to have climbed onto a sleeping victim’s chest, turned into a fine mist and entered the body through the nostrils, mouth or vagina. Once inside, the Alp had the ability to control its victim’s dreams, creating horrible nightmares. Its victims reported a breathless feeling when they awoke.
This may have been an early explanation for sleep apnea and other sleep disorders.
2
Angels
According to the Hebrew Bible, the Nephilim were a race of giants who came about as a result of fallen angels having intercourse with human women. Translated from the Hebrew text, “Nephililim” means “fallen ones”. Genesis 6:4 tells us, “Now giants were upon the earth in those days. For after the sons of God went in to the daughters of men, and they brought forth children, these are the mighty men of old, men of renown.”
The story of Nephilim originates with a story of Shemhazau, a high ranking angel who led a group of angels to earth to teach humans to be righteous. Over the centuries many of the angels pined for human women, and eventually mated with them, creating the Nephilim. This unholy union is said to have instilled an inherit wickedness in the Nephilim, making them capable of terrible sin. God was so disgusted by their existence that he ordered the angel Gabriel to ignite a civil war among the Nephilim, which eventually led to their extinction.
1
Aliens
A modern-day version of the Incubi myth, there are countless cases of alien abductions, many with sexual undertones. Some reports suggest the use of an invasive anal probe, and others talk of a sexual union with the aliens themselves.
52 year old Jazz singer Pamela Stonebrook claims to have regular sex with a six-foot tall reptilian alien. “My first sexual encounter with an alien was unlike any love-making I’ve experienced before,” Stonebrook claims. “It was so intense and enjoyable and, without wanting to get too graphic, he was so much larger than most men. I remember exactly how I felt when I saw him for the first time. I awoke from my sleep to find myself making love to what appeared to be a Greek god. At first I assumed it was an exceptionally lucid dream. But the sex was very intense and as I closed my eyes I was overwhelmed by how comfortable I felt with this unknown being. The next time I opened my eyes he had transformed into a reptilian entity with scaly, snake-like skin. It was then I realized I was making love to a shape-shifting alien. Sensing I was scared, the reptile whispered, ‘We’ve always been together, we love each other.’ The orgasms were intense. When I tell men about my reptilian experience, they find it difficult.”
There are countless stories involving alien/ human lovemaking. Antonio Villas Boas of Brazil claims that, in 1957, he was abducted by aliens and put in a room with a beautiful, fair-haired woman and forced to mate with her. Howard Menger claimed to have regular sexual liaisons with Marla, a beautiful blond woman from space who claimed to be 500 years old. In the 1970’s, a 19-year-old girl in California claimed to have been gang-raped by six blue-skinned, web-footed humanoids who attacked her after she watched their spaceship land.
Due to the outlandish nature of the claims and the general lack of evidence, most people dismiss such reports. Sadly though, it is likely that many of the people who make such claims, do so as a result of a deep, psychological need.
More Great Lists
| Succubus |
Who wrote the 19th Century novel ‘Little Women’? | List of Female Demons
Demoness
A female demon; a she-demon; a divine spirit. From Late Latin daemon, from Greek daimon. bef.1300. Feminine form from 1638. images
Ardat Lili: A night demon; a succubus, or a young female spirit associated with children and pregnant women, also a storm demon. One in the demon-triad formed by Lilu (the male), Lilitu (the female), and Ardat Lili (the handmaid). (Sumerian)
Batibat: A female nightmare demon that causes death during sleep, associated with trees. (Philippine)
Empusa: A shapeshifter, a demonic female with one leg that of a donkey and the other of brass, pursues travelers and eats them. [syn: Emipusa, Empousa] (Greek)
Gorgon: The personification of female wisdom and mysteries, a protector, creator of life and bringer of death. From Greek gorgo terrible. 1398. (Greek) image
Hantu Kopek: Female nightmare demon.
Lamashtu: A kind of goddess, seven witches in one, associated with the death of unborns and newborns, a night demon, bringer of disease. (Mesopotamian)
Lamia: A half woman half serpent demon; a sea monster; a night demon that preys on children, also a vampire. 1350. (Greek)
Lilim: The female offspring of Lilith. [syn: Lilin] see: Lilith
Lilith: The personification of female sexuality and power over men, enlightener of women. image
Lilitu: The female counterpart of Lilu. One in the demon-triad formed by Lilu (the male), Lilitu (the female), and Ardat Lili (the handmaid). (Sumerian)
Palden Lhamo: A gaurdian goddess; protector of Tibet. (Tibetan)
Succubus: A female demon that attempts sexual intercourse with sleeping persons. From Latin succubāre to lie under, alteration of Late Latin incubus. 1387. image
Yuki-Onna: An irresistible phantom associated with snow storms; a type of pale succubus that lures young men to remote areas with the intention of drinking their blood or freezing them solid. [syn: Lady of the Snow, Snow Queen, Snow Ghost] (Japanese)
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Which planet has the biggest moon in our solar system? | Jupiter's Moon Ganymede - Universe Today
Universe Today
by Matt Williams
In 1610, Galileo Galilei looked up at the night sky through a telescope of his own design . Spotting Jupiter, he noted the presence of several “luminous objects” surrounding it, which he initially took for stars. In time, he would notice that these “stars” were orbiting the planet, and realized that they were in fact Jupiter’s moons – which would come to be named Io , Europa , Ganymede and Callisto .
Of these, Ganymede is the largest, and boasts many fascinating characteristics. In addition to being the largest moon in the Solar System, it is also larger than even the planet Mercury. It is the only satellite in the Solar System known to possess a magnetosphere, has a thin oxygen atmosphere, and (much like its fellow-moons, Europa and Callisto) is believed to have an interior ocean.
Discovery and Naming:
Though Chinese astronomical records claim that astronomer Gan De may have spotted a moon of Jupiter (probably Ganymede) with the naked eye as early as 365 BCE, Galileo Galilei is credited with making the first recorded observation of Ganymede on January 7th, 1610 using his telescope. Together with Io, Europa and Callisto, he named them the “Medicean Stars” at the time – after his patron, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo de’ Medici.
Simon Marius, a German astronomer and contemporary of Galileo’s who claimed to have independently discovered Ganymede, suggested alternative names at the behest of Johannes Kepler. However, the names of Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto – which were all taken from classical mythology – would not come to formally be adopted until the 20th century.
Illustration of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites. Credit: NASA
Prior to this, the Galilean Moons were named Jupiter I through IV based on their proximity to the planet (with Ganymede designated as Jupiter III). Following the discovery of the moons of Saturn, a naming system based on that of Kepler and Marius was used for Jupiter’s moons. In Greek mythology, Ganymede was the son of King Tros (aka. Ilion), the namesake of the city of Troy (Ilium).
Size, Mass and Orbit:
With a mean radius of 2634.1 ± 0.3 kilometers (the equivalent of 0.413 Earths), Ganymede is the largest moon in the Solar System and is even larger than the planet Mercury. However, with a mass of 1.4819 x 10²³ kg (the equivalent of 0.025 Earths), it is only half as massive. This is due to Ganymede’s composition, which consists of water ice and silicate rock (see below).
Ganymede’s orbit has a minor eccentricity of 0.0013, with an average distance (semi-major axis) of 1,070,400 km – varying from 1,069,200 km at periapsis to at 1,071,600 km apoapsis. Ganymede takes seven days and three hours to completes a single revolution. Like most known moons, Ganymede is tidally locked, with one side always facing toward the planet.
Its orbit is inclined to the Jovian equator, with the eccentricity and inclination changing quasi-periodically due to solar and planetary gravitational perturbations on a timescale of centuries. These orbital variations cause the axial tilt to vary between 0 and 0.33°. Ganymede has a 4:1 orbital resonance with Io and a 2:1 resonance with Europa.
Ganymede is the largest satellite in our solar system, larger than Mercury and Pluto, and three-quarters the size of Mars. Credit: NASA/JPL
Essentially, this means that Io orbits Jupiter four times (and Europa twice) for every orbit made by Ganymede. The superior conjunction between Io and Europa occurs when Io is at periapsis and Europa is at apoapsis, and the superior conjunction between Europa and Ganymede occurs when Europa is at periapsis. Such a complicated resonance (a 4:2:1 resonance) is called the Laplace Resonance .
Composition and Surface Features:
With an average density of 1.936 g/cm3, Ganymede is most likely composed of equal parts rocky material and water ice. It is estimated that water ice constitutes 46–50% of the moon’s mass (slightly lower than that of Callisto) with the possibility of some additional volatile ices such as ammonia being present. Ganymede’s surface has an albedo of about 43%, which suggests that water ice makes up a mass fraction of 50-90% the surface.
Near-infrared and ultra-violet surveys have also revealed the presence of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and possibly cyanogen, hydrogen sulfate and various organic compounds. More recent data has shown evidence of salts such as magnesium sulfate and possibly sodium sulfate, which may have originated from the subterranean ocean (see below).
Ganymede’s interior appears to be fully differentiated, consisting of a solid inner core made of iron, a liquid iron and iron-sulfide outer core, a silicate mantle, and a a spherical shell of mostly ice surrounding the rock shell and the core. The core is believed to measure 500 km in radius, and has a temperature of about 1500 – 1700 K and pressure of up to 10 GPa.
Artist’s cut-away representation of the internal structure of Ganymede, with layers shown to scale. Credit: Wikipedia Commons/kelvinsong
The most compelling evidence for the existence of a liquid, iron-nickel-rich core is Ganymede’s intrinsic magnetic field. The convection in the liquid iron, which has high electrical conductivity, is the most reasonable model of magnetic field generation.The density of the core is believed to be 5.5 – 6 g/cm³, while the silicate mantle has an estimated density of 3.4 – 3.6 g/cm³.
This mantle is composed of silicate materials, most likely chondrites and iron. The outer ice shell is the largest layer of all, measuring an estimated 800 km (497 miles) thick. The precise thicknesses of this and other layers in the interior of Ganymede depends on the assumed composition of silicates and amount of sulfur in the core.
Scientists also believe that Ganymede has a thick ocean nestled between two layers of ice – a tetragonal layer between it and the core and a hexagonal layer above it. The presence of this ocean has been confirmed by readings taken by orbiters and through studies of how Ganymede’s aurora behaves. In short, the moon’s auroras are affected by Ganymede’s magnetic field, which in turn is affected by the presence of a large, subsurface salt-water ocean.
Ganymede’s surface is a mix of two types of terrain. There’s the very old, highly cratered, and dark regions, and the somewhat younger, lighter regions marked with an extensive array of grooves and ridges. In a way that is similar to Europa, Ganymede’s surface is asymmetric, with the leading hemisphere being brighter than the trailing one.
The dark terrain, which comprises about one-third of the surface, is so-colored because the surface ice in these regions contains clays and organic materials. It has been theorized that these have been left behind by impactors, which accords with the fact that impact craters are far more extensive in the areas of dark terrain.
Meanwhile, the grooved terrain is believed to be tectonic in nature; which could be due in part to cryovolcanism , but is thought to be mostly the result of tidal heating events. The tidal flexing could have heated the interior and strained the lithosphere, leading to the development of cracks, graben and faults that erased the old, dark terrain on 70% of the surface.
Though craters are more common in the darker areas, they are seen all over the surface. Ganymede may have experienced a period of heavy cratering 3.5 to 4 billion years ago similar to that of the Moon. If true, the vast majority of impacts happened in that epoch, whereas the cratering rate has been much smaller since. Craters on Ganymede are also flatter than those on the Moon and Mercury, which is probably due to the relatively weak nature of Ganymede’s icy crust.
Ganymede also has polar caps, likely composed of water frost, which were first seen by the Voyager spacecraft. Since the discovery, several theories have been proposed for their formation, ranging from the thermal migration of water vapor to higher latitudes to plasma bombardment turning the ice brighter. Data obtained by the Galileo spacecraft – which noted a very close correspondence between the polar cap boundary and the boundaries of the moon’s magnetic field – suggests that the latter theory is correct.
Atmosphere:
Similar to Europa, Ganymede has a tenuous oxygen atmosphere. Also similar to Europa is how the atmosphere formed, which involves water ice on the surface being split into hydrogen and oxygen through interaction with UV radiation, the hydrogen being lost to space and the oxygen being retained. The surface pressure of this atmosphere is thought to lie within the range of 0.2–1.2 micro Pascals.
Montage showing New Horizons’ views of Ganymede taken by it’s infrared spectrometer and LORRI and LEISA instruments. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University APL/SwRI
The presence of this atmosphere also causes an airglow effect, a faint emission of light caused by the interaction of atomic oxygen and energetic particles. This effect is not uniformly distributed (as with Europa), but instead causes bright spots to appear above the polar regions – which could be “polar auroras” – due to the planet’s magnetic field.
Additional evidence of the oxygen atmosphere comes from the detection of various gases trapped in the ice on Ganymede. This evidence consisted of the spectroscopic detection of ozone (O³), as well as absorption features that indicated the presence of oxygen gas (O²). Another constituent of the atmosphere is hydrogen, which (despite most being lost to space) still exists at a surface in very minor concentrations.
The existence of this neutral atmosphere implies that an ionosphere should exist since oxygen molecules are ionized by the impacts of the energetic electrons coming from the magnetosphere and by solar electromagnetic UV radiation. However, the existence of an ionosphere remains controversial, due to conflicting data gathered by different missions.
Magnetosphere:
Ganymede is unique among moons in the Solar Systems in that it alone has a magnetosphere. The value of the moon’s permanent magnetic moment is estimated to be 1.3 x 10¹³ T·m³, which is three times larger than the magnetic moment of Mercury. The magnetic dipole is tilted with respect to the rotational axis of Ganymede by 176°, which means that it is directed against the Jovian magnetic moment.
The magnetic field of Jupiter and co-rotation enforcing currents. Credit: Wikipedia Commons/Ruslik0
The dipole magnetic field created by this permanent moment has a strength of 719 ± 2 Teslas (nT) at Ganymede’s equator, and roughly twice that at the poles (1440 nT). This magnetic moment also carves a part of space around Ganymede, creating a tiny magnetosphere embedded inside that of Jupiter with a diameter of about 10,525 – 13,156 km.
The Ganymedian magnetosphere has a region of closed field lines located below 30° latitude, where charged particles (electrons and ions) are trapped, creating a kind of radiation belt. The main ion species in the magnetosphere is single ionized oxygen, which fits well with Ganymede’s tenuous oxygen atmosphere.
The interaction between the Ganymedian magnetosphere and Jovian plasma is in many respects similar to that of the solar wind and Earth’s magnetosphere. The plasma co-rotating with Jupiter impinges on the trailing side of the Ganymedian magnetosphere much like the solar wind impinges on the Earth’s magnetosphere.
In addition to the intrinsic magnetic moment, Ganymede has an induced dipole magnetic field who’s existence is connected with the variation of the Jovian magnetic field near Ganymede. The induced magnetic field of Ganymede is similar to those of Callisto and Europa, indicating that this moon also has a subsurface water ocean with a high electrical conductivity.
Artist’s concept of aurorae on Ganymede. Credit: NASA/ESA
However, the existence of Ganymede’s magnetosphere remains a bit of a mystery. On the one hand, its existence is believed to be the result of Ganymede’s a dynamo effect caused by conducting material moving in the core, similar to Earth. However, other bodies that have differentiated metallic cores don’t have magnetospheres, and the relatively small size of Ganymede’s core suggests that it should have cooled sufficiently that fluid motions are no longer possible.
One explanation for this incongruity is that the same orbital resonances that may have disrupted the surface also allow the magnetic field to persist. With tidal heating increasing during such resonances, the mantle may have insulated the core, preventing it from cooling. Another explanation is a remnant magnetization of silicate rocks in the mantle, which is possible if the satellite had a more significant dynamo-generated field in the past.
Habitability:
There is some speculation on the potential habitability of Ganymede’s ocean. An analysis published in 2014 , taking into account the realistic thermodynamics for water and effects of salt, suggests that Ganymede might have a stack of several ocean layers separated by different phases of ice, with the lowest liquid layer adjacent to the rocky mantle below.
This is important, since the layer closest to the rocky interior would be subject to heating due to tidal flexing in the mantle. This heat could be transferred into the water via hydrothermal vents , which could provide the necessary heat and energy to sustain life. Combined with oxygenated water, life forms could exist at the core-mantle boundary in the form of extremophiles, in a way that is similar to what is found in Earth’s oceans (and presumed to exist in Europa’s interior ocean).
Exploration:
Several probes flying by or orbiting Jupiter have explored Ganymede more closely, including four flybys in the 1970s, and multiple passes in the 1990s to 2000s. The first approaches were conducted by the Pioneer 10 and 11 probes, which approached the moon in 1973 and 1974, respectively. These missions returned more specific information on its physical characteristics and resolved features to 400 km (250 mi) on its surface.
The next missions came in 1979, when the Voyager 1 and 2 probes passed the moon, refining estimates of its size and revealing its grooved terrain for the first time. In 1995, the Galileo spacecraft orbited Jupiter and went on to make six close flybys between 1996 and 2000. The probe’s findings included the discovery of Ganymede’s magnetic field, the moon’s interior ocean, and a large number of spectral images that showed non-ice compounds on the surface.
Artist impression of New Horizons conducting its flyby of Jupiter. Image credit: NASA/JPL/JHUAPL
The most recent mission to Ganymede was made by the New Horizons probe in 2007. While en route to Pluto, the probe obtained topographic and composition mapping data of Europa and Ganymede during its flyby of Jupiter. Their are no missions to Ganymede currently in operation, but several missions have been proposed for the coming decades.
One such proposal is the joint NASA/ESA Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM), which would explore Jupiter’s moons (including Ganymede) and has a proposed launch date of 2020. The mission would consist of NASA’s Jupiter Europa Orbiter, the ESA’s Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, and possibly a JAXA Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter.
The ESA’s contribution was renamed the Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) in 2012, and obtained a launch slot aboard the ESA’s Cosmic Vision science program (scheduled for launch in 2022 or 2024). This may include a partner mission from the Russian Space Research Institute – known as the Ganymede Lander (GL) – and would involve JUICE examining Ganymede from orbit and conducting multiple flybys or Europa and Callisto.
A Ganymede orbiter based on the Juno probe was also proposed in 2010 for the Planetary Science Decadal Survey. As part of the committee report presented at the Survey – titled “ Vision and Voyagers for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 ” – a concept study for a possible Ganymede Orbiter was proposed, which included recommendations on instrumentation.
Artist’s concept of the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO), a cancelled program that envisioned sending a spacecraft to inspect Callisto, Ganymede and Europa. Credit: NASA/JPL
A canceled proposal for a Ganymede orbiter was the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO), which would have performed a flyby of Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. Designed to use nuclear fission for power and an ion engine for propulsion, JIMO would have studied Ganymede in greater detail than an previous orbiter. However, the mission was canceled in 2005 because of budget cuts.
Colonization:
Ganymede is considered a possible candidate for human settlement – and even terraforming – due to the many advantages it presents. For one, as Jupiter’s largest moon, Ganymede has a gravitational force of 1.428 m/s2 (the equivalent of 0.146 g) which is comparable to Earth’s Moon. Sufficient enough to limit the effects of muscle and bone degeneration, this lower gravity also means that the moon has a lower escape velocity – which means it would take considerably less fuel for rockets to take off from the surface.
What’s more, the presence of a magnetosphere means that colonists would be better shielded from cosmic radiation than on other bodies. The prevalence of water ice means that colonists could also produce breathable oxygen, their own drinking water, and would be able to synthesize rocket fuel. Unfortunately, beyond this, Ganymede presents numerous challenges for colonization.
For starters, the presence of a magnetosphere does not shield Ganymede from enough cosmic radiation to ensure human safety, due to the fact that it is overshadowed by Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field. This results in the surface receiving some 8 rem of radiation per day – which is 333 times the average of what Earth-bound organisms experience in a year.
Artist’s concept for a future settlement on Ganymede. Credit: futuretimeline.net
The dominance of Jupiter’s magnetic field also means that Ganymede’s magnetosphere is not strong enough to retain an atmosphere of sufficient density to sustain human beings. It would also be insufficient to retain much heat. Hence, settlements on the surface would need to be heavily insulated, shielded from radiation, and contain a breathable atmosphere.
A possible solution to this, similar to what has been proposed for Europa, would be for colonists to build settlements within the icy mantle, or possibly under the surface of the ice entirely. These embedded (or aquatic habitats) would be shielded from harmful cosmic radiation by the icy mantle. They could also function as conduits between the ocean and the surface, piping water in and processing it into fuel for export.
However, such possibilities are still far from realization and in the meantime, exploring Ganymede and deciphering its deeper mysteries remains the priority. And of these, Ganymede has several! Much like the other Galilean moons, Ganymede possesses a wealth of unique and mysterious attributes, many of which still defy comprehension.
In addition to being the largest moon in the Solar System, it is the only moon other than Earth (and the gas giants) to have a magnetic field. And of course, there’s the possibility that life could exist beneath its icy crust, possibly in microbial or extreme form. All of these make Ganymede an intriguing prospect for future exploration.
We have many interesting articles on Ganymede and Jupiter’s Moons here at Universe Today. Here is a list of the Galilean Moons , as well as Jupiter’s entire system of moons .
Here is one about Ganymede’s interior ocean , and how an amateur astronomer made a detailed map of Ganymede .
Here’s a list of all the largest moons in the Solar System, and a listing of the largest moons and smallest planets at Solar Views.
Universe Today has whole series of podcasts about the Solar System at Astronomy Cast .
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Equus quagga is the scientific name for which animal? | What is the Biggest Planet in the Solar System? - Universe Today
Universe Today
What is the Biggest Planet in the Solar System?
Article Updated: 23 Dec , 2015
by Matt Williams
Ever since the invention of the telescope four hundred years ago, astronomers have been fascinated by the gas giant of Jupiter. Between it’s constant, swirling clouds, its many, many moons, and its Giant Red Spot, there are many things about this planet that are both delightful and fascinating.
But perhaps the most impressive feature about Jupiter is its sheer size. In terms of mass, volume, and surface area, Jupiter is the biggest planet in our Solar System by a wide margin. But just what makes Jupiter so massive, and what else do we know about it?
Size and Mass:
Jupiter’s mass, volume, surface area and mean circumference are 1.8981 x 1027 kg, 1.43128 x 1015 km3, 6.1419 x 1010 km2, and 4.39264 x 105 km respectively. To put that in perspective, Jupiter diameter is roughly 11 times that of Earth, and 2.5 the mass of all the other planets in the Solar System combined.
But, being a gas giant, Jupiter has a relatively low density – 1.326 g/cm3 – which is less than one quarter of Earth’s. This means that while Jupiter’s volume is equivalent to about 1,321 Earths, it is only 318 times as massive. The low density is one way scientists are able to determine that it is made mostly of gases, though the debate still rages on what exists at its core (see below).
Composition:
Jupiter is composed primarily of gaseous and liquid matter. It is the largest of the gas giants, and like them, is divided between a gaseous outer atmosphere and an interior that is made up of denser materials. It’s upper atmosphere is composed of about 88–92% hydrogen and 8–12% helium by percent volume of gas molecules, and approx. 75% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass, with the remaining one percent consisting of other elements.
This cut-away illustrates a model of the interior of Jupiter, with a rocky core overlaid by a deep layer of liquid metallic hydrogen. Credit: Kelvinsong/Wikimedia Commons
The atmosphere contains trace amounts of methane, water vapor, ammonia, and silicon-based compounds as well as trace amounts of benzene and other hydrocarbons. There are also traces of carbon, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, oxygen, phosphine, and sulfur. Crystals of frozen ammonia have also been observed in the outermost layer of the atmosphere.
The interior contains denser materials, such that the distribution is roughly 71% hydrogen, 24% helium and 5% other elements by mass. It is believed that Jupiter’s core is a dense mix of elements – a surrounding layer of liquid metallic hydrogen with some helium, and an outer layer predominantly of molecular hydrogen. The core has also been described as rocky, but this remains unknown as well.
In 1997, the existence of the core was suggested by gravitational measurements, indicating a mass of from 12 to 45 times the Earth’s mass, or roughly 4%–14% of the total mass of Jupiter. The presence of a core is also supported by models of planetary formation that indicate how a rocky or icy core would have been necessary at some point in the planet’s history in order to collect its bulk of hydrogen and helium from the protosolar nebula.
However, it is possible that this core has since shrunk due to convection currents of hot, liquid, metallic hydrogen mixing with the molten core. This core may even be absent now, but a detailed analysis is needed before this can be confirmed. The Juno mission , which launched in August 2011, is expected to provide some insight into these questions, and thereby make progress on the problem of the core.
The temperature and pressure inside Jupiter increase steadily toward the core. At the “surface”, the pressure and temperature are believed to be 10 bars and 340 K (67 °C, 152 °F). At the “phase transition” region, where hydrogen becomes metallic, it is believed the temperature is 10,000 K (9,700 °C; 17,500 °F) and the pressure is 200 GPa. The temperature at the core boundary is estimated to be 36,000 K (35,700 °C; 64,300 °F) and the interior pressure at roughly 3,000–4,500 GPa.
Moons:
The Jovian system currently includes 67 known moons. The four largest are known as the Galilean Moons , which are named after their discoverer, Galileo Galilei . They include: Io , the most volcanically active body in our Solar System; Europa , which is suspected of having a massive subsurface ocean; Ganymede , the largest moon in our Solar System; and Callisto , which is also thought to have a subsurface ocean and features some of the oldest surface material in the Solar System.
Then there’s the Inner Group (or Amalthea group), which is made up of four small moons that have diameters of less than 200 km, orbit at radii less than 200,000 km, and have orbital inclinations of less than half a degree. This groups includes the moons of Metis , Adrastea , Amalthea , and Thebe . Along with a number of as-yet-unseen inner moonlets, these moons replenish and maintain Jupiter’s faint ring system.
Jupiter also has an array of Irregular Satellites, which are substantially smaller and have more distant and eccentric orbits than the others. These moons are broken down into families that have similarities in orbit and composition, and are believed to be largely the result of collisions from large objects that were captured by Jupiter’s gravity.
Illustration of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites. Credit: NASA
Interesting Facts:
Much like Earth, Jupiter experiences auroras near its northern and southern poles. But on Jupiter, the auroral activity is much more intense and rarely ever stops. The intense radiation, Jupiter’s magnetic field, and the abundance of material from Io’s volcanoes that react with Jupiter’s ionosphere creates a light show that is truly spectacular.
Jupiter also has a violent atmosphere. Winds in the clouds can reach speeds of up to 620 kph (385 mph). Storms form within hours and can become thousands of km in diameter overnight. One storm, the Great Red Spot , has been raging since at least the late 1600s. The storm has been shrinking and expanding throughout its history; but in 2012, it was suggested that the Giant Red Spot might eventually disappear .
The discovery of exoplanets has revealed that planets can get even bigger than Jupiter. In fact, the number of “ Super Jupiters ” observed by the Kepler space probe (as well as ground-based telescopes) in the past few years has been staggering. In fact, as of 2015, more than 300 such planets have been identified.
Notable examples include PSR B1620-26 b (Methuselah), which was the first super-Jupiter to be observed (in 2003). At 12.7 billion years of age, it is also the third oldest known planet in the universe. There’s also HD 80606 b (Niobe), which has the most eccentric orbit of any known planet, and 2M1207b (Lerna), which orbits the brown dwarf Fomalhaut b (Illion).
Scientist theorize that a gas gain could get 15 times the size of Jupiter before it began deuterium fusion, making it a brown dwarf star. Good thing too, since the last thing the Solar System needs if for Jupiter to go nova!
Jupiter was appropriately named by the ancient Romans, who chose to name after the king of the Gods (Jupiter, or Jove). The more we have come to know and understand about this most-massive of Solar planets, the more deserving of this name it appears.
If you’re wondering, here’s how big planets can get with a lot of mass, and here’s what is the biggest star in the Universe . And here’s the 2nd largest planet in the Solar System.
Here’s another article about the which is the largest planet in the Solar System , and here’s what’s the smallest planet in the Solar System .
We have recorded a whole series of podcasts about the Solar System at Astronomy Cast . Check them out here.
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US jazz Musician Thelonious Monk played which instrument? | FC Jazz results, fixtures | Futsal, Finland
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What is the main ingredient of the dish falafel? | What is falafel? | From the Grapevine
From The Grapevine
Falafel balls on a bed of lettuce. (Photo: Piccia Neri /Shutterstock)
What is falafel?
Explore the ingredients of the delicious and popular dish, and learn how to make falafel at home.
by Chanie Kirschner | Friday, June 20, 2014
by Chanie Kirschner
Friday, June 20, 2014
Long before hamburgers, pizza and French fries , there was falafel – a traditional Mediterranean dish that has been enjoyed for centuries. A popular street food in Israel, falafel has also made a name for itself in America. Why? Simply put, it tastes good, and it's pretty good for you, too – a winning combination. But what’s in falafel ?
The name “falafel” can refer to the entire dish, but it more accurately describes the main ingredient – falafel balls.
Originally falafel balls were made out of fava beans , chickpeas or some combination of both. These days, falafel balls are usually made out of chickpeas (also called garbanzo beans), but you can still find other variations depending on where you buy your falafel .
The chickpeas are soaked, then ground up, and seasoned with onions, scallions and spices like parsley, garlic , cumin and coriander. Then, the mixture is shaped into balls and deep-fried in a large vat. The oil has to be hot enough so that when you drop the balls in, the outside gets nice and crispy and the inside doesn’t get too oily – a delicate balance that the best falafel makers have achieved.
Falafel and accompanying dips. (Photo: Margouillat Photo/ Shutterstock )
The falafel balls are often served wrapped in a hollow pita shell and garnished with fixings like tomatoes, cucumbers, pickles and sometimes even French fries. Falafel restaurants offer other garnishes as well, such as eggplant salad , shredded beets or pickled vegetables . The whole sandwich is coated with hummus , drizzled with tahini and, if you’re so inclined, topped with a spicy sauce as well.
Many falafel restaurants also serve a meat counterpart to the falafel known as shawarma , which is usually lamb (but can be chicken or turkey) roasted on a spit and shaved off for sandwiches .
What’s great about falafel is that it’s a meatless option for vegetarians that is chock-full of nutrients like fiber, protein and folate. Chickpeas are also low in sodium and saturated fat. That’s not to say it’s as healthy as a green salad. Some falafel pitas can have as many as 750 calories, 30 grams of fat and a whopping 1500 milligrams of sodium. So it’s important to eat your falafel in moderation – and be aware of what toppings you're choosing and how they impact your calorie count.
A falafel wrap is a low-calorie alternative. (Photo: Keko64/ Shutterstock )
Falafel has always been a mainstay on the menu in the Mediterranean, but it also made its way onto the menu in many other countries’ restaurants as well. In particular, the street vendors in New York City are now known for their take on the dish. One of the most popular Manhattan restaurants to serve falafel is Taim , started by Israeli couple Einat Admony and Stefan Nafziger. They serve three varieties out of their tiny storefront and food truck – green (mixed with parsley, mint and cilantro), red (mixed with red peppers) and harissa (mixed with Tunisian spices).
If you don’t happen to live near a falafel joint, you can definitely try your hand at making some at home. This way, you can have more control of the ingredients and how healthy you make it. (You can even bake the balls in the oven instead of deep-frying them, though they won’t be as crispy.)
This traditional falafel recipe is excerpted from Joan Nathan’s cookbook The Foods of Israel Today. It takes some patience, and quite possibly some trial and error. The falafel balls can fall apart in the oil if it’s not the right temperature or the falafel balls themselves don’t have enough flour in the mixture for binding. But once you get them right, they are worth the wait. As for the type of oil, Alton Brown recommends using peanut oil for frying falafel, but most online recipes leave it up to your individual preference.
For a cool twist on tradition, try this falafel recipe , paired with a cucumber sauce instead of the more traditional tahini. With nearly a thousand positive reviews on Allrecipes.com, it's pretty much unanimous that this is one worth trying.
Got a favorite falafel recipe that we didn't mention? Let us know in the comments!
MORE FROM THE GRAPEVINE:
| Chickpea |
What is the first name of Captain Mainwaring in the UK television series ‘Dad’s Army’? | Food Bites: Falafel - BonAppetour
Food Bites: Falafel
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What is round, golden, crispy and tasty?
Why, we are referring to the falafel of course! Flavourful and nutritious, this Middle Eastern dish also packs a nutritious punch, for it are high in protein, complex carbohydrates and fibre.
Origins: Shrouded In Mystery
The origins of this well-loved dish is shrouded in mystery. It is widely believed to have originated in Egypt, and created as a substitute for meat during the Lent Festival. Later on, the dish was introduced to the Levant region, where the locals used chickpeas instead of fava beans as the main ingredient for the dish.
Falafel Recipes: A Myriad of Ideas
Start off your culinary adventures by making the falafel from scratch . Whiz the ingredients together to form a smooth paste, round them into little balls, drop the falafel balls into a pan and fry them until they turn into a beautiful shade of golden brown.
With a tray of scrumptious falafel balls on hand, you may take a leaf out of Jamie Oliver’s cooking book by making a delicious falafel wrap with grilled vegetables and salsa . If you are not quite in the mood for having a toasty wrap, why not try your hand at putting together a falafel sandwich ? After all, this is a quick and easy dish to put together, and it requires only a handful of ingredients to prepare.
If you are racking your brains over what to bring for a fun-filled potluck gathering, perhaps a falafel and hummus mezze platter may serve as the perfect sharing dish. Otherwise, a hearty falafel burger may do the trick, for it will certainly satisfy guests with a healthy appetite.
Self-professed health junkies will be delighted to follow this wholesome baked falafel salad to a T, starting from the process of preparing the falafel balls, to whipping up a light tahini and dill dressing sauce before tossing these ingredients together with fresh greens.
If you need a more substantial meal, go generous with the carbs by cooking up a dish of spaghetti with falafel balls .
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Sharon Stone plays Ginger McKenna Rothstein in which 1995 film? | Casino (1995) - IMDb
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Greed, deception, money, power, and murder occur between two best friends, a mafia underboss and a casino owner, for a trophy wife over a gambling empire.
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Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 3 wins & 9 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
This Martin Scorsese film depicts the Janus-like quality of Las Vegas--it has a glittering, glamorous face, as well as a brutal, cruel one. Ace Rothstein and Nicky Santoro, mobsters who move to Las Vegas to make their mark, live and work in this paradoxical world. Seen through their eyes, each as a foil to the other, the details of mob involvement in the casinos of the 1970's and '80's are revealed. Ace is the smooth operator of the Tangiers casino, while Nicky is his boyhood friend and tough strongman, robbing and shaking down the locals. However, they each have a tragic flaw--Ace falls in love with a hustler, Ginger, and Nicky falls into an ever-deepening spiral of drugs and violence. Written by Tad Dibbern <[email protected]>
You don't stay at the top forever See more »
Genres:
Motion Picture Rating ( MPAA )
Rated R for strong brutal violence, pervasive strong language, drug use and some sexuality | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
22 November 1995 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The scenes inside the Riviera Casino were filmed during the first six weeks of the shooting schedule. See more »
Goofs
When Nicky and Ace meet up in the middle of the desert, the length of Ace's cigarette changes between shots from long to short See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Ace Rothstein : [voice-over] When you love someone, you've gotta trust them. There's no other way. You've got to give them the key to everything that's yours. Otherwise, what's the point? And for a while, I believed, that's the kind of love I had.
[Ace's car explodes]
See more »
Crazy Credits
SPOILER: Nicky is about to finish his narration, he's cut short by the mobsters wanting to whack him. See more »
Connections
– See all my reviews
A complex, multilayered, beautifully directed film, Martin Scorsese's Casino is a masterpiece of destruction and betrayal. Few films take so many chances and succeed so wonderfully. It takes some of the basic formulas that were found in Goodfellas and applies them to another type of story - while Goodfellas' view was ground-level, telling the story of the "blue collar" gangsters of NYC, this film tells the story of the guys who controlled those guys. And it's fascinating to watch these people run Las Vegas, control the flow of money, and then fall from the heights of power due to lust, hubris, and greed. An amazing film that will hopefully get the recognition it deserves in the years to come.
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| Casino |
The tragus is found in which part of the human body? | Casino | Movie | 1995
Synopsis
Sam "Ace" Rothstein, the consummate bookie who can change the odds merely by placing a bet, has risen through the ranks of the Midwestern mob to be picked by the bosses to front their entree into Vegas. Ace lives and breathes the odds. He eventually doubles the mob's take and changes the rules of how the casinos are run. But he can't control the odds when it comes to Ginger McKenna, the chip-hustling vamp who charms Ace and becomes his wife. His infatuation with Ginger turns to obsession as she rises with him to the upper crust of society, then turns to the bottle and pills for consolation in her gilded cage. The third member of this triangle of greed and obsession is Nicky Santoro, Ace's best friend and fellow graduate of the city streets. Together, they run the perfect operation, with Ace in charge and Nicky providing the muscle. But as Nicky expands his interests and each man gains power, their lives become entangled in a story of hot tempers, obstinacy, money, love and deception.
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In the children’s nursery rhyme, where was ‘The Cock Horse’ ridden to? | Ride A Cock Horse *** - YouTube
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Published on Apr 27, 2012
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Enjoy singing along to the words and lyrics of the Ride A Cock Horse nursery rhyme. This old nursery rhyme is a traditional childrens song accompanied by simply beautiful music that will appeal to kids and adults of all ages. The unique cartoon Ride A Cock Horse video is bright and colorful way to teach your children the words and lyrics to this nursery rhyme and poem. Sing the words to a young child or baby. Suitable for preschool kids and kindergarten children. A great fun, educational resource for children, kids and parents. A great educational resource for children, kids and parents. Music arrangement to the Ride A Cock Horse to Banbury Cross Nursery Rhyme is by the English composer, Roland Bryce. Amadeus Nursery is available on iTunes.
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| Banbury |
Which European band released the album ‘The Joshua Tree’ in 1987? | Horse Trotting Rhymes to Play with Older Kids
Horse Trotting Rhymes to Play with Older Kids
July 27th, 2008
In my previous blog post I mentioned some English rhymes which can be played with children sitting on adults’ laps , with either babies or older kids.
This time, I’d like to discuss another genre of lap rhymes called Horse Trotting Rhymes.
Horse Trotting Rhymes are usually done with older kids. You wouldn’t want to play these babies since you don’t want to jiggle their heads.
When singing these songs you move your legs up and down with the child on your knees as if they’re riding a horse. Older kids love these rhymes.
Ride a Cock-horse to Banbury Cross is one of the best-known English Horse Trotting Rhymes…
Ride a Cock-horse to Banbury Cross
Ride a cock-horse* to Banbury Cross,
To see a fine lady upon a white horse;
Rings on her fingers and bells on her toes,
And she shall have music wherever she goes.
*A cock-horse is anything a kid rides on and pretends is a horse (i.e. someone’s lap, a rocking horse or a wooden stick with a wooden horses head).
Trot, Trot, Trot to Boston is another well-known Horse Trotting Rhyme. Below I’ve listed some of the variations of the rhyme…
Trot, Trot, Trot to Boston
Trot, trot, trot to Boston
(Gently bounce the child on your knees)
Trot, trot, trot to Lynn.
(Gently bounce again)
Watch out Little One/Girl/Boy/or kids’ name
(Gently bounce knees again)
Or you’ll fall in/You’re going to fall in!/or Cause you might fall in!
(Open knees/Gently bring child down between knees and then lift back up)
Variation:
Trot, trot, to Salem;
Home, home again.
When singing this next song you move your legs up and down with the child on your knees. With each verse you move your legs a little higherâ¦
This Is the Way the Ladies Ride
This is the way the ladies ride,
Tri, tre, tre, tree,
This is the way the ladies ride,
Tri, tre, tre, tre, tri-tre-tre-tree!
This is the way the gentlemen ride,
Gallop-a-trot,
This is the way the gentlemen ride,
Gallop-a-gallop-a-trot!
This is the way the farmers ride,
Hobbledy-hoy,
This is the way the farmers ride,
Hobbledy-hobbledy-hoy!
Here’s a similar oneâ¦
Here Goes My Lord
A trot, a trot, a trot, a trot,
Here goes my lady
A canter, a canter, a canter, a canter!
Here goes my young master
Jockey-hitch*, jockey-hitch, jockey-hitch, jockey-hitch!
Here goes my young miss
An amble, an amble, an amble, an amble!
The footman lags behind to tipple** ale and wine,
And goes gallop, a gallop, a gallop, to make up his time.
*To jockey is to ride a horse like in a race as if you’re a jockey. To hitch is to raise with a jerk. So I believe jockey-hitch describes riding a horse quickly, yet, fitfully up and down.
**To drink
Came riding on a nanny-goat,
Selling of pigs’ tails.
Chicky, cuckoo, my little duck,
See-saw, sickna downy;
Gallop a trot, trot, trot,
And hey for Dublin a towny!
If you would like to share any more Horse Trotting Rhymes with us, feel free to tell us about them in the comments below.
The illustration comes from The National Nursery Book.
Enjoy and have fun!
Mama Lisa
64 Responses to “Horse Trotting Rhymes to Play with Older Kids”
Joanna
October 21st, 2008 at 1:22 pm
I’m not sure where this one came from, but this was what we always did in my family, and what I always do for the children I know.
(With the child facing you on your lap, start bouncing them up and down while holding their hands)
I had a horse, his name was Jack
I rode his tail to save his back
His tail fell off and I fell back
Whoooooa Jack
(on the Whooooa let the child go back, and then pull them back up on Jack)
Be prepared to do this one for hours.
issy
Trot my little tater tot with joy to cherish with every trot.
From trot to canter to walk to STOP.
To play hooray.
To on my feet to the horse we meet we play around and kick, gallop oops that was not me!
elleneia
I remember bouncing little ones on the knee to something in Norwegian, but I don’t really know any of the words. To my childhood memory it went like this:
(starting in a low voice, with knees bouncing just slightly)
So-De-A-Hum and a So-De-A-Bruuda
(now bouncing high on the knees)
And a Suss-Pa-Pa-Bo and a Suss-Pa-Pa-Bo and a Sus-Pa-Pa-Bo
And a B in a smudaset.
Can anyone help with the real words?
Annie
May 31st, 2009 at 5:07 pm
The following rhyme has been in my family for years and was passed on by my Father who stills teaches it to every new grandchild. the child is bounced up and down while sitting on adults leg thrown over the other and at the end of the rhyme on ‘Turkey Cock’ the child is lifted higher into the air for the end.
Galloping trot, from Mallow to Cork
To buy a sheeps head to put in the pot
A shoulder of sheep, A lump of beef
A fine fat hen and a Turkey Cock!
May 26th, 2010 at 5:31 pm
Please help me. My great grand mother used to sing a song to me while I sat on her lap.
She would bounce her knees and say “ou ou ou dada si sa valez — il est tentes il est rey il est tentes oooouuuu dada”
At the end I would slide down her legs. I know that I have masacured the words her… she was from France so I’m thinking it was french that she spoke….
If any one has a clue about what this song is I would really appreciate if you would write to me… [email protected]
thank you so much.
April 4th, 2012 at 10:11 am
My Mam also did the
OOOhhh gallup and trot from Mallow to Cork but it had a line like
Sold me buttermilk, every drop!
When I was a little guy, my mother used to recite a little rhyme which went like this:
Gallop-a-trot, gallop-a-trot,
I sold my buttermilk, every drop.
Hard crust, no teeth,
(I’m not sure about those 2 words, but they might have been “good stomach”)
Anybody know where that came from?
Sue williams
March 26th, 2013 at 5:48 pm
Does anyone know the middle of this verse. Horsey, horsey don’t u stop just let your heels go clippity clip. Let your wheels go round and (can’t remember this next line, but the last line was) giddy up you’re homeward bound.
Kim
My grand mother would sing while a toddler was bouncing on her knee.
To Boston, to Boston to buy a fat pig.
Home again, home again, a jig, a jig, jig.
To Boston, to Boston to buy a new hat.
When I got there I couldn’t get that.
To Boston, to Boston to buy a new gown.
Look out little (girl/boy) your gonna fall down. (this part is sung slowly as the child leans back and is held in place).
Does anyone know this nursery rhyme?
Cheri
May 14th, 2013 at 9:14 am
My great-grandmother was from Germany and recited a rhyme while bouncing children on her leg. A lot of it has been lost over generations and I am trying to get it back. The gist of the meaning is: riding a horse about a mile, looking for __? then the horse trips or falls and at that point you tip the child back.
Here is my phonetic spelling
Ride a ride a giley
Ida suda miley
Ida suda (missing word here)
go to feend the viener house
bloomp, bloomp, lithrum wreck.
If this looks familiar to anyone, please help me correct this.
Thanks so much
The version my grandfather told us growing up:
Take a trip to Boston
Take a trip to Lynn
Watch out my little lambkin
You don’t fall in!
For the sake of context, he was born in 1918 and grew up in the Canadian Maritimes, so I wasn’t sure if it was American or English (both countries having towns of those names). http://ca.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20140201172250AAJZ5uV
dale
May 11th, 2014 at 5:21 pm
To laura,
My mom did that see saw pull and draw thing too. She was from a dutch german family. something taught her and they lived in St. Louis, MO.
Mary
My Grandma used to sing
“Ridey, Gidey, Giley
vennie nimmer veet-therma
a sitsie up a viley”
She was full blooded Swiss (a Nussbaum) and said that her mother put the tune to a rhyme that her mother would recite to her.
Cheri (above) seems to have a similar rhyme.
Rebecca L
November 21st, 2014 at 10:21 pm
P.S.
My spelling is just how it sounds, not correct by any stretch. Grandma said that it meant, very roughly, “I’m going to go for a ride, about a mile, and when I get tired I’ll sit down and rest awhile.”
c haack
April 6th, 2015 at 7:57 am
Rita, I think your Grandmother did some version of “À cheval sur mon bidet” that you’ll find on Mama Lisa’s World France page . It also might be a version of “À cheval/coco gendarme”. The version I’m familiar with is:
“À coco, gendarmes, (on horsey, gendarmes)
à pied Bourguignons, (on foot, Bourguignons)
allons à la guerre, (let’s go to war)
les autres y sont. (the others are there)
Au pas, au pas, au pas, (at a walk)
au trot, au trot, au trot, (at a trot)
au galop, au galop, au galop. (at a gallop)
Ours had the same line as Mark Barlow:
“Sold our buttermilk every drop”
John Monro
April 11th, 2015 at 10:44 pm
Don’t forget the grand old song, the Galloping Major. It’s not a nursery rhyme, but it’s a great song for bouncing the small child on your lap, unless you accidentally drop him or her of course! Our girls loved it.
Bumpity, bumpity, bumpity bump
As if I was riding me charger
Bumpity bumpity bumpity bump
As proud as an Indian Rajah,
All the girls declare
That I’m a grand old stager,
Hey, hey, clear the way,
Here come’s the galloping major.
Put on a posh English voice and you can make up actions to suit the words, depending on the age of the child.
Tess
Hi Mindy – I think there’s a discussion about the rhyme your grandmother said at this link and this link . -Mama Lisa
mom of 7
October 10th, 2015 at 6:55 pm
My grandmother was from England and my grandfather was from Ireland and settled in Boston in the early 1900’s, giving birth to 16 children. This rhyme has been passed down to four generations of Foley children. You bounce the child on your knees, then separate your knees to allow the child to gently “fall” backwards during the last part.
“Trot, trot to Boston,
Be careful when you get there,
You don’t fall in.”
Jessica
den va en sa long.
Does anyone know of this song??
Leia
February 20th, 2016 at 12:10 am
I used to sing these songs with my children when they were young. Their favourite was “This is the way the ladies ride.” Because I would bounce them differently for each verse. We always sang with the farmer jumping over the fence at the end and lifting the child up in the air! Thank you for publishing these.
Dave Masinter
May 2nd, 2016 at 11:54 pm
My Mom grew up on a farm in Northwest Louisiana and had to have learned this there. Put the child on your knee facing outwards, hands holding their waist and begin softly “Little boy went to town, (Now start raising your heel up and down off the floor in a quick, slightly jarring motion) paaace pace pace pace pace.” (Now in a quick, gruff voice say…) “Along came an old man, (Now begin moving your entire leg up and down off the floor boldly to making a tapping noise as your foot lands and say…) “Hog-sha hog-sha, Watch out Little boy, (now extend your leg straight out and down to the floor to make your leg a slide then push the child down your leg slide and yell…) You’re gonna fall down!”
“Little boy went to town
paaace pace pace pace pace,
Along came an old Man,
Hog-sha hog-sha
You’re gonna fall down!”
John
May 26th, 2016 at 10:14 pm
Interesting. My father used to sing this to me, and I my daughter loved it when I did it with her. Bounce the child on your knee and when the horse “falls”, stick your leg out straight and the kid falls. They love it! I thought my Dad invented it but I guess not!
“Ride, ride to Boston to buy a loaf of bread.
Oh my dear, the horse dropped dead!”
Carol A Powers
October 25th, 2016 at 1:40 pm
Cheri and Rebecca,
My great grandmother Boyer (nee’ Longnecker) was from Pennsylvania. She taught my Grandmother this “trotty song” and Grandmother sang it to us. My cousin and i remember it slightly differently and no telling how much grandmothers version differed from her grandmothers. Here is my version, please excuse phonetic spelling :
Ridey ridey giley
| i don't know |
US President Bill Clinton belonged to which political party? | Bill Clinton: Life Before the Presidency—Miller Center
About the Administration
William Jefferson Clinton spent the first six years of his life in Hope, Arkansas, where he was born on August 19, 1946. His father, William Jefferson Blythe, had died in an auto accident several months before his mother, Virginia Cassidy Blythe, gave birth to the future President. Raised in the home of his grandmother, Edith Cassidy, Bill's early years were dominated by two strong women, who often competed for his attention. His mother, a vivacious and fun-loving free spirit, was often away from home taking nursing classes in New Orleans. It was during those periods that his grandmother, a temperamental and strong-willed disciplinarian, tried to shape her grandson's character—and taught him to be a very early reader. Bill later remembered loving both women during that time of his life but feeling torn between them as a young mediator of their arguments.
In 1950, Bill's mother married Roger Clinton, a car dealer and abusive alcoholic. The family moved to Hot Springs, Arkansas, a bustling resort town an hour away. (She later divorced Roger Clinton when Bill was fifteen, only to remarry him quickly thereafter.) Again, Clinton had to intervene between two adults engaged in violent arguments. As a teenager, Bill excelled in school and showed a passion for politics. He played saxophone in a high school band and especially loved the gospel music of his Baptist faith. The fun of gambling dens and mineral spas competed for Bill's attention with Baptist churches and politics. But while his mother went to the racetracks on Sunday, Bill attended church, principally to hear the music he loved. In this small community, Bill was widely recognized as a young man of rare talent and ambition.
An Education for Leadership
Hot Springs High School, although a segregated all-white school, stood heads above most public schools in Arkansas. School Principal Johnnie Mae Mackey—another strong woman in Clinton's life—recruited staff committed to producing leaders who thought of personal success in terms of public service. Clinton became her brightest protégé. It was under her mentoring that Clinton was sent to Washington, D.C., as one of two Arkansas delegates to Boy's Nation, an imitation political convention sponsored by the American Legion. While there, the seventeen-year-old Clinton was captured in a historic photograph shaking hands with his political idol, President John F. Kennedy, in the White House Rose Garden. That July 1963 handshake later symbolized the continuity between the Kennedy 1960s and the Clinton 1990s. Ever since he was child, Clinton's mother had told him that he would some day be President of the United States. The Kennedy handshake left Clinton determined to fulfill her prediction. (Virginia Clinton lived to see her son become President, dying in 1994 of cancer.)
Upon graduation from high school in 1964, Clinton left Little Rock to attend Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. An international affairs major, he managed to cover his expenses through scholarships and by working part-time jobs. At this Catholic-sponsored, well-heeled institution, the student body clearly looked upon Clinton as an outsider from backwoods Arkansas. Although a clique of students running the newspaper discouraged Clinton's efforts to contribute to the school, his energy, dashing good looks, and personal charm pushed him to the top in student government. He won the presidency of his freshman and sophomore classes. In his junior year, Clinton ran for president of the student council, but lost in a stunning defeat. In attempting to please everybody, Clinton had miscalculated. He looked too political to his peers, and they elected his lesser-known opponent.
Rhodes Scholar and Vietnam Draftee
Beginning in his junior year, Clinton worked as a clerk for the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. At that time, the powerful committee was headed by Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas, a leading critic of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. The experience greatly shaped Clinton's perspective as he came to believe, as did Fulbright, that the United States had no moral or strategic reason for being in Vietnam. Just prior to his graduation from Georgetown, he won a prized Rhodes scholarship to study at Oxford University in England for two years. However, he faced being drafted for the Vietnam War due to a change in federal policy that eliminated almost all college deferments. His local draft board in Arkansas, however, allowed him to sail for England.
While in England, Clinton received his draft notice. He then returned to Arkansas, and with the help of Fulbright's office and that of Governor Winthrop Rockefeller, managed to persuade the admissions staff of the Reserve Officers' Training Corp (ROTC) program at the University of Arkansas Law School to accept him the next fall. Instead he returned to Oxford, although the evidence is unclear as to whether this was done with the approval of his ROTC contacts. Back in England, Clinton evidently remained conflicted about his decision to avoid the draft, torn between his moral convictions that the war was wrong and his sense of kinship with former classmates who were serving and dying in Vietnam. In the fall of 1969, he chose to re-subject himself to the draft—doing so, however, at a time when Nixon administration policy seemed to suggest that future call-ups of combat troops would significantly decline. In any event, Clinton's luck held when his birth date in the lottery drew the high number of 311, distant enough to ensure that he would never be called. Clinton then wrote a letter to the director of the Arkansas ROTC program thanking him for "saving" him from the draft, explaining that he still loved his country while nevertheless despising the war. In England, Clinton participated in numerous antiwar demonstrations, and both his antiwar activities and his ROTC letter resurfaced years later during his bid for the presidency in 1992. Although Clinton remained in the Rhodes Scholar program, making many contacts with students who would later become part of his administration, his Oxford coursework never added up to a degree.
Law, Politics, and Marriage
In 1970, Clinton entered Yale Law School, earning his degree in 1973 and meeting his future wife, Hillary Rodham, whom he married in 1975. During this period he also worked on the 1970 U.S. Senate campaign of Joe Duffy in Connecticut, and toward the end of his studies he managed the Texas campaign of the Democratic presidential nominee George McGovern (who lost Texas in the Nixon landslide). After graduation, Clinton moved back to Arkansas with a job teaching law at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville. Almost as soon as he arrived home, Clinton threw himself into politics, running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives against incumbent Republican John Paul Hammerschmidt. Although Clinton lost this 1974 race, it was the closest election for Hammerschmidt in his twenty-six years in Congress, marking Clinton as a rising political star.
Two years later, Arkansas voters elected Clinton state attorney general. Then in 1978, at age thirty-two, Clinton ran for governor, winning an easy victory and becoming one of the nation's youngest governors ever. However, his youth and inexperience quickly left Arkansans unimpressed. Governor Clinton had several missteps, including difficulties in handling rioting among Cuban refugees temporarily interned by the federal government at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas. He also raised auto license fees to pay for road construction and alienated the state's powerful timber interests by an unsuccessful intervention in the controversy over the practice of clear-cutting. Consequently, the voters turned him out in favor of Frank White, a little known, freshly minted Republican savings and loan executive. Clinton became the youngest former governor in American history.
Shocked by his defeat, Clinton went to work for a Little Rock law firm but spent most of his time campaigning for reelection. In the 1982 race, Clinton admitted his mistakes and used his incredible charm and well-honed TV ads to convince the voters to give him another chance. He won in 1982 and again in 1984. Voters then supported him for two, four-year terms in 1986 and 1990.
As governor, Clinton championed centrist issues. He strongly advocated educational reform, appointing Hillary Clinton to lead a committee to draft higher standards for Arkansas schools. One of the administration's proposals called for competence tests for all teachers, a policy development that stirred up a national debate. Governor Clinton's sweeping education reforms positively impacted Arkansas schools, which experienced a decrease in dropout rates and an increase in college-entrance exam test scores under his watch, although the state's overall rankings moved very little. During Clinton's tenure as governor of Arkansas, he favored capital punishment. He promoted welfare reforms aimed at pushing welfare recipients into the workforce and moved decisively to promote affirmative action—appointing more African Americans to state boards, commissions, and agency posts than all of his predecessors combined. Additionally, he initiated a style of government that resembled a permanent election campaign. Using the talents of the political consultant Dick Morris, Clinton pushed legislative agendas based upon public opinion polls. The governor and his strategist then built support for their policies through well-orchestrated sales campaigns that used television, leaflets, and telephone banks to pressure state lawmakers.
Creating a National Image
Setting his sights higher, Clinton used his five terms as Arkansas governor to cultivate a national profile for himself. He soon emerged as one of the leading reform governors in the Democratic Party. In 1986 and 1987, Clinton served as chairman of the National Governors Association, speaking on behalf of the nation's governors. Shrewdly charting a new course, Clinton helped guide the Democratic Leadership Council, a group of moderate Democrats and business people who worked to affect national policies. In 1990 and 1991, Governor Clinton led the council's drive to lure back the white male vote into party columns without alienating blacks and women. With the goal of strengthening and unifying the party, Clinton used his persuasive oratorical skills to argue that the Republicans were using the issue of race to gain political advantages, and that race should not divide Americans who agreed on economic and other social issues.
He insisted on pragmatism and moderation in government programs, a centrist platform that emphasized opportunity, jobs, law and order, and responsibility. This meant that the government should provide opportunities for all citizens when the free market failed, but individuals had to accept the responsibility to work and to contribute to the common civil order. This linking of the time-honored American enshrinement of work and individualism to a progressive view of the role of government became for Clinton a "New Covenant"—the philosophical perspective behind his reference to himself as a "New Democrat."
In 1988, however, Clinton damaged his chances for higher office. He was picked to give one of the nominating speeches for Michael Dukakis at the Democratic National Convention. He delivered a long, boring speech emphasizing policy and programs that many thought would doom his chances to run for President. A quickly arranged appearance on the "Tonight Show" with Johnny Carson enabled Clinton to poke fun at his blunder and thus deftly rescue his image before a large national television audience.
Bill Clinton Essays
| Democratic Party |
During which year where same-sex marriages legalised in New York City? | Bill Clinton: Impact and Legacy—Miller Center
About the Administration
The Clinton presidency is still with the nation in ways that make it difficult to draw sound judgments about its lasting historical legacy. However, scholars are beginning to focus on some aspects of his administration in which Clinton's historical importance might be significant. For example, Clinton managed to remake the image and operations of the Democratic Party in ways that effectively undermined the so-called Reagan Revolution. His "New Democrat" Party co-opted the Reagan appeal to law and order, individualism, and welfare reform, and made the party more attractive to white middle-class Americans. At the same time, the reborn party retained traditional Democratic commitments to providing for the disadvantaged, regulating the excesses of the private market place, supporting minorities and women, and using government to stimulate economic growth. Moreover, Clinton capitalized on growing dissatisfaction with far right-wing extremism within the Republican Party. Nevertheless, Clinton's claims to a lasting, positive legacy for the Democratic Party have been severely undermined by two realities: the shift in control of Congress to the Republican Party on his watch and the loss by his would-be successor, Vice President Al Gore, in the 2000 presidential election. Thus, Clinton's partisan legacy remains complex and uncertain.Additionally, the Clinton presidency will certainly be studied and evaluated in terms of its major domestic success: eliminating the federal deficit and overseeing the strongest economy in recent memory. Although there has been some partisan debate about the extent to which the 1990's boom can be attributed to Clinton, the mainstream interpretation now tends to give great credit to Clinton and his economic team, especially Robert Rubin of the National Economic Council and later the secretary of the Treasury, for uncommon fiscal discipline in 1993. These efforts fueled a period of confidence in the financial markets. What is unclear is whether this great economic success will weigh very heavily in the judgment of future historians, who tend to evaluate Presidents more on enduring programs than on the quality of their budgets; a new national health care system would have been just such a program. Clinton's failure to win that battle may thus loom larger in the judgment of history than the economic successes that benefited Americans of his era. This may be especially true in Clinton's case, since his successor as President, George W. Bush, took steps which reversed the nation's fiscal position, from one of exceptional surpluses to one of exceptional deficits. In terms of foreign policy, the Clinton record is also mixed. One of Clinton's core missions as President, he often said, was to prepare Americans for a world in which global economic forces failed to respect national boundaries. Perhaps his greatest accomplishments, then, came in the area of economic globalization-—establishing several new regimes of free trade, with NAFTA and GATT. Moreover, he and the Rubin Treasury Department, with the important assistance of Treasury Deputy Secretary Lawrence Summers, headed off a number of economic catastrophes in the developing world. But the complexities of the currency problems in Mexico and East Asia may deprive the administration of some of the credit it rightly deserves for resolving these problems. Not many Americans understood, or understand, exactly what was at stake in these arcane currency interventions. Those who watched carefully, however, often claim that the exercise of creative, unilateral executive power in the Mexican peso crisis, when the congressional leadership refused to provide legislative support, was one of Bill Clinton's brightest moments.The President's success in the Balkans will undoubtedly resonate well historically, as the administration helped end a conflict that threatened both the security of Europe and the viability of transatlantic cooperative arrangements. But the failure to act in Rwanda, in particular, seems likely to loom large in future historical evaluations. Clinton's overall management of the immediate post-Cold War environment will certainly endure great scrutiny.Finally, it is probably the case that few Clinton historical retrospectives will get very far before noting that this was only the second American President to suffer the disgrace of impeachment. It is evident from the presidency of his successor that any harm Clinton did to the institution of the presidency was, all things considered, rather meager, as the younger Bush has amassed an extraordinary degree of power in that office. But the damage done to Clinton's place in history is far more pronounced and probably permanent. Future historians will likely evaluate not just what Clinton did, but also what he did not accomplish, because he was tied-up in a second-term struggle for political survival. It is this consideration of "what might have been" that may be Clinton's greatest obstacle to gaining historical stature.
Bill Clinton Essays
| i don't know |
Who wrote the 1881 novel ‘The Prince and the Pauper’? | The Prince and the Pauper | Literawiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Prince and the Pauper
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Illustration from an 1882 edition of The Prince and the Pauper.
The Prince and the Pauper is a historical fiction novel by the American author Mark Twain . It was first published in Canada in 1881 and in the United States in 1882.
The story takes place in England in the year 1547. The main characters are Tom Canty, a beggar child who has known nothing but poverty his entire life, and Edward the Prince of Wales, the only son of King Henry VIII who later becomes King Edward VI of England. The two boys change places by accident. They are both considered mad at first, Edward for claiming that he is the Prince of Wales, although he is dressed in rags, and Tom for claiming that he is not the Prince of Wales. Tom quickly adapts to life as a prince. Edward has much more difficulty adapting to his new life but is profoundly influenced by the injustices that he sees in his father's kingdom.
Plot
In a preface, Twain says that the story that he is writing was passed down from father to son for three hundred years. He does not know if it is history or legend, saying, "It may have happened. It may not have happened but it COULD have happened."
The novel begins by saying that Tom Canty and Prince Edward are born on the same day. Tom grows up in a slum called Offal Court with his two sisters, his parents and his grandmother. His parents are both beggars and thieves. His father and his grandmother are frequently drunk and both beat Tom regularly. Tom and his sisters agree to become beggars but refuse to steal. Tom is taught to read and write and to speak a little Latin by a kindly priest. He reads fairy tales and longs to meet a real prince.
Page from an 1882 edition of The Prince and the Pauper.
One day, Tom walks farther than he has ever walked before and arrives at the royal palace. He tries to go inside its grounds but a guard roughly pushes him away. Prince Edward sees this and orders the soldier to let the boy enter. The two boys talk. They change clothes because Tom admires the prince's fine garments and Edward believes that it will make Tom happy to wear them for a short while. At that point, they notice how remarkably similar they look. Edward sees a bruise on Tom's head. He goes to reprimand the soldier who beat his new friend but, being dressed as a beggar, he is beaten and thrown out of the palace. When he protests that he is the Prince of Wales, the guards merely think that he is crazy.
Edward struggles to survive amongst England's poor. He is taken home by Tom's abusive family and later escapes from them. He comes under the protection of Miles Hendon, a man from a noble family. Hendon initially thinks that the boy is mad and is suffering from the delusion that he is the Prince of Wales. When Hendon's younger brother Hugh, who has replaced him as master of Hendon Hall, pretends not to know him and insists that Miles Hendon is dead, Hendon begins to see that the boy's story is plausible.
Although Tom initially protests that he is not the Prince of Wales, and is considered mad for doing so, he comes to enjoy life as a royal. When King Henry VIII dies, Tom is proclaimed the king of England. Edward knows that he has to prevent Tom from being crowned. He arrives at Westminster Abbey at the moment that the crown is about to be placed on Tom's head. Tom admits that he is not the true king and that Edward is. Edward is forced to prove that he is the true king by saying where the Great Seal of England can be found. When the seal is not found where Edward says it is, Tom explains that he took it and used it as a nutcracker. At that point, there is no longer any doubt amongst the laughing courtiers that Tom is not the rightful king.
Tom Canty and Miles Hendon remain at the Court as favorites of the king. The novel concludes by saying that, as a result of the injustices that he suffered during his time as a pauper, the brief "reign of Edward VI was a singularly merciful one for those times."
Adaptations
Issue #29 of Classic Comics from July 1946 features an adaptation of Mark Twain's The Prince and the Pauper. The comic book is now in the public domain.
The Prince and the Pauper has been adapted for the stage, radio and television. It has been made into comic books and animated cartoons. There have been numerous movies and TV series episodes that have been very loosely based on Twain's novel, taking the basic idea of two people from completely different social backgrounds trading places with each other.
The first screen adaptation of the novel, Der Prinz und de Bettelknabe, was a much abridged silent movie produced in Austria in 1920.
The 1937 Hollywood movie version of the story stars Errol Flynn as Miles Hendon and twin brothers Billy and Bob Mauch as Tom Canty and Prince Edward.
Following the success of two English-language movies from Panama based on The Three Musketeers , The Prince and the Pauper was adapted into a Panamanian movie in1977. The movie, directed by Richard Lester, was released as The Prince and the Pauper in the United Kingdom but as Crossed Swords in the United States. It stars Mark Lester as both Tom Canty and Prince Edward, Oliver Reed as Miles Hendon and Raquel Welch as Lady Edith, Miles Hendon's former sweetheart who marries his brother Hugh because she believes her lover to be dead. The movie is notable for featuring several well-known British and American actors in supporting roles, for example, Charlton Heston makes a brief appearance as King Henry VIII.
| Mark Twain |
Chinstrap, Macaroni, Humboldt and Gentoo are all species of which creature? | The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twain - Read Online
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From the Publisher
A Classic Story of Switched Identity “When I am king they shall not have bread and shelter only, but also teachings out of books, for a full belly is little worth where the mind is starved.” ― Mark Twain, The Prince and the Pauper
The Pince and the Pauper by Mark Twain is an 1881 novel that has been adapted many times. When a young poor boy wanders near the palace gates, he meets the Prince of Wales (Edward VI) who bears an uncanny resemblance. They decide to switch clothes and end up switching roles. Edward discovers the stark class inequality in England and Tom struggles to survive as the prince. When the king dies, Edward must race against the clock and the bounds of society to regain his rightful throne.
This Xist Classics edition has been professionally formatted for e-readers with a linked table of contents. This ebook also contains a bonus book club leadership guide and discussion questions. We hope you’ll share this book with your friends, neighbors and colleagues and can’t wait to hear what you have to say about it.
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Published: Xist Publishing on Apr 1, 2015
ISBN: 9781623959326
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Pediophobia is the irrational fear of which playthings? | Fear of Dolls Phobia – Pediophobia
You are here: Home / Phobias / Fear of Dolls Phobia – Pediophobia
Fear of Dolls Phobia – Pediophobia
Pediophobia is the unwarranted, irrational and persistent fear or worry of dolls. It is a specific phobia belonging to the category of ‘automatonphobia’. This is a type of phobia where the individual is afraid of all humanoid or “human-like-but-not-quite” objects including mannequins, marionettes, ventriloquist’s dummies, wax figures, animatrix or robotic figures etc. The word Pediophobia originates from ‘Paidion’ which means ‘little child’ in Greek and ‘Phobos’ meaning fear or deep dread. Many adult sufferers of Pediophobia are also known to fear little children.
Some Pediophobes are afraid of all kinds of dolls while others are known to be afraid of only specific kinds like the talking/walking dolls, Chinese porcelain dolls, stuffed dolls etc.
Dolls are, in reality, child’s playthings. Little girls are especially known to love dolls and pretend play with them which can help in fostering imagination and creativity. Naturally, it is a matter of great worry for parents when their little daughter starts screaming at the sight of dolls. While most childhood cases of Pediophobia disappear once the child has grown, in some cases though, this fear can persist even in adulthood.
Causes of Pediophobia or fear of dolls
Like any other phobia, Pediophobia is also possibly triggered by an intensely negative or traumatic incident in one’s past/childhood that is remotely connected to dolls. The young mind then forever associates dolls with the trauma and recalls the negative feelings experienced then.
Dolls, especially voodoo dolls are associated with witch craft. Burning voodoo dolls to bring misfortune to an individual was a common practice in the past. To an individual already suffering from nervous or anxiety disorders, all dolls represent evil.
Dolls have fixed staring eyes. Some dolls also have button eyes that appear “soulless pools devoid of any emotion akin to those of a corpse”. This can make younger children especially afraid of them.
Dolls have been shown in a negative light in pop culture. Many horror movies (Chucky in Child’s Play) and novels (Althea, Stone Dead etc) have portrayed dolls as evil or villainous characters that come to life to cause harm to humans. This can induce fear in young or overly-nervous minds.
Mischievous older siblings or friends etc can also unknowingly instill a fear of dolls in the minds of younger kids by telling stories of dolls coming to life at night.
Symptoms of Pediophobia
Whatever the cause of fear of dolls phobia, there can be intense emotional upheaval and turmoil in the mind of the sufferer. Some people might experience a full blown panic attack upon sighting a doll. Still others live in constant fear of dolls. The following physical and psychological symptoms may be present in the phobic:
Rapid breathing
Dry mouth. Feeling like being choked to death
Shivering, trembling
| Doll |
Which number Amendment to the United States Constitution outlaws slavery? | The 15 Most Common Phobias That Frighten People
The 15 Most Common Phobias That Frighten People
By Wendy Innes. May 7th 2016
Nearly everyone has some kind of fear, and some fears are more common than others. Sometimes these fears are rooted in actual experiences and other times they are not. Even having multiple phobias is quite common. These are just some of the most common phobias, but there are much more that have been documented.
1. Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia is the fear of spiders. Many people who share this fear are typically affected by a childhood memory, or are just frightened by the appearance. Even the thought of one crawling on their skin can make them shudder in fear. In the dark ages, spiders were thought to harbor the bubonic plague and were seen as a source of food and water contamination, leading to a widespread fear of spiders.
2. Ophidiophobia
Ophidiophobia is a fear of snakes. Some experts believe that the fear of snakes may be an innate survival mechanism to protect people from poisonous reptiles, though others argue that if this was the case, this phobia wouldn't be as common as it is. This phobia can cause people to avoid places like zoos or pet stores.
3. Acrophobia
Acrophobia is a fear of heights. Unlike a lot of fears, this fear can manifest into other fears, such as a fear of flying or roller coasters. This fear can vary in severity as well. Some may avoid things like climbing ladders, while others may not be able to ride in an elevator or go to a high floor in a building.
4. Necrophobia
Necrophobia is the fear of death or dead things. This is a very common fear, especially after the loss of a loved one. This fear is a sort of defense mechanism of the mind. This can also be a very difficult phobia to overcome because of the uncertainty surrounding death and the large faith component associated with death and dying.
5. Cynophobia
Cynophobia is the fear of dogs, and is often the result of a traumatic experience. For example, someone bitten by a dog as an infant may have a fear of dogs into adulthood without knowing why. This phobia can cause people to avoid dog-owning friends or relatives.
6. Claustrophobia
Most people know that claustrophobia is the fear of confined spaces. This fear can manifest after a traumatic experience, such as being stuck in an elevator, though this is not always the case. Claustrophobia can vary in severity and is known to run in families.
7. Coulrophobia
Coulrophobia is the fear of clowns. Many people develop this fear as children, though this isn't always the case. Clowns are often portrayed in media as bad, such as in the move "It", or in real life as was the case with serial killer John Wayne Gacy who dressed up like a clown. This can trigger a phobia in some people.
8. Pediophobia
This is the phobia of dolls. Dolls were originally created as vessels for the dead, and this seems to be the root of many fears, particularly that the dolls could cause harm to the person with the phobia. One high profile case of pediophobia is that of Zak Bagans from the television show "Ghost Adventures." Bagans' phobia is so intense that he cannon touch a doll or toy clown.
9. Hemophobia
This is the fear of blood. Some people experience feelings of dizziness, lightheadedness and occasionally faint at the sight of blood, even when it is something as small as a cut. The origins of this fear are unclear, but it may be related to a fear of death.
10. Glossaphobia
This is one phobia that many people struggle to overcome. Glossaphobia is the fear of public speaking. This phobia can manifest in childhood, and it's estimated that up to 75 percent of people have this fear to some degree.
11. Nyctophobia
This is one of the most common childhood fears, the fear of the darkness. This phobia is triggered by the brain's perception of what could happen in the dark. This is most often seen in childhood, but can be debilitating in adults as well.
12. Trypanophobia
Trypanophobia is the intense fear of needles. This is another phobia that runs in families though it is unclear as to whether it is actually inherited or if it is learned. Trypanophobia is dangerous because people with this phobia may avoid getting medical or dental treatment to avoid needles.
13. Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is a fear of situations in which it may be difficult to find help. This includes crowded places or someone may fear being outside of their home alone. It is related to social phobia, and unlike many fears, this fear can be debilitating enough to require anti-anxiety medication for people to be able to live normal lives.
14. Pteromerhanophobia
Pteromerhanophobia is the fear of flying. There can be a number of causes of this fear including underlying claustrophobia, a lack of control over the plane, or a fear of crashing. This fear can interfere with career aspirations and family relationships, because traveling is restricted.
15. Mysophobia
This phobia is the fear of germs. This phobia is related to obsessive-compulsive disorder and this phobia can cause similar behaviors such as repeated, obsessive hand washing. People with this phobia may cut themselves off from society for fear of being contaminated by germs.
Most phobias can be treated with a combination of therapy and something called "systemic desensitization." This is where people are repeatedly exposed to the thing that they fear in an effort to overcome that fear. In some cases, anti-anxiety medications may also be used. Phobias can be debilitating but with the right combination of therapies, recovery is possible.
Sources:
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Audrey Forbes-Hamilton was played by Penelope Keith in which British television series? | To the Manor Born (TV Series 1979–1981) - IMDb
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Audrey fforbes-Hamilton is sad when her husband dies but is shocked when she realises that she has to leave Grantleigh Manor where her family has lived forever. The new owner is Richard De ... See full summary »
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Whilst Richard's position at Cavendish Foods is saved he still needs money to keep going after buying the Argentinian plant and feels that his only alternative is to sell the manor. Audrey, on the ...
8.2
When the stockholders of Richards company threaten to throw him off the board for being an upstart foreigner, Audrey calls upon her upper crust family connections to come to the rescue.
8.2
When Audrey sees Richard throw out an Adam fireplace,which he considers ugly,she lectures him on the need to preserve the nation's heritage,as well as mentioning that her mantelpiece is very small. ...
7.9
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The perils of "escaping the rat race" and dropping out of society - to start a farm in Surbiton (and to drive Margo nuts).
Stars: Richard Briers, Felicity Kendal, Penelope Keith
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Wolfie Smith is an unemployed dreamer from Tooting London, a self proclaimed Urban Guerilla who aspires to be like his hero Che Guevara. Leading a small group called the Tooting Popular ... See full summary »
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Storyline
Audrey fforbes-Hamilton is sad when her husband dies but is shocked when she realises that she has to leave Grantleigh Manor where her family has lived forever. The new owner is Richard De Vere, owner of a major supermarket chain. Audrey makes sure she's on hand to keep an eye on him by buying The Old Lodge on the edge of the Manor grounds. As time goes by both Richard and Audrey realises that they are falling for each other but both are too shy to do anything about it. Meanwhile, Mrs. Polouvicka, Richard's mother (he changed his name to help him in his business.) knows the situation between Richard and Audrey and is determined to see that Richard does the right thing. Audrey's friend Marjory Frobisher and butler Brabinger are on hand to help out if necessary. Written by Lee Horton <[email protected]>
| To the Manor Born |
Gingerbread men were first attributed to which English monarch, who allegedly served them to foreign dignitaries? | BBC - Comedy - To The Manor Born
To The Manor Born
To The Manor Born
Penelope Keith and Peter Bowles returned to our screens as the aristocratic Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and the dashing, self-made businessman Richard DeVere, for a one-off special of the classic British comedy To The Manor Born.
It is now a quarter of a century since we last heard from Grantleigh Manor. That was the day that the indomitable Audrey fforbes-Hamilton, the dispossessed Lady of the Manor, finally got round to marrying Richard Devere, her usurper and supermarket tycoon of Czechoslovakian stock.
It was a perfect love match, yet their romance was never less than a tempestuous on-off affair due to their one-and-only source of disagreement - which was pretty well everything.
As you may or may not remember, at the time of their marriage their positions had suddenly reversed when a timely inheritance restored Audrey to the Manor at the very moment when Richard’s business fortunes had hit rock bottom.
Ever since they have been man and wife there has been a total news blackout on the goings–on at Grantleigh Manor, whereas before the intimate details of their stormy courtship had been played out with such discretion and secrecy that only 25 million television viewers knew the first thing about it.
The question then was always 'Will they or won't they?' Well, as we now know, eventually they did. And so far as anyone knows, 'they lived happily ever after'. The question now is 'Did they or didn't they?' Has their marriage been happy?
Did Richard manage to keep his bride in the manner to which she was born? Who wears the trousers? Did Richard ever recover his fortunes and continue his high-rolling lifestyle or has he settled for the more humdrum existence of a gentleman farmer?
Have the Deveres prospered or merely survived? Does Audrey continue to dominate the neighbourhood as of old and hold out against all things modern? Marjory, The Rector, where are they now? What happened to Brabinger and old Mrs Polouvicka? And is there anyone new in their lives?
The original series told the tale of lady of the manor Audrey fforbes-Hamilton, who's forced to sell her beloved Grantleigh Estate when her husband's death leaves her financially strapped. Decamping to the tiny Old Lodge cottage, she sets up home with butler Brabinger in tow.
From this vantage point, she keeps a close and disapproving eye on the estate's new owner, the nouveau-riche Richard DeVere, a wholesale foods magnate of Czech descendent.
A vehicle for Keith following her success in The Good Life, there was certainly a hint of Margo Leadbetter about Audrey. However, she was an altogether more complicated character.
At times, she could appear a bully, keeping mousy friend Marjory on a tight rein. She was self-confident to the point of arrogance, and insistent her family's way of doing things was maintained.
"We don't spend our Sundays driving to the nearest lay-by for a barbecue," she rails at Richard. "There are 1001 jobs I've noticed that need doing, and someone's got to give the instructions!"
However, despite her bombastic nature, a lot of the show's jokes are at Audrey's expense. She's essentially a tragic character, constantly tormented by what's she's lost, and she's not without her warmer side - an aspect of her personality that grows over the show's three series, as she's ultimately won over by the interloper.
The last episode of the final series sees things satisfyingly resolved, with Audrey marrying Richard and being reinstated as the lady of the manor.
| i don't know |
Which actor said, in the film ‘World’s Greatest Dad’, ‘I used to think the worst thing in life was to end up all alone. It’s not. The worst thing in life is to end up with people who make you feel all alone’? | Robin Williams: 'I was shameful, did stuff that caused disgust – that's hard to recover from' | Film | The Guardian
The G2 interview
Robin Williams: 'I was shameful, did stuff that caused disgust – that's hard to recover from'
His new film, World's Greatest Dad, is a glorious return to form. But a mournful Robin Williams would rather talk about his battle with drugs and alcohol – and recovering from heart surgery
Robin Williams. Photograph: Ken Hively/Los Angeles Times/ContourPhotos.com
Monday 20 September 2010 03.00 EDT
First published on Monday 20 September 2010 03.00 EDT
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In the normal order of things, an interview with a Hollywood actor observes the form of a transaction. The actor wants to promote their film, and ideally talk about little else – least of all anything of a personal nature. The newspaper is mildly interested in the new film, but hopes they can be tempted to talk about other matters – best of all their private life. Sometimes the agreement is explicit, but most of the time it is mutually understood, and so the interview tends to proceed rather like a polite dance, with each party manoeuvring in its own interests. On this occasion, however, the convention appears to have been turned on its head.
Robin Williams's new film, World's Greatest Dad , is brilliant. Having starred in a lot of unspeakably sentimental dross in recent years, here he is at last in something clever and thoughtful; a dark, slightly weird comedy that touches on all sorts of interesting themes that I'm hoping he'll talk about. Williams, however, has other plans. It is almost impossible to get anything coherent out of him about the film, or any of the issues it raises. He is vague, tangential and at times more or less incomprehensible – until the conversation turns to more personal matters, at which point he becomes lucid and forthcoming. What Williams really wants to talk about, it turns out, is his relapse into alcoholism, his rehab and his open-heart surgery.
Unfortunately, it takes me some time to cotton on to this, so I keep asking questions about World's Greatest Dad . Williams plays Lance, a failed writer, failed teacher and single father of perhaps the most irredeemably dislikable teenager ever to appear on screen. His son Kyle is addicted to hardcore internet pornography and is almost universally loathed – until he accidentally dies. His father fakes a suicide note, and when it is leaked, the school magazine reprints the letter, its poignancy prompting a posthumous revision of everyone's former low opinion of the boy. Soon a juggernaut of confected grief is roaring out of control.
Unable to resist the allure of his new popularity, Lance proceeds to fake a whole journal, passing it off as his son's and fuelling the insatiable hunger for loss. A bidding war breaks out between publishing houses, the journal becomes a bestselling book, and Lance winds up on a daytime TV show, like a pseudo celebrity, peddling his mythical son's tragedy to the nation.
The film is a devastatingly funny indictment of the modern grief industry, but when I ask Williams if he thinks it's getting worse, he says mildly, "Well, I think people want it. In a weird way, it's trying to keep hope alive." So does he not share the film's judgment on mawkish sentimentality? "Well, you just try and keep it in perspective; you have to remember the best and the worst." It seems as if he's about to engage with the question – "In America they really do mythologise people when they die," he agrees – but then he veers off at a tangent, putting on Ronald Reagan's voice but talking about the ex-president in the third person: "Maybe he was kind of lovable, but you realised half way through his administration he really didn't know where he was."
I wonder if Williams had experienced a little bit of the film's theme himself, when his great friend Christopher Reeve died. Was it hard, I ask, to see fans mourning Superman , when to Williams he was a real person, a real friend?
"He was a friend," Williams says solemnly. "And also knowing him, especially after the accident and everything he went through – it was a weird thing." What was it like, I try again, to grieve privately for a public figure? "Well, it's a whole different game," he says, but then starts talking about the death of Reeve's wife a year later. "It happens all the time, I know, but I know their kids, they're amazing, and to see them go through so much loss in one year – that's tough."
I ask about the media's role in the manufacturing of grief, but instead he recalls a talkshow he saw where a man confessed to adultery before a female studio audience. "Idiot. Why don't you just go bobbing for piranha? These women are screaming 'You bastard!', but the idea of being on TV overrode everything." He adopts a southern redneck accent: "'Ah'm on TV, y'all.' You're a schmuck, why would you do that?" Then the accent again: "Ah'm on tee-vee, ah'm gonna be fay-mous.' Yeah, for all of five minutes, big time."
We're not making much headway on the grief industry, so I try internet porn. Williams's three children have grown up through the internet age, so I'm curious about his views on its impact on adolescents. "It's just like – there's everything you could ever think about online." But what does Williams actually think about it; is it liberating and a good thing, or corrupting and a bad thing? "It's an old thing," he shrugs. "Look at the walls of Pompeii. That's what got the internet started." Then he starts talking rather boringly about iPhones, and how it's now possible to do video-conference calls on a mobile.
My worry beforehand had been that Williams would be too wildly manic to make much sense. When he appeared on the Jonathan Ross show earlier this summer, he'd been vintage Williams – hyperactive to the point of deranged, ricocheting between voices, riffing off his internal dialogues. Off-camera, however, he is a different kettle of fish. His bearing is intensely Zen and almost mournful, and when he's not putting on voices he speaks in a low, tremulous baritone – as if on the verge of tears – that would work very well if he were delivering a funeral eulogy. He seems gentle and kind – even tender – but the overwhelming impression is one of sadness.
Even the detours into dialogue feel more like a reflex than irrepressible comic passion, and the freakish articulacy showcased in Good Morning Vietnam has gone. Quite often when he opens his mouth a slur of unrelated words come out, like a dozen different false starts tangled together, from which an actual sentence eventually finds its way out. For example, "So/Now/And then/Well/It/I – Sometimes I used to work just to work." It's like trying to tune into a long-wave radio station.
I find myself wondering if alcohol abuse might have something to do with it. Williams used to be a big-drinking cocaine addict, but quit both before the birth of his eldest son in 1983, and stayed sober for 20 years. On location in Alaska in 2003, however, he started drinking again. He brings this up himself, and the minute he does he becomes more engaged.
"I was in a small town where it's not the edge of the world, but you can see it from there, and then I thought: drinking. I just thought, hey, maybe drinking will help. Because I felt alone and afraid. It was that thing of working so much, and going fuck, maybe that will help. And it was the worst thing in the world." What did he feel like when he had his first drink? "You feel warm and kind of wonderful. And then the next thing you know, it's a problem, and you're isolated."
Some have suggested it was Reeve's death that turned him back to drink. "No," he says quietly, "it's more selfish than that. It's just literally being afraid. And you think, oh, this will ease the fear. And it doesn't." What was he afraid of? "Everything. It's just a general all-round arggghhh. It's fearfulness and anxiety."
He didn't take up cocaine again, because "I knew that would kill me". I'd have thought it would be a case of in for a penny – "In for a gram?" he smiles. "No. Cocaine – paranoid and impotent, what fun. There was no bit of me thinking, ooh, let's go back to that. Useless conversations until midnight, waking up at dawn feeling like a vampire on a day pass. No."
It only took a week of drinking before he knew he was in trouble, though. "For that first week you lie to yourself, and tell yourself you can stop, and then your body kicks back and says, no, stop later. And then it took about three years, and finally you do stop."
It wasn't, he says, fun while it lasted, but three years sounds like a long time not to be having fun. "That's right. Most of the time you just realise you've started to do embarrassing things." He recalls drinking at a charity auction hosted by Sharon Stone at Cannes: "And I realised I was pretty baked, and I look out and I see all of a sudden a wall of paparazzi. And I go, 'Oh well, I guess it's out now'."
In the end it was a family intervention that put him into residential rehab. I wonder if he was "Robin Williams" in rehab, and he agrees. "Yeah, you start off initially riffing, and kind of being real funny. But the weird thing is, how can you do a comic turn without betraying the precepts of group therapy? Eventually you shed it."
Williams still attends AA meetings at least once a week – "Have to. It's good to go" – and I suspect this accounts for a fair bit of his Zen solemnity. At times it verges on sentimental: he asks if I have children, and when I tell him I have a baby son he nods gravely, as if I've just shared. "Congrats. Good luck. It's a pretty wonderful thing." But it may well be down to the open-heart surgery he underwent early last year, when surgeons replaced his aortic valve with one from a pig.
"Oh, God, you find yourself getting emotional. It breaks through your barrier, you've literally cracked the armour. And you've got no choice, it literally breaks you open. And you feel really mortal." Does the intimation of mortality live with him still? "Totally." Is it a blessing? "Totally."
He takes everything, he says, more slowly now. His second marriage, to a film producer, ended in 2008 – largely because of his drinking, even though by then he was sober. "You know, I was shameful, and you do stuff that causes disgust, and that's hard to recover from. You can say, 'I forgive you' and all that stuff, but it's not the same as recovering from it. It's not coming back."
The couple had been together for 19 years, and have a son and a daughter, both now grown up; he has another son from his first marriage to an actress in the late 70s. Williams is now with a graphic designer, whom he met shortly before his heart surgery, and they live together in San Francisco. "But we're taking it slow. I don't know, maybe some day we'll marry, but there's no rush. I just want to take it easy now. This is good news. It's the whole thing of taking it slow. And it's so much better."
Williams thinks he used to be a fairly classic workaholic, but at 59 is now taking it slow professionally too. "In one two-year period I made eight movies. At one point the joke was that there's a movie out without you in it. You have this idea that you'd better keep working otherwise people will forget. And that was dangerous. And then you realise, no, actually if you take a break people might be more interested in you. Now, after the heart surgery, I'll take it slow."
Williams has been nothing if not prolific. After first finding fame in the late 70s as a kooky space alien in the sitcom Mork and Mindy, he became better known as a standup comedian, but his astonishing performance in Good Morning Vietnam earned him an Oscar nomination in 1988, with two more in the following five years, for Dead Poets' Society and The Fisher King . Mrs Doubtfire , in which he dragged up to play a nanny, brought wider mainstream success, and in 1998 Good Will Hunting finally won him an Oscar. In recent years, however, he has made an awful lot of what would politely be described as less critically acclaimed films.
Some of them have been downright awful; schmaltzy family comedies drenched in maudlin sentiment, such as the unwatchably saccharine Patch Adams or, even worse, Old Dogs . When I ask why he made them, he says: "Well, I've had a lot of people tell me they watched Old Dogs with their kids and had a good time." It didn't offend his sense of integrity? "No, it paid the bills. Sometimes you have to make a movie to make money." He didn't mistake them, he adds, for intelligent scripts: "You know what you're getting into, totally. You know they're going to make it goofy. And that's OK."
Like many people, I had always been confused by Williams's film choices. The sharpness of his early standup just seemed so incompatible with the sentimentality of his worst movies, and if, as Williams claims, Old Dogs simply paid the bills, he must have one very high-maintenance lifestyle. When I watched World's Greatest Dad I just assumed it echoed his own sensibility more accurately than all the other rubbish he has made. But actually, having met him, I'm not sure it does. I don't know whether it was rehab or heart surgery, but he seems to have arrived at a place where sentimentality can sit quite easily.
I ask if he feels happier now, and he says softly, "I think so. And not afraid to be unhappy. That's OK too. And then you can be like, all is good. And that is the thing, that is the gift."
World's Greatest Dad is released on 24 September
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Published: 19 Aug 2014
Scene from Aladdin with caption 'Genie, you're free' could encourage people to see suicide as an option, say campaigners
Published: 13 Aug 2014
Actor and comedian who made his television breakthrough with Mork & Mindy and went on to star in films such as Good Morning, Vietnam, Dead Poets Society and Mrs Doubtfire
Published: 12 Aug 2014
Both seasoned and new performers at the Edinburgh festival acknowledge the influence America's master of crazy comedy had on their lives and their acts. By Alex Needham and Chris Wiegand
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English footballer Frank Lampard played for which club from 1995 to 2001? | Frank Lampard Biography And History - Football Updates
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Frank Lampard Biography And History
Frank Lampard Biography And History
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Frank Lampard Biography And History:
Frank Lampard Biography can be explain as he is a professional English footballer, full name of Frank Lampard is Frank James Lampard. He was born in London (Romford) England on June 20, 1978. His age is 37 with a height of 6 feet.
He is currently playing in New York City and his position in the ground is midfielder. He awarded three times for Chelsea player of the year. In Chelsea club he was the top scorer for all the time in all competition with great achievement of 211 goals. He achieved 13 trophies in his career.
Biography:
Birthday 20 June 1978 (age 37)
Birth Place Romford, London, England
Height 1.81 m [5 feet 11 1⁄2 inch]
Position Midfielder
Current team New York City
Number 8
1994–1995 West Ham United
Senior Career
1995–2001 West Ham United 148 [24]
1995–1996 Swansea City [loan] 9 [1]
2001–2014 Chelsea 429 [147]
2014–2015 Manchester City 32 [6]
2015– New York City 10 [3]
National Team
1997–2000 England U21 19 [9]
1998 England B 1 [0]
1999–2014 England 106 [29]
Personal Information
Lampard completed his School education from Brentwood School in between 1989 to 1994. His father name is Frank Lampard Sr, he was the former player of West Ham United player and he was in association of the club as an assistant manager.
In April 2008 his mother (Pat) died at the age of 58 as a result of severe disease pneumonia. His uncle name is Harry Redknapp and his cousin, son of Harry Redknapp name is Jamie Redknapp
Lampard, with other three players of the Chelsea was fired for two weeks from the Chelsea club for his bad behavior on 23 September 2001. Lampard and his friends had abused tourists of America after 24 hours the 11 september attacks in a Hotel.
The manager of the hotel said that they were disgusting. They did not care about anything happened around. He also told about their bad behavior how cheap it was. In 2007, it was a Lampard statement that he is a supporter of the Conservative Party. He has a lot of abilities physically and mentally that is why he was awarded many times in his career.
Relations:
Frank Lampard biography included Surrey and London which is Lampard’s living place. From his earlier fiancee he has two daughters Luna and Isla. But Lampard is engaged since October 2009, with Christine Bleakley a presenter.
Frank Lampard Biography And History
By an agent of Lampard , the engagement of Lampard was announced on June 15, 2011. And finally they married on 20 December 2015.
Playing Style:
His team fellows and his manager says that he is an outstanding midfielder of his generation as he is able to play everywhere in midfield as he can play as a central mid fielder in centre, on defense as a defensive midfielder and also a strong supportive striker.
Frank Lampard Biography And History
He is the single player who have the ability to read the game first and then playing with an outstanding understanding and also with his physical fitness and good stamina , Just we can say that ” A hard working player” .
In his game he mostly used different types of dodge techniques and vision, he used his ability of attacking runs and his accurate, powerful shot from distance and he was also an accurate penalty kick tackler that is why he became a main goal scorer of the team.
Club Information:
West Ham United
This was Lampard’s first club as he started his career from this club “West Ham United” and this was the club which was the former club of his father, joining the youth team in 1994. When his father was the assistant coach of this club then Lampard joined the club “West Ham United”.
In October 1995 He went on loan to 2nd Division Swansea City and made a victory of 2-0 over Bradford City & scoring 1st goal of his career in a match against Hove Albion & Brighton. Before returning to West Ham United Lampard played nine times for Swansea club.
Chelsea
August 19, 2001 Lampard join Premier League with Chelsea Football club in a 1–1 draw with Newcastle United when he received 1st red card, On December 16, 2001 in a match against Tottenham Hotspur. In his 1st season of Chelsea from 2001-2002 he scored 8 goals in all matches of Chelsea. In start of 2nd season 2002-2003 he netted the match-winner in Chelsea against Charlton Athletic
Frank Lampard Biography also tells that he was pointed In September 2003 as the Barclays player of the Month & in October PFA Fan’s player of the Month in the following season.
In 2004 he was named PFA Team of the Year because he scored 10 goals in double figures in league goals for the 1st time in his career and with the addition of 4 more goals in UEFA Champions League matches Chelsea pointed in semi-finals and Lampard scored against Monaco in semi-final but Chelsea lost the match on 5-3 aggregate.
He got 2nd position at the end of the season and was awarded by an honor of FWA Footballer of the year in 2004.
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Lampard's first goal for West Ham came in the 1997-98 season, in an away win against Barnsley. Lampard was a regular in the West Ham youth team and captained his side to the final of the FA Youth Cup in 1996.
The 1998-99 season was a prolific one for young Lampard. He became a regular in the West Ham first team, not missing a single game throughout the season as the club finished fifth in the Premiership standings.
Lampard had formed the core of a successful West Ham team along with players like Joe Cole, Michael Carrick and Rio Ferdinand. But after Ferdinand, a close friend of Lampard's, was sold to Leeds United in the 2000-01 season, and his father, and uncle Harry Redknapp left West Ham, Frank decided to leave as well. Despite reported interest from Aston Villa,[1] Lampard chose to remain in London by joining Chelsea.
Personal information
* Professional club appearances and goals
counted for the domestic league only and
correct as of 17:56, 7 October 2006 (UTC).
** National team caps and goals correct
as of 11 October 2006.
Chelsea
Lampard signed for Chelsea on May 15, 2001 for �11 million, one of the first signings of then Chelsea manager Claudio Ranieri. Lampard's improvement at Stamford Bridge has been slow but spectacular. Despite being an ever present in the first eleven, his first two seasons at Chelsea were sometimes bogged down by his massive transfer fee and later eclipsed by the scintillating form of Gianfranco Zola. In his third season there, however, coinciding with the arrival of Roman Abramovich, he fully blossomed, establishing himself as one of the top midfielders in the Premier League and the world.
Lampard made his debut for Chelsea in a pre-season game against Leyton Orient on July 26, 2001, and scored his first goal for the club in another pre-season match, against Northampton Town, a 7-1 away victory, on August 1, 2001. His Premiership debut for Chelsea came on August 19, 2001, in a 1-1 draw with Newcastle United. Despite being sent off in only his fourth Premiership game for Chelsea, against Tottenham Hotspur on September 16, 2001, the only dismissal of his career, he had a fruitful first season, missing only one match and scoring seven goals in all competitions.
In the 2002-03 season for Chelsea, Lampard was at his regular best again, not missing a match throughout the campaign. He scored eight goals in all competitions as Chelsea finished fourth in the Premiership, giving Lampard the chance to play in the UEFA Champions League for the first time in his career.
Lampard had an impressive start to the next season with his club, being selected as the Barclays Player of the Month in September 2003 and the PFA Fans' Player of the Month in October. Chelsea reached the semi-final of the Champions League before being eliminated by AS Monaco, with Lampard scoring four goals in fourteen games. They also finished second in the Premiership behind Arsenal.
Premiership Title
The 2004-05 season was one of the most successful in Chelsea's history, and Lampard was at its centre. He played in all 38 of the club's Premiership matches, scoring thirteen goals, remarkable for a midfielder, helping Chelsea to win their first title for 50 years by a 12-point margin. He scored another four goals in the Champions League as Chelsea made the semi-finals for the second successive year. His two goals in six matches were also instrumental in his club's League Cup victory.
So impressive was his form during the Champions League and league run that former Brazilian captain Carlos Alberto and Dutch footballer Johann Cruyff both referred to him as one of Europe's best midfielders. Lampard was voted English Footballer of the Year and earned the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year in 2005.
He scored 16 goals in the 2005-06 Premiership season, two goals in five Champions League matches, and two more in domestic cup action. His form has continued to impress, and in October 2005, after a Premiership match against Blackburn at Stamford Bridge, manager Jos� Mourinho declared him the "best player in the world", a sentiment echoed days earlier by Matthias Sammer in a Kicker interview.
In September 2005 Lampard was selected as a member of the World XI at the FIFPro awards. The team was chosen by a vote of professional footballers in 40 countries. In Winter 2005 he was voted runner-up twice to Ronaldinho, firstly in the European Footballer of the Year award, and secondly in the Fifa World Player of the Year Award.
Lampard is the holder of the Premiership record of playing consecutive league matches dating back to October 13, 2001, set on November 26, 2005, breaking the previous record of 159 appearances by David James. The streak was broken on December 28, 2005, after 164 games, when Lampard was taken ill before Chelsea's game at Manchester City. Also, Lampard's 16 goals in the 2005-2006 season is a record for a midfielder in the English Premier League.
International Career
Early in his career, Lampard was spotted by Peter Taylor, the England Under-21 manager, and selected for the team. His U21 debut came on November 13, 1997, in Crete against Greece. He captained the England U21 side in the 2000 U21 European Championship. His final appearance for the U21 team was in June 2000 in an away match against Slovakia. Lampard scored nine times for the under-21s, which was bettered only by Alan Shearer and Francis Jeffers (both with 13).
Lampard made his first appearance for the senior England team on October 10, 1999, starting in a friendly against Belgium in Sunderland. He played 76 minutes in the 2-1 victory, being replaced by Chelsea teammate Dennis Wise. However, he was not selected as one of the 23-man squad for the England side for Euro 2000, nor for the World Cup finals in June 2002 in Japan and South Korea.
Lampard scored his first goal for the national side on August 20, 2003 in a friendly against Croatia, which England won 3-1. This, along with his improving club form, helped him earn a place in the England team for the match against Iceland in the FA's Summer Tournament before Euro 2004, and he scored his second international goal as England won 6-1.
He was selected in the squad for Euro 2004 in Portugal. England reached the quarter-finals with Lampard having an exceptional tournament. He scored three goals in four matches and was named in the official Euro 2004 All-Star squad by the UEFA technical study group. With Paul Scholes's retirement from international football, Lampard finally became a fixture in Sven-G�ran Eriksson's squad, scoring five goals during England's successful World Cup qualifying campaign, and wearing the number 8 shirt that Scholes vacated.
At the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Lampard failed to repeat his club form, which became a much discussed topic in the English media.[2] He had 24 shots on goal in the tournament, only 10 of which were on target, and none of which went in.[3] England manager Eriksson defended the player, saying "He is working very hard to be right. He's had more shots than any other player in the tournament, which is very good. I have no concerns about him whatsoever."
Lampard played every minute of England�s five games. He was one of three England players, the others being Steven Gerrard and Jamie Carragher, who had their spot-kicks saved by Portugal goalkeeper Ricardo Pereira in the shoot-out defeat to Portugal in the World Cup quarter-final on 1 July 2006.
Personal
Frank belongs to an illustrious football family. Apart from his father, his uncle Harry Redknapp is also a former West Ham United player. He currently manages Premiership side Portsmouth F.C..
Lampard's cousin, Jamie Redknapp, has played 17 games for the England football team, and has also played club football for Southampton FC, Tottenham Hotspur, Liverpool F.C. and AFC Bournemouth. Lampard is currently engaged to Elen Rivas, who gave birth to the couple's first child, a girl named Luna Coco Patricia Lampard, on 22 August 2005. He recently revealed that he and Elen plan on getting married next year. He is learning Spanish, which has been the partial cause of speculation linking him with a move to the La Liga, until he revealed it was strictly for family reasons, as his partner is Spanish and he wants their daughter to grow up bilingual. Frank featured in a "Super Goals" advertising campaign for The Sun newspaper in England during Sep/Oct 2005.
In July 2006, The Sun newspaper serialized his autobiography book Totally Frank, uncovering the secrets of his personal life and his reactions of the disappointing World Cup.
He is the only current member of the England team to have gone to a private school, having attended the independent, �10,000 a year, Brentwood School in Essex, at which time he was in the same year as model Jodie Marsh and gained an A* in his Latin GCSE. Frank Lampard has matured since 2000 when he was caught up in an alleged sex-tape scandal with Rio Ferdinand and Kieron Dyer in the resort of Ayia Napa in Cyprus.
Statistics
All figures correct as of May 17, 2006
All-time club performance
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Aston, Digbeth and Ladywood are all areas of which British city? | Ladywood - Birmingham - History of Birmingham Places A to Y
Ladywood - Birmingham
Places Y
Help! I've provided this free website since 2008 and I always respond to your requests for information. Now I need your help. I'm one of just half a dozen bellringers trying to raise £100,000 to restore our church bells. If you've appreciated this site, please visit Castle Bromwich Bell Ringers and donate a little something by Paypal. If each of you gave us a tenner, we'd have our bells refurbished in no time! Thank you.
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B16 - Grid reference SP055865
St Mary Wood: first record 1552, Lady Wood 1565
Ruston Street is perhaps a typical Ladywood Street with its buildings of different periods. Click here to go to the Google Maps website.
Alexandra Street, a typical 19th-century Ladywood street, now demolished
Woodland was a valuable economic resource in the Middle Ages. Woods provided timber for building, and pollarded or coppiced trees gave an endless supply of wood for laths, fences and, crucially, firewood. Well-managed woods could generate a substantial income for the tenant and the owner. This district is named after the Lady Wood which lay between Monument Lane and Ladywood Brook and stretched from Portland Road to Spring Hill.
The wood may have been church property or perhaps its income was dedicated to the church. The chapel of the medieval Priory of St Thomas in Bull Street was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it may be that the wood belonged to the Priory. The first record of Lady Wood so-named is in 1565 by which time the wood had long gone and it was remembered only by a fieldname. It was also recorded some years earlier as pasture land by the name of St Mary Wood Field and the erstwhile property of the Guild of the Holy Cross.
Photograph of Alexandra Street taken in 1967. This street, which no longer exists, ran parallel to and south of Anderton Street in north Ladywood. This image, 'All Rights Reserved', is from the BirminghamLives website and is reused here with the kind permission of Professor Carl Chinn. See Acknowledgements .
The Guild was founded by wealthy benefactors who set up almshouses, paid for the town midwife and were responsible for the upkeep of some of the roads and bridges in the town. They also paid for two chantry priests at St Martin's-in-the-Bull Ring and maintained a chiming clock at their Guild Hall in New Street. St Mary Wood was one of the fields whose income funded the guild's charitable activities. After the dissolution of religious guilds under Henry VIII, the Guild Hall became the King Edward VI Grammar School and a number of former holdings including St Mary Wood were granted to the school on its establishment in 1552.
North-west of the town, between Ladywood Middleway and Monument Road, Icknield Street and Great Hampton Street, lay the medieval open fields of Birmingham manor, though their exact location and extent is unknown. From Anglo-Saxon times the village was dependent for its self-sufficiency on this land. However, the fact that this is not especially fertile soil may help to explain why the market venture in Birmingham was developed by Peter de Birmingham, the lord of the manor as early as 1166. The open fields were enclosed early, probably before 1300.
The Great Plague of 1665 was believed by Birmingham's first historian William Hutton to have come to the town from London in a box of clothes which was brought by a carrier who stayed at the White Hart Inn in Digbeth. The disease would have spread rapidly in the densely built-up town. Plague houses were marked with a red cross and the victims were allegedly buried outside the town on wasteland at Ladywood Green which lay between Ladywood Middleway and Monument Road. The site was later known as the Pest Ground or the Pest Heath. However, when it was developed for housing in the mid-19th century no evidence of burials was reported. Neither has evidence been found in local parish registers of a sudden increase in the death rate in 1665. Hutton was writing over a hundred years after the event and his account may record a memory of one of many earlier outbreaks in 1631 or 1637, for instance. It may be that the route of the 1665 plague followed Watling Street and by-passed Birmingham.
The Birmingham Canal
Take a look at Birmingham's first canal as it cuts its way through Ladywood. The cutting of the Birmingham'canal followed the success in 1761 of James Brindley's first canal which was made to transport the Duke of Bridgewater's coal to Manchester, and subsequently the Trent & Mersey and Staffordshire & Worcestershire canals. Despite improvements in the road system following the introduction of the turnpikes, importing coal to fuel the town's industries was expensive and slow. Furthermore Birmingham was some distance from a navigable river.
Birmingham businessmen believed that raw materials and manufactured goods could be better moved by canal.
Brindley was asked to draw up plans to connect Birmingham to the Staffordshire & Worcestershire Canal near Wolverhampton with a branch to the Wednesbury coalfields. The section to Wednesbury opened in 1769 and the canal was an immediate success. The arrival of the first boat-load of coal at Friday Street (now Summer Row) immediately brought the cost down from 13 shillings per ton to just 7 shillings. By 1772 the canal had reached Wolverhampton and shortly afterwards gained access to the ports of Bristol, Liverpool and Hull.
Although the canal now terminates at Gas Street Basin, its first terminus was at Paradise Street on the site of Alpha Tower. The wharves became a vast coal depot with over 60 merchants based here until the railways took the trade away.
Arthur Young in his Tours in England & Wales wrote of a visit he made to Birmingham in 1791:
The capital improvement wrought since I was here before is the canal to Oxford, Coventry, Wolverhampton, &c.; the port, as it may be called, or double head canal in the town crowded with coal barges is a noble spectacle, with that prodigious animation, wit the immense trade of this place could alone give. I looked around me with amazement at the change effected in twelve years; so great that this place may now probably be reckoned, with justice, the first manufacturing town in the world.
From this port and these quays you may now go by water to Hull, Liverpool, Bristol, Oxford, and London. . . Coals before these canals were made, were 6d. [d = pre-decimal pence] per cwt [hundredweight]. At Birmingham, now 41/2d. The consumption is about 200,000 tons a year, which exhausts about 20 or 22 acres; it employs 40 boats, each 20 ton a day for the six summer months.
Click to enlarge the maps below.
Because Brindley had followed the 450-foot contour (c75m) to avoid the expense of building locks, the canal's route meandered considerably with a number of sharp turns. Thomas Telford reported on the canal's condition in 1824, some 50 years after its opening:
Where it enters Birmingham, it has become little more than a crooked ditch with scarcely the appearance of a haling-path, the horses frequently sliding and staggering in the water, the haling-lines sweeping the ground into the canal, and the entanglement at the meeting of boats being incessant. Whilst at the locks at each end of the summit at Smethwick, crowds of boatmen are always quarrelling or offering premiums for a preference of passage, and the mine-owners, injured by the delay, are loud in their just complaints.
Telford took less than two years to upgrade the canal, completing work in 1838 from Old Turning Junction, between Sheepcote Street and King Edwards Road, to make a wider, more direct and faster route by digging cuttings and building aqueducts.
Heading out of town, the New Main Line is straight ahead, Oozells Street Loop is just off the picture at the bottom left.
Take a look. The New Main Line was built over 10m wide with towpaths on each side and the sides lined with brick. It first cuts through the loops of the Birmingham Canal Old Main Line and then runs parallel to it but at a lower level. The distance to Wolverhampton was reduced from 36km to 25km via 24 locks. Telford's elegant cast-iron bridges are a notable feature.
The Old Main Line was widened or left as loops all of which are still navigable, though some have no towpath: Oozells Loop, Icknield Port or Rotton Park Loop and Winson Green Loop (aka. Soho Loop). The New Main Line by-passes Icknield Port Loop which is used as a feeder from Edgbaston Reservoir. On Icknield Port Road the stables, covered dock, superintendent's office, workshop, stores and crane at British Waterways Maintenance Depot all remain.
Old Turn Junction. The Birmingham & Fazeley Canal is straight ahead; the Birmingham canal heads towards Gas Street Basin to the right.
Old Turn Junction/ Deep Cutting Junction is now recognised as the crossroads of the English canal system. The railway from New Street station to Wolverhampton runs directly underneath the canal here where an unusual roundabout was installed during World War 2 so that the canals could be blocked off separately in case of bombing.
Take a look. The Roundhouse at the corner of St Vincent Street and Sheepcote Street is an interesting building, not least for its unusual and distinctive horseshoe shape. It was built in 1840 for the London & North Western Railway as a mineral and coal wharf on the canal.
With the advent of the railways from 1838 canal use began to decline nationally, though in the West Midlands agreements with the Birmingham Canal Navigations and the London & North Western Railway resulted in the construction of a number of canal-rail interchanges. Goods were frequently carried locally by canal to be carried further afield by rail. The tonnage carried actually increased towards the end of the 19th century against the national trend which saw canal use decline steadily.
In 1831 Salford Reservoir, located alongside Spaghetti junction, introduced the beginnings of a piped water supply for Birmingham. Water was pumped from there to the reservoir at Monument Road in Ladywood between Waterworks Road and Reservoir Road. From there it was gravity fed to consumers. As the town continued to expand, so did the demand for piped water. To enable water to be gravity fed to a wider area of distribution, by 1853 water was being pumped to a new higher-level reservoir off the Hagley Road east of Meadow Road.
Take a look. The design of the tall gothic Edgbaston Pumphouse with its italianate boilerhouse chimney was entrusted to Martin & Chamberlain, a Birmingham partnership well-known for their fine gothic school architecture in the city. J R R Tolkien lived at a number of addresses near here, and it is believed that Perrotts Folly and the chimney of the Pumphouse were his inspiration for the Two Towers in 'The Lord of the Rings'.
Perrotts Folly or The Monument in Waterworks Road is c30m high. With 139 steps to the top it was built in red brick with 6 storeys as a gothic viewing tower in 1758 by John Perrott on his country estate, the old manorial park of Rotton Park. The tower is octagonal and has pointed gothic-style windows; the top storey is embattled. Perrott lived at the rebuilt Rotton Park Lodge at the junction of Gillott Road and Rotton Park Road. After his death in 1766 his grandson sold off the estate which was subsequently built on with housing. The folly was used from 1884 as one of the world's first weather stations by Abraham Follet Osler, inventor of the self-regulating wind gauge, and as the Midland Institute weather observatory until 1984. A successful public appeal was made 1958 for its repair. This is a Grade II* Listed building which is regularly open to the public.
Click the images below to enlarge.
Take a look at St John's Church.
The church of St John the Evangelist on Monument Road was built on the site of Ladywood House on land leased from King Edward VI School. Consecrated in 1854 the small decorated gothic-style church by S S Teulon was greatly enlarged with the addition in the same style of a chancel, aisles and transepts in 1881 by Birmingham architect J A Chatwin. Chatwin's chancel has an ornate roof, mosaic floor and carved choir stalls.
The church is rich in memorials. An interesting one in the nave, which depicts a three-funnelled warship, is inscribed:
To the Glory of God and in memory of Walter Grounds, Petty officer, H.M.S. Terrible. An exemplary sailor, a good Son and the best big gunshot in the British navy. Died Hong Kong, June second 1902.
As well as the Victorian commemorative stained glass are late 20th-century trefoil windows by Kim Jarvis depicting Ladywood and the Caribbean community.
There is good woodwork here: in the Lady Chapel a fine altar of 1927, commemorative wood carvings at the end of each pew depicting the four Apostles; a handsome oak screen along the passageway to the vestry.
The ornate gothic stone pulpit with its carved saints is dated 1881, the brass lectern 1890. The pews of the north transept were removed in 1993 creating a flexible area for services, displays and meetings. Hanging lanterns on either side of the main aisle were given by Canon & Mrs Norman Power, in memory of their son Michael who drowned in a sailing accident. There is a single chiming bell in the tower.
Court 7 William Street (date unknown) from Carl Chinn's BirminghamLives collection 'All Rights Reserved' used here with his kind permission - See Acknowledgements.
Until Victorian times Ladywood was an agricultural area on the fringes of Birmingham. It saw sporadic development in the late 18th century as a high-class retreat close to town. But from the 1840s the district was developed extensively for housing from as Birmingham spread outwards.
At the north end of Ladywood the area around King Edwards Road was land sold by the King Edward VI Schools Foundation. By 1841 there was a population of c9000 which rose to c43 000 by 1871. And by 1888 Ladywood was completely built up with working-class housing as far west as Edgbaston Reservoir, as far north as Spring Hill and Summer Hill, and as far south as the Hagley Road.
By 1906 building from Bearwood and Smethwick was closing in from the west, although much of Rotton Park still remained open countryside. By the beginning of the 20th century Ladywood had become a district of long straight streets of closely packed terraces, behind which gloomy courts of back-to-backs housed a large population in squalid conditions. This Victorian housing was completely replaced during the 1960s and 1970s.
After World War 2 Ladywood was designated a Redevelopment Area. Decayed housing and industry was cleared wholesale and much of the former street pattern was changed. All of Ladywood and surrounding inner-city areas were largely rebuilt from the 1960s in a mixture of tower blocks and later low-rise housing. At the end of the 20th century some of the early 1960s developments have been again redeveloped.
See Newtown for more information on inner-city post-war redevelopment.
The photographs below are by Phyllis Nicklin's and were taken as the north end of Ladywood was being demolishwed and rebuilt. See Acknowledgements - Keith Berry. Click to enlarge.
Left to right: Shakespeare Road awaiting demolition photographed in 1968; Anderton Road near Shakespeare Road demolished; and maisonettes being built in Browninng Street in 1957. Browninbg Street has recently been rebuilt again.
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For 19th-century Ordnance Survey maps of Birmingham go to British History Online .
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Who directed the 1993 film ‘Much Ado About Nothing’? | Shabana Mahmood MP for Birmingham Ladywood
Shabana Mahmood MP for Birmingham Ladywood
Shabana Mahmood MP was one of five Labour MPs who launched a report with the
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Shabana Mahmood MP is supporting calls from Birmingham Progressive Synagogue and Citizens UK to bring 1000 unaccompanied child refugees in France to the UK.
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Shabana Mahmood MP has signed an open letter to the Prime Minister Theresa May calling on her to approve airdrops of food and medicine to aid the desperate citizens of Aleppo.
In advance of the second reading of the Homeless Reduction Bill, Shabana Mahmood MP met constituents and representatives from the homeless charity Crisis in Parliament to discuss the Bill.
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In broadcasting and music, what is ‘amp’ short for? | Undertanding Power Amplifier Power Ratings
R= resistance in ohms,
V = voltage in volts.
Let's look at a simple circuit to illustrate power (this is not an amplifier circuit but it is where we will start to keep things as simple as possible):
In this case we have a 12 volt battery with a 100 ohm resistor as a load. A current (I) flows in the load as shown. From Ohm's Law (V=IR), we can easily calculate that the current flowing through the load resistor is equal to 12/100 = 0.12 amps. We can then determine the power dissipated by the load resistor by dropping the values above into the equations for power (any of the three of them will work). If we do this we find that the power is equal to 1.44 watts.
Amplifier Power Ratings: There are many terms used to describe the output capability of an amplifier. Some of the terms you may have seen: peak power, RMS power, music power and instantaneous power (to name a few of the more common ones). What the heck does all of this mean? We will cover most of the major terms and hopefully take the mystery out of all of this. The many ways in which power can be stated gives manufacturers a great opportunity to mislead unsuspecting people. Most reputable manufacturers will not intentionally try to mislead their (potential) customers. However, if you have an understanding of the various terms and how they relate you will be much better able to sort out the truth from the fiction when it comes to power ratings.
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Instantaneous Power: As you are probably aware, audio amplifiers put out a voltage (to a speaker) that is constantly changing. A music signal can be called AC (alternating current), but it is not the same as a sine wave (unless you happen to be playing test tones through your system). In the section above where we covered the basics of power, we used a 12 volt (DC) battery for keeping the explanation as simple as possible. Calculating the power output for an AC signal is somewhat more complicated because of the nature of the AC signal. An AC signal is constantly changing in amplitude with time, and therefore (per Ohm's law) the power delivered to the load (a loudspeaker in the case of an amplifier) is also constantly changing. At any given moment an amplifier will have a particular output voltage, and the power delivered to the load will be a function of that voltage. Let's consider the case where a sine wave signal is applied to the input of the amplifier (resulting in a sine wave of larger amplitude at the amplifier output). We use a sine wave because a sine wave signal is the simplest AC signal possible and it is used widely in testing and rating of amplifiers. In this case the load will be an 8 ohm speaker (speaker assumed to be equivalent to an 8 ohm resistor) and the sine wave output of the amplifier will be at maximum output before clipping. Consider Figure 1 below. This figure shows a plot of the output waveform applied to the speaker (as would be visible on an oscilloscope):
Figure 4.
Ohm's law states that power is equal to the voltage squared divided by the resistance of the load. As should be obvious in Figure 4 above, the voltage of a sine wave signal varies with time. For any given point (A, B, C, or D) on the waveform, the output signal has a specific voltage value (and therefore a particular level of power that will be delivered to a load). The power at any given point on the waveform is known as the instantaneous power. Do note that the voltage level for audio signals is typically changing at a very rapid rate (from tens of times per second to many thousands of times per second). As such, the power being delivered to the load is also changing very rapidly! However, due to the "thermal mass" associated with most speaker voice coils, the rise and fall of the temperature is not noticeable unless an extremely low frequency is used. Regardless, when the waveform signal is equal to zero volts the power being delivered to the load at that instant will also be zero! This is true despite music being played VERY loudly. The speaker's voice coil could still be very hot however as it takes time for it to cool (the same way your electric oven does not go "cold" the second you turn it off). At the moment of zero power the speakers voice coil is not getting any hotter, that is certain. Another notable point: the power delivered to the load at the positive peak of the waveform is the maximum possible for the amplifier, and it is the same value as the power delivered to the load at the negative peak of the waveform! This second fact can be deduced by looking at the equation P=V2/R . The squaring of the voltage component will make the product positive regardless of the polarity (plus or minus) of the signal. The table below shows the power level (into an 8 ohm load) for the points on the waveform above is as follows:
Point
-30
112.5 watts
As can be seen from the table, a doubling of the voltage results in the power going up by a factor of four! So, what is the power rating of this amplifier? 200 watts? If you guessed 200 watts it is unfortunately not the correct answer (although it is not absolutely wrong either). This amplifier would be rated as a 100 watt amplifier if it were sold in today's market (more on how we arrive at this later). The main point to be gained about instantaneous power: understand that the power output of an amplifier is always changing (in accordance with the output signal amplitude). This should be obvious... when a loud drum beat is played, the power meters on an amplifier show a large burst of power for those beats (and low power for the period in between)... when a violin solo is playing, the power level is quite low compared to when the entire orchestra is playing!
Peak Power: The peak power output of an amplifier is just that: the maximum amount of power that can be delivered to a load (this is usually for a very short instant of time). For the amplifier we have been using in our example, the peak power (for an 8 ohm load) is 200 watts. This amount of power is delivered to the 8 ohm load at the instant when the output voltage of the amplifier is at +40 volts (or also at -40 volts). In real world spec sheets, peak power (if listed) is basically the maximum power output that the amp can deliver (into a particular load, usually 8 ohms) for a very short period of time. Basically, anything above this level would result in clipping of the output signal.
RMS Power: The sections above showed that the power output of an amplifier changes all the time depending on the signal level being applied to the load (speaker). So how does one determine the rating of a power amplifier? Why do most amplifier spec sheets today rate their output in "watts RMS"?
Let's go back to the case where a simple DC supply (a battery for example) was used with a 100 ohm resistor load. In this case the voltage is always the same (12 volts) so the power to the load is always the same (in the example we used the power is 1.44 watts). As a result of dissipating 1.44 watts, the load resistor will heat up to a certain temperature. Now let's say that we have a 40 volt battery and we connect an 8 ohm load across it. The resulting power delivered to the load will be 200 watts (and the resistor will get quite hot)! But what happens if we apply a sine wave with peak value of +/- 40 volts to the same load instead of the DC signal? The resistor will dissipate power, however the power delivered to the resistor will be less than the amount of power delivered for the case where the 40 volt DC signal is used. This is where we bring the term "RMS" into play. RMS stands for "Root Mean Squared". When a sine wave signal is used to supply power to a load, the voltage of the sine wave necessary to result in the delivery of the same amount of power as the DC voltage must have a higher peak amplitude compared to the DC source capable of delivering the same power. For a sine wave, we must apply what is called a 40 volt RMS signal to the load in order to deliver the same amount of power to the load as the 40 volt DC supply. For a sine wave signal, the peak voltage necessary to accomplish this is equal to the DC voltage times the square root of 2, or about 1.414 times the DC voltage value. In our case we have a 40 volt DC signal, so the sine wave signal necessary to deliver the same power in the load must have a peak value of 40 x 1.414 = 56.5 volts!
Another way to think of it is like this: The 40 volt DC signal resulted in the delivery of a constant power level to the load at all times (200W into 8 ohms). However, the power dissipated in the load when driven by a 40 volt peak AC waveform (sine wave) is only equal to that of the DC waveform for a short time (most of the time the voltage from the sine wave signal is less than 40V). Therefore, most of the time the power being delivered to the load is also less, and as a result the load will not get as hot. Therefore, in order to get the same amount of power delivered to the load as the 40 volt DC supply, the sine wave signal amplitude must be increased (by the 1.414 factor mentioned). Note that the 1.414 factor is valid only for sine waves, the reasons for this are beyond the scope of this article at this time. Here's one more way to look at it. In figure 4 above, the sine wave signal shown is peaking at 40 volts; this sine wave signal, if applied to an 8 ohm speaker, would deliver 100 watts to the speaker (40/sqrt(2) = 28.29 VMRS; 28.29^2/8 = 100W). The equivalent DC voltage necessary to deliver 100 watts to an 8 ohm load would be 28.3 volts!
For those who have more mathematical background: power delivered to a particular load (we've been using 8 ohms) is proportional to the voltage squared. For non DC voltages, we must integrate the area under the voltage squared curve. For DC this is easy because the voltage curve is constant (not changing). For a sine wave, we square the voltage (which among other things makes it all positive) and then we have to integrate under the curve. For a DC voltage of 40 volts, and a sine wave that peaks at 40 volts, it will be very clear (upon plotting the waveform of the sine voltage squared) that the area under the curve is definitely less than that for the DC voltage. Someday when I have time I'll generate some plots to illustrate this...
So... where does this bring us? As you have probably seen in amplifier spec sheets, manufacturers rate the output of their amplifiers in watts RMS. For example, let's consider the vintage amplifier Kenwood Model KA-9100. This amplifier is rated to put out 90 watts RMS per channel into an 8 ohm load. Technically speaking, the term "RMS" is not defined when referring to power (watts)! RMS is a valid term when referred to voltage or current, but not power! Watts are watts, period! Despite the term "watts RMS" being an incorrect term, it stuck with the community and has become the accepted way to rate an amplifier's output. The reason that audio amplifiers are rated in "watts RMS" is because they are rated to deliver that amount of power using a sine wave signal. Because amplifiers are rated this way, their peak power output will be twice the RMS rating. So, for the Kenwood KA-9100 (which is rated to deliver 90 watts RMS into 8 ohms), the peak power is 180 watts. Most amplifiers cannot sustain output at their peak capability for too long (and the characteristic of most music signals is such that this is not necessary anyway). So, despite "watts RMS" being a technically invalid term, it is used with audio amplifiers because of the sine wave signals that are used to determine their power output specifications.
Question: What are (at minimum) the rail voltages necessary for an amplifier to deliver 90 watts into an 8 ohm load? It is not too hard to figure this out. We simply look at the equations for power:
P=VI = I2R=V2/R
In this case, there are two known items: power (90 watts) and resistance (of the speaker, 8 ohms). Plugging these numbers into the equation (P=V2/R) yields a value for V of 26.83 volts. Is this the answer to the rail voltage question? No... REMEMBER, if we applied 26.83 volts of DC (note: DC) across an 8 ohm speaker the power to the speaker would in fact be 90 watts. However, amplifiers are rated using sine wave input signals, and (as described above) we need to apply more voltage to a load (for a sine wave) in order to get the same amount of power that would be delivered by a DC voltage. For sine waves, the multiplication factor is 1.414. So, if we take the voltage of 26.83 and multiply it by 1.414 (the square root of 2), we get a value of 37.94 volts. This value is the absolute minimum rail voltage needed for an amplifier to deliver 90 watts (with a sine wave signal) to a load! Had we mistakenly determined that 26.83 was the correct rail voltage, the amplifier would begin to clip as the output tried to exceed 45 watts of output. Note that 45 watts is exactly one half of the 90 watt value. This shows that by increasing the rail voltage by a factor of 1.414 results in the amplifier having twice as much output capability! This can also be deduced by looking at the equations for power.
To summarize, amplifiers use the technically incorrect term "watts RMS" in their output ratings because amplifiers (those used for audio anyway) are rated using sine wave signals. Music is not a simple sine wave, and it is not DC... however a sine wave is more representative of a music signal than DC is. So, the standard practice in use today is for manufacturers to rate amplifiers in "watts RMS". Be aware that watts are watts, there is technically no such thing as watts RMS.
Music Power: This is a term from the "old days". Back in the 1960's and early 1970's, there were no standardized conventions for stating power ratings of amplifiers. As such, manufacturers would (naturally) use a method that resulted in the largest numerical power rating possible (a marketing ploy). The result was a power rating that stretched the limits of truth. Basically what was done was this: the voltage from one amplifier rail to the other (under load) was measured. This voltage was then used to calculate a power rating using a resistor of the same value used for the load (often 8 ohms). The resulting number loosely equated to "peak to peak" maximum power (a term that for all practical purposes is meaningless). Such ratings are no longer in use today as they are basically very misleading and suggest that an amplifier is MUCH stronger than it really is. As an example, take the rail voltage necessary for the KA-9100. We calculated it to be an absolute minimum of 37.94 volts (we'll round that to 38 to make things easier). 38+38 = 76; if we apply 76 volts across an 8 ohm speaker (assuming it is 8 ohms resistive) the power delivered to the speaker will be 722 watts! In other words, it exaggerates the true power of the amplifier by a factor of 8. Some amplifiers were "more conservatively" rated back then; they only used a single rail voltage (and for the case of the KA-9100 it would be rated at 180 watts by that method: double its real output). This rating is really the "instantaneous peak" power rating. While not meaningless, it is misleading at minimum. Music power is no longer used today, however if you work with vintage amplifiers (and can get the spec sheets for them) you may see some very optimistic power ratings!
AC Power Consumption: On the back of many amplifiers you may see a label that shows (for example) "1000 watts". This is NOT the output power capability of the amplifier. This is (in almost all cases) the amount of AC power that the amplifier requires from the 120 VAC wall socket for nominal operation at full output using normal music signals. The amplifier's output power must always be less than this AC power requirement specification, because the amplifier cannot deliver more (or even as much ) power that it takes from the wall socket. All amplifiers generate heat to some degree, this is basically wasted electrical energy. Typically, if an amplifier takes 1000 watts from the wall, it might have a power rating of approximately 300 watts per channel (it really depends on the class of the amplifier's circuit class). I see vintage amplifiers on Ebay all the time... and those who are offering them for sale (who admit they know little or nothing about amplifiers) often make the mistake of listing the output power of the amplifier by stating the power requirement that is listed on the back of the amp.
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Why is clipping bad for speakers? There are several major reasons why speakers driven by an amplifier operating in clipping can be bad: signal compression and more energy being generated in the high frequency range (due to increased harmonic distortion).
Anyone who has ever looked at a music signal on an oscilloscope knows that the signal is rapidly changing (meaning that it has periods of large amplitude, then low, etc). This signal, when applied to a speaker, of course generates sound, but it also generates heat in the speaker's voice coil. The voice coil gets hot during the loud passages of music, but has time to cool down somewhat during the softer passages. The louder the music is played, the hotter the speaker's voice coil will become. If it becomes too hot, the speaker can fail (due to the voice coil melting or burning). Basically what we are saying here is that if the music signal is such that the speaker's voice coil cannot maintain a safe temperature, the speaker is at risk of failure. So why does clipping exacerbate this situation?
When an amplifier is driven into clipping, the average level of the music signal increases. During clipping, the loud parts of the music have already exceeded what the amplifier can output cleanly, but the softer parts have not. However, the softer parts have become louder, and the key point here is that by operating the amplifier in a clipping condition we have made the difference between the loud and soft passages of the music less than it was when the amp was running clean. Basically, we have "compressed" the signal (and such signals put more of a strain on a speaker). The result is that the speaker's voice coil cannot cool off (as much) between passages of loud and soft music.
When an amplifier is driven into extreme clipping, the amplifier will put out significantly more power than its RMS wattage rating (assuming the amp has a decent power supply). How can this be? Recall (from discussions above) that for an amplifier to put out (for example) 100 watts with a sine wave signal, its power supply voltage rails must be higher than that necessary to generate 100 watts if a pure DC voltage was used. When an amplifier is driven into extreme clipping, the signal will look approximately like a "square wave". The power output resulting from a square wave signal is twice that for a sine wave (assuming that the peak value of the sine wave is the same as the value of the rail voltage when the square wave is being generated, as would be the case for a high quality amplifier). In most real world amplifiers the power supply will not be able to handle putting out twice the rated power, and in actuality the power delivered during extreme clipping will not be twice the rated power of the amplifier. However, the output will likely be substantially more than the rated output (perhaps by 50% or more)! So, even with real world amplifiers, extreme clipping can ultimately send a lot more power to a speaker than you might otherwise expect. Adding to the problem, this kind of output is continuous power (it gives the speaker's voice coil no chance to cool down because there are no soft passages in music that is extremely clipped).
Let's say you have a high quality amplifier that is rated for 200 watts per channel (RMS) and you have speakers that are rated to handle 200 watts (each). Can you blow the speakers? Possibly! If you operate the amp with only occasional clipping there should be no problems. If you run the amp into extreme clipping, the speakers will actually be attempting to handle more like 300 - 400 watts each. This could wreck them unless they are very tough and conservatively rated! Now supposed you have speakers that are rated to take 600 watts each. Can this amp wreck them? Probably not. You could run the amp in a condition of extreme clipping and the speaker would sit there and take it with no issues. However, the sound quality would be so absolutely hideous that no reasonable person would consider hanging around! It should be noted that only the very best amps will be capable of putting out twice their rated power when driven to extreme clipping (be aware that some do exist!). This is because (usually) the power supply cannot supply the necessary power to provide twice the rated output. Nevertheless, most amps will put out considerably more power (compared to their rated output) when driven into extreme clipping. So, signal compression resulting from clipping can not only be very detrimental to sound quality, it can be very bad for speakers. However, signal compression is not the only factor to deal with when operating an amplifier into clipping (read on)!
There is another consequence of operating an amplifier into clipping: high frequency harmonics will be generated. Any time a signal is clipped, the waveform's spectrum (frequency components) will be altered. The result is that more high frequency energy is generated (as compared to what was present in the signal to begin with). The crossover in the speaker system will direct the higher frequency energy to the midrange and tweeter speakers, and these (especially tweeters) will be more susceptible to burnout. The risk of damage to the speakers depends on the characteristic of the music (does it have lots of high frequency energy to begin with?), to what degree of clipping is occurring and how conservatively the speakers are rated. It is not uncommon to blow tweeters when operating an amp into clipping. With average music material (and typical crossover frequencies for a 3-way speaker), about 70 percent of the amplifier's output energy is directed to the woofer, maybe 20-25 percent to the midrange, and 5 or 10 percent to the tweeter. If clipping occurs, the power to all speaker components increases, however the ratios given above change (such that the midrange and tweeter end up trying to deal with more than their share of the power). As should be fairly obvious, this can lead to premature failure of the midrange and/or tweeter.
Detailed Analysis of what happens when music is clipped: This section of the article will illustrate with numbers and plots what happens to the output signal of an amplifier when the signal is clipped.� We will consider what happens when a 100 watt amp is overdriven, and we will use an actual music signal for the analysis.� To do this analysis, I recorded a portion of a song (Billy Preston�s �Outa-Space�) into the computer (being certain not to exceed the audio card�s input range).� I use an extremely high quality audio card that maintains very low distortion and very low noise (much better performance than the typical �SoundBlaster� card).� I then used MATLAB software to do signal conditioning and analysis on this music signal to generate the plots and numbers.�
We are going to assume we are using the 100W amp that we have been using in this article.� I took the music signal I recorded and (using MATLAB) I adjusted the signal such that the output voltage just touched the peak voltage output for a 100 W amp (40 volts for 8 ohms).� I then took that same signal, and (again using MATLAB), I modified it so that it would represent the full output of a 150W amp, a 200W amp, a 300W amp and a 400W amp.� I then took these signals and �clipped� them (using MATLAB) so that they would each represent the output of a 100W amp trying to act like those other amps.� I then took the resulting waveforms and determined a number of factors for each of them, including RMS voltage, power, crest factors and signal compression.� In this section we are delving into more detail, hopefully it will all make sense.� Plots were generated to help illustrate what things look like at various power levels.
First, let�s just show a plot of the music signal.� The signal was sampled at 44100 samples per second (the rate that music CDs work at).� Below is a plot (Figure 5) that shows what the signal looks like (this is one channel only).� The vertical scale is in volts, and the horizontal scale is in samples.� This �chunk� of music is just under 6 seconds long (262144 samples):
Figure 5.
The signal represented in this plot is that of real music, and it is just at the threshold of clipping for this 100 W amp.� One thing that can be seen is that most of the time the signal level is rather low� it is only for very short bursts that the signal reaches the threshold of clipping.� These short bursts of high level signal are from bass drums!� For the signal above, the amplifier would be delivering 100 watts of power for the largest peaks (those that just reach the + or � 40 volt rail).� The RMS voltage (note voltage not power) of the signal in the plot above has a value of 6.4 volts RMS.� The �RMS� power (RMS is in quotes because RMS is not really a technically correct term) for this signal is about 5.13 watts!� Is this correct?� Yes� we have a 100 W amp at the threshold of clipping, and the �average� power being delivered to the speaker is only a little above 5 watts!� This is not uncommon for high fidelity music recorded on CD.� In this case, the difference between the peak power (100 watts) and the RMS power is about 19.5 times, or about 12.9 dB!� This delta is known as crest factor (in this case for power).� I am bringing attention to this value as we will show how crest factor diminishes as clipping increases.
Next, we show a plot that shows what things look like when we play the 100 W amp as if it were a 150 W amp.� Because we are exceeding the 100 W amp�s capability, the music will be clipped.� It will now look like that in Figure 6 below:
Figure 6.
The signal in Figure 6 does not look terribly different than in Figure 5 above.� However, the signal has indeed changed.� The RMS voltage of the signal above is now 7.83 volts and the RMS power is 7.66 watts.� The crest factor (power) is now approximately 11.2 dB (note that we have compressed the signal by about 1.7 dB by overdriving this amplifier).� This makes sense, as a 150 W amp should have about 1.76 dB more power than a 100 W amp.
Next, we show a plot that shows what things look like when we play the 100 W amp as if it were a 400 W amp.� Because we are exceeding the 100 W amp�s capability considerably, the music will be clipped pretty badly.� It will now look like that in Figure 7 below:
Figure 7.
In this plot it should be pretty obvious that the overall level of the signal is up considerably compared to the first plot where there is no clipping. The RMS voltage of the signal in Figure 7 is now 12.14 volts and the RMS power is 18.4 watts.� The crest factor (power) is now approximately 7.35 dB (note that we have compressed the signal by about 5.5 dB by overdriving this amplifier).
Rather than show lots of plots that look similar (for the other amplifiers), the table below shows the numbers that result when a 100W amp is overdriven to the point of trying to act like other amplifiers of various power capabilities:
5.55 dB
NOTES:� (1) The value listed in this column (for amps other than the 100 W amp) is the RMS value of the voltage that would result if a 100 W amp was trying to amplify the input signal to the wattage listed in that row.� (2) The value listed in this column (for amps other than the 100 W amp) is the RMS value of the power that would result if a 100 W amp was trying to amplify the input signal to the wattage listed in that row.�
What does this table tell us? When an amplifier is overdriven into clipping, the peak output power of the amp does not increase, however the average (RMS) power to the speaker does go up.� Also, compression of the signal occurs (the amount of compression is a function of how bad the clipping is). Audiophiles strive to maintain the best possible fidelity in music, so clipping an amp is highly intolerable.� However, for live music applications (or house parties), amplifiers being driven into clipping is the norm.� Although it is not shown in the table, in extreme clipping conditions the RMS power will approach the value of the peak power the amp can deliver.� For an amp rated at 100 W RMS, the power output during extreme clipping will approach 200 W (assuming the power supply can keep up).
Some readers might now be asking� �What�s the big deal?� The table above shows that I can run my 100 W amp at a level that tries to mimic a 400 W amp and I only increase the average power to the speaker (with this particular music CD) from about 5 watts to about 18 watts!� The key thing is this: the music off the CD I used for this analysis has a LOT of dynamic range.� Not all music is the same� some types of music have a lot less dynamic range (less crest factor), and when signals like this are overdriven the situation can be a lot more dramatic.�� Music from an FM radio station is quite compressed compared to a CD, and this would be the type of signal that could really cause problems if driven into clipping.� The best advice I can give:� avoid situations where more than occasional clipping occurs.
Is clipping bad for an amplifier?: This question is a little off topic for this article, but I'll speak to it briefly. It really depends a lot on how well designed the amplifier is as to whether or not clipping is bad for it. Overall, some minor or occasional clipping is no big deal (in fact most bands and DJs operate this way), but excessive clipping can stress things out. In cases of extreme clipping, operating an amplifier in this fashion might be more likely to stress out (or damage) the power supply as compared to the output semiconductors. Why? When extreme clipping occurs, the output transistors may actually have an easier time (as compared to running at full output with clean music signals) because when extreme clipping occurs they are operating more like a switch, either being fully ON or fully OFF. This means that the output transistors have to deal with less heat dissipation (basically by being fully ON they are sending the vast majority of the power supply's juice to the speakers). Relatively less heat will be dissipated in the transistor in cases of extreme clipping. However, the power supply (consisting of transformer, rectifiers, etc) has to dish out a lot more power than it was likely designed to do (continuously), and if the electronic components used with it were marginally designed or rated to begin with, they could fail. Better amps use components that are more conservatively rated and these amps will be better able to handle the added stress. Amps used for professional touring outfits are often designed to be very rugged in this regard (and of course they cost quite a bit more than amps with similar power ratings that are targeted to the consumer electronic market). Low end amps that use electronic components with bare minimum ratings will be the first to quit when operated in a clipped mode (especially if it is severe clipping). How can you tell if your amp is being stressed out? If it has lighted meters, keep an eye on the light bulbs that light the meters. If they are flickering (going dim when the music is really loud) you are probably at or past the limit of what the amp can safely do. The lights are most likely dimming because the power supply within the amp (which likely powers everything in it) is being "sucked down" by the excessive power being sent to the speakers.
In general, my personal recommendation is to avoid running an amplifier into more than occasional clipping as it can only increase the chances of something bad happening. You could blow speakers, stress out the amp, and if nothing else the sound quality will suffer!
Interpreting Amplifier Specifications: This section explains what various power amplifier specifications mean. We will consider the specifications of the (vintage) Kenwood KA-9100 amplifier:
Power Output: 90 watts per channel, minimum RMS, at 8 ohms, from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz with no more than 0.03% total harmonic distortion. This basically means that this amplifier can deliver 90 watts per channel into an 8 ohm load, and it can do it at any frequency between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz, and the total harmonic distortion will be no more than 0.03%. Although it is not stated, this power is capable of being delivered with both channels operating at 90 watts at the same time. Again, keep in mind that technically there is no such thing as RMS watts; this amplifier basically delivers 90 watts, however it does it using a sine wave signal (not a DC signal)! Note: in reality, almost all amps will put out more than their rated power output. When an amp is rated for power output, the design is such that all production amplifiers will meet this rating. To guarantee that this occurs, the ratings are on the conservative side (otherwise a manufacturer could be accused of "lying" and it would be bad for their reputation). So, most amps will put out at least 10% more power than their actual ratings.
Both channels driven: 95 +95 watts 8 ohms at 1000 Hz, 110 + 110 watts at 4 ohms at 1000 Hz. This shows that the amp can do a bit better at 1000 Hz (in terms of maximum power output). Most amps do better at mid frequencies with regard to maximum power output. Low frequencies and high frequencies are more demanding and most amps will put out a little less power at these extremes. This spec for the Kenwood also shows the power at 4 ohms.
Dynamic Power Output: 470 watts at 4 ohms. This is basically showing the limits of what this amp can do (instantaneous power) at 4 ohms. This is total output (from both channels). This amp can do 110 watts per channel continuous RMS at 4 ohms; recall (from above explanations) that the peak power for an amp is twice its RMS rating; so, 220 + 220 = 440. This is not the same as the stated 470 watts; however this basically means that the 110 W RMS rating at 4 ohms had a little bit of conservatism in it, and/or it is for very short bursts of sound that come and go before the power supply rails of the amp can get pulled down by the demand.
Total Harmonic Distortion: 0.03% at rated power into 8 ohms, 0.01% at 1 watt into 8 ohms. This spec is basically saying that with a pure sine wave as an input signal, the amp will generate no more than 0.03% of distortion as harmonics. So, if the amp is putting out 90 watts, 0.027 watts will be distortion and 89.973 watts will be faithful reproduction. This amount of distortion is vanishingly low in terms of what the human ear can detect. This basically represents a signal that is about 35 dB down from the main signal. Being that this distortion signal is "harmonic distortion" it is a lot more tolerable than (for example) intermodulation distortion. Note that the distortion at 1 watt is a bit lower. This is normal for class AB amps (the Kenwood KA-9100 is one such amp). Class AB amps generally have higher levels of distortion at very low output levels (due to crossover distortion).
Intermodulation Distortion (60 Hz : 7kHz = 4:1): 0.03% at rated power into 8 ohms, 0.01% at 1 watt into 8 ohms . This is a bit more complicated. Basically, to arrive at this spec two sine wave signals are applied to the amplifier input. In this case, one sine wave was 60 Hz and one was 7000 Hz. The 60 Hz sine wave amplitude was 4 times the amplitude of the 7000 Hz sine wave. This composite signal (which is no longer a simple sine wave) is adjusted in amplitude (keeping the relative ratio of 4:1) until the amp was putting out 90 watts. Then, a frequency analyzer is used to look for frequency lines that are not harmonically related to the two input signals. For example, the frequencies of 120 Hz, 180 Hz, 240 Hz, 300 Hz, etc are ignored. Also ignored are the harmonics of the 7000 Hz signal (these would b 14,000 Hz, 21,0000 Hz, etc). What they do look for in this spec is sum and difference frequencies. for example, frequencies such as 6940 Hz and 7060 Hz would be looked for (for starters), along with any other frequencies that are not harmonics of the main tones. Intermodulation distortion results when two sine waves are applied to a non linear system. Good amplifiers are quite linear (when operated within their design limits), but they are not perfect. All amplifiers will generate some amount of intermodulation distortion. The smaller the number the better, as this kind of distortion is easier for the human ear to detect as compared to harmonic distortion.
Power bandwidth: 5 Hz to 60,000 Hz. This is the frequency range over which the amplifier can put out substantial amounts of power. Although not mentioned, it is likely that the frequency limits given represent the "half power" points. In other words, the amp can put out (at least) 45 watts at 5 Hz and also at 60,000 Hz. At points in between it will put out more power (the full 90 watts per channel is valid for frequencies of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz). Basically, the wider the power bandwidth the better, although in some cases an extra wide band can lead to problems.
Frequency Response: DC to 100,000 Hz, +0 dB, - 1dB. This shows the frequency response of the amplifier, but it does not mention the power at which it was measured (so we have to assume it is probably 1 watt or some other small value). It is definitely not at full output of this amp. Why DC? This amp uses DC coupled stages within it. Not all amps do this, and in general it is not needed to have great sound.
Signal to Noise Ratio: 115 dB (short circuited). This is a pretty important spec. It is measured by putting a short circuit at the input (certainly not the output!) of the amplifier, and then measuring the noise at the output. Although it is not mentioned, this is almost certainly what is called an "A" weighted noise measurement (as compared to a "C" weighted measurement). A "C" weighting measurement is basically no weighting (adjustment curve) at all, it is a "full band" noise measurement (from 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz). "A" weighting is basically a measurement that is used to make the measurement more akin to what the human ear hears. Human hearing is not as sensitive at frequency extremes, so noise (for example) that is very low in frequency or very high in frequency does not sound as loud as noise at mid band frequencies. The "A" weighting curve (measurement) tries to take this into account. "C" weighting measurements would have lower numbers (for example instead of 115 dB it might be 109 dB). "C" weighting numbers do not look as good. So far as I know most amps (those used for amplifying music) are rated for signal to noise ration using A weighting. Make sure you compared amps based on the same measurement scale or one will seem to be a lot better than another when in fact they might be the same! What does a rating of -115 dB mean? Basically that the sound level of the output noise of the amplifier would sound (to the human ear) to be 115 dB quieter than the signal the amp can generate at full power. You'd NEVER hear such noise with many kinds of music (when the music is being played at or near the limits of the amplifier's power capability. The exception is possibly classical music, a type of music that has very quiet passages mixed n with very loud passages. Amplifiers can only be so quiet, there is no (practical) way to make a noiseless amplifier.
Damping factor: 50 at 8 ohms. Damping factor is basically a measure of the output impedance of the amplifier. High numbers are better.
Input Sensitivity/Impedance: 1.0 V / 50 k ohms. This specification shows home much voltage must be applied to the input of the amplifier (into a load impedance of 50,000 ohms) in order to get the full rated output. If more signal than this is applied, the amp will clip with the volume control all the way up. If less than this amount of signal is applied, the amp will not reach full output capability. This number is important when considering what the previous stage can deliver (a preamp for example). The prior stage should be able to deliver at least this amount of voltage (preferably more).
Speaker Impedance: Accept 4 to 16 ohms. Nothing too hard here, it basically states that speakers with impedance anywhere from4 to 16 ohms will work.
Items below are topics I intend to add when time allows!
DC to speakers when clipping???: Things to write about: sometimes
Slew Rate???: What the heck is a slew rate and how does it relate to amplifier performance?
Discuss 8 ohm and 4 ohm (and 2 ohm) power ratings???: Things to write about: relate to power supply limits, overall design of amp, etc.
What is crest factor???: Things to write about: 3 dB for sine wave, around 8 dB for random noise (verify using MATLAB), more for high fidelity CD music.
What is dynamic headroom???: Things to write about: ability of amp to put out more power for a short time due to a loosely regulated power supply; amps with tightly regulated supplies have little or no dynamic headroom
Are amplifiers with dual power supplies better than those with only one supply???: Things to write about: Yes.... Maybe... if they are designed well and if the wall socket can deliver the needed juice!
Why do most amplifiers have relatively higher distortion when the output is low???: Things to write about: crossover distortion
How do I calculate the power output for music signals???: Things to write about: RMS or area under curve
ARTICLE TO BE CONTINUED, THIS IS A PARTIAL WORKING DRAFT!
Below here is the MATLAB M-file I wrote to do some of the analysis on the music signal.� It is not well commented as I threw it together in a hurry.
%%%%%%%%%%%%� 22 Jan 2005����� J. Roberts�� %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%ch2 is the raw music data recorded using Magix, has already been converted to MAT file using original WAV file.
% we will normalize this data so that it peaks at the rails of a particular amp.�
%We use a 100 watt amp with rails of 40 volts
%truncate ch2 data to length 262144 (2^18) for easy FFTs later on
%Now we have to adjust the amps stronger than 100 W so that the data clips at 100W output (40 volts).
%First do the positive voltages for the 150 watt case:
for c=1:262144;
��� if(ch2n_150(c))>40;
������� ch2n_150(c)=40;
��� end
end
% then do the negative voltages:
for c=1:262144;
��� if(ch2n_150(c))<-40;
������� ch2n_150(c)=-40;
��� end
end
%First do the positive voltages for the 300 watt case:
for c=1:262144;
��� if(ch2n_300(c))>40;
������� ch2n_300(c)=40;
��� end
end
% then do the negative voltages:
for c=1:262144;
��� if(ch2n_300(c))<-40;
������� ch2n_300(c)=-40;
��� end
end
%First do the positive voltages for the 400 watt case:
for c=1:262144;
��� if(ch2n_400(c))>40;
������� ch2n_400(c)=40;
��� end
end
% then do the negative voltages:
for c=1:262144;
��� if(ch2n_400(c))<-40;
������� ch2n_400(c)=-40;
��� end
end
vx_100=std(ch2n)
px_100=(std(ch2n)*std(ch2n))/8��������� % 8 is for 8 ohms
v_crest_100=20*log10(40/vx_100)
vx_150=std(ch2n_150)
px_150=(std(ch2n_150)*std(ch2n_150))/8��������� % 8 is for 8 ohms
v_crest_150=20*log10(40/vx_150)
vx_200=std(ch2n_200)
px_200=(std(ch2n_200)*std(ch2n_200))/8��������� % 8 is for 8 ohms
v_crest_200=20*log10(40/vx_200)
vx_300=std(ch2n_300)
px_300=(std(ch2n_300)*std(ch2n_300))/8��������� % 8 is for 8 ohms
v_crest_300=20*log10(40/vx_300)
vx_400=std(ch2n_400)
px_400=(std(ch2n_400)*std(ch2n_400))/8��������� % 8 is for 8 ohms
v_crest_400=20*log10(40/vx_400)
| Amplifier |
How many inches in a UK mile? | Power Amplifier Fundamental
Disclaimer
The information presented below is just that, information. Use it at your own risk.. You (the reader) are responsible for anything foolish that you might do as a result of reading this article. You assume complete and total responsibility for your actions! The information presented below is believed to be technically correct (however mistakes occasionally are made, this being the "real world"). In simple terms, if you do something foolish (as a result of reading this article), don't blame me! This statement is necessary because of (in the
US
anyway) too many lawsuit happy people (and certain lawyers who flock to represent such people!)
Audio Power Amplifier Fundamentals
Note:
If you are reading this article you may also be interested in my article Audio Power Amplifier Power Rating Mysteries Explained (it has a lot more detail regarding power ratings of amplifiers).
Introduction
The term amplifier is very generic. In general, the purpose of an amplifier is to take an input signal and make it stronger (or in more technically correct terms, increase its amplitude). Amplifiers find application in all kinds of electronic devices designed to perform any number of functions. There are many different types of amplifiers, each with a specific purpose in mind. For example, a radio transmitter uses an RF Amplifier (RF stands for Radio Frequency); such an amplifier is designed to amplify a signal so that it may drive an antenna. This article will focus on audio power amplifiers. Audio power amplifiers are those amplifiers which are designed to drive loudspeakers. Specifically, this discussion will focus on audio power amplifiers intended for DJ and sound reinforcement use. Much of the material presented also applies to amplifiers intended for home stereo system use.
Basics
The purpose of a power amplifier, in very simple terms, is to take a signal from a source device (in a DJ system the signal typically comes from a preamplifier or signal processor) and make it suitable for driving a loudspeaker. Ideally, the ONLY thing different between the input signal and the output signal is the strength of the signal. In mathematical terms, if the input signal is denoted as S, the output of a perfect amplifier is X*S, where X is a constant (a fixed number). The "*" symbol means� multiplied by".
This being the real world, no amplifier does exactly the ideal, but many do a very good job if they are operated within their advertised power ratings. The output signal of all amplifiers contain additional (unwanted) components that are not present in the input signal; these additional characteristics may be lumped together and are generally known as distortion. There are many types of distortion; however the two most common types are known as harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion. In addition to the "garbage" traditionally known as distortion, all amplifiers generate a certain amount of noise (this can be heard as a background "hiss" when no music is playing). More on these later.
All power amplifiers have a power rating, the units of power are called watts. The power rating of an amplifier may be stated for various load impedances; the units for load impedance are ohms. The most common load impedances are 8 ohms, 4 ohms, and 2 ohms (if you have an old vacuum tube amplifier the load impedances are more likely to be 32 ohms, 16 ohms, 8 ohms, and maybe 4 ohms). The power output of a modern amplifier is usually higher when lower impedance loads (speakers) are used (but as we shall see later using low impedance loads just to get the extra power is not always recommended).� The rated power output of an amplifier is understood to be its maximum output, it in no way means that the amplifier can only be used at this output.� For example, if an amplifier is rated at 100 watts, the output can be anything between zero and this maximum rated value. Chances are that the amp can probably put out more if the input signal is overdriven, however the quality of the output will degrade rapidly.� More on this later.
In the early days, audio power amplifiers used devices called vacuum tubes (referred to simply as "tubes" from here on). Tubes are seldom used in amplifiers intended for DJ use (however tube amplifiers have a loyal following with musicians and hi-fi enthusiasts). Modern amplifiers almost always use transistors (instead of tubes); in the late 60's and early 70's, the term "solid state" was used (and often engraved on the front panel as a "buzz word"). The signal path in a tube amplifier undergoes similar processing as the signal in a transistor amp, however the devices and voltages are quite different. Tubes are generally "high voltage low current" devices, where transistors are the opposite ("low voltage high current"). Tube amplifiers are generally not very efficient and tend to generate a lot of heat. One of the biggest differences between a tube amplifier and a transistor amplifier is that an audio output transformer is almost always required in a tube amplifier (this is because the output impedance of a tube circuit is far too high to properly interface directly to a low impedance loudspeaker). High quality audio output transformers are difficult to design, and tend to be large, heavy, and expensive. Transistor amplifiers have numerous practical advantages as compared with tube amplifiers: they tend to be more efficient, smaller, more rugged (physically), no audio output transformer is required, and transistors do not require periodic replacement (unless you continually abuse them). Contrary to what many people believe, a well designed tube amplifier can have excellent sound (many high end hi-fi enthusiasts swear by them). Some people claim that tube amplifiers have their own particular "sound". This "sound" is partly due to the way tubes behave when approaching their output limits (clipping). The onset of output overload in a tube amplifier tends to be much more gradual than that of a transistor amplifier. A few big advantages that tube amplifiers have were necessarily given up when amplifiers went to transistors. First, tubes can withstand electrical abuse that would leave even the most robust transistor completely blown. Also, tube amplifiers use an output transformer to interface to the speaker; such a device provides an excellent buffer (protection to the speaker) in the case of internal malfunction. Modern amplifiers (with no output transformer) occasionally fail in a way that connects the full DC supply voltage to the speaker. If the amplifier does not have adequate protection circuitry built in, the result is often a melted woofer voice coil.
An amplifier�s main purpose is to take a weak signal and make it strong enough to drive a speaker.� Power amplifiers get the necessary energy for amplification of input signals from the AC wall outlet to which they are plugged into. If you had a perfect amplifier, all of the energy the amplifier took from the AC outlet would be converted to useful output (to the speakers). However, in the real world no amplifier is 100% efficient, so some of the energy from the wall outlet is wasted. The vast majority of energy wasted by an amplifier shows up in the form of heat. Heat is one of the biggest enemies to electronic equipment, so it is important to ensure adequate air flow around equipment (especially so for those units using convection cooling). Most amplifiers in the 200 watt per channel range (and up) have forced air cooling (via fans) in order to prevent excessive heat buildup.
Many amplifiers have a number of features to help monitor the status of the amplifier and also to protect speakers (and the amplifier itself) in the event of an overload condition. Some features include power meters, clipping indicators, thermal overload shutdown, over current protection, etc. Features vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. In addition, there are many variations in how protection circuits are implemented and how much "safety margin" they allow. For example, I tested the clipping indicator on one particular amplifier. The clipping indicator did not come on until there was a substantial amount of clipping actually occurring (as viewed on an oscilloscope). In this case, I did not notice a significant degradation of the sound quality despite the clipping. The manufacturer in this case chose to "allow a little more volume" before actually lighting up the warning light.
Power amplifiers intended for a DJ or a concert uses have power output ratings starting from around 75 watts per channel to over 1000 watts per channel. However, keep in mind that MORE POWER DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN A SUPERIOR AMP OR BETTER SOUND! Choosing a well designed amplifier in the 200 watt per channel class may be a better investment than a marginally designed 500 watt per channel unit.
Everything for Guitarists, at the Best Prices in Town!
Is �Power Amplifier� a Misnomer?
Yes.� Power is not really something that can be �amplified�.� Voltage and current can be amplified.� The term �power amplifier� although technically incorrect has become understood to mean an amplifier that is intended to drive a load (such as a speaker, a motor, etc).� There are all kinds of amplifiers used for different purposes.� Some other terms you may run across: op amp, signal amp, RF (radio frequency amp), instrumentation amp.� This article deals with what we call power amplifiers.� Basically they take a small signal (like that from the output of a CD player, mixing board, etc) and make it strong enough to drive a speaker.� This is accomplished by substantially increasing the voltage of the input signal; assuming an adequately designed amp, this will cause a correspondingly large current to flow through the load.� Power = current times voltage (for resistive loads), this is where the �power� amplification comes from.
What are the functional blocks of an amplifier?
All power amplifiers have a power supply, an input stage, and an output stage. Many amplifiers have various protection features (briefly outlined above) which fall into a category I refer to as housekeeping.
Power Supply: The primary purpose of a power supply in a power amplifier is to take the 120 VAC power from the outlet and convert it to a DC voltage (VAC is an abbreviation for Volts Alternating Current, and DC is an abbreviation for Direct Current). Conversion from AC to DC is necessary because the semiconductor devices (transistors, FETs, MOSFETs, etc.) used inside the equipment require this type of voltage. (By the way, FET stands for Field Effect Transistor, and MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor). Many different types of power supplies are used in power amplifiers, but in the end they all basically aim to generate DC voltage for the transistor circuits of the unit. The very best of amplifiers have two totally independent power supplies, one for each channel� (they do share a common AC power cord though). Truly excellent amplifiers will also have a separate (or at least separately regulated) power supply for the input stage (those circuits that do not actually drive the speaker).� Under heavy load, the power supply voltage internal to the amp can sag (and this can lead to distortion).� By having a separate power supply for the signal level signals in the amplifier, the distortion added by a sagging power supply is kept out of all but the final (output) stage.
Input stage: The general purpose of the input stage of a power amplifier (sometimes called the "front end") is to receive and prepare the input signals for "amplification" by the output stage. Most professional quality amplifiers have various input connectors; typically they will have XLR inputs, �quarter inch" inputs, and sometimes a simple terminal strip input (although these tend to be found on amplifiers intended primarily for public address systems). XLR and most quarter inch inputs are balanced inputs (as compared to single ended inputs). Balanced inputs are much preferred over single ended inputs when interconnection cables are long and/or subject to noisy electrical environments because they provide very good noise rejection. The input stage also contains things like input level controls. Some amplifiers have facilities for "plug in" modules (such as filters); these too are grouped into the input stage.
Output stage: The output stage of an amplifier is the portion which actually converts the weak input signal into a much more powerful "replica" which is capable of driving high power to a speaker. This portion of the amplifier typically uses a number of "power transistors" (or MOSFETs) and is also responsible for generating the most heat in the unit (unless the amplifier happens to have a very bad power supply design, in which case it too generates a lot of heat). The output stage of an amplifier interfaces to the speakers.
What are Amplifier Classes?
The Class of an amplifier refers to the design of the circuitry within the amp. For audio amplifiers, the Class of amp refers to the output stage of the amp (in practice there may be several classes of signal level amplifier within a single unit).� There are many classes used for audio amps. The following is brief description of some of the more common amplifier classes you may have heard of.
Class A: Class A amplifiers have very low distortion (lowest distortion occurs when the volume is low) however they are very inefficient and are rarely used for high power designs. The distortion is low because the transistors in the amp are biased such that they are half "on" when the amp is idling (this is the point at which the semiconductor devices are most linear in behavior). As a result of being half on at idle, a lot of power is dissipated in the devices even when the amp has no music playing! Class A amps are often used for "signal" level circuits (where power requirements are small) because they maintain low distortion. High end Class A audio amplifiers are sometimes used by the most discriminating audiophiles.� Distortion for class A amps increases as the signal approaches clipping, as the signal is reaching the limits of voltage swing for the circuit. Some class A amps have speakers connected via capacitive coupling.
Class B: Class B amplifiers are used in low cost designs or designs where sound quality is not that important.� Class B amplifiers are significantly more efficient than class A amps, however they suffer from bad distortion when the signal level is low (the distortion in this region of operation is called "crossover distortion"). Class B is used most often where economy of design is needed. Before the advent of IC amplifiers, class B amplifiers were common in clock radio circuits, pocket transistor radios, or other applications where quality of sound is not that critical. For example, a siren driver is one application of a Class B amp. Siren drivers are amplifiers that are basically driven into clipping (to produce a square wave type signal). In such a drive situation there would be little need to care about crossover distortion (the design can be less expensive due to reduced parts count).
Class
is probably the most common amplifier class currently used in home stereo and similar amplifiers.
Class
AB
amps combine the good points of class A and B amps. They have the improved efficiency of class B amps and distortion performance that is a lot closer to that of a class A amp. With such amplifiers, distortion is worst when the signal is low, and generally lowest when the signal is just reaching the point of clipping.
Class
AB
amps (like class B) use pairs of transistors, both of them being biased slightly ON so that the crossover distortion (associated with Class B amps) is largely eliminated.
Class C: Class C amps are never used for audio circuits. They are commonly used in RF circuits. Class C amplifiers operate the output transistor in a state that results in tremendous distortion (it would be totally unsuitable for audio reproduction). However, the RF circuits where Class C amps are used employ filtering so that the final signal is completely acceptable. Class C amps are quite efficient.
Class D: The concept of a Class D amp has been around for a long time (~ 50 years or so), however only fairly recently have they become more commonly used in consumer applications. Due to improvements in the speed, power capacity and efficiency of modern semiconductor devices, applications using Class D amps have become affordable for the common person. Class D amplifiers use a completely different method of amplification as compared to Class A, B and AB.� Whereas the aforementioned classes of amplifier operate the semiconductor devices in the linear mode, Class D amplifiers operate the output semiconductor devices as switches (ON or OFF).� In a Class D amplifier, the input signal is compared with a high frequency triangle wave, resulting in the generation of a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) type signal.� This signal (which some people incorrectly identify as a �digital� signal) is then applied to a special filter that removes all the unwanted high frequency by-products of the PWM stage.� The output of the filter drives the speaker.� Please note that this is a VERY high level idea of how Class D amplifiers work! Class D amps are (today) most often found in car audio subwoofer amplifiers. The major advantage of Class D amplifiers is that they have the potential for very good efficiency (due to the fact that the semiconductor devices are ON or OFF in the power stage, resulting in low power dissipation in the device as compared to linear amplifier classes).� One notable disadvantage of Class D amplifiers: they are fairly complicated and special care is required in their design (to make them reliable).� Due to the high frequencies that are present in the audio signal (as a result of the PWM stage), Class D amps used for car stereo applications are often limited to subwoofer frequencies, however designs are improving all the time. It will not be too long before a full band class D amp becomes commonplace and less costly. Class D amps find use in many other applications besides audio.� Class D amplifiers will probably eventually revolutionize audio power amplifiers: when they are perfected, their efficiency will allow outputs of 1000+ watts without the need for a cooling fan!� They will also be small and lightweight compared to the class AB designs that are most common today.
Other classes: There are a number of other classes of amplifiers, such as G, H, S, etc. Although some experts would certainly argue with me, most of these designs are actually clever variations of the class AB design, however they result in higher efficiency for designs that require very high output levels (500W and up for example). At this time I will not go into the details of all of these other classes. Suffice to note that Class D (among A, B, AB, D, S, G, H classes) is the class that represents a major delta in the way it operates as compared to the other audio amplifier classes. Sometimes the consumer marketplace promotes Class D amplifiers as being "digital". The marketplace tends to toss around the word "digital" a lot, there is no really standardized definition (that I am aware of) that deems an amp "digital". To find out what a vendor means when they use the word digital with regard to an amp requires research into the design of the amp. Most likely the vendor is just using a buzz word that the consumer may associate with a superior technology.
Why do Amplifiers have different power ratings for different �ohms"?
Audio Power amplifiers are typically rated for "8 ohm" and "4 ohm� loads, and more and more (the higher end pro amps) are also giving ratings for continuous operation using "2 ohm" loads (loads being speakers, you can see more info on this topic in my article on speakers). If you have ever looked at a spec sheet for a decent quality amplifier, you probably noticed that the power output of an amplifier is higher when the load impedance (number of ohms) is lower. Important: a load with a low number of ohms is a more difficult load than one with a higher number of ohms! That is, a 4 ohm speaker is harder for an amplifier to drive than an 8 ohm speaker. The performance capabilities of an amplifier when driving low impedance loads is closely related to the capabilities of its power supply.
If we had a perfect amplifier (and it was plugged into an outlet that had unlimited current capability), its output power rating would double each time the load impedance was halved. For example, let's say the amplifier puts out 200 watts per channel at 8 ohms. At 4 ohms, it would put out 400 watts per channel, at 2 ohms it would put out 800 watts per channel, and at 1 ohm it would put out 1600 watts per channel. For the perfect amplifier, one could keep going with this until the load impedance approached zero, at which time the amplifier output would approach infinity! On the other side, if the load impedance was 16 ohms, the amplifier would put out only 100 watts per channel. In this direction, one could keep raising the load impedance, and the power output would grow smaller and smaller.
The power supply of the perfect amplifier generates a DC voltage that does not change no matter how much current is demanded from it. This means that the perfect amplifier can drive an unlimited number of speakers. In the real world, amplifiers have real power supplies which do have limits as to how much current they deliver (and real world amps use output devices that are only rated for so much current before they self destruct). For such typical amplifiers, the 4 ohm power rating is usually about 50% more than the 8 ohm rating (and if a 2 ohm rating is given, this is maybe double that of the 8 ohm rating). Amplifiers with exceptional power supply designs will do better than this, but eventually a limit will be reached (if by nothing else the AC outlet can only deliver so much current!). Lesser designs will "run out of juice� when driving the heavier loads. Most decent amplifier spec sheets will specify how much power the amp can deliver into various load impedances.� If an amp�s spec sheet gives a 8 and 4 ohm rating, be careful before using the amp with 2 ohm loads.� It might work, but more likely it will be stressed out and may overheat or fail prematurely.�
Amplifiers utilizing exceptional power supply designs will invariably be the more expensive units available, and possibly the (physically) heavier designs. This is because good power supply designs usually require heavier and better (low loss) "magnetics". All power supplies utilize some combination of transformers, rectifiers, capacitors, and in the case of some so called "digital" amplifiers, switching components.
"Analog" Amplifiers: All amplifiers in use by DJs today process analog input (music) signals. An analog signal is a continuous wave signal, a digital signal is an analog signal which has been converted to a sequence of numbers. Analog when spoken in terms of power amplifiers typically refers to the design of the power supply and/or output stage, and most analog amps are those with a straight
Class
AB
design. A so called analog amplifier has a power supply which typically uses a large power transformer, a rectifier circuit, and large capacitors. These three basic devices convert the AC voltage from the outlet to a lower voltage (more suitable for the internal needs of the unit), change it from AC to DC, and filter and store energy. These types of power supplies have been around for many years; they are relatively simple and reliable. The downside is that the power transformer is usually large and quite heavy (the transformer core utilizes a considerable amount of iron), and the capacitors (a minimum of two are normally used) can also large and bulky.
"Digital" Amplifiers: There really is no such thing as a �digital� amplifier, although the marketplace sometimes tends to promote certain amplifiers as being �digital�.� When the term digital is associated with a power amplifier, it is often a buzz word used by the vendor that may refer to the design of the power supply and/or the design of the output stage.� Some amplifiers use power supplies that are the switching type (sometimes referred to as a DC - DC converter). The term "digital" is also sometimes associated with amplifiers of the more exotic classes (class G, H, S, and especially D). Class G, H and S amplifiers use special switching circuits that try to minimize the voltage that is dropped in the output semiconductor devices (thus resulting in higher efficiency). Class D uses a totally different scheme for amplification (and is the most legitimate class to be termed "digital", although Class D is still an analog circuit design). NOTE: An amp touting itself as digital in no way means that it is inherently better at producing sound from "digital" sources such as CDs!!! Most all car stereo amps (those above about 10 watts per channel) use a switching power supply. What advantages does a switching power supply offer? For car audio (which runs on a 13.8 VDC power source) there is no way to get high power to speakers without boosting the amplifier�s power supply rail voltage to higher levels. Switching power supplies are used in some conventional (home or pro audio) amps as well. Switching power supplies use much smaller transformers and capacitors (as compared to conventional amps), and are therefore considerably smaller and lighter than an equivalent analog power supply. The concepts behind switching power supplies have been known for many years. However, until fairly recently the components necessary for switching power supplies were unable to be produced cheaply enough for consumer use. Advances in transistor technology have made the necessary devices available at a cost which permits their widespread use. (Note: ALL of the "super systems" heard in many automobiles today are powered by amplifiers using switching power supplies).
On the minus side, switching power supplies are a great deal more complicated than their analog counterparts. They work basically by first creating a "crude" DC voltage. This crude voltage is applied to a switching circuit which uses a specially designed high frequency transformer. A control circuit monitors the output voltage of this stage and makes adjustments to the switching circuit "on the fly� in order to keep the final DC output voltage as close to the design value as possible. So, the advantages of lighter weight and smaller size come at the expense of increased parts count (which ultimately might translate to less reliability if the parts are of lesser quality). Switching power supplies tend to generate a lot more electronic noise as compared to linear power supplies (discriminating audiophiles would almost never tolerate a switching power supply in the audio path).� Also, switching power supplies are harder to repair if they fail.
"Analog" vs. "Digital"... Which is better?
As mentioned, technically there is really no such thing as a digital amplifier (yet).� However, many of the amplifiers on the market today use the term �digital", but this most likely means that there is some type of switching power supply in or that is uses one of the more exotic classes for its output stage. Some people believe that "digital" amplifiers are not so good at producing powerful bass notes. While it is true that there probably some marginally designed "digital" amplifiers which do have less than ideal bass response, weak bass response is not a necessity of digital designs. The dominating factor in performance comes back to the ability of the power supply to provide adequate current to the output stage when the music demands it; a solid design means adequate current is available for loud bass notes and/or difficult speaker loads. In addition, a second important factor is the adequacy of the AC power outlet. Two well designed amplifiers (one of each type) operated on an AC outlet which doesn't "sag" (see my article on AC Power) should both provide excellent sound quality. Many of the higher power amplifiers available today are of the so called �digital" design. But keep in mind that this does not necessarily make them better or worse, the quality of an amplifier comes down to the how well designed the unit is, the quality of components used, the derating factors used for the parts, and the quality of craftsmanship used in construction. Stay with vendors that have proven track records of reliability (and use the amplifier as it is intended) and you should have few if any problems with either type of design.� The often heard phrase �you get what you pay for� tends to be true for amplifiers.
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Power Ratings
Two amplifiers with the same power rating put out the same power, right? Not necessarily. Manufacturers vary as to how conservatively they rate their amplifiers. As an example, I measured one particular amplifier, rated at 350 watts/channel, and found it actually was able to put out 450 watts/channel! Manufacturers often understate what their units will actually put out. It would be a bad idea to publish the "absolute maximum power" that the unit could put out, since a margin needs to be allowed to insure that all production units will meet published specs. In addition, a manufacturer may publish a very conservative 8 ohm rating in order to make the 4 ohm rating look better (a really marginal amplifier will put out LESS power into a 4 ohm load!).
Amplifiers are generally rated in watts per channel, at several load impedances, with both channels driven, over a frequency range of usually 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz, at some amount of total harmonic distortion. Most amplifiers will put out slightly more (but not a tremendous amount more) power when only a single channel is driven. This occurs because the power supply only has to provide power for a single channel, and its DC voltage doesn't sag as much. The exception is an amplifiers that uses dual independent power supplies (since each of their supplies only has to supply power for one channel anyway).� In that case, there still may be a slight increase in power when one channel is driven; this is because the AC voltage from the wall outlet may sag a little less with only one channel driven.
I have noticed that many lower end home theatre amplifiers and �all in one� stereo systems tout impressive power ratings (like 500 watts total output in a relatively small package).� However, the fine print also states that this power output is with 10% total harmonic distortion, and usually over a limited frequency range (like 40-20,000 Hz vice 20-20,000 Hz)!� While these systems are fine for many people, I personally would avoid them.� Clearly these products are stretching the limits of fidelity to tout a high power output.� Chances are good that the overall design is of marginal quality.� Unlike the hi-fi heyday of the 70s, much of the low end gear on the market today is �throw away� quality (meaning it is not worth fixing when it konks out).� On the positive side, you can get a lot of system form the same� $$ (adjusted for inflation) as compared to years gone by (but don�t expect it to last� forever).� Back in the 70s, you could buy an entry level 25 watt per channel amplifier, and it had a thick metal front plate, the entire case was metal, the specs were honest and great, and it was built to LAST.� Those days are mostly gone� you CAN get good quality stuff today, but most of it is higher end.
More about 2 ohm ratings�
Many of the better amplifiers on the market today are touting excellent performance with 2 ohm load impedances. Some also state that "continuous operation" with 2 ohm loads is possible. While such statements are probably true, it may not be a good idea to operate the amplifier under such conditions!
First, a word on speakers is in order (for much more detail please see my article on speakers). All speakers have a characteristic known as impedance (measured in ohms), with most speakers being rated at either 8 ohms or 4 ohms. Lower impedances represent more difficult loads for amplifiers to drive. Two 8 ohm speakers connected in parallel will result in a 4 ohm load at the amplifier. And, two 4 ohm speakers (wired in parallel) result in a 2 ohm load. In actuality, speaker impedance can vary by a factor of 10 or more over the audio frequency range. When a speaker is said to be 8 ohms, it is understood that this is a nominal or approximate rating (the same goes for 4 ohm speakers). An 8 ohm speaker could have an impedance as low as 5 or 6 ohms and as high as 50 ohms (impedance is frequency dependent)! Further, a speaker load is not the same as a resistive load, speakers are reactive loads. A reactive load is a load that has inductive or capacitive properties. Depending upon the input signal frequency, speaker loads may be resistive or resistive with an inductive or capacitive component. Without going into a ton of technical explanation, what this means is that speakers can be difficult loads for amplifiers to drive (it can cause more heat buildup in the amplifier). Ability to drive difficult speaker loads is where better amplifiers are separated from lesser designs.
Even though an amplifier may be rated for continuous use at 2ohms, there are several reasons why this may not be the best thing to do:
Paralleled speaker loads may be lower than you think: No speakers that DJ's are likely to use have 2ohm ratings. However, a pair of 4 ohm speakers paralleled will yield a nominal 2 ohm rating. As stated before, the actual impedance varies and the minimum impedance may dip considerably below 2 ohms at certain frequencies. Lower impedance loads mean more losses and more heat dissipation in the amplifier (see next item).
Heat Considerations: Operating an amplifier with a low impedance load (especially a low impedance reactive load) increases the heat dissipation of the amplifier (try it if you don't believe it!). This is because low impedance loads require more current, which taxes the amplifier�s power supply more severely. More current means more losses (which translates to more heat both in the power supply and output stage devices). Excessive heat is unhealthy for electronic devices and should be avoided.
Increased Line Losses: As the speaker impedance is lowered, more of the audio signal is lost (in the form of heat) in the speaker cables! This can become significant if you run long cables. Speaker wires have resistance (the value depends on the thickness and length of the cable); if the speaker impedance becomes very low the resistance of the speaker wire may no longer be insignificant. To prevent this problem, the cross sectional area of the speaker cable conductor must double for each halving of speaker load impedance! In other words, running 2 ohm loads means using VERY heavy speaker cables (especially so if they are of significant length) in order to avoid losing costly audio power in the speaker cables.
Damping Factor degradation: Using super low impedance loads on an amplifier will degrade the system's damping factor (discussed in detail below). Degradation of damping factor means that the amplifier will have less "control" over the speaker system, possibly resulting in a degradation of the sound quality.
So, just because an amplifier has a super powerful 2 ohm rating, don't obsess over ways to wire up multiple speakers in order to "use" this power! It is better to treat� the 2 ohm rating as "headroom" and know that your amp has the ability to more easily handle the most difficult "normal" 4 or 8 ohm speaker loads that you are likely to ever encounter. If you really need more audio output power, get a second amp and second set of speakers. Two medium powered amps are better than one monster (what if your one big amp dies at a live show)? With two smaller amps at least you can still run a basic show!
Noise
All amplifiers generate a certain amount of electrical noise. Note: the noise I refer to here is noise inherent in semiconductor circuits , not noise caused by improper wiring, poor shielding, etc.� Generally, the more powerful the amplifier, the more noise it will put out. If you turn on an amplifier (with the input device connected but powered off) and listen to a speaker connected to the amp you can clearly hear a hissing sound. This pretty much represents the noise floor of the amplifier.� If the amp has an input level control you will likely notice that the noise may vary as a function of the setting of the control.� For a powerful system, the noise might seem pretty obvious and annoying; however when actual music is playing the noise will be totally masked.
All electrical circuits generate a certain amount of noise. Better designs minimize the amount of noise, however no matter how good the design there will always be some. The noise comes from several sources, some of it is generated by the movement of electrons in the system and cannot be eliminated (unless you chill your equipment to absolute zero!). The noise floor of an amplifier by itself is usually not obviously audible in a typical room (unless you are standing right next to a speaker). However, the remaining components in a system (preamp, equalizer, processor, etc.) each add in some noise. So, the total system noise (when no music is playing) might be objectionable. If this is a serious problem, a device called a noise gate can be used. Such a device is essentially a "squelch" which is wired in just before the power amps (or electronic crossover in multi-way systems). The device is basically cuts noise from upstream components when no music is playing. Most noise gates have adjustable controls to set the threshold at which noise cut begins and also to set the amount of desired noise cut. Most DJ systems probably do not need noise gates unless they are very high powered systems with a long signal chain (or noisy components).
The noise floor of an amplifier is relatively constant, meaning it does not increase with increasing output signal (unless the amplifier has a poorly regulated power supply). In other words, the amplifier's noise floor is pretty much the same whether or not music is playing loudly or softly. So, when music is playing softly, the noise will be proportionally larger. When music is playing loudly, the noise is essentially "buried" or masked.
As stated, an amplifier with a poorly regulated power supply can create some additional noise. If the filtering of the power supply is marginal, the "smoothness" of the DC power supply voltage will be degraded when the amplifier is playing loudly. This will result in additional noise being added to the system (generally in the form of 60 Hz products). This type of noise isn�t really part of the noise floor. Such noise is often inaudible when music is playing loudly. It can be clearly heard however when playing test tones at levels near the output limit of the amplifier (don't try this unless you are thoroughly familiar with testing practices... blown speakers will otherwise be the result!).
Distortion
ALL amplifiers alter input signals, generally in two ways: they make them stronger (amplify) them, and they add characteristics which did not exist in the original signal. These undesirable characteristics are lumped together and called distortion. Noise can be considered a type of distortion and was discussed in the above section.
Everyone is familiar with gross distortion, the sound quality that results when turning up a radio or boom box to "full blast�. An excessive amount of amplifier clipping (see section below) results in hideous distortion that would be totally unsatisfactory for a DJ sound system (as well as a listener�s ears). However, not all distortion is blatant. In addition, there are several types, two of which will be discussed. Knowing what causes distortion will help you to prevent it from occurring. Knowing how to control distortion is important because excessive distortion can be detrimental to speaker systems (and your reputation as a performer).
Harmonic distortion: One common type of distortion is harmonic distortion. Harmonics of a signal are signals which are related to the original (or fundamental) by an integer (non decimal) number. A pure tone signal has no harmonics; it consists of only one single frequency. If 100 Hz pure tone signal was applied to the input of an amplifier, we would (upon measurement with special test equipment) find that the output signal of the amplifier was no longer pure. Careful measurements would likely show that several "new" frequencies have appeared. These new frequencies are almost certainly to be integer multiples of the original tone; they are the harmonics of the original signal. In the case of a 100 Hz input tone, we might expect to find tones at 200, 300, 400, 500 (etc.) Hz. We would also probably notice that the odd harmonics are much stronger than the even harmonics (we will not go into the reasons why in this article). In a good amplifier, the harmonics will be much weaker than the original tone. By much weaker, we mean on the order of a thousand times for decent amplifiers.
All amplifiers are generally rated for Total Harmonic Distortion (or THD), usually at full power output, with both channels driven, over a given frequency band (normally 20-20,000 Hz) and with a particular load. Good values are anything less than 0.5 % THD. Some amplifiers have vanishingly low THD ratings, like 0.01%, this is superb but in practice it does not really need to be this low for music reproduction).� When an amplifier is measured for THD, a pure tone is applied to the input and the output is measured with special test equipment. The energy of the pure tone is measured, and the energy of the harmonics is measured. Those two values are compared, and a THD rating is calculated. A THD rating of 1% means that the total energy of all the harmonics combined is one one-hundredth of the energy in the fundamental.
Harmonic distortion (although certainly undesirable) is one of the more tolerable types of distortion as long as it is kept reasonably low. Distortion levels of 10% may be very tolerable with music so long as the 10% level is only "occasional" (10% THD on a pure tone can easily be heard by the human ear... but who listens to pure tones?). The reason that a seemingly high value of THD is acceptable for music is partially because many sounds in nature are rich in harmonics. Also, most decent cassette decks (which most people agree sound pretty good) have THD (off the tape that is) of several percent. Worse, even good speakers can have THD up to 10%, especially at low frequencies! All in all, the human ear can tolerate a fair amount of THD before it becomes objectionable.� That said, it is preferable to maintain low THD to have the best sound at all times.
Note: It is a bit off topic for this article, but many guitar amplifiers incorporate ways to actually add controlled distortion to the signal!� This is what (often) gives a particular �sound� to a band.� This kind of distortion is OK in that it provides a desired tonal impact.� The key thing to remember is this: the signal coming out of the guitar amp (which is often fed to a main mixing board for the PA system) does not cause the signals from other instruments to become distorted.� In other words, in the mixer, the intentionally distorted sound from the guitar is added to the clean sound from the drums, lead vocal, etc.� If the final mix is sent to an amplifier that is driven into clipping, then the entire mix will sound bad.� However, with just the guitar running in controlled distortion, the music often sounds better than it would if the guitar was completely �clean�.
Do two amplifiers with identical THD ratings sound the same, everything else being equal? Not necessarily (but differences will be subtle). The reason is that the THD specification states nothing about where the harmonics are in the frequency band. For example one amplifier could have a dominant harmonic at one frequency and a second amplifier could have a dominant harmonic at a very different frequency. Or, one amplifier could have a few "big" harmonics while a second has many weak ones. These situations could easily result in identical THD ratings. The variations could be easily measured with laboratory equipment. However do not be overly concerned. Minor variations in THD ratings will not cause major differences in sound when listening to music. With pure tones as input signals it might be fairly easy to discern which of two amplifiers was used if the distortion was in the range of several percent (but again, who listens to tones?).
Intermodulation distortion Intermodulation distortion is the second "major" type of distortion that is often specified for amplifiers. Intermodulation distortion is much more objectionable to the human ear because it generates non-harmonically related "extra" signals which were not present in the original. It is analogous to someone singing way off key in a choral group
Intermodulation distortion (sometimes abbreviated IM) is more complicated to test for and specify. Basically, two pure tones of different frequencies are simultaneously applied to the input of the amplifier. If the amplifier were perfect, the two tones (and only the two tones) would be present at the amplifier output. In the real world, the amplifier would have some harmonic distortion (as described above), but careful observation of the output signal (using laboratory equipment) would reveal that there are a number of new tones present which cannot be accounted for as a result of harmonic distortion. These "new" tones are called "beat products" or "sum and difference" frequencies, and are a result of the interaction of the two pure tones within the amplifier. No amplifier is perfect, all have some non linear characteristics. Whenever two pure signals are applied to a nonlinear system, new signals (in addition to the original two pure ones) are generated. For a good amplifier, the new signals are very small in relation to the two original tones. This is fortunate, since the ear can detect much lower levels of intermodulation distortion as compared to harmonic distortion.
It should be noted that distortion measurements on amplifiers are made with test tones. These tones are usually sine waves (pure tones), which represent the simplest possible test signal to measure and quantify. A music signal is an extremely complicated waveform consisting of many constantly changing sine waves. Since music has so many harmonics and frequencies present, quantifying how two different amplifiers will sound by using simple THD and IM specifications is extremely difficult. In other words, just because two amplifiers have the same published specs for THD and IM does not mean that they are equivalent. Fully and completely quantifying the technical performance of an amplifier would be extremely complicated and costly (and would probably have little benefit in the end). Most amplifiers available today (from reputable manufacturers) have THD and IM levels low enough to yield excellent performance (so long as they are not overdriven). This leads nicely into our next topic...
Clipping: What is this?
Clipping is a term which many people have probably heard, but may not fully understand. Very simply, clipping of an amplifier occurs when one tries to get a larger output signal out of an amplifier than it was designed to provide.
As stated before, all power amplifiers have a DC power supply which provides power to (among other things) the output stage of the amplifier. For most amplifiers, the power supply consists of a "plus" supply and a "minus" supply. The two voltages are often referred to as "rail voltages" or simply "rails". As an example, a 200 wpc amplifier (at 8 ohms) might have a power supply voltage (rails) of +/- 60 volts DC. This means that the output voltage which drives the speaker can never exceed + 60 or - 60 volts. If the amplifier is playing at near full volume, and someone �cranks up the volume�, the amplifier will attempt to put out more power. However, the power required to meet the sudden new demand for more volume cannot be met by the power supply voltage, which has limits of +/-60 volts in this example. The result is a waveform with the top portion (or peak) "clipped" off (hence the term "clipping"). Such clipping represents a distortion which is added to the waveform (and if it is severe enough it will be clearly audible). If a signal is severely clipped, the waveform takes on the shape of a "square wave", and the resulting sound will be absolutely hideous. Clipping can be easily observed using an oscilloscope attached to the amplifier output.
Clipping is not usually a major problem for amplifiers (unless it is extreme), but it can be very detrimental to speaker systems. Whenever clipping occurs, two things happen: (1) the spectral content of the music signal is altered (high frequency components are generated), and (2) signal compression occurs. If excessive clipping occurs, tweeters will be the first to blow followed by midrange drivers. Woofers are best equipped to survive clipping (unless the abuse is blatant).
In general, clipping of an amplifier should be avoided. Use an amplifier that has clipping indicators, and pay attention to them! Occasional clipping is OK and probably not very audible. However if you find yourself clipping the amp most of the time, you should either (a) turn down the volume or (b) if you really do need to run louder, consider obtaining stronger (or additional) amplifier.
Damping Factor... What is this?
The Damping Factor of an amplifier in general refers to the ratio of the amplifier's output load impedance (the speaker, nominally 8 ohms) to the output impedance of the amplifier. Ideally, the damping factor would be infinity (in other words, the ideal output impedance for an audio amplifier is zero ohms). Damping factor, like many amplifier specifications, is a function of many factors and is thus difficult to quantify with a single number. As such, "low end" manufacturers can have a "field day" with this spec, publishing fantastic numbers (however with no information as to how the measurement was made).
The damping factor if an amplifier depends greatly upon the speaker to which it is connected, the wire connecting the speaker to the amplifier, the signal frequency that the amplifier is sending to the speaker, and the power level at which the amplifier is operating, among other things. Damping factor is most critical at low frequencies, generally 100 Hz and below (i.e. frequencies that a woofer reproduces). At such frequencies, a high damping factor is desirable in order to maintain a "tight" sound. If an amplifier/speaker pair has a low damping factor, the bass response is likely to be "boomy", "uncontrolled", and "loose" sounding.
Specifying damping factor as a simple single number does not really tell the whole story. Damping factor is a ratio of two numbers, one of which (the speaker impedance) varies by a large amount depending upon frequency. This being the case, the damping factor will also vary considerably as a function of frequency. Most of the variation in damping factor is due to the characteristics of the speaker connected to the amplifier. The wire which connects the speaker to the amplifier has finite resistance which must be accounted for; basically it is lumped in with the impedance of the speaker. So, it is wise to use heavy speaker wire in order to minimize degradation of the damping factor.
As mentioned, the output impedance of an amplifier is ideally zero. In the real world, this is never the case. The next best thing would be a very low constant (non changing) impedance. Again, the real world does not allow this either. The output impedance of most amplifiers is relatively constant except for when they approach the last 10% or so of their voltage output. This is due to the nature of the waveform from which most power supplies obtain their energy (especially analog supplies) . What this means is that the output impedance of an amplifier tends to rise considerably as it approached its output limit. As the amplifier's output impedance increases, the damping factor must decrease proportionally. In my opinion, if manufacturers specified the output impedance of their amplifiers, there would be a lot less ambiguity among the numbers.
High damping factor numbers go hand-in-hand with amplifiers that can drive very low impedance loads (these are amplifiers with power supplies capable of delivering tremendous current). If you want to "artificially" degrade the damping factor of your system (to hear the effects), a simple test can be done. Listen to your system at a "healthy" volume (use a CD with lots of low, tight percussion type sounds); be sure to use a heavy gauge short length speaker wire. If you have a sound level meter, note the sound level you listened at. Then, connect your speaker up through a 100 foot (give or take) wire with much smaller gauge (use #20 or higher). Play the same music as before, but make sure the volume (to your ears, not the volume control!) is the same (this is where the sound level meter comes in handy). The volume control on the amp will have to be turned up a bit to overcome the power loss in the smaller wire. You should be able to tell that the sound has changed (for the worst, in most people's opinion).
Do not be terribly concerned with damping factor when choosing quality equipment. Most of the good amplifiers and speakers available today will yield excellent sound when used together. To avoid degrading the damping factor of your system, simply follow these (easy) steps:
Don't load up an amp with multiple pairs of low impedance speakers
Use heavy gauge speaker wire, ESPECIALLY in long runs
Never wire resistors in series with your speakers (you can't change a 4 ohm speaker to 8ohms by doing this!)
Use a heavy duty (i.e.12 gauge or heavier) extension cord when plugging your amp into the wall outlet.
Can I get a shock from the speaker connections on my Amp?
YES! Amplifiers in the 400 plus watt per channel range are not uncommon today. Such an amplifier will put out about 50 to 60 volts RMS to a speaker. While this is only about half the amount that comes out of a wall socket, it's definitely enough to be unpleasant if you are holding on to it! Note: The US Military defines any voltage in excess of 30 volts as hazardous. Such a voltage can be generated by any amplifier in the 100 + watt per channel range.
As a side note, it's not a good idea to plug or unplug speakers when the amplifier is playing at high volume. The "make and break" of connectors can cause momentary short circuits, as well as voltage and current transients (none of which is healthy for the amp). The preferable procedure is to make all speaker connections (and disconnects) with the amp turned OFF.
What is "Bridging"?
Bridging an amplifier refers to configuring a two channel (stereo) amplifier to drive a single load with more power than the sum of the two original channels combined. For an example, a 100 watt per channel amp may put out 300 watts (one channel) after bridging.� Don�t confuse �bridging� an amplifier with �bi-amping� an amplifier!
There are important things to know about running an amplifier in the bridged mode:
The following diagrams will be used to try to explain what goes on when an amplifier is operated in bridged mode. The letters in circles are designators, when I have time I will generate waveform plots that show the signals at each of the stages shown. In the meantime, we first we show a diagram for an amplifier operating in "normal" mode:
Figure 1.
AB
amp running in "normal" mode.
In Figure 1 above, we show one channel of a two channel amp. Note how the speaker is connected to output of the amplifier (between the + and � terminals).� The +Vcc and �Vcc lines are the rail voltages of the power output stage.
Figure 2.
AB
amp running in "bridged" mode.
Figure 2 above shows a concept diagram of a two channel amplifier operating in bridged mode. Note that there are many ways to do the 180 degree phase shift (it is really a phase inversion), the concept diagram above is but one way of accomplishing this task. Note that the speaker is connected between the two "plus" terminals at the output of the amp! Bridged amplifiers work basically as follows: A single input signal is applied to the amplifier. Internal to the amp, the input signal is split into two signals. One is identical to the original, and the second is also identical except that it is passed through a "phase flip" circuit. The original signal is sent to one channel of the amp, and the inverted signal is applied to the second channel. Amplification of these two signals within each amplifier channel occurs just like for any other signal. The output results in two channels which are identical except one channel is the inverse of the other. The speaker is connected between the two positive amplifier speaker output terminals. In words, one channel "pulls" one way while the second channel "pulls" in the opposite direction. This allows considerably more power to be delivered to a single load.
Some facts about amplifiers operating in bridged mode:
An amplifier running in bridged mode has one output channel to which a load (speaker) can be connected. It is no longer a two channel (stereo) amp as far as input signals and loads are concerned. If you have two speakers and want to use bridged amplifiers in a stereo mode, you will need two stereo amplifiers (one stereo amplifier for each input channel).
Amplifiers running in bridged mode accept a single input signal. Normally, the input will be "Channel 1" or "left". Manufacturers vary however, so check the instruction manual for the proper input wiring procedures.
If the amp you want to run in bridged mode does not have built in facilities for doing so, you should not attempt to use it in this manner (unless you are thoroughly sure of what you are doing). A blown amp could result if you make a mistake or bad assumption.
If you run bridged amplifiers, you must pay close attention to speaker wiring phasing, otherwise, you may have "hollow" or "weak" sound. The speaker cable connection in bridged mode connects to the two positive (usually red) speaker connection terminals on the amplifier (the ground (black) connections are not used). The manufacturer will state which red terminal is really the "positive" connection.� The speaker won�t care about phasing, but you (normally) want all your speakers phased the same (otherwise they will tend to cancel each other out and result in less sound).
The speaker output signals of a bridged amplifier are floating; such connections must never be connected to any grounded device (such as an external accessory power meter, for example). If you do make such an illegal connection, one amplifier channel is basically short circuited (worst case result is a blown amplifier!).
Amplifiers running in bridged mode are usually capable of doing so only with speakers that have impedance of twice the minimum impedance the amp is rated for when in normal mode. In other words, if an amp is rated to handle 4 ohm loads in normal mode, in general the minimum load for bridged mode will be 8 ohms. Check your amp's specifications for details.
If we had our perfect amplifier, upon bridging it we would have a single channel amplifier with exactly four times as much power as any one channel of the amplifier in "normal" stereo mode, assuming an 8 ohm speaker load. This is because the effective output voltage available to drive the speaker has doubled as a result of bridging. A doubling of voltage on a given load results in a fourfold increase of power delivered to that load. If we used a 4 ohm load on the perfect bridged amplifier, the output power would be a very substantial eight times the normal stereo single channel 8 ohm output! These numbers should give some clues as to why real world amplifiers cannot meet such expectations. Once again, we are back to limitations of the power supply (and probably also the limitations of the output devices in cases where the power supply could keep up). �In reality, most amplifiers in bridged mode will put out about 3 times the power as any one channel of the amp in normal stereo mode. The fourfold increase cannot be achieved because the power supply is unable to provide the current required for such performance. With 4 ohm loads, the situation is compounded. The amount of current required to drive a 4 ohm load when in bridged mode will tax the amplifier�s power supply to its absolute limits. Not to mention, the output stage may not be able to safely handle the extra heat that will be dissipated. Bottom line: stay away from 4 ohm loads if you are running an amplifier in bridged mode unless your amplifier�s manual specifically states that you can use such loads safely!
Bi-Amplification: what is this?
Bi-amplification is (in most cases) defined as using more than one amplifier to power a speaker system (typically one amp for bass and one for mid/high frequencies). The key point here is that each amplifier is dedicated to a specific frequency band (whereas with single amplifier systems the one amp covers the entire audio range).� Similarly, some systems are tri-amplified and once in a while you may see a 4 or 5 way system (although the latter is usually reserved for only the most powerful touring type sound systems). Bi-amplification has many significant benefits:
Lower Distortion By using a separate amp for bass and a separate amp for mid/highs, the bass amp can clip without adversely impacting the overall sound quality. Chances are that the ugly sounding distortion produced by clipping an amp will not sound as bad coming out of a woofer (because woofers don't reproduce the high frequency distortion signals very well). Note that this means you should not consider clipping a good thing, it's just that the impact won't be as bad.
More total output Let's say you have a 400 watt single amp and 300 watt bass amp and 100 watt high/mid amp for use in a bi-amped configuration. You will be (in most cases) be able to get a higher volume out of the bi-amped system as compared to the single 400 watt system. Why is this? Isn't the total power the same for both setups? It is. However, due to the nature of musical waveforms, you'll be better able to handle large peak signals better. For example a loud bass sound and a loud HF sound at the same time may require a signal level that would clip the 400 watt amp. However, because in the bi-amp system the signal is split into different frequency bands, there's a better chance of handling the signal without clipping. Note that you can't expect to get a large amount of increase in sound level by using bi-amped systems, but in general you will get somewhat more capacity and at the same time significantly reduced levels of distortion.
Better Crossover performance The bad news is that bi-amplification requires that the signals to the amps be split into low and high bands BEFORE they are input to the amp. This requires what is called an "electronic" or "active" crossover network. The bad news is that this means more money, more wiring and more chances for problems if you don�t hook it up correctly.� However, the advantages of a bi or tri amped system make it the only choice for high power high performance systems.� Using an electronic crossover eliminates the need for large, expensive, lossy and non linear passive low frequency crossovers in bass systems. Elimination of passive crossovers (in the speaker cabinets) can significantly increase the quality of the sound!� Also, it is easy to design steep slope crossovers using active electronics, allowing for very sharp cutoff of lows and highs (a good thing for HF systems). Also, most active crossovers allow one to adjust the crossover frequency, adjust the level of the signal and vary the phase. For high power systems, bi-amplification is the norm (and tri-amplification is not at all uncommon).
Bi-amplification is common among car audio systems (the powerful ones, not so much with the stock stereo that comes with most cars). Many home theater systems use a separate amp to drive a subwoofer. These systems are a form of bi-amplification, although in most cases the amp is a multi channel amp (not two separate amplifiers) and also they generally don't have nearly the flexibility of a conventional bi-amped system. Nonetheless, many of the benefits of bi-amplification are realized. The same applies to powered subwoofers for the most part. (I'll expand this section a lot more when I have time, just wanted to get the basics in there for now, JR)
Amplifier Efficiency
I have sensed a fair amount of confusion (based on e-mail from readers) concerning amplifier efficiency.� In general, efficiency of a device is defined as the amount of useful output power divided by the amount of required input power.� The maximum efficiency any circuit can have is 100%, for amplifiers this value can never be met.� In general, audio amplifiers are not particularly efficient.� Class A amplifiers are the least efficient.�
Class
AB
amplifiers are better, with a maximum theoretical efficiency of around 78%.� Well designed Class D amplifiers can approach 95%, a very good figure!� High efficiency means less power is wasted in the form of heat.� This means smaller heat sinks, less weight, and more output for a given input.� However, there is more to this discussion than the simple numbers just given.
Why are amplifiers not 100% efficient?� For an amplifier to be 100% efficient, all of the AC power taken from the wall outlet would have to end up as useful output (power available to drive a speaker).� This can never be realized because some power will always be required by the input stage (although this is fairly small).� In most designs, the bulk of the power loss occurs in the output stage of the amplifier.� This article can only go into a very high level explanation�. Basically, the output devices (transistors) in an output stage of most amplifiers act like variable resistors, kind of like a water faucet that varies flow rate in accordance with the music (class D is different as we have discussed previously).� Remember we talked about rail voltages of a power supply?� Basically, this voltage is dropped across the output device and the load (speaker) depending on the level of the output signal at any given moment.� At the instant when the volume is high, there is relatively little voltage drop across the output device (but a lot of current flowing through it).� When the output is small, there is a large drop across the output device (but very little current flow).� Ohm�s law dictates how things work here: power = voltage times current = current squared times resistance.� Basically, any time there is a significant current flowing and a significant voltage drop across a device, heat will result.� So, to make an efficient amplifier, one needs to find a way to make the output device not dissipate much power.� Class A amplifiers are bad because there is almost always a lot of voltage drop AND current flowing through the output device.�
Class
AB
is better but it still has the same basic problem.� Class D amps are very efficient because the output device spends very little time in a state where there is both a significant voltage drop on the device and a large current simultaneously flowing through it.� Basically, Class D amplifiers operate their output devices as switches, where the other amplifier classes operate the output devices in the linear mode, and this will inevitably lead to power loss in the device.
There is a point I want to make about amplifier efficiency that many people fail to properly understand.� I�ll use the common class AB amp for this discussion. Amplifiers of class AB are said to have an efficiency of around 75%.� The key here is to understand that this is the maximum possible efficiency!� This efficiency (for a well designed unit) can only be met under certain operating conditions!� In practice, with real music signals, the actual efficiency will be significantly less than the maximum theoretical value.� In actuality, the efficiency of an amplifier is different at every moment in time (for a time varying signal like music).� The efficiency of a class AB amp is best when the amplifier is putting out a signal just at the threshold of clipping! This is because at that instant the current through the output device is high, but the voltage drop across it is low.� The efficiency of the amplifier at lower operating levels is less than the maximum efficiency.� So, in truth it is difficult to say that an amplifier has a specific efficiency as that value will depend on what the nature of the output signal is.� However, for a given signal, amplifiers of different classes and the same output rating clearly have different efficiencies.� The clear standout for efficiency in audio amplifiers is held by the Class D design (because these amplifiers operate the output devices as switches, meaning very little power is ever dissipated in the output devices).
Amplifier efficiency is generally assumed to be stated for resistive loads.� Speakers are reactive loads, meaning they are basically a resistance with the added characteristic of inductance or capacitance (one or the other at any given time).� A speaker will never be totally reactive (meaning it will never be totally inductive or total capacitive, it will always have a resistive component).� Ideal inductors and capacitors dissipate no power (these devices store electrical energy), however they DO allow current to flow.� For illustrative purposes, let�s say that we have a very strange speaker that is 8 ohms inductive (100% inductive).� If we hook this up to an amplifier will current flow (assuming the volume is up)?� Yes!� However, the inductor cannot dissipate any power (and hence this speaker makes no sound).� Ohm�s law dictates how things work here.� Basically, we will have the same current flowing through an 8 ohm inductor as would be in an 8 ohm speaker, HOWEVER, the current through the inductor has a different phase than it would through a resistive load.� Ohms law states that the current around any circuit loop is the same in each component and the voltage drops in the loop must sum to zero.� So, we have voltage drop across the inductor and current flowing through it, however because the current and voltage are 90 degrees out of phase there IS NO POWER dissipated by the inductor.� HOWEVER, there IS power being dissipated in the output device of the amplifier EVEN THOUGH WE HAVE NO POWER BEING DISSPATED IN THE INDUCTOR (the strange speaker in this example)!� What I am trying to explain in this long winded section is that inductive (and capacitive) loads can place added demands on the output devices of amplifiers!� As I mentioned, no real speaker will be 100% inductive (or capacitive), but under certain conditions (conditions that are not uncommon in actual use) speakers can have an inductive (or capacitive) component that can definitely add to the stress on the output device of an amplifier.� Reactive loads will basically increase the power dissipated in the output device in an amplifier.� The result is that heat sinks must be larger, devices need to have higher ratings than what otherwise might at first seem adequate.� If you take nothing else away from this section, realize that (a) reactive loads (speakers) can reduce the efficiency of amplifiers and they can cause added stress to the output stage of amplifiers (they can make your amp overheat prematurely).
Now consider this: most speakers are only about 5% efficient!� So we have an amp that might be 50% efficient and then that power is going to a speaker that is only 5% efficient!� Suffice to say that the vast majority of AC power that amp takes from the wall socket never gets converted to useful sound (almost all of it ends up as heat)!
Maximum Power Transfer Theory and Efficiency
Note: This section is intended primarily for engineering students or those with a deeper technical interest. The purpose is to provide a "real world" explanation of the Maximum Power Transfer theory and why it is NOT used in amplifiers designed for stereo systems!
Second year electrical engineering students have most likely covered the theory that basically states "maximum power is transferred to a load when the output impedance of the source is identical ("matched") to that of the load". The connection that some people fail to make is that maximum power transfer doesn�t mean maximum efficiency! At best, if the maximum power transfer theory is used, efficiency will be only 50% (not so good). In other words, if an amplifier is designed for maximum power transfer to a load, fully one half of the energy required by the amplifier's output stage will be dissipated (i.e. wasted) in the source impedance!
For amplifiers used in stereo systems (audio amplifiers), the goal is to have the amplifier output impedance be as low as possible (ideally zero, but this is never achieved). If an amplifier were to have an output impedance of 8 ohms (a common value for speakers), maximum power transfer would occur. However two other bad things result. First, the efficiency of the amplifier is at best only 50%, meaning that the amplifier will generate a lot of heat. Second, the amplifier/speaker system will have a terrible damping factor. Damping factor basically refers to the ratio of speaker impedance to amplifier output impedance; high numbers are better. A low damping factor will not damage anything but it will tend louse up the sound considerably. To maintain a "tight" sound, it is important to have the output impedance of the amplifier be as low as possible with respect to the speaker. Otherwise, the amplifier will not have as much control over the speaker. Speakers, being highly complicated electromechanical devices with reactive impedance properties, behave better when they are connected to an amplifier with an extremely low output impedance. Speakers tend to electrically "buck and kick" an amplifier when in operation; the best way to tame this behavior is to put a heavy "load" (i.e. an amp with a very low output impedance) on the speaker! An amplifier/speaker combination with a low damping factor will tend to have a "boomier" sound and poorer transient response, (such a sound is not always bad, some people actually prefer it!).
There is a quick test anyone can do to get a feel for what affect the damping factor has on a speaker system. Disconnect your speaker system from the amplifier, remove the grille, and gently tap on the woofer cone. You will hear a low frequency sound, this is the "resonance frequency" of the system. Note the characteristic if the sound as you tap the cone. Now, connect the speaker up to the amplifier, and turn the amplifier ON (but leave the volume at zero). Now tap on the speaker cone as before. You will observe that the sound has changed considerably. The sound will be much "tighter", and the cone will seem harder to move. This is because the amplifier has in effect "loaded" the speaker system. The case where the speaker was disconnected from the amplifier represents the worse possible damping factor (zero).
Anyway, back to the topic of this section. Although there are many applications where maximum power transfer is desired, audio amplifiers are not one of them. Audio amplifiers generally deal with a considerable amount of power, so high efficiency is a more important design consideration.. In addition, to maintain high quality audio, an audio amplifier ideally has an output impedance which is VERY small compared to the impedance of the speaker it will be driving. Note that using 4 ohm speakers on an amplifier will degrade the damping factor as compared to using 8 ohm speakers.
AC Power Requirements
On the back of most amplifiers you will see a panel that says (for example) 120 VAC 300 W.� Does this mean that the amplifier is a 300 watt amp?� NO!� This wattage rating refers to the amount of power that the amplifier requires from the AC wall outlet.
The AC wattage rating will only give you a general clue about the wattage rating of the amplifier (wattage rating to the speakers), however because of the different ways these ratings are specified you cannot be sure of the exact rating.� One thing is true: no amplifier can put out more power than it takes in.� Most of the time the AC wattage rating is considerably more than the speaker power rating.� However, you must consider these AC wattage ratings only as a guide.� The amount of AC power the amplifier takes from the wall depends on how loud the amplifier is playing, the type of signal being played (music will in general take less power than test tones when the amp is at the clipping threshold).
Here�s a quandary.� I got a question from someone who said that his amplifier was rated for 800 watts per channel, and the current requirement listed on the unit was 12 amps.� So, this person took the 12 A and multiplied it by 120 (the voltage) to figure the power, in this case 12x120 = 1440.� He asked, �How can my amp put out 1600W if it only takes 1440W from the AC line?� A good question, and here�s the answer: the 12A rating was an RMS current rating for when the amplifier was being used with music signals (at full output).� Because music signals are �easier� to reproduce than test tones (in terms of demand on the power supply), the RMS current required is not as much as if the amp was being used with test tones.� Had this amplifier been driven to full 1600W output using a sine wave, there is no question that the AC line current required would be quite a bit more than 12A.� If we assume 70% efficiency, the current requirement from the AC outlet when the amp is being used with full power sine waves would have been more like 19A.� Unless you run a test lab, you are not likely to be playing test tones (sine waves) at the full output of the amp�s capability.� The vendor of this amplifier specified the AC line current requirement the when the amp is at full useable output with music signals.� So, the point is, use the AC line current (or wattage rating) only as a general guide.� The AC power required from the wall outlet will always be more than what is being delivered to the speakers, and in reality it will constantly vary as the signals changes.� If you had an AC current meter tied into the AC line that feeds your amp, you�d see the current reading jumping around more or less the same as you see the signal varying on power meters (ones that monitor power to the speakers).
Questions / Other
This article has only briefly skimmed some of the topics associated with audio amplifiers.� Each section above could easily be expanded into a chapter of a book (some topics could be an entire book)!� I don�t have all the answers but I will try to write more as time allows.� If you have questions you can e-mail me. Please note that I receive a considerable volume of questions as a result of my web pages, and I may not always be able to answer promptly (although I try). I provide answers only in areas where I am qualified (I will let you know if your question is not one I can answer). Also please note that I in general cannot answer questions regarding specific brands and models of equipment. With so many kinds of equipment available, it is nearly impossible to know all of them! Questions I can best answer involve fundamental performance characteristics of equipment (why low impedance loads are difficult, what is bridging, etc).
| i don't know |
Who was elected President of France in June 1969? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 28 | 1969: President Charles de Gaulle resigns
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1969: President Charles de Gaulle resigns
The French President, Charles de Gaulle, has resigned from office after 11 years, following his defeat in a referendum on governmental reforms.
A terse, three-line communiqu� from the Elys�e presidential palace, issued shortly after midnight (2300 GMT), announced his decision to step down. His decision takes effect from 1200 local time (1100 GMT).
The result of the vote was decisive: 52.87% of the electorate voted "no", with 47.13% supporting the president. Turnout was over 80%. The result of voting in overseas territories has yet to arrive, but will not affect the outcome.
His resignation has caused shockwaves around the world. General de Gaulle, 78, is a towering figure in post-war politics: the symbol of Free France during the Nazi occupation in the Second World War, he founded the Fifth Republic in 1958 when he became President of France.
He was a controversial figure at home and abroad, but nonetheless revolutionised French political institutions, and became France's most powerful head of state since Napoleon III.
The Prime Minister, Maurice Couve de Murville, spoke in a television broadcast of his "profound sadness" at the result. He said it was "an event the gravity of which will very quickly appear to all people in France and in the world".
Vote of confidence
Robert Poujade, secretary-general of the Gaullist Party, was one of many paying tribute to General de Gaulle.
"He who inspired our struggles of yesterday will continue to inspire our struggles of tomorrow," he said. "In this ordeal, as he taught us, we shall not flinch one moment."
The proposals for reform which brought down the president were aimed at modernising the structure of government. General de Gaulle saw the issue as so crucial that he tied his own future to that of the referendum result. It turned the campaign into a vote of confidence in the General himself.
All attention now turns to former Prime Minister Georges Pompidou, who has never denied his intention to stand as President if Mr de Gaulle resigned. Mr Pompidou, controversially dismissed by the General after the elections last year, has long been regarded as his obvious successor.
With declarations due within the next month, the race is on to see who can follow one of the greatest acts in the history of France.
| Georges Pompidou |
Blocking, Second, Weaving and Feint are terms used in which sport? | Election Resources on the Internet: Presidential and Legislative Elections in France
Election Resources on the Internet:
Presidential and Legislative Elections in France
Voters in France, which held a presidential election on April 22 and May 6, 2012, returned to the polls on June 10 and 17, 2012 to choose members of the lower house of the French legislature, the National Assembly. An overview of the French electoral system is presented here.
May 22-25, 2014 European election results will be available here . In addition, France's Ministry of the Interior will have detailed results in French of the 2014 European elections in France.
National- and regional-level results are available here for the following presidential and legislative elections:
Historical Background
Although the 1946-1958 French Fourth Republic was a period of significant progress, in which the French economy engaged in a remarkable postwar recovery, as well as important accomplishments such as the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) by the 1957 Treaty of Rome (of which France was a founding member), it was also characterized by a lack of stable leadership: from 1946 to 1958, the country had no less than two dozen cabinets, which on average lasted about six months in office. In due course, the inability of the Fourth Republic to provide strong leadership to confront a major crisis led to its demise.
In May 1958, France seemed to be on the verge of civil war, as the leaders of the Fourth Republic appeared unable to agree on the formation of a new government to deal with the worsening crisis in Algeria, which had sparked a military insurrection. At the time, Algeria was under French rule, and since 1954 it had been experiencing an armed insurrection by part of the native population. The crisis stemmed from the fact that while France had already initiated its de-colonization process, granting independence to neighboring Morocco and Tunisia, sovereignty for Algeria was deemed unacceptable, as the presence of a large number of French settlers, which numbered around a million people (but only one-tenth of the population), made Algeria an integral part of France in the eyes of many French.
After all other alternatives were exhausted, General Charles de Gaulle, who had led the Free French forces in their fight against the Nazi occupation of France and their collaborators during World War II, was asked to become prime minister. He agreed to the request, with the condition that a new constitution providing a strong presidency be drafted, in accordance with his widely known preference for a strong executive. However, due to widespread concerns that a pure presidential arrangement might concentrate too much power in the hands of a single person - who could eventually decide to do without democratic forms - the constitution of the Fifth Republic, overwhelmingly approved by French voters in a September 1958 referendum, created a hybrid system with presidential and parliamentary features. To be certain, the power and prestige of the presidency was enhanced, but at the same time somewhat weakened parliamentary forms were retained. It should be noted that while abstractly analyzed, the parliamentary aspects appear to be more important than the presidential features, in practice the regime has been for the most part more presidential than parliamentary, in large measure due to the strong personality of the founder and first president of the Fifth Republic, General de Gaulle, who clearly dominated the political landscape during his tenure in office from 1959 to 1969.
Thus, while on one hand the constitutional arrangements of the Fifth Republic make the directly-elected president the leader of the nation, on the other one the prime minister, a presidential appointee, is in charge of selecting (in consultation with the president) the members of the Council of Ministers - the cabinet - and running the government. In conformity with standard parliamentary practices, the prime minister can be removed in a vote of no-confidence by the lower house of the French legislature - the National Assembly - although the constitution imposes somewhat strict limitations around this procedure.
(In addition to the National Assembly, which is directly elected by the people, there is an indirectly elected Senate with very restricted powers. If the Senate and the National Assembly are at odds, the existing constitutional mechanisms tend to favor the National Assembly.)
However, unlike in most parliamentary regimes, members of the cabinet cannot simultaneously belong to the legislature. In practice, it is usually the case that the person chosen for the position of prime minister enjoys the confidence of the president, his or her task being to implement policy goals emanating from the presidency - as well as to be at the receiving end of any political fallout resulting from the implementation of said policies, since the president, as leader of the nation, is not supposed to engage in petty politics. Thus, by attempting to combine seemingly incompatible presidential and parliamentary forms (the former requiring the separation of powers, the latter the merger of executive and legislature), the French constitution has its share of ambiguities.
In particular, the constitution is not clear as to what happens when opponents of a sitting president secure control of the National Assembly. However, this has been a fairly common occurrence since 1986, and in such cases an arrangement known as "cohabitation" has been developed, under which the president appoints a prime minister from opposing parties holding a majority of seats in the Assembly, and the system essentially reverts to a parliamentary form of government. Nonetheless, successive presidents have sought to exercise an influential role under such circumstances, most notably on matters concerning foreign policy.
The Electoral System
The president of France is directly elected by universal suffrage in two stages of voting. All parties take part in the first round, usually promoting their own candidates. However, presidential hopefuls are required to present 500 endorsements signed by elected officials in order to secure a place on the ballot. If no candidate obtains an absolute majority of all valid votes cast in the first round, then the top two candidates qualify for a runoff election, in which the candidate with the largest number of votes is elected to office for a term of five years.
Originally, an electoral college chose the president indirectly, but a 1962 amendment to the constitution established the popular election of the president by runoff voting. A subsequent constitutional amendment in 2000 reduced the president's term of office from seven to five years.
Popular voting for presidential elections was adopted at the behest of President de Gaulle, shortly after France came to terms with reality and finally granted independence to Algeria in 1962. With the crisis over, President de Gaulle's opponents sought to amend the constitution to restore the powers of the National Assembly, but de Gaulle outmaneuvered them by ordering a referendum on his proposed direct presidential elections amendment. Although the process was carried out in a manner contrary to the provisions of the 1958 constitution, French voters nonetheless approved the measure in an October 1962 referendum, by 13,150,516 votes in favor (62.3%) to 7,974,538 against (37.7%), on a 77% turnout.
The National Assembly is composed of 577 members elected every five years in single-member constituencies by the runoff voting system. Candidates who obtain both an absolute majority of valid votes cast and a vote total equal to at least one quarter of the registered electorate are elected in the first round. Otherwise, a runoff election is held among candidates polling a number of votes greater than or equal to one-eight (12.5%) of the electorate; if fewer than two candidates meet this requirement, the runoff is held between the top two candidates. In the second round, the candidate that obtains the largest number of votes is elected to office.
Under the runoff system, a simple majority in the first round does not guarantee victory in the second round: in 1974, 1981 and 1995, the winner of the first round of presidential balloting went down to defeat in the runoff election.
The Political Parties
From 1958 until 1974 the Gaullist Party - initially known as the Union for the New Republic (UNR) and subsequently (after several name changes) as the Union of Democrats for the Republic (UDR) - was by far the French Fifth Republic's dominant political force. Nonetheless, the opposition parties still commanded significant electoral support during this time period. In the 1965 presidential election - the first held by popular voting since 1848 - President de Gaulle failed to obtain an absolute majority in the first round of voting as François Mitterrand, the candidate of the left-wing parties, put up a stronger-than-expected challenge (while at the same time centrist Jean Lecanuet finished a distant third). Nonetheless, de Gaulle ultimately defeated Mitterrand in the second round. Likewise, the Gaullists rarely held an absolute majority in the National Assembly, and usually had to depend on the support of minor allied parties, most notably the right-of-center Independent Republicans (RI).
(The only time the Gaullists won an absolute parliamentary majority was in 1968, when the French people rallied around de Gaulle following the "events of May" earlier that year - a series of widespread student riots and workers' strikes that came close to toppling the Fifth Republic.)
In 1969, President de Gaulle resigned after French voters rejected a proposed reorganization of the regions and reform of the Senate in a referendum. In the ensuing presidential election, Georges Pompidou, who had been de Gaulle's prime minister from 1962 to 1968, easily defeated centrist Alain Poher; the left, badly divided, failed to make it to the runoff election. Under Pompidou, the Gaullists, which had initially sought to portray themselves as being neither left-wing nor right-wing, turned to the right. Meanwhile, in 1971 François Mitterrand took over the moribund Socialist Party (PS); under his leadership, the party staged a remarkable comeback in the 1973 National Assembly election, in which the Gaullists suffered heavy losses to the Socialists and the French Communist Party (PCF) - at the time the second most powerful Communist party in Western Europe (after Italy's).
President Pompidou died in office in 1974, and in an early presidential election, a significant number of Gaullists, led by Jacques Chirac, supported Independent Republican candidate Valéry Giscard d'Estaing over UDR candidate Jacques Chaban-Delmas (who had been prime minister under Pompidou from 1969 to 1972). In the first round, François Mitterrand, the joint PS-PCF candidate, topped the poll with a clear plurality but fell short of an absolute majority. As it turned out, Giscard, who had come in a strong second place - well ahead of Chaban-Delmas, who fared poorly in the election - went on to defeat Mitterrand in the runoff vote by a very narrow margin.
Upon assuming office, President Giscard appointed Chirac as prime minister. However, in 1976 Giscard clashed with the ambitious Chirac, who was forced to resign as head of government; he was replaced by Raymond Barre. Chirac then established the neo-Gaullist Rally for the Republic (RPR) as the successor of the UDR, and in 1977 secured a power base when he was elected to the revived office of mayor of Paris. Meanwhile, Giscard brought together the Independent Republicans and several centrist parties under the Union for French Democracy (UDF) coalition, and in the 1978 National Assembly election, RPR and UDF secured a comfortable majority - in no small measure because the Socialist and Communist parties had broken off their electoral pact shortly before the event.
In the 1981 presidential election, President Giscard won the largest number of votes in the first round of voting, with a slight plurality over Mitterrand, the candidate of the Socialist Party; the RPR's Jacques Chirac arrived in third place and Georges Marchais of the Communist Party came in fourth, scoring an unexpectedly poor showing when compared to previous PCF results. However, in the second round Mitterrand secured solid support from the Communists and prevailed over incumbent President Giscard, who received only lukewarm support from Chirac. After taking office, President Mitterrand called a snap parliamentary election, in which the Socialists won an absolute majority in the National Assembly and subsequently formed a coalition with the Communists (even though their support wasn't needed at the time to keep the government in power). In this manner, the left assumed control of government for the first time in the history of the Fifth Republic, after twenty-three years of center-right political hegemony.
At this juncture, the French political system appeared to be evolving in the direction of two-pole, multi-party politics dominated by RPR and UDF on the center-right, with PS and PCF on the left. However, the rise of the far-right National Front (FN) as a major political contender in 1983-84 upset this balance of forces. Support for the racist and xenophobic FN, previously an insignificant force, increased dramatically as France grappled with a large and increasing population of (mostly Arab) immigrants, which were perceived as siphoning jobs and welfare resources that supposedly would have otherwise gone to French nationals. The FN attracted a sizable share of the protest vote that used to go in the direction of the PCF, but it also siphoned votes from the mainstream center-right parties.
Prior to the 1986 parliamentary election, it appeared almost certain the Socialists would not only to lose their majority in the National Assembly, but face a solid center-right majority in the legislative body as well. In an attempt to prevent the opposition from winning a decisive victory, the Mitterrand government changed the electoral law to a system of proportional representation (PR). However, while the Socialists remained the largest party in the National Assembly, the center-right parties still managed to win a very small majority; the National Front (which in all likelihood would have obtained no seats under the runoff system) secured parliamentary representation; and the Communist Party (which had left the Cabinet in 1984) continued to lose ground. Faced with this outcome, President Mitterrand vowed to reality and appointed RPR leader Jacques Chirac as prime minister; the new center-right government promptly moved to restore the old electoral law.
However, Mitterrand made it quite clear that he would not be reduced to a mere figurehead while being forced to "cohabit" with his opponents. As it was, the Socialists recovered much of the lost political ground in the next two years, and scored a significant victory in the 1988 presidential election by securing the re-election of Mitterrand over Jacques Chirac (RPR), Raymond Barre (UDF) and National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen (who nonetheless improved upon his party's 1986 showing); PCF presidential candidate André Lajoinie fared badly, polling fewer than half the votes won by Georges Marchais seven years earlier. Mitterrand then called an early National Assembly election, which he hoped would deliver a Socialist majority. As it was clear by then that such an outcome could only be achieved under the traditional runoff system, the Socialist government did not reintroduce PR. Although the Socialists failed to win the desired absolute majority in the parliamentary election, they were able to govern for the next five years with the help of either the PCF or dissident centrists from the UDF.
A new period of "cohabitation" began after the 1993 parliamentary election, when the center-right won an overwhelming majority of seats in the National Assembly, crushing the Socialists. Jacques Chirac chose not to become head of government in order to focus on the 1995 presidential election, and Edouard Balladur - who had been the second most powerful figure in Chirac's 1986-88 government - was appointed prime minister. However, Balladur developed presidential ambitions of his own, and ended up running against Chirac, his former mentor. Although Socialist presidential candidate Lionel Jospin fared better than expected in the first round and outpolled Chirac (with Balladur, the National Front's Jean-Marie Le Pen, and Communist Robert Hue coming third, fourth and fifth, respectively - the latter two scoring modest gains over their parties' 1988 showing), Chirac managed to prevail over Jospin in the runoff vote by a clear (if not particularly large) margin.
In 1997, President Chirac called a National Assembly election a year ahead of schedule, hoping to at least retain a reduced center-right majority. However, the move backfired disastrously, and instead a coalition of Socialists, Communists, Greens and minor leftist parties won an absolute parliamentary majority. As such, for the remaining five years of his term in office, Chirac was forced to "cohabit" with a left-wing government headed by Socialist leader Lionel Jospin.
Chirac and Jospin faced each other once again in the 2002 presidential election. However, while Chirac topped the poll in the first round, National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen unexpectedly edged out Jospin for second place in a crowded field of sixteen candidates, and the left found itself excluded from the runoff election for the first time since 1969. The election was also a disaster for the Communist Party: its presidential candidate, Robert Hue, not only lost about two-thirds of the votes he had won in 1995, but on top of that two far-left candidates - Arlette Laguiller of Workers' Struggle (LO) and Olivier Besancenot of the Communist Revolutionary League (LCR) - outpolled him.
In the second round, President Chirac, supported by both the center-right and (reluctantly) the left, was re-elected in a record landslide over Le Pen, and Chirac's new group, the Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP; later the Union for a Popular Movement), which brought together the RPR, most of the former UDF and Liberal Democracy (DL; a 1998 UDF breakaway), secured a large parliamentary majority in the National Assembly election held shortly thereafter.
Jacques Chirac chose not to stand for re-election in 2007, and the ruling UMP chose former Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy as its presidential candidate. Meanwhile, Poitou-Charentes regional president Ségolène Royal secured the Socialist Party nomination in a party primary, becoming the first major-party female presidential candidate in French history. In the first round of voting, Sarkozy came in first place, followed by Royal; UDF presidential nominee François Bayrou arrived in a strong third place, but Jean-Marie Le Pen of the National Front had his worst showing since 1988, finishing a distant fourth, and the Communist Party fared even worse than in 2002. No candidate won an overall majority in the first round of voting, and in a runoff election between the top two candidates - the highly anticipated "Sarko-Ségo" showdown - Sarkozy won the presidential race by a clear majority over Royal.
Following Nicolas Sarkozy's triumph, it was anticipated that UMP would go on to score a landslide victory in the National Assembly election held a month after the presidential vote. However, while the results of the first round of voting favored the ruling party by a large margin, the runoff vote turned out to be unexpectedly close. Nonetheless, UMP had won a sizable number of seats in the first round, and the party retained a reduced yet substantial parliamentary majority. Both the National Front and François Bayrou's new Democratic Movement (MoDem) fared poorly in the election, but most of the UDF deputies ran under the "Presidential Majority" banner and retained their seats.
Nicolas Sarkozy ran for a second term in the 2012 presidential election, but in the April 22 first round of voting he arrived in second place, trailing Socialist Party nominee François Hollande. Meanwhile, Marine Le Pen, the leader of the National Front and daughter of Jean Marie Le Pen, finished in a strong third place, improving upon her father's showing in the 2002 presidential election. However, Democratic Movement leader François Bayrou came in a poor fifth place, behind Jean-Luc Mélenchon, the candidate of the radical Left Front, which includes the Communist Party. None of the ten candidates in the race won an absolute majority in the first round, and in a runoff election held the following May 6, François Hollande defeated President Sarkozy. Boosted by Hollande's victory, the Socialist Party went on to score a decisive victory over UMP in the June 2012 National Assembly election. Meanwhile, the National Front polled strongly in the legislative election's first round of voting, but in the runoff poll it only managed to capture two seats (out of 577).
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Gennaio is Italian for which month of the year? | Italian Vocabulary: Months
Italian Vocabulary
The names of the months (i mesi) are not capitalized in Italian.
January
| January |
In the US television series ‘Cheers’, in which year was the bar established? | A History of the Months and the Meanings of their Names
A History of the Months
The original Roman year had 10 named months Martius "March", Aprilis "April", Maius "May", Junius "June", Quintilis "July", Sextilis "August", September "September", October "October", November "November", December "December", and probably two unnamed months in the dead of winter when not much happened in agriculture. The year began with Martius "March". Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome circa 700 BC, added the two months Januarius "January" and Februarius "February". He also moved the beginning of the year from Marius to Januarius and changed the number of days in several months to be odd, a lucky number. After Februarius there was occasionally an additional month of Intercalaris "intercalendar". This is the origin of the leap-year day being in February. In 46 BC, Julius Caesar reformed the Roman calendar (hence the Julian calendar) changing the number of days in many months and removing Intercalaris.
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The words of Beethoven’s 9th Symphony (The Choral) were taken from which poem by Friedrich Schiller? | An Die Freude (Ode To Joy) W/ Lyrics - YouTube
An Die Freude (Ode To Joy) W/ Lyrics
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Uploaded on Dec 13, 2009
"Ode to Joy" from Beethoven's 9th Symphony. Performed by the South German Philharmonic, a recording of which is used on the basis of fair use.
The lyrics were originally a poem written by Friedrich Schiller in the 18th century and adapted by Beethoven for the 4th movement of his 9th symphony. The purpose of this video is to convey the meaning of the lyrics, and certain purely orchestral sections were removed. Full performances are abundant.
THE TRANSLATION IS FAR FROM PERFECT. I just hope it's accurate enough to get the overall sense across. If I still had the project files I'd be more than happy to fix mistakes as people pointed them out, but it has been nearly six years now since I made it, and those files are several dead hard drives in the past now. I hope that the errors, such as they are, don't ruin the video.
Category
| Ode to Joy |
In Christianity, ‘Holy Wednesday’ is also known as ‘what’ Wednesday? | Schiller's Ode to Joy
This article is reprinted from the Spring 1993 issue of FIDELIO Magazine.
For related articles, scroll down or click here.
An Early Setting of Schiller's Ode to Joy
Many Americans may know Germany's national poet of freedom, Friedrich Schiller, only through the musical setting of a part of his most famous poem, the Ode to Joy, as the choral finale of Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Beethoven's setting is so sublimeand Beethoven himself acknowledged that he consider setting the poetry of Schiller an almost impossible taskthat any other music for this great hymn to universal human brotherhood under a benevolent Creator seems out of place today.
Yet, from the very year in which it was first printed, 1786, the Ode to Joy (An die Freude) began to be sung to various musical accompaniments, in the enivronment of the house music that flourished around Schiller, his fellow poet Goethe, and their companions at the height of the German Classic period in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.
German lieder are today so much a part of the recital repertoire and the recording industry, that we forget that these songs were not mainly intended by the Classical composers for professional singers, but rather for the many ordinary citizens who shared a knowledge of beautiful singing and a basic technical command that are lost even to many professionals today.
Schiller's poem was set out with alternating verses and choral refrains, a format adhered to by most of the early composers, until Beethoven dared to reshape it. Written in 1785, the poem was published in Schiller's review Thalia in 1786; that same year, a composer named J. Chr. Müller set it to music. By 1800 there were at least twenty different composers whose versions of An die Freude survive today, and of these, some did several different variants.
In 1797 an otherwise unknown, Haydnesque composer with the name (or pseudonym) of Tepper von Ferguson published, in a limited subscription edition in Berlin, a grandiose choral version of An die Freude with four soloists, chorus, and with each verse and its refrain set as a separate movement, complete with changes in key and tempo, and beginning with a bass soloin these respects a curious and perhaps unique foretaste of Beethoven's much later choral symphony. (The printed version has a keyboard accompaniment which might be a reduction of a lost orchestral score.)
Beethoven was already contemplating the task of setting the poem, as we know from a letter written in 1793 when he was only 23. In November 1799, for Schiller's fortieth birthday, the Berlin composer and music publisher J.C.F. Rellstab put out a collection of six settings of An die Freude, reprinted as the Intelligenzblatt of the Leipzig General Music Review. Besides a version of his own, Rellstab included one by J. Fr. Reichardt, a composer at the Berlin court who often antagonized Goethe and Schiller, but whose many songs setting Schiller's poems greatly helped to popularize Schiller in the first decade of the nineteenth century. The collection also included an anonymous tune which, before Beethoven, was destined to become the most famous setting, and continued to be sung throughout the last century.
Indeed, in 1805, when Beethoven first produced his opera Fidelio, he used the theme of the last line of that popular version of An die Freude as the basis for the choral finale, when the chorus of prisoners and townspeople unite to sing Wer ein holdes Weib errungen, stimm in unserm Jubel ein (Who e'er a lovely wife has won, chime in with our jubilation!) Any German listener of that era would have recognized the nearly identical words of the second stanza of Schiller's ode, Wer ein holdes Weib errungen, mische seinen Jubel ein! This chorus in Fidelio can therefore be considered the first major attempt by Beethoven to set An die Freude, which is highly appropriate, since the whole opera is a tribute to Schiller's ideals.
The anonymous tune was so popular that it was published again in Berlin in 1800 in English (!) as one of Twelve Favorite Songs. Unfortunately we were unable to inspect this edition and cannot comment on the quality of the translation.
Thirty years after Beethoven first mentioned his desire to compose the Ode to Joy, and nearly twenty years after he began working on his opera Fidelio in 1803, there appears in his sketches for the Ninth Symphony, a line of music in the bass clef with the words, this it is, Ha now it is found, I followed by Freude, schöner, under the opening notes of the choral theme. Beethoven had finally found exactly the right line of music to express the developmental possibilities of Schiller's concept of joy. Like the folk-tune which he had earlier adapted for the great choral finale of Fidelio, the melody is one of the utmost popular simplicity. By using such simple material and weaving it into higher and higher orders of complexity spanning the entire universe of human thought and feeling, Beethoven unfolded the message of human redemption which is implicit throughout Schiller's Ode to Joy, and carries us, together with the cherub at the climax of the finale, until we stand before God.
An die Freude
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What is the surname of the brothers Richard and Robert who wrote songs for Disney films? | Robert B. Sherman, Songwriter for Disney, Dies at 86 - The New York Times
The New York Times
Music |Robert B. Sherman, a Songwriter for Disney and Others, Dies at 86
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From left, Richard M. Sherman, Julie Andrews, Dick Van Dyke and Robert B. Sherman on the set of “Mary Poppins,” from the 2009 documentary “The Boys: The Sherman Brothers.” Credit Disney Enterprises
Robert B. Sherman, half of the fraternal songwriting team that wrote the ubiquitous paean to togetherness, “It’s a Small World (After All)”, and that in films like “Mary Poppins” and “Chitty Chitty Bang Bang” etched dozens of tunes and volumes of lyrics into the permanent memories of generations of children and their parents, died Tuesday in London. He was 86.
His death was confirmed by his son Jeffrey.
Mr. Sherman and his brother, Richard M. Sherman, were known for perky tunes and generally cheery lyrics, and their best-loved songs became standards of family entertainment, though their own difficult relationship was marked by decades of strain and periods of estrangement.
They won two Academy Awards — for “Chim Chim Cher-ee,” a chimney sweep’s proud anthem from “Mary Poppins,” the celebrated 1964 film about a nanny with magical powers, starring Julie Andrews and Dick Van Dyke, and for the film’s score, which included the nonsense song “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious,” the spirited theory of child-rearing “A Spoonful of Sugar,” and “Feed the Birds,” a ballad that extols caring for other creatures, said to be a favorite of Walt Disney, their longtime boss.
The Sherman brothers worked side by side at the Disney studio from the early 1960s into the 1970s, producing songs for several movie musicals, both live-action and animated — “The Jungle Book,” “Bedknobs and Broomsticks,” “The Sword in the Stone,” “The Aristocats” and “The Happiest Millionaire” — as well as short cartoons based on A. A. Milne’s Winnie-the-Pooh stories.
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After Disney died, in 1966, they also wrote the songs for “Chitty Chitty Bang Bang,” produced by Albert R. Broccoli, a film, jovial but with a hint of World War II darkness, about the inventor of a flying car. Adapted for the stage with new Sherman brothers songs, “Chitty Chitty Bang Bang” opened in London’s West End in 2002 and ran for more than three years; it was also on Broadway for eight months in 2005. The stage adaptation of “Mary Poppins” opened in London in 2004 and ran for more than three years; it is now in its sixth year on Broadway.
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Both brothers took credit for words and music, though Robert was primarily the word man and Richard, who would sit at the piano as they worked, primarily the music guy.
“Their standard line,” Jeffrey Sherman said, “was ‘I write the words and music and he writes the music and words.’ ”
All the while they were immersed in a sibling rivalry and personality clash that eventually divided them and their families. Richard, the younger brother by two and a half years, was the more single-minded of the two, devoted to songwriting and little else; he was also known to have a blustery temper. Robert, who survived a harrowing war experience, had more of a wide-ranging curiosity, more of a poet’s probing mind. Friends made parallels to Paul McCartney and John Lennon; Robert was the brooder, the Lennon of the two.
In “The Boys” — a 2009 documentary about the brothers made by Jeffrey Sherman and Gregg Sherman, Richard’s son — Walt Disney’s nephew Roy, a former top executive at the Walt Disney Company, said that the difference could be seen in two of their songs from “Mary Poppins”: Richard was more “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious,” Robert more “Feed the Birds.”
In any case, though they continued to work together off and on and feigned closeness in public, they rarely spoke, their families did not socialize and the broken relationship was barely ever mentioned, even in private.
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Robert Sherman, left, and his brother, Richard, in 1965 with Debbie Reynolds when they received the Oscar for best music for "Mary Poppins." Credit Associated Press
“We’ve perpetrated a facade for 50 years,” Richard Sherman said in the documentary.
Robert Bernard Sherman was born in Brooklyn on Dec. 19, 1925. His father, Al, came to this country with his family, Russian Jews who fled the pogroms, and became a Tin Pan Alley composer; he married Rosa Dancis, a silent film actress.
The family moved to Southern California when Robert was still a boy; he went to high school in Beverly Hills and at 17 enlisted in the Army. He served in Europe, was shot through the knee, awarded a Purple Heart and bore witness to the horrors of Dachau.
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After the war, both he and his brother attended Bard College in upstate New York, where Robert studied literature and Richard studied music. It was after graduation, when they were sharing an apartment in Los Angeles, one brother trying to write stories and novels and the other trying to write symphonies, that their father issued them a challenge: “I’ll bet you two guys couldn’t pool your talents and come up with a song that some kid would give up his lunch money to buy.”
The sons took the bet and eventually came up with a song, “Gold Can Buy Anything (but Love),” that was recorded by Gene Autry. In 1959, their teeny-bopper tune “Tall Paul,” written with Bob Roberts, became a hit for Annette Funicello.
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The brothers went on to write a handful of songs for Disney, films in the early 1960s, including “The Parent Trap,” and one day Walt Disney called them to his office and gave them a book by P. L. Travers about a magical nanny named Mary Poppins.
“He said, ‘Do you know what a nanny is?’ ” Robert Sherman recalled. “And we said, ‘Yeah, a goat.’ ”
The two songwriters came back with ideas for organizing the film’s story as well as for several songs, and Disney offered them a job.
Mr. Sherman’s wife, the former Joyce Ruth Sasner, who was a stewardess when he proposed to her on their first date and whom he married in 1954, died in 2001. After her death, Mr. Sherman moved to London. In addition to his brother and his son Jeffrey, he is survived by another son, Robert; two daughters, Laurie and Tracy; five grandchildren; and two step-grandchildren.
Among many other credits, the Sherman brothers wrote screenplays and scores for the films “Tom Sawyer” (1973) and “Huckleberry Finn” (1974) and songs for “Charlotte’s Web” (1973). They also wrote non-film songs, including “You’re Sixteen,” which was recorded by Johnny Burnette in 1960 and became a No. 1 hit for Ringo Starr in 1974. Perhaps their most listened-to song, “It’s a Small World (After All),” made its debut at the 1964 World’s Fair and, in a variety of translations, is played in continuous loops at Disney theme parks.
In the documentary, Jeffrey Sherman summed up the relationship between his father and his brother: “In life, not everything turns out like a Sherman brothers musical.”
In an interview on Tuesday he added: “My father had a lot of weight on him when he came back from the war. All he wanted to do with his life was make people happy, and I think he did that.”
Correction: March 8, 2012
An obituary on Wednesday about Robert B. Sherman, who with his brother Richard wrote the songs for “Mary Poppins” and other movies, referred incorrectly in some editions to Roy E. Disney of the Walt Disney Company, for which the Sherman brothers did much of their best-known work. He was a former top executive there, not a former head of the company; and he was Walt Disney’s nephew, not his son.
A version of this article appears in print on March 7, 2012, on Page B19 of the New York edition with the headline: Robert B. Sherman, a Songwriter For Disney and Others, Dies at 86. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
| Sherman |
Which letter of the English alphabet is in the title of a series of television shows starring Spike Milligan? | Walt Disney | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
―Walt Disney [src]
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney was an American entrepreneur, business magnate, animator, voice actor, producer, director, writer, and the eponymous founder of the Walt Disney Company . One of the most famous and well-known motion picture producers in the world, Disney was also the creator of the American theme parks Walt Disney World , and Disneyland , and is the co-founder with his brother Roy O. Disney of Walt Disney Productions, the profitable corporation now known as the Walt Disney Company .
Walt Disney is in particular noted for being a successful storyteller, a hands-on film producer, and a popular showman. He and his staff created a number of the world’s most popular animated properties; including the one creation many consider Disney’s alter-ego, Mickey Mouse .
He was also the original voice of Mickey Mouse from 1928 to 1947 and the original voice of Minnie Mouse as well.
Contents
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1901-1919: Childhood
Walt Disney was born in Chicago, Illinois to Elias Disney and Flora Call. He was named after his father and after his father's close friend Walter Parr, the minister at St. Paul Congregational Church. In 1906, his family moved to a farm near Marceline, Missouri. The family sold the farm in 1909 and lived in a rented house until 1910, when they moved to Kansas City. Disney was nine years old at the time.
According to the Kansas City Public School District records, Disney began attending the Benton Grammar School in 1911, and graduated on June 8, 1917 . During this time, Disney also enrolled in classes at the Chicago Art Institute. He left school at the age of sixteen and became a volunteer ambulance driver in World War I, after he changed his birth certificate to show his year of birth as 1900 in order to be able to enlist in the service. He served as a member of the American Red Cross Ambulance Force in France until 1919.
1920-1936: Early years in animation
Kansas City animation studios
Disney returned to the USA, moved to Kansas City and, with Ub Iwerks , formed a company called "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists" in January 1920. The company faltered and Disney and Iwerks soon gained employment at the Kansas City Film Ad Corporation, working on primitive animated advertisements for local movie houses.
In 1922 , Disney started Laugh-O-Grams, Inc., which produced short cartoons based on popular fairy tales and children’s stories. Among his employees were Iwerks, Hugh Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carmen Maxwell, and Friz Freleng. The shorts were popular in the local Kansas City area, but their costs exceeded their returns. After creating one last short, the live-action/animation Alice’s Wonderland, the studio declared bankruptcy in July 1923 . Disney's brother Roy invited him to move to Hollywood, California, and Disney earned enough money for a one-way train ticket to California, leaving his staff behind, but taking the finished reel of Alice’s Wonderland with him.
Alice Comedies: Contract and new California studio
Disney set up shop with his brother Roy, started the Disney Brothers Studio in their Uncle Robert’s garage, and got a distribution deal with New York City states-rights distributors Margaret Winkler and her fiancé Charles Mintz. Virginia Davis , the live-action star of Alice’s Wonderland, was sequestered from Kansas, as was Ub Iwerks. By 1926, the Disney Brothers Studio had been renamed as the Walt Disney Studio; the name Walt Disney Productions would be adopted in 1928 . One of the studio’s employees, Lillian Bounds, became Walt Disney’s wife; they were married on July 13 1925 .
The Alice Comedies were reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice after Virginia Davis’ parents pulled her out of the series because of a pay cut. Lois Hardwick also briefly assumed the role. By the time the series ended in 1927 , the focus was more on the animated characters, in particular a cat named Julius who recalled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
By 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business, and ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , was an almost instant success, and the Oswald character became a popular property. The Disney studio expanded, and Walt hired Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng from Kansas City.
In February of 1928 , Disney went to New York to negotiate a higher fee per short from Mintz, but was shocked when Mintz announced that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short, but that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng, but notably excepting Ub Iwerks, under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Disney. Disney declined, lost most of his animation staff, and he, Iwerks, and the few non-defecting animators secretly began work on a new mouse character to take Oswald’s place. The defectors became the nucleus of the Winkler Studio, run by
Mintz and his brother-in-law George Winkler. When that studio went under after Universal assigned production of the Oswald shorts to an in-house division run by Walter Lantz, Mintz focused his attentions on the studio making the Krazy Kat shorts, which later became Screen Gems, and Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng marketed an Oswald-like character named Bosko to Leon Schlesinger and Warner Bros., and began work on the first entries in the Looney Tunes series.
The Creation of Mickey Mouse
Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse
Christened by Lillian Disney, Mickey Mouse made his film debut in a short called Plane Crazy , which was, like all of Disney’s previous works, a silent film. After failing to find distributor interest in Plane Crazy or its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho , Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie . A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and the Cinephone, a bootlegged sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became a success, and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. Disney himself provided the vocal effects for the earliest cartoons and performed as the voice of Mickey Mouse until 1947 and replaced by sound effects guy James MacDonald .
Joining the Mickey Mouse series in 1929 were a series of musical shorts called Silly Symphonies , which began with The Skeleton Dance . Although both series were successful, the Disney studio was not seeing its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers, and in 1930, Disney signed a new distribution deal with Sony/Columbia Pictures, leaving behind Powers and Ub Iwerks, who had been lured into an exclusive contract with Powers. After heading the only mildly successful Ub Iwerks Studio, Iwerks would return to Disney in 1940 and, in the studio's research and development department, pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies.
By 1932 , Mickey Mouse became the most popular cartoon character on the screen, and many competing studios such as Van Beuren and Screen Gems created Mickey Mouse clones in hopes of cashing in on Disney’s success. After moving from Sony/Columbia to MGM/United Artists in 1932, Walt began producing the Silly Symphonies in the new three-strip Technicolor process, making them the first commercial films presented in a true-color process. The first color Symphony was Flowers and Trees , which won the first Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons in 1932. The same year, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse, whose series was moved into color in 1935 and soon launched spin-off series for supporting characters such as Donald Duck , Goofy , and Pluto .
Disney's daughters
As Mickey’s co-creator and producer, Disney was almost as famous as his mouse cartoon character, but remained a largely private individual. His greatest hope was to give birth to a child — preferably a son — but he and Lillian tried with no luck. Lillian finally gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney , on December 18, 1933 ; and the couple would adopt a second, Sharon Mae Disney , who was born December 21 , 1936 . Walt loved both of his children.
1937-1954: Animated feature films
Disney's Folly: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Walt Disney introduces each of the seven dwarfs
Although his studio produced the two most successful cartoon series in the industry, the returns were still dissatisfying to Disney, and he began plans for a full-length feature in 1934 . When the rest of the film industry learned of Disney’s plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White , they dubbed the project "Disney’s Folly" and were certain that the project would destroy the Disney studio. Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature. He employed Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff, and used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera .
Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. This film was his first full length feature production and the first animated film of all time.
All of this development and training was used to elevate the quality of the studio so that it would be able to give the feature the quality Disney desired. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , as the feature was named, was in full production from 1935 until mid- 1937 , when the studio ran out of money. To acquire the funding to complete Snow White, Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers at the Bank of America, who gave the studio the money to finish the picture. The finished film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21 , 1937 ; at the conclusion of the film the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. The first animated feature in English and Technicolor, Snow White was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over US$8 million (today US$98 million) in its original theatrical release. The success of Snow White allowed Disney to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , which opened for business on December 24 1939 . The feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio , continued work on Fantasia and Bambi , while the shorts staff continued work on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series, ending the Silly Symphonies at this time.
Wartime troubles
Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White into movie theaters in 1940 , but both were financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was planned as an income generator, but during production of the new film, most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining the relationship between Disney and his artists.
Shortly after Dumbo was released in October 1941 and became a successful moneymaker, the United States entered World War II. The U.S. Army took over most of the Disney studio’s facilities and had the staff create training and instructional films for the military, as well as home-front propaganda such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the feature film Victory Through Air Power in 1943 . The military films did not generate income, however, and Bambi underperformed when it was released in April 1942 . Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944 , establishing the seven-year re-release tradition for Disney features.
Inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, were created and issued to theaters during this period as well. The most notable and successful of these were Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ), its sequel The Three Caballeros ( 1945 ), Song of the South (the first Disney feature to feature dramatic actors, 1946 ), Fun and Fancy Free (1947), and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The later had only two sections: the first based on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving and the second based on The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame.
By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan , which had been shelved during the war years and began work on Cinderella . The studio also began a series of live-action nature films, entitled True-Life Adventures, in 1948 with On Seal Island.
A dark chapter
In 1947, during the dark early years of the Cold War, Walt Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and he named several of his employees as Communist sympathizers. Some historians believe that the animosity from the 1941 strike of Disney Studio employees caused him to bear a grudge. His dislike and distrust of labor unions may have also led to his testimony.
1955-1966: Theme Parks and Beyond
Carolwood Pacific Railroad
In 1949, when Disney and his family moved to a new home on large piece of property in the in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California, with the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball , owners of their own backyard railroad, Disney developed the blueprints and immediately set to work creating his own miniature railroad in his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, originated from the address of his home which was located on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a 46-foot-long trestle, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated dirt berm, and a 90-foot tunnel underneath Mrs. Disney's flower bed. He even named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Roger E. Broggie of the Disney Studios Lilly Belle in his wife's honor.
Planning Disneyland
Walt and his Animated Family
On a business trip to Chicago in the late 1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. These ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise which was to become Disneyland . Disney spent five years of his life developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary of his company, called WED Enterprises, to carry out the planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.
Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse Universe characters in Disneyland with Sleeping Beauty Castle in the background.
When presenting his plan to the Imagineers, Disney said "I want Disneyland to be the most amazing place on Earth, and I want a train circling it". Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.
Expanding into new areas
As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. 1950 's Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, and was soon followed by such successes as 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954 ), The Shaggy Dog ( 1959 ), and The Parent Trap (1960). The Walt Disney Studio was one of the first to take full advantage of the then-new medium of television, producing its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Walt Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC named Disneyland after the park, where he showed clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim, California . In 1955 , he debuted the studio's first daily television show, the popular Mickey Mouse Club , which would continue in many various incarnations into the 1990s.
As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. During Disney’s life time, the animation department created the successful Lady and the Tramp (in CinemaScope, 1955 ) and One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) and the financially disappointing Sleeping Beauty (in Super Technirama 70mm, 1959 ) and The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ).
Production on the short cartoons had kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the shorts division. Special shorts projects would continue to be made for the rest of the studio's duration on an irregular basis.
These productions were all distributed by Disney’s new subsidiary Buena Vista Distribution , which had assumed all distribution duties for Disney films from RKO by 1955 .
The Disneyland Plaque
Disneyland , one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17 , 1955 , and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based upon a number of successful Disney properties and films. After 1955, the Disneyland TV show became known as Walt Disney Presents, went from black-and-white to color in 1961—changing its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color—and eventually evolved into what is today known as The Wonderful World of Disney, which continues to air on ABC as of 2005.
During the mid-1950s, Disney produced a number of educational films on the space program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: Man in Space and Man and the Moon in 1955 , and Mars and Beyond in 1957. The films attracted the attention of not only the general public, but also the Soviet space program.
Early 1960s successes
By the early 1960s, the Disney Empire was a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world’s leading producer of family entertainment. After decades of trying, Disney finally procured the rights to P.L. Travers ’ books about a magical nanny . Mary Poppins , released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s, and many hailed the live-action/animation combination feature as his greatest achievement. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair , including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which later were integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project, to be established on the east coast, which Disney had been planning since Disneyland opened.
"The Florida Project"
In 1964 , Walt Disney Productions began quietly purchasing land in central Florida west of Orlando in a largely rural area of marginal orange groves for Disney's "Florida Project." The company acquired over 27,000 acres (109 square kilometers) of land, and arranged favorable state legislation which would provide unprecedented quasi-governmental control over the area to be developed in 1966 , founding the Reedy Creek Improvement District. Disney and his brother Roy then announced plans for what they called "Disney World."
Plans for Disney World and EPCOT
Disney World was to include a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland to be called the Magic Kingdom, and would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, or EPCOT for short. EPCOT was designed to be an operational city where residents would live, work, and interact using advanced and experimental technology, while scientists would develop and test new technologies to improve human life and health.
Death
However, Disney’s involvement in Disney World ended in late 1966, when he was diagnosed with lung cancer in his left lung, after a lifelong habit of chain smoking (where his dreams of advancements in the improvement of human health would have come in handy). He was checked into the St. Joseph's Hospital across the street from the Disney Studio lot and his health eventually deteriorated. His dedication to his projects was still visible while lying in his death bed. On the evening of December 14, Roy came to visit him. Here, Walt pointed up to the ceiling using the tiles as a grip map. He then signaled Roy about the roads and major places in EPCOT and Disney World. Even sick and near death, Walt's mind was clear, his imagination fully engaged and his voice enthusiastic.
It came as a complete shock to the Disney Family and to the whole world when Walt passed away the next morning. He was pronounced dead at 9:35 AM PST on December 15, 1966 having just celebrated his sixty-fifth birthday two weeks earlier. The official cause of death was "acute circulatory collapse." His heart simply stopped beating.
He was then cremated and his ashes were scattered at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.
Impact
It was truly unthinkable. Walt Disney was dead. Roy, who had always been supportive to Walt, looking for and helping him, had lost his reason for living. After an hour or so, Walt's foot was sticking out from under the blanket. Roy was by the bed, gently rubbing Walt's foot and said "Well kid, it looks like the end of the road." Roy was still the older brother to the end.
Roy Disney carried out the Florida project, insisting that the name become Walt Disney World in honor of his brother. Roy O. Disney died three months after that resort's opening in 1971.
Walt Disney's Obituary
1967-present: Legacy
The Epcot theme park
When the second phase of the Walt Disney World theme park was built, EPCOT was translated by Walt Disney's successors into the Epcot theme park, which opened in 1982 . The Epcot Park that currently exists is essentially a living world's fair, a far cry from the actual functional city that Disney had envisioned. However, the Celebration, Florida town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World harkens back to the EPCOT vision that Walt would have wanted.
The Disney entertainment empire
The famous "Partners" featuring Walt and Mickey at the Magic Kingdom park
Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme park have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carries his name. The Walt Disney Company today owns, among other assets, four vacation resorts, nine theme parks, two water parks, thirty-two hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network.
Disney theme parks today
Today, what was known as the Florida Project is now the largest and most popular private-run tourist destination on the planet, but Walt Disney's spirit and shine is still there. From the 'Partners' statue at the Magic Kingdom to the Tree of Life at Animal Kingdom , Walt Disney is still remembered and loved by guests, Theme Park Characters and Cast Members alike, and his vision is still continued. His fascination with mass transportation lives in the Walt Disney World Monorail which runs through two theme parks and four hotels, and his dreams of the future live on at Epcot in ahead-of-their-time attractions and technological breakthroughs.
Disneyland has developed from a cramped theme park to an open resort of two theme parks, three hotels and a large shopping complex. Walt Disney World is a popular destination for vacations by tourists worldwide, and Tokyo Disneyland is the most visited theme park in the world (its sister park Tokyo Disneysea is the second). In September 2005 , The Walt Disney Company opened Hong Kong Disneyland Resort in China, with another Chinese theme park to follow.
On May 5 2005 , The Walt Disney Company opened the Happiest Homecoming on Earth celebration in front of Walt's Sleeping Beauty Castle at Disneyland , celebrating fifty years of the world's most famous theme park. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts are renowned over the world for their attentions to detail, hygiene and standards, all set by Walt Disney at Disneyland.
Disney animation today
Traditional hand-drawn animation , with which Walt Disney started his company, was, for a time, no longer produced at the Walt Disney Animation Studios . After a stream of financially unsuccessful traditionally animated features in the early 2000s, the two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, Home on the Range . However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar , and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed, and the largely successful 2009 film The Princess and the Frog has marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation.
CalArts
Disney devoted substantial time in his later years funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts), which was formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930s. When he died, one fourth of his estate went towards CalArts, which greatly helped the building of its campus. Walt also donated 38 acres (154,000 m²) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for the school to be built on. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1971 .
Lillian Disney devoted a lot of her time after Walt died to pursuing CalArts and organized hundreds of fund raising events for the university in her late husband's honor (as well as funding the Walt Disney Symphony Hall). After Lillian's passing, the legacy continued with daughter Diane and husband Ron continuing the tradition. CalArts is today one of the largest independent universities in California today, mostly because of the contributions of the Disneys.
Roles
The Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Walt Disney .
Trivia
The King of Arendelle bears a striking resemblance visually and vocally to a younger Disney. This is seen by fans as a loving allusion and tribute to Disney. Also, like the King, Disney has two daughters, Diane Marie Disney and Sharon Mae Disney .
In the ABC television series Once Upon a Time , August Booth reveals to them that the fairy tale story book was created by a series of Authors, and names one past Author as "Walt". The implication that Disney himself is an Author is further proved in a flashback to 1966 when the Sorcerer 's Apprentice approaches Isaac Heller and offers him the position of Author, citing that the previous Author had passed away; 1966 is the year the Disney passed away and his death date of December 15th was written on a letter from the Apprentice to Isaac.
In the fifth grade, Walt memorized the Gettysburg Address (for fun) and surprised everyone by arriving at school dressed as Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. His costume consisted of his father's old coat and a homemade beard. He even pasted a putty wart to his cheek. His teacher was delighted. Little wonder that years later, when his studio created the first fully functioning audio-animatronic human figure for the 1964 New York World's Fair , it was Abraham Lincoln!
Disney had very simple tastes in food. According to his daughter Diane , "He liked fried potatoes, hamburgers, western omelets, hotcakes, canned peas, hash, stew, roast beef sandwiches. He doesn't go for vegetables, but loves chicken livers or macaroni and cheese." Lillian Disney would complain, "Why should I plan a meal when all Disney really wants is a can of chili or a can of spaghetti?" [1]
Although a baptized Christian, Walt Disney was not a frequent visitor to churches. Religious people would occasionally ask him to make religious films but Walt declined. However, a number of his Silly Symphonies featured figures from the Bible. Including:
Hell's Bells (first released November 11, 1929 ), featuring Satan.
Father Noah's Ark (April 8, 1933 ), featuring Noah, Ham, Japheth, Shem and their respective wives.
The Goddess of Spring (November 3, 1934 ). Featuring Persephone and a version of her uncle/husband Hades / Pluto identified here with Satan.
Noah's Ark (November 10, 1959 ). Featuring Noah, Ham, Japheth, Shem and their respective wives. Not officially released as a Silly Symphony but very similar to them.
In 1940 , the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation recruited Disney as an Official Informant. He was later designated as a Special Agent in Charge contact.
'Uncle Walt' could be seen around 1950s Disneyland doing menial chores, like getting strollers for people, tinkering under the hood of a car on Main Street U.S.A., fishing in Rivers of America, or piloting the Mark Twain Riverboat.
In the fall of 1963, while seeking the site for Disney's new "Florida Project", Walt and Roy Disney first flew over a coastal area of Florida, and then the forest and swamps near Orlando which were selected as the site to become Walt Disney World . Shortly later, their plane landed in New Orleans on the way back to California. There the Disney brothers learned of the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th President of the United States. He had been assassinated earlier that same afternoon in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 .
One of the audio animatronic pirates on the Pirates of the Caribbean ride introduced in 1967 has Walt Disney's face. It was taken from the same life cast mold that was used to make the statue of Disney that adorns the central square. Sadly, that same life cast mold was never used, to date, to create an AA of Walt himself.
According to Richard Sherman , Walt would ask him how his progress on a week was then ask him to play the song Feed the Birds , his favorite song from Mary Poppins . After Walt passed away in 1966, Richard still plays the song for Walt to this day.
Walt would be 115 years old today if he had survived his battle with lung cancer; his visions of improvements in human health would have kept him alive had they existed the year of his passing.
In the Michael Crichton novel and Steven Spielberg film Jurassic Park, the character of John Hammond was inspired by Walt; some of John's lines in the movie were based on things that Walt even said about his own theme parks. Also, Disneyland and the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction are both mentioned in the movie.
Tom Hanks portrayed Walt in the 2013 live-action film, Saving Mr. Banks . Tom Hanks is not only a Distant Cousin of Walt’s, but this marks the first time that Walt is portrayed by someone else in Film.
Walt Disney had a cameo in the Mickey Mouse cartoon Tokyo Go .
A cameo also appears in " Ferdinand the Bull ", wherein the bullring workers are based on Disney staffers, while the Matador is based on Walt.
Walt Disney's name can be seen in Nickelodeon's The Fairly OddParents episode Escape from Unwish Island. It appears that Walt had fairy godparent(s) of his own. He is also given a loving tribute in the form of the character Walt Kidney.
When he was working on The Happiest Millionaire , one day he was walking by the Sherman Brothers ' office; they were practicing one of the songs for the movie and he thought he heard the acronym "S.O.B.", so he walked into the office and asked them what that acronym was. They had "uh oh" expressions on their faces.
Oswald 's line in Epic Mickey ("I'm starting to see why he liked you more.") is a clear reference to Walt.
He played polo when he was younger.
Walt lied about his age to enter World War I (by writing his year of birth as 1900 instead of 1901).
Began smoking cigarettes during World War I.
Contributed a number of drawings to his high school newspaper.
Played Peter Pan in a school play.
Built a railroad in his backyard.
Ironically, Walt Disney was afraid of mice in his younger years.
Gallery
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During which century did the Battle of Agincourt take place? | Battle of Agincourt: 10 reasons why the French lost to Henry V's army - Telegraph
News
Battle of Agincourt: 10 reasons why the French lost to Henry V's army
The Battle of Agincourt is often heralded as one of the greatest English military victories. Here are ten reasons why King Henry V's army was able to defeat a French force four times its size
By Hannah Ellis-Petersen and Isabelle Fraser
6:13PM BST 23 Oct 2015
Comments
The Battle of Agincourt was a major victory for England in the Hundred Years' War, and took place Friday, 25 October 1415.
The battle was heralded in Shakespeare's Henry V in which the king urges his "band of brothers" to stand together.
Despite significantly outnumbering the English army, the French were easily defeated by King Henry V’s forces at the battle in northern France.
How did the English win? Here are ten reasons why...
Interactive: Battle of Agibcourt
Weight of French soldiers' armour
The armour of the French army was so heavy that it may have had a considerable role in hampering their victory.
Weighing up to 50kg, it made it particularly difficult to march across the battlefield, and gave the French soldiers a considerable disadvantage in the hand-to hand combat against the less heavily armoured English troops.
A recent study in which volunteers had to dress in 15th century armour and run on a treadmill found that wearing a full suit of armour doubled the amount of energy used in battle.
Muddiness of the battlefield
It had been raining continuously for two weeks and the recently ploughed land, on which the battle took place, was a sea of thick mud.
The French knights had to march through it in full plate armour, leaving them already overcome with fatigue before they had even advanced against the English.
A re-enactment of the Battle of Agincourt at Portchester Castle. Photo: © Christopher Ison
Use of longbow arrows
In the longbow, the English had perfected an extraordinary weapon that gave them a considerable advantage over the French crossbow. A trained archer could shoot between 10 and twelve aimed arrows a minute which could wound at 400 yards, kill at 200 and penetrate armour at 100 yards.
The continuous volleys of English arrow fire also maddened the French horses, which trampled through the close-packed ranks of French foot soldiers.
Crowding of French troops
Disorganisation of the French troops meant as soon as battle commenced, the soldiers became so closely packed that their crossbows and cannons could not be fired effectively and men were unable to swing their swords in attack.
This was worsened by the continuing forward rush of their comrades behind them. The combination of the mud and the crowding made them almost helpless. The English simply knocked them down, to drown or suffocate under fallen bodies.
Lack of authority
The disorganisation of the troops is often attributed to the fact that France's King Charles VI was weak and mentally ill at the time. He handed authority over to Charles d'Albert, Constable of France, and Boucicault, both experienced soldiers.
But their rank was not considered high enough to deserve respect from the French nobles in the army and their commands were largely ignored. In comparison Henry V was widely regarded as a charismatic commander, and was respected by his troops.
English army on the morning of battle at Agincourt, Hundred Years' War, 1415. North Wind Picture Archives / Alamy
Narrowness of battlefield
The narrowness of the field forced the French troops into a suffocating formation, churning up even more mud in the waterlogged field and making them easier targets for the English longbowmen.
Expertise of English army
Henry V’s army was not typical of the times and was specially recruited; his men were well paid, well trained and disciplined. The majority of his army was comprised of expert longbowmen.
Henry preferred a small, professional army, compared the large untrained force of most European armies, which were made up of local knights and peasants. This gave the English a considerable organisational advantage.
To fund his venture Henry borrowed huge sums from the City of London , the Lord Mayor and several wealthy merchants and families. The City alone contributed the sum of 10,000 marks – worth some three million pounds in today’s money.
In return he gave his funders the Crown Jewels as a guarantee to be redeemed for cash at a later date, much like a mortgage.
English army initiated the battle
At first the English planned to wait for the French to attack, but with no evidence of movement in the opposing army Henry became impatient and gave the command for the battle to commence.
This gave his soldiers an early advantage over the French, leaving them free to establish a new defensive position and to fire a hail of arrows on the unprepared and compact mass of French knights and men-at-arms.
French army expected more troops
Despite far outnumbering the English, it is thought that the reason the French were attempting to delay the beginning of battle was that they were waiting on further contingents to arrive.
They were attacked before their expected reinforcements reached the battlefield.
Complacency of the French army
The French were convinced they would win the battle, a complacency that may have been to their cost. Whilst the English camp was sombre the night before battle, the French are said to have spent the night celebrating and taunting the English across the lines.
So confident of victory were the French that they had already prepared a specially painted cart in which to parade the captured English king.
| 15th century |
What is the only city in the English county of Cornwall? | Download video: standard or HD
About the course
The Battle of Agincourt, in 1415, is one of the most famous battles in the history of warfare, and one of the most important and memorable English victories. It still captures the imagination today, but why are stories still told about Agincourt? And do these stories represent what really happened on the battlefield?
This free online course will explore the myths and realities about the battle, which marked its 600th anniversary on 25 October 2015. The three weeks will be led by the foremost academic expert on the battle, Professor Anne Curry.
Understand Agincourt’s place in the Hundred Years’ War
With Anne, you will learn about the preparations for the battle and its context within the Hundred Years’ War between England and France. You will consider the legitimacy of Henry V’s claim to the French throne and whether his actions in going to battle were justified.
Using original archive documents, you will also learn more about the soldiers who met on the field of battle. Who was in the English army and what was it like to be a medieval soldier? Which places in England have significance for the battle? Where was the army recruited from and could YOUR ancestor have taken part in the battle?
Learn what happened on the medieval battlefield
You will then learn about what happened during the battle itself, and examine how myths about the battle have built up over subsequent years. Dan Spencer, one of Anne’s PhD researchers, will examine the kinds of guns and other weaponry which could be found on the medieval battlefield. He will explore how and why the longbow was used at Agincourt with such devastating effect.
Finally, we will visit the battlefield itself, to examine what remains at Agincourt today. You will learn about the modern site of the battle and how scientific historical research can transform our understanding of an event which took place 600 years ago.
Join us to learn the exciting and enthralling story of the Battle of Agincourt!
Image from the ‘Chroniques d’Enguerrand de Monstrelet’ (early 15th century). Used with permission from the Bibliotheque Nationale de France © BNF)
Educators
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Which Beatles hit song originally had the working title ‘Scrambled Eggs’? | "Yesterday" - History of the Classic Beatles Song
First released: September 13, 1965 (US: Capitol 5498; b-side "Act Naturally")
Available on: (CDs in bold)
Help!, (UK: Parlophone PMC 1255, US: Capitol (S)MAS 2386, Parlophone CDP 7 46439 2)
Yesterday and Today, (US: Capitol (S)T 2553)
Yesterday (EP), (UK: Parlophone GEP 8948)
The Beatles 1962-1966, (UK: Apple PCSP 717, US: Apple SKBO 3403, Apple CDP 0777 7 97036 2 3)
The Beatles 1, (Apple CDP 7243 5 299702 2)
continue reading below our video
Highest Paid Female Actors Ever
Highest chart position: 1 (US: four weeks beginning October 9, 1965)
History:
Although Paul McCartney and George Martin have claimed this was written during the Beatles' 1964 tour of France, which would have made it a year and a half old when it was recorded, Paul's later claim of the song coming to him in a dream at girlfriend Jane Asher's house, along with other anecdotal evidence, would seem to suggest that it was written sometime in January 1965, when Paul awoke with the full melody intact and played it on the piano in Asher's attic.
The odd (but not unheard of) nature of the song's "creation" caused Paul to take the melody around to industry vets for about a month, asking them if he'd unconsciously stolen someone else's song.
In order to keep the melody in his mind, Paul wrote a comedic first verse that went, in part, "Scrambled eggs / Oh how I really really love your legs..." Having shown it to the band in the spring of 1965, the group began to refer to the uncompleted song as "Scrambled Eggs," perhaps ensuring that the finished version would start with its title.
Paul kept working at the melody in off hours, leading Help! director Richard Lester to jokingkly threaten to throw the piano off the soundstage if McCartney didn't stop playing it.
Finally, on May 27, 1965, Paul flew to Lisbon, Portugal, to vacation at the villa of Shadows member Bruce Welch. On the car ride in, Paul began to compose lyrics on the back of an envelope, based around a title (and theme) of "Yesterday." Although the other group members liked "Yesterday" well enough, they didn't consider it Beatles material -- especially not after George Martin, the band's producer, suggested scoring it with nothing but acoustic guitar and a string section. Martin thought of releasing it as a solo Paul single, but even McCartney balked at that; his own main concern was that the result not sound too much like easy-listening music.
Finally, compromises were reached: Martin used a classier string quartet for the arrangement, and McCartney agreed not to release the song as a single in England. (Though it was released there on an EP of the same name, and as a single in 1976.) The song was done in two takes, Paul having reversed two lines accidentally in the first. The string quartet was laid down the next day, with McCartney's vocal fed into the studio as a guide. Martin's contribution to "Yesterday," other than the arrangement, was to convince Paul that a one-word title was not "corny." Paul, for his part, had but one instruction to the string quartet: no vibrato. (He was reportedly afraid the result would sound like gypsy music.)
Capitol made the decisions on which songs were released as singles in the US, however, but "Yesterday" was not even considered for a-side single release there; it was relegated only to the flip of "Act Naturally," sung by Ringo, the group's most popular member in the US. However, fan reaction was immediate, and the song was quickly repositioned as the a-side.
The vague lyrics have been rumored to deal with the very sudden death of McCartney's mother, and the resultant guilt he felt over his selfish and somewhat cold reaction to it. If this is true, it would appear to be subconscious on the singer's part. The performance of the song on the British TV show Blackpool Night Out (August 1965, and the very first performance of this song on television) reportedly shows Paul dedicating this song to ex-girlfriend Iris Caldwell. Other reports have him phoning Iris, who supposedly found him too unemotional, and playing the song for her to prove otherwise.
John Lennon, who liked the song, was bothered by the lyrics' lack of resolution; he was also bothered for the rest of his life by fans who thought he'd cowritten it (as the credits insist) and would sing it whenever they saw him. He was known to mock the song in the studio during his solo years. ("I'm not half the man I used to be... now I'm an amputee.")
Live versions: August 8, 1965 (Blackpool Night Out, ABC Theatre, Blackpool, England), August 14, 1965 (Ed Sullivan Show, CBS Theatre, New York, NY), June 24, 1966 (Circus-Krone-Bau, Munich, Germany), June 25, 1966 (Grugahalle, Essen, Germany), June 26, 1966 (Ernst Merck Halle, Hamburg, Germany), June 30 - July 2, 1966 (Budokan Hall, Tokyo, Japan), July 4, 1966 (Rizal Memorial Football Stadium, Manila, Philippines), August 12, 1966 (International Amphitheatre, Chicago, IL), August 13, 1966 (Olympia Stadium, Detroit, MI), August 14, 1966 (Municipal Stadium, Cleveland, OH), August 15, 1966 (Washington Stadium, Washington, DC), August 16, 1966 (Philadelphia Stadium, Philadelphia, PA), August 17, 1966 (Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Canada), August 18, 1966 (Suffolk Downs Racecourse, Boston, MA), August 19, 1966 (Mid-South Coliseum, Memphis, TN), August 21, 1966 (Crosley Field, Cincinnati, OH), August 21, 1966 (Busch Stadium, St. Louis, MO), August 23, 1966 (Shea Stadium, New York, NY), August 25, 1966 (Seattle Coliseum, Seattle, WA), August 28, 1966 (Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles, CA), August 30, 1966 (Candlestick Park, San Francisco, CA)
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The Bermuda Bowl is a biennial world championship tournament in which game? | The Beatles & scrambled eggs | Itineraries of Taste
The Beatles & scrambled eggs
1963 - 1980
The Beatles & scrambled eggs
What would have happened if Paul McCartney had never come up with the words for “Yesterday”? One of the most covered songs in the history of music would have instead been left languishing as a beautiful but oddly comic paean to that most comforting of breakfast dishes, scrambled eggs.
In fact, “Scrambled Eggs” was the working title McCartney gave to the tune, which he said came to him almost fully formed in a dream one night in 1963. Twenty-one-year-old McCartney was living in an attic room facing the back of Wimpole Street, a handsome Georgian row parallel to Harley Street in the centre of London. The house was the family home of his girlfriend, Jane Asher, who McCartney had met when the 17-year-old actress interviewed the Beatles at a concert at the Royal Albert Hall in April that year.
It was food as much as love that had drawn the young Liverpudlian McCartney to take up residence in the five-story Asher household with Jane’s parents and two siblings. Tired of staying in shared hotel rooms on their increasingly frequent trips to London, the Beatles had moved in together, sharing a flat on Green Street just off Park Lane (and not far from the Ashers). Despite finally having his own room there, McCartney hated the austere surroundings of the sparsely furnished rented apartment. He missed the cosy comforts of his childhood home in Allerton where, after the death of his mother when he was 14, assorted aunts would come around to cook meals for Paul, his father and brother Michael.
Jane Asher’s mother Margaret, a professor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama who gave oboe lessons in the Wimpole Street basement, cooked every day for the family. However Jane – who would herself go on to become a renowned cake-maker in the 1980s – would later remember that her mother was not a particularly adventurous cook. She told the Daily Telegraph in 2013, “When I grew up, our meals were based on meat and two overcooked veg, with the occasional kipper. Nothing as risky as garlic or chilli was allowed. The most exotic it got was my mother’s curried eggs: halved hard-boiled eggs covered in a curry-powder-flavoured white sauce.”
Nonetheless, it was the warmth of Margaret Asher’s simple cooking that led Paul McCartney to take up her offer of moving into the family’s spare attic room. As he recalled, “It was such a nice household instead of a cold flat – and Margaret Asher cooked!” Perhaps it was the musical atmosphere and his well-fed state that led McCartney to his fateful dream of the tune for “Yesterday”. He fell out of bed one morning and on the adjacent piano hammered out the haunting melody still in his head. Convinced it must be one of the old jazz tunes his father listened to, McCartney played the song to everyone he knew to see if they recognised it.
One evening he was playing the tune at the flat of an actress and singer called Alma Cogan. As he sat playing the still wordless tune to Cogan and her sister Sandra, their mother walked into the living room and asked if anyone would like some scrambled eggs.
McCartney sang the words on top of the melody, improvising for the next line, “Oh baby how I love your legs.” It’s not clear which of the three Cogan women inspired this line, but the scrambled eggs – as they often do if not buttered or stirred enough – stuck. It wasn’t until a trip to Portugal more than a year and half later that the lyrics to “Yesterday” finally came to McCartney, and all traces of the eggs were finally removed.
Not that food was always excised from Beatles songs. In 2001 American band scholar Martin Lewis analysed 1,800 recordings, from the Beatles’ early material up to their solo careers, and discovered that the most mentioned foodstuff in their lyrics was honey.
Meanwhile a sweet tooth became the basis for George Harrison’s 1968 song, “Savoy Truffle”. Harrison had observed his friend Eric Clapton’s fondness for chocolate, despite his increasingly decaying teeth, which had led to continuous pain and a warning from Clapton’s dentist that he needed to stop eating sugar. Harrison’s song concludes with the brutal warning: “But you'll have to have them all pulled out/ After the Savoy truffle.”
Harrison’s dietary beliefs were a big influence on the rest of the band. He was the first to go vegetarian in 1965, and was the most militant, banning all fish and meat from his home. One of his favourite recipes – collected in the 1980 Rock and Roll Cookbook by Peter Frampton’s ex-wife Mary – was called Dark Horse Lentil Soup (heavy on the cumin seeds). In the same book, Ringo Starr gave the instructions to Frampton for his favourite meal as, "Travel to your local fish and chip shop. Ask for cod and chips. Add salt and vinegar to taste. Eat with fingers for best results!" Starr, who suffered from peritonitis as a child, struggled with the spicy Indian food when the band travelled to the Rishikesh ashram in 1968, apparently surviving on the baked beans he had brought with him in his suitcase and, of course, plenty of eggs.
Yoko Ono persuaded John Lennon to adopt a macrobiotic diet in the late Sixties, and the couple were frequent visitors to Seed restaurant, set up in 1968 in the basement of the Gloucester Hotel on Westbourne Terrace by Craig Sams, who would later go on to create Green & Black’s chocolate. Mingling with the likes of Terence Stamp and Marc Bolan, the couple would eat Seed’s rice and vegetable dishes while sat on cushions, at tables made out of electrical cable reels. (Despite the constraints of the diet, Lennon could never completely give up his beloved fried breakfasts and takeaway pizza.)
McCartney was to become the most famous vegetarian of the four, forswearing meat completely in the early Seventies after his marriage to Linda Eastman. “During the course of a Sunday lunch we happened to look out of the kitchen window at our young lambs playing happily in the fields. Glancing down at our plates, we suddenly realised that we were eating the leg of an animal who had until recently been playing in a field herself. We looked at each other and said, ‘Wait a minute, we love these sheep – they're such gentle creatures. So why are we eating them?’ It was the last time we ever did.” McCartney’s simple childhood tastes never completely changed. His wife developed her trademark vegetarian sausages and pies in response to Paul’s desire to fill what he described as, “the hole in the middle of the plate”. And the memory of “Yesterday” still lingers too in the title McCartney gave to Wings’ final 1979 album Back to the Egg. Despite their famous song that said so, none of the Beatles was ever a walrus – but it seems McCartney, at least, spent some time as an egg man.
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Actor Kenneth Branagh was born in which UK city? | Kenneth Branagh - IMDb
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Actor | Producer | Director
Kenneth Charles Branagh was born on December 10, 1960, in Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK, to parents William Branagh, a plumber and carpenter born in 1930, and Frances (Harper) Branagh, also born in 1930. His brother, William Branagh Jr., was born in 1955 and sister, Joyce Branagh , was born in 1970. At 23, Branagh joined the Royal Shakespeare ... See full bio »
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Nominated for 5 Oscars. Another 29 wins & 56 nominations. See more awards »
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Valkyrie Major-General Henning von Tresckow
(2008)
Henry V King Henry V
(1989)
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Filmography
2007 The Bible Revolution (TV Movie documentary)
Bible Reader (voice)
2006 American Experience (TV Series documentary)
Narrator
Periwig-maker (segment "The Periwig-Maker") (voice)
2001 Conspiracy (TV Movie)
1994 Omnibus (TV Series documentary)
Narrator
1983 To the Lighthouse (TV Movie)
Charles Tansley
1982 Play for Tomorrow (TV Series)
Student
Cambridge Student - Society Day crowd (uncredited)
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1993 Much Ado About Nothing (adaptation for the screen)
1989 Henry V (adapted for the screen by)
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2015 TFI Friday (TV Series) (1 episode)
- 19th Anniversary Special (2015) ... ("Take a Chance on Me", uncredited)
2015/I Cinderella (writer: "Strong")
2000 The Road to El Dorado (performer: "It's Tough to Be a God")
2000 Love's Labour's Lost (performer: "I'd Rather Charleston", "I Won't Dance", "Cheek To Cheek", "Let's Face The Music And Dance", "They Can't Take That Away From Me")
1992 Peter's Friends (performer: "The Way You Look Tonight", "Orpheus In the Underworld")
1988 Thompson (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode)
- Episode #1.1 (1988) ... (performer: "Have a Little Faith in Me" - uncredited)
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2000 The Periwig-Maker (Short) (supporter)
1997 Great Composers (TV Series documentary) (narrated by - 1 episode)
1988 Twelfth Night, or What You Will (TV Movie) (director of stage production)
1988 Forty Minutes (TV Series documentary) (narrator - 1 episode)
2010 Iron Man 2 (director: post-credits scene - uncredited)
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2000 Spinning Candyfloss (special thanks)
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2015 TFI Friday (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
1990-2015 Cinema 3 (TV Series)
Himself
1996-2015 Días de cine (TV Series)
Himself
2011-2015 Janela Indiscreta (TV Series)
Himself
2011-2015 Made in Hollywood (TV Series)
Himself
2007-2015 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series)
Himself / Himself - Director, Cinderella
2015 The Talk (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2015 The View (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2014 Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2014 Rencontres de cinéma (TV Series)
Himself
2011-2014 Tavis Smiley (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2008-2014 Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2013 Richard Briers: A Tribute (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2012 SAG Foundation Conversations (TV Series)
Himself
2012 Talking to Billy (TV Movie documentary)
Himself - 'Billy'
2012 ES.TV HD (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
1993-2011 Charlie Rose (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2011 Chelsea Lately (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
2011 Thor: Creating Laufey (Video short)
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2011 Thor: From Asgard to Earth (Video documentary short)
Himself
2011 Thor: Hammer Time (Video short)
Himself
2011 A Poem Is... (TV Series)
Narrator
2011 The Big Picture (TV Series)
Himself
- Episode #45.16 (2011) ... Himself - Director
2011 Daybreak (TV Series)
2009 1939: Hollywood's Greatest Year (TV Movie documentary)
Narrator (voice)
2009 The Journey to 'Valkyrie' (Video documentary short)
Himself
2009 Cinetipp (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2008 Who Is Kurt Wallander? (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2007 Stephen Fry: 50 Not Out (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2007 Eigo de shabera-night (TV Series)
Himself
2007 Secrets of the Dead (TV Series documentary)
Himself - Bible Readings
- Battle for the Bible (2007) ... Himself - Bible Readings (voice)
2007 Continuarà... (TV Series)
2005 Walking with Monsters (TV Series documentary)
Himself- Narrator
2004 A Tribute to Joe Mantegna (TV Short documentary)
Himself
2004 Cecil B. DeMille: American Epic (TV Movie documentary)
Narrator (voice)
2003 World War 1 in Colour (TV Mini-Series documentary)
Narrator
2003 Interviews with Professors & More (Video documentary short)
Himself
2002 Following the Rabbit-Proof Fence (TV Movie documentary)
Himself / Narrator
1996-2002 HBO First Look (TV Series documentary)
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2002 Omnibus (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2002 Judi Dench: A BAFTA Tribute (TV Movie documentary)
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2001 Walking with Prehistoric Beasts (TV Mini-Series documentary)
Narrator
2001 The Beasts Within (TV Movie documentary)
Narrator (UK version) (voice)
2001 Triumph of the Beasts (TV Movie documentary)
Narrator (UK version) (voice)
2000 Big Al Uncovered (TV Short documentary)
Narrator (UK version)
2000 The Ballad of Big Al (TV Short documentary)
Narrator (UK version) (voice)
2000 Lon Chaney: A Thousand Faces (TV Movie documentary)
Himself / Narrator (voice)
2000 Funny Turns (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1999 Walking with Dinosaurs (TV Series documentary)
Narrator
1998 Universal Horror (TV Movie documentary)
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1998 Cold War (TV Mini-Series documentary)
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- Star Wars (1998) ... Narrator (voice)
- Sputnik (1998) ... Narrator (voice)
1997 Electric Circus (TV Series)
Himself
1997 Great Composers (TV Series documentary)
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- Richard Wagner 1813 - 1883 (1997) ... Narrated by (voice)
- Tchaikovsky (1997) ... Narrated by (voice)
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791 (1997) ... Narrated by (voice)
- Mahler (1997) ... Narrated by (voice)
1996 Making 'Hamlet' (Video documentary)
Himself
1996 Very Important Pennis (TV Series)
Himself
1996 Film 2016 (TV Series)
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1996 100 Years of Horror (TV Series documentary)
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1995 Cinema Europe: The Other Hollywood (TV Mini-Series documentary)
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1988 Caught in the Act (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
2016 Arena (TV Series documentary)
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2013 Imagine (TV Series documentary)
Colonel Tim Collins
2012 The Wright Stuff (TV Series)
Himself - Actor
Radio Play - Title role in Cyrano de Bergerac on BBC Radio 3. See more »
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[on A Midwinter's Tale (1995)] I wanted to do something very small after Frankenstein, which was very big, and it felt good to work on a completely different scale. I didn't have to explain anything to anyone. I didn't have to talk about casting, didn't have to send rushes to America, didn't have to preview the movie. We made it, finished it and then we sold it. I like In the Bleak Midwinter as a... See more »
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He was awarded the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 1983 (1982 season) for Most Promising Newcomer for his performance in "Another Country". See more »
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Batting, Cornerstones, Sashing and Layer Cake are all terms used in which handicraft? | Kenneth Branagh Biography
Kenneth Branagh Biography
Kenneth Branagh (born December 10, 1960) is a versatile British actor and film director.
He was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, but when he was nine his family moved to England. Branagh received a honorary doctorate in Literature from Queen's University, Belfast in 1990.
Branagh has worked on both stage and screen. He is probably best known for his popular film adaptations of the works of William Shakespeare, beginning with Henry V in 1989, and including versions of Much Ado About Nothing (1993) and Hamlet (1996). He has starred in a number of other successful films unrelated to Shakespeare.
He has been nominated for four Academy Awards, including two for directing and acting in Henry V and another for the screenplay of Hamlet. He has also won an Emmy Award for his performance in the 2001 TV film Conspiracy.
He starred several times with his then wife, Emma Thompson, whom he married in 1989 and divorced in 1996. He married again in 2003, to film art director Lindsay Brunnock.
In 1994 Branagh declined becoming a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).
Filmography
Five Children And It (2004)
Shackleton (2002)
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)
How to Kill Your Neighbor's Dog (2002)
Rabbit-Proof Fence (2002)
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Frounce is a disease of the mouth and throat of which creatures? | The Modern Apprentice - Frounce
Frounce plaques on the upper mandible.
Photo courtesy of Eileen Wicker of Raptor Rehabilitation of KY Inc
Flagyl, Spartrix, Metronidazole, Entramin, Emtryl, or Carnidazole (or, less preferred, Enheptin) are typically prescribed for this. One common treatment now is to treat the bird with 25 - 50 mg/Kg of Metronidazole twice a day for 7 - 10 days. A single 250 mg tablet can be dissolved in 10 cc water. A 600 g bird can then be given 1 cc per day of this mixture. Another approach is to, basically, address the infection with a single dosage of 125 mg per kg of bird weight. The infection plaques will die and expose raw skin will need to be protected from any other infection. Plaques in the throat may necessitate smaller bites or food more easily swallowed.
Birds who are untreated usually succumb to Frounce within 7 - 10 days.
Becky Brunotte recently had a particularly bad encounter with Frounce in her bird. Her comments on the end of the ordeal: "I took the bird in to see the vet today because the frounce had gotten so large it was shutting off her air passage and she couldn't eat again. The vet removed the frounce pellet and the good news was that the frounce hadn't damaged her sinuses. But the bad news is that the frounce ate away one of the bones that runs on each side of the glottis. It was embedded in the frounce pellet. The frounce is out, but to be safe I'll treat her one more time with Spartrix."
She was kind enough to allow me to use the picture of the frounce pellet . You can barely make out the hyoid bone in this pellet. The hyoid in the bird is a Y shape. It is the attachment site for throat and tongue muscles allowing control of swallowing. The bird will function normally after is retrains its muscles to function without that part of the hyoid.
All images and text Copyright © 2004 - 2016 - Lydia Ash
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In which year were Jumping Jack fireworks banned from sale in the UK? | Rare and Weird Diseases | strange true facts|strange weird stuff|weird diseases
Rare and Weird Diseases
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Disease is a pathological condition of human or animal organ parts, system of organism that results to various causes, like infections, genetic defects or abnormal development and malfunctions of body organs. Diseases can be caused by injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms of unknown illness, deviant behaviors and atypical kind of functions and body structures. Syndrome is a medical term for specific symptoms and signs observed by physicians and given details by the patient’s phenomena and characteristics that often occur and presence of featured illnesses. Most rare diseases could be fatal if not given the proper medical attention. Diseases, could be classified as communicable and non-communicable disease. The four types of diseases are as follows: pathogenic disease, hereditary disease, physiological disease and deficiency disease. Patients who died of the disease are commonly declared as “death by natural causes”.
1) Botulism Disease
Botulism of a 14 year old patient, with total ophthalmoplegia with Ptosis in the left image and dilated fixed right pupil.
Botulism with infected skin lesions
Botulism is a rare paralytic disease caused by botulinum toxins from metabolic wastes produced by the bacterium Chlostridium Botolinum which affects wide range of mammals, birds and aquatic animals like fish. The toxins infects humans and animals through digestive tracts by the bacterium in children or infant botulism and adult intestinal toxemia, by ingesting toxin from contaminated foods, or contamination of open wounds. Person to person contamination seldom occur. Botulism leads to paralysis and begin affecting the face, and spread towards the muscles and limbs. Honey are not advised to be fed on infants. Foodborne Botulism is often caused by food poisoning of contaminated canned foods with low-acid contents such asparagus, beans, beets and corn. Botulism outbreaks come from uncommon sources like baked-potatoes wrapped in aluminum foils, carrot juice, chili peppers and tomatoes.
Ptosis or Lazy Eyes
Bilateral Ptosis or Lazy Eyes
Forest Whitaker, American Actor with Ptosis repaired
Ptosis also called “lazy eyes”, is characterized as drooping of eyelid, and could become worse if they stay awake for longer hours and tired the eye muscles, and cause to droop uncontrollably.
2) Minimata Disease
Minimata Disease patient with Tomocos hands
Minamata disease
Minimata disease also known as Chisso-Minimata disease, is a disease of the brain caused by severe mercury poisoning. Infant’s or newly born are can acquire by mother’s contaminated with mercury poisoning, and passes to her unborn baby. The symptoms includes numbness in the hands and feet, ataxia, weakness of muscles, blurred visions, hearing impairment and speech disorders. In some extreme case it leads to coma, insanity, paralysis and death. Minimata was first discovered in Japan in 1956, and the highly toxic waste from Methylmercury of the Chisso Corporation Chemical Factory, and accumulated in shellfish and fish in Minimata Bay and Shiranui Sea, where in the locals consumed the fish and other marine life of the bay area.
3) Thrombosis, Blood Clot Formation
Thrombosis, acute arterial thrombosis of right leg (notice the bluish color of the infected leg)
Thrombosis of a coronary artery
The formation of blood clots inside a blood vessel, blocking the flow of blood through the circulatory system is known as thrombosis. The injured blood vessel uses the thrombocytes or platelets and fibrin to form blood clots preventing loss of blood.
4) Wilson’s Disease
Wilson’s disease, a teenager rock drummer affected with the disease
Wilson’s disease, psychiatric manifestations
Ataxia Telangiectasia, small dilated blood vessels
Wilson’s disease is the excessive content of copper in a human body and builds mainly in the liver, brain, kidneys and the cornea of the eye (first layer of the front eye). The human body needs small amount of copper to stay fit and healthy, and normally the body gets rids of the excess copper in the human body. But in some cases, like the patients with Wilson’s disease, their body cannot get rid of the excess copper, thus it builds mainly in the liver and brain.
Spider Angioma
Spider Angioma or Spider Naevi
Spider angioma also called spider naevi or Nevus Araneus is a telangiestasis found beneath the skin surface, with reddish web-like tiny veins, and believed to be sign and symptoms of liver diseases, but are commonly benign.
5) Achondrogenesis Congenital Disorder
Achondrogenesis Type 1, Rare congenital disorder,female baby, died after birth
Achondrogenesis Type 2
Achondrogenesis disorder are characterized in three forms according to sign and symptoms and named as Achondrogenesis type 1A, Achondrogenesis type 1B and Achondrogenesis type 2. Sometimes this rare disease is described according to pattern of heredity and genetic causes, but some characteristic have unknown origin. Achondrogenesis have severe forms of congenital chondrodysplasia or deformed cartilages and bones, short limbs, small body and skeletal deformities. Infants with severe Achondrogenesis, are born prematurely, stillborn or die after birth. However, infants who survived Achondrogenesis disorder, could live for a short while with medical support and monitoring from their Pediatricians.
6) Kawazaki Disease
Kawazaki Disease, sign and symptoms
Kawazaki Disease
Kawazaki disease, signs found in tongue
Kawazaki disease, otherwise known as Kawazaki syndrome, Lymph Node syndrome and Mucocutaneous Lymph node syndrome, is rare disease that affects the blood vessels with inflammation affecting internal organs, mainly blood vessels, skin and mucous membranes and lymph nodes. Severe Kawazaki disease can affect the heart and can cause fatal coronary artery aneurysm, and viral infections that can lead to its pathogenesis. Most Kawazaki victims are below five year-old children. Kawazaki sign and symptoms start with persistent fever ( 39-40C and non-responsive to paracetamol or fever reliever medications), cough, colds, vomiting, sputum, headache, seizures and aortic aneurysm. Kawazaki disease is sometimes mistaken as scarlet fever, because of sign and symptoms similarities.
7) Scarlet Fever
Scarlet fever, with Strawberry tongue symptoms
Scarlet symptoms, a rough- reddish rashes on the skin, and sometimes scaly
Scarlet dequamation (skin peeling)
Scarlet Fever, also called Scarlatina in ancient medical literature, is a disease that discharges elements in the blood vessels into the body tissues and leading to fever, pharyngitis, and scarlatin form of rashes. “Exotoxin” released from discharges and secretions from the nose, ears, throat and skin, producing group A betahemolytic streptococci (GABHS). Scarlet fever includes wound infections or burns, upper respiratory tract infections and there are some reports that it also comes from food airborne outbreaks from contaminated foods.
Diptheria Disease
Diphtheria, skin lesion on the neck
Diphtheria, skin infections
Diphtheria is a contagious disease, maybe from a direct contamination from a person with Diphtheria virus or airborne contamination , a disease infecting upper respiratory tract, caused by “Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The symptoms includes severe case of swollen lymph nodes at the back of the ears, swollen neck (sometimes they call it “bull neck”), difficulty in breathing and swallowing, sometimes can cause paralysis in the eye, neck, throat or respiratory muscles. Infected patients with Diphtheria needs immediate medical attention, due to obstruction in breathing may occur, and the patient must be in ICU or intensive care unit and undergo an “intubation” or “tracheotomy”. Abnormality in heartbeat can occur and may lead to heart failure and cardiac arrest.
9) Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Charcot-Marie-tooth Disease, affected hands
Charcot-Marie-tooth disease
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, is a rare hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), transmitted as an autosomal dominant characteristic, by wasting far from a point of reference such as on origin or point of attachment or reflexes loss in the muscles and sensory touch of the legs, feet, ankle and also in the arms, wrists and hands. This condition have two types of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types l and ll. Features not visible in HMSN ll, are seen in HMSN l, associating with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hyperthropy. Sensory in the arms and legs are usually damaged, but pain nerves are intact. Cavus feet or high arched is associated with the deformity. Affected legs and limb can activate painful symptoms, numbness to spasm, and painful cramps. This disease is the most common hereditary disease and incurable and was considered as Muscular Dystrophy.
10) Bloom Syndrome
Bloom Syndrome
Bloom Syndrome
Bloom syndrome (BLM) also called Bloom-Torre-Machacek syndrome, is a rare inherited chromosome disorder, with complications that may lead to chronic lung disease, diabetes, mental retardation and cancer that may develop at any age, but sometimes diagnosed, cancer can developed at age 25. Bloom syndrome is described as having short statures, rashes on the face after sun exposure, and the rash can be of a butterfly-shaped reddish patches commonly appearing on the cheeks. Other symptoms are high-pitched voice, long-narrow face, under size jaw (micrognathism), noticeable eyes and ears, hypo and hyper pigmentation of the skin areas or pigmented birth marks (cafe-au-lait spots or giraffe spots), dilated blood vessels (tangiectasias) that appear not only on skins but also in the eyes. It can also lead to pneumonia, ear infections, inadequate functions of testes (males) or ovaries (female) leading to infertility for men and premature men or menopause for women.
11) Behcet’s Disease / Behcet’s Syndrome
Behcet’s Disease
Behcet;s Disease, sign and symptoms
Behcet’s disease on the neck
Behcet’s Syndrome, signs and symptoms
The Behcet syndrome is a rare inflammatory disease of the blood vessels of unknown causes and described as muccotaneous ulceration in the mouth, genital areas, uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form can cause death, blindness and inflammation of a synovial membrane or called synovitis, inflammation of veins (thrombophlebitis), gastro-intestinal ulcer, inflammation of retinal vascular with different kinds of causes such as Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, Multiple Sclerosis and Chorioretinitis and some infectious diseases.
12) Beckwith- Wiedemann Syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, genetic disease
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a rare disease that may developed at birth or after birth. BWS is described as an “overgrowth disorder” and could lead to childhood cancer and congenital characters to the patient. It was originally called exomphalos (omphalocele)-macroglossia-gigantism (EMG) syndrome, describing the pair features of abdominal wall deformities such as the hernia-exomphalos, macroglasia (enlargement of tongue), gigantism (large body and long limbs, macrosomia (birth weight and length of 90th percentile), omphalocele (midline abdominal-wall defects), umbilical hernia and diastasis recti, ear-pits and ear creases, low-blood sugar at birth, and difficulties in speech, eating, swallowing and sleeping due to abnormal large tongue.
13) Reactive Arthritis
Reactive Arthritis causes Keratoma Blennorrhagica
Reactive Arthritis or Reiter’s Syndrome
Human-geographic tongue, signs and symptoms of Reactive arthritis
Aphthous stomatistis, Reactive Arthritis symptoms
The Reactive Arthritis, also known as Reiter’s arthritis or Reiter’s syndrome, an autoimmune condition that develops infection in some parts of the body from bacteria and can trigger the disease with signs and symptoms similar to arthritis. First symptoms can be experienced as a painful urination (dysuria) and frequent urination, inflammation of prostate glands on male (prostatitis), inflammation of fallopian tubes (salpingitis), inflammation of the uterine cervix (cervicitis), and inflammation of vagina (vulvovaginitis) for the female. Followed by painful swelling of joints like the knees and wrist. The oral cavity are also affected showing severe signs such as aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers), geographic tongue (tongue erosion) and migratory stomatitis (soft tissues infections).
Polyarthritis of the fingers
Polyarthritis also called Alpha Polyarthritis syndrome, is an arthritis type of disease involving five or more swollen joints, related with autoimmune disorder (failure of an organism recognizing its own parts) such as Rheumatoid arthritis, Psoriatic arthritis, and Lupus Erythematosus and an alphavirus known as Chikugunya virus and Ross River virus (or Ross River Fever), a tropical diseases caused by mosquito bites. Any age and gender can be affected by Polyarthritis.
Psoriatic Arthritis
Psoriatic-arthritis of the feet
Psoriatic Arthritis is also called arthritis psoriatica, arthropathic psoriasis, or psoriatic arthropathy an inflammatory arthritis may develop to 30% of patients affected by psoriasis, a chronic skin disease. The signs and symptoms of Psoriatic arthritis include swelling, severe pains on affected areas, stiffness and redness of joints (sausage-like swelling) of the fingers and toes, termed as dactylitis, pain around the feet, ankles, tendon in the sole of the feet and changes of the nails separating or pitting out from the nail bed. Also suffering from lower back area or the sacrum. Prolonged swelling and not properly medicated can lead to joints damage.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheunatoid arthritis in Juvenile with swollen knee joints
Rheumatoid arthritis in adult’s hand
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting many tissues and organs but mainly attacking the synovial joints, or called “diarthrosis”, commonly most movable joints in the body. Inflammatory of the synovium (capsule around the joints), and swelling of hyperplasia (or enlargement of an organ, benign neoplasia or benign tumor) of synovial cells, excess synovial fluids, and the development of pannus in the synovium (granulation of tissues). RA symptoms also include ankylosis (stiffness of the joints because of adhesion and rigidity of bones of the joints), inflammation of lungs membrane (pleura) and pericardium (heart membrane), sclera (white of the eye), and nodular lesions (subcutaneous tissue). The term Rheumatoid is based from Rheumatic Fever, a heart disease which involves swelling of joints.
14) Gangrene
Gangrene on the foot
Gangrene is a medical condition of mass body tissue dies or called necrosis, and a serious disease and could be fatal. Gangrene form after an unattended wounds or injuries with infected areas that leads to blood clots and reduced the blood supplies in the affected tissues and lead to necrosis. Long term smokers for diabetic patients increase the risk of gangrene infections. There are different types of gangrene and symptoms, the Dry gangrene, Wet gangrene, gas gangrene, internal gangrene, and necrotising fascitis. Treatments for gangrene includes debridement and amputation for severe cases of gangrene.
Dry Gangrene
Dry Gangrene or severe necrosis
Wet Gangrene
wet and dry gangrene of diabetic wound
bedsores or decubitus stage 4, can lead to wet gangrene if left untreated
Gas Gangrene
Debridement of Necrotic tissues, Left leg
Maggots Therapy
Maggots Therapy or Maggot Debridement therapy (MDT)
15) Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis or Lyell’s Syndrome
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis or Lyell’s Syndrome
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, severe case
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)Toxic Epidermal Necrosis, rare epidermal condition from allergy reactions from medications
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), also called Lyell’s syndrome, is a rare disease but could be life threatening dermatological condition commonly caused by allergy reactions from drugs. The rare disease is described as “desquamation” of outer skin layer epidermis, from the skin lower layer, the dermis. Nikolsky sign, is the visible in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, by rubbing the skin slightly, and exfoliation of the outer layer of the skin or epidermis.
16) Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SUS)
Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SUS), severe case
Stevens-Johnson sybdrome, with conjunctivitis inflammation of the eyes and eyelids
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, showing mucosal desquamation
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, second speechless diseases
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are the two kinds of dermatological disorders which is life threatening if left untreated by dermatologist specialist. The cause is unknown, but ,the main causes known is allergy reactions from drugs which are sometimes purchased over the counter or without any prescriptions from the physicians. Some cases are caused by infections, but rarely are benign. The infections includes: herpes simplex virus, influenza, mumps, cat-scratch-fever, histoplasmosis, Epstein-Barr virus, mycroplasma pneumonia and other diseases. Symptoms are fever, sore throat and fatigue, which is commonly misdiagnosis and often prescribed with anti-biotic medicine.
17) Wegener’s Granulomatosis Disease
Wegener’s Granulomatosis, showing affected eyes
Wegener’s Granulomatosis, with Sclerokeratitis
Wegener’s Granulomatosis, signs and symptoms, eye-areas swollen
Wegener’s Granulomatosis, rare chronic disease
Wegener’s Granulomatosis Mucosal Ulceration
Wegener’s Granulomatosis (WG) or Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA), is an inflammation of the blood vessels (vaculitis) an incurable rare disease affecting the nose, lungs, kidneys and other internal organs. This life-threatening disease, requires long term medication due to immune system deficiency and five years survival is about 87% with mortality rate due to treatment toxicity. First noticeable sign is the rhinitis or stuffy nose, that can lead to chronic renal failure, upper airway, hearing loss and other ear infections, eye diseases such as scleritis, conjunctivitis,uveitis and episcleritis. It also affects the nose causing nosebleeding, saddle-nose deformities due to perforated septum.
18) Myiasis Diseases
Myiasis Disease, skin infected by Myiasis maggot
Myiasis disease with Tumbo Fly maggot, removed from skin wound
Oral Myiasis, caused by O.ovis in Iran (note the maggots on gum)
Myiasis disease, caused by African Tumbu Fly
Screwworm Larvae or Blowfly Larvae (maggots that feeds on human and nimal flesh)
Myiasis is a pathological infectious disease caused by parasitic fly larvae feeding on the host’s living tissues, that includes blowfly strike, fly-blown and fly-strike larvae. Some of these flies lay eggs in open wounds, some invade the broken skin or enter the body through the ears and nose, or maybe swallowed the foods where flies deposited their eggs. The larvae lacerate the host’s skin and caused skin sores and penetrate through the hosts tissues. The lesions causes skin irritation leading to severe infections and if no medical attention is given it may lead to toxemia or septicemia. This disease could also lead to weakness and anorexia disease and could be very fatal.
19) Herpes Simplex
Herpes Labialis of the lower lip
Oral herpes or Herpes Labialis, is an infection of the face, commonly the lips or mouth. It is also called “cold sores”, “fever blisters” caused by Herpes simplex virus (HSV1) and a common infections.
Herpes Whitlow, affecting fingers or thumb
Whitlow or Felon, infection of the tip of finger
Herpes Whitlow is a painful infected lesions of the whitlow or thumb, caused by Herpes Simplex virus.
Herpes Genitalis (Male)
Herpes Genitalis, is an infection and the second form of herpes simplex virus, affecting commonly the male and female genitalia. Most common genital infection for males, is the penis glans, shaft of the penis or other genital parts; while in female it affects the pubis, labia, clitoris, vulva, buttocks and anus.
Herpes Simplex virus, a viral disease with two types, the (HSV1 or Type 1) and the (HSV2 or Type 2), an infection with herpes virus of several kinds of disease based on the kind of viral infections in affected skin areas.
20) Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP)
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura disease, signs and symptoms in legs
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura disease, uncommon and rare disease
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura disease, affecting mouth, gum and teeth
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura disease (HSP) is uncommon and rare disease affecting most commonly children. HSP is an inflammation of the blood vessels (systemic vasculitis) described as decreased of immune complex that has lgA antibody, and this rare disease have unknown causes. The HSP, is considered a rare skin disease that cause small hemorrhage suffering from abdominal and joints pain, loss of protein and small amount of blood in the urine, but are commonly unnoticed, and affected kidneys may lead to chronic kidney disease.
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Which British Overseas Territory is located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean, and has an area of approximately 2.6 square miles? | Rock of Gibraltar | Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territor… | Flickr
Edward Balch By: Edward Balch
Rock of Gibraltar
Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean. It has an area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2) and a northern border with the Province of Cádiz in Andalusia, Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the only landmark of the region. At its foot is the densely populated city area, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians and other nationalities.
This photo is taken from Gibraltar Airport, crossing the runway on foot. Gibraltar Airport is unusual not only because of its proximity to the city centre resulting in the airport terminal being within walking distance of much of Gibraltar but also because the runway intersects Winston Churchill Avenue, the main north-south street, requiring movable barricades to close when aircraft land or depart.
Done
| Gibraltar |
Supermodel Elle McPherson was born in which country? | 17 Interesting Facts About Gibraltar
Home › Blog › Interesting Facts About Gibraltar
2nd April 2015
17 Glorious Gibraltar Facts
A limestone outcrop, Gibraltar is located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula, at the entrance of the Mediterranean.
It has an area of just 2.6 square miles (6.8 square kilometres).
In 2010, Gibraltar had a population of 29,436.
It’s a British overseas territory and shares its northern border with the Province of Cádiz in Andalusia, Spain ; Gibraltarians are British citizens.
Gibraltar is named in Arabic Jabal Tariq, after the Muslim commander Tariq Ibn-Ziyad. He turned ‘the rock’ into a fortress in 711 A.D, and it has been an important naval base for more than 1,000 years.
Most Gibraltarians are bilingual in English and Spanish, and are of mixed Genoese, British, Spanish, Jewish, Maltese and Portuguese descent.
The majority of Gibraltar’s income comes from customs duties, offshore finance, internet gaming, tourism and the provisioning of ships because it doesn’t have a large agricultural or industrial trade.
The Barbary Macaques, a species of tailless monkeys, in Gibraltar are the only free-living monkeys in Europe today; there are approximately 160 that have made Gibraltar their home.
The Tower of Homage is all that remains of the Moorish Castle that dates back to the 11th The castle saw a lot of action, especially during the 16th Century (1540) when hundreds of people found safety inside the castle when Turkish pirates attacked Gibraltar.
A British flag has flown at The Tower of Homage ever since Admiral Rooke erected the first British flag here when he captured the Rock in 1704.
Gibraltar is home a labyrinth of tunnels known as The Great Siege Tunnels. They are said to be the most impressive defence system devised by man, created when France and Spain made an attempt to recapture the Rock from the British in Gibraltar’s 14th siege; the siege lasted from July 1779 right through until February 1783.
Earlier, in 1704, 500 Spanish soldiers were discovered in Gibraltar’s St Michael’s Cave, preparing an attack to recapture Gibraltar from the British.
St Michael’s Cave was thought to be bottomless and people believed that the Rock of Gibraltar was linked to the Continent of Africa by a subterranean passage over 15 miles (24km) long under the Strait of Gibraltar. Imagine that…
Although never utilised, St Michael’s Cave was prepared as an emergency hospital during WW2.
This cave is linked to a second cave in Gibraltar known as Leonora’s Cave and it was rumoured that they both link Gibraltar to Morocco .
There are lots to see and do in Gibraltar from sightseeing and exploring the rock’s history to diving, fishing, shopping, excursions and birdwatching.
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Bat and Ball is a railway station in which English county? | Bat & Ball Railway Station (BBL) - The ABC Railway Guide
The ABC Railway Guide
Bat & Ball Railway Station Location Map
Bat & Ball Railway Station Streetview
Maps are by Google and Open Streetmap. Streetview is by Google. See credits and copyright for more detail.
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Bat & Ball railway station is a station in Sevenoaks, Kent. It is managed by Southeastern.
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| Kent |
In which year did Winston Churchill retire as British Prime Minister? | Railway Stations and Pub Names
The information on this page essentially represents work in progress and further information will be appreciated - please Email me. Where this symbol § appears, additional information will be particularly welcome.
Railway Stations, Junctions,
and other features named after Public Houses
A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W
Isolated public houses and inns were a special feature of the days when long distance travel required frequent stops for rest and refreshment, perhaps for change of horses, and the like. These often developed into centres for traffic interchange with nearby small communities and outlying farms and were therefore highly appropriate places for a station to be built when the railways arrived.
In other instances, a small station or junction might be built at a particular location mainly to suit the operational requirements of the railway, and a pub might be the most prominent local landmark after which to name it.
In at least one instance (see Berney Arms ) a railway station was built to serve a public house that was otherwise almost inaccessible.
A
Angel
Underground station (TQ314832). Opened 1901, City & South London Railway. Now on the City branch of the Northern Line. Near the Angel Inn, a former coaching inn recently rebuilt at the time when the railway opened. The building still stands, now a branch of the Cooperative Bank (1 Islington High Street, London N1 9TR). The Inn has also given its name to the immediately surrounding area. The present day pub, The Angel , 3-5 Islington High Street, London N1 9TQ, is located in a modern block of shops and offices nearby.
Atlantic
Pair of lines (TQ287772 to TQ339762). Opened jointly by the London, Chatham & Dover and London, Brighton & South Coast Railways between 1865 and 1867, linking York Road (now Battersea Park) and Peckham Rye Junction. These lines for most of their length form the southernmost pair of the four track route known as the South London Line and were intended to relieve congestion on the earlier pair. The name was given because they pass close by the Atlantic pub in Brixton: the pub is now The Dogstar , 389 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8LQ; since 2016 it has again carried the Atlantic name, in the form of a sign at roof level.
B
Bat & Ball
Station (SD492530). Sevenoaks station opened 1862, as the terminus of the Sevenoaks Railway. Shortly afterwards, railway changed its name to Sevenoaks, Maidstone & Tunbridge Railway. Line extended 1869 to join the South Eastern Railway at their Sevenoaks Tubs Hill station; original station renamed Sevenoaks Bat & Ball. Sevenoaks Bat & Ball renamed Bat & Ball, 1950. A short distance from the Bat & Ball Inn, located at the junction of St John’s Hill and Seal Road. The building remains, but is no longer a pub.
Bay Horse
Station (SD492530). Opened 1840, Lancaster & Preston Junction Railway. Station closed 1960, signal box retained as block post. Signal box closed circa 1972, emergency crossovers retained. Line remains open. Built to serve a collection of small communities, the station was named after an inn on the Preston to Lancaster coach road, the New Bay Horse, opened in 1825 replacing an earlier inn. Demand for coaching facilities declined with the arrival of the railway and the New Bay Horse closed as an inn in 1892. The business was transferred back to its former premises (then known as the Old Bay Horse), where it remains to this day: The Bay Horse Inn , Bay Horse, Lancaster, LA2 0HR.
Berney Arms
Station (SD492530). Opened 1844, Norwich & Yarmouth Railway. Now served by just a few trains a day, which stop on request. It is almost unique in having no road access whatsoever. A track leads to the Berney Arms Inn, Berney Arms, Great Yarmouth, NR30 1SB. The pub relies for its custom on walkers and on boat traffic on the adjacent River Yare, now mainly pleasure traffic, although commercial traffic was important in earlier years. However pub opening has been erratic in recent years and it has been threatened with permanent closure on more than one occasion. Traffic at the station is minimal, but it has survived closure owing to pressing social needs. The station is mainly used by the few local residents and by pub workers, with occasional pub visitors and ramblers (not to mention railway enthusiasts!) However, it also handles the all-important Royal Mail postal service, provided by a travelling postman; and in bad weather during the winter may be the only practical means of access to the pub, mill and neighbouring farms in an emergency.
Bird in Hand
Junction (approx ST177953). Line from Crumlin to Nelson & Llancaiach opened 1857 / 1858 Newport, Abergavenny & Hereford Railway. Line from Nine Mile Point to Sirhowy opened 1863 Sirhowy Railway. Junction between the two lines created 1893. Line towards Nelson closed 1964. Line towards Sirhowy closed 1969. Remaining lines closed 1970. Junction near the Bird in Hand Inn, Bryn Road, Pontllanfraith, Blackwood NP12 2EX.
Black Boy
Level crossing (SU832051). Line from Chichester to Portsmouth opened 1847, London, Brighton & South Coast Railway, with Black Boy level crossing. Remains open. On Black Boy Lane, leading to The Black Boy Inn, Main Road, Fishbourne, Chichester PO18 8AN. The pub closed circa 2006 and was converted into private housing.
Black Bull
Tram stop (approx SJ366972). Opened, dated uncertain §. Closed 1951. Near The Black Bull, 2 Warbreck Moor, Liverpool L9 0ER.
Black Dog
Bridge and Halt (ST982708). Line from Chippenham to Calne opened 1863, Calne Railway, with bridge and halt. The halt was initially classed as a private halt and, although the public were permitted to use it, it did not appear in public timetables until 1952. Line and halt closed 1965. The line was subsequently opened as a footpath and cycle route and a new bridge (known as the Millennium Bridge) has been constructed. The location takes its name from Black Dog Hill, the Inn of that name having closed some time around 1850. However, the inn building still stands, now a private house, part way up the hill on the south side.
Black Lion (Aberdare)
Level crossing and halt (SN999021). The Vale of Neath Railway opened its line from Dare Junction to Cwmaman Colliery in 1856. The line crossed the Aberdare to Maerdy road at Black Lion Crossing, at the point where present day Monk Street becomes Graig Place. Black Lion Crossing Halt, adjacent to the crossing, opened for passenger traffic in 1906, closed in 1924. The entire line closed in 1936. The Black Lion Hotel, 104 Wind St, Aberdare CF44 7LL (next to Victoria Square) is about ¼ mile away, nearer to the town centre. The pub was later renamed The Black, and in 2013 was standing empty.
Black Lion (Merthyr Vale)
Signal box, sidings and junction (ST076987). Line from Abercynon to Merthyr opened 1941, Taff Vale Railway. Sidings and signal box opened circa 1875 to serve Taff Colliery, later Merthyr Vale Colliery. Branch to sidings from Quaker’s Yard & Merthyr Railway at Merthyr Vale Junction opened 1886, closed 1951. Signal box rebuilt circa 1970. Merthyr Vale Colliery closed 1989. Black Lion signal box closed and sidings abolished 1992. Passing loop through Merthyr Vale station installed 2008, the junction at the southern end of the loop being known as Black Lion Junction; this is located about 500 yards north of the original signal box and is currently controlled from Abercynon Signalling Control Centre, control to be transferred to the Wales Railway Operations Centre in Cardiff by 2018. The origin of the Black Lion name is unclear. There was a Black Lion level crossing on the earlier Merthyr Tramroad (opened 1803) which ran parallel with the route of the railway; Black Lion Gates appears adjacent to the sidings on 19th century Ordnance Survey maps. The nearby Mount Pleasant Inn , Mount Pleasant, Merthyr Vale, Merthyr Tydfil CF48 4TD states on its website that it is known locally as The Black, but since the Inn dates from circa 1880 it cannot have been the origin of the name. There may have been an earlier hostelry in the vicinity, but no record seems to exist. §
Blue Anchor (London)
Viaduct and signal box (approx TQ345790). In what was already a heavily built up area at the time, the first few miles of the London & Greenwich Railway (opened in 1836) was constructed on viaduct to avoid numerous road level crossings. Various stretches of viaduct were given distinctive names; Blue Anchor Viaduct is close to the Blue Anchor , 251 Southwark Park Road, London SE16 3TS (on the corner of Blue Anchor Lane). When the London & Croydon Railway opened in 1839, Blue Anchor became the junction between the two lines. In subsequent years, traffic was such that the viaducts needed to be widened and each route had its own tracks towards London; the physical connection between the two lines was moved further west, but Blue Anchor remained as a signal box until its functions were taken over by a new signalling control centre at London Bridge in the 1970s.
Blue Anchor (Minehead)
Station (ST022434). Opened 1874, Minehead Railway. Closed 1971. Reopened 1976, West Somerset Railway . The station was built partly to serve the nearby village of Carhampton, but also the Blue Anchor Hotel , Blue Anchor, Minehead, TA24 6JP, located about ¾ mile to the east along the seafront. A small community has grown up around the station and takes its name from it.
Blue Pigeons
Level crossing (TR347568). Opened 1847, South Eastern Railway. Remains open. Near the Old Blue Pigeons, now a farm. The present day Blue Pigeons Hotel , The Street, Worth, Deal CT14 0DE is about ½ mile away.
Boars Head
Station and junction (SD577088). Line from Wigan to Preston opened 1838, North Union Railway. Boars Head station was opened 1869, as junction with Lancashire Union Railway branch to Adlington Junction on the Bolton & Preston Railway. Station closed in 1949. Branch closed and junction abolished 1971. Emergency crossovers retained. Main line remains open. Also nearby tram stop, opened 1902, Wigan Corporation Tramways, closed 1931. Near to the Boars Head , Wigan Road, Standish, Wigan WN6 0AD.
Boot Inn
Tram stop (approx SK298184). Opened 1906, Burton & Ashby Light Railway. Closed 1927. Near the former Boot Inn, now a Care Home: Gresley House, Market Street, Church Gresley, Swadlincote DE11 9PN.
Bo Peep
Junction (TQ791090) and tunnel (TQ791090 to TQ803094). Line from first Hastings & St Leonards station (later St Leonards West Marina) to Ashford opened 1851, South Eastern Railway, with the 1318 yard (1205 m) Bo Peep Tunnel. Bo Peep Junction created 1852, with opening of line to Robertsbridge. Both lines, junction and tunnel remain open. Junction and western end of tunnel near The Bo-Peep , 25 Grosvenor Crescent, St Leonards-on-Sea TN38 0AA. Note the pub name is hyphenated on its own website and signage, but two separate words in railway usage and in the Royal Mail postcode database.
Bricklayers Arms
Station (TQ335787) and junctions. Station opened 1844, jointly by the South Eastern and London & Croydon Railways, with line from Bricklayers Arms Junction on the London & Croydon Railway north of New Cross. New line opened 1849, South Eastern Railway, from Surrey Canal Junction to 2nd Bricklayers Arms Junction on the original line. Station closed to passengers 1852, but remained active for freight. Original line between the two Bricklayers Arms Junctions closed 1981. Station finally closed, together with the line from Surrey Canal Junction, 1983. The extensive site of Bricklayers Arms station is now occupied by an industrial estate. Mandela Way (SE1 5SR / SS) runs through its centre. Part of the line from Surrey Docks Junction can still be traced on the ground. Part of the route of the line from the former London & Croydon Railway is now used by the so-called Spur Lines connecting with the South London Lines. The divergence of the Spur Lines from the Brighton main line (TQ356781) retains the name of Bricklayers Arms Junction. Bricklayers Arms station took its name from a pub located nearby, at the junction of Old Kent Road and New Kent Road (TQ329789). The pub was rebuilt in the 1890s. Excavations carried out at the time of rebuilding confirmed that it had been built on the site of a much older coaching inn. The later building survived until the 1960s, after which it was demolished for road widening. The site is now occupied by a roundabout and flyover.
Bridge Tavern
Tram stop (approx SK541611). Opened 1905, Mansfield & District Light Railway Company. Closed 1932. Near the Bridge Tavern, Bridge Street, Mansfield NG18 1AL.
Bronwydd Arms
Station (TQ335787). Line from Carmarthen to Conwil opened 1860, Carmarthen & Cardigan Railway, a broad gauge line. Station opened 1861. Line converted to mixed gauge 1866, standard gauge 1872. Station closed 1965. Line closed 1973. Part reopened as tourist line (with Bronwydd Arms station) 1978, Gwili Railway . Near the Bronwydd Arms Inn, located at the junction of the Carmarthen to Cardigan main road (A484) with the road to Bronwydd village (B4301). The pub was demolished in 1981 for road widening, its site is marked by a roadside plaque. The small village that grew up around the pub and station has taken the name of the former inn.
Brown Cow
Tram stop (approx SK543610). Opened 1905, Mansfield & District Light Railway Company. Closed 1932. Near the Brown Cow , 33-35 Ratcliffe Gate, Mansfield NG18 2JA.
Brunswick
Viaduct (TQ333798). Another section of the long elevated route opened in 1836 to carry the London & Greenwich Railway over the streets of South East London (see Blue Anchor ). Brunswick Viaduct spanned Brunswick Court, London SE1 3LX, itself named after a tavern which stood at its junction with Tanner Street but which disappeared many years ago.
Bull & Bush
Proposed underground station (approx TQ260870). Line from Euston to Golders Green opened 1907, Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway. Station proposed at North End, construction started but never completed. Line remains open as the Edgware branch of the Northern line. The incomplete station was officially named North End, but over the years has come to be known as Bull & Bush. Near the Bull & Bush , North End Way, London NW3 7HE, famous as the inspiration of the music hall song Down at the Old Bull & Bush.
Bull’s Head
Tram stop (SJ895952). Line from Stockport opened 1903, Stockport Corporation Transport. Extended to Gorton 1908. Closed 1946. Near the Bull’s Head, 605 Gorton Road, Stockport SK5 6NX. The pub closed around 2012 and is now a vacuum cleaner sales outlet.
C
Camels Head
Halt (SX456572). Line from Devonport to Beer (later Bere) Alston opened 1890, Plymouth, Devonport & South Western Junction Railway. Camels Head Halt opened 1906, closed 1942. Line from Devonport to Saint Budeaux closed 1964. Halt near to The Camels Head pub, which stood at what was then the junction between Wolseley Road and Ferndale Road. Pub renamed The Submarine, 1978. Demolished 1988 to make way for road widening.
Cavendish
Tram terminus (SK348341). Opened 1904, Derby Corporation Tramways. Closed 1934. Next to the Cavendish Hotel, Walbrook Road, Derby DE23 8SB. Pub closed 2012.
Chocolate Poodle
Bridge (ST995549). Line from Patney & Westbury Junction to Westbury opened 1900, Great Western Railway, with Lavington station, signal box and adjacent bridge. Station closed 1966. Signal box replaced by ground frame (released from Reading) 1977. Line, ground frame and bridge remain open. Bridge unofficially renamed Chocolate Poodle bridge circa 1970. Next to The Chocolate Poodle, High Street, Littleton Pannell, Devizes SN10 4EL. The pub is closed. The building, located adjacent to the entrance to Littleton Mobile Home Park, now contains rental flats, having previously been a guest house.
Clock House
Station (TQ363695). Line from New Beckenham to Croydon (Addiscombe Road) via Elmers End opened 1864, Mid-Kent Railway. Clock House station opened 1890, South Eastern Railway. Remains open. The nearby Clock House, 205 Beckenham Road, Beckenham BR3 4PT was a modern replacement for the original pub, but it was closed and demolished circa 2006 to make way for flats.
Coronation
Viaduct (TQ303778). Opened 1848, London & South Western Railway, part of the Waterloo Arches . Remains open. The source of the name is uncertain §. May have been named after an existing landmark, possibly a pub, but more likely named after Coronation Buildings, constructed adjacent to the line at beginning of the 20th century to house railway employees and local residents displaced by the widening of the line. If this is the case, Coronation Arches would have been known by a different name prior to the construction of the Buildings. Coronation Buildings was demolished in the 1980s and the site is now occupied by offices at 66 South Lambeth Road, London SW8 1RL.
Craven Arms
Station (SO432831) and signal box (SO432828). Line from Shrewsbury to Ludlow opened 1852, with level crossing at Long Lane. Craven Arms station opened 1853, to serve the coaching inn, the Craven Arms Hotel , Shrewsbury Road, Craven Arms SY7 9QJ, which was a traffic generator for several small communities in the area. A substantial village has grown up around the station and inn, taking its name from them. Station renamed Craven Arms & Stokesay, 1879. Renamed back to Craven Arms, 1974. Central Wales Junction created 1860 with opening of Knighton Railway. Long Lane Crossing renamed Craven Arms Crossing, unknown date. Control of Central Wales Junction transferred to Craven Arms Crossing Signal Box, unknown date. Level crossing abolished (replaced by underbridge), signal box retained to control junction, unknown date. Both lines, station and signal box remain open.
Cricket Inn
Tunnel (SK363876), see Nunnery Tunnel . Runs under Cricket Inn Road. The Cricket Inn from which the road takes its name was considerably further from the city centre; it was demolished in the 1990s to make way for the Parkway Central Retail Park adjacent to Sheffield Parkway.
Cross Hands (Newport)
Tram stop (ST334881). Opened 1895, Newport Tramways Company, as terminus of horse tram route from Town Centre. Line electrified and extended to Borough Boundary 1930, Newport Corporation Tramways. Line closed 1930. Near the Cross Hands Hotel, 446 Chepstow Rd, Newport NP19 8JF. The pub was rebuilt some time in the mid 20th century, but remains in the same location.
Cross Hands (Pilning)
Halt (ST558851). Line from Bristol to New Passage Pier opened 1863, Bristol & South Wales Union Railway, section beyond Pilning Junction closed 1886 with the opening of the Severn Tunnel. Section of closed lined reopened 1900 by Great Western Railway as part of its route to Avonmouth via Severn Beach. Halt opened 1928, closed 1964. Line closed 1968. Near the former Cross Hands Inn, Cross Hands Road, Pilning, Bristol BS35 4JB, now the Jnoon Indian Restaurant .
Cross Inn (Ammanford)
Station (SN631120). Line from Pontardulais to Garnant opened 1840, Llanelly Railway & Dock Company. Station opened 1850. Renamed Ammanford 1883 (Ammanford itself having been created as a community in 1880). Closed 1958. Not to be confused with present Ammanford station, which was Tirydail until 1960. Line remains open for freight. Near the Cross Inn which stood at the junction of the Llandeilo Road (now College Street) and High Street. The Inn was demolished in the 1890s.
Cross Inn (Llanfihangel-ar-Arth)
Station (SN453392). Line from Pencader Junction to Strata Florida opened 1866, Manchester & Milford Railway. Station opened 1871, renamed New Quay Road 1874, renamed Bryn Teify 1916, closed 1965. Line closed 1973. Next to the Cross Inn Hotel, Llanfihangel-Ar-Arth, Pencader SA39 9HX. In 2016 the pub was closed and being offered for sale.
Cross Inn (Pontyclun)
Station (ST055830). Line from Llantrisant station (now Pontyclun) to Tonteg Junction opened 1863, Llantrisant & Taff Vale Junction Railway. Station opened 1871, closed 1952. Line remains open for freight as far as Cwm Llantwit. Station near the Cross Inn Hotel, Main Road, Cross Inn, Pontyclun CF72 8AZ. A small community has grown up around the pub and takes its name from it.
Cross Keys (Glanamman)
Station (SN675137). Line from Pontardulais to Garnant opened 1840, Llanelly Railway & Dock Company. Station opened 1851. Renamed Glanamman 1884. Closed 1958. Line remains open for freight. Near the Cross Keys, 78 Cwmamman Road, Glanamman, Ammanford SA18 1DZ.
Cross Keys (Hednesford)
Junction (about SK001112). Opened 1881, London & North Western Railway, for freight only. Point of connection with the private rail network of Hednesford Colliery. Line closed 1964 when colliery traffic ceased. Near The Cross Keys, 42 Hill Street, Hednesford, Cannock WS12 2DN.
Cross Keys (Newport)
Station (ST220920). Opened 1855, Monmouthshire Railway & Canal Company. Closed 1962. Line remained open for freight. Line and station reopened for passenger traffic 2007. Near the Cross Keys Hotel, High Street, Cross Keys, Newport, NP11 7BY. A sizeable community has grown up around the station and pub, and takes its name from them.
Cross Keys (Sutton Bridge)
Bridge (TF482210). Line from Sutton Bridge to Kings Lynn with railway on existing road bridge opened 1864, Lynn & Sutton Bridge Railway. Bridge replaced by new combined road and rail swing bridge 1897, Midland & Great Northern Joint Railway. Railway closed 1959. Bridge remains in use for road traffic as part of A17. Name probably taken from Cross Keys Wash, an arm of The Wash (reputedly where King John lost his jewels in 1216) that existed in the area until drained in the 1860s and the River Nene confined to its present channel. There may have been two pubs with the name. An 1810 Ordnance Survey map shows a Cross Keys Inn on the west bank of Cross Keys Wash. This is near, and may be the same building as, the Wash House Inn recorded in the 1830s at the end of the then new first road bridge; the latter building is the present day Bridge Inn, closed and standing empty in 2011. There was a Cross Keys Tavern in the village of Walpole on the East side of Cross Keys Wash, about 3km from the present bridge, later the Cross Keys Inn and now closed, although the building remains.
Crymmych Arms
Station (SN184340). Opened 1875, Whitland & Taf Vale Railway. Closed 1962. Line closed 1963. Near the Crymych Arms, Crymych, SA41 3RJ. Note the slightly changed modern spelling.
D
Dartmouth Arms
Station (TQ354729). Opened 1839, London & Croydon Railway. Renamed Forest Hill 1845. Near The Dartmouth Arms , 7 Dartmouth Road, London SE23 3HN.
Dolphin
Junction (approx SU987800). Line from London to Maidenhead opened 1838, Great Western Railway, a broad gauge line. Converted to mixed gauge 1861, standard gauge 1892. Dolphin Junction opened, date unknown, as crossovers between Main and Relief lines. Remains open. Near the Dolphin Tavern, site now occupied by the Premier Inn Slough Hotel, 76 Uxbridge Road, Slough SL1 1SU.
Durham Ox
Junction and level crossing (SK978708). Junction created 1848 / 1849 at the intersection of the Manchester, Sheffield & Lincolnshire and Great Northern Railways east of Lincoln. Name later changed (date uncertain) to Pelham Street Junction / Crossing. Line from Lincoln Saint Marks closed 1985, other lines remain open. Next to the Durham Ox Inn, which no longer exists. The area has been completely altered by the construction of a new main road which passes above the junction.
E
Eclipse Inn
Tram stop (approx SK422479). Opened 1913, Nottinghamshire & Derbyshire Tramways Company. Closed 1932. Near the Eclipse Inn, High Street, Loscoe, Heanor DE75 7LE. Pub remains open.
Elephant & Castle
Station (TQ311790) and underground station. Opened 1861, London, Chatham & Dover Railway, to the north of the New Kent Road; relocated to its present site 1863. Opened 1900, City & South London Railway (now the City branch of the Northern Line). Opened 1906, Baker Street & Waterloo Railway (now the Bakerloo Line). Named after a famous nearby pub first recorded in the 18th century. The has stood at the north end of Newington Butts, more or less at the centre of the present day Elephant & Castle gyratory. It was demolished in the 1960s to make way for redevelopment. A modern replacement pub, the Elephant & Castle, 119 Newington Causeway, London SE1 6BN was opened nearby.
Elm Tree
Tram stop (TQ311790). Opened 1994, South Yorkshire Supertram, as Manor Top / Elm Tree. Near the Elm Tree, 980 City Road, Sheffield S12 2AB. Pub closed circa 2009 and demolished in 2016. Site is now occupied by the Asda filling station.
F
Falcon
Junction (TQ272753) of the West London Extension Railway (opened in 1863) with the existing lines of the London, Brighton & South Coast Railway, just south of Clapham Junction station. Falcon Junction (also known as Clapham Junction South) is near The Falcon , 2 St John’s Hill, London SW11 1RU.
Fighting Cocks
Station (NZ342142). The Stockton & Darlington Railway opened in 1825. Middleton & Dinsdale station opened 1838. Renamed Fighting Cocks 1866. Closed 1887. Line closed 1964. Near the Fighting Cocks , Darlington Road, Middleton Saint George, Darlington DL2 1JT. At one time the pub sold tickets for travel on the railway.
Fleece Inn
Steam Tramway Halt (approx TF500791). Opened 1884, Alford & Sutton Tramway. Closed 1889. Next to the Fleece Inn at Hannah, located at the junction of Sutton Road and Crawcroft Lane. Building remains, but is no longer a pub. See also Jolly Bacchus .
Fleur de Lis
Platform (approx ST156965). Line from Bassaleg, near Newport, to Pengam opened 1865, Brecon & Merthyr Tydfil Junction Railway. Fleur de Lis Platform opened 1926, closed 1962. This section of the line closed 1967. The station takes its name from Fleur de Lis village (Flower de Luce on some early 19th century maps). There are various theories regarding the origin of the village name, but the suggestion that it was named after a pub actually seems unlikely. There was a brewery in the village from an early date, but the only licensed hostelry definitely recorded is the Trelyn Hotel on High Street. The Hotel was demolished in the late 20th century, the site is now occupied by the houses of Cwrt Trelyn.
Four Ashes
Station (SJ917084). Opened 1837, Grand Junction Railway. Station closed 1959, signal box retained as block post. Signal box closed circa 1965, up goods loop retained, operated from Wolverhampton PSB. Line remains open. About ¼ mile from the Four Ashes Inn , Station Drive, Four Ashes, Wolverhampton WV10 7BU.
Four Crosses
Station (SJ271184). Opened 1860, Oswestry & Newtown Railway. Line and station closed 1965. Near the Four Crosses Inn, Four Crosses, Llanymynech SY22 6RE. Pub closed some time after 2010, and in 2016 was being offered for sale. The community that grew up around the inn and station takes its name from them.
Fox & Hounds
Tram terminus (approx NZ211650). Opened unknown date prior to 1928 §, Newcastle Corporation Tramways. Closed by 1949 §. Near the Fox & Hounds , West Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE5 2ER.
G
Gate Inn
Tram stop (approx SK419502). Opened 1913, Nottinghamshire & Derbyshire Tramways Company. Closed 1932. Near the Gate Inn, 137 Codnor Gate, Codnor, Ripley DE5 9QW. Pub closed circa 2014 and demolished 2015.
Glass House Inn
Tram stop (approx SK419499). Opened 1913, Nottinghamshire & Derbyshire Tramways Company. Closed 1932. Near the Glass House Inn. Pub was demolished in the 1960s, site now occupied by Ce Bella Bar & Restaurant, 38 Glass House Hill, Codnor, Ripley DE5 9QT.
Great Northern Hotel
Halt (approx J182178, Irish grid). Opened 1877, Warrenpoint & Rostrevor Tramway, a 34 inch (864 mm) gauge tramway. Line closed 1915. Halt next to the Mourne Hotel, later renamed the Great Northern Hotel, Rostrevor. Hotel destroyed by fire in the 1970s.
Grey Horse
Halt (approx NZ228357). Line from Phoenix Pit to Stockton opened 1825, Stockton & Darlington Railway, initially as a freight only line with no passenger service. Grey Horse opened as a boarding point for passengers circa 1831 by Daniel Adamson, a private contractor to the Railway Company who commenced regular operation of the horse drawn passenger carriage Perseverance over the Company’s line from Shildon to Darlington. In 1833, the Company commenced its own passenger operation, utilizing the premises of another nearby pub, the Masons Arms, which thus effectively became the first Shildon railway station. The original carriage depot opened by Adamson opposite the Grey Horse pub became a goods station. A new Shildon station was opened on its present day site in 1842, and the original station closed. The line between the new Shildon station and Phoenix Pit, which passed by the Grey Horse and the Masons Arms, was closed in 1858. Pub remains open: the Grey Horse, 2 Byerley Road, Shildon DL4 1JQ.
H
Harrington Arms (Alvaston)
Tram terminus (approx SK385335). Opened 1904, Derby Corporation Tramways. Closed 1932. Near the Harrington Arms. The site of the original pub is now occupied by a row of shops located immediately to the east of a more recent pub, the Harrington Arms, 1240 London Road, Alvaston, Derby DE24 8QP. The latter pub closed in 2012 and was standing empty in 2016.
The Hawthorns
Station and tram stop (SP025897). Line from Birmingham (Snow Hill) to Wolverhampton (Joint, later Low Level) opened 1854, Great Western Railway. Handsworth Junction created and line from Handsworth Junction to Smethick Junction (Stourbridge Railway) opened 1867, Great Western Railway. The Hawthorns halt opened near Handsworth Junction 1931. Both lines and station closed 1972. Line from Birmingham (Snow Hill) to Smethwick Junction reopened 1995, British Rail, with new station on the site of the original halt. Midland Metro opened 1999 from Birmingham (Snow Hill) to Wolverhampton (St George’s), largely following the route of the original railway line, and with its own platforms at The Hawthorns. Although there was a pub named The Hawthorns nearby (at the junction of Halfords Lane and Birmingham Road), both pub and station take their name from the adjacent West Bromwich Albion football ground. The pub is now part of the football club property.
Holland Arms
Station (SH471726). Line from Gaerwen to Amlwch opened 1865, Anglesey Central Railway, with Holland Arms station. Station closed 1952. Line closed 1993, though there are proposals to reopen it as a tourist and local service line. Near the Holland Arms Hotel , Pentre Berw, Gaerwen LL60 6HY.
Hollybush
Station (SO166034). Line from Nine Mile Point, near Newport, to Sirhowy opened 1863, Sirhowy Railway. Station opened 1891. Closed 1960. Line closed 1969. Near the Hollybush Inn, Railway Terrace, Hollybush, Blackwood NP12 0SJ. Pub closed, building remains as a private house, Yr Hen Llwyncelyn (trans: The Old Hollybush). The community that has grown up around the inn and station takes its name from them.
Hope & Anchor
Tram stop (approx SK295205). Opened 1906, Burton & Ashby Light Railway. Closed 1927. Near the Hope & Anchor, now The Anchor, 211 High Street, Newhall, Swadlincote DE11 0EA.
Horse & Jockey (Arnold)
Tram stop (approx SK587457). Opened 1915, Nottingham Corporation Tramways. Closed 1936. Near the Horse & Jockey. Pub refubished 2015 and renamed The Eagles Corner , 91 Front Street, Arnold, Nottingham NG5 7EB.
Horse & Jockey (Thurles)
Station (S150515, Irish grid). Opened 1880, Southern Railway (of Ireland). Closed to passengers 1963 and to freight 1967. Near the Horse & Jockey Inn, Thurles, Co Tipperary. The station served the pub and local traffic, including bringing supplies to the pub. Although Thurles is the postal address, the Inn is actually located about 5 miles south east of the town. A small community has sprung up around the Inn, taking from it the English name of Horse & Jockey (in Gaelic An Marcach, The Jockey). The original Inn has been extended into a large hotel complex, the Horse & Jockey Hotel .
Houldsworth Arms
Tram stop (SJ894933). Line from Stockport opened 1902, Stockport Corporation Transport. Extended to Bull’s Head 1903. Closed 1946. Near the Houldsworth Arms, 1 Houldsworth Square, Stockport SK5 7AF.
J
Jolly Bacchus
Steam Tramway Terminus (TF520819). Opened 1884 by the Alford & Sutton Tramway, a 30 inch (762 mm) gauge line connecting Sutton on Sea with the East Lincolnshire Railway at Alford. The standard gauge Sutton & Willoughby Railway reached Sutton in 1886, and the tramway survived only a further few years, closing completly in 1889. The Sutton terminus was next to the Jolly Bacchus Inn, now the Bacchus Hotel, 17 High Street, Sutton on Sea, Mablethorpe LN12 2EY.
Jolly Sailor
Station (TQ341684). Opened 1839, London & Croydon Railway. Renamed Norwood, 1846. Closed 1859, when a new station (Norwood Junction) was opened a little further south. Near the Jolly Sailor, 64 High Street, London SE25 6EB. Pub was known as the Royal Sailor for a few years in the late 19th century.
K
King William
Goods station (approx SD730146). Line from Bolton to Darwen opened 1848, Bolton, Blackburn, Clitheroe & West Yorkshire Railway. Station probably opened same date. Known active 1913. Closed, unknown date. Line remains open. Near the King William , 245 Chapeltown Road, Bromley Cross, Bolton BL7 9AN.
L
Lamb, The
Tram stop (approx O018193, Irish Grid). Opened 1888, Dublin & Blessington Steam Tramway. Line and stop closed 1933. Near The Lamb, an old coaching inn. The inn closed during the life of the tramway; the date of closure is unclear, but it is reported to have been demolished some time before 1920. An adjacent minor Road is known as Lamb Hill. The location of the old tram stop on the route of Dublin Bus service 65 was officially The Lamb until the early 21st century; it is now called Blessington Road Antique Shop. The antique shop in question is named Tramway Treasures & Crafts.
Leatherne Bottel
Bridge (SU602824). Line from Reading to Didcot opened 1840, Great Western Railway. Broad gauge line, converted to dual gauge 1856 and standard gauge 1892. Widened from 2 tracks to 4 tracks and bridge extended 1893. Bridge reconstructed to allow clearance for overhead electrification 2011. near the Leatherne Bottel , Bridle Way, Goring, Reading RG8 0HS.
M
Malt Shovel
Tram stop (SK341182). Opened 1906, Burton & Ashby Light Railway. Closed 1927. Near the Malt Shovel, later the Annwell Inn, now the Tap House , Annwell Lane, Smisby, Ashby-de-la-Zouch LE65 2TA.
Manor House
Underground station (TQ321875). Opened 1932, London Electric Railway. Now part of the Piccadilly Line. Next to the Manor House, 277 Seven Sisters Road, London N4 2DE. The pub was later a night club and is now closed. The ground floor is now occupied by retail units, including the Simply Organique grovery store and coffee shop.
Marine Hotel
Tram stop (approx O260392, Irish grid). Opened 1901, Hill of Howth Tramway, an Irish standard gauge electric tramway wholly owned by the Great Northern Railway of Ireland. Line closed 1959. Stop was next to the Strand Hotel, later renamed the Marine Hotel, Sutton Cross, Dublin 13.
Marquis (or Marquess) of Granby
N
New Cross
Two stations: TQ362770, station opened 1839, London & Croydon Railway. East London Railway connection opened 1869, with its own station named New Cross Gate. East London line station closed 1911, services transferred to main line station. Main line station renamed New Cross Gate, 1923. TQ367771, station opened 1850, South Eastern Railway. East London Railway connection opened 1876. Both stations remain open. Near the New Cross Inn , 323 New Cross Road, London SE14 6AS.
New Inn (Glyn Ceiriog)
Station (SJ202377). Opened 1874, Glyn Valley Tramway, a 28¼ inch (718 mm) gauge line. Closed 1886 when the route of the line was altered slightly in order to extend to Hendre Quarry. A new station (Glynceiriog) opened nearby 1891, closed 1933. Entire line closed 1935. Near the New Inn, now the Glyn Valley Hotel, Glyn Ceiriog, Llangollen LL20 7EU.
New Inn (Rosebush)
Halt (SN061299). Line from Rosebush to Letterston opened 1895, North Pembrokeshire & Fishguard Railway. New Inn Bridge Halt opened 1929, closed 1937. Line closed 1949. Near the New Inn, Rosebush, Clynderwen SA66 7RA. Pub closed, now a private house, Yr Hen Dafarn Newydd (trans: The Old New Inn).
New Inn (Wortley)
Tram terminus (approx SE262331). Opened unknown date §, Leeds City Tramways. Closed 1956. Near the New Inn, 336 Tong Road, Leeds LS12 3TN. Pub closed circa 2012; building remains.
Newlands Inn
Station (SK422513). Opened circa 1991, Golden Valley Light Railway , a 2 foot (610 mm) gauge tourist line. Remains open. Near the Newlands Inn, Golden Valley, Riddings, Alfreton DE55 4ES. The pub closed in 2007 and was badly damaged by fire in 2011.
Normanton Hotel
Tram stop (SK351347). Opened 1881, Derby Corporation Tramways, as the terminus of a horse drawn tram route from the town centre. Line converted to electric traction and extended to Cavendish 1904. Line and stop closed 1934. The Normanton Hotel stood at the junction of Pear Tree Road and Lower Dale Road. The original building is now occupied by a row of shops, the largest of which is the Medina Pharmacy.
North Pole
Junction (TQ229819) and train servicing depot. The junction was created in 1863, when the Great Western Railway opened a chord connecting its 1838 Main Line at Old Oak East Junction with the 1844 West London Railway at North Pole Juction. A third line, from the London & North Western Railway at Mitre Bridge Junction, reached North Pole in 1860. The original connection from the Great Western Main Line at Ladbroke Grove Junction. closed in 1869, and the connection to Old Oak East Junction in 1990. Junction reinstated 1994 providing connection to new servicing depot for Eurostar trains, located alongside the former Great Western Main Line. Depot closed 2007 with transfer of Eurostar fleet to Stratford. Reopened 2014 as servicing depot for Hitachi Super Express (class 800 and 801) trains. Near the North Pole, 13-15 North Pole Road, London W10 6QH. The pub was rebuilt some time during the 19th century, replacing an earlier pub on the same site; the new building was sometimes referred to as the New North Pole. A local legend that may or may not have a basis in fact tells the history of the name: an inn named The Globe stood on the site from the 18th century, it had for its sign a globe of the world. Over time, the globe was weathered away until only the North Pole was left - and this became the name by which the pub was known. Pub reopened after standing empty for a number of years, but closed again 2013. Now a branch of Tesco Express.
O
Oak Tree
Junction (NZ354137). The Stockton & Darlington Railway opened in 1825. Oak Tree Junction created 1887 with the opening of a more southerly route to the East Coast Main Line via Dinsdale. Ceased to be a junction in 1964 with the closure of the northerly route via Fighting Cocks. About ¾ mile from the Oak Tree Inn , Yarm Road, Middleton Saint George, Darlington DL2 1HN.
Old Colonial
Tram stop (SJ322893). Opened circa 1995, Wirral Transport Museum. Tram services are provided by the Merseyside Tramway Preservation Society . Tram stop is near the Taylor Street Museum and the Old Colonial, 167 Bridge Street, Birkenhead CH41 1AY. Pub closed by 2014, now in use as offices for a builders company.
Old Roan
Station (SJ370993). Line from Liverpool to Lostock Hall opened 1849, East Lancashire Railway. Old Road station opened 1907, Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway, closed 1909. Reopened 1935, London, Midland and Scottish Railway. Remains open. Next to the Old Roan Inn, Copy Lane, Bootle L30 8RD. Pub closed circa 2013 and was standing empty in 2015.
Old Swan
Station (SJ404913) and tram stop (approx SJ394911). Old Swan & Knotty Ash station opened 1879, Cheshire Lines Committee. Renamed Knotty Ash & Stanley, 1888. Closed 1960. Line closed 1975. Tram stop opened, date uncertain §. Closed circa 1955. Tram stop near The Old Swan , 1-5 Saint Oswalds Street, Liverpool L13 5SA; station about ½ mile distant. The surrounding area has taken its name from the pub.
P
Pilot
Station (TR090186). Opened 1928, Romney, Hythe & Dymchurch Railway, a 15 inch (381 mm) gauge miniature line. Station closed 1984. Line remains open. Next to the Pilot Inn , Battery Road, Lydd on Sea, Romney Marsh TN29 9NJ.
Portland Arms
Tram stop (approx SK539609). Opened 1905, Mansfield & District Light Railway Company. Closed 1932. Near the Portland Arms, 21 Albert Street, Mansfield NG18 1EA. Pub closed circa 2013 and was standing empty in 2016.
Portsmouth Arms
Station (SS631193). Opened 1854, North Devon Railway & Dock Company, a broad gauge line. Converted to mixed gauge 1863, standard gauge 1877. Remains open. Near the Portsmouth Arms Hotel , Burrington, Umberleigh EX37 9ND.
Punch Bowl
Viaduct (SD646694). Opened 1850, North Western Railway. Remains open. Near the Punch Bowl Hotel , Lower Bentham, Lancaster LA2 7DD. Note that the locality is known as Low Bentham by the town council and Ordnance Survey, but Lower Bentham in the Royal Mail postcode database.
Puss in Boots
Station (SK320449). Proposed name changed to Hazelwood prior to opening in 1867 by the Midland Railway. Station closed and passenger services ceased on the line 1947. Freight traffic ceased circa 1990. Line reopened as a tourist operation 2011, Ecclesbourne Valley Railway , but station remains closed. Station about ¼ mile from the Puss in Boots, Wirksworth Road, Duffield, Belper DE56 4AQ.
Pyewipe
Junction (SK952719). Line from Lincoln to Gainsborough opened 1849, Great Northern Railway. Pyewipe Junction created with line to Boultham Junction (for Lincoln avoiding line) 1882, Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway. Line from Pyewipe Junction to High Marnham opened 1896, Lancashire, Derbyshire & East Coast Railway, closed 1980. Other lines remain open. Near the Pyewipe Inn , Saxilby Rd, Lincoln LN1 2BG.
Q
Queens Head (Dolywern)
Station (SJ221372). Opened 1874, Glyn Valley Tramway, a 28¼ inch (718 mm) gauge line. Closed 1886. In 1888 when the route of the line was diverted slightly towards the south. Station on the new route (Dolywern) opened 1891, closed 1933. Entire line closed 1935. The former Queens Head Inn is now the Leonard Cheshire Home , Dolywern, Pontfadog, Llangollen LL20 7AF.
Queens Head (Birmingham)
Sidings and viaduct (SP038892). Line from Birmingham Snow Hill to Handsworth opened 1854, Great Western Railway. Closed 1972. Reopened 1994, British Rail. Sidings opened, unknown date, probably circa 1994. Viaduct opened 1999, Midland Metro. About ½ mile from the Queens Head, 379 Soho Road, Birmingham B21 9SF. Pub closed, now Big John’s takeaway.
R
Raven
Level crossing (SN688132) and junction (SN691132). Line from Garnant to Gwaun-cae-Gurwen opened 1841, Llanelly Railway & Dock Company, with Raven level crossing. Raven Junction created 1907 when the Great Western Railway opened a new line bypassing part of the earlier (but not the level crossing). Part of original line closed 1907, remaining section closed 1950. Newer line (and level crossing) remain open for freight. Crossing and junction near the Raven Inn, 82 Cwmamman Road, Garnant, Ammanford SA18 1ND.
Red Cow (Dublin)
(Gaelic: Na Bó Deirge) Tram station and depot (O085310, Irish grid). Opened 2004, Luas. Near the 17th Century Red Cow Inn, once a coaching inn and now part of a bar and hotel complex: The Red Cow Moran Hotel , Naas Road, Dublin 22.
Red Cow (Exeter)
Level crossing (SX911935). Broad gauge line from temporary terminus at Beam Bridge to Exeter (later Exeter St David’s) opened 1844, Bristol & Exeter Railway, with level crossing immediately north of Exeter station. Formation widened and converted to dual gauge 1862 following completion of London & South Western Railway link from Exeter Queen Street (later Central) to St David’s. Converted to standard gauge 1892, Great Western Railway. Remains open. Near the Red Cow pub, which has given its name to the surrounding Red Cow Village. Pub closed 2002, demolished 2006. Site now occupied by a block of student flats, William Tarrant House, Cowley Bridge Road, Exeter EX4 4GS. The flats are named for a long standing licensee of the Red Cow pub in the first half of the 19th century.
Red Lion (Garnant)
Level crossing and halt (SN696124). Line from Raven Junction to Gwaun-cae-Gurwen opened 1907, Great Western Railway, bypassing an earlier line of the Llanelly Railway & Dock Company. Red Lion Crossing was near the pub of that name. Red Lion Crossing Halt opened 1908, closed 1926. Line ceased to carry traffic circa 1988, resumed in 2009, although never officially closed. The pub, which stood alongside what is now the A474 at the border of Garnant and Gwaun-cae-Gurwen, was closed and demolished, possibly as long ago as the first half of the 20th Century §.
Red Lion (Mansfield)
Tram stop (approx SK534610). Opened 1905, Mansfield & District Light Railway Company. Closed 1932. Near the Red Lion, now The Red , 2 Bancroft Lane, Mansfield NG18 5LQ.
Rising Sun
Tram stop (SK294182). Opened 1906, Burton & Ashby Light Railways. Closed 1927. Next to the Rising Sun, 77 Church Street, Church Gresley, Swadlincote DE11 9NR.
Roebuck
Station (SD513398). Opened 1840, Lancaster & Preston Junction Railway. Closed 1849. Line remains open. Near the Roebuck , Garstang Road, Bilsborrow, Preston PR3 0RE.
Royal George
Tunnel (SD983036). Opened 1885, London & North Western Railway with its line from Stalybridge to Diggle via the East bank of the River Tame, built to relieve traffic from its earlier line on the opposite site of the valley. Newer line (and Royal George Tunnel) closed 1966, original line remains open. Tunnel ran almost directly below The Royal George, Manchester Road, Greenfield, Oldham OL3 7HX.
Royal Hotel
Tram stop (NZ396575). Opened 1879, Sunderland Tramways Company, as the terminus of a horse tram route from Roker. Line extended southwards later same year. Electrified 1900, Sunderland Corporation Tramways. Closed 1954. Near the Royal Hotel, which stood at the junction of Bridge Street and Sheepfolds Road. The site now forms part of the forecourt of St Peter’s Metro station. The former line of Sheepfolds Road can be followed as a foot and cycle path under the station.
Royal Oak (Filey)
Three junctions (TA106780, TA110780, TA109785). Line from Filey to Bridlington opened 1847, York & North Midland Railway. Junctions created 1947, London & North Eastern Railway, with the opening of the branch to Filey Holiday Camp. Branch closed and junctions out of use 1977. Main line remains open. The North Junction was near the Royal Oak Hotel , Royal Oak, Filey YO14 9QE.
Royal Oak (London)
Station (TQ259816). Opened 1871, Great Western Railway, to serve trains on the branch to Hammersmith which it owned jointly with the Metropolitan Railway. There were no platforms on the main line. The Hammersmith branch and the Royal Oak platforms are now part of the Hammersmith & City line of the London Underground. Near the Royal Oak pub. The pub was renamed in 2007 and is now The Porchester , 88 Bishops Bridge Road, London W2 5AA.
Rufford Arms
Tram stop (approx SK524624). Opened 1905, Mansfield & District Light Railway Company. Closed 1932. Near the Rufford Arms, now the Rufford , 335 Chesterfield Road South, Mansfield NG19 7ES.
Rutland Hotel
Tram stop (approx SK464425). Opened 1903, Ilkeston Corporation Tramways. Closed 1931. Near the Rutland Hotel on Lower Bath Street. Hotel now demolished, Aldi supermarket is close to the original location.
Rye House
Station (TL385098). Opened 1843, Northern & Eastern Railway. The line was originally constructed to a gauge of 5ft, but was converted to standard gauge the following year. Remains open. On the opposite side of the River Lea from the Rye House , Rye Road, Hoddesdon EN11 0EH. The pub stands near the site of the 15th century Rye House, of which only the gatehouse remains.
S
Salutation
Junction (approx ST312873). Line opened 1852, Monmouthshire Railway & Canal Company, from the company’s original terminus at Courtybella, running via Cardiff Road and George Street to a new terminus at Dock Street. Salutation Junction created 1855 (coincidentally just a few yards from where the author of these pages was born), with freight only line to Llanarth Street Junction running via Ebenezer Terrace. Passenger services ceased 1880 (diverted to High Street station). Line to Llanarth Street Junction closed 1907, Salutation Junction abolished. Remaining line via Cardiff Road and George Street closed unknown date, probably 1950s. The Salutation Inn (later the Salutation Hotel) stood at the junction of Cardiff Road and Commercial Road (approx ST313875). It was demolished in 1963.
Saracen
Two separate goods stations:
First (approx NS586682). Opened 1895, Caledonian Railway, with line from Possil Junction. Line and station closed 1963.
Second (approx NS582685). Opened 1904, North British Railway, with line from Ruchill. Line and station closed 1974.
The pub name derivation here is rather indirect: the goods stations are named after the Saracen Foundry of Walter McFarlane & Company, which they served. The Foundry was given its name because the McFarlane’s original works had been in Saracen Head Road, off Gallowgate. This road in turn took its name from the neighbouring coaching inn, famous as the place where Dr Johnson, on his return from his Highland tour, rejoiced to find himself sitting once more in front of a coal fire. That building still stands, though no longer a public house.
Sea Trout
Halt (approx SX792638). Line opened 1872, Buckfastleigh, Totnes & South Devon Railway, broad gauge. Converted to standard gauge 1892, Great Western Railway. Halt opened as Nappers Halt alight for Sea Trout Inn unknown date, Great Western Railway. Halt closed by 1958. Line closed 1962. Line and halt reopened 1969, Dart Valley Railway (South Devon Railway from 1991). The halt remained open as a request stop until 2005 or later, but is believed to be now out of use for safety reasons. About 200m from the Sea Trout Inn , Staverton, Totnes TQ9 6PA.
Seven Stars
Station (approx SJ224076). Opened 1903, Welshpool & Llanfair Light Railway, a 30 inch (762 mm) gauge line. Closed 1931. Line closed 1963. Much of the Welshpool & Llanfair route was subsequently reopened as a tourist operation, but not the section through Seven Stars station. The pub stood in Welshpool at the junction of Seven Stars Road and Union Road. Ironically, it was demolished in 1902 to make way for the railway.
Six Bells (Abertillery)
Halt (SO221031). Line from Aberbeeg to Nantyglo opened 1855, Monmouthshire Railway & Canal Company. Halt opened 1937, closed 1962. Line closed 1984. Near the Six Bells Hotel, Victoria Road, Six Bells, Abertillery NP13 2LX. A sizeable community has grown up around the pub and takes its name from it.
Six Bells (Garndiffaith)
Halt (SO267045). Line from Blaenavon to Abersychan opened 1878, London & North Western Railway. Halt opened 1912. Renamed Garndiffaith 1922. Closed 1941. Line closed 1980. Near the Six Bells pub, which was located on the northwest side of Harper’s Road, next to the railway bridge. Building still stands, now converted into flats.
Spade Oak
Level crossing (SU884874). Line from Marlow Road (now Bourne End) to Great Marlow (now Marlow) opened 1873, Great Marlow Railway, with level crossing. Remains open. Near The Spade Oak Hotel , Coldmoorholme Lane, Bourne End SL8 5PS.
Spa Hotel
Tram stop (approx O019353, Irish Grid). Opened 1890, Lucan, Leixlip & Celbridge Steam Tramway, a 3ft (914mm) gauge line. Closed 1897. Doddsborough Spa Hotel reopened 1910, as the terminus of a new 3ft 6in (1067mm) gauge line, the Lucan & Leixlip Electric Railway. Closed 1928. Near the Spa Hotel, now the Lucan Spa Hotel , Lucan, Co Dublin.
Spread Eagle (London)
T
Three Cocks
Junction station (SO167372). Opened 1884 at the junction of the Mid Wales and the Hereford, Hay & Brecon Railways. Station and both lines closed 1962. About ½ mile from the Three Cocks Hotel , Three Cocks, Brecon LD3 0SL. A small community has grown up around the station and pub and takes its name from them.
Three Horseshoes
Junction (TL335969). Line from Peterborough to March opened 1846, Eastern Counties Railway. Junction created 1897, Great Eastern Railway, with opening of freight only branch to Burnt House, extended to Benwick the following year. Branch closed and junction out of use 1964, but signal box retained as a block post. Main line remains open. Near the Three Horseshoes, 344 March Road, Turves, Whittlesey, Peterborough PE7 2DN.
Three Tuns
Steam Tramway Halt (TF469766). Opened 1884, Alford & Sutton Tramway. Closed 1889. Next to the Three Tuns, Thurlby Road, Bilsby, Alford LN13 9PU. See also Jolly Bacchus .
Throstle Nest
Junctions (East Junction SJ817965) and tunnel (from junctions to SJ815959). Line from Manchester Central to Liverpool Brunswick opened 1874, Cheshire Lines Committee. Tunnel opened and East Junction created 1880, with opening of Midland Railway line to Heaton Norris. West and South Junctions opened 1906, Cheshire Lines Committee, forming third side of triangle. Connection from East to South Junctions closed 1969. West Junction and remaining section of former Midland Railway line closed 1988. Original Manchester to Liverpool line remains open, now signalled from Manchester Piccadilly power signal box. Tunnel near the Throstles Nest, 122 Seymour Grove, Manchester M16 0FF. Pub closed 2013. Note slightly different spelling of railway features and pub name.
Tram Inn
Station and signal box (SO464336). Opened 1853, Newport, Abergavenny & Hereford Railway. Station closed 1958, signal box retained as block post and to control level crossing. Next to The Tram Inn, Tram Inn, Hereford HR2 9AN. The Tram Inn takes its name from a horse drawn tramway that predated the railway. Thus we have an example of a pub taking its name from a railway, which then gave its name back to a railway feature.
Travellers Rest (Abercynon)
Station (approx ST084946). Line from Stormstown Junction to Nelson opened 1841, Taff Vale Railway. Station opened 1901, closed 1932. Line closed 1938. Near the Travellers Rest pub, which stood at the junction of what is now the A4054 with the B4275, opposite Cynon Terrace. Pub demolished, unknown date §. Nearby bus stops on the A4054 are still known as Travellers Rest.
Travellers Rest (Parkend, near Lydney)
Level Crossing (SO614082). Line from Lydney to Wimberry Colliery, Forest of Dean, opened 1869, Severn & Wye Railway & Canal Company as a broad gauge railway. Converted to standard gauge 1872. Line closed in sections, that from Parkend to Coleford Branch Junction including the level crossing closed in 1967. Near the Travellers Rest pub, later The Railway Inn or The Bear, located on the west side of Fancy Road immediately south of the crossing. Pub closed 1959, building now a private house.
Trouble House
Station (ST914954). Line from Kemble to Tetbury opened 1889, Great Western Railway. Station opened 1959, British Railways. Line closed 1964. Opposite the Trouble House , Tetbury GL8 8SG.
U
Union Flag
Viaduct (TQ308790). Opened 1848, London & South Western Railway, part of the Waterloo Arches . Remains open. Near the Union Flag pub. Pub is now the Corner Cafe, 178 Lambeth Road, London SE1 7JY.
V
Victory
Level crossing (ST182250). Line from Taunton to Beam Bridge opened 1843, Bristol & Exeter Railway, with level crossing (also known as Allerford Crossing), a broad gauge line. Converted to mixed gauge 1878, standard gauge 1892. Remains open. Near the Victory Inn, now the Allerford Inn , Norton Fitzwarren, Taunton TA4 1AL.
W
Waggon & Horses
Tram stop (SJ890958). Line from Manchester opened 1880, Manchester Carriage & Tramways Company, as a horse tram route. Extended to Denton 1883. Electrified 1902. Closed 1948. Near the Waggon & Horses , 736 Hyde Road, Manchester M18 7EF.
Waterloo Arches
Like the London & Greenwich Railway out of London Bridge (see Blue Anchor ), the London & South Western Railway line opened out of Waterloo in 1848 was elevated above the surrounded streets. Also like the London Bridge route, many of the viaducts which formed this elevated section appear to have been named after nearby pubs. None of the pubs in question still exist; the following have been identified with reasonable certainty: Coronation , Union Flag , White Lion . I have not to date been able to locate pubs named the Marquess of Granby or the Spread Eagle near to the viaducts bearing those names, although pubs so named are recorded in other parts of the Lambeth area §.
Wellington
Station, cutting and bank (approx J079212, Irish grid). Wellington Inn station opened 1850 as a temporary terminus of the Dublin & Belfast Junction railway, located near the inn of that name for the convenience of passengers making an ongoing connection by road coach. Station closed 1852 when the line was extended (via Wellington Cutting) to Newry Armagh Road. Line remains open. The inn no longer exists. Wellington Bank is the name of the long gradient of the railway rising from Dundalk and passing the site of the inn.
Welsh Harp
Viaduct (TQ226875) and station (approx TQ225876). Line from London St Pancras to Bedford opened 1867, Midland Railway, with viaduct. Station opened 1870, closed 1903. Signal box retained as block post and to control crossovers (Welsh Harp Junction), closed circa 1966 §. Line and viaduct remain open. Near the Welsh Harp Inn, demolished in 1971 for road widening, site now under West Hendon Broadway flyover. The old coaching inn may have taken its name from the shape of a nearby lake, later enlarged to become Brent Reservoir and also called the Welsh Harp.
Wheat Sheaf
Tram stop and depot (NZ396579). Opened 1879, Sunderland Tramways Company, as a horse tram route and depot. Electrified 1900, Sunderland Corporation Tramways. Closed 1954. Near The Wheat Sheaf, 207 Roker Avenue, Sunderland SR6 0BN. The site of the former tram depot now forms part of the Stagecoach bus depot.
Whistle Inn
Station (SO229101). Line from Brynmawr to Blaenavon opened 1869, London & North Western Railway. Garn yr Erw station (SO228102) opened 1913, closed 1941. Line closed 1954. Partly reopened circa 1983 as a tourist line, Pontypool & Blaenavon Railway , with Whistle Inn station. Next to the Whistle Inn, Garn yr Erw, Blaenavon, Pontypool NP4 9SJ.
White Bear
Station (SD600130). Opened 1869, Lancashire Union Railway. Closed 1960. Line closed 1971. Near the White Bear Inn , 5A Market Street, Adlington, Chorley PR7 4HE.
White Hart
Halt, with separate platforms on 2 lines (ST204891). Line from Bassaleg to Caerphilly opened 1865, Brecon & Merthyr Tydfil Junction, as a single line. Line doubled 1891, with the down line taking a slightly different route between Machen and Gwaunybara, the original line becoming the up line. Station (both platforms) opened 1947, closed 1952. Up line closed 1964, with the down line becoming single line. Line closed completely 1967. Near the White Hart Inn, White Hart, Machen, Caerphilly CF83 8QQ.
White Lion (Ilkeston)
Tram stop (approx SK466413). Opened 1903, Ilkeston Corporation Tramways. Closed 1931. Near the White Lion. Pub now demolished, site occupied by roundabout at the top of Chalons Way.
White Lion (London)
Viaduct (TQ304782). Opened 1848, London & South Western Railway, part of the Waterloo Arches . Remains open. Near the White Lion, 14 Vauxhall High Street. In 1884 the license was transferred to 55 Albert Embankment following the construction of that thoroughfare, but it is not clear whether this was a simple change of address for the existing pub or a new building near to the previous site §. No trace of the pub remains.
White Swan
Coal Depot (approx TG521085). Line from Yarmouth North Quay Junction to Salisbury Road Junction opened 1882, Yarmouth Union Railway. Coal depot opened, unknown date. Line from Salisbury Road Junction closed 1959. Line from North Quay Junction closed 1970, with last rail access to depot. Near the White Swan, North Quay, Great Yarmouth NR30 1PU.
Wilton Arms
Tram stop (SJ902956). Line from Manchester opened 1883, Manchester Carriage & Tramways Company, as a horse tram route. Electrified 1902. Closed 1948. Near the Wilton Arms, Manchester Road, Denton. Pub demolished 1968 for road widening. Site now occupied by the eastbound carriageway of the A57, near the junction with Wilton Paddock.
Woodpecker
Tram stop (approx SE312337). Opened circa 1871, Leeds City Tramways as the terminus of a horse tramway. Line extended and electrified by 1901. Closed 1959. Near the Woodpecker Inn, which stood at the junction of Burmantofts Street and York Road. Original building demolished 1939 and new building with same name opened on the opposite side of York Road. The later building was demolished circa 1990 for road widening.
built to serve the Railway
When the railways were built, pubs were often built near stations to provide rest and refreshment for travellers, and facilities such as hire of carriages and horses to carry them betwen the railway and their final destination, which might be some distance away. Often these pubs were given names connected with the railway. Thus, there are a great many pubs and hotels in Great Britain and Ireland with names like The Station or The Railway. Some are named after old railway companies, such as The Midland or The Great Northern. Others are named after famous trains, for instance The Mallard or The Flying Scotsman.
The Amalgamation, 2 Station Road, Strood, Rochester
(ME2 4AX, TQ738692) is an interesting example as it is not obviously a railway name. In fact, the name commemorates the amalagamation in 1899 of the South Eastern Railway and the London, Chatham & Dover Railway under the umbrella of the South Eastern & Chatham Railway Companies Joint Management Committee. The nearby rail lines originally owned by both railways remain open today, but the pub is closed. The building is now occupied by a hair and beauty salon.
Many other pubs still stand next to the railway they were built to serve, but in some instances the station itself has vanished. In rural areas, traces of the line may remain to explain the pub name, but there are some puzzles. Here are just a few:
The Station Hotel, 106 Derby Road, Loughborough
(LE11 5AG. SK530201) Loughborough has two stations, the station of the national network, formerly known as Loughborough Midland, now simply Loughborough; and Loughborough Central on the Great Central Railway, once a main line railway in its own right but now operating as a preserved railway for tourists and enthusiasts. The Station pub is close to neither of these. The explanation? On an adjacent site, now occupied by industrial units, once stood the Loughborough Derby Road station of the Charnwood Forest Railway, closed to passengers as long ago as 1931 and closed completely in 1955. Although a few of the original buildings remain, they are not readily visible from the main roads and many people are unaware of the line’s existence.
The Railway Inn, Wilne Road, Sawley, Long Eaton
(NG10 3AP. SK472317) is a puzzle because is has never been close to a railway. The nearest line, the Nottingham to Derby line of the Midland Railway, is over ½ mile away - although there was a station called Sawley (near the level crossing on Sawley Road, SK463328) and the present Long Eaton station (SK481322) was originally known as Sawley Junction.
The Terminus, 601 Chatsworth Road, Chesterfield
(S40 3JY. SK356706) again, never near any railway line, but in this instance next to a former terminus (and turn round point) of the Chesterfield Corporation tram system. Unfortunately, this pub at the corner of Chatsworth Road and Storrs Road, once popular with Real Ale enthusiasts, was closed and demolished (circa 2004) to make way for housing.
Some pubs may have no obvious railway connection, yet have nevertheless played an important part in railway history. For example:
The Sun Inn, 6 Derby Road, Eastwood, Nottingham
(NG16 3NT. SK464470) known as the birthplace of the Midland Railway, because on 4th October, 1832 a group of interested parties including local mine owners met there, and their deliberations led to the formation of the Midland Counties Railway. A plaque commemorates the event. This railway became one of the first components of the railway company that would eventually link the East and North Midlands with London, Bristol and even Scotland.
And here is a pub with a railway connection that is far from obvious:
The Albion, 86 Armley Road, Leeds
(LS12 2EJ. SE283335) became famous among the railway modelling fraternity in the 1980s with the publication of a building kit which immortalized it in card. The pub was an ideal subject for this treatment, being relatively small, of an age suitable for almost any townscape from the mid-19th century to the present day, and clearly visible from the railway. The kit itself was of excellent quality and unusual in representing an actual, rather than a simplified or idealized, building. It has appeared on many model railway layouts. The pub is now closed, but the building stands as Albion House, a suite of small workshops.
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In the Bible, which son of Jacob and Rachel could interpret dreams? | 8. Joseph: The Man with a Divine Purpose | Bible.org
8. Joseph: The Man with a Divine Purpose
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Joseph had a lot of things going his way in life at first. He was handsome. He was the first son born to Jacob through Rachel, and therefore, he was his father’s favorite son. He had great dreams that made him feel good about himself. But then one day his entire life changed. Can you imagine how it must have felt to know your brothers hated you so much that they would sell you out of their lives? He was forced to leave the comfortable life he had known, full of love from his parents, and go forth into the unknown. How frightening that must have been for a boy of 17. Yet, God had His hand on Joseph. God had a divine purpose for this young man. Joseph didn’t know why God had chosen this path for his life until the very end, yet he never seemed to waver. God was always in control. Joseph kept his eyes on God, and He used Joseph greatly. What an encouragement to us. Let God use you where you are. Let Him use you in the hard times, as well as the good times.
The story of Joseph spans many chapters, Genesis 37-50. We could actually do an entire study just on the life of Joseph, but because of time limitation, we will just focus on the key events in his life.
“Lord, thank you for the lessons you teach me through Joseph’s life. Encourage me through his life to seek you more intimately and to trust you for every situation that comes into my life. Keep me mindful that you are always in control.”
DAY 1: Joseph and His Family
Looking to God’s Word
Genesis 37
1. How would you describe Joseph’s relationship with his brothers?
2. Could Joseph have prevented the jealousy of his brothers? Why or why not?
3. How would you describe his relationship with his father Jacob?
4. In verses 21-27 Reuben and Judah came to Joseph’s defense. Why would these two, of all the brothers, try to save Joseph?
Looking Upward
5. How do you see God’s sovereign hand at work throughout this chapter?
6. How do you see God’s hand at work in your own life?
Looking Deeper
We are told in Genesis 37:3 that Jacob made Joseph a varicolored tunic. What was the significance of this tunic and what impact might that have had on his brothers?
How was God already developing Joseph’s gifts at the age of 17?
Looking Reflectively
God “broke” Joseph by taking him out of comfortable circumstances
and stretching him. God often has to “break” us before He can use us.
How has God “broken” you? How did it “strengthen” you?
Are you willing to let God do whatever He needs to in your life to make you usable to Him? If not, why? Be honest with the Lord, and ask Him to make you willing, trusting His loving and sovereign hand in your life.
DAY 2: Joseph’s Early Life in Egypt
Chapter 38 seems like an “interruption” to our story of Joseph in Egypt, but it is a narrative of what took place back in Canaan during this time, especially concerning the life of Judah. We pick up our narrative of Joseph in Chapter 39.
Looking to God’s Word
Genesis 39
1. How did God use Joseph’s captivity for good (vv. 1-6)?
2. How was Joseph able to resist the temptation of Potiphar’s wife day after day (vv. 7-18)?
3. Joseph was falsely accused by Potiphar’s wife, and Potiphar believed his wife over Joseph, resulting in his imprisonment. Yet, how did God use this for good?
4. What was one “mistake” that Joseph made that perhaps could have prevented the false accusation against him?
5. What does it mean that the Lord was “with Joseph”?
Looking Upward
6. Does God’s favor mean prosperity? Why or why not?
7. Have you ever been falsely accused? How did you handle it? What resulted from it?
Looking Deeper
What does Stephen have to say about Joseph and what God did for him in Acts 7:9-10?
As you look back over this chapter, note the times God’s favor and blessing on Joseph is mentioned. How does one gain favor?
Looking Reflectively
Joseph lived a life of integrity and was faithful to God in the
midst of prosperity and adversity. He is a great example for us to follow.
Are you living faithfully in the midst of prosperity and adversity?
Do others around you see Christ in you?
DAY 3: Joseph’s Rise To Power
Looking To God’s Word
We will not be able to look at every verse of every chapter, so I will try to summarize as we skim the following chapters.
Genesis 40:1-8
1. The king’s cupbearer and baker offended him, resulting in their being thrown into prison with Joseph. What do you learn about Joseph from the way he responded to them in prison?
2. The rest of the chapter tells of their dreams, Joseph’s interpretation of the dreams, and how the interpretations were later fulfilled. In Genesis 40:14-15 and 20-23, how was life once again “unfair” to Joseph?
Genesis 41:1-8 tells us of Pharaoh’s dream and his inability to find someone able to interpret it. In verses 9-14, the cupbearer finally remembers Joseph and his interpretation of their dreams in prison, and Pharaoh called for Joseph to come and interpret his dream. Joseph interpreted the king’s dreams, which foretold of the coming seven years of great abundance in Egypt (41:29) and the following seven years of famine (41:29). Joseph proceeded to tell Pharaoh what should be done (41:32-37).
3. Why did Pharaoh place Joseph in charge of Egypt (41:38-45)?
4. How old was Joseph at this point (41:46)?
Looking Upward
5. How had God worked in Joseph’s life during his captivity (see 40:8 and 41:16)?
6. How can you keep a proper perspective when you know you have been “wronged” by others and you are paying the unjustified consequences?
Looking Deeper
Who are some other people in the Bible who had “delays” in their lives?
Looking Reflectively
There is no mistake in where God has you.
Allow Him to use you where you are.
How are you allowing God to use you right where you are?
There is often a delay before seeing God work through us.
Delays are a necessary time of spiritual preparation.
How do you see God’s hand in the “delays” in your life?
Josephs’ life teaches us that disappointments are vital to spiritual growth
because they demand faith and resting all hope upon God.
V. Raymond Edman wrote, “Delay never thwarts God’s purposes;
it only polishes His instrument.” 1
How is God “polishing” you?
DAY 4: Joseph’s Reconciliation With His Family
Looking To God’s Word
Genesis 42
1. Jacob sent his sons, with the exception of Benjamin, to Egypt to buy grain during the famine. When his brothers came before Joseph, why didn’t he just tell them who he was and why do you think he recognized them but they did not recognize him?
2. Why do you think Joseph responded to his brothers in the way he did?
3. Describe what his brothers were feeling in verses 21-23?
In Genesis 42:29-38, the brothers returned to Canaan to retrieve their younger brother Benjamin, having left Simeon back in Egypt. Jacob first refused to let them take Benjamin, but after all the grain was eaten, he sent his sons back to Egypt with Benjamin (43:1-15). When Joseph saw Benjamin, he responded with emotion (43:16-34). In Genesis 44, Joseph sent his brothers back to Canaan and played a little trickery on them. He “threatened” to keep Benjamin as his slave, and Judah pleaded with him to keep him instead of Benjamin. This brings us to Chapter 45, when Joseph reveals his identity to his brothers.
Genesis 45:1-8
4. What was Joseph’s perspective on what his brothers had done to him when he was seventeen?
5. What emotions were his brothers most likely experiencing when they realized this was indeed Joseph?
Looking Upward
6. How do you view painful or hurtful events in your life? How have hurtful events molded your life?
7. How is one able to gain the type of perspective that Joseph had about his life?
Looking Deeper
Read the entirety of Genesis 42-45. Trace Joseph’s actions throughout these chapters toward his brothers. Why did he do what he did?
Looking Reflectively
We must trust God with our emotions when we are
face to face with those who have hurt us deeply.
Is there someone who has wounded you deeply? How have you handled it? Can you trust God’s sovereign hand in the midst of it?
Is there someone you need to forgive?
DAY 5: Joseph’s Last Days
In Genesis 46-47 Jacob moved his family to Egypt. God once again spoke to him, encouraging him to not be afraid to go to Egypt and reminding him of His promise to make him a great nation (Gen. 46:1-4). Genesis 48-49 records Jacob’s final days. Today we look at Joseph’s last days after his father Jacob died.
Looking to God’s Word
Hebrews 11:22
1. How did Joseph show his faith in God’s promise to Abraham?
Genesis 50:15-26
2. How has Joseph changed in his relationship with God and his family since he was a young boy?
3. What stands out to you about Joseph’s life and the way he dealt with life?
4. How old was Joseph when he died (v. 22)?
Looking Upward
5. How does harboring an unforgiving spirit affect us?
6. What makes it difficult to trust God’s sovereignty?
Looking Deeper
What was Joseph trying to convey to his family in verse 24?
Why would he want his bones carried back to Canaan?
Looking Reflectively
God is in control even when it seems that your world is
spinning madly out of control.
Is there something going on in your life today that is hard for you to understand? Take it to the Lord and trust His hand.
God uses even the negative motives of others to bring about His perfect purpose.
Meditate on Genesis 50:20. “You meant evil against me, but God meant it for good in order to bring about this present result, to preserve many people alive.”
Joseph had a divine purpose. His life was not always easy and was filled with ups and downs. Yet Joseph found favor with God and he allowed God to use him wherever he went. Where does God want to use you? What is His divine purpose for your life? Are you focused on Him, or are you focused on your circumstances and the situation in which you find yourself? Let God use you to accomplish His divine purpose through you.
1 R. Kent Hughes, Genesis: Beginning and Blessing (Wheaton: Crossway, 2004), 473.
| Joseph |
Penderyn whisky is made in which European country? | Genesis 41 ESV - Joseph Interprets Pharaoh's Dreams - Bible Gateway
Genesis 41English Standard Version (ESV)
Joseph Interprets Pharaoh's Dreams
41 After two whole years, Pharaoh dreamed that he was standing by the Nile, 2 and behold, there came up out of the Nile seven cows, attractive and plump, and they fed in the reed grass. 3 And behold, seven other cows, ugly and thin, came up out of the Nile after them, and stood by the other cows on the bank of the Nile. 4 And the ugly, thin cows ate up the seven attractive, plump cows. And Pharaoh awoke. 5 And he fell asleep and dreamed a second time. And behold, seven ears of grain, plump and good, were growing on one stalk. 6 And behold, after them sprouted seven ears, thin and blighted by the east wind. 7 And the thin ears swallowed up the seven plump, full ears. And Pharaoh awoke, and behold, it was a dream. 8 So in the morning his spirit was troubled, and he sent and called for all the magicians of Egypt and all its wise men. Pharaoh told them his dreams, but there was none who could interpret them to Pharaoh.
9 Then the chief cupbearer said to Pharaoh, “I remember my offenses today. 10 When Pharaoh was angry with his servants and put me and the chief baker in custody in the house of the captain of the guard, 11 we dreamed on the same night, he and I, each having a dream with its own interpretation. 12 A young Hebrew was there with us, a servant of the captain of the guard. When we told him, he interpreted our dreams to us, giving an interpretation to each man according to his dream. 13 And as he interpreted to us, so it came about. I was restored to my office, and the baker was hanged.”
14 Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and they quickly brought him out of the pit. And when he had shaved himself and changed his clothes, he came in before Pharaoh. 15 And Pharaoh said to Joseph, “I have had a dream, and there is no one who can interpret it. I have heard it said of you that when you hear a dream you can interpret it.” 16 Joseph answered Pharaoh, “It is not in me; God will give Pharaoh a favorable answer.”[ a ] 17 Then Pharaoh said to Joseph, “Behold, in my dream I was standing on the banks of the Nile. 18 Seven cows, plump and attractive, came up out of the Nile and fed in the reed grass. 19 Seven other cows came up after them, poor and very ugly and thin, such as I had never seen in all the land of Egypt. 20 And the thin, ugly cows ate up the first seven plump cows, 21 but when they had eaten them no one would have known that they had eaten them, for they were still as ugly as at the beginning. Then I awoke. 22 I also saw in my dream seven ears growing on one stalk, full and good. 23 Seven ears, withered, thin, and blighted by the east wind, sprouted after them, 24 and the thin ears swallowed up the seven good ears. And I told it to the magicians, but there was no one who could explain it to me.”
25 Then Joseph said to Pharaoh, “The dreams of Pharaoh are one; God has revealed to Pharaoh what he is about to do. 26 The seven good cows are seven years, and the seven good ears are seven years; the dreams are one. 27 The seven lean and ugly cows that came up after them are seven years, and the seven empty ears blighted by the east wind are also seven years of famine. 28 It is as I told Pharaoh; God has shown to Pharaoh what he is about to do. 29 There will come seven years of great plenty throughout all the land of Egypt, 30 but after them there will arise seven years of famine, and all the plenty will be forgotten in the land of Egypt. The famine will consume the land, 31 and the plenty will be unknown in the land by reason of the famine that will follow, for it will be very severe. 32 And the doubling of Pharaoh's dream means that the thing is fixed by God, and God will shortly bring it about. 33 Now therefore let Pharaoh select a discerning and wise man, and set him over the land of Egypt. 34 Let Pharaoh proceed to appoint overseers over the land and take one-fifth of the produce of the land[ b ] of Egypt during the seven plentiful years. 35 And let them gather all the food of these good years that are coming and store up grain under the authority of Pharaoh for food in the cities, and let them keep it. 36 That food shall be a reserve for the land against the seven years of famine that are to occur in the land of Egypt, so that the land may not perish through the famine.”
Joseph Rises to Power
37 This proposal pleased Pharaoh and all his servants. 38 And Pharaoh said to his servants, “Can we find a man like this, in whom is the Spirit of God?”[ c ] 39 Then Pharaoh said to Joseph, “Since God has shown you all this, there is none so discerning and wise as you are. 40 You shall be over my house, and all my people shall order themselves as you command.[ d ] Only as regards the throne will I be greater than you.” 41 And Pharaoh said to Joseph, “See, I have set you over all the land of Egypt.” 42 Then Pharaoh took his signet ring from his hand and put it on Joseph's hand, and clothed him in garments of fine linen and put a gold chain about his neck. 43 And he made him ride in his second chariot. And they called out before him, “Bow the knee!”[ e ] Thus he set him over all the land of Egypt. 44 Moreover, Pharaoh said to Joseph, “I am Pharaoh, and without your consent no one shall lift up hand or foot in all the land of Egypt.” 45 And Pharaoh called Joseph's name Zaphenath-paneah. And he gave him in marriage Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On. So Joseph went out over the land of Egypt.
46 Joseph was thirty years old when he entered the service of Pharaoh king of Egypt. And Joseph went out from the presence of Pharaoh and went through all the land of Egypt. 47 During the seven plentiful years the earth produced abundantly, 48 and he gathered up all the food of these seven years, which occurred in the land of Egypt, and put the food in the cities. He put in every city the food from the fields around it. 49 And Joseph stored up grain in great abundance, like the sand of the sea, until he ceased to measure it, for it could not be measured.
50 Before the year of famine came, two sons were born to Joseph. Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On, bore them to him. 51 Joseph called the name of the firstborn Manasseh. “For,” he said, “God has made me forget all my hardship and all my father's house.”[ f ] 52 The name of the second he called Ephraim, “For God has made me fruitful in the land of my affliction.”[ g ]
53 The seven years of plenty that occurred in the land of Egypt came to an end, 54 and the seven years of famine began to come, as Joseph had said. There was famine in all lands, but in all the land of Egypt there was bread. 55 When all the land of Egypt was famished, the people cried to Pharaoh for bread. Pharaoh said to all the Egyptians, “Go to Joseph. What he says to you, do.”
56 So when the famine had spread over all the land, Joseph opened all the storehouses[ h ] and sold to the Egyptians, for the famine was severe in the land of Egypt. 57 Moreover, all the earth came to Egypt to Joseph to buy grain, because the famine was severe over all the earth.
Footnotes:
Genesis 41:16 Or (compare Samaritan, Septuagint) Without God it is not possible to give Pharaoh an answer about his welfare
Genesis 41:34 Or over the land and organize the land
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In which country was singer Frank Ifield born in November 1937? | Frank Ifield - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
I am a simple man trying to live a simple life !!!!!!
Frank Ifield
Birth name Francis Edward Ifield
Instruments Vocals, guitar
Movies Up Jumped a Swagman
Occupation(s) Singer
Born 30 November 1937 Coundon, Coventry, Warwickshire, England, UK (1937-11-30)
Genres Country, easy listening
Labels Columbia/EMI Vee Jay (US)
Spouse Carole Ifield (m. 1992), Gillian Bowden (m. 1965–1982)
Albums The Complete A-Sides and B-Sides
Awards NME Award for British Single, NME Award for New Disc Singer
Similar People Victor Schertzinger, Bert Weedon, Johnny Mercer, Slim Whitman, Carl Mann
Frank ifield i remember you
Sponsored Links
Francis Edward Ifield (born 30 November 1937) is an Australian easy listening and country music singer who was born in England. He achieved considerable success in the early 1960s, especially in the UK Singles Chart, where he had four No. 1 hits in 1962 and 1963.
Frank ifield i remember you 1962
Early years
Born in Coundon, Coventry, Warwickshire, England, Ifield moved with his Australian parents to Dural, 50 km (31 mi) from Sydney, about 1946. It was a rural district and he listened to hillbilly music (now called country) while milking the cows. He learned how to yodel in imitation of country stars like Hank Snow. At the age of 13 he recorded "Did You See My Daddy Over There?", and by 19 was the NO. 1 recording star in Australia and New Zealand. He returned to the UK in 1959.
1960s success
His first record in the UK was "Lucky Devil" (1960), which reached No. 22 in the UK charts. His next six records were less successful, but he finally broke through with "I Remember You", which topped the charts for seven weeks in 1962. Known for Ifield's falsetto and a slight yodel, it was the second-highest-selling single of that year in the UK and became the seventh million-selling single.
His next single was a double A-side: "Lovesick Blues" and "She Taught Me to Yodel". "Lovesick Blues" was originally sung by Hank Williams and was treated in an upbeat "Let's Twist Again" style. The other song is a virtuoso piece of yodelling with the final verse – entirely yodelling – sung at double-speed. It also reached No. 44 in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. His next hit, "Wayward Wind", made him the first UK-based artist to reach No. 1 three times in the UK in succession. The only other person to have done so at that point was Elvis Presley.
His other recordings include "Nobody's Darling but Mine", "I'm Confessin'" (his fourth and final UK No. 1), "Mule Train" and "Don't Blame Me". In 1963 he sang at the Grand Ole Opry, introduced by one of his heroes, Hank Snow. Many of his records were produced by Norrie Paramor.
Ifield also was featured on Jolly What!, a 1964 compilation comprising eight of his tracks and four of those of the Beatles which has been considered an attempt to cash in on Beatlemania.
Acting
Ifield starred in the 1965 comedy musical Up Jumped a Swagman.
A Song for Europe
Ifield twice entered the UK heat of the Eurovision Song Contest. He came in second in the 1962 heat with "Alone Too Long" (losing to Ronnie Carroll). In the 1976 heat he tried with "Ain't Gonna Take No for an Answer", finishing last of 12.
"She Taught Me to Yodel"
Ifield had been told by his management not to yodel because it would brand him. Nevertheless, he sang "She Taught Me to Yodel" as an encore in a Royal Command Performance at the specific request of the Queen Mother to sing a yodelling song. In 1991, Ifield returned to the UK chart when a dance remix of "She Taught Me to Yodel", called "The Yodelling Song", billed as 'Frank Ifield featuring the Backroom Boys', reached No. 40 in the UK Singles Chart. In more than 30 years, it is his 16th appearance on that list.
Uckfield FM Appearance
On 10 June 2012, Ifield joined Paul Hazell on his World of Country show on the community radio station Uckfield FM. He discussed his life in music and forthcoming induction to the Coventry Music Wall of Fame.
Singles
| England |
What is the legal minimum age for marriage for men in India? | Frank Ifield (Singer) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
Frank Ifield
Australian-english Easy Listening and Country Music Singer
Male
Born Nov 30, 1937
Francis Edward Ifield is an Australian-English easy listening and country music singer. He achieved considerable success in the early 1960s, especially in the UK Singles Chart, where he had four Number 1 hits between 1962 and 1963.
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Google News - Aug 17, 2011
'In 195, American promoter Lee Gordon signed her as the support singer for the Stan Freberg tour of New Zealand, which also featured the Australian Jazz Quartet and <mark>Frank Ifield</mark>. Lee was impressed and immediately signed Diana to tour Australia with the'
For The Love Of Mic: Woods 'n' Lips Newsletter Patch.Com
Google News - Aug 04, 2011
'With his guitar in his lap, he did a fine set of: The Eagles' âMy Manâ; <mark>Frank Ifield</mark>'s âI Remember Youâ; The Beatles âEleanor Rigbyâ; and James Taylor's âSweet Baby Jamesâ. 8:00 Marquita Lawson: Marquita took us back to an era many of remember fondly,'
Taking A Dip In The Name Of Democracy Bangkok Post
Google News - Jun 25, 2011
'He turned out to be a responsible driver too, and my only complaint was that he had very dodgy taste in music. I had to suffer the next 30 minutes listening to the likes of Englebert Humperdinck, Barry Manilow and <mark>Frank Ifield</mark>. Sheer purgatory'
American Boy Black And White
Google News - Jun 24, 2011
'"I Remember You" is crying out for your treatment; you could maintain the sadness of the Slim Whitman version and still do the <mark>Frank Ifield</mark> showy falsetto. I love to dress up in my show biz clothes; I guess I'm making up for wearing a lot of'
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Frank Ifield.
CHILDHOOD
1937 Birth Born on November 30, 1937.
1946 8 Years Old Born in Coundon, Warwickshire, England, to Australian parents, Ifield emigrated to Dural, from Sydney, with his parents in 1946. … Read More
It was a rural district and he listened to hillbilly music (now called country) while milking the cows. He learned how to yodel in imitation of country stars like Hank Snow. At the age of 13 he recorded "Did You See My Daddy Over There?", and by 19 was the No. 1 recording star in Australia and New Zealand. Read Less
TWENTIES
1959 21 Years Old He returned to the UK in 1959. … Read More
His first record in the UK was "Lucky Devil" (1960), which reached No. 22 in the UK charts. Read Less
1962 24 Years Old His next six records were less successful, but he finally broke through with "I Remember You", which topped the charts for seven weeks in 1962. … Read More
Known for Ifield's falsetto and a slight yodel, it was the second-highest-selling single of that year in the UK and became the seventh million-selling single.<br /><br /> His next single was a double A-side: "Lovesick Blues" and "She Taught Me to Yodel". "Lovesick Blues" was originally sung by Hank Williams and was treated in an upbeat "Let's Twist Again" style. The other song is a virtuoso piece of yodelling with the final verse â entirely yodelling â sung at double-speed. It also reached No. 44 in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. His next hit, "Wayward Wind", made him the first UK-based artist to reach No. 1 three times in the UK in succession. The only other person to have done so at that point was Elvis Presley.<br /><br /> His other recordings include "Nobody's Darling but Mine", "I'm Confessin'" (his fourth and final UK No. 1), "Mule Train" and "Don't Blame Me". Read Less
1963 25 Years Old In 1963 he sang at the Grand Ole Opry, introduced by one of his heroes, Hank Snow. … Read More
Many of his records were produced by Norrie Paramor. Read Less
1964 26 Years Old Ifield also was featured on Jolly What!, a 1964 compilation comprising eight of his tracks and four of those of the Beatles which has been considered an attempt to cash in on Beatlemania. … Read More
Ifield starred in the 1965 comedy musical Up Jumped a Swagman.<br /><br /> Ifield twice entered the UK heat of the Eurovision Song Contest. He came in second in the 1962 heat with "Alone Too Long" (losing to Ronnie Carroll). Read Less
THIRTIES
1976 38 Years Old In the 1976 heat he tried with "Ain't Gonna Take No for an Answer", finishing last of 12. … Read More
Ifield had been told by his management not to yodel because it would brand him. Nevertheless, he sang "She Taught Me to Yodel" as an encore in a Royal Command Performance at the specific request of the Queen Mother to sing a yodelling song. Read Less
FIFTIES
1991 53 Years Old In 1991, Ifield returned to the UK chart when a dance remix of "She Taught Me to Yodel", called "The Yodelling Song", billed as 'Frank Ifield featuring the Backroom Boys', reached No. 40 in the UK Singles Chart. … Read More
In more than 30 years, it is his 16th appearance on that list. The song was mentioned by Victor Meldrew in the One Foot in the Grave episode "Love and Death". Read Less
LATE ADULTHOOD
2012 74 Years Old On 10 June 2012, Ifield joined Paul Hazell on his World of Country show on the community radio station Uckfield FM. … Read More
He discussed his life in music and forthcoming induction to the Coventry Music Wall of Fame.<br /><br /> Notes Read Less
Original Authors of this text are noted on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ifield .
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Soeur is French for which member of the family? | French Family Members Vocabulary & Phrases
Practice Sentences (From the Video)
Ma mère a 56 ans. Elle est professeur.
My mom is 56 years-old. She’s a teacher.
Mon père a 57 ans. Il est dentiste.
My father is 57 years-old. He’s a dentist.
Mon papa s’appelle Jean et ma maman s’appelle Anne.
My dad’s name is Jean and my mom’s name is Anne.
Mon frère a 22 ans. Il s’appelle Pierre.
My brother is 22 years-old. His name is Pierre.
Ma soeur habite à Paris. Elle s’appelle Marie.
My sister lives in Paris. Her name is Marie.
Mon cousin travaille ici. Il s’appelle Guillaume.
My cousin works here. His name is Guillaume.
Ma cousine est française. Elle est très grande!
My cousin is French. She is very tall!
Mon grand-père a soixante-et-onze ans. Il s’appelle Martin.
My grandfather is 71 years-old. His name is Martin.
Ma grand-mère a soixante-huit ans. Elle s’appelle Françoise.
My grandmother is sixty eight years-old. Her name is Françoise.
J’ai une petite-fille et un petit-fils.
I have one granddaughter and one grandson.
Étienne est le fils de Benoit.
Étienne is Benoit’s son.
Manon est la fille de Nicole.
Manon is Nicole’s daughter.
Philippe est un bon mari. Pauline est une bonne femme.
Philippe is a good husband. Pauline is a good wife.
Mon neveau habite à Marseille et ma nièce habite à Lille.
My nephew lives in Marseille and my niece lives in Lille.
Mon beau-père regarde la télé.
My stepfather/father-in-law is watching TV.
Ma belle-mère travaille au centre-ville.
My stepmother/mother-in-law works downtown.
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| Sister |
Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood are judges on which UK television cookery show? | French Family Members
5. Frère colloquial: Frangin / Brother
6. Soeur, col: Frangine / Sister
7. Grand-père, col: Papi / Grandfather
8. Grand-mère, col: Mamie / Grandmother
9. Oncle, col: Tonton / Uncle
10. Tante, col: Tata, tatie / Aunt
11. Fils, col: Fiston / Son
12. Fille / Daughter
13. Mon (m , f) / My
14. Ton (m, f) / Your
15. Ma (f) / My
17. Comment s'appelle ton père ? / What is your father's name?
18. Mon père s'appelle Jean / My father's name is Jean
19. Comment s'appelle ta mère ? / What is your mother's name?
20. Ma mère s'appelle Paulette / My mother's name is Paulette
Review What you have just learned
Go to the next page by click on the link at your right to navigate to the next activity
Mon, Ton
If you want to know more: CLICK
Plural
The plural of grand-parent is grands-parents with two s
des grands-pères, des grands-mères
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Which James Bond villain has the first name Auric? | Auric Goldfinger (Gert Fröbe) | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Auric Goldfinger (Gert Fröbe)
Bullion dealer, jeweller and international gold smuggler
Affiliation
Deceased, sucked out of an aircraft
Behind the scenes
James Bond: "Do you expect me to talk?"
Auric Goldfinger: "No, Mr. Bond. I expect you to die."
―James Bond and Auric Goldfinger [src]
Auric Goldfinger is a fictional bullion dealer, jeweller and international gold smuggler. The character appeared in EON Productions ' 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger , portrayed by German actor Gert Fröbe (voiced by Michael Collins ) and was adapted from the literary character who first appeared in Ian Fleming 's 1959 novel of the same name . Fröbe's Goldfinger has subsequently appeared in numerous video-games , most notably GoldenEye: Rogue Agent (2004) and 007 Legends (2012).
Contents
[ show ]
Film biography
Arguably the most famous James Bond villain in any film, Goldfinger's obsession is gold. Welcoming any enterprise which will increase his considerable stock, Goldfinger engages in international gold smuggling. Smuggling gold out of Britain, Goldfinger moulds the bodywork of his Rolls Royce in eighteen carat gold, weighing approximately two tons. Making six trips a year to the continent, his men dismantle the vehicle at " Auric Enterprises, A.G " in Switzerland . They reduce the gold in a special furnace, which in turn are turned into gold ingots.
A considerably wealthy man, Auric Goldfinger owned many properties throughout the world. Apart from being a legitimate bullion dealer, Goldfinger poses as a legitimate international jeweller. As such, he was legally entitled to operate modest metallurgical installations such as "Auric Enterprises, A.G", which he utilised in his gold smuggling scheme. An avid golfer who plays with a Slazenger 1 golf ball, Goldfinger owns the golf club where he and 007 play a high-stakes game. He is defeated by Bond, however, when he is tricked by Bond after attempting to cheat. Goldfinger also owned a farm in Kentucky that was used for horse breeding called "Auric Stud".
Scheme
At first, Bond thinks that Goldfinger was planning to steal the gold, but after having a drink with Goldfinger (who said that he had no intention in stealing the gold), Bond soon learn that Goldfinger actually intends to destroy Fort Knox with an atomic bomb made from China (on behalf of Mr. Ling , Goldfinger's nuclear specialist from China), which would render the gold useless and validate Goldfinger's value of gold, thus making him the richest man in the world. To ensure that his plan would be successful, Goldfinger plans to have his fellow band of female pilots to spray nerve gas around the vicinity that would kill thousands of citizens, which will allow him and his forces to enter Fort Knox without resistance. He also decides to bring Bond along (as he plans to have him handcuffed to the bomb to finalize his plan).
However, before the plot went into effect, Bond convinced Goldfinger's personal pilot Pussy Galore to help him thwart Goldfinger's plans. To that end, she sercretly called Washington and switched the nerve gas to a more harmless one that would send citizens into a temporary sleep. At Fort Knox, Goldfinger has Bond strapped to the bomb and bids him farewell before learning out in horror that several U.S. soldiers have arrived to the scene. Posing as a U.S. army officer, Goldfinger betrays Mr. Ling by shooting him and Oddjob and Kisch by trapping them inside the vault with the bomb. Goldinger manages to escape after shooting down several U.S. soldiers while Oddjob stays behind to ensure that Goldfinger's plan must succeed, even at the cost of his life and killing Kisch to ensure that no one disarms the bomb.
Goldfinger is sucked out of the depressurizing airplane.
Though Bond manages to finish off Oddjob by electrocuting him, he has trouble trying to disarm the bomb. After the U.S. soldiers manages to finish the rest of Goldfinger's men, they get in their bomb expert to successfully disarm the bomb for good, thus foiling Goldfinger's plot. After the battle is won, Bond is sent to Washington in a private jet to meet the president, only to find out that Goldfinger has boarded the plane earlier, left the tied-up pilots in the hangar and had Miss Galore pilot the jet. Goldfinger plans to finish off both Bond and Galore for ruining his plans, but during a moment of carelessness, Goldfinger is attacked by Bond and the two fight in the airplane. During the fight, Goldfinger accidentally shoots a window of the cabin and is sucked out of the plane before falling to his death.
Alternate continuities
| Goldfinger |
What was the first name of Anglo-Irish statesman and diplomat Downing, who Downing Street in London was named after? | Goldfinger (1964) - IMDb
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Investigating a gold magnate's smuggling, James Bond uncovers a plot to contaminate the Fort Knox gold reserve.
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 3 wins & 6 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
James Bond willingly falls into an assassination ploy involving a naive Russian beauty in order to retrieve a Soviet encryption device that was stolen by SPECTRE.
Director: Terence Young
A resourceful British government agent seeks answers in a case involving the disappearance of a colleague and the disruption of the American space program.
Director: Terence Young
James Bond heads to The Bahamas to recover two nuclear warheads stolen by SPECTRE agent Emilio Largo in an international extortion scheme.
Director: Terence Young
Agent 007 and the Japanese secret service ninja force must find and stop the true culprit of a series of spacejackings before nuclear war is provoked.
Director: Lewis Gilbert
A diamond smuggling investigation leads James Bond to Las Vegas, where he uncovers an evil plot involving a rich business tycoon.
Director: Guy Hamilton
007 is sent to stop a diabolically brilliant heroin magnate armed with a complex organization and a reliable psychic tarot card reader.
Director: Guy Hamilton
James Bond woos a mob boss's daughter and goes undercover to uncover the true reason for Blofeld's allergy research in the Swiss Alps that involves beautiful women from around the world.
Director: Peter R. Hunt
James Bond is led to believe that he is targeted by the world's most expensive assassin while he attempts to recover sensitive solar cell technology that is being sold to the highest bidder.
Director: Guy Hamilton
James Bond investigates the hijacking of British and Russian submarines carrying nuclear warheads with the help of a KGB agent whose lover he killed.
Director: Lewis Gilbert
Agent 007 is assigned to hunt for a lost British encryption device and prevent it from falling into enemy hands.
Director: John Glen
James Bond investigates the mid-air theft of a space shuttle and discovers a plot to commit global genocide.
Director: Lewis Gilbert
A fake Fabergé egg and a fellow agent's death lead James Bond to uncover an international jewel-smuggling operation, headed by the mysterious Octopussy, being used to disguise a nuclear attack on N.A.T.O. forces.
Director: John Glen
Edit
Storyline
Bond is back and his next mission takes him to Fort Knox, where Auric Goldfinger and his henchman are planning to raid Fort Knox and obliterate the world economy. To save the world once again, Bond will need to become friends with Goldfinger, dodge killer hats and avoid Goldfinger's personal pilot, the sexy Pussy Galore. She might not have feelings for Bond, but will 007 help her change her mind? Written by simon_hrdng
Mixing business and girls! Mixing thrills and girls! Mixing danger and girls! See more »
Genres:
9 January 1965 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
007 contra Goldfinger See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Wanda Ventham put herself forward to be considered for the role of Jill Masterson. See more »
Goofs
Goldfinger's Lockheed Jetstar has "Auric Enterprises" written on the nose in the airport shots, but it's not on the model in the flight shots. (Lockheed had the company names put on the Jetstars during production to remind the workers of the importance of their clients.) See more »
Quotes
Sierra : Mr. Ramirez and his friends will be out of business.
James Bond : At least they won't be using heroin flavored bananas to finance revolutions.
THE END OF "GOLDFINGER" BUT JAMES BOND WILL BE BACK IN "THUNDERBALL" See more »
Connections
See more »
Frequently Asked Questions
(Toronto, Canada) – See all my reviews
First of all, I must state for the record, Sean Connery is THE James Bond. Even though the first Bond film I ever saw was "For Your Eyes Only" with Roger Moore. I was very young and very much drawn in. I have seen every one of the Bond films and without a doubt, "Goldfinger" is the finest the 007 saga has to offer.
Before I had begun an appreciation of the Connery films, i.e. before I'd seen them, a good friend and cartooning mentor, Ross Paperman, sorted me out. He helped me see how Connery's Bond was suave and sophisticated but also demonstrated a quality the other Bonds do not portray: fear. Not a panicky soil-your-pants kind of fear, mind you. But Connery's Bond actually has a few anxious, sweat-soaked-brow moments. A perfect example is when Bond is strapped to a table as Goldfinger's captive with a laser beam primed to cut him in half. 007 has to think fast. "Do you expect me to talk?" "No, Mr. Bond, I expect you to die!" A famous scene and line from Bond's most enjoyable film.
Perhaps what makes the earlier films more enjoyable is that they had fresh, innovative elements that have now become cliché and gimmicky. The new films are often stale and already covered ground and they don't even appear to be trying anymore.
But it's more than that. Even watching "Goldfinger" today, having seen all the latest in special effects and technology that Hollywood has to offer, it still is riveting and thoroughly entertaining. That is also without the added advantage of being overly nostalgic about "Goldfinger". How could I? I hadn't even been born when it first hit theaters, and it was far from my first 007 experience. The story, the characters and the fun of "Goldfinger" is timeless and if given a chance could probably rope in a whole new generation of fans. It just doesn't seem likely to happen.
Much of the satire from the Austin Powers films is directly derived from the Connery films, especially "Goldfinger" and "Dr. No", proving their lasting effect on popular culture. As well, John Barry's scores from the Connery films are finding their way into the ears of a new generation through pop music as snippets from his soundtracks are sampled by such artists as Robbie Williams, Mono and Curve, to name a few.
But if by some fluke you read this and you haven't seen "Goldfinger" yet, do yourself right and acquaint yourself with the real James Bond. You'll probably be hooked by the time you hear Shirley Bassey's voice in the famous opening theme.
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The name of which element comes from the Greek word for sun? | Table of Elements in Greek and Latin (Rome) Language.
Sidebar
Periodic Table of Elements
The Greek language and Greek myth have contributed greatly to the sciences, including chemistry. This is most apparent in the Periodic Table of Elements. A table of the elements with mythological influences, or at least have the Greek language to thank for their names, is below. For kicks, I have included the Latin (Roman) terms also. (Please note: this is not the complete table of elements, only those with Greek or Latin influences.)
Actinium
From the Greek wordaktinos (ray)
Aluminum
From the Latin wordalumen, or"bitter".
Antimony
From the Greek words anti (opposed) and monos (solitude)
Argon
From the Greek wordargon (inactive)
Arsenic
From the Greek wordarsenikos and the Latin wordarsenicum, meaning "yellow orpiment".
Astatine
From the Greek wordastatos (unstable)
Barium
From the Greek wordbarys (heavy)
Bromine
From the Greek wordbrômos (stench)
Cadmium
Symbol: Cd
Atomic Number: 48
From the Greek wordkadmeia (ancient name for calamine) and from the Latin word cadmia.Cadmus, in Greek myth, was the founder of Thebes.
Calcium
From the latin wordcalcis (lime)
Carbon
Ceres (asteroid), and the Roman version of Demeter, the goddess of agriculture.
Cesium
From the Latin wordcaesius (sky blue)
Chlorine
From the Greek wordkhlôros (green)
Chromium
From the Greek wordchrôma (color)
Copper
From the Latin wordcyprium, after the island of Cyprus and birthplace of Aphrodite.
Dysprosium
From the Greek worddysprositos (hard to get at).
Fluorine
From the Latin wordfluo (flow)
Gold
From the Latin wordaurum (gold). In Roman mythology, Aurora was the goddess of dawn--golden indeed.
Helium
From the Greek wordhêlios (sun); Helios in Greek mythology was the god of the Sun.
Hydrogen
Symbol: H
Atomic Number: 1
From the Greek words hudôr (water) and gennan(generate). Heracles fought the Hydra of Lerna (a sea town) for his second labor.
Iodine
From the Greek wordiôdes (violet).
Iridium
Symbol: Ir
Atomic Number: 77
From the Latin wordiridis (rainbow). The Greeks had a messenger goddess, Iris, whose colorful cape flowed behind her.
Iron
From the Latin wordferrum (iron)
Krypton
Symbol: Kr
Atomic Number: 36
From the Greek wordkryptos (hidden). In modern language, words such as "encrypt" can be discerned from the Greek.
Lanthanum
From the Greek wordlanthaneis (to lie hidden).
Lead
Symbol: Pb
Atomic Number: 82
Name Origin: From the Greek word protos (first). Some Greeks believd that the first god ever was Protogonus, or "first born".
Symbol Origin: From the Latin wordplumbum (lead)
Lithium
From the Greek wordlithos (stone)
Manganese
From the Latin wordmangnes (magnet)
Molybdenum
From the Greek word molubdos (lead)
Neodymium
Symbol: Nd
Atomic Number: 60
From the Greek words neos (new) anddidymos (twin). Twins appear regularly in Greek myth, from the Dioscuri (Castor & Polydeuces) to the divine twins (Artemis & Apollo).
Neon
Form the Greek word neos (new)
Neptunium
After the planet Neptune, the Roman sea god, identified as Poseidon in Greek myth.
Niobium
Symbol: Nb
Atomic Number: 41
After Niobe, daughter of mythical king (Tantalus). She had bragged about her set of seven girls and seven boys, scoffing at Leto for only having two children. Apollo and Artemis promptly killed her offspring. Niobe, in despair, was turned to stone by the gods.
Osmium
From the Greek word osmë (odor)
Oxygen
From the Greek words oxus (acid) andgennan (generate)
Palladium
From the Greek goddess (Pallas) and after an asteroid
Phosphorous
Symbol: P
Atomic Number: 15
From the Greek words phôs (light) andphoros (bearer), Phosphoros was a god of light in Greek myth.
Plutonium
After the planet Pluto and the Latin god of the Underworld (Hades in Greek).
Potassium
Symbol Origin: From the Latin word kalium
Praseodymium
From the Greek words prasios (green) anddidymos (twin)
Promethium
From the Titan Prometheus who stole fire of the sky and gave it to man.
Protactinium
From the Greek word protos (first) [see name origin for lead].
Radium
From the Latin word radius (ray)
Rhodium
From the Greek word rhodon (rose)
Rubidium
From the Latin word rubidus (red)
Ruthenium
From the Latin word Ruthenia (Russia)
Selenium
From the Greek word Selênê, known as the goddess of the moon.
Sodium
Symbol Origin: From the Latin wordnatrium (sodium)
Silicon
From the Latin word silex (flint)
Sulfur
From the Latin word sulfur (brimstone)
Tantalum
Symbol: Ta
Atomic Number: 73
After king Tantalus, a son of Zeus who earned the disfavor of the gods for attempting to serve his son Pelops as a meal. He was condemned to the Underworld with eternal thirst and hunger though a river and fruit tree were just beyond his grasp.
Technetium
From the Greek word technêtos (artificial)
Tellurium
From the Greek word tellus (Earth)
Thallium
From the Greek word thallos (young shoot)
Tin
Symbol Origin: From the Latin wordstannum (tin)
Titanium
From the Greek word titanos (Titans). The Titans were the "original" gods before the Olympians.
Uranium
Symbol: U
Atomic Number: 92
After the planet Uranus, the original sky god who was the son and spouse of Gaia, or Mother Earth.
Xenon
| Helium |
Which Ray Bradbury book was expanded and had the original title ‘The Fireman’? | element_origins
Latin "arum" meaning 'shining dawn'
Hafnium
From Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen
Helium
Greek "helios" meaning 'the sun' where helium was first found
Holmium
Latin "holmia" the Latin name of Stockholm
Hydrogen
Greek "hyro" meaning water and "genes" meaning forming
Indium
From the brillant indigo line in it's spectrum
Iodine
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Which 1851 novel has the alternative title ‘The Whale’? | Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (1851)
Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (1851)
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At the time of its first publication, Moby Dick was unlike anything ever before written in American fiction. A magisterial mish-mash of different argots, syntaxes, and linguistic styles, Herman Melville's (1819-1891) masterpiece incorporates and harmonizes the distinct tones of Yankee seamen, the seventeenth-century poetic language of John Milton (one of Melville’s biggest influences), and, perhaps most significantly, the power and gravity of the King James Bible. Scriptural themes also underlie the text, and as the reader follows Ahab's quest for revenge against the White Whale, Melville's revelatory narrative highlights the obsessive nature of man, humanity's constant—and ultimately futile—struggle to tame nature, the magnificence of God's Creation, and the paths from innocence to experience, and from damnation to deliverance.
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Title
Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (1851)
Description
xxiii, 634 p.; 20 cm.
Creator
| Moby-Dick |
Holden Caulfield is the anithero in which novel by J D Salinger? | 1000+ images about Moby Dick on Pinterest | Whales, The whale and Book covers
Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas
Moby Dick
"There is, one knows not what sweet mystery about this sea, whose gently awful stirrings seems to speak of some hidden soul beneath."
53 Pins59 Followers
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Charlotte Bronte wrote the novel Jane Eyre under which pen name? | Charlotte Brontë - Charlotte Brontë Biography - Poem Hunter
Charlotte Brontë - Charlotte Brontë Biography - Poem Hunter
Biography
Biography of Charlotte Brontë
Charlotte Brontë was an English novelist and poet, the eldest of the three Brontë sisters who survived into adulthood, whose novels are English literature standards. She wrote Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell.
Early life and education
Charlotte was born in Thornton, Yorkshire in 1816, the third of six children, to Maria (née Branwell) and her husband Patrick Brontë (formerly surnamed Brunty or Prunty), an Irish Anglican clergyman. In 1820, the family moved a few miles to the village of Haworth, where Patrick had been appointed Perpetual Curate of St Michael and All Angels Church. Charlotte's mother died of cancer on 15 September 1821, leaving five daughters and a son to be taken care of by her sister Elizabeth Branwell.
In August 1824, Charlotte was sent with three of her sisters, Emily, Maria, and Elizabeth, to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire (Charlotte later used the school as the basis for the fictional Lowood School in Jane Eyre). The school's poor conditions, Charlotte maintained, permanently affected her health and physical development and hastened the deaths of her two elder sisters, Maria (born 1814) and Elizabeth (born 1815), who died of tuberculosis in June 1825. Soon after their father removed them from the school. At home in Haworth Parsonage Charlotte acted as "the motherly friend and guardian of her younger sisters". She and the other surviving children — Branwell, Emily, and Anne – created their own literary fictional worlds, and began chronicling the lives and struggles of the inhabitants of these imaginary kingdoms. Charlotte and Branwell wrote Byronic stories about their imagined country ("Angria") and Emily and Anne wrote articles and poems about theirs ("Gondal"). The sagas which they created were elaborate and convoluted (and still exist in partial manuscripts) and provided them with an obsessive interest during childhood and early adolescence, which prepared them for their literary vocations in adulthood. Charlotte continued her education at Roe Head, Mirfield, from 1831 to 32, where she met her lifelong friends and correspondents, Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor. During this period, she wrote her novella The Green Dwarf (1833) under the name of Wellesley. Charlotte returned to Roe Head as a teacher from 1835 to 1838. In 1839, she took up the first of many positions as governess to various families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued until 1841. Politically a Tory, she preached tolerance rather than revolution. She held high moral principles, and, despite her shyness in company, she was always prepared to argue her beliefs.
Brussels
In 1842 Charlotte and Emily travelled to Brussels to enroll in a boarding school run by Constantin Heger (1809–96) and his wife Claire Zoé Parent Heger (1804–87). In return for board and tuition, Charlotte taught English and Emily taught music. Their time at the boarding school was cut short when Elizabeth Branwell, their aunt who joined the family after the death of their mother to look after the children, died of internal obstruction in October 1842. Charlotte returned alone to Brussels in January 1843 to take up a teaching post at the boarding school. Her second stay at the boarding school was not a happy one; she became lonely, homesick and deeply attached to Constantin Heger. She finally returned to Haworth in January 1844 and later used her time at the boarding school as the inspiration for some experiences in The Professor and Villette.
First publication
In May 1846, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne self-financed the publication of a joint collection of poetry under the assumed names of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. These pseudonyms deliberately veiled the sisters' gender whilst preserving their real initials, thus Charlotte was "Currer Bell". "Bell" was also the middle name of Haworth's curate, Arthur Bell Nicholls, whom Charlotte would later marry. Of the decision to use nom de plumes, Charlotte later wrote:
Averse to personal publicity, we veiled our own names under those of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell; the ambiguous choice being dictated by a sort of conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because — without at that time suspecting that our mode of writing and thinking was not what is called 'feminine' – we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice; we had noticed how critics sometimes use for their chastisement the weapon of personality, and for their reward, a flattery, which is not true praise.
Although only two copies of the collection of poetry were sold, the sisters continued writing for publication and began their first novels, continuing to use their nom de plumes when sending manuscripts to potential publishers.
Jane Eyre
Charlotte's first manuscript, called The Professor, did not secure a publisher, although she was heartened by an encouraging response she received from Smith, Elder & Co of Cornhill, who expressed an interest in any longer works which "Currer Bell" might wish to send. Charlotte responded by finishing and sending a second manuscript in August 1847, and six weeks later this second manuscript (titled Jane Eyre: An Autobiography) was published. Jane Eyre was a success, and initially received favourable reviews. Straightaway there was speculation about the identity of Currer Bell, and whether Bell was a man or a woman. A couple of months later this speculation heightened upon the subsequent publication of the first novels by Charlotte's sisters: Emily's Wuthering Heights (by "Ellis Bell") and Anne's Agnes Grey (by "Acton Bell"). Accompanying this speculation was a change in the critical reaction to Charlotte's work; accusations began to be made that Charlotte's writing was "coarse", a judgement which was made more readily once it was suspected that "Currer Bell" was a woman. However sales of Jane Eyre continued to be strong, and may even have increased due to the novel's developing reputation as an 'improper' book.
Shirley and family bereavements
Following the success of Jane Eyre, Charlotte began work in 1848 on the manuscript of what was to become her second novel, Shirley. However the manuscript was only partially completed when the Brontë household suffered a tragic turn of events, experiencing the deaths of three family members within a period of only eight months. In September 1848 Charlotte's brother, Branwell, the only son of the family, died of chronic bronchitis and marasmus exacerbated by heavy drinking, although Charlotte believed his death was due to tuberculosis. Branwell was also a suspected "opium eater", (i.e. a laudanum addict). Emily became seriously ill shortly after Branwell's funeral, dying of pulmonary tuberculosis in December 1848. Anne died of the same disease in May 1849. Charlotte was unable to continue writing during this period.
After Anne's death Charlotte resumed writing as a way of dealing with her grief,and Shirley was published in October 1849. Shirley deals with the themes of industrial unrest and the role of women in society. Unlike Jane Eyre, which is written from the first-person perspective of the main character, Shirley is written from the third-person perspective of a narrator. It consequently lacks the emotional immediacy of Jane Eyre, and reviewers found it less shocking.
In society
In view of the success of her novels, particularly Jane Eyre, Charlotte was persuaded by her publisher to visit London occasionally, where she revealed her true identity and began to move in a more exalted social circle, becoming friends with Harriet Martineau and Elizabeth Gaskell, and acquainted with William Makepeace Thackeray and G. H. Lewes. However Charlotte never left Haworth for more than a few weeks at a time as she did not want to leave her ageing father's side. Thackeray’s daughter, the writer Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie recalled a visit to her father by Charlotte:
…two gentlemen come in, leading a tiny, delicate, serious, little lady, with fair straight hair, and steady eyes. She may be a little over thirty; she is dressed in a little barège dress with a pattern of faint green moss. She enters in mittens, in silence, in seriousness; our hearts are beating with wild excitement. This then is the authoress, the unknown power whose books have set all London talking, reading, speculating; some people even say our father wrote the books – the wonderful books… The moment is so breathless that dinner comes as a relief to the solemnity of the occasion, and we all smile as my father stoops to offer his arm; for, genius though she may be, Miss Brontë can barely reach his elbow. My own personal impressions are that she is somewhat grave and stern, specially to forward little girls who wish to chatter… Every one waited for the brilliant conversation which never began at all. Miss Brontë retired to the sofa in the study, and murmured a low word now and then to our kind governess… the conversation grew dimmer and more dim, the ladies sat round still expectant, my father was too much perturbed by the gloom and the silence to be able to cope with it at all… after Miss Brontë had left, I was surprised to see my father opening the front door with his hat on. He put his fingers to his lips, walked out into the darkness, and shut the door quietly behind him… long afterwards… Mrs. Procter asked me if I knew what had happened… It was one of the dullest evenings [Mrs Procter] had ever spent in her life… the ladies who had all come expecting so much delightful conversation, and the gloom and the constraint, and how finally, overwhelmed by the situation, my father had quietly left the room, left the house, and gone off to his club.
Friendship with Elizabeth Gaskell
Charlotte sent copies of Shirley to selected leading authors of the day, including Elizabeth Gaskell. Gaskell and Charlotte subsequently met in August 1850 and began a friendship which, whilst not necessarily close, was significant in that Gaskell would write a biography of Charlotte after Charlotte's death in 1855. The biography, The Life of Charlotte Brontë, was published in 1857 and was unusual at the time in that, rather than analysing its subject's achievements, it instead concentrated on the private details of Charlotte's life, in particular placing emphasis on aspects which countered the accusations of 'coarseness' which had been levelled at Charlotte's writing. Though frank in places, Gaskell was selective about which details she revealed; for example, she suppressed details of Charlotte's love for Heger, a married man, as being too much of an affront to contemporary morals and as a possible source of distress to Charlotte's still-living friends, father and husband. Gaskell also provided doubtful and inaccurate information about Patrick Brontë, claiming, for example, that he did not allow his children to eat meat. This is refuted by one of Emily Brontë's diary papers, in which she describes the preparation of meat and potatoes for dinner at the parsonage, as Juliet Barker points out in her recent biography, The Brontës. It has been argued that the particular approach of The Life of Charlotte Brontë transferred the focus of attention away from the 'difficult' novels of not just Charlotte but all the Brontë sisters, and began a process of sanctification of their private lives.
Villette
Charlotte's third published novel (and her last to be published during her lifetime) was Villette, which came out in 1853. The main themes of Villette include isolation, and how such a condition can be borne, and the internal conflict brought about by societal repression of individual desire. The book's main character, Lucy Snowe, travels abroad to teach in a boarding school in the fictional town of Villette, where she encounters a culture and religion different to her own, and where she falls in love with a man ('Paul Emanuel') whom she cannot marry due to societal forces. Her experiences result in her having a breakdown, but eventually she achieves independence and fulfilment in running her own school. Villette marked Charlotte's return to the format of writing from a first-person perspective (that of Lucy Snowe), a technique which she had used so successfully in Jane Eyre. Also similar to Jane Eyre was Charlotte's use of aspects from her own life history as inspiration for fictional events in the novel, in particular her reworking of her own time spent at the pensionnat in Brussels into Lucy spending time teaching at the boarding school, and her own falling in love with Constantin Heger into Lucy falling in love with 'Paul Emanuel'. Villette was acknowledged by the critics of the day as being a potent and sophisticated piece of writing, although it was still criticised for its 'coarseness' and for not being suitably 'feminine' in its portrayal of Lucy's desires.
Illness and subsequent death
In June 1854, Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father's curate and, in the opinion of many scholars, the model for several of her literary characters such as Jane Eyre's Rochester and St. John. She became pregnant soon after the marriage. Her health declined rapidly during this time, and according to Gaskell, her earliest biographer, she was attacked by "sensations of perpetual nausea and ever-recurring faintness."Charlotte died, along with her unborn child, on 31 March 1855, at the young age of 38. Her death certificate gives the cause of death as phthisis (tuberculosis), but many biographers[who?] suggest she may have died from dehydration and malnourishment, caused by excessive vomiting from severe morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum. There is also evidence to suggest that Charlotte died from typhus she may have caught from Tabitha Ackroyd, the Bronte household's oldest servant, who died shortly before her. Charlotte was interred in the family vault in The Church of St. Michael and All Angels, Haworth, West Yorkshire, England.
Posthumously, her first-written novel was published in 1857, the fragment she worked on in her last years in 1860 (twice completed by recent authors, the more famous version being Emma Brown: A Novel from the Unfinished Manuscript by Charlotte Brontë by Clare Boylan, 2003), and much Angria material over the ensuing decades
Charlotte Brontë's Works:
The Young Men's Magazine, Number 1 - 3 (August 1830)
The Spell
| Charlotte Brontë |
British novelist Zadie Smith won the 2006 Orange Prize for Fiction for which novel? | 11 Romantic Quotes from Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre
11 Romantic Quotes from Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre
April 21, 2016 – 9:48 AM
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“I ask you to pass through life at my side—to be my second self, and best earthly companion.”
—Rochester
(Michael Fassbender (left) as Mr. Rochester and Mia Wasikowska (right) as Jane Eyre in the romantic drama JANE EYRE, a Focus Features release directed by Cary Fukunaga. Photo: Focus Features)
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“Reader, I married him.”
It’s the most famous line from Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontë’s classic 1847 novel about the tumultuous romance between Jane, a young governess, and her mysterious employer, Edward Rochester.
Jane Eyre was Brontë’s first published novel, released under the pen name Currer Bell. Since the early 20th century, the book has inspired dozens of film, stage, and TV adaptations.
In honor of the the 200th anniversary of Charlotte Brontë’s birth on April 21, launch the gallery to read some of the most romantic quotes from her most beloved work.
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What is the name of the fictional forensic psychologist in the series of novels by US author James Patterson? | Psychology Fiction: A Showcase of Authors Who Keep it Real
Psychology Fiction
(Photo Credit: Kyle Steed)
Having added a psychology movies page to the website, it seemed logical to also examine psychology within fictional books and literature.
This page highlights the work of authors who are recognized for writing about psychology in a measured and responsible manner. It also showcases the very best works of fiction written by psychologists and takes a look at some of the most popular fictional psychologists and psychological thrillers out there.
Jonathan Kellerman
(Photo Credit: Paul Allison)
In 1998 Jonathan Kellerman received a presidential citation at the American Psychological Association (APA) Annual Convention in San Francisco for his contribution to science through literature. Kellerman has written a series of best selling novels based on the crime solving exploits of fictional clinical psychologist Alex Delaware.
In an APA article entitled "Boosting Psychology Through Fiction", Kellerman notes:
"I wrote from the perspective of what I was, a psychologist...I wrote what I knew. I've been exposed to very troubling material as a psychologist, but here was a way to write my own story and play God by having the cases turn out the way I wanted them to".
The article points out that Alex Delaware's work ethic is one of quiet, professional observation beacause for Kellerman an empathetic psychologist is an ideal model for a detective.
Jonathan Kellerman Talks About His Latest Novel Obsession
More Information
Click Here to visit Jonathan Kellerman's official website.
Click Here to visit Faye Kellerman's official website. The wife of Jonathan Kellerman, Faye Kellerman is a fellow best selling author and recipient of The APA presidential citation for contribution to science through literature.
Roberta Isleib
Clinical psychologist Roberta Isleib has penned two series of psychology fiction books. Her "Golf Lover's Mysteries" series concerning the adventures of a neurotic professional golfer and a sports psychologist was nominated for both Agatha and Anthony awards.
Her latest advice column mystery series fatures a Connecticut psychologist and advice columnist and as stated on her official website, Roberta Isleib is passionate about portraying this psychologist character as a competent professional.
This last point was recently reinforced during an interview Roberta Isleib gave for the psychology podcast show Shrink Rap Radio. If you would like to listen to this engaging broadcast in full, you can download and listen to the interview in MP3 format by Clicking Here .
Book Trailer For Roberta Isleib's Latest Novel "Asking For Murder"
More Information
CLICK HERE for full details.
Fictional Psychologists
DR. TONY HILL:
Crime writer Val McDermid has written five psychology fiction books featuring clinical psychologist Dr. Tony Hill and in 2002 a T.V series "Wire in The Blood" featuring the fictional psychologist was launched. This very popular series ran until 2009.
Wire In The Blood Series 4 TV Trailer
ALEX CROSS:
Created by The Author James Patterson, Alex Cross has a PH.D. in psychology with Special concentration in the field of abnormal psychology and forensic psychology. Cross is a senior FBI agent and profiler.
To date James Patterson has written thirteen psychology fiction Alex cross novels; two of which (Kiss the Girls and Along Came a Spider) were adapted for the big screen, starring the wonderful Morgan Freeman as Alex Cross.
Kiss The Girls Trailer
KATE HOLLY:
The latest fictional psychologist on the block created by comedy writer and bestselling author Charlotte Hughes. In the first psychology fiction book of a new series "What Looks Like Crazy," we are introduced to Dr. Kate Holly, a clinical psychologist, and her wild and crazy patients, friends, and family.
In describing "What Looks Like Crazy," Hughes says that "It's irreverent and politically incorrect, but it's done in great fun!" Charlotte Hughes is currently working on the second book of the CRAZY series, entitled Nutcase. So watch this space.
For more information or to get hold of "What Looks Like Crazy," just click on the following link.
(Many thanks to David John Berndt for letting me know about this particular fictional psychologist).
Psychological Thrillers
The Woman Who Couldn't Remember But Didn't Forget
When results for her innovative wind power project show unprecedented productivity, windmill energy expert Sylvie Deroque hits the big time in the Los Angeles energy firm where she works. The next day her oilman colleague steals her client from her. Armed with facts, figures, and charm, Sylvie crashes a meeting between the two men to woo her client back. Inexplicably, just as she's on the verge of succeeding, she goes into a "strange state," grabs a security guard's gun, and shoots her rival and a member of her erstwhile client's firm.
To reclaim her life, Sylvie must not only beat the attempted murder charge, she must recover her memory of the long-forgotten events from her childhood in Occupied Paris that propelled her to violence. She begins this critical journey with daring and determination, then a threat to her identity estranges her from those she loves. What will it take to set her to rights? Does she have the courage she needs to realize her dreams?
See following link for full details:
| Alex Cross |
Wife of Bath, Manciple, Man of Law and Nun’s Priest are all stories in which collection? | Murder mystery writers
Murder Mystery Writers
Good Authors for your Reading List
Harlan Coben, George Pelecanos, James Patterson, John Connolly
Of the many murder mystery writers around, these three are well worth your time - and probably need no introduction from me.
Harlan Coben
The Myron Bolitar Series
This author is just great - although his actual name is somewhat a mystery in itself. Sometimes he is listed as above, other times as Harlen Corben or Harlan Coban!
Whatever - I have gone by the name on the book covers.
Although his writing is not limited to the Myron Bolitar series, they were my first introduction to him as a crime writer.
After a basketball career cut short in the first year of being drafted due to a career ending injury Bolitar runs a sports agency called MB SportsReps based in New York along with his former college room mate Win Lock-Horne and Esperanza Diaz.
Diaz is a former female wrestler whilst Win is the most interesting character of the three coming from a privileged and very wealthy white background. He is also a complete psychopath and prone to using extreme violence whenever he feels it necessary.
Coben writes well. His protagonists hold our interest, his plots are twisting and neatly unpredictable and he has maintained a consistently high standard throughout the series without resort to contrivance.
A best selling author (Edgar Award, Agatha Award, Shamus Award) Coben has an accessible style - in both his Bolitar novels and the non-Bolitar books.
When I read "Hold Tight" - it held me glued to the page - quite different than the Bolitar series - yet as good.
In "Hold Tight" he juxtaposes four parallel plots around a central idea brimming with contemporary anxiety. What is a child's right to privacy and what is a parent's right to know? And when it comes to your children, is it possible to know too much? Tia and Mike Bye install a sophisticated spy program on their 16-year-old son's computer and discover their community has tragic secrets. Coben's plots are labyrinthine but they are never implausible.
No one does the "what if this happened to me" narrative with more energy.
His Books
Back Spin; Darkest Fear; Deal Breaker; Drop Shot; Fade Away; Gone For Good; Hold Tight; Just One Look; No Second Chance; One False Move; Promise Me Tell No One; The Final Detail; The Innocent; The Woods
George Pelecanos
"There is no finer American crime writer working today."
(Chicago Sun Times)
If you have watched "THE WIRE" on TV, then you will have glimpsed a wee bit of the quality of George Pelecanos.
Stephen King describes him as "perhaps the greatest living crime writer"
If not the greatest - he is certainly up there with them. As The Washington Post says "His books will burn into your brain"
Pelecanos's books are all different - but common to them all is a real and, at times, gut wrenching pathos - supremely related with solid narrative, chracterizations finely honed and an insight into humanity few authors can attempt, let alone achieve.
Some great writers, such as Michael Connelly and James Lee Burke continue to enthrall us and hold our attention through the literary device of basing their yarns on a central character.
Pelecanos, on the other hand, uses social circumstance as his common thread and each book explores the world of disadvantage and related crime with new faces and situations.
It works well - and we can relate to the characters who people his pages - although, we may not relate always to the lives many of them are subjected to. Such is Pelecanos's strength as a writer.
Check out his website Here you will find a list of some of his books - and then go to your favorite bookstore and start your collection.
Interestingly enough he also likes Mark Billingham who is in my UK British Crime Writers section and also on his website Why Mark Billingham is a Badass . With Pelecanos, I commend Billingham to you.
I am even more impressed with Pelecanos as he considers Michael Connelly the best mystery writer in the world. He (Pelecanos) can hold his own in such company.
James Patterson
Patterson is one of the best-known and bestselling writers of all time. He is the author of the two bestselling detective series of the past decade, the Alex Cross novels and the Women’s Murder Club series, and he has written many other number one bestsellers.
In 2007, one of every fifteen hardcover novels sold was a James Patterson title – totaling an estimated 16 million books sold last year in North America alone.
He has won an Edgar award, the mystery world’s highest honour, and his novels Kiss the Girls and Along Came A Spider were made into feature films starring Morgan Freeman.
The "Alex Cross" series
Alex Cross, a black forensic psychologist formerly of the Washington, D.C. Police Department and the FBI, now working as a private psychologist and government consultant—are the most popular books among Patterson readers and the top selling US Detective series in the past ten years.
If you haven't ventured into the Alex Cross series - then do give them a go - the early ones are especially riveting. The last couple though are getting a bit tired and a bit saccharine sweet. Contrived plotting is sneaking up slowly.
Note though: A Michael Connelly or James Lee Burke he ain't...but still good.
The Women's Murder Club
This is a good departure from Alex Cross and has some great reads and is consistent from novel to novel. They did turn it into a reasonably good TV series - but I am not sure how long that will last.
Well worth your reading time.... especially good for plane rides; the beach or curling up in front of the fire to relax.
Patterson is no doubt a masterful storyteller with a fertile imagination - but he also seems to be an author with too many ideas drawn from that imagination so he has seemingly farmed them out to co-authors.
I found these comments when I was doing a bit of research:
James Patterson is getting older, and tired-er, so now he leaves a lot of the easy parts of the writing to another writer. Whether or not the new books are as good as the older ones is a personal decision.
Yes they're just as good...but it is a bit of a cheat. James Patterson writes a detailed plot and structures the book, he then lets the second writer actually pen the pages.
Some have worked well e.g. "Beach Road"; others not so well - even to the point of being dreadful.
Such is the case with "The Quickie" Not only was it not especially well written; it was fairly implausible and the main protagonist had no redeeming features whatsoever - in fact distasteful. I don't like not liking the lead character.
Actually, the novels title says it all - it was a quickie - will get the bucks for sure - but riding on the reputation of his name and better books.
Even if you have read these - clicking will take you to Amazon to select others!
John Connolly (Irish author of American Crime)
Connolly is best known for his series of novels starring private detective Charlie Parker.
His first novel, Every Dead Thing, was met with critical acclaim and was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel and went on to win the 2000 Shamus Award for Best First Private Eye Novel (he is the first author outside of the US to have won the award).
Although Connolly's novels fall under the crime genre, his stories have become increasingly tinged with supernatural overtones.
In the Parker book, The Black Angel, Parker is haunted by the ghosts of his murdered wife and daughter (whether real or imagined), while his search for a missing New York prostitute is linked to the myth of the fallen angels.
The setting of Maine in each of his novels, coupled with the combination of suspense and the paranormal, have invited comparisons to the works of Stephen King, although the two authors employ very different styles.
Connolly was drawn to the tradition of American crime fiction, because it seemed the best medium though which he could explore the issues of compassion, morality, reparation and salvation.... of course tinged with the element of the supernatural.
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‘Light a Penny Candle’ was the debut novel of which Irish author? | Light a Penny Candle «
by Lindsay Eyers under Authors and Illustrators , The World of Books
Bestselling author and long-standing friend of the Book People , Maeve Binchy has sadly died aged 72. Following a short illness, she is said to have died peacefully in hospital with her husband, the writer Gordon Snell.
A keen traveller, it was Binchy’s ‘long rambling letters home from’ from far-flung places that eventually lead to her career as a writer. After attending University College Dublin, Maeve worked as a teacher at various schools in Dublin before she began her day job as a journalist for the Irish Times.
She had written short stories in her spare time, but it was her first novel, Light a Penny Candle, that brought her fame in 1982. Her exceptionally successful debut novel tells the story of shy and genteel Elizabeth White who is evacuated from Blitz-battered London and sent to stay with the boisterous O’Connors in Kilgarret, Ireland. Writing with warmth, wit and great compassion, Binchy tells a magnificent story of the lives and loves of two women, bound together in a friendship that nothing could tear asunder – not even the man who threatened to come between them forever.
Maeve Binchy’s novels are marked by her depiction of small town Irish life and present a realistic portrayal of the lives of young Irish women growing up in the relatively restrictive society of Ireland in the 1950s and 1960s. Although best known for her novels, she wrote a play, Deeply Regretted By, and continued to write short story collections such as This Year It Will Be Different and The Return Journey . Her last novel, Minding Frankie , was published in 2010 – the same year she received a lifetime achievement award from the Irish Book Awards.
As the news of her death broke last night and early today, broadcasters, fellow novelists, friends and fans have flooded the international media with tributes. This morning on Radio 4 Jilly Cooper said Binchy was ‘a natural storyteller … She was so kind and funny and captivating, and was a brilliant writer’.
Thriller writer Harlan Coben tweeted: ‘I’m so sad to hear about the death of the wonderful, funny, talented, generous, endearing Maeve Binchy.’
Other tributes included Scottish crime writer Ian Rankin : ‘Maeve Binchy was a gregarious, larger than life, ebullient recorder of human foibles and wonderment,’ and Cathy Kelly : ‘The world is truly a darker place without the golden light of lovely Maeve Binchy. We’ll all miss her genius.’
In 2000, Binchy was ranked third in the World Book Day poll of favourite authors – ahead of Jane Austen, Charles Dickens and Stephen King. Described in the Irish Times as ‘one of the best-loved Irish writers of her generation’, she will be much missed across the globe.
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Which novel by Charles Dickens has sold the most copies? | Light a Penny Candle
Light a Penny Candle
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Now back in print--the magic of bestselling author Maeve Binchy's unforgettable debut novel, LIGHT A PENNY CANDLE! The chaotic events of World War II find a shy young English girl in Ireland under the care of the wild and boisterous O'Connor family. It is through them that she meets the young lady destined to become her best friend...and together they will endure years of change, joy, sorrow, soaring dreams, bitter betrayals, and an unbreakable bond that nothing could tear asunder.
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‘What a lot of hairy-faced men there are around nowadays’ is the opening line of which book by Roald Dahl? | Roald Dahl Life Lessons - AskMen
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As we approach his centenary of birth, there’s plenty of Roald Dahl action this week celebrating the much-adored author’s legacy. Steven Spielberg’s blockbuster adaptation of The BFG is released on Friday 22nd July, while Saturday 23rd sees affectionate documentary The Marvellous World of Roald Dahl air at 8pm on BBC2. Here’s a dozen things the great man taught us…
1. Ignore bores during meetings
As Fantastic Mr Fox so sagely says to Badger: “I understand what you're saying and your comments are valuable, but I'm going to ignore your advice.” Amen, Foxy.
TriStar Pictures
2. Books are better than people
The misunderstood heroine of Matilda escapes and finds solace in the magic of words. As the quote goes: “Books transported her to new worlds and introduced her to amazing people who lived exciting lives. She went on olden-day sailing ships with Joseph Conrad. She went to Africa with Ernest Hemingway and India with Rudyard Kipling. She travelled all over the world, while sitting in her little room in an English village.” So don’t get mad, get a book off the shelf.
3. Some phrases are more powerful when said backwards
See Esio Trot. Also: Red Rum, park, stressed and regal.
4. Mates and mentors can come in unexpected forms
In James & The Giant Peach, our hero’s travelling companions are giant bugs who soon become like family. Sophie in The BFG befriends a big-eared ogre and Charlie Bucket forms a close bond with eccentric old recluse Willy Wonka. Friends-wise, variety is the spice of life. Never write people off on the basis of size, sexuality, age, race or number of legs.
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5. Teamwork can earn you millions
In The Giraffe & The Pelly & Me, young Billy meets an unusual crew of window cleaners: a giraffe with an extendable neck, a pelican who can carry water in its beak and an all-singing, all-dancing, all-climbing monkey. Together, their skills make The Ladderless Window-Cleaning Company a success. Not saying Dahl is a business guru but there’s start-up wisdom here.
RELATED: 7 Films That Will Help Every Boy Become A Man
6. The best way to bond with your dad is through his hobby
See the pheasant-poaching expeditions in Danny, The Champion Of The World. As Danny says: ”Grown-ups are complicated creatures, full of quirks and secrets.” Perhaps it’s time to show some interest in your own father’s obsession, be it Test cricket, military history, vintage cars or artisanal cheeses. Mmm, cheese.
7. Cure your own complaints
In George’s Marvellous Medicine, our hero concocts his own magic potion, while The Vicar Of Nibbleswicke eases his dyslexia by walking backwards everywhere. This echoes Dahl in real-life: he helped invent the WDT brain shunt, following an injury to his baby son.
8. Looks aren’t everything
Self-esteem lesson from The Twits: “A person who has good thoughts cannot ever be ugly. You can have a wonky nose, crooked mouth, double chin and stick-out teeth, but if you have good thoughts, they will shine out of your face like sunbeams and you will always look lovely.” Yep, charm and personality go a long way. But moisturise and get a nice haircut too, just in case.
Paramount
9. Animals are excellent judges of character
Remember the squirrels in Charlie & The Chocolate Factory chucking spoilt brat Veruca Salt down the garbage chute because she was a “bad nut”? Never trust someone who gets growled at by dogs or pooed on by pigeons.
10. Pursue your passions
In grown-up novel My Uncle Oswald, Dahl writes: “I realised how important it was to be an enthusiast in life. If you are interested in something, no matter what it is, go at it at full speed ahead. Embrace it with both arms, hug it, love it and above all, become passionate about it. Lukewarm is no good. White hot and passionate is the only thing to be.” So find something you love and keep doing it, as a career if you can.
11. Beards are everywhere
"What a lot of hairy-faced men there are around nowadays!" goes the opening line of The Twits. It’s almost like Dahl foresaw the hipster face-fuzz trend, three decades before it happened.
12. Go out in style
When Dahl died in 1990, his family gave him a sort of “Viking funeral”. He was buried with his snooker cues, some good red wine, chocolates, his favourite HB pencils and a power saw. What a way to go.
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Which 1886 novel by Thomas Hardy is subtitled ‘The Life and Death of a Man of Character’? | Roald Dahl And Quentin Blake: A Sensational Harmony Of Literature And Art
Roald Dahl And Quentin Blake: A Sensational Harmony Of Literature And Art
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Apr 18, 2016
Reflecting on the legacy of Roald Dahl and his incomparable artistic partner.
“Don’t gobblefunk around with words,” the Big Friendly Giant (known as the BFG) tells Sophie, a main character of the story, "The BFG." "The BFG" is just one of many books written by British writer Roald Dahl, whose quirky and idiosyncratic literary style is manifested in the above quote.
Dahl died in 1990, but is considered to be one of the greatest storytellers of all time; his books have sold about 200 million copies worldwide. Dahl’s more famous books are his children’s books which include "James and the Giant Peach" (1961), "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" (1964), "Fantastic Mr. Fox" (1970), "The Twits" (1980), "The BFG" (1982), "The Witches" (1983) and "Matilda" (1988).
One common denominator of these books is that all were, at some point, illustrated by English cartoonist Quentin Blake. Blake produced his illustrated versions of the earlier books after Dahl’s death, but worked originally with Dahl for the later part of Dahl’s life.
In the world of children’s literature, writing goes hand-in-hand with illustration. The partnership of Dahl and Blake was one of perfect harmony. Blake was truly the most ideal artist to accompany Dahl’s stories. Dahl’s lighthearted, wacky writing style united with Blake’s enchanting yet elementary artistic technique. Together they produced books of not only high quality but of curious flair — books that were thought provoking, fun and inspirational. These books have the ability to captivate with a dazzling plot and fascinate with imaginative illustrations that are so central to the Dahl-Blake literary experience.
"James and the Giant Peach" was originally illustrated by Nancy Ekholm Burkert in 1961, but an adapted version in 2007 was released where Blake served as the illustrator. The plot is wild, detailing a young boy’s escape from the real world through a large, magical peach with the help of a group of anthropomorphic bugs that include a grasshopper and a ladybug. Blake’s illustrated version features colorful, vibrant drawings that accompanies Dahl’s vivacious plot. No other illustrated version of this story is as fun to read as Blake’s.
Quentin Blake illustrated the 1995 edition of "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory." The book focuses on poor boy Charlie Bucket, who gets invited to the famous Wonka chocolate factory for an eccentric tour given by its unconventional owner, Willy Wonka, who affirms, “A little nonsense now and then, is relished by the wisest men."
During Dahl’s school years, the two biggest English chocolate producers at the time were Cadbury and Rowntree, and both companies became hyper-protective of their operations in the midst of ultimate competition between each other. Cadbury would send chocolate samples to Dahl’s school for the students to test, and Dahl cited this time period as his influence for the story. There were three editions before Blake’s, but what differentiates the Blake version from the rest is that the playful plot of this story by Dahl is best complemented with the lighthearted illustrations that only Blake can accomplish. "Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator" (1972) is the sequel, and was illustrated by Blake in the third edition.
"Fantastic Mr. Fox" tells the tale of a sly fox who supports his family by robbing the nearby farms of Boggis, Bunce and Bean, who later team up to try and kill Mr. Fox. An interesting dimension in this story is that the characters of "Fantastic Mr. Fox" are incredibly self-aware, with Mr. Fox at one point saying, “I think I have this thing where everybody has to think I’m the greatest. And if they aren’t completely knocked out and dazzled and slightly intimidated by me, I don’t feel good about myself.” Quentin Blake illustrated the 1996 version of the book, and his style adds a good-humored layer to an otherwise grim story.
“What a lot of hairy-faced men there are around nowadays!” reads the first line of "The Twits," which was inspired by Dahl’s desire to “do something against beards” of which he had an apparent dislike. "The Twits" is a humorous story and details the repulsive lives of the ugly couple Mr. and Mrs. Twit, who play pranks on each other and own a monkey circus. Mr. Twit has a big, bushy beard.
The book serves as a pronounced reflection on the differences between external looks and personality, reading, “A person who has good thoughts cannot ever be ugly. You can have a wonky nose and a crooked mouth a double chin and stick-out teeth, but if you have good thoughts they will shine out of your face like sunbeams and you will always look lovely.”
This is one of the first books on which Dahl and Blake worked together, "The Enormous Crocodile" preceding. "The Twits" is bizarre yet darkly funny, but has words of wisdom sprinkled in unexpected places. Blake’s drawings add to the hilarity and soften any malevolence in the plot.
"The BFG" tells the story of an orphan, named Sophie (after Dahl’s granddaughter), who befriends the Big Friendly Giant (BFG). He blows bottled dreams into children’s rooms at night, and shows Sophie the ways of Giant Country. The book was dedicated to Dahl’s daughter Olivia, who died of measles at the age of seven in 1962. Blake was the original illustrator for "The BFG," and his illustrations evoke an atmospheric and magical element in the BFG’s life. A Steven Spielberg-directed movie is to be released in July 2016.
"The Witches" details a young boy’s experiences with evil witches who hate children. It is another originally-illustrated book by Blake. The story is strange and a little eerie, but cheerful otherwise. Words of wisdom include “Mice, I feel pretty certain, all like each other. People don’t.” In the book, Blake’s drawings manage to add to the eccentricity — and sometimes the fear — but also help to keep the book in an overall happy mood.
"Matilda" is one of the last books written by Dahl before his death in 1990. It is the story of a girl named Matilda who has rotten parents and clashes with her wicked principal, Miss. Trunchbull. Blake’s illustrations for "Matilda" compliment the animated style of Dahl’s writing.
When asked what it was like working with Roald Dahl, Blake said , “To begin with, I was a bit nervous. He was quite a powerful figure. But we got on very well. He liked winding me up — only in the most harmless way…What was so nice about Roald was that he actually wanted the pictures—he didn't like it if there weren't enough. Not all authors are like that.” Blake’s favorite book that he illustrated was "The BFG," because “[He] spent a long time talking to Roald Dahl about it and spent a long time thinking about the drawings.” Together, Roald Dahl and Quentin Blake created beautiful masterpieces. Their books were the perfect fusion of good writing, fun storytelling, unique illustration and, of course, “gobblefunking around with words”. Dahl and Blake have certainly been one of the most influential and wonderful pairs of talent to have entered the literary world.
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In the 1876 novel ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer’ by Mark Twain, what is the name of Tom’s half brother who lives with Tom and his aunt Polly? | SparkNotes: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Chapters 1–3
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Mark Twain
Chapters 1–3, page 2
page 1 of 3
Summary—Chapter 1: Tom Plays, Fights, and Hides
Spare the rod and spile the child, as the Good Book says. I’m a-laying up sin and suffering for us both, I know. He’s full of the Old Scratch, but laws-a-me! he’s my own dead sister’s boy, poor thing, and I ain’t got the heart to lash him, somehow.
(See Important Quotations Explained )
The novel opens with Aunt Polly scouring the house in search of her nephew, Tom Sawyer. She finds him in the closet, discovers that his hands are covered with jam, and prepares to give him a whipping. Tom cries out theatrically, “Look behind you!” and when Aunt Polly turns, Tom escapes over the fence. After Tom is gone, Aunt Polly reflects ruefully on Tom’s mischief and how she lets him get away with too much.
Tom comes home at suppertime to help Aunt Polly’s young slave, Jim, chop wood. Tom also wants to tell Jim about his adventures. During supper, Aunt Polly asks Tom leading questions in an attempt to confirm her suspicion that he skipped school that afternoon and went swimming instead. Tom explains his wet hair by saying that he pumped water on his head and shows her that his collar is still sewn from the morning, which means that he couldn’t have taken his shirt off to swim. Aunt Polly is satisfied, but Sid, Tom’s half-brother, points out that the shirt thread, which was white in the morning, is now black. Tom has resewn the shirt himself to disguise his delinquency.
Tom goes out of the house furious with Sid, but he soon forgets his anger as he practices a new kind of whistling. While wandering the streets of St. Petersburg, his town, he encounters a newcomer, a boy his own age who appears overdressed and arrogant. Tom and the new arrival exchange insults for a while and then begin wrestling. Tom overcomes his antagonist and eventually chases the newcomer all the way home.
When he returns home in the evening, Tom finds Aunt Polly waiting for him. She notices his dirtied clothes and resolves to make him work the next day, a Saturday, as punishment.
Summary—Chapter 2: The Glorious Whitewasher
“Say, Tom, let me whitewash a little.”
(See Important Quotations Explained )
On Saturday morning, Aunt Polly sends Tom out to whitewash the fence. Jim passes by, and Tom tries to get him to do some of the whitewashing in return for a “white alley,” a kind of marble. Jim almost agrees, but Aunt Polly appears and chases him off, leaving Tom alone with his labor.
A little while later, Ben Rogers, another boy Tom’s age, walks by. Tom convinces Ben that whitewashing a fence is great pleasure, and after some bargaining, Ben agrees to give Tom his apple in exchange for the privilege of working on the fence. Over the course of the day, every boy who passes ends up staying to whitewash, and each one gives Tom something in exchange. By the time the fence has three coats, Tom has collected a hoard of miscellaneous treasures. Tom muses that all it takes to make someone want something is to make that thing hard to get.
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Which British author wrote the 1928 novel ‘Orlando: A Biography’? | The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain: Summary, Characters & Analysis - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain: Summary, Characters & Analysis
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Instructor: Megan Pryor
Megan has tutored extensively and has a Master of Fine Arts Degree in Fiction.
During this lesson, we will learn about Mark Twain's classic novel, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by studying an overview of both the plot and the main characters. We will also analyze the events that occur in the story.
Summary of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Someone reading The Adventures of Tom Sawyer today might be familiar with the character of Tom Sawyer from another novel by Mark Twain: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which is a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Mark Twain wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in 1876, eight years before The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, but The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is more frequently taught in high schools.
Tom Sawyer is a troublemaker. After Tom gets in trouble, he is ordered by Aunt Polly, with whom he lives, to whitewash their fence. When his friends see him painting the fence, Tom pretends that he loves the chore to make his friends jealous. They beg him to let them help. This is a prime example of the type of trouble Tom Sawyer is always getting up to.
Part of the novel is devoted to Tom's romance with Becky Thatcher, a new girl in town. They like each other, but Becky is hurt when she finds out that Tom liked someone else before her. Eventually, he takes the blame for a book she ruined, making her like him again.
Tom is always getting into trouble, usually with his friend, Huckleberry Finn. Together they sneak out to a graveyard at night, where they witness Injun Joe murder Dr. Robinson. Tom, Huck, and their friend, Joe Harper, run away for a little while, making the town think they are dead. Eventually they come back, though, and Tom testifies against Injun Joe in court.
Afterward, Injun Joe runs away, and Tom is terrified for his life. His terror does not stop him from making trouble, though. While he and Huck are hunting for treasure one night, they discover that Injun Joe, who is disguised as a deaf-mute Spaniard, has treasure of his own to bury. Huck agrees to spy on Injun Joe to see where he buries the treasure, while Tom goes on a picnic with his class to McDougal's Cave. During the picnic, Tom and Becky wander off and get lost.
Huck figures out that Injun Joe plans on hurting Widow Douglas. He reports the crime, and Injun Joe runs away to McDougal's Cave. Meanwhile, Tom and Becky are lost for several days in the cave. Eventually they stumble across Injun Joe but hide before he sees them. Shortly after, Tom figures out how to get out of the cave with Becky. He tells Judge Thatcher about Injun Joe being inside, and the town decides to seal Injun Joe inside the cave.
Later, Tom returns to the cave, where he discovers Injun Joe's starved corpse. Shortly thereafter, he and Huck discover where Injun Joe hid his gold. The Widow Douglas adopts Huck, who is unhappy about this development. Tom convinces him to give it a try, promising that it won't stop them from getting up to the occasional mischief.
Characters in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Tom Sawyer is the main character. A troublemaker, but he is a good boy when it counts.
Aunt Polly is the sister of Tom's deceased mother. She takes care of Tom and his brother, Sid. She is religious, yet cares deeply for Tom. Mary is Tom's cousin. She is a good girl and stands up for Tom, even when he is a troublemaker. Sid is Tom's half-brother. He frequently tells Aunt Polly when Tom misbehaves.
The star of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huckleberry Finn, is raised by his father, Pap Finn, an abusive drunk who does not care if he goes to church or school.
Joe Harper runs away with Tom and Huck to the island after they witness the murder in the graveyard. All three boys return to town before too long. Becky Thatcher and Amy Lawrence are two girls in Tom's class. When Becky moves to town, Tom decides he loves her instead of Amy.
Injun Joe is the main bad guy of the novel. He is part Native American. He murders Dr. Robinson and tries to hurt Widow Douglas. He dies when the town seals off the cave.
Muff Potter is a drunk man Injun Joe convinces to take the fall for him. Tom saves Muff by pointing the finger at Injun Joe during the trial.
Dr. Robinson is murdered by Injun Joe. He wanted to dig up a corpse to experiment on it medically.
The Widow Douglas is a kind religious lady. She adopts Huck at the end of the novel.
Judge Thatcher is Becky Thatcher's father. He seals off the cave and traps Injun Joe inside.
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What is the first name of Gatsby in the novel ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F Scott Fitzgerald? | SparkNotes: The Great Gatsby: Plot Overview
The Great Gatsby
Context
Character List
Nick Carraway, a young man from Minnesota, moves to New York in the summer of 1922 to learn about the bond business. He rents a house in the West Egg district of Long Island, a wealthy but unfashionable area populated by the new rich, a group who have made their fortunes too recently to have established social connections and who are prone to garish displays of wealth. Nick’s next-door neighbor in West Egg is a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby, who lives in a gigantic Gothic mansion and throws extravagant parties every Saturday night.
Nick is unlike the other inhabitants of West Egg—he was educated at Yale and has social connections in East Egg, a fashionable area of Long Island home to the established upper class. Nick drives out to East Egg one evening for dinner with his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, and her husband, Tom, an erstwhile classmate of Nick’s at Yale. Daisy and Tom introduce Nick to Jordan Baker, a beautiful, cynical young woman with whom Nick begins a romantic relationship. Nick also learns a bit about Daisy and Tom’s marriage: Jordan tells him that Tom has a lover, Myrtle Wilson, who lives in the valley of ashes, a gray industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City. Not long after this revelation, Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle. At a vulgar, gaudy party in the apartment that Tom keeps for the affair, Myrtle begins to taunt Tom about Daisy, and Tom responds by breaking her nose.
As the summer progresses, Nick eventually garners an invitation to one of Gatsby’s legendary parties. He encounters Jordan Baker at the party, and they meet Gatsby himself, a surprisingly young man who affects an English accent, has a remarkable smile, and calls everyone “old sport.” Gatsby asks to speak to Jordan alone, and, through Jordan, Nick later learns more about his mysterious neighbor. Gatsby tells Jordan that he knew Daisy in Louisville in 1917 and is deeply in love with her. He spends many nights staring at the green light at the end of her dock, across the bay from his mansion. Gatsby’s extravagant lifestyle and wild parties are simply an attempt to impress Daisy. Gatsby now wants Nick to arrange a reunion between himself and Daisy, but he is afraid that Daisy will refuse to see him if she knows that he still loves her. Nick invites Daisy to have tea at his house, without telling her that Gatsby will also be there. After an initially awkward reunion, Gatsby and Daisy reestablish their connection. Their love rekindled, they begin an affair.
After a short time, Tom grows increasingly suspicious of his wife’s relationship with Gatsby. At a luncheon at the Buchanans’ house, Gatsby stares at Daisy with such undisguised passion that Tom realizes Gatsby is in love with her. Though Tom is himself involved in an extramarital affair, he is deeply outraged by the thought that his wife could be unfaithful to him. He forces the group to drive into New York City, where he confronts Gatsby in a suite at the Plaza Hotel. Tom asserts that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could never understand, and he announces to his wife that Gatsby is a criminal—his fortune comes from bootlegging alcohol and other illegal activities. Daisy realizes that her allegiance is to Tom, and Tom contemptuously sends her back to East Egg with Gatsby, attempting to prove that Gatsby cannot hurt him.
When Nick, Jordan, and Tom drive through the valley of ashes, however, they discover that Gatsby’s car has struck and killed Myrtle, Tom’s lover. They rush back to Long Island, where Nick learns from Gatsby that Daisy was driving the car when it struck Myrtle, but that Gatsby intends to take the blame. The next day, Tom tells Myrtle’s husband, George, that Gatsby was the driver of the car. George, who has leapt to the conclusion that the driver of the car that killed Myrtle must have been her lover, finds Gatsby in the pool at his mansion and shoots him dead. He then fatally shoots himself.
Nick stages a small funeral for Gatsby, ends his relationship with Jordan, and moves back to the Midwest to escape the disgust he feels for the people surrounding Gatsby’s life and for the emptiness and moral decay of life among the wealthy on the East Coast. Nick reflects that just as Gatsby’s dream of Daisy was corrupted by money and dishonesty, the American dream of happiness and individualism has disintegrated into the mere pursuit of wealth. Though Gatsby’s power to transform his dreams into reality is what makes him “great,” Nick reflects that the era of dreaming—both Gatsby’s dream and the American dream—is over.
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Which of Agatha Christie’s novels was the first to feature Miss Marple? | Books | By Sarah Seltzer |
April 10, 2015
F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is a staple of high school English classes and “best books” lists, from 20th Century books to American novels to the greatest novels ever written. Therefore although some Gatsby fans have merely ogled Leonardo DiCaprio or Robert Redford in the titular role (in one of the unspectacular film adaptations of a hard-to-adapt novel) most of us have actually read the book. To us, it may feel like Tom and Daisy Fay Buchanan, Nick Carraway and Jay Gatsby have always been around. But did you know Gatsby languished in obscurity for years? The American classic, which celebrates 90 years of publication today, has a backstory as convoluted and fascinating as the enigmatic, self-made Gastby’s himself.
To celebrate Fitzgerald’s critique of, and ode to, jazz age capitalistic excess, here are five interesting angles on the novel and its history for your consideration.
1. An original proposed title for the novel was the biggest clunker ever: Trimalchio in West Egg. Another was Under the Red White and Blue. Hard to imagine Jay-Z scoring a soundtrack to a movie with one of those titles, isn’t it?
2. World War II helped bring Gatsby back, after Fitzgerald died thinking it was a failure, even being unable to find it in bookstores. The Council on Books in Wartime program that printed American Service Editions of novels for World War II was pivotal in cementing Gatsby’s reputation as a classic :
Gatsby entered the war effort after Germany and Japan surrendered, but the timing was fortuitous: While waiting to go home, troops were more bored than ever. (Two years after the war ended, there were still 1.5 million people stationed overseas.) With that kind of audience,Gatsby reached readers beyond Fitzgerald’s dreams. In fact, because soldiers passed the books around, each ASE copy was read about seven times. More than one million soldiers read Fitzgerald’s Great American Novel….
For Fitzgerald, it was a great reawakening. The author’s death in 1940 had rejuvenated academic interest in his work, and many of his literary friends were already trying to revive his name. But the military program sparked interest among a wider, more general readership. By 1961, The Great Gatsby was being printed expressly for high school classrooms. Today, nearly half a million copies sell each year.
3. Why was Gatsby out of vogue to begin with? Because it was a huge flop, and many critics mauled it when it first appeared. Not only did the book fail to print the copies Fitzgerald expected, but it took a general critical drubbing.
The New York Evening World called the book “a valiant effort to be ironical,” but “his style is painfully forced.” The daytime version of the paper ran a headline that called Gatsby “a dud.”
Isabel Paterson wrote, “What has never been alive cannot very well go on living; so this is a book for the season only.” In the Chicago Tribune, H.L. Mencken pronounced it “no more than a glorified anecdote, and not too probable at that…. Certainly not to be put on the same shelf with, say, This Side of Paradise.”
Nowadays, when you read Gatsby side by side with This Side of Paradise, it’s easy to see the latter as an obvious “first novel” and the former as a more mature, complex culmination of a writer’s thoughts and talents. But Gatsby still remains a subtle book despite the excesses it contains, which readers of the time clearly missed.
4. In fact, some of the novel’s sharper criticisms of its depicted milieu are commonly misunderstood even today. As Zach Seward wrote in a memorable piece right before the DiCaprio vehicle arrived in theaters :
So many people seem enchanted enough by the decadence described in Fitzgerald’s book to ignore its fairly obvious message of condemnation. Gatsby parties can be found all over town. They are staples of spring on many Ivy League campuses and a frequent theme of galas in Manhattan…
It’s like throwing a Lolita-themed children’s birthday party.
Whenever someone throws a Gatsby party, I get the urge to yell, “he was shot to death alone in a pool, you idiots!”
That having been said, perhaps some of the common misreading is due to the fact that Fitzgerald, like his contemporary Edith Wharton and other sharp social critics, was known to have had something of a love-hate relationship with the ultra-rich. Although the book ultimately shows the hollowness of their lifestyles, so does it detail the seductiveness of the blithe existence of “careless people” like Tom and Daisy Buchanan. Like Jane Austen, like Robert Frost and many other easily accessible writers, one has to dig beneath the surface to find the darker message.
In his piece, Seward also casts a dubious eye on the contemporary high school teachers who use the “green light” that Gatsby gazed at to teach students to “strive.” Today the light is often spun into something noble, waiting to be seized by those who persist and imagine, rather than what Carraway and Fitzerald see it symbolizing: a false hope, always receding, embodying what Seward calls the “novel’s jaundiced view of the American dream.”
5. Fitzgerald loved, then hated, the iconic “eyes” cover design for the novel, and may have even rewritten part of the book in response to an initial look at the cover art by Francis Cugat.
In a letter to editor Max Perkins, Fitzgerald, whose manuscript was late, requested that the art be held for him. “For Christ’s sake don’t give anyone that jacket you’re saving for me,” Fitzgerald wrote, “I’ve written it into the book.” It’s not clear exactly what Fitzgerald meant by this, but it is generally believed that that Cugat’s haunting image was realized in the form of the recurring billboard for oculist Dr. T.J. Eckleburg…
It’s unclear which iteration of the cover design influenced which part of the book, but they were more symbiotic than we realize, and both grew into icons over time.
The irony of imagining “Scotty” searching in vain for his book in stores’ shelves mere decades before it was thrust into the hands of millions of soldiers and then schoolchildren is nearly too painful to bear. Of course, agonizing missed moments are the subject matter make Gatsby the masterpiece it is.
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What is the nickname of the youngest child of late US singer Michael Jackson? | Blanket Jackson News - Blanket Jackson Net Worth
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Blanket Jackson
Blanket Jackson Net Worth is $100 Million. Blanket Jackson Date of Birth is 2002-02-21. Blanket Jackson Nickname is Blanket, Prince Michael II. Blanket Jackson Country is San Diego.. Prince Michael "Blanket" Jackson II (born February 21, 2002) is the youngest child of pop legend ...
Blanket Jackson Net Worth is $100 Million.
Blanket Jackson Net Worth is $100 Million. Blanket Jackson Date of Birth is 2002-02-21. Blanket Jackson Nickname is Blanket, Prince Michael II. Blanket Jackson Country is San Diego. Prince Michael "Blanket" Jackson II is the youngest child of pop legend Michael Jackson.
In 2002, Prince Michael Jackson II , Michael Jackson's third child, was born, the same year his father won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century. The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his own sperm. He grew up at Neverland Ranch with his half-siblings. Following his father's death in 2009, his grandmother Katherine was made the permanent guardian of him and his siblings Paris and Prince. In 2012, Katherine Jackson split custody of Jackson II and his half-siblings with his older cousin T.J. Jackson, son of Tito Jackson and a member of the group 3T.
Jackson made his first television appearance as a baby in the documentary Living with Michael Jackson in 2003. In the documentary, his father explained the meaning behind his nicknam...
Didgeridoos and legal blues: the strange story of how Michael Jackson bought The Beatles
"He was trembling and clinging on," she said. "It was just to cling on to someone for the security. I could have been a blanket." On Jackson's rider, he insisted that a glass bowl of Smarties would be provided for him backstage before the broadcast.
Posted: January 19, 2017, 6:32 am
Paris Jackson is 'incredibly offended' by Joseph Fiennes' Michael Jackson portrayal
"I am as shocked as you may be". It's not in any way malicious. Paris Jackson with Prince Michael Jackson, LaToya Jackson, Blanket Jackson and Monica Gabor in Beverly Hills, California on October 11, 2012. Paris added, "it angers me to see how obviously ...
Posted: January 12, 2017, 6:03 pm
Paris Jackson Heads to Paris for First Big Modeling Gig
Jackson, whose siblings are Blanket, 14, and Prince, 19, wasn’t just in Paris for business. She also posed in front of the Eiffel Tower with her boyfriend, Michael Snoddy, per a January 17 Instagram, and shared a photo of the Arc de Triomphe that same day.
Posted: January 19, 2017, 9:32 am
Fiennes' Portrayal Of Michael 'Makes Me Want To Vomit — Paris Jackson Twitter
It's a light comedy look. Paris Jackson with Prince Michael Jackson, LaToya Jackson, Blanket Jackson and Monica Gabor in Beverly Hills, California on October 11, 2012. The story of the film focuses on an alleged road trip that Jackson took with veteran ...
Posted: January 12, 2017, 9:00 pm
| blanket prince michael ii |
Food brand Knorr was founded in which country? | Blanket Jackson Facebook - Blanket Jackson Net Worth
Blanket Jackson Facebook
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Blanket Jackson
Blanket Jackson Net Worth is $100 Million. Blanket Jackson Date of Birth is 2002-02-21. Blanket Jackson Nickname is Blanket, Prince Michael II. Blanket Jackson Country is San Diego.. Prince Michael "Blanket" Jackson II (born February 21, 2002) is the youngest child of pop legend ...
Blanket Jackson Net Worth is $100 Million.
Blanket Jackson Net Worth is $100 Million. Blanket Jackson Date of Birth is 2002-02-21. Blanket Jackson Nickname is Blanket, Prince Michael II. Blanket Jackson Country is San Diego. Prince Michael "Blanket" Jackson II is the youngest child of pop legend Michael Jackson.
In 2002, Prince Michael Jackson II , Michael Jackson's third child, was born, the same year his father won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century. The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his own sperm. He grew up at Neverland Ranch with his half-siblings. Following his father's death in 2009, his grandmother Katherine was made the permanent guardian of him and his siblings Paris and Prince. In 2012, Katherine Jackson split custody of Jackson II and his half-siblings with his older cousin T.J. Jackson, son of Tito Jackson and a member of the group 3T.
Jackson made his first television appearance as a baby in the documentary Living with Michael Jackson in 2003. In the documentary, his father explained the meaning behind his nicknam...
Fiennes' Portrayal Of Michael 'Makes Me Want To Vomit — Paris Jackson Twitter
It's a light comedy look. Paris Jackson with Prince Michael Jackson, LaToya Jackson, Blanket Jackson and Monica Gabor in Beverly Hills, California on October 11, 2012. The story of the film focuses on an alleged road trip that Jackson took with veteran ...
Posted: January 12, 2017, 9:00 pm
UPDATE: Police arrest Anthony Stephens in Scottsdale homicide on Sunday
Police say 58-year-old Charles Jackson Sr. was found in his bed by his wife. He had facial trauma from an apparent gunshot wound and was completely covered by a blanket. He was pronounced dead a short time later. According to police documents, Jackson's ...
Posted: January 16, 2017, 11:59 am
Didgeridoos and legal blues: the strange story of how Michael Jackson bought The Beatles
"He was trembling and clinging on," she said. "It was just to cling on to someone for the security. I could have been a blanket." On Jackson's rider, he insisted that a glass bowl of Smarties would be provided for him backstage before the broadcast.
Posted: January 19, 2017, 6:32 am
Paris Jackson Heads to Paris for First Big Modeling Gig
Jackson, whose siblings are Blanket, 14, and Prince, 19, wasn’t just in Paris for business. She also posed in front of the Eiffel Tower with her boyfriend, Michael Snoddy, per a January 17 Instagram, and shared a photo of the Arc de Triomphe that same day.
Posted: January 19, 2017, 9:32 am
| i don't know |
Cronian relates to which planet in our solar system? | Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets
Solar System Planets: Order of the 8 (or 9) Planets
By Robert Roy Britt |
January 22, 2016 12:35pm ET
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The planets of the solar system as depicted by a NASA computer illustration. Orbits and sizes are not shown to scale.
Credit: NASA
Ever since the discovery of Pluto in 1930, kids grew up learning about the nine planets of our solar system. That all changed starting in the late 1990s, when astronomers began to argue about whether Pluto was a planet. In a highly controversial decision , the International Astronomical Union ultimately decided in 2006 to call Pluto a “dwarf planet,” reducing the list of “real planets” in our solar system to eight.
However, astronomers are now hunting for another planet in our solar system, a true ninth planet , after evidence of its existence was unveiled on Jan. 20, 2016. The so-called "Planet Nine," as scientists are calling it, is about 10 times the mass of Earth and 5,000 times the mass of Pluto.
[ Solar System Pictures: A Photo Tour ]
If you insist on including Pluto , then that world would come after Neptune on the list; Pluto is truly way out there, and on a wildly tilted, elliptical orbit (two of the several reasons it got demoted). Interestingly, Pluto used to be the eighth planet, actually. More on that below.
Terrestrial planets
The inner four worlds are called “ terrestrial planets ,” because, like Earth, their surfaces are all rocky. Pluto, too, has a solid surface (and a very frozen one) but has never been grouped with the four terrestrials.
Jovian planets
The four large outer worlds — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune — are known as the “Jovian planets” (meaning “Jupiter-like”) because they are all huge compared to the terrestrial planets, and because they are gaseous in nature rather than having rocky surfaces (though some or all of them may have solid cores, astronomers say). According to NASA , "two of the outer planets beyond the orbit of Mars — Jupiter and Saturn — are known as gas giants; the more distant Uranus and Neptune are called ice giants." This is because, while the first two are dominated by gas, while the last two have more ice. All four contain mostly hydrogen and helium.
Dwarf planets
The IAU definition of a full-fledged planet goes like this: A body that circles the sun without being some other object's satellite, is large enough to be rounded by its own gravity (but not so big that it begins to undergo nuclear fusion, like a star) and has "cleared its neighborhood" of most other orbiting bodies. Yeah, that’s a mouthful.
The problem for Pluto, besides its small size and offbeat orbit, is that it shares its space with lots of other objects in the Kuiper Belt , beyond Neptune. Still, the demotion of Pluto remains controversial .
The IAU planet definition puts other small, round worlds in the dwarf planet category, including the Kuiper Belt objects Eris , Haumea , and Makemake .
Also now a dwarf planet is Ceres , a round object in the Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter. Ceres was actually considered a planet when discovered in 1801 and then later deemed to be an asteroid. Some astronomers like to consider Ceres as a 10th planet (not to be confused with Nibiru or Planet X ), but that line of thinking opens up the possibility of there being 13 planets, with more bound to be discovered.
The planets
Below is a brief overview of the eight primary planets in our solar system , in order from the inner solar system outward:
Mercury
The closest planet to the sun, Mercury is only a bit larger than Earth's moon. Its day side is scorched by the sun and can reach 840 degrees Fahrenheit (450 Celsius), but on the night side, temperatures drop to hundreds of degrees below freezing. Mercury has virtually no atmosphere to absorb meteor impacts, so its surface is pockmarked with craters, just like the moon. Over its four-year mission, NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft has revealed views of the planet that have challenged astronomers' expectations.
Discovery: Known to the ancients and visible to the naked eye
Named for: Messenger of the Roman gods
Diameter: 3,031 miles (4,878 km)
Orbit: 88 Earth days
Venus' southern hemisphere, as seen in the ultraviolet.
Credit: ESA
Venus
The second planet from the sun, Venus is terribly hot, even hotter than Mercury. The atmosphere is toxic. The pressure at the surface would crush and kill you. Scientists describe Venus’ situation as a runaway greenhouse effect. Its size and structure are similar to Earth, Venus' thick, toxic atmosphere traps heat in a runaway "greenhouse effect." Oddly, Venus spins slowly in the opposite direction of most planets.
The Greeks believed Venus was two different objects — one in the morning sky and another in the evening. Because it is often brighter than any other object in the sky — except for the sun and moon — Venus has generated many UFO reports.
Discovery: Known to the ancients and visible to the naked eye
Named for: Roman goddess of love and beauty
Diameter: 7,521 miles (12,104 km)
Orbit: 225 Earth days
An image of the Earth taken by the Russian weather satellite Elektro-L No.1.
Credit: NTsOMZ
Earth
The third planet from the sun, Earth is a waterworld, with two-thirds of the planet covered by ocean. It’s the only world known to harbor life. Earth’s atmosphere is rich in life-sustaining nitrogen and oxygen. Earth's surface rotates about its axis at 1,532 feet per second (467 meters per second) — slightly more than 1,000 mph (1,600 kph) — at the equator. The planet zips around the sun at more than 18 miles per second (29 km per second).
Diameter: 7,926 miles (12,760 km)
Orbit: 365.24 days
Day: 23 hours, 56 minutes
Related:
Mars researchers are focusing both Earth-based and planet orbiting sensors to better understand sources of methane on the red planet. Image
Credit: Space Telescope Science Institute
Mars
The fourth planet from the sun, is a cold, dusty place. The dust, an iron oxide, gives the planet its reddish cast. Mars shares similarities with Earth: It is rocky, has mountains and valleys, and storm systems ranging from localized tornado-like dust devils to planet-engulfing dust storms. It snows on Mars. And Mars harbors water ice. Scientists think it was once wet and warm, though today it’s cold and desert-like.
Mars' atmosphere is too thin for liquid water to exist on the surface for any length of time. Scientists think ancient Mars would have had the conditions to support life, and there is hope that signs of past life — possibly even present biology — may exist on the Red Planet.
Discovery: Known to the ancients and visible to the naked eye
Named for: Roman god of war
Diameter: 4,217 miles (6,787 km)
Orbit: 687 Earth days
Day: Just more than one Earth day (24 hours, 37 minutes)
Related:
Close-up of Jupiter's Great Red Spot as seen by a Voyager spacecraft.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Jupiter
The fifth planet from the sun, Jupiter is huge and is the most massive planet in our solar system. It’s a mostly gaseous world, mostly hydrogen and helium. Its swirling clouds are colorful due to different types of trace gases. A big feature is the Great Red Spot, a giant storm which has raged for hundreds of years. Jupiter has a strong magnetic field, and with dozens of moons, it looks a bit like a miniature solar system.
Discovery: Known to the ancients and visible to the naked eye
Named for: Ruler of the Roman gods
Diameter: 86,881 miles (139,822 km)
Orbit: 11.9 Earth years
The shadow of Saturn's moon Mimas dips onto the planet's rings and straddles the Cassini Division in this natural color image taken as Saturn approaches its August 2009 equinox.
Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
Saturn
The sixth planet from the sun is known most for its rings . When Galileo Galilei first studied Saturn in the early 1600s, he thought it was an object with three parts. Not knowing he was seeing a planet with rings, the stumped astronomer entered a small drawing — a symbol with one large circle and two smaller ones — in his notebook, as a noun in a sentence describing his discovery. More than 40 years later, Christiaan Huygens proposed that they were rings. The rings are made of ice and rock. Scientists are not yet sure how they formed. The gaseous planet is mostly hydrogen and helium. It has numerous moons .
Discovery: Known to the ancients and visible to the naked eye
Named for: Roman god of agriculture
Diameter: 74,900 miles (120,500 km)
Orbit: 29.5 Earth years
Day: About 10.5 Earth hours
Related:
Near-infrared views of Uranus reveal its otherwise faint ring system, highlighting the extent to which the planet is tilted.
Credit: Lawrence Sromovsky, (Univ. Wisconsin-Madison), Keck Observatory
Uranus
The seventh planet from the sun, Uranus is an oddball. It’s the only giant planet whose equator is nearly at right angles to its orbit — it basically orbits on its side. Astronomers think the planet collided with some other planet-size object long ago, causing the tilt. The tilt causes extreme seasons that last 20-plus years, and the sun beats down on one pole or the other for 84 Earth-years. Uranus is about the same size as Neptune. Methane in the atmosphere gives Uranus its blue-green tint. It has numerous moons and faint rings.
Discovery: 1781 by William Herschel (was thought previously to be a star)
Named for: Personification of heaven in ancient myth
Diameter: 31,763 miles (51,120 km)
Orbit: 84 Earth years
Neptune’s winds travel at more than 1,500 mph, and are the fastest planetary winds in the solar system.
Credit: NASA/JPL
Neptune
The eighth planet from the sun, Neptune is known for strong winds — sometimes faster than the speed of sound. Neptune is far out and cold. The planet is more than 30 times as far from the sun as Earth. It has a rocky core. Neptune was the first planet to be predicted to exist by using math, before it was detected. Irregularities in the orbit of Uranus led French astronomer Alexis Bouvard to suggest some other might be exerting a gravitational tug. German astronomer Johann Galle used calculations to help find Neptune in a telescope. Neptune is about 17 times as massive as Earth.
Discovery: 1846
Pluto and its moons orbit the sun near the edge of our solar system. Learn all about Pluto's weirdly eccentric orbit, four moons and more in this Space.com infographic .
Credit: SPACE.com/Karl Tate
Pluto (Dwarf Planet)
Once the ninth planet from the sun, Pluto is unlike other planets in many respects. It is smaller than Earth's moon. Its orbit carries it inside the orbit of Neptune and then way out beyond that orbit. From 1979 until early 1999, Pluto had actually been the eighth planet from the sun. Then, on Feb. 11, 1999, it crossed Neptune's path and once again became the solar system's most distant planet — until it was demoted to dwarf planet status. Pluto will stay beyond Neptune for 228 years. Pluto’s orbit is tilted to the main plane of the solar system — where the other planets orbit — by 17.1 degrees. It’s a cold, rocky world with only a very ephemeral atmosphere. NASA's New Horizons mission performed history's first flyby of the Pluto system on July 14, 2015. [Related: New Horizons' Pluto Flyby: Latest News, Images and Video ]
Discovery: 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh
Named for: Roman god of the underworld, Hades
Diameter: 1,430 miles (2,301 km)
Orbit: 248 Earth years
NASA Solar System Exploration: Dwarf Planets
Planet Nine
Planet Nine orbits the sun at a distance that is 20 times farther out than the orbit of Neptune. (The orbit of Neptune is 2.7 billion miles from the sun at its closest point.) The strange world's orbit is about 600 times farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit is from the star.
Scientists have not actually seen Planet Nine directly . Its existence was inferred by its gravitational effects on other objects in the Kuiper Belt, a region at the fringe of the solar system that is home to icy objects left over from the birth of the sun and planets.
| Saturn |
Who wrote the 1869 novel ‘Lorna Doone’? | HubbleSite - Reference Desk - FAQs
Reference Desk
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the solar system?
The solar system consists of a central star, the Sun, and all of the smaller celestial bodies that continuously travel around it. The smaller bodies include eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, which are themselves orbited by more than 140 moons. (Only Mercury and Venus have no moons.) In addition, the solar system contains millions of rocky asteroids and billions of icy comets. All of these objects are held together in a group by the Sun's gravity.
How did the solar system form?
The planets, asteroids and comets in the solar system are loose objects left over from the formation of the Sun. Originally the gas and dust that would become the Sun was the core of a cloud much larger than the solar system, probably several light-years across. (One light-year is equal to approximately 6,000,000,000,000 miles.) The core was slowly rotating at first, but as it collapsed it spun faster, like a spinning ice-skater pulling in his arms. The rotation prevented the material at the core's equator from collapsing as fast as material at the poles, so the core became a spinning disk.
Gas and dust in the disc spiraled gradually in to the center, where it accumulated to form the Sun. But because dust is denser than gas, some of the dust settled to the mid-plane of the disc. These dust particles stuck together to make clumps, then clumps stuck together to make rocks, then rocks collided to make planets. In the case of the "gas giant" planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, the rocky cores were massive enough to also attract some of the gas. The outer layers of these planets are made up of hydrogen and other gases.
So the Sun is the collapsed core of an interstellar gas cloud, and the planets, asteroids and comets are small lumps of dust or ice chunks which stayed in orbit instead of spiraling into the Sun. The planets all formed within a very short period, probably a few million years, about five billion years ago.
How old is the solar system?
The solar system is about 4.6 billion years old.
How big is the solar system?
There are no physical boundaries in space. The solar system consists of eight planets orbiting around one star: the Sun. Neptune, the farthest planet from the Sun, orbits approximately 30astronomical units from the Sun. An astronomical unit is a unit of length used by astronomers. One astronomical unit equals the distance from Earth to the Sun: 93 million miles (149 million km). Some of the comets associated with the solar system travel on orbits that take them much farther from the Sun than Neptune.
How many planets are there in our solar system?
Our solar system officially has eight planets and one star: the Sun. In order from the Sun out, the planets are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The discovery of an object larger than Pluto in 2005 rekindled the debate over whether such objects, belonging to the "Kuiper Belt" – a collection of icy bodies located beyond Neptune – should be called planets. Pluto and other large members of the Kuiper Belt are now considered "dwarf planets."
Can you see any planets with the "naked eye?"
Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn can be seen with the unaided eye. That is how they were discovered by ancient civilizations.
Uranus and Neptune were discovered using telescopes.
Are there differences among the planets in our solar system?
Planets come in different sizes, compositions and colors. The four planets closer to the Sun are called "rocky" planets. They are small in size and similar to Earth in composition. They have no rings and only two of them (Earth and Mars) have moons.
The four outer planets, also called "gas giants," are much larger than the rocky planets. They all have rings and have many moons. The gas giants are made up mostly of hydrogen, helium, frozen water, ammonia, methane and carbon monoxide.
Which planets are called the "rocky" or "terrestrial" planets?
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are called "rocky" or "terrestrial" planets. They are similar to Earth in composition. Heat from the Sun evaporated lightweight elements like hydrogen and helium into interplanetary space. Mostly rock and metal was left in this zone and clumped together to form the inner rocky planets.
Which planets are called the "gaseous" planets?
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are called the "gaseous" planets. Jupiter and Saturn contain the largest percentages of hydrogen and helium, while Uranus and Neptune contain the largest shares of ices – frozen water, ammonia, methane and carbon monoxide.
Which planets have rings?
The four gas giants, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, have rings.
How thick are Saturn's rings?
The Hubble telescope has captured snapshots of Saturn with its rings nearly edge-on to our view. Read more about it .
Saturn's rings are incredibly thin. The main rings are generally only about 30 feet (10 meters) thick, though parts of the main and other rings can be several kilometers thick. The rings are made of dusty ice, in the form of boulder-sized and smaller chunks that gently collide with each other as they orbit around Saturn. Saturn's gravitational field constantly disrupts these ice chunks, keeping them spread out and preventing them from combining to form a moon. The rings have a slight pale reddish color due to the presence of organic material mixed with the water ice.
Find out more from HubbleSite:
Hubble discoveries about Saturn in NewsCenter .
How close do Earth and Mars get?
Mars and Earth are like two cars on a racetrack as they journey around the Sun. Earth is on the inside track and travels faster than Mars, which is on the outside. When Earth laps Mars about every two years, it comes as close as 35 million miles (56 million km) or as far away as 63 million miles (101 million km) because of Mars’ highly elongated orbit.
What is a comet?
Comets are small, fragile, irregularly shaped bodies composed mostly of a mixture of water ice (ice composed of H20), dust, and carbon- and silicon-based compounds. They have highly elliptical orbits that repeatedly bring them very close to the Sun and then swing them into space. Comets have three distinct parts: a nucleus, a coma and a tail. The solid core is called the nucleus, which develops a coma with one or more tails when a comet sweeps close to the Sun. The coma is the dusty, fuzzy cloud around the nucleus of a comet, and the tail extends from the comet and points away from the Sun. The coma and tails of a comet appear only when the comet is near the Sun.
Find out more from HubbleSite:
Hubble discoveries about comets from NewsCenter .
How did comets form?
Comets are some of the material left over from the formation of the planets. Our entire solar system, including comets, was created by the collapse of a giant, diffuse cloud of gas and dust about 4.6 billion years ago. Much of the matter merged into planets, but some remained to form small lumps of frozen gas and dust in the outer region of the solar system, where temperatures were cold enough to produce ice.
Find out more from HubbleSite:
Hubble discoveries about comets from NewsCenter .
Why do comets have tails?
Comets are lumps of frozen water ice, gas and dust. As a comet approaches the Sun, it starts to heat up. The ice transforms directly from a solid to a vapor, releasing the dust particles embedded inside. Sunlight and the stream of charged particles flowing from the Sun – the solar wind – sweeps the evaporated material and dust back in a long tail. The comet's ingredients determine the types and number of tails.
What are the types of comet tails?
There are two types of comet tails: dust and gas ion. A dust tail contains small, solid particles that are about the same size found in cigarette smoke. This tail forms because sunlight pushes on these small particles, gently shoving them away from the comet’s nucleus. Because the pressure from sunlight is relatively weak, the dust particles end up forming a diffuse, curved tail. A gas ion tail forms when ultraviolet sunlight rips one or more electrons from gas atoms in the coma, making them into ions (a process called ionization). The solar wind then carries these ions straight outward away from the Sun. The resulting tail is straighter and narrower. Both types of tails may extend millions of kilometers into space. As a comet heads away from the Sun, its tail dissipates, its coma disappears, and the matter contained in its nucleus freezes into a rock-like material.
Where do comets come from?
Comets are found in two main regions of the solar system: the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud. There are two types of comets: short-period comets and long-period comets.
Short-period comets – comets that frequently return to the inner solar system – probably come from the Kuiper Belt beyond the orbit of Neptune. Astronomers estimate that this belt contains at least 200 million objects, which are thought to have remained essentially unchanged since the birth of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago.
Long-period comets, which can take thousands of years to complete their orbits, are thought to emanate from the Oort Cloud, a vast group of frozen bodies in the outer part of the solar system. The Oort Cloud is thought to extend 50,000 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun.
Oort Cloud comets, like their Kuiper Belt brothers, probably originated in the region of the solar system between Jupiter and Neptune, but were ejected from to the Oort Cloud by close encounters with the gravity of the giant planets.
Comets are kicked out of the Oort Cloud and the Kuiper Belt by the pull of the gravity of another object – a planet, a star, or another small body. They then begin their journey toward the inner solar system and the Sun.
What path do comets follow through the solar system?
Planets have nearly circular orbits, but comets have elongated paths around the Sun. A comet is at "aphelion" when its orbit is farthest from the Sun. It is at "perihelion" when it is closest to the Sun. Due to angular momentum, a comet will travel fastest at perihelion and will slow down as it approaches aphelion.
Comets can be classified by their orbital period: that is, the time it takes them to make one complete trip around the Sun. Comets with short and intermediate orbital periods of less than 200 years – like Comet Halley, whose orbital period is 76 years – spend most of their time between Pluto and the Sun. These comets originally formed in the Kuiper Belt, but a gravitational "push" from the planets, especially Jupiter, swung them closer to the Sun.
A long-period comet will have an orbital period of more than 200 years. Comet Hale-Bopp, for example, completes an orbit about every 4,000 years. Scientists think that this type of comet spends most of its time way out in the Oort Cloud at the farthest edge of our solar system.
What is the difference between a meteor, a meteoroid, a meteorite, an asteroid and a comet?
Most of us probably have seen meteors or shooting stars. A meteor is the flash of light that we see in the night sky when a small chunk of interplanetary debris burns up as it passes through our atmosphere. "Meteor" refers to the flash of light caused by the debris, not the debris itself.
The debris is called a meteoroid. A meteoroid is a piece of interplanetary matter that is smaller than a kilometer and frequently only millimeters in size. Most meteoroids that enter the Earth's atmosphere are so small that they vaporize completely and never reach the planet's surface.
If any part of a meteoroid survives the fall through the atmosphere and lands on Earth, it is called a meteorite. Although the vast majority of meteorites are very small, their size can range from about a fraction of a gram (the size of a pebble) to 100 kilograms (220 lbs) or more (the size of a huge, life-destroying boulder).
Asteroids are generally larger chunks of rock that come from the asteroid belt located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
Comets are asteroid-like objects covered with ice, methane, ammonia, and other compounds that develop a fuzzy, cloud-like shell called a coma and sometimes a visible tail whenever they orbit close to the Sun.
Find out more from HubbleSite:
Hubble discoveries about asteroids , comets , and Kuiper Belt objects from NewsCenter .
What is the asteroid belt?
The asteroid belt is a zone between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Scientists believe that the asteroids in the asteroid belt never formed a planet because the gravity of nearby Jupiter kept pulling them apart. Today, millions of asteroids probably inhabit the asteroid belt, with many more scattered throughout the solar system.
Find out more from HubbleSite:
Hubble discoveries about asteroids from NewsCenter .
What is Planet X?
When astronomer Percival Lowell decided to search for a planet beyond Neptune in the 1930s, he called the object of his search "Planet X." This search led to the discovery of Pluto, but for many years some astronomers believed that another world larger than Pluto must exist undiscovered beyond Neptune. They thought this because Neptune's orbit seemed to be influenced by the gravity of an unseen planet. More recent studies indicate that Neptune's orbit is not influenced by undiscovered bodies, and that a large "Planet X" most likely does not exist.
Some of the myths and misconceptions about Planet X are debunked on Phil Plait's Bad Astronomy website:
The prospects for new planet discoveries in our solar system are small. However, astronomers are now finding hundreds of planets orbiting other stars.
Has Hubble looked for Planet X?
Astronomers are always on the lookout for new members of the solar system. The most active programs involve searches for new comets, asteroids and satellites of the outer planets, but a few scientists have undertaken an on-again, off-again search for planets beyond Neptune.
Astronomers can rule out an object as big as Jupiter orbiting a little further out than Neptune, since its gravitational effect on Neptune�s orbit would be pretty obvious. It would also be easily visible because of its brightness. To go undetected, a planet similar in size and composition to the other outer planets would have to be very far from the Sun.
We do know of many other objects orbiting the Sun that are similar to Pluto, which belongs to the Kuiper Belt – a field of icy, comet-like bodies located beyond Neptune. In 2005, an object likely larger than Pluto, named Eris, was located in the Kuiper Belt.
Find out more on HubbleSite:
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Greenburst, Zohar, Munchkin and Kong are all varieties of which flower? | Sunflower Seeds: Flower Seed | Annual Flowers
Sunflower Seeds
How to plant Sunflower seeds
44 Sunflowers
Sunflowers belong in every garden where kids are present. It is marvelous to witness the amazement and sense of accomplishment children feel when watching the sunflower seeds grow in to 5-10 ft. tall traffic stopping giants.
For best results sow in spring (after the last frost) where they are to grow and provide plenty of water. Bloom season is from mid summer into fall. Excellent cut flowers.
NEW FOR 2017
SNF0019
SOLAR FLASH Sunflower
Early blooming, multiple golden-petaled flowers with bronze rings and pollen-free dark brown centers. Freely branching, dwarf plants grow 20 in. tall and 14 in. wide. Solar Flare adds a bright flash to containers and garden borders. A superb choice for the gardener with limited space.
15 seeds - $3.99
SNF0007
PASTICHE Sunflower
A sunset-inspired mix of warm yellow, red, and buff shades, including some bicolors and tricolors. Pastiche’s 4 to 5 in. pollen-free flowers are great for cutting. Plants grow 4 to 5 ft. tall, with multiple branches.
50 seeds - $2.99
SNF0017
HELIOS FLAME Sunflower
Helios Flame is a robust, branching, pollen-free hybrid, golden yellow sunflower with a rich mahogany central ring. Long, sturdy stems reach 6 feet tall, ideal for cut flowers and creating living “walls” in the summer garden.
15 seeds - $2.99
SNF0015
HARLEQUIN Sunflower
A showy display of many solid-colored and ringed, pollen-free flowers, including an uncommon shade of rose-pink. Harlequin produces multiple 6 in. blooms on 4 to 5 ft. tall stems. Harlequin adds drama to garden plantings and to cut flower arrangements.
20 seeds - $2.99
SNF0013
DWARF YELLOW SPRAY Sunflower
Each sturdy, 1½ - 2 ft. stem carries an unusually airy spray of 5 to 6 in. bright yellow flowers with yellow or orange centers. Dwarf Yellow Spray is a pollinator’s delight, and birds love the seeds. An excellent sunflower to create a low summer hedge.
50 seeds - $2.99
Loads of darkest-red velvety, pollen-less flowers on uniform and branching 4-6 ft. tall plants.
25 seeds - $2.99
SNF0005
MOONWALKER Sunflower
Stately, 5-7 ft. tall, branching stalks produce several pale yellow, 4-6 in. dark-centered flowers. Moonwalker is a nice choice for tall borders and screens.
20 seeds - $2.49
SNF0022
GYPSY CHARMER Sunflower
Tricolor petals have a bright yellow base, followed a red band, and ending with a lemon tip, radiating from the pollen-free dark brown center. Branching stems reach 4 to 6 ft. tall. An enchanting sunflower in the garden and in the vase.
25 seeds - $2.99
SNF0003
IRISH EYES Sunflower
Multi-branched, 4 ft. plants produce many sunny yellow flowers with green-accented centers. Irish Eyes is well-suited for containers, and makes eye-catching cut flower bouquets.
20 seeds - $2.99
SNF0009
SHOCK O LOT Sunflower
Rich chocolate brown, 6 in. pollen-free flowers are surrounded by glowing gold petal tips. Plants grow to 6 feet tall, with multiple branches. An elegant sunflower for planting in the summer garden and adding to fresh cut flower bouquets.
20 seeds - $2.49
SNF0001
CLARET Sunflower
Claret is one of the darkest-colored sunflowers available; a deep, velvety wine red with almost black centers. Plants grow 4-6 ft. tall.
20 seeds - $2.99
SNF0024
BUTTER CHIFFON Sunflower
Soft pastel butter-colored flowers bloom on branching, 4 to 6 ft. stems. Contrasting dark chocolate centers are pollen-free. Butter Chiffon is a beautiful addition to fresh cut flower arrangements.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN00446
THE JOKER Sunflower
Giant 6-8 in., extremely showy red and yellow bicolor, semi-double to fully double blooms have fascinating curled petals around the disk. Well branched 6-7 ft. plants. An excellent pollen-free cut flower. Combine with ProCut Bicolor to make truly memorable arrangements.
20 seeds - $2.49
AN00512
VELVET QUEEN Sunflower
Magnificent flowers with velvety crimson petals and black hearts. The well-branched plants grow to 5 ft. tall. Highly recommended.
50 seeds - $2.25
AN05650
PEACH PASSION Sunflower
Produces masses of gorgeous soft apricot 3-4 in. flowers on bushy, 4 ft. tall plants. They make exceptional cut flowers.
20 seeds - $2.99
AN01280
APRICOT DAISY Sunflower
Apricot Daisy sunflower forms multi-branched, bushy plants to 4 to 6 ft. tall. These plants produce a remarkable quantity of pollen-free apricot peach, daisy-like flowers with light-orange centers. Apricot Daisy, by its color and form, introduces unusual twists into world of sunflowers.
20 seeds - $2.49
AN06123
ProCut BICOLOR Sunflower
Procut Bicolor sunflowers are stunning. The large mahogany-colored flowers are tipped in yellow. The hearts are dark. Blooms are carried on long, especially thick and strong, straight stems. They are superb for cutting. Plants grow to 5 ft. tall.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN01194
ProCut GOLD Sunflower
Brilliant golden-yellow, pollen-free blooms with yellow-green hearts. They are outstanding cut flowers. The single stem, day length neutral plants grow 5-6 ft. tall. Matures in 50-60 days.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN01279
ProCut RED Sunflower
An exciting breakthrough: ProCut Red is the first single-flowered red sunflower. These pollen-less, burgundy-red beauties have even deeper-red faces, on plants that reach 4 to 6 ft. tall.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN01277
ProCut BRILLIANCE Sunflower
Large single-head, pollen-free sunflowers with dark centers and brilliant, uniquely colored petals. They are yellow at the tips, deepening to orange near the base. The orange and yellow hues combined on the same petal are an impressive sight, whether viewed in the garden, or seen in long-lasting cut flowers for your home. Grows 4-6 ft. tall. 55-60 days.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN01300
ProCut PEACH Sunflower
Large 3-4 in., single-head flowers with peachy pastel petals and dark centers. In the morning and evening these flowers practically glow. Impressive in gardens, and because plants are day length neutral and flowers are pollen-less, they produce superb cut flowers. Grows 5-6 ft. tall.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN00455
MAMMOTH RUSSIAN Sunflower
Huge bright-yellow, 12 in. flowers and seed heads on heavy, 10 ft. tall stalks. A dramatic ornamental edible that is good for screening and/or edible seed production.
50 seeds - $2.49
AN02573
VINCENT CHOICE Sunflower
Golden orange, rounded petals overlap fully around a pollen-less, chocolate brown heart. These 5 in. upward facing flowers are held on long, strong stems and make stunning bouquets. Flowers are single stemmed when plants are close together. When given more room plants will branch.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN02574
VINCENT FRESH Sunflower
Bright-yellow, rounded petals overlap fully around a pollen-less, chartreuse green heart. These 5 in. upward facing flowers are held on long, strong stems and make stunning bouquets. Flowers are single stemmed when plants are close together; spaced farther apart, plants will branch.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN09073
SUNNY SMILE Sunflower
Giant 5 in. flowers top dwarf plants which can be grown in 4-6 in. pots. In small pots Sunny Smile puts all its energy into producing a single jumbo flower. Planted in large containers or in the ground, Sunny Smile has room to branch and then produces 4 or 5 gorgeous, golden-yellow flowers. Plants grow 12-15 in. tall, are day length neutral, pollen-free, and flower in just 55 days.
20 seeds - $2.49
AN01286
ORANGE HOBBIT Sunflower
The bushy, dwarf plants grow 1 to 2 ft. tall. They start early in the season, loading themselves with pollen-free, golden-orange flowers with deep brown faces. Orange Hobbit lends itself beautifully to container gardening, and also makes a stunning knee-high border.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN01214
LITTLE BECKA Sunflower
From the same breeder that brought you the best-selling Firecracker sunflower, this is its kindred spirit, Little Becka. A cut flower powerhouse, plants produce legions of early, large and pollen-less, fiery copper-red sunflowers up to 5 in. across. With a dark heart and yellow halo, Little Becka displays an entirely unique, bewitching personality.
Little Becka sunflowers grow 2-3 ft. tall, while forming full, compact and branching plants. Mass in your garden for a lively knee-high sunflower spectacle or use to add bold color to your mixed borders. Combine with Firecracker sunflower to turn the volume up louder still.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN02570
ORANGE RUFFLES Sunflower
Sunflowers put on a fancy dress with this spectacular new pollen-free sunflower with an extra row of frilly, ruffled petals between its chocolaty brown center and brilliant orange main petals. The vigorous 4 to 6 ft. plants branch freely to produce many flowers.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN00497
SUNGOLD Sunflower
Absolutely beautiful and extremely large, double golden-yellow chrysanthemum-like flowers on sturdy 5 ft. plants. Superb cut flowers.
50 seeds - $1.99
AN09074
SUNRICH ORANGE SUMMER Sunflower
Essentially an improved Sunrich Orange, blooming 5-10 days earlier and growing about 6 in. shorter. Day-length neutral, 4½ ft. tall plants sport 5-6 in. blooms which are superb for cut-flower production. Maturity is reached in 50-60 days.
20 seeds - $2.99
AN0951S
ZOHAR Sunflower (OP) 40-50 days
Organically grown. Zohar is an F1 hybrid and is an earlier-flowering, improved version of Jerusalem Gold sunflower. Deep orange-yellow petals surround a dark brown center. Each 3 to 4 ft. stem holds a single 4 to 6 in., pollen-free flower. Zohar is an ideal choice for long-lasting fresh-cut bouquets.
20 seeds - $3.49
AN00425
AUTUMN BEAUTY Sunflower
An exquisite mix of autumn colors including, gold, yellow, rusty red, burgundy and bicolors. Classic sunflower form on 6-7 ft. plants.
250 seeds - $2.49
AN01276
SOLARA Sunflower
Upward facing, pollen-free flowers with golden-yellow petals, and huge dark hearts reach 6 in. across. They are among the longest-lasting cut sunflowers. Solara grows to 6 ft. tall.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN01232
SORAYA Sunflower
Bushy and sturdy, wind-resistant plants produce amazing amounts of 4-6 in. orange flowers with deep-brown hearts. They appear on long, thick stems and are superb for cutting.
20 seeds - $2.99
AN01213
STELLA GOLD Sunflower
The pollen-less flowers have long, spider-like yellow petals and dark brown centers. Flowers bloom early, and are of medium size, one flower per stem. Plants are easy to grow, will thrive in a wider range of weather and soil conditions than most. Best results when grown in soil that is less fertile than other sunflowers prefer. Stella Gold is an entirely unique sunflower which lends a light, open texture to bouquets. Plants grow 4-6 ft. tall.
20 seeds - $2.99
SNF0020
ProCut PLUM Sunflower
A unique sunflower color that falls between deep rose and mauve with buff accents. Each strong, straight 4 to 6 ft. stem has a single flower. As other ProCut sunflowers, ProCut Plum is pollen-free and outstanding for cutting.
25 seeds - $2.99
SNF0021
RED WAVE Sunflower
Slender yet strong, branching purple stems hold multiple relatively small, ruffled, velvety red flowers with dark brown centers. Plants reach 3 to 4 feet tall, with dark-veined green leaves. Red Wave is pollen-free; great for smaller cut flower bouquets.
25 seeds - $2.99
SNF0023
LITTLE TIGER Sunflower
A feisty little 1 to 2 ft. dwarf sunflower is early to bloom and perfect for containers or low summer hedges. Pollen-free flowers are the colors of a tiger’s fur: orange and reddish brown, with dark centers.
25 seeds - $2.99
AN02572
MAXIMILIAN Sunflower Helianthus maximiliani
A bold, heat and drought tolerant perennial, winter hardy to zone 4. Dense clusters of sunny yellow 3 to 4 in. single flowers bloom from mid to late summer until the first hard frost on impressive 6 to 8 ft. stems that rise from a basal cluster of shiny green wavy leaves. Maximilian sunflower is named after Prince Maximilian the German botanist and explorer who encountered it in his travels to the U.S. in the 1830s. Spectacular planted in the back of borders and along fences, their seeds provide food for a multitude of birds. Also attracts butterflies and other beneficial insects. Native to the North American prairies.
50 seeds - $1.99
| Helianthus |
What is the name of the loose, white wide-sleeved linen vestment worn over a cassock by clergy and choristers at Christian services? | 1000+ images about Sunflowers on Pinterest | Garden seeds, Annual flowers and Sunflower seeds
Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas
Sunflowers
Helianthus annuus - Sunflowers belong in every garden where kids are present. It is marvelous to witness the amazement and sense of accomplishment children feel when watching the sunflower seeds grow to 5-10 foot tall traffic-stopping giants. For best results, sow in spring (after the last frost) where they are to grow and provide plenty of water. Bloom season is from mid summer into fall. Excellent cut flowers.
34 Pins2.14k Followers
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English highwayman Dick Turpin was executed in 1739 in which city? | Dick Turpin - The Legendary Highwayman and his horse Black Bess
Dick Turpin
Dick Turpin, much-romanticised through legend, was in fact an infamous highwayman, murderer and convicted horse-thief. He was tried and executed in York, assuring his place in English history and being forever linked with the city.
The Only Way is Essex
Richard ‘Dick’ Turpin was born in 1705 in Hempstead, Essex. His father John was an innkeeper and a butcher; Turpin became an apprentice butcher. He married at twenty and five years later, then with his own butcher’s shop, he aided the prolific deer-poaching Gregory Gang, disposing of carcasses.
Landlord in Gangland London
By 1734 Turpin had become landlord of a pub at Clay Hill. His association with the gang was such that he joined them in brutal attacks and robberies in the outer London area. In 1735 after three gang members were arrested the youngest betrayed his fellows, Turpin being named by The London Gazette. Foolishly Turpin and the gang immediately committed further shocking assaults in the Essex area with three more gang members arrested and executed at Tyburn on 10 March. Turpin was named on the indictments for burglary.
Dick Turpin’s Grave lies in St. George’s Graveyard in a mainly residential part of York
Wanted Man
Turning to highway robbery from April 1735, he plagued Epping Forest, Southwark and other London areas. On 10 July, identified and named as ‘Turpin the butcher’, along with Thomas Rowden with a bounty of £100 on their heads, the duo’s crimes continued throughout 1735.
Next referred to in February 1737 Turpin reportedly spent the night at Puckeridge with his wife, her maid and another man. Turpin’s letter arranging the meeting (for horse stealing) was intercepted by the authorities. Turpin escaped while the others were arrested and imprisoned.
Undeterred Highwayman
The following month Turpin took up with highwaymen Matthew King and Stephen Potter, committing a series of robberies, culminating in an incident at Whitechapel when either King or Turpin stole a horse near Waltham Forest. Joseph Major, along with Richard Bayes, identified his animal, found tethered at The Red Lion, Whitechapel, and waited, along with the local constable, for the ‘owner’. King’s brother eventually arrived leading them to his brother Matthew who received serious, but possibly accidental, gunshot wounds, dying the following month.
Reports varied, stating Turpin or Bayes had shot King. Turpin fled into Epping Forest and on being spotted by Thomas Morris, who was armed, shot and killed him on 4 May with a carbine. ‘The Gentleman’s Magazine’ named Turpin as the suspect – a £200 reward was offered.
Turpin a.k.a John Palmer comes to Yorkshire
In June 1737, Turpin, under the alias John Palmer, lodged in Brough , East Yorkshire, posing as a horse trader. He regularly crossed the Humber committing crimes, stealing a horse from Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire, and riding it to his father’s at Hempstead. Leaving the horse behind, implicating his father who was subsequently committed to gaol, Turpin returned to Brough having stolen three more horses from a Thomas Creasy. Creasy finally tracked down and recovered his horses in autumn 1738, thefts for which Turpin was eventually tried.
His gravestone is the only one in the yard upstanding from the ground (top left)
Locked up in York Castle
After a minor incident in October 1738 Turpin threatened to shoot someone; three JPs attended and committed Turpin to the House of Correction at Beverley . The JPs’ suspicions of ‘Palmer’s’ lifestyle proved right when JPs from Long Sutton, Lincolnshire, confirmed Palmer was known there as a sheep-thief and suspected horse-thief who had evaded custody. Turpin was consequently transferred to York Castle on 16 October 1738, for the Assizes.
Turpin’s final undoing came when his intercepted letter to his brother-in-law revealed his handwriting to James Smith who had taught Turpin to write. Smith travelled to York Castle identifying Turpin on 23 February 1739 and received the £200 reward originally offered following Morris’s murder.
Found Guilty
On 22 March York Assizes declared Turpin guilty on two charges of horse theft, passing the death sentence. Turpin bought a new frock coat and shoes, and hired five paid mourners. On 7 April 1739 Turpin and John Stead (also a horse-thief) were paraded through York by open cart to Knavesmire, York’s equivalent of London’s Tyburn.
Following the hanging, by a pardoned fellow highwayman, Turpin’s body was taken to an inn in Castlegate and buried next day in the graveyard of St George’s Church, Fishergate. It was shortly reportedly as stolen; however, the body-snatchers together with Turpin’s corpse were soon apprehended. The body was reburied, possibly with quicklime, and is alleged to lie in St George’s graveyard.
Black Bess and the Legendary Journey to York
In legend, Dick Turpin and Black Bess, his faithful mare, are synonymous for their supposed 200-mile ride from London to York, a tale originating in Rookwood (1834), a novel by William Harrison Ainsworth. It was in fact highwayman John ‘Swift Nick’ Nevison who, in 1676, after committing a robbery in Kent and urgently needing an alibi set off on the ride of his life reaching York in around 15 hours.
Through folklore Turpin’s violent character has become that of a romantic and dashing highwayman.
Related posts:
sadie · July 4, 2014 on 4:04 pm
ridiculous they killed him by hanging him
Bob · May 6, 2015 on 9:51 am
No it’s not, he deserved it, he was evil sadie, killing loads of people.
JAKE · June 23, 2015 on 7:22 pm
i know we been leaning about highwaymen
JAKE · June 23, 2015 on 7:23 pm
i leaned i lot from this so its epic
Paul · July 4, 2015 on 11:58 pm
Yes it’s true he was a baddie and got what he deserved really I guess.
| York |
In the play by Shakespeare, what is the first name of Hamlet’s mother? | Dick Turpin, Criminal • Biography & Facts
Dick Turpin
Criminal
Richard "Dick" Turpin (bap. 1705 – 7 April 1739) was an English highwayman whose exploits were romanticised following his execution in York for horse theft. Turpin may have followed his father's profession as a butcher early in life, but, by the early 1730s, he had joined a gang of deer thieves and, later, became a poacher, burglar, horse thief and killer. He is also known for a fictional 200-mile (320 km) overnight ride from London to York on his horse Black Bess, a story that was made famous by the Victorian novelist William Harrison Ainsworth almost 100 years after Turpin's death.Turpin's involvement in the crime for which he is most closely associated—highway robbery—followed the arrest of the other members of his gang in 1735. He then disappeared from public view towards the end of that year, only to resurface in 1737 with two new accomplices, one of whom he may have accidentally shot and killed. Turpin fled from the scene and shortly afterwards killed a man who attempted his capture. Later that year, he moved to Yorkshire and assumed the alias of John Palmer . While he was staying at an inn, local magistrates became suspicious of "Palmer" and made enquiries as to how he funded his lifestyle. Suspected of being a horse thief, "Palmer" was imprisoned in York Castle, to be tried at the next assizes. Turpin's true identity was revealed by a letter he wrote to his brother-in-law from his prison cell, which fell into the hands of the authorities. On 22 March 1739, Turpin was found guilty on two charges of horse theft and sentenced to death; he was executed on 7 April 1739.Turpin became the subject of legend after his execution, romanticised as dashing and heroic in English ballads and popular theatre of the 18th and 19th centuries and in film and television of the 20th century.
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Which chemical compound has the molecular formula H2O2? | Chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide
How hydrogen peroxide sunk a nuclear submarine
The chemical formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2 which looks similar to water. Its properties however, are completely different. Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as an antiseptic and to lighten or bleach hair.
Hydrogen peroxide is commonly sold in chemists at a concentration of 3 to 5% with water. It is stored in brown bottles to protect it from decomposing from light.
In industry hydrogen peroxide is commonly available at a 30-35% concentration. High test peroxide which is used as a propellant can be up 98+% concentration.
Well, how could this chemical sink a nuclear submarine?
Hydrogen peroxide readily decomposes when in contact with a catalyst to produce oxygen gas and water. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction.
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is shown by the following chemical reaction.
Hydrogen peroxide =catalyst=> Oxygen and water
2H2O2 =catalyst=> O2 + 2H2O
The hydrogen peroxide was used to provide a source of oxygen for the fuel in the torpedoes in many Russian submarines. Hydrocarbon fuels don't burn underwater. They need a source of oxygen.
Hydrocarbon (fuel) + oxygen ==> Carbon dioxide + water + energy
The Russian Type 65 torpedo uses high test peroxide and kerosene and can reach a maximum speed of 50 knots or 93km/ hr
On August 12, 2000 during a routine naval exercise the K-141 Kursk primed one of its torpedoes to fire a dummy load.
It is thought that during the delay in firing some of the high test peroxide (HTP) propellant leaked and reacted with the copper and brass fittings. This acted like a catalyst producing oxygen and steam inside the torpedo causing a massive build up in pressure and causing the torpedo to explode.
| Hydrogen peroxide |
A Spur Royal was a rare English gold coin, first issued during the reign of which monarch? | Molecular Formulas
Molecular Formulas
The last topic for this lesson is determining the molecular formula. The empirical formula represents the simplest ratio of atoms of different elements contained in a particular compound. With molecular compounds we generally want to know more. We want to know the actual number of each kind of atom that is contained in the molecule.
For example hydrogen peroxide has a 1:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. Thus its empirical formula is HO. But molecules of hydrogen peroxide contain four atoms, two each of hydrogen and oxygen. Thus, hydrogen peroxide has a molecular formula of H2O2. How do we know that?
Another example is the compound benzene. It has a molecular formula of C6H6. There are actually 12 atoms in the molecule. But the empirical formula only gives you CH, a 1-to-1 ratio. Another example is glucose, it has an empirical formula of CH2O. That empirical formula doesn't distinguish it from quite a number of other compounds, including other types of sugars and also formaldehyde, that have the same empirical formula. But if you knew that the molecule contains 6 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms, then that is quite a bit more information. How do we know these things?
Elements are not immune from this issue either. Empirical formulas do not show that some elements have molecules in which the atoms are paired up, such as H2 and O2. Again, how do we know that?
The way you can go about determining the molecular formula involves the fact that the molecular weight can be determined independently of the formula. You did (or will do) this in the experiment for this lesson. It can also be done by using Avogadro's Law along with gas densities or number of other ways that we don't have time to go into in this lesson. But the molecular weight can be determined. And if that molecular weight is compared with the formula weight that's obtained from an empirical formula, then you can figure out the molecular formula from that information.
The principle of the process is this. Start with the empirical formula (EF) and use whatever multiple of it gives the correct molecular weight (MW). In the tables shown here you can see that H2O and H2O2 are the molecular formulas (MF) that match the molecular weights.
Water
34
51
One example of how to do this is shown here (and in example 20 in your workbook). The empirical formula gives the formula weight of 15.0. The molecular weight is 30.0 g/mole which is just twice the empirical formula weight. You can figure that out by dividing the molecular weight by the empirical formula weight. In this case you get that it's two times heavier. That means that the molecular formula must contain twice as many atoms as the empirical formula but still in the same ratio. That means twice as many of each kind of atom. In this case the ratio is 1-to-3. Twice that many would be 2-to-6, so the molecular formula is C2H6.
What is the molecular formula of a compound if its empirical formula is CH3 and its molecular weight is 30?.
Empirical formula weight of CH3 = 12.0 + 3.0 =15.0
Molecular weight is (30.0 / 15.0) = 2.0 times as heavy as the empirical formula weight, so the molecular formula must contain twice as many atoms as the empirical formula (but in the same ratio).
Molecular formula is C2H6.
Practice with Determining Molecular Formulas
The next thing I want you to do is work on Exercise 21 and determine the molecular formulas for those materials. Check your answers below, then continue with the lesson. (If, after completing these, you would like to try some additional problems of this type, you will find several in a "Practice Problems" page in the Wrap-Up for this lesson. Click here to go there now.)
Answers
The molecular formulas for the chemicals in Exercise 21 are C4H10, P4, C6H6, and H2O2. Again, if you had any trouble getting any of these molecular formulas, check with the instructor to figure out why.
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